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Raw (Unpasteurized) Milk
If you’re thinking about drinking raw milk because you believe it has health benefits, consider other options. Raw milk can contain harmful germs, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can make you very sick, or even kill you or a loved one.
Developing a healthy lifestyle involves making many decisions about what you eat and drink. Raw milk is milk from any animal that has not been pasteurized (heated to a specific temperature for a set amount of time) to kill harmful germs that may be in it. Because these germs usually don’t change the look, taste, or smell of milk, pasteurization is the best way to make sure your milk is safe.
Questions and Answers about Raw Milk
Can raw milk hurt me or my family?
Getting sick from raw milk can mean many days of diarrhea, stomach cramping, and vomiting. Less commonly, it can lead to severe or even life-threatening illness, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, which can cause paralysis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome, which can result in kidney failure, stroke, and even death.
Find out how drinking raw milk affected three moms and their families. Watch videos >
Who has a greater chance of getting sick from drinking raw milk or eating products made from raw milk, such as cheese, ice cream, and yogurt?
The chance of getting sick from drinking raw milk is greater for infants and young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems (such as people with cancer, an organ transplant, or HIV), than for healthy adults. However, healthy people of any age can get very sick or even die if they drink raw milk contaminated with harmful germs.
What can I do to lower my chances of getting sick from milk and milk products?
Choose pasteurized milk and milk products. Look for the word “pasteurized” on the label. If in doubt, don’t buy it!
If you eat soft cheeses, make sure they are made from pasteurized milk. Soft cheeses include queso fresco, queso blanco, panela (queso panela), brie, Camembert, blue-veined, and feta.
Keep milk and milk products refrigerated at 40°F or colder, and throw away any expired milk or milk products to lower your chance of getting sick.
Are raw or natural foods better than processed foods?
Many people believe that foods with little or no processing are better for their health. However, some types of processing are needed to protect our health. We make raw meat, poultry, and fish safe to eat by cooking. We make milk safe by pasteurizing it—heating it just long enough to kill disease-causing germs. Most nutrients remain in milk after it is pasteurized.
What are good sources of beneficial bacteria?
If you’re thinking about drinking raw milk because you believe it is a good source of beneficial bacteria, you need to know that you may instead get sick from drinking it. Consider choosing pasteurized fermented foods, such as kombucha, yogurt, and kefir, that contain beneficial bacteria without the risk of illness linked to germs in raw milk.
Can I get sick from raw milk and raw milk products if the animals are healthy, clean, and grass-fed, or if the dairy is especially careful and clean when collecting the milk?
Yes. Heathy animals may carry germs that can make people sick. Following good hygiene during milking can reduce the chance of contamination but does not eliminate it. When milk is not pasteurized to kill germs that may have gotten into it during collection, transport, storage, or processing, it can make people sick. Methods for safely collecting milk have improved over the years but cannot be relied on alone to make milk safe.
Likewise, raw milk from certified, organic, or local farms and dairies is not guaranteed to be safe. Only pasteurization can make milk safe. Many small farms and dairies offer pasteurized organic milk and products made from it.
My dairy farmer performs laboratory tests for germs in raw milk, so isn’t it safe?
Tests that don’t find germs in raw milk are still not a guarantee that raw milk is safe to drink. Tests do not always detect low levels of contamination, and germs can multiply and grow in milk between the time it’s collected and when someone drinks it. People have become very sick from drinking raw milk from farms that regularly tested their milk and whose owners said they were sure that their milk was safe.
Questions and Answers about Raw Milk-Related Outbreaks
How many outbreaks have been related to raw milk?
From 2007 through 2016, 32 states reported 144 outbreaks linked to raw milk. Reported outbreaks represent the tip of the iceberg. Most foodborne illnesses are not part of a recognized outbreak, and for every outbreak and every illness reported, many others occur.
Infants and young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems have a greater chance of getting sick if they drink raw milk that contains harmful germs.
Where do most raw milk-related outbreaks happen?
Raw milk-related outbreaks are more common in states that allow the legal sale of raw milk for people to drink than in states that do not allow its sale.
Who is most affected by raw milk and raw milk product outbreaks?
Many raw milk and raw milk product outbreaks involve children. At least one child younger than 5 was involved in 46% of the raw milk and raw milk product outbreaks reported to CDC from 2007 through 2016. In these outbreaks, 19% of the illnesses caused by Salmonella and 15% caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (such as O157) were among children aged 1–4 years.
Protect yourself and your loved ones. Avoid raw milk – it’s just not worth the risk.
- Visit CDC’s raw milk website
- Learn about a serious health threat to people who consumed raw milk or milk products from a Texas diary in 2017
- Listen to CDC’s podcast about raw milk
- Take a look at CDC’s infographic about raw milk [1.94 MB]
- Search the Foodborne Outbreak Online Database (FOOD Tool)
- Watch FDA’s video on the dangers of raw milk
- Visit the website, Real Raw Milk Facts
- Page last reviewed: February 20, 2018
- Page last updated: February 20, 2018
- Content source:
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases
- Page maintained by: Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Digital Media Branch, Division of Public Affairs | <urn:uuid:64e9b79c-fbd0-4da8-a140-c55fad61a5fb> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.cdc.gov/Features/RawMilk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.956364 | 1,416 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Everyone has heard of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and the damage caused to marine life by plastic pollution in the oceans. The good news is that The Ocean Cleanup, a project envisioned in 2012 by a Dutch teenager, has finally started operations and hauled in its first 60 bags of trash, captured by a floating U-shaped barrier in the Pacific Ocean. The project has faced and overcome several design challenges, such as ensuring that the floating device captures trash without trapping sea creatures as well. The plan is to find a way to recycle the recovered plastics so that the project begins to pay for itself.
By S. Mathur
While cleaning up plastic pollution in the oceans will take multiple strategies, including reducing plastic usage and preventing the garbage from reaching the ocean, The Ocean Cleanup’s project is driven by the urgent need to reduce the size of the massive garbage patches that are actively harming sea life. Unlike earlier efforts to remove the garbage, which relied on mechanical collection using nets that trapped fish and dolphins, The Ocean Cleanup uses the ocean currents to sweep the garbage into the nets which hold it until it can be collected by a pick-up vessel. The next stage is to deploy interceptors at or near river mouths to capture garbage before it can reach the oceans. The Ocean Cleanup already has two Interceptors in operation and many more planned.
The garbage patches and the Ocean Cleanup
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, is one of the five major floating conglomerations of garbage in the world’s oceans. They are made up of garbage that has been washed into the oceans from rivers and carried by the currents to form the five patches, two each in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and one in the Indian Ocean. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, estimated to be twice the size of Texas, is located between Hawaii and California. For a long time, the experts believed that cleaning up the gyres was impossible: it would take too long and be too costly as well as energy-intensive.
Earlier efforts relied on vessels using nets to pick up garbage, and were in fact too inefficient as well as harmful in terms of by-catch. The nets were also limited in their ability to pick up microplastics, which are formed by larger pieces breaking down in the water. The Ocean Cleanup is the brainchild of a young Dutch inventor, Boyan Slat, who began, at the age of 19, to work out a way of cleaning up the floating plastic in the oceans without harming fish and other sea creatures in the process.
Slat came up with the idea of passively collecting garbage using a floating boom that would rely on the ocean currents instead of fossil fuels to power the system . The current U-shaped boom is the latest design which allows fish and other sea animals to swim underneath, while it captures floating plastic debris ranging in size from microplastics to discarded tires. The floating device also picks ‘ghost nets’, drifting pieces of fishing equipment that entangle and endanger sea life. Each year around 600,000 to 800,000 metric tonnes of fishing gear is dumped or lost at sea.
System 001/B is now operational
After many trials and setbacks, the current model, System 001/B, was finally put into operation last year. The design of the autonomous garbage collecting system is simple and effective. A floating U-shaped boom moves slowly through the water following the ocean currents, passively collecting garbage as it goes. A sea anchor creates a drag so that it moves slower than the floating garbage. This enables the system to concentrate and then collect garbage. A 10-foot net under the boom keeps plastic from escaping underneath, but fish and other creatures can swim under it.
System 001/B is fitted with sensors and transmitters so its position can be tracked as it floats through the Pacific picking up garbage. The sensors also alert a pick-up vessel when the system is full and the garbage collected needs to be brought ashore. The next stage of the project involves the recovered plastics,. They will be recycled and turned into premium products. The Ocean Cleanup is also ready to scale up System 001/B, but needs more financial backing. Models estimate that a fully scaled-up system could clean up as much as 50% of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in just five short years. And by 2040, it could remove as much as 90% of existing ocean plastic.
Next up, the Interceptor
The next stage in cleaning up ocean pollution is to prevent garbage from washing down rivers into the sea. The Ocean Cleanup already has two Interceptors deployed on rivers in Indonesia and Malaysia, and has plans for more. Their research pinpointed the thousand most polluting rivers in the world, that are responsible for about 80% of the garbage that washes into into the sea. The goal is to have Interceptors installed at all of these within the next five years.
As the name suggests, the Interceptor collects garbage from the river water flowing through it. It works autonomously, using a conveyor belt to distribute the garbage among dumpsters lined up inside. Its solar-powered onboard computer is connected via the internet, and notifies a collection vessel when the dumpsters are full. Perhaps most importantly, it is scalable and can be used in rivers anywhere in the world. Similar devices are in use elsewhere, like water wheel in Baltimore harbor that has been collecting garbage since 2014, though they lack the scalability of the Interceptor.
A complete solution to the problem of plastic pollution would of course require turning off the tap by way of a drastic reduction in the production and use of plastics, as well as the development of biodegradable alternatives. But for tackling the problem cleaning up the legacy plastic that is choking the seas, The Ocean Cleanup is an inspiring start. | <urn:uuid:ca3b2479-adb4-43f2-ba04-3b591681683e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.unsustainablemagazine.com/the-ocean-cleanup-bags-its-first-lot-of-trash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735964.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805183003-20200805213003-00484.warc.gz | en | 0.960283 | 1,183 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Getting to know XML
ArticleCategory: [Artikel Kategorie]
AuthorImage:[Here we need a little image from you]
TranslationInfo:[Author and translation history]
original in en Floris
AboutTheAuthor:[Über den Autor]
I have been the LinuxFocus/Nederlands main editor for years. I'm
studying 'industrial engineer in electronics' in Leuven, Belgium
and waste my time toying with Linux, PHP, XML and LinuxFocus, while
reading books like those by Stephen Hawking and (at the moment:)
Jef Raskin, 'The Humane Interface'.
Abstract:[Here you write a little summary]
This is a pretty short introduction to XML. You will meet Eddy the
meta cat, the XML syntax police, and some DTDs. Don't worry, we'll
ArticleIllustration:[This is the title picture for your
ArticleBody:[Der eigentliche Artikel]
In the summer of 2001, some of _LF_'s editors came together in
Bordeaux during the LSM. Many
talks and discussions at the LSM's documentation
special-interest-group turned out to have the same subject: XML.
Long (and fun) hours went into explaining what XML exactly is, what
it's good for and how one can use it. In case you're interested,
that is also exactly what this article will try to discuss.
I'd like to thank Egon Willighagen and Jaime Villate for
introducing me to XML. This article is somewhat based on
information in Jaime's articles, which you can find in the links
What is XML
We documentation guys all knew what XML was about, more or less.
After all, it's syntax is very similar to HTML and it's just
another markup language like SGML and (again) HTML, right? Right.
But there is more to it.
XML has some properties that make it a useful data format for
almost anything. It almost seems like it can describe the most
complex things, and yet it remains easy to read for humans, and
easy to parse for programs. How can that be? Let's investigate this
Eddy, the meta cat
First of all, XML is a markup language. Documents written
in a markup language contain basically two things: data, and
metadata. If you know what data exactly is, please let me
know, but until then let's talk about the metadata ;). Simply said:
metadata is extra information that adds a context, or a meaning, to
the data itself. A simple example: take the sentence 'My cat is
called Eddy'. A human like you knows that 'cat' is
the name of a species of animal, and 'Eddy' is its name.
Computer programs, however, are not human and don't know all that.
So we use metadata to add meaning to the data (with XML syntax, of
is called <name>Eddy</name>.
Now even a dumb computer program can tell that 'cat' is a
species, and that 'Eddie' is a name. If we want to produce a
document where all names are printed blue, and all species in red, then XML makes it really simple for us. Just
for the fun of it, this is what we would get:
My cat is called
Now, theoretically, we can put the layout information (the
colors in this case) in a separate file, a so-called stylesheet.
When we do that, we are actually separating the layout information
from the content, something that is considered the Holy Grail of
Web designTM by some. So far we have done nothing
special, adding metadata is what markup languages are designed to
do. So then, what makes XML so special?
The syntax police
First of all, XML has a very strict syntax. For example, in XML
every <tag> must have a closing
</tag>. [ Note: since it's a little
stupid to write <tag></tag>
when there's nothing in between, you can also write <tag /> and save a couple of minutes of your
Another rule is that you can not 'mix' tags. You have to close the
tags in the reverse order that you opened them. Something like this
in not valid:
<B> Bold text <I>Bold and
italic text </B> italic text </I>
The syntax rules say that you should close the </I> tag before you close </B>
And, be aware, _all_ the elements in an XML document should be
contained in tags (except the two outer tags, of course!). That is
why, in the example above, we have written <sentence> tags around the sentence. Without
them, some of the words in the sentence would not be included
between tags, and that, like so many things, makes the XML syntax
police really mad.
Mozilla's syntax police @work...
But a strong police force sure has it advantages: it brings
order. Since XML follows such strict syntax rules, it is very easy
for programs to read. Also, the data in your XML documents is very
structured, which makes it easy to read and write for humans.
Please note that the 'theoretical' assets of XML are not always
realizable in practice. For example, most current XML parsers are
far from fast, and often really big. So it appears that XML is not
that easy to read for software at all. Let's just say it's
certainly not a good idea to do *everything* in XML, just because
you can. For applications where you need to do a lot of lookups in
a document, or where you have really huge documents, XML is often
not the right choice. But that doesn't mean it's impossible to use
XML for those purposes.
A nice example for the power of XML, but also for it's slowness, is
the fact that you can write databases in it (try that with HTML!
:p). That's exactly what Egon Willighagen has done for the Dutch
LinuxFocus section, his article about that system is available in
the links at the bottom of this page. In this case the flexibility
and extensibility of a homebrew file format were chosen above pure
speed (say, mySQL).
Concerning the strict syntax of XML: if you manage to become good
friends with the syntax checkers, then there may be some ways you
can let the police actually do some of your work. If you want to do
so, you'll have to make clever use of a DTD...
In our little 'Eddy the meta-cat' example above, we have
invented our own XML tags. Of course, such a creative act is not
tolerated by the police force! The 'men in blue' want to know what
you are doing, how, when and (if possible) why. Well, no problem,
you can explain everything with the DTD...
A DTD allows you to 'invent' new tags. In fact, it allows you to
invent complete new languages, as long as they follow the XML
The DTD, or Document Type Definition, is a
file that contains a description of an XML language. It is actually
a listing of all the possible tags, their possible attributes, and
their possible combinations. The DTD describes what is possible in
your XML language, and what's not. So, when we talk about an 'XML
language', we are actually talking about a specific DTD.
Put the police to work
Sometimes the DTD will force you to do something at a
specific place. For example, the DTD can force you to include a tag
that contains the title of the document. What's so nice about this
is, that there is actually software (e.g. an emacs module) that can
write the required tags automatically.
That way, some parts of your document's structure gets filled in
automatically. Because the syntax is so strict and well-defined,
the DTD can guide you through the process of writing a document.
And when you make mistakes, such as forgetting to place an end tag,
the police will inform you. So in the end, the cops are not that
'mad' at all; where the real-world cops say 'You have the right to
remain silent', the XML police tells you very friendly about a
'Syntax error @ line xx : '... :)
And while the police do all that work for you, of course *you* can
just go on and concentrate on the content.
In the mix
One last great feature of XML is it's ability to use several DTDs
at once. This means you can use several different data types at the
same time in one document.
This 'mixing' is done with xml namespaces. For example, you can
include the Docbook DTD into your .xml document (for the 'dbk'
prefix in this example).
All Docbook's tags are then ready to be used in your document in
this form (let's say there is a Docbook tag <just_a_tag>):
<dbk:just_a_tag> just some words
Using the namespace system, you can use any tag and any attribute
of any xml DTD. It opens up a world of possibilities, as you can
see in the next chapter...
Here is a small collection of DTDs that are already (partly) in
Docbook is a language for writing structured documents, e.g.
books and papers. But it's also used for very different tasks.
Docbook is actually an SGML DTD (SGML is a markup standard), but
there is a -popular- XML version of it too. This is one of the
most popular XML DTDs.
MathML is the Mathematical Markup Language, which is used to
describe mathematical expressions and formulas. It's a really
neat tool for people in the math world. Chemists on the other
side don't have to be jealous of their colleagues the
mathematicians; for them there is also something like CML, or
Chemical Markup Language. Note that Mozilla 1.0 now has MathML
support by default.
RDF is the Resource Description Framework. It's designed to help
encode and re-use metadata; in practice it is often used by
websites to tell other sites which news they are displaying. For
example, the Dutch site linuxdot.nl.linux.org uses
the RDF file of other sites to display their news items. Most
popular news-sites (like e.g. Slashdot) have an RDF file
available so you can copy their news headlines to e.g. a sidebar
on your homepage.
SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. It's a language
used by processes to communicate with each other (exchange data
and perform remote procedure calls). With SOAP, processes can
communicate remotely with each other, e.g. over a the http
protocol (internet). I think Atif here at LF can tell you more
about it, see the links :-)
Scalable Vector Graphics. The trio PNG, JPEG2000 and SVG is
supposed to embody the future of images on the web. PNG will take
the role of GIF (lossless compressed bitmaps with transparency),
and JPEG2000 might someday succeed the .jpg of today (bitmaps
with a configurable degree of lossy compression). SVG is not a
bitmap-based, but a vector-based image format, meaning that
images are not represented by pixels, but by mathematical shapes
(lines, squares,...). SVG also has functions for things like
scripting and animation, so in a way you can compare it with
flexible, huh ?
But svg is relatively new; at the moment there is only a
high-quality SVG browser plugin available from Adobe for the
Windows & Mac platforms. Mozilla is working on an embedded
SVG viewer, but that one is not yet completed and you have to
download a specially compiled version of the browser in order to
NOTE: .svg files can become pretty big, which is why
you'll often encounter .svgz files. These are compressed
versions, using the gzip algorithm.
XHTML is the XML variant of HTML version 4.01. Due to XML's
strict syntax, there are a couple of changes - there are some
things you can do in HTML that are not valid in XHTML. But on the
other hand, a page you write in XHTML is at the same time a valid
HTML page. Note the program HTML tidy can convert your existing
HTML pages to XML.
- The others
Many new file formats use XML, often in combination with .gz or
.zip compression. Just an example: the KOffice file formats are
XML DTD's. This is very useful, because it allows the user to
combine the functionality of different applications in one
document. E.g.: you can write a KWord document, with an embedded
KChart spreadsheet in it.
The W3C, or World Wide Web Consortium
They have info on XML, MathML, CML, RDF, SVG, SOAP, XHTML,
Some stuff by Jaime Villate (you may need an online translator
to read the first two:)
How to generate HTML with XML(in Spanish)
HTML tidy, the program:
Mozilla.org's SVG project
Relevant LinuxFocus articles:
Using XML and XSLT to
Making PDF documents with | <urn:uuid:7575a5b9-f618-4b62-b412-e677a1139948> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.linuxfocus.org/English/May2002/article242.meta.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982948216.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200908-00109-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890581 | 2,952 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Definitions of production:
- noun: (law) the act of exhibiting in a court of law
Example: "The appellate court demanded the production of all documents"
- noun: the act or process of producing something
Example: "Shakespeare's production of poetry was enormous"
- noun: the creation of value or wealth by producing goods and services
- noun: (economics) manufacturing or mining or growing something (usually in large quantities) for sale
Example: "He introduced more efficient methods of production"
- noun: a presentation for the stage or screen or radio or television
Example: "Have you seen the new production of Hamlet?"
- noun: a display that is exaggerated or unduly complicated
Example: "She tends to make a big production out of nothing"
- noun: an artifact that has been created by someone or some process
Example: "They export most of their agricultural production"
- noun: the quantity of something (as a commodity) that is created (usually within a given period of time)
Example: "Production was up in the second quarter"
Search for production at other dictionaries: OneLook, Oxford, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster, Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:d3edaec8-c105-4e84-8501-669e5038a563> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://rhymezone.com/r/d=production | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141706569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202083021-20201202113021-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.922222 | 254 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Vitamin C can help skin heal, say scientists
The research, published in the journal Free Radical Biology and Medicine, used a full genome wide analysis to look at the effect of vitamin C derivative ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AA2P) on the genes of human fibroblasts.
In total, nearly 300 hundred genes were affected by the addition of AA2P and the researchers then looked at their role in the body to further define the vitamin’s effect.
According to the study, the addition of the vitamin helps stimulate fibroblasts out of their dormant state so they can help the skin heal as well as affecting the cells’ ability to move to the wounded area.
Stimulating the ability of DNA self repair
In addition, the vitamin also stimulated the ability of the DNA to repair itself after damage, as well as having strong antioxidant properties.
The scientists conclude that although the activation of specific signaling pathways remains to be elucidated, the results show that vitamin C in skin cells is required for efficient wound healing and the repair of potentially mutagenic products of DNA oxidation.
Study co-author Marcus Cooke at the University of Leicester, UK, told CosmeticsDesign that the team would like to pursue the potential of such an ingredient in skin care products.
According to Cooke, up-regulating the endogenous repair mechanism using a compound like vitamin C could be more effective than current methods used in cosmetics that target DNA repair.
Cosmetics products influencing DNA repair?
“There are cosmetic products that are meant to influence DNA repair, invariably via incorporating a single repair enzyme in the formulation. While this is a good idea, it is likely to be more costly that being able to up-regulate endogenous repair mechanisms which could conceivably simultaneously up-regulate more than a single enzyme,” he said.
The team is actively looking to identify low molecular weight compounds which can have this effect, he added.
Regarding the application of the vitamin, Cooke said either topical or oral administration could be effective but suggested concentrations might have to be higher for the oral route.
In vivo human studies are being considered, although they can be expensive, he added. | <urn:uuid:b28277f7-99f2-4236-af99-9e7eb5446466> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Article/2009/09/11/Vitamin-C-can-help-skin-heal-say-scientists | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655092.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608172023-20230608202023-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.951559 | 450 | 3 | 3 |
Gripping modelled on a bird’s beak
The PowerGripper is modelled on the complex kinematics of the bird’s beak. In mechanical terms, this is known as Watt’s linkage. In the PowerGripper project, the developers implemented this bionic principle using the DMSP-5 Fluidic Muscle from Festo.
Optimised force-to-weight ratio
With this Watt’s linkage, relatively large opening strokes can be realised within a highly compact installation space. Thanks to the lightweight structure, along with the the very light pneumatic muscle and a titanium alloy as the material for the basic components, the PowerGripper from Festo attains a very favourable force-to-weight ratio.
Unique form-finding with generative manufacturing
The lightweight structures on the interior and exterior of the PowerGripper are designed in accordance with the forces acting on the component and can only be produced in this form by means of the metal laser sintering process, in which the metallic powder is melted, layer by layer, by means of a laser beam controlled by 3D CAD data. This provides unique opportunities in form-finding and allows individualised 3D printing of complex products.
Preparatory scientific work
PowerGripper is a university project conducted as part of the Bionic Learning Network. Together with renowned educational establishments, institutes and development companies, Festo is investigating the transfer of biological principles to technology in order to generate innovative solutions for industry.
The concept of the PowerGripper dates back to a lecture by Prof. Dr. Martin Fischer, Professor of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena. In his presentation on the topic of gripping systems in biology he discussed, among other things, the complex kinematics of the bird’s beak, which had been described in 1994 by Dr. Cornelius Schilling and Dr. Klaus Zimmermann, both of the Ilmenau University of Technology. | <urn:uuid:b6729838-633e-45ff-ae5b-1ba12aa0331e> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.festo.com/group/en/cms/10237.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141685797.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201231155-20201202021155-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.920855 | 420 | 2.6875 | 3 |
There are about 50 subspecies of the Erebia family of butterflies, several of which can be found in K-Country. One of the most common is known sometimes as the Mountain Brassy Ringlet, or sometimes just the Common Alpine, scientifically called Erebia epipsodea. Its presence is particularly notable in subalpine and alpine regions. These butterflies have an intriguing combination of dark brown wings adorned with striking orange markings. That makes them easy to recognize against the backdrop of wildflowers and alpine meadows.
The Perfect Home: K-Country
K-Country offers an abundance of subalpine and alpine habitats. From towering peaks to lush meadows, this diverse terrain provides the Common Alpine with a suitable environment to thrive.
The life cycle of the Erebia epipsodea butterfly is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of these winged wonders. Like many butterflies, their existence consists of four distinct stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult.
The Dance of Courtship
One of the most enchanting aspects of observing Erebia epipsodea butterflies in Kananaskis Country is their courtship dance. During the mating season, male Common Alpines perform aerial displays to attract females. These dances often involve fluttering flights and intricate maneuvers. Within a very short time after mating, as little as days in the right circumstances, eggs are laid.
Again, as befitting the short growing season in the alpine, eggs can hatch to caterpillars in a matter of a week or two. The caterpillars of Common Alpine feed primarily on grasses and sedges, which are readily available in K-Country’s meadows.
More adaptations to Life in the High Country
They are non-migratory, and do not overwinter as adults like Mourning Cloaks. Like many organisms optimized for life in short alpine growing seasons, they have adapted in another way: Common Alpines overwinter in the chrysalis stage. These chrysalises are equipped to withstand the harsh winter conditions of alpine and subalpine environments. While they remain in this pupal stage, they go through a period of diapause. This is a state of dormancy that allows them to conserve energy and endure the cold temperatures until the following spring or early summer.
When the warmer temperatures return in the late spring or early summer, the adult butterflies emerge from their overwintering chrysalises. This completes their life cycle and begins the process of mating and reproducing in the alpine meadows. This adaptation to overwintering as pupae is well-suited to their specific environment and ensures their survival through the harsh winter conditions at higher altitudes.
Erebia epipsodea butterflies are known for their striking appearance. They’re a solid dark brown, marked by a series of “eye” spots on the underside of their wings. These “eye” spots, along with their orange markings, serve as a form of protection against potential predators. The spots mimic the eyes of larger animals, which can deter birds and other insects from approaching them.
See more of the interesting butterflies of K-Country here! | <urn:uuid:682a56dd-c28f-46e8-bdb7-306a23da6ace> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://kananaskis.org/common-alpine-butterfly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.939607 | 672 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Bishop's PalaceWitney Category Outdoor Activities, Historic Sites
The remains of the ‘Bishop’s Palace’ are situated in the grounds of Mount House, just east of St Mary’s Church in Witney. In reality the ‘palace’ was a manor house, one of the earliest and largest of its type, the working centre of the estates owned by the Bishops of Winchester. Archaeological excavations have revealed a series of stone buildings arranged around a courtyard and surrounded by a wall and moat. Part of the original building has been unearthed and is on display under a permanent awning with some interpretation boards to help give an understanding of the original buildings size and scope.
Bishops and royalty frequently visited the manor house in the early 13th century, with King John’s visit in 1208-9 even prompting the building of new garderobes (medieval toilets), but these visits gradually petered out.
The surviving medieval buildings of the Bishop’s Palace were demolished and replaced by a new house, probably just after 1757. This in turn was replaced by the existing Mount House, in about 1905, probably for J.F. Marriott, owner of the Mount Mills blanket factory which once stood behind the house.
There is a small interpretation centre, which is open by appointment only. | <urn:uuid:95cb5b53-83cc-42bb-a3b9-96f0541e5edb> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.stayinapub.co.uk/attraction/witney-bishop-s-palace-1887/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811794.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218062032-20180218082032-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.966856 | 280 | 3.21875 | 3 |
My Beef With Meat
If it has a face, it probably gobbles up global resources along with its grass
By Stett Holbrook
Last month, the federal government released a much-anticipated report on global climate change. It paints a chilling picture of what will happen if global warming continues unabated. "This report is a game-changer," said the new director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Jane Lubchenco, at a press conference last week. "I think that much of the foot-dragging in addressing climate change is a reflection of the perception that climate change is way down the road, it's in the future and it only affects certain parts of the country. This report demonstrates in concrete scientific information that climate change is happening now, and it's happening in our back yards."
The report, issued by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, compiles work from 13 different government agencies. In a refreshing break from the science-averse Bush administration, the report states unequivocally that climate change is human caused. The report details changes scientists are already seeing and predicts how the climate will change if greenhouse-gas emissions aren't curtailed. The report also discusses how decisive policies can roll back the impending doom. (Read the report at globalchange.gov.) Here are two of the key findings:
• Climate changes are under way in the United States and are projected to grow. These include increases in heavy downpours, rising temperature and sea level, rapidly retreating glaciers, thawing permafrost, lengthening growing seasons, lengthening ice-free seasons in the ocean and on lakes and rivers, earlier snowmelt and alterations in river flows.
• Agriculture is considered one of the sectors most adaptable to changes in climate, but increased heat, pests, water stress, diseases and weather extremes will pose adaptation challenges for crop and livestock production.
There have been many reports on global warming and dire predictions from respected scientists. So far not much has changed. I hope that President Obama uses the power of his position to spur the dramatic and speedy action needed to reduce the profound impacts of the crisis. The challenge Obama faces is convincing people that the time to change our ways is today, not tomorrow. The trouble is, we don't usually realize we're in trouble until the roof starts caving in. For example, only when we faced global financial meltdown did world leaders act. A global recession is real and painful, but compared to the apocalyptic effects of unchecked global warming, it's but a pinprick.
What does all this have to do with food? Well, while the U.S. government appears to be finally getting serious about acting against global warming, we the people need to do as much as we can. Food strikes me as particularly target-rich as we seek to reduce global warming. I see reducing our consumption of meat as the single most important action we can take as individuals. I've come to view a double bacon cheeseburger as the culinary equivalent of dumping dirty motor oil into a clear mountain lake. If eating burgers was only detrimental to those who eat them that would be one thing, but the production of meat and dairy across the world is an environmental catastrophe.
I'm a firm believer in spending more for quality, food included. But eating well shouldn't be prohibitively expensive. I guess it's all in how one defines "eating well." For me, that means little or no processed food and plenty of fresh produce in season. Food is of course a necessary expense, but there's a lot of discretion on how to spend your food dollar. But the ironic thing about food when you buy fresh, unprocessed ingredients and cook for yourself rather than opening a can or box, eating well generally costs less. At least that's my belief.
According to the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), livestock production generates nearly a fifth of the world's greenhouse gases, more than transportation. Animal agriculture is the leading source of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, which--combined with carbon dioxide--are the primary causes of global warming. Livestock production accounts for more than 8 percent of global human water use, the FAO says. Evidence suggests that it is also the largest source of water pollution thanks to animal wastes, antibiotics, hormones, fertilizers and pesticides used for feed crops, and sediments from eroded pastures. An estimated 30 percent of the Earth's ice-free land is involved in livestock production. Approximately 70 percent of previously forested land in the Amazon is used as pasture, and feed crops cover a large part of what's left.
Eating organically raised, grass-feed beef is a far better option than the factory-farmed garbage that most of us eat. But organically raised or not, livestock still sucks up scarce natural resources and contributes to global warming. I'm not saying we should give up meat entirely. Just eat less of it. Given the severity of the climate crisis, reducing our consumption of meat is a painless step everyone can take. What if President Obama declared he was willing to go without meat a few days a week for the sake of the planet? I'm not holding my breath for that one, but more often than not I'm going to hold off on eating meat.
Send a letter to the editor about this story. | <urn:uuid:a2d217b3-f30b-42bc-a495-f52de5bf3fc7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.metroactive.com/bohemian/07.08.09/eats-0927.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424721.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724042246-20170724062246-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.955032 | 1,090 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Pelasgians, ancient people, the ancestors of all the Indo-European people, these people were known to illuminate and give the culture to Europe, about them it is known little, or better to say nearly nothing.
The’ alphabet of these mysterious people is called Pelasgic from the civilization that created it, DIODORUS SICULUS informs to us that the Pre-Homeric poets expressed themselves just with that alphabet, and from the same source, we learn that, at least 10 centuries aC. That same writing was used. Moreover Diodorus reports that they were the first to bring their alphabet in Italy, as well as to the rest of Europe, practicing opportune adaptations and improvements.
Also Pliny the Elder confirms the information of Diodorus.
Virgil (Aeneid, VIII, V. 62-63), writes:
“It is said that the first dwellers of our Italy were the Pelasgians” .
From the ancient authors we have learned that before the arrival of the Greeks, those territories were known as Pelasgia, the several sources inform to us moreover, than the Greeks learned from the Pelasgians not only the art of the working of the metals, of the construction of walls, but they learned, improving it, their way of writing and made their divinity their own.
Several populations, species the pelasgic one, have given to the country their name
Pausanias (Arcadia, VIII, 1,4,6) reports:
The Arcadians tell that Pelasgus was the first born in Arcadia. Since Pelasgus became king, the country was called Pelasgia in his honour
Pindar (Carminia, Fragmenta Selecta, I, 240) tells:
Bringing a beautifull gift, the earth made the first human being, the “Divine pelasgus”, be born in arcadia, long before making the moon�
Pindar’s narration could appear as poetically, or even mythically, inspired, thought long later scientists have proved that the moon is formed by fragments separated from our globe.
Homer mentions the Pelasgians between allied with the Troyans, (Iliad, II, 840-843) and narrates that Achille prayed the “PELASGIAN ZEUS OF DODONA” (the Iliad, XVI, 223). Homer also mentions them also like PEOPLE of Crete, (Odyssey, XIX, 177).
Ephorus the historian reports of a book of Esiod that attests the tradition of people of the Pelasgians in Arcadia and develops the theory that was people of warriors from a native land that annexed and had colonized all the regions of Greece in which the ancient authors talk about, from Dodona to Clay to the fine Triade in Italy, where their very recognizable takeovers are anchor in the time of the Elleni and are in tightened relation with the Tyrrhenians
The characteristic structure of the masonry of the citadel of Atene is made of constructions in squared blocks and without the use of mortar wouldn’t have had the name of pelasgian masonry, exactly as sometimes they are said giant walls(cyclopic in italian language), that is constructed from the Pelasgians, those who taught to the Greeks the methods of the constructions, the way to write and their culture.
(a fantastic wiew of Dodona, perhaps the centre of the Pelasgians)
We could continue infinitely with citations of the Pelasgians, in order to always conclude in almost every case and that the civilizations in general terms begin with the Pelasgians, but the main question that rises to this point is: Who were they?
Nermin Vlora Falaski, in her book “Linguistic and genetic heredities” (written also in English language), has deciphered Pelasgic and Etruscan inscriptions with today’s Albanian language. This would try that the Albanians (Descendants of the Illyrians) are the modern descendants of the Pelasgians, one of the most ancient civilizations that lived Europe. Here we will propose some translations of Falaski.
Therefore, in Italy it exists the locality of the TOSCHI (the Tuscany), therefore note “Toskeria” in southern Albania.
Note: Many authors support that the Tosk word, or Tok, is the “DHE” synonym, modern Albanians use indifferently the word “DHE” and “TOK” in order to say “earth”
In Tuscany an ancient city is founded from the Pelasgians, that is Cortona, (Note, called in Albanian: COR=harvest, TONA=ours, that is our harvests). From the immense and fertile plain of the Val di Chiana it is approached a fast hill, and on the top of that, a beautiful castle is found, transformed in archaeological museum. In a large epigrafic patrimony, there is also one particularly beautiful and interesting registration, on a sarcophagus bearing the following inscription.
Nermin Vlora Falaski simply translated this pelasgian inscription with the Albanian language:
“The ship is for us pride, courage and liberty”
Ire, ira, in albanian has the positive meaning of “pride”, while in english, as well as in latin, italian and in old french stands for “anger”. We can deduce that ira is a reason of pride in war, becoming negative in peace. However, in albanian the word is rather obsolete. In Sanskrit, latin, spanish, the word ir, ire, means “to go”, But with the slight change from ir to iras, in sanskrit means “hostile behavoiur”. The several sources inform to us that the Greeks learned from the Pelasgians not only the art of the working of the metals, of the construction of wall, but they learned, perfecting it, their way to write and made their divinities their own, like as an example DE-MITRA (Dhe=earth Mitra=womb, that is the GODDESS MOTHER EARTH), or AFER-DITA (Afer=near, Dita=day, later called Venus from the Romans).
The Pelasgians, that were called also The Sea People, since they were skillful and free navigators, they called ILLYRIA (ILLYRIA for the Romans) their homeland: which mean the country of the free people (lir=free), as a land spanning from the mediterranean to the Danube.
The Root of the word lir can be traced in the following languages: Pelasgo-illyrian (Liri), Etruscan (Liri), Albanian (Liri), Italian (libertà), French (Liberte), Latin (libertas), English (liberty), Spanish (libertad), Rumanian (libertade), Portuguese (liberdade).
In Italy, and precisely in Lazio, it exists the Liri mount, the Liri river, and Liri Fountain. This name has been conserved during the centuries in several the Mediterranean European countries, probably through the irradiation of the several illiric tribes, like the Etruscans, the Messapi, the Dauni, the Veneti, the Piceni, etj, Everyone of these names has meaning in the Albanian language: ETRURIA (E=of, TRURIA= Brain, country of intelligent people), MESSAPI (MES=center, HAPI=open, country of open people), DAUNI (dauni, separated), to VENETI (name deriving from the goddess VEND, native land, place for excellence), PICENI (PI=to drink, KENI=you have, place with abundant water).
The “Pelasgian” name can be referred to the Albanian word PELLG (deep sea), like in Italian pelago.
This is an illiyric registration, dated between the III-II century a.C, it is currently situated in the archaeological museum of Durres, in Albania:
Underego your pain and weep, if that helps you anguish, but entrust him to the warm earth, to the Heavenly Grace and to the Supreme Good
It is important to notice that the language of this registration is so similar to the modern Albanian, than with difficulty can be thought that it goes back more than two thousand years ago.
Normally, more ancient inscriptions are written from right to left, sometimes continuing alternately from left to right, namely in a bustrophedic way, often without interruption between each word. the Durres documents we have just seen, is formulated from left to right, revealing a relatively recent engraving and the writing always went from left to right.
In going to the search of new inscriptions, from the Aegean to the Atlantic and accidentally in Egypt and beyond, in the attempt to not only discover their content, but also in order to verify the monogenesis of the languages that comes supported from eminent students, in the Archaeological Museum of Atene it has been met a stele that is quite ancient and that contains a written up bustrofhedic registration with the Pelasgian alphabet and expressing a heartbreak mourning. This stele has been discovered in the island of Lemno and, in general terms, it comes considered much difficult and little every convincing attempt to comprise the content of that writing. And it is for that reason very little attempts have been made to seriously engage and melt that enigma. We begin showing this Stele of Lemno, attributed to 6th century BCE (but from some characterized studious is older):
But, observing with attention the registration, since the first words, we can see that it is recorded in the pelasgo-illyrian language, like in the rest of the euro-Mediterranean territories, and it is therefore obvious that we can decipher it only through the Albanian language, this is the translation
This entire bustrophedic registration, where the letters TH and H can be read continuously, in order to represent sighs and sobs, as we would today make AH and OH contains tormenting complains of a funeral, obviously for the dead person that had been also a great hero. We now rewrite our the Stele in a modified shape adapting it to the modern era:
MOURNING, we are in full mourning,
anguish, ill luck all over,
women covered with black veils.
Grief you have given to the kinship, oh kinsman!
He belongs to our stock, Ah! , Oh!
He was torn away from us, what misfortune.
But in order which guilt, this disaster?
Gelid is his golden throne, Ah!
Of his fame we were proud, Oh!
Grief, grief in the whole world,
tearing him away, we are beheaded!
This grief struck us suddently, ah!
Alas, who knows for what fault? Oh!
Our kinsman he was,
Why ever did he struck us with such grief?
In Grief and despair, ah!
tears choke us, Oh!
He, who kept up our stock,
for what fault, now does he extinguish it?
Oh! precious he was,
knife wounds, oh misfortune,
he suffered so much!
In Silence, never uttering an insult!
You, kinsman, you have beheaded us, Oh!
You, great affliction you have given us, Ah! Oh!
The word “ZI” (or “SI”) appears also in this inscription, very short but remarkable for tenor, also found at Feltre (Northern Italy).
“We suffer grief without end”
We must be always aware that the linguistic wealth of the people is the only incontestable document of the archives, especially when other tests lack, but its above all, the main proof of the human creativity.
Several scholars uphold the thesis of the monogenesis of the languages, particularly during these last 2 centuries, when the progress of the communications has given to the persons the possibility to move with facility and of having contacts also with populations in remote zones much fastly.
Alfredo Trombetti, Elia Lattes and Francisco have been cited as Italians which are valid supporters of this thesis, beyond that to the illyric origin of the italian populations. Beyond to cited authors, there are other scholars, German, Austrians, French and English who assert the illyrica origin of the italian populations. A particular merit goes to prof the Zacharie Mayani, teacher to the Sorbona, which in years 1970 has published 3 large volumes, in order to support that the Etruscan language it can be understand only through the Albanian language. In order to verify the truth of its discovery, he studied the Albanian, before to Paris, then in Albania, in order to improve it. The three volumes published by Mayani are entitled: Les Etrusques Commencent a Parler; Les Etrusques Parlent; La fin du Myst;re Etrousque.
In any case, he who for first has launched and diffused the idea of the monogenesis of the languages was Sir William Jones (1746-1794), famous orientalist that at the end of his intense life knew 28 languages. However, in our days, the valid supporter of this thesis is prof. the Colin Renfrew of the university of Cambridge, who in his work Archeaology and Linguistics published in 1989, writes:
;The main reason of the publication of this job is in order to put in evidence that the archeologists of these last years, in order to recompose the past have not taken in the due consideration the witness of linguistics.
in our globe, there is always a horizon, beyond which it is not possible to see. Therefore, as far as the antiquity, our Divine horizon are the Pelasgians. Being they the first inventors of the phonetic writing, we cannot deny that the true culture begins with the Pelasgi, as also we have learned from several authors of the antiquity.
For the time being, let us put aside the linguistic correspondences and let us read some inscription found from the Aegean to the Atlantic with the samewords with a common meaning, such as Yj, Arno, Reze etc.
We may begin with words found in Albania, all of pelasgo-Illyrian origin. On this little temple of the III century B.C found and kept in the city-state of Apollonia (west-Albania) we can read:
“The Child entrusted to this temple, now is deified. Let it be for the Good!”
After reading this illyric inscription, that, without a doubt, corresponds to the Modern Albanian, concentrated to the essence of the just meant, we read another, equally beautiful, of Durres. As the previous one narrates of Deification (YJNERIM) and that it belongs to III the century a.C:
“Oh, (Lord) deify her and make her belong to Thou. Let it be for the good!”
Herodotus has explained to us that, before the arrival of the Greeks, that territory was called PELASGIA. He also told to us that the Greeks learned from the Pelasgians the art of the working of the metals, the construction of walls, the writing that refined and that until the discovery of the Latin, was the only divulgative writing. Still today, in the several museums of Albania there are epigraphs written up with the Greek alphabet, whose content it is comprised however not with the Greek language, but with Albanian, with the exceptions ofa few neologism. We shall have the opportunity to examine some of these inscriptions.
We were dealing with registrations that contain words YJ (stars) like already seen, also with those with ARNO (Creator) and REZE (beams).
Since we speak about the monogenesis of the languages, we return to this river of the Adriatic and read in the archaeological museum of Siena this registration that is found on a wonderful sarcophagus, where moreover all the three words with that we wanted to deal are found(YJ, REZE and ARNO).
From the relief shown in front of the sarcophags with personages in a state of meditation and with the Godness Vend in the middle it is easy to deduce a cosmological meaning of the inscription:
Now we read the translation:
As we know, the Etruscans called themselves Resa. Let us now recompose this inscription in its dynamic modern form
Arno, (Creator), as you for us are in the stars, you deserve be commemorate by all the Etruscans (Resa)
The word ARNO, today, we find it only in the Albanian language with declassed meaning of restorer, but, to restore something damaged, also means to recreate it, therefore the interpretation of the word ARNO in this and other registrations of the Etruria task is valid.
Moreover, there is the very famous river ARNO who bathes, between others, the flourishing city of Florence: and we know that the civilizations are always born close to important rivers.
YJ (stars): neither this word has been found in other languages, except the Albanian, also being a much common one in epigrafici documents of the antiquity, from the Aegean to the Atlantic. YJ, YJNOR, HYJNERON are coming from terms from the pelasgo-illirico-Etruscan. In fact, they are found in abundance in their registrations, but today they are used only in the Albanian language. From this we can deduce that the several shapes of YJ could be of proto-Indo-European origin. And we can come to this conclusion by taking in consideration all the other Indo-European languages that do not call YJE the stars, but: Sanscrito (Astra), Italian (astro, stella), Spanish (Estrella), Portuguese (Estrela), English (Stars), Greek (Aster) Persian (Setareh), German (Stern).
In the Iberian Peninsula registrations much similar to those of the Illiria are found and of the Etruria, recorded with the pelagic alphabet and are always interpreted through the Albanian.
We have mentioned the registrations with word YJE and derivatives. Now, in order to remain in the topic, between registrations of the Portugal of the South, discoveries to the first of XVIII the century and up to now have never been deciphered, and we see this epigrafe that it appears on the stele n.22:
I have dedicated It to the divinity when i was still alive | <urn:uuid:787c78b9-d37a-449c-882f-0c04cc3428a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://thelosttruth.altervista.org/the-enigma-of-pelasgians-and-etruscans-albanians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743963.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118031826-20181118053826-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.953134 | 4,089 | 3.140625 | 3 |
How Does an Exercise Bike Help You Get in Shape?
An exercise bike is a low-impact option for cardiovascular exercise. When done regularly, cardiovascular, or aerobic, exercise strengthens your heart and lungs while improving circulation. To receive these benefits you need to exercise at least 150 minutes every week, says the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which averages out to 30 minutes per day, five times per week.
Aerobic activity is any exercise that uses the major muscles of the body to get your heart beating faster and increase the rate of your breathing. An exercise bike uses your hips, hamstrings, glutes, quadriceps and calves to elicit this response. When you breathe more heavily, your body responds by increasing the amount of oxygen in your blood. The rise in your heart rate results in a faster circulation of the blood to deliver nutrients and oxygen to working muscles and to dispense with the waste products created during activity. After regular activity, your body becomes more efficient at increasing your oxygen levels and circulation -- resulting in greater fitness.
For an exercise bike to provide these physiological effects, you'll need to work up a bit of a sweat regularly. Working at a moderate intensity 150 minutes per week improves your overall health. On an exercise bike, you'll be pedaling slower than 10 mph but feeling breathy. You may be able to talk, but not sing readily. To improve your fitness levels even more, you can work at a moderate intensity more often or up your intensity to a vigorous pace. When working at a vigorous level, you will probably be going faster than 10 mph, depending on your fitness level, and only be able to get out a very short two- or three-word sentence before needing to take a breath. Using your bike more than 300 minutes per week can greatly improve your fitness and health.
The exercise bike is one of numerous ways to achieve aerobic fitness. Power walking, playing tennis, pedaling an elliptical trainer, swimming and jogging are other options. The exercise bike can be a good place for beginners to start because it requires little coordination and skill. Most exercise bikes allow you to adjust the difficulty according to your fitness level, so you can gradually work up to more challenging levels as your fitness improves. People who have arthritis or joint problems may appreciate the low-impact nature of cycling indoors. The Cleveland Clinic notes that if you are more than 50 pounds overweight, an exercise bike may make exercise less stressful on your hips, back and knees. With an indoor bike, you don't have to worry about bad weather interrupting your workout.
If exercising for 30 minutes or longer without a break seems daunting, ease into your workout. You can exercise aerobically for 10-minute spurts and still improve your fitness levels. As your fitness improves, you should be able to go longer and faster. In addition to using your exercise bike, include some resistance training to enhance muscle strength and endurance. Two times per week, train all the major muscle groups using a weight that fatigues you in eight to 12 repetitions. Do the moves on nonconsecutive days to allow your muscles enough rest to recover and grow stronger. If you are new to exercise or coming back from a long hiatus, you should consult a health care provider before beginning your program.
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May 14 2018Cancer researchers at the University of Bath have measured systematically how efficient molecules are at suppressing the activity of a protein associated with prostate and other cancers. The molecules could eventually be developed into new anti-cancer drugs.The research team from the Departments of Pharmacy & Pharmacology and Chemistry are studying a protein called α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) as a potential target for cancer treatments. Levels of AMACR protein and activity are increased by ~10-fold in all prostate cancers. Reducing these levels using genetic techniques makes the cancer cells less aggressive, and their behaviour becomes more like normal cells.Until relatively recently finding molecules that could target and inhibit AMACR has been challenging because it’s been difficult to accurately measure activity levels of the protein. However, after designing a simple colour-change test which can do precisely that, the University of Bath team were able to start analysing how the structure of promising molecules affects the activity of AMACR.The team systematically varied the design of drug molecules in order to identify which parts of the molecule are important for effectiveness against AMACR.In particular they confirmed that the ‘oiliness’ of a molecule is directly related to its potency – oily regions of the drug molecule, which exclude water, can stick to their targets more easily – although this had been predicted, the University of Bath experiments confirm it for the first time.The information from the tests will help the team move towards more promising anti-cancer drugs. Their next steps will be to use the information to design rationally even more potent molecules for testing against AMACR.The research is published in the journal Bioorganic Chemistry.Related StoriesUsing machine learning algorithm to accurately diagnose breast cancerResearchers use AI to develop early gastric cancer endoscopic diagnosis systemResearchers identify potential drug target for multiple cancer typesLead author Dr Matthew Lloyd said: “This is a small but important step in the development of new treatments for prostate cancer based on AMACR inhibition. It’s important because it provides a framework with which to predict and measure drug effectiveness. This will facilitate the development of new treatments for prostate cancer and other cancers in which AMACR levels are increased.”The test that we’ve developed at Bath makes this sort of work possible and will now allow us to continue to work towards new anti-cancer drugs.”The study was funded by Prostate Cancer UK with support from the Movember Foundation as part of their initiative to develop new treatments for prostate cancer.Dr Matthew Hobbs, Deputy Director of Research at Prostate Cancer UK, said: “Over 11,000 men die from prostate cancer every year in the UK, making it the third biggest cancer killer. In these men prostate cancer cells grow and evolve and eventually become resistant to the treatments currently available to combat the disease. However, important research like this which seeks to find new, innovative ways to treat prostate cancer has the potential to stop this trend.”It’s thanks to the funds raised by supporters of Prostate Cancer UK and the Movember Foundation that this research is possible.”In the United Kingdom, prostate cancer is the most common male-specific cancer with 47,151 new diagnoses reported in 2015 and 11,287 deaths in 2014. It accounts for 26% of all cancers diagnosed in men, with one in eight men being diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime. Although 84% of men will survive for at least 10 years with the disease, new treatments are urgently needed especially for those men diagnosed with more advanced disease.Source: http://www.bath.ac.uk/
Improving the way we select patients for cancer screening and prevention programs, and identifying those people at higher risk of developing cancer is crucial to improving survival rates. This tool will help to increase awareness of genetic abnormalities that people may have been born with that increase their risk of developing cancer, and will encourage more people to consider pursuing genetic testing. The more we know about a person’s risk of developing cancer, the more we can do to try and detect it earlier or prevent it from occurring at all through the use drugs or surgery. Optimizing prevention measures in this group of women is crucial in reducing the rate of deaths from cancer and I believe risk tools such as this will have a significant impact on public health.” Dr Jonathan Krell, Senior Clinical Lecturer in Medical Oncology at Imperial College, said: BRCA has come from my great-grandfather’s side of the family. He had five sisters; two died of breast cancer and three died of ovarian cancer. I’m almost now a voice for those women who came before me in my family who had no idea of the mutation they carried that put them at risk of these cancers” said Laura. “There is not one minute where I question my decision to get tested. It meant I was able to get regular checks. It was very tough to find out about the mutation at age 26, but it allowed me to make choices about my body. We have to remember that knowledge is power.” Jun 13 2018Ovarian Cancer Action launches its Hereditary Cancer Risk Tool: ovarian.org.uk/risktoolAround 15% of ovarian cancer cases are linked to genetic mutations such as BRCA1, BRCA2 and Lynch Syndrome, which increase an individual’s likelihood of developing ovarian and other cancers. This equates to over 1,000 women a year in the UK whose lives could potentially be saved.Ovarian Cancer Action has developed its Hereditary Cancer Risk Tool to help people identify their cancer risk. The charity believes everyone has the right to understand if their family history puts them at risk of ovarian and other cancers, as well as the risk-reducing options available.The tool asks a series of questions regarding an individual’s familial history of cancer and compares answers to the national testing eligibility guidelines. It then, if necessary, clearly explains next steps should an individual choose to pursue testing on the NHS, and reminds every user of the importance of symptoms awareness regardless of their genetic status.The new tool makes a timely arrival following Theresa May’s ambitious announcement just a few weeks ago, calling on the NHS, Artificial Intelligence sector and health charities to work together to prevent 22,000 deaths each year by 2033. The Prime Minister focused the grand challenge on four cancers commonly diagnosed at a late stage, including ovarian cancer.Genetic mutations can be passed down through the male or female line to future generations. The general population has a 1 in 400 to 1 in 800 chance of having a BRCA gene mutation. This increases to 1 in 40 in those with Jewish heritage.When primary school teacher Laura Moses, 28, from London, found out she carried the BRCA1 gene mutation, she was able to trace it back through generations of her family history. Just one year later she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. She now blogs about her experience at findingcyril.com.Laura, said: Every time a person with a genetic mutation is diagnosed with ovarian cancer, it represents a cancer prevention failure. Along with genetic counselors, we want to ensure individuals can make informed decisions around surveillance, preventative surgeries and its considerations, such as family planning. Genetic testing is one of our strongest weapons in the fight against this disease. To understand your risk of hereditary cancer, visit ovarian.org.uk/risktool. All you need is a few minutes and some information about your family history of cancer; it could change your life.” Joanne Stanford, Hereditary Cancer Specialist at Ovarian Cancer Action and co-creator of the Hereditary Cancer Risk Tool, said: Source:https://ovarian.org.uk/
Source:https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/ Aug 22 2018Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (also known as CPE) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae continue to be the most commonly reported organisms with critical resistances to antimicrobials across Australia, according to a national report released today.The latest six-monthly report for the National Alert System for Critical Antimicrobial Resistance (CARAlert) system, released by the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (the Commission), highlights the continuing threat of antimicrobial resistance by dangerous bacteria.“Knowing which new bacteria are emerging as potential threats allows us to take the initiative in the fight against antimicrobial resistance,” said the Commission’s Senior Medical Advisor for the AURA Surveillance System, Professor John Turnidge.“The finding that CPE remains prevalent in Australian hospitals is concerning. This group of bacteria has the ability to cause common infections, has limited treatment options, and can have a death rate as high as 50% for blood stream infections.”“These bacteria do not discriminate. The latest report shows that few age groups are spared, including our youngest Australians, children aged up to four years.“As CPE are becoming commonplace across various hospital settings in Australia, clinicians need to be aware of the patient populations at risk to limit spread to other patients. Should infection occur, they should seek specialist advice to deliver appropriate treatments.”The continued volume of CPE reports (255 in the six months to 31 March 2018) highlights the importance of effective infection prevention and control to help combat the threat of antimicrobial resistance.The Commission has published guidelines to help acute health facilities control the further spread of this infection and has strengthened efforts to improve and reduce antimicrobial use, for example through antimicrobial stewardship programs in healthcare settings.Outside of the hospital environment, another key finding of the latest CARAlert report relates to the continued high number of alerts for resistance in N. gonorrhoeae, a bacterial sexually transmitted infection.For the first time, two extensively drug resistant (XDR) N. gonorrhoeae infections have been reported in Australia, following a report in the United Kingdom of a similar strain. These infections are unable to be treated with the recommended treatments of ceftriaxone and azithromycin. A further five strains have high-level azithromycin resistance alone.Related StoriesCurved shape of bacteria can make it easier to find foodNew research could help design algae that produces fuels and cleanup chemicalsRaw meat can act as reservoir for bacteria associated with hospital infectionsThe detection of these strains is concerning because of the potential for N. gonorrhoea to cause a community outbreak of sexually transmitted infections. While reports of low-level resistance to azithromycin in N. gonorrhoeae have decreased by 26% since the last six-monthly report, they still account for more than one third (38%) of all CARAlerts.“To prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), either to yourself or others, it is best to practice safe sex. Safe sex includes using a condom or dental dam to ensure that you do not pass an infection on to your partner,” said Professor Turnidge.The report also indicates an increase in the multi-drug resistant Shigella species – an infection associated with food-borne illness, particularly in people returning from overseas travel in developing countries.“Clinicians in the community should be aware of risk factors for highly resistant community infections including overseas travel,” Professor Turnidge added.The CARAlert system was established by the Commission in 2016 to monitor and report on cases of bacteria resistant to critically important antimicrobials which are considered to be a serious threat to the effectiveness of last-line antimicrobial agents.In total, 653 CARs were reported by 58 participating laboratories between October 2017 and 31 March 2018, a number similar to the same period in the previous year (October 2016 to March 2017). Forty-eight percent of CARs were detected from patients attending hospitals.At least one strain of bacteria with some type of critical antimicrobial resistance was reported from each state and territory, with the three most populous states accounting for 87% of all CARs: New South Wales (32%), Victoria (34%) and Queensland (21%). The lowest numbers of CARs were reported from Tasmania (5), the Northern Territory (4) and South Australia (1).“The Commission is collaborating with states and territories to establish a network to coordinate responses to outbreaks of resistant organisms in Australia. The timely data that CARAlert provides is a key resource to inform these responses,” said Professor Turnidge.
Related StoriesStudy finds lower risk of Type 1 diabetes in children vaccinated against ‘stomach flu’ virusAntibiotics can wipe out early flu resistance, study findsWomen’s greater immune response to flu vaccine declines with ageAccording to the agreements and rules established by the World Health Organization, when there is a potential for a flu threat, the countries share viral samples “in a timely manner” within a few months. This helps prevent spread and also helps control outbreaks.In this case, China has failed to share the samples of the virus for over a year now. The US government officials including those at the Centres for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) have been persistently requesting for the samples.According to health officials there are conflicts between the countries regarding trade agreements and this would only worsen the sharing and agreements regarding medical related matters.Experts have reiterated that no country owns the viral samples just like they do not own the skies or nature said Andrew C. Weber, who was part of the biological defense programs at the Pentagon. Many have labelled this attitude as “scandalous” and have said that many people might die needlessly if China continues to maintain this stand.H7N9 is a form of avian or bird flu that emerged in China in 2013 and there have been related epidemics all over Asia annually since then. Around 1,565 individuals have been affected in 2013. Last outbreak, seen in October 2016 to September 2017 infected 766 cases.The spread as of now is not rapid between persons and most of the infected are those that handle poultry. However the virus is capable of killing around 39 percent of those it infects. This makes the virus deadly.The virus, like other flu viruses, can mutate and change rapidly to avoid detection and treatment and possible vaccination. These properties make the virus likely to infect large number of individuals causing a pandemic.Rick A. Bright, the director of Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority has said, “Pandemic influenza spreads faster than anything else. There’s nothing to hold it back or slow it down. Every minute counts.” This organization within the Department of Health and Human Services works on vaccine development. By Dr. Ananya Mandal, MDAug 29 2018The United States researchers and health experts have expressed outrage and concern over Chinese government’s policy to withhold the samples of the rapidly evolving bird flu virus H7N9.This new strain of the bird flu virus is said to be deadly and the US labs need the samples to study the virus to be able to develop treatment and vaccines against it. If timely development of the medications and vaccines fails, the spread of the virus could cause pandemics, explain the health advocates. Image Credit: Campre
Abortion , Clarence Thomas , Eugenics While he was at it, Justice Thomas took some pot-shots at disparate impact liability, which he equated with eugenics. (Really!) pic.twitter.com/DIoHydE9nI— Sasha Samberg-Champion (@ssamcham) May 28, 2019The “provision of an Indiana law which said the state may prohibit abortions motivated solely by race, sex or disability should remain blocked,” CNN reported about the ruling. “The court, however, did say it would allow part of the law that requires clinics to bury or cremate fetal remains to take effect.”But Thomas, in a 20-page statement, seemed to hint that the Supreme Court had unfinished business with the case.READ MORE: Clarence Thomas Dissents In ‘Racist’ Census SCOTUS Ruling“The Court’s decision to allow further percolation should not be interpreted as agreement,” Thomas wrote in part before continuing. “Enshrining a constitutional right to an abortion based solely on the race, sex, or disability of an unborn child, as Planned Parenthood advocates, would constitutionalize the views of the 20th-century eugenics movement.” The Nature journal described “eugenics” in part as a movement that promoted “selective breeding for positive traits. In contrast, the eugenics movement in the US quickly focused on eliminating negative traits. Not surprisingly, ‘undesirable’ traits were concentrated in poor, uneducated, and minority populations. In an attempt to prevent these groups from propagating, eugenicists helped drive legislation for their forced sterilization (Norrgard 2008). The first state to enact a sterilization law was Indiana in 1907.”Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg slammed Thomas’ dissenting opinion as well as his choice of language in writing it, according to Mediaite.“(A) woman who exercises her constitutionally protected right to terminate a pregnancy is not a ‘mother,’” Ginsburg said before adding that “the cost of, and trauma potentially induced by, a post-procedure requirement may well constitute an undue burden.” So, according to Justice Thomas, a law/reg which appears neutral but has massive disparate impact on racial lines is fine because to do anything else is eugenics? I don’t quite understand this argument. It’s as if the result for racial minorities doesn’t matter. Ok, I get it now.— Bobert (@bobertAH09) May 28, 2019Indiana’s abortion law “requires doctors to inform women that “Indiana does not allow a fetus to be aborted solely because of the fetus’s race, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, or diagnosis or potential diagnosis of the fetus having Down syndrome or any other disability,’” the Washington Post reminded readers Tuesday. “Abortion rights groups have argued that the procedures do not center around eugenics, but are rather guarded under a woman’s right to choose as to whether to carry out her pregnancy,” the Hill wrote Tuesday after Thomas delivered his statement. “They say that mothers whose fetuses would not survive in the womb or after birth, or whose pregnancy would risk their own health, should have the right to terminate a pregnancy.” The Blackest Reactions To The Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court Melodrama Well, Justice Thomas today in his crazy dissent about abortion and eugenics trotted out one of those anti-abortion myths, citing the esteemed George Will. pic.twitter.com/ilrb0sn02b— David S. Cohen (@dsc250) May 28, 2019 SEE ALSO:Hannah Payne Murder Case Moves Forward For Killing Kenneth HerringWatch A Black Man Save His Life While A White Cop Has A Gun In His Face The Supreme Court refused to rule Tuesday on the most contentious part of a highly restrictive abortion law in Indiana. But that didn’t stop Justice Clarence Thomas from going on an anti-abortion rant that critics said was embellishment and delivered under false pretenses. The only Black member of the nation’s highest court proceeded to equate birth control measures with elements of racism, or eugenics, in what many social media users characterized as a “misguided” bastardization of the truth. good morning to everyone except justice thomas who thinks DI is akin to eugenics pic.twitter.com/oT5kaTP43p— Joshua Erlich (@JoshuaErlich) May 28, 2019Thomas and the Supreme Court weighed in on the matter as a series of restrictive abortion laws have been going into effect across Republican-led states. The most recent was in Alabama, where doctors can be sentenced to up to 99 years in prison for performing an abortion.The wave of anti-abortion laws and proposed legislation has also been widely seen as a swipe against Black women.“Black women know that whenever you criminalize abortion, then it’s Black women who are going to be locked up,” Georgia state Rep. Renitta Shannon told Rolling Stone for an article published May 3. “Whenever you don’t cover abortions through insurance, it’s young Black women who are going to suffer — we’re the majority of the minimum-wage earners. All this stuff is connected.” AddThis Sharing ButtonsShare to FacebookFacebookFacebookShare to TwitterTwitterTwitterShare to MoreAddThisMoreShare to EmailEmailEmail
Opium was one of the most important resources of the 19th century. It had medicinal and recreational value and most importantly, it was in hot, hot demand by those who enjoyed the illicit effects. Merchants knew the value of opium ever since the 7th century, and while many rulers and leaders attempted to suppress the sale and purchase of the drug, there was money to be made in the opium trading business. China had outlawed the opium trade on their land, under the orders of the Emperor who believed that the drug would ultimately be harmful to the population. Yet, in spite of this ban, the trade continued with countries like Britain smuggling Indian opium into China as a means of making money.For a while, the British held a strong monopoly on the trade, but there was still room for the independent merchant to get his hands on a supply and make his own fortunes. One such man was John Jacob Astor, a German-American who would become America’s first multi-millionaire.John Jacob Astor.Astor had immigrated to America after the Revolutionary War was over and the United States had declared their independence. With a new country full of business opportunity, he quickly found a market in the fur trade, making quite the fortune.As he amassed wealth, trading furs between Canada and America, he encountered a few roadblocks that would prevent him from gaining enough to claim the title of millionaire. One such roadblock was the political tensions between the United States and Britain, which led to an embargo that prevented him from trading with Canada any further. To compound the problem, when the war of 1812 broke out, British soldiers took control of his trading posts, causing him to suffer financially.John Jacob Astor (Financier), signed check.It was these pressures that caused Astor to turn his attention to trade elsewhere, namely, the opium trade in China. The Chinese didn’t particularly have any demands for American exports or even fur, but Astor knew that despite the illegality, opium was still in popular demand.Storage of opium at a British East India Company warehouse.Smuggling opium into Canton, a major Chinese port city, wasn’t a difficult or risky endeavor. Despite the Chinese government’s attempts to prevent the people from accessing opium, they didn’t have the resources or the manpower to fully lock down the ports.Painting of John Jacob Astor.Chinese smugglers would aid merchants by sending out small boats to accept shipments and then would handle the rest on land. All a wealthy merchant needed to do was to obtain the stock and sail it to Canton.18 Old English insults we need to bring backCan of Waldorf-Astoria Cigarettes. Photo by Medvedev CC BY SA 3.0And that is exactly what John Jacob Astor did to make his fortune. Unable to obtain the good stuff — Indian opium, thanks to a British monopoly — he settled for Turkish opium. Turkish opium wasn’t a bad product, but it wasn’t as popular as the Indian variety.Apothecary vessel for storage of opium as a pharmaceutical, Germany, 18th or 19th-century. Photo by Bullenwachter CC BY SA 3.0However, there was still a market value for Turkish opium, primarily because opium dealers would cut the Indian opium with Turkish, as a way to increase their supply of the more expensive of the two drugs.John Jacob Astor, engraving.With ten tons of Turkish opium in tow, Astor sent the opium to China, trading it for goods. During this time period, China only accepted silver as currency from foreigners, but silver was hard to come by. However, most Chinese merchants would also take opium as currency as well, enabling Astor to purchase Chinese goods with opium.John Jacob Astor IV (1864-1912) and fiancee Madeleine Talmage Force (1893-1940) in a launch going to the Astor yacht Noma.He would then take those goods and resell them for a fortune in the United States. While his actions were certainly on the illegal and immoral side, the opium trade was lucrative for Astor and he was able to continue growing his fortune.John Jacob Astor, 1864-1912, in automobile.John Jacob Astor would continue working in the opium trade for three years but chose to exit the market in 1819.Read another story from us: Queen Victoria sent chocolates to soldiers in the Boer War, one gift was preserved, uneaten, up to todayWith Congress having passed a law that would prevent foreign fur traders from entering the United States, his American Fur Company quickly came to dominate the fur market. Over time, he would become America’s first multi-millionaire, with a net worth of over $20 million in his lifetime. Adjusted for inflation, the buying power of his net worth today would be somewhere to the tune of $110 billion. Andrew Pourciaux is a novelist hailing from sunny Sarasota, Florida, where he spends the majority of his time writing and podcasting.
The late 19th century in the United States has been called “The Gilded Age.” The Civil War had ended, the American Industrial Revolution was in full swing, new incredibly abundant resources were being found, millionaires were being made seemingly overnight, and a new group was emerging – the American Middle Class. In New England, the Eastern Seaboard, and parts of the West, larger and larger numbers of people were escaping poverty. As people became more prosperous and labor laws began to change which gave people more “free time” or “leisure time” (two new terms at the time), industries arose which catered to the leisure activities that Americans were becoming interested in.One of these interests was boating for pleasure, and in Troy, New York, a father and son developed new types of canoes and other pleasure craft, which for a time were the most popular boats in the country – and they made the pair rich. These boats were made mostly of… paper.Troy, as viewed from across the Hudson River looking east, c. 1909.In the early 1800s a hard-working Vermonter named Elisha Waters moved to Troy and after a period of apprenticeship, opened his own pharmaceutical company. Mr. Waters made enough money to begin another business, that of box manufacturing. At the time, Troy was one of the richest and most industrial small cities in the country, and local industries and retailers needed boxes for shipment and delivery. Elisha Waters soon became quite rich.It’s hard to believe now, but in the 19th century, mass production of paper from wood pulp was a relatively new thing. Previously, sheets of paper had been made by hand — a laborious and expensive proposition. That expense was passed on to the consumer – one reason why students in most schools used to write on “slates,” not paper. Until the mid-1800s, paper was made from linen or cotton rag, but in the 1850s, inventors/chemists had developed a way to free the cellulose from wood and produce it in rolls. The Gilded Age was sometimes known as “The Age of Paper.”Canoe made from paper, France, illustration by Tilly from L’Illustration, Journal Universel, No 2272, Volume LXXXVIII, September 11, 1886.One day in the late 1860s, Waters’ teenage son George was invited to a masquerade party, but the mask he wanted (an over-sized head) was out of his price range (George being given an allowance by his prosperous father, not an expense account). Suddenly George had an idea – he talked his way into borrowing the mask for a few hours, took it home, and cleverly used it as a mold for his own paper copy, which was made from layer upon layer of thick paper made hard with a combination varnish/glue. This gave him another idea, which would make both he and his father very wealthy.George, like many other upper-class boys of the time, was involved in competitive rowing. His boat was a cast-off from a famous rower, but it had developed leaks. Fresh off his success in creating his mask with hardened paper, he used the same method to patch the holes and cracks in his boat. To his amazement, when he put the boat in water – no leaks.Competitive rowing.Fresh off that success, George went to his father with his idea. Soon, the pair were manufacturing canoes, competitive row-boats and eventually, large pleasure craft, including one model which had a seventeen passenger/six rower capacity and was forty-five feet long. The best part was that the Waters’ owned the patent for “paper boats.” By the late 1870s, father and son were quite rich.The process of making the boats was relatively simple. The Waters’ built both custom-made and mass-produced boats. The manufacturing process was essentially the same for all of the boats, however. First, a wooden frame would be made. The frame had grooves in it for a wooden keel to be fastened later, as well as grooves/spaces for the gunwales (the top edges of the hull). The frame would be placed on a building platform upside-down, and so-called “tacking strips” would be attached to the bottom (really the top) for a time – this enabled the paper to be stretched over and fastened to the mold. Enthusiasts Made A House Boat Of 100% Recycled CardboardFor most of the boats, the competitive rowing boats known as “racing shells,” the Waters’ used more expensive but high-quality manila paper, which was made from Manila hemp. Layer upon layer would be added, each of them one piece running down both the length and width of the frame, alternately. The very first sheet of paper would be slightly damp to mold exactly to the frame. Then it would be given a coat of adhesive, and another layer of paper added.Manila hemp drying on a bamboo pole.Then it would be moved to a heated room to dry. Once dry, the shell would be removed from the mold for finishing. The frame was left behind, and the keel and gunwales added. Then the father and son used a patented and secret water-proofing mixture to make their craft watertight, added a hardened paper deck and put in the proper hardware – such as oar-locks, etc. When the rowing shell was finished, it was only a foot wide, and was much much lighter than an equivalent wooden shell. The hull of this craft measured anywhere from 1/8 to 1/10 inch thick.The light weight of the craft resulted in both increased speed and portability. Within a short time the boats were accepted by competitive rowing clubs and college teams. Amateur canoeists and adventurers were soon ordering boats, and Waters & Sons (the official name of the firm) was getting free “PR” nation-wide. In 1872, one man endeavored to paddle the length of the Mississippi River in a Waters’ craft. He made it from Minnesota to St. Louis before he quit – not because of any problem with the boat, but because he was tired.RowingIn 1874, a man named Nathaniel Bishop ordered an 18-foot Waters’ craft which had a small sail, and places for two men to row. Bishop and a companion traveled from Troy via river and canal all the way to Cedar Key, Florida. He wrote a best-selling book titled The Voyage of the Paper Canoe about the journey.By the end of the century, Waters and Sons had branched out into other areas using their patented technology, which most successfully included the building of hardened, weather-proof paper domes on some of the new buildings going up throughout the Northeast and eastern Midwest. This included a dome atop the new observatory at West Point.Read another story from us: The Flying Dutchman – The ghostly ship doomed to sail the Seven Seas foreverUnfortunately, success didn’t last forever. In 1901, George Waters was building a racing-shell and while using a blow-torch, accidentally set fire to the entire factory. It was a total loss. Within three years, both father and son died, and with them, Waters’ Paper Boats. Obviously, over time most recreational boats were (and are) made from fiberglass and other stronger and lighter materials.Matthew Gaskill holds an MA in European History and writes on a variety of topics from the Medieval World to WWII to genealogy and more. A former educator, he values curiosity and diligent research. He is the author of many best-selling Kindle works on Amazon.
Efforts to improve student success highlighted at NPC board meeting By Diana Hutchison The Navajo County Community College District Governing Board held its regular monthly meeting on Tuesday, May 15. Among the agenda items were awarding Outstanding Alumnus for the Spring 2018, the annualSubscribe or log in to read the rest of this content. Bottom Ad May 21, 2018
Advertising Telangana Assembly elections: KCR focus on Congress seats pays off Related News Advertising FRO C Anita tried to save herself by climbing onto a tractor but videos of the incident showed the crowd, including Rao, following her and assaulting her with a stick, hitting her several times on the head. Anita fell unconscious and was rushed to hospital, where she was diagnosed with a hairline fracture in her right wrist.P Malla Reddy told The Indian Express that several cases have been registered against Rao. “We have arrested him and Bora Posham (seen in the video) who beat up the FRO with sticks and also 14 villagers who participated in the attack. We have booked them under unbailable sections of the IPC.”After Chief Minister K Chandrashekar Rao expressed his displeasure to Konappa over his brother’s behaviour, Rao resigned as vice-chairman of the Komaram Bheem Asifabad zilla parishad. Best Of Express Ayodhya dispute: Mediation to continue till July 31, SC hearing likely from August 2 Speaking to The Indian Express from hospital, Anita, who was in shock and broke down, said, “I was singled out by four-five men, including Krishna Rao, and beaten up with sticks. It was a vicious attack, I got very scared.”The forest officials accused police, which arrived at the spot a few minutes after the attack began, of not doing anything to stop the mob.Read | Telangana forest officer assaulted: ‘MLA, brothers have history of assaulting government officials’Officials said that Anita, 32, had gone to Sarasala village which falls under the Sirpur constituency of MLA Konappa to plant saplings as part of the ‘Haritha Haaram’ plantation drive of the Telangana government. The plantation drive was undertaken to compensate for the loss of green cover due to the multi-purpose lift irrigation Kaleswaram Project. TDP will be rendered irrelevant after Lok Sabha polls: K T Rama Rao A team of 21 Forest Department personnel, including Anita, were plouging and planting saplings with the help of tractors on a reserve forest land identified on the outskirts of the village, when some people objected. The villagers claimed it was their land and attacked the officials with sticks and iron rods. Some of them called up Rao, who lives nearby and who soon arrived with his supporters.Principal Chief Conservator of Forests P K Jha ordered an inquiry and demanded that the state government provide police protection to forest officials on afforestation drives. “That is forest land where our staff was attacked. Even Sirpur MLA Koneru Konappa knew about our afforestation drive. I don’t know why he chose not to inform the people and his brother who attacked our staff. The Forest Department had thwarted several attempts to encroach this piece of land by villagers in the past five years,” Jha said.Divisional Forest Officer (Komaram Bheem Asifabad) Laxman Naik said, “Without even asking why forest officials were there, the villagers and Krishna Rao launched a brutal assault on them. Without even considering that the FRO is a woman, the men armed with stick and rods surrounded her and beat her up. The officials had gone there to plant saplings on forest land, it is government land.”Naik added that they had taken up afforestation in 20 hectares of land in connection with the Kaleswaram Project. “Koneru Krishna Rao and others arrived with the intention of illegally occupying the land, and attacked our staff.” C Anita trying to save herself by climbing atop a tractor as a crowd attacks her in Komaram Bheem Asifabad district. Krishna Rao is the man in white shirt second from right. (Express Photo)A woman Forest Range Officer (FRO) was hospitalised with a hairline fracture after she was beaten up by a group, allegedly including Koneru Krishna Rao, the brother of Telangana Rashtra Samiti (TRS) MLA Koneru Konappa, on Sunday morning, during a plantation drive in Komaram Bheem Asifabad district. Other forest staff who were part of the team were also beaten up. Local strongmen, Rao and brother Konappa have been accused of assaulting government officials earlier too, besides frequent run-ins with them. In March 2018, Excise Department officials in Kagaznagar-Sirpur had staged a demonstration after Konappa allegedly abused a woman excise circle inspector for confiscating a truck.Working President of TRS K T Rama Rao condemned the attack and said no one was above the law. “Atrocious behavious by Koneru Krishna who attacked a forest officer who was doing her job. I condemn it strongly,” KTR said.Anita is well regarded as a forest officer, and was felicitated two years ago by the department for her afforestation work in Chennur mandal. Her colleagues said she had handled several situations like Sunday’s and was known to never lose her cool. “When she was in Chennur, she handled many explosive situations where villagers cultivating illegally on forest land for decades confronted her during afforestation drives. She would talk to them calmly and explain why afforestation was necessary. In spite of heated arguments, she used to prevail upon them. I think today the situation became political and someone instigated the villagers,” Giasuddin, a former colleague of Anita, said.Anita’s husband C Manik Rao said he quit his job as an interior designer to take care of their son seeing Anita’s devotion to her work. “I understood she won’t be able to do justice to her passion and also take care of home. So I decided to quit my job and take care of our son and home while she pursues what she loves most,” Manik Rao said. Advertising P Rajagopal, Saravana Bhavan founder sentenced to life for murder, dies Chandrayaan-2 gets new launch date days after being called off More Explained Anita told The Indian Express she was determined to finish the plantation drive at Sarasala. “I will go back to that village and finish planting trees at the very spot where I was attacked. There is no question of backing out… In fact, I now take it up as a challenge. Let’s see who stops me now.” Written by Sreenivas Janyala | Hyderabad | Updated: July 1, 2019 9:43:05 am TRS drops protest plan in House, no-confidence motion likely to be taken up Taking stock of monsoon rain 1 Comment(s)
By Reuters |Seoul | Published: June 12, 2019 9:03:42 am Trump cancelled a subsequent trip by Pompeo set for August. In October, Pompeo made his fourth visit to North Korea in 2018 and hailed “significant progress”. A visit to the United States by Kim’s top envoy, Kim Yong Chol, initially scheduled for November, was postponed to January.North Korea freed a detained American in November in an apparent goodwill gesture.In February, Kim and Trump held their second summit, in Hanoi, which collapsed over the gulf between US demands for denuclearisation and North Korea’s for sanctions relief.Negotiations have since stalled, with North Korea setting a year-end deadline for the United States to show more flexibility.Inter-Korean tiesRelations between the two Koreas made rapid progress in 2018 with Kim and South Korean President Moon Jae-in holding three summits.They agreed to a military pact with measures to ease tension during the third meeting, in September. They have implemented some steps, halting major military exercises, establishing a no-fly zone along the border and removing landmines and guard posts in the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ). They also opened a liaison office in the North’s border city of Kaesong in September.But the standoff between the North and the United States this year has cast a chill over inter-Korean relations.North Korea snubbed a South Korean offer of follow-up action. The North briefly pulled out of the liaison office where planned weekly talks have not taken place since the failed North Korean-US summit in February.Military exercises In Singapore, Trump made a surprise announcement that the United States would suspend military drills with South Korea. Major exercises, which North Korea has long seen as a rehearsal for war, have been halted though smaller ones have continued.Serious about sanctionsThe Trump administration has intensified its enforcement of sanctions in line with a campaign of “maximum pressure” on the North.Last month, the United States announced for the first time it had seized a North Korean cargo ship, accusing it of illicit coal shipments in violation of US and U.N. sanctions. North Korea called it an illegal act that violated the spirit of the Singapore summit.Strict US interpretations of U.N. sanctions curtailing banking and shipping transactions with Pyongyang, as well as a travel ban for US citizens, have effectively shut North Korean operations by many relief groups.New missile testsIn May, North Korea twice tested multiple short-range missiles, which analysts said could be aimed at penetrating South Korea’s missile defence system.Trump said nobody was happy about the launches but left the door open for more talks, saying they were not a violation of the Singapore agreement. Best Of Express LiveKarnataka floor test: Will Kumaraswamy’s 14-month-old govt survive? Unbowed, Trump intensifies attacks on four Democratic congresswomen Related News Advertising Post Comment(s) More Explained Trump and Kim agreed in Singapore to work towards the complete denuclearisation of the Korean peninsula. Kim also vowed to permanently dismantle key missile facilities in the presence of international inspectors, South Korea’s President Moon Jae-in said after his third summit with Kim in September in the North Korean capital, Pyongyang.Moon also said Kim would take additional steps toward denuclearisation such as closing its main Yongbyon nuclear complex, if the United States took reciprocal measures.But none of those pledges has materialised, and US think tanks have pointed to activity at North Korea’s nuclear and missile sites, including the restoration of part of the rocket launch station that it had just begun to shut down.Kim’s summit diplomacyKim’s journey from international pariah to acceptance as a responsible head of state accelerated after the Singapore summit. He made two trips to China, for his third and fourth summits with President Xi Jinping. He also visited the eastern Russian city of Vladivostok last April to meet President Vladimir Putin. Advertising Kulbhushan Jadhav ‘guilty of crimes’, will proceed further as per law: Imran Khan US House rejects Saudi weapons sales; Trump to veto Hold the applause until Hafiz Saeed is convicted: US committee to Donald Trump In September, Kim hosted Moon for their third summit in 2018, in Pyongyang, which was partly aimed at facilitating Kim’s second encounter with Trump in February in the Vietnam’s capital, Hanoi.In Hanoi, Kim established a rapport with Vietnamese officials, as he did with Singapore officials when he visited there for the first summit with Trump.Stalemate in US tiesIn July, North Korea repatriated 55 boxes of what were believed to be the remains of US soldiers killed in the Korean War, a quick first step toward the Singapore pledge to forge “new relations”.But that same month, North Korea accused US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo of making “gangster-like” demands during a visit to Pyongyang. Progress has been made, such as the return of some remains of American soldiers killed during the 1950-53 Korean War. But even that has stalled since the second summit between Trump and Kim broke down in Vietnam in February.The two sides now appear as far apart as they were going into the Singapore summit.North Korea has conducted short-range missile tests and complained of US pressure, while the United States has doubled down on its enforcement of sanctions on North Korea. Here are some of the major events since Kim and Trump shook hands a year ago.Words but no action on denuclearisation Virat Kohli won’t have a say in choosing new coach Taking stock of monsoon rain Advertising South Korea also played down the tests, with Moon calling them a protest against the failed Vietnam summit and a sign the North wanted to negotiate. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un at their meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, Feb. 27, 2019. (The New York Times: Doug Mills)US President Donald Trump met North Korean leader Kim Jong Un for the first time at a historic summit in Singapore on June 12 last year and there have been ups and downs in the North’s foreign relations since then.
Advertising Her delegation is going to Haiti, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and St. Lucia on a 12-day trip. The island nations are among the few that recognize Taiwan instead of China.Tsai said that she wants to share the values of democracy and perseverance with Taiwan’s friends.“Our democracy has not come easily and now is facing the threat and technological penetration of foreign forces,” she said, in a veiled reference to China. Post Comment(s) Strike by Taiwan air attendants halts flights for thousands By AP |Taiwan | Published: July 11, 2019 4:27:14 pm FILE – Tsai Ing-wen (Billy H.C. Kwok/The New York Times)Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen departed Thursday for a four-country state visit to the Caribbean with stops in the United States on the way there and back. Taiwan president Tsai Ing-wen to visit US this month, angering China Tsai will also make what her government is calling “two-evening transit stops” in the United States.Taiwan does not have diplomatic ties with the United States, but the U.S. provides the self-governing island with military and other support. China objects to such support as an interference in what it considers its internal affairs.In the Caribbean, the delegation will promote sustainable development and look for business opportunities for Taiwanese companies, Tsai said.Taiwan split from China during a civil war that brought the Communist Party to power in 1949. The rival Nationalists set up a separate government in Taiwan, and Tsai has resisted Chinese pressure to re-unite the two. Taiwan confirms request for US tanks, air defence systems Advertising Related News
Related News Explained | Why the protests in Sudan might not end the country’s troublesThe deal has revived hopes for a peaceful transition of power in a country plagued by internal conflicts and years of economic crisis that helped trigger months of protests, which ended Omar al-Bashir’s 30-year rule in April.The agreement has yet to be finalised and signed.Read | Power-Sharing Deal in Sudan Took Shape at a Secret MeetingRelations between the military council that ousted Bashir in a coup and the Forces for Freedom and Change opposition alliance broke down when security forces killed dozens as they cleared a sit-in on June 3. But after huge protests against the military, African mediators brokered a return to direct talks, which led to the deal. The thwarted coup involved a number of retired officers, as well as officers still in service, Jamal Omar Ibrahim, the head of the Transitional Military Council’s security committee, said on Sudanese TV.He added that 12 had been arrested and four detained in connection with the thwarted coup.The military council and a coalition of opposition and protest groups agreed provisionally last week to share power for three years, bringing thousands onto the streets to hail a first step towards ending decades of dictatorship. Thousands demonstrate in Sudan to mark 40 days since deadly crackdown Relations between the military council that ousted Bashir in a coup and the Forces for Freedom and Change opposition alliance broke down when security forces killed dozens as they cleared a sit-in on June 3. (Bryan Denton/The New York Times)Sudan’s military rulers said on Thursday that several officers had attempted a coup in an effort to undermine an agreement between the military and the opposition to share power for three years ahead of elections. By Reuters |Khartoum | Published: July 12, 2019 7:41:52 am Advertising Sudanese man shot dead during protest as sides wrangle over transition Advertising Post Comment(s) Power-Sharing Deal in Sudan Took Shape at a Secret Meeting
Reviewed by Alina Shrourou, B.Sc. (Editor)Oct 16 2018Eisai Co., Ltd. has entered into an agreement to grant exclusive development and marketing rights for its anti-obesity agent lorcaserin hydrochloride (generic name, product name in the United States: BELVIQ, product name for once-daily formulation in the United States: BELVIQ XR, “lorcaserin”) in 17 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, excluding Brazil, to Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A. which has a business foundation in Latin America.Related StoriesNovel program in England’s third largest city helps reduce childhood obesitySupervised fun, exercise both improve psychosocial health of children with obesityResearchers find link between maternal obesity and childhood cancer in offspringUnder this agreement, Eisai will supply Eurofarma with lorcaserin. Eisai will receive a one-time contractual payment and is eligible for milestone payments for development and sales in each country.Lorcaserin is a novel chemical entity that is believed to decrease food consumption and promote satiety by selectively activating serotonin 2C receptors in the brain. Lorcaserin was approved in 2012 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in adult patients with an initial body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or greater (obese) or 27 kg/m2 or greater (overweight) in the presence of at least one weight-related co-morbid condition, and was launched in the United States in June 2013. Lorcaserin was approved in Mexico and Brazil with the same indication as for the United States in July 2016 and December 2016, respectively.By entering into this agreement with Eurofarma, which has a strong business foundation throughout the region, Eisai aims to continue its effort to make lorcaserin widely available to appropriate patients as soon as possible. Source:https://www.eisai.com/news/2018/news201884.html
Source:Hypertonic saline may help babies with cystic fibrosis breathe better. EurekAlert. 9th November 2018. The researchers pointed out that the study was limited by the absence of a true placebo arm, since isotonic saline itself could have produced clinical benefit.The relatively short follow-up period of 12 months is another limitation, making it impossible to establish the long-term benefit of treatment with hypertonic saline.However, the study has opened up a potentially important intervention approach at the point of diagnosis of CF.The tested therapy couples simplicity with safety while improving the lung function and overall health of these infants. The study, titled Preventive Inhalation of Hypertonic Saline in Infants with Cystic Fibrosis (PRESIS): A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study, was published on November 9, 2018, in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Treatment with hypertonic saline in infants with CF is safe from diagnosis onwards, and our results suggest this preventive therapy benefits lung function and improves thriving.”Dr. Mirjam Stahl, Lead Author We demonstrated that early studies are feasible in this challenging age group using innovative, sensitive outcome parameters such as lung clearance index.”Dr. Mirjam Stahl, Lead Author By Dr. Liji Thomas, MDNov 9 2018Reviewed by Kate Anderton, B.Sc. (Editor)The first-ever randomized controlled trial on babies with cystic fibrosis (CF) has found that treatment with inhaled hypertonic saline can improve breathing and lung health.Evgeny Atamanenko | ShutterstockThe study involved 40 babies, enrolled at a mean age of three months. The babies were randomly assigned to hypertonic saline (6.8% saline) or isotonic saline (1.9%), and followed up for 12 months.Older studies using mice models revealed that hypertonic saline reduced the formation of the dangerous mucus plugs that occur in cystic fibrosis. These plugs block the airways and result in recurrent chest infections.This finding was confirmed in other studies of older infants and children suffering from cystic fibrosis.Dr. Mirjam Stahl, the lead author of the current study, pointed out: “CF lung disease starts in the first months of life, leaving only a narrow window of opportunity for preventive therapeutic interventions.”Lung disease is the chief factor responsible for symptomatic illness and death in these patients. Being able to prevent it, or at least delay the age of onset, or slow down its progression, could be a great stride forward in treating cystic fibrosis.The current trial showed the potential to accomplish this safely in the early days of life.At the end of the 12-month follow-up period, the hypertonic saline group showed a higher lung clearance index.This group also gained significantly more weight (a mean difference of 1.1 pounds, or 0.5 kg, between the two groups was noted), as well as approximately an inch in height.The increase in weight corroborated earlier mouse CF studies which used hypertonic saline.In both groups there was little difference in the rate at which exacerbations or adverse events occurred.Another question that was investigated in this study was the possibility of safely testing these infants using lung clearance index and chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).These tests can measure the outcome of this therapy in quantitative terms.The lung clearance index is a measure of air flow through the pulmonary airways, and indirectly reflects the degree of mucous blockage that is among the earliest features of lung disease caused by CF.On the other hand, early structural abnormalities in the lungs are picked up using MRI.The scientists in this study found that both measures were safely applicable to infants, as well as being well tolerated by them. The lung clearance index was, however, more useful in assessing therapeutic benefit in this study.
Reviewed by James Ives, M.Psych. (Editor)Dec 17 2018America’s teens report a dramatic increase in their use of vaping devices in just a single year, with 37.3 percent of 12th graders reporting “any vaping” in the past 12 months, compared to just 27.8 percent in 2017. These findings come from the 2018 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey of a nationally representative sample of eighth, 10th and 12th graders in schools nationwide, funded by a government grant to the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The annual results were announced today by the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the National Institutes of Health, along with the scientists who lead the research team.Reported use of vaping nicotine specifically in the 30 days prior to the survey nearly doubled among high school seniors from 11 percent in 2017 to 20.9 percent in 2018. More than 1 in 10 eighth graders (10.9 percent) say they vaped nicotine in the past year, and use is up significantly in virtually all vaping measures among eighth, 10th and 12th graders. Reports of past year marijuana vaping also increased this year, at 13.1 percent for 12th graders, up from 9.5 percent last year.”Teens are clearly attracted to the marketable technology and flavorings seen in vaping devices; however, it is urgent that teens understand the possible effects of vaping on overall health; the development of the teen brain; and the potential for addiction,” said Nora D. Volkow, M.D., director of NIDA. “Research tells us that teens who vape may be at risk for transitioning to regular cigarettes, so while we have celebrated our success in lowering their rates of tobacco use in recent years, we must continue aggressive educational efforts on all products containing nicotine.”The percent of 12th graders who say they vaped “just flavoring” in the past year also increased to 25.7 percent in 2018 from 20.6 percent in 2017. However, it is unclear if teens know what is in the vaping devices they are using, since the most popular devices do not have nicotine-free options, and some labeling has been shown to be inaccurate. There was also a significant jump in perceived availability of vaping devices and liquids in eighth and 10th graders, with 45.7 percent and 66.6 percent, respectively, saying the devices are “fairly easy” or “very easy” to get.There is more information on the survey’s vaping findings in this week’s issue of The New England Journal of Medicine. In a letter to the editor written by Dr. Richard Miech, the MTF study team lead. Dr. Miech points out that the one-year increases in the prevalence of nicotine vaping translate into approximately 1.3 million additional adolescents who vaped in 2018, as compared with 2017. The increase in vaping rates between 2017-2018 also aligns with the recently released CDC/FDA government funded National Youth Tobacco Survey.TobaccoThis year’s survey shows regular tobacco is still at its lowest point in the survey since it began measuring it, with only 3.6 percent of high school seniors smoking daily, compared to 22.4 percent two decades ago. Smoking tobacco with a hookah is significantly lower than five years ago, at 7.8 percent in the past year among high school seniors, compared to 21.4 percent in 2013.OpioidsThe alarming news about vaping is in sharp contrast to the good news about teenage opioid use. The past year use of narcotics other than heroin (i.e., prescription opioids) is at 3.4 percent among 12th graders–a significant change from 4.2 percent in 2017. Only 1.7 percent of high school seniors report misuse of Vicodin in the past year, compared to a peak of 10.5 percent 15 years ago. It is also important to note that heroin use in all three grades remains very low with only 0.4 percent of 12th graders reporting past year use.Related StoriesCo-use of cannabis and tobacco associated with worse functioning, problematic behaviorsE-cigarette use on the rise among cancer patients and cancer survivorsCartoons influencing young adults to vape, finds new study”With illicit opioid use at generally the lowest in the history of the survey, it is possible that being in high school offers a protective effect against opioid misuse and addiction,” said Dr. Volkow. “We will be focusing much of our new prevention research on the period of time when teens transition out of school into the adult world and become exposed to the dangerous use of these drugs.”Marijuana and Other Drugs Close to 1 in 4 high school seniors report use of an illicit drug in the past month, led by marijuana use. Rates of overall marijuana use are steady, with 5.8 percent of 12th graders reporting daily use. Daily use of marijuana has been reported by high school seniors for the past 20 years at somewhere between 5.0 and 6.6 percent. Past year rates of marijuana use are generally steady among sophomores and seniors, showing as 27.5 percent for 10th graders and 35.9 percent for 12th graders. However, there is a significant five-year drop among eighth graders–from 12.7 percent in 2013 to 10.5 percent in 2018. There continues to be more 12th graders who report using marijuana every day than smoking cigarettes (5.8 percent vs. 3.6 percent) and only 26.7 percent of 12th graders think regular marijuana use offers great risk of harm.Other illicit drugs, including cocaine, synthetic cannabinoids, and MDMA remain close to historic lows. Inhalants, the only drug category that is usually higher among younger teens, is reported at 4.6 among eighth graders, compared to a peak of 12.8 percent in 1995.AlcoholThere is positive news related to teen drinking with just 17.5 percent of 12th graders saying they have been drunk in the past 30 days, down significantly from five years ago, when it was reported at 26 percent. Reports of binge drinking (five or more drinks in a row in the past two weeks) is down significantly among 12th graders, at 13.8 percent–down from 16.6 percent in 2017, and compared to 31.5 percent when the rates peaked in 1998. These findings represent the lowest rates seen for these alcohol measures since the survey began asking the questions.”We are encouraged to see continued declines in a variety of measures of underage alcohol use,” said George F. Koob, Ph.D., director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. “The new data, however, underscore that far too many young people continue to drink at a time in their lives when their brains and bodies are quite vulnerable to alcohol-related harms. We remain committed to developing and improving strategies to prevent the onset of drinking among youth, so that more young people can be spared the consequences of alcohol misuse.”The MTF survey releases findings the same year the data is collected. It has been conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor since 1975.Overall, 44,482 students from 392 public and private schools participated in this year’s MTF survey. Since 1975, the survey has measured drug, alcohol, and cigarette use and related attitudes in 12th graders nationwide. Eighth and 10th graders were added to the survey in 1991. Survey participants generally report their drug use behaviors across three-time periods: lifetime, past year, and past month. NIDA has provided grant funding for the survey since its inception. Source:https://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/news-releases/2018/12/teens-using-vaping-devices-in-record-numbers
Source:http://www.thoracic.org/ The researchers adjusted their findings for factors that may have biased their results, including body mass index, family income, diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking and the social economic status of the neighborhood participants lived in.The researchers also looked at sleep efficiency, the percent of time in bed spent actually asleep compared to total time in bed, using a device called a wrist actigraph that measures small movements. They did not find an association between air pollution and sleep efficiency when they adjusted for those same factors.Because the study was not a randomized, controlled trial, it cannot prove a cause and effect relationship between air pollution and sleep apnea. The researchers said another study limitation was that they could not adjust their findings for noise and light pollution, which may affect sleep.Summing up their findings, the authors wrote that air quality improvements may have an unrecognized benefit: better sleep health. “While prior studies have largely focused on individual risk factors for sleep apnea,” the researchers said that their data “suggest environmental features also contribute to the variation of sleep disorders across groups.”This connection, they added, “has implications for regulatory standards, public health, environmental justice and health disparities, as higher levels of air pollution are more prevalent in poor, urban areas as seen in this MESA cohort.” 60 percent for each 5 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) increase in yearly PM5 exposure. 39 percent for each 10 parts per billion increase in yearly NO2 Jan 17 2019The ill effects of air pollution may literally be causing some people to lose sleep, according to new research published online in the Annals of the American Thoracic Society.In “The Association of Ambient Air Pollution with Sleep Apnea: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis,” Martha E. Billings, MD, MSc, and co-authors report a link between obstructive sleep apnea and increases in two of the most common air pollutants: fine particulate pollution, known as PM2.5, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a traffic-related pollutant. Prior studies have shown that air pollution impacts lung and heart health, but only a few studies have looked at how air pollution might affect sleep. It seemed likely that air pollution was detrimental to sleep, given that air pollution causes upper airway irritation, swelling and congestion, and may also affect the parts of the brain and central nervous system that control breathing patterns and sleep.”Dr. Billings, lead study author and associate professor of medicine at the University of Washington The researchers analyzed data from 1,974 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) who also enrolled in both MESA’s Sleep and Air Pollution studies. The participants (average age 68) were a diverse group: 36 percent were white, 28 percent black, 24 percent Hispanic and 12 percent Asian. Nearly half (48 percent) of the participants had sleep apnea.Using air pollution measurements gathered from hundreds of MESA Air and Environmental Protection Agency monitoring sites in six U.S. cities, plus local environment features and sophisticated statistical tools, the research team was able to estimate air pollution exposures at each participant’s home.Related StoriesSleep disorders in patients with low back pain linked to increased healthcare visits, costsUnpleasant experiences could be countered with a good night’s REM sleepPink noise enhances deep sleep for people with mild cognitive impairmentThe study found a participant’s odds of having sleep apnea increased by: | <urn:uuid:39a884ad-2284-4a52-8ba4-fd22363cb43b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.xushuigroup.com/laqmzauthor/admin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526401.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720004131-20190720030131-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.947817 | 14,042 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Anna North, BuzzFeed, August 2012
"Stories of parents pushing kids to succeed in school above all else have been making headlines lately, but new research has found that social relationships are a much better predictor of adult well-being than a kid's grades.
"They found that social connectedness was highly correlated with adult well-being. Academic achievement, however, was not. The authors noted that they might have seen more of a connection if they'd included factors like job satisfaction in their measure of well-being, but they left these out on purpose. Their goal was to study not the traditional markers of success, but instead to look at peoples' "positive emotional functioning, sense of coherence, social engagement and character values." And as it turns out, kids' social lives seem to have a greater effect on the development of those qualities than their test scores do.
"This came as no surprise to John Stanrock, psychologist and author of the textbook Adolescence. He says there's a general feeling among some child development experts that in an age of No Child Left Behind and constant standardized testing, "the social world of adolescence has totally been neglected." He adds that schools don't spend enough money on counseling services, which can help kids with difficulties fit in better. | <urn:uuid:9cc63bcf-b027-4ab0-bc40-32eeaeb53d6c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.joyfullearningnetwork.com/news/category/friendship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060803.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928122846-20210928152846-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.979911 | 258 | 2.8125 | 3 |
COLUMBIA, Mo. – Scientists have many “road maps” that guide them in respective fields of research by consolidating countless years of knowledge into a useful resource. The periodic table of elements, for example, serves as an important guide to understanding the relationships between elements and their roles in forming the universe. But imagine if one of these translational guides to nature’s elements was upended, revolutionizing our knowledge of the world at the atomic level. At the University of Missouri, researchers have done just that by revealing the largely unexplored potential of radioactive isotopes.
Knowing the probability of a chemical isotope’s nucleus “capturing” or absorbing a neutron provides researchers with fundamental information at the core of a vast number of scientific disciplines, from nuclear safety to understanding the origins of the cosmos. But this probability —known as a neutron capture cross section — is unknown for all but a few radioactive isotopes. In the case of one such isotope of zirconium, 88Zr, researchers have found that its cross section is the highest to be discovered in the last 70 years, a finding that suggests the many other radioactive isotopes that have yet to be similarly measured are potential sources of breakthroughs in our knowledge of the origins and composition of the universe. | <urn:uuid:1d924de8-1392-4be4-9890-654422d944c1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://chemistry.missouri.edu/news/revelations-about-radioactive-zirconium-forge-new-path-research-about-universe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.917807 | 264 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Cough is a helpful phenomenon - it is the body's natural reflex to irritation in the throat. There are two kinds of cough - one which is wet and associated with mucus (productive cough); and the other which is dry and there is no mucus (unproductive cough). It is important to differentiate between the two, because the treatments are entirely different.
In the case of productive cough, coughing helps in removing excess mucus or phlegm which has come up in the back of the throat from the lungs or the nose and sinuses. A common cause of coughing in the night is mucus dripping from the nose into the back of the throat. Expectorant syrups can be given to the child to help get rid of the phlegm. Note that productive coughs should never be suppressed since they serve a very useful purpose. Night-time irritation can be eased by turning the child on his side or his front. A doctor should be consulted in case the cough lasts for more than 48 hours.
Unproductive coughs on the other hand serve no useful purpose, and can be very irritating to a small child, sometimes to the extent of preventing sleep. In this case, cough suppressants can help ease the discomfort. | <urn:uuid:a71daca5-1660-4485-a049-cf5cb1afd9d3> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.indiaparenting.com/childs-healthcare/35_3683/coughs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163996875/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133316-00021-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959521 | 252 | 3.0625 | 3 |
November 1 is Latina Equal Pay Day, which marks the day in the calendar year that Hispanic women have earned as much as white men did in the previous year. In other words, it takes Latina women approximately one year and 10 months to earn what most white men earn in a year. And according to a new analysis from the Institute of Women’s Policy Research, Hispanic and Latina women will have to wait 232 more years for their earnings to catch up to white men if current trends continue.
By comparison, women in general are expected to close the wage gap in 2059. According to the analysis, white women are expected to close the wage gap in 2056, while black women will not see wage equality until 2124. Hispanic women are not projected to achieve equal pay until 2248.
The report also found that wages for Hispanic women has declined with median annual earnings falling by 4.5% between 2004 and 2014. Only five states saw wages increase for Hispanic women — California, Iowa, Nevada, New Mexico and Wyoming — along with the District of Columbia.
This new data illustrates how Hispanic women continue to be the most adversely affected by the wage gap. According to the latest numbers from the Pew Research Center, Hispanic women were the lowest paid group in the United States in 2015, earning $12 an hour on average. Black women made $13 an hour in 2015, while white women earned $17 per hour and Asian women earned $18 per hour. By comparison, white men made $21 per hour in 2015.
Even more depressing: the wage gap is closing at slower and slower rates over time. A recent report from the American Association of University Women suggests that if rates continue to slow, the average woman might not see equal pay for another 136 years. And if that plays out, odds are that minority women will be waiting even longer for that gap to close. | <urn:uuid:0883e754-98ee-4873-9542-25f70953f5d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://motto.time.com/4553014/latina-equal-pay-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612069.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529091944-20170529111944-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.965541 | 382 | 2.75 | 3 |
A method alias can make sense or even can be necessary for various reasons:
- Enable a class for duck typing
- Increasing an inherited methods meaning/ readability
- Extend an inherited methods behavior (in the sense of aspect oriented programming)
That can be achieved in Ruby in different ways, e. g. with Module#alias_method.
At first the Company model as an example:
rail$ rails g model Company name:string && rake db:migrate
and the corresponding model with an alias label on the attribute method name:
class Company < ActiveRecord::Base alias_method :label, :name end
Unfortunately that does not work:
Company.new # => NameError: undefined method `name' for class 'Company'
The reason is quite simple. Ruby on Rails creates attribute accessors dynamically and therefore helps itself with the method missing approach. But at the time of class instantiation the accessors are not created yet. However when alias_method tries to make a copy of the original method, it consequentially fails with NameError.
The solution is Module#alias_attribute. Ruby on Rails extended Module and enables aliasing in ActiveRecord. The principle is simple. A new method is created by meta programming, which inernally calls the original method.
Thus the model has to look like:
class Company < ActiveRecord::Base alias_attribute :label, :name end
company = Company.new(name: 'Google') company.name # => "Google" company.to_s # => "Google"
Furthermore alias_attribute generates the appropriate setter methods:
company = Company.new(name: 'Google') company.label = 'Apple' company.name # => "Apple" company.label # => "Apple"
Since the alias_attribute is glued to Module, it works for each class:
class Article attr_accessor :name alias_attribute :title, :name def initialize name @name = name end end
Article offers two more methods title and title=:
article = Article.new 'Aliasing the Rails way' article.title # => "Aliasing the Rails way" article.title = 'ActiveRecord attribute aliasing.' article.title # => "ActiveRecord attribute aliasing." article.name # => "ActiveRecord attribute aliasing." | <urn:uuid:403f4399-ca83-426b-81b4-5d219ded2ba8> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.chrisrolle.com/en/blog/aliasing-the-rails-way | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607702.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523202350-20170523222350-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.779909 | 483 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In 1914, forty eight thousand people from around the South descended on Jacksonville fifty years after the end of the Civil War to honor the Veterans of the Confederate War. They camped along Hogans Creek in the Springfield neighborhood and staged a massive parade which was caught on film by Jville's film industry.
The meeting of the Confederate Veterans in Jacksonville, Florida on May 6-8 1914. It was the 24th Annual Reunion of the old veterans.
According to the Confederate Veterans Official Newsletter, by 1914, less than 2,000 actual veterans involved with the organization were still alive,
But almost fifty thousand attendees and people came to Jacksonville for the 24th Reunion.
It was an especially poignant time for the old veterans to get here as the West was about to plunge into World War One. The reunion was in early May, and a month later, Arch Duke Ferdinand was assassinated, triggering the Great War. | <urn:uuid:827f4650-13fd-4037-9091-867ecd498a46> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.news4jax.com/news/see-jacksonville-in-1914-confederate-reunion-film/26746310 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737961332.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221921-00038-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969548 | 185 | 2.53125 | 3 |
06. September 2014, Topic: Aquatic Ecotoxicology
Ecotox Centre at WWTP Neugut Open Day
How can water animals teach us about the quality of surface waters? This and other questions could be answered at an open day at the WWTP Neugut in Dübendorf on September 6, 2014. The WWTP Neugut celebrated the opening of Switzerland's first full-scale ozonation facility for the removal of micropollutants from already cleaned wastewater. The Ecotox Centre, together with Eawag, accompanies this upgrade. The Centre uses a variety of bioassays to investigate the influence of water chemistry on the removal of micropollutants and the effectiveness of various biological treatment methods. | <urn:uuid:507019a9-7a29-4115-90ed-a4cf540ab718> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.ecotoxcentre.ch/news-publications/news/ecotox-centre-at-wwtp-neugut-open-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140337.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712211314-20200713001314-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.917988 | 154 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Around the world gender and racial inequality leads to lower levels of empowerment related to self-esteem, autonomy, and self-confidence. These difficulties are exacerbated for girls and women who are faced with overcoming the double-stigmatization of being both black and female. However, Afro- Brazilian girls and women, when given the tools and support to empower themselves will empower their communities. Through a mixed-method approach of participatory research, observations, and nine interviews, this paper explores how the tradition of Capoeira Angola and specifically the roda, empowers Afro-Brazilian girls and women. More specifically, I examine how, through Capoeira, the process of “empowerment” can be taught, learned, and practiced through Capoeira as a method of overcoming double-stigmatization. The results of this study are based on a case study of the Nzinga Capoeira Angola Group in Alto da Sereia, Salvador, Brazil. The group’s pedagogy of teaching Capoeira Angola focuses on empowering all of its capoeiristas though equality, preservation of the Angola tradition, and community. By understanding their approach, other community-based organizations in Brazil can learn how, through the practice of Capoeira Angola, they can support the next generation of Afro-Brazilian women.
Family, Life Course, and Society | Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies | Gender and Sexuality | Inequality and Stratification | Politics and Social Change | Women's Studies
Stafford, Sofia, "The Circle of Empowerment: The Nzinga Group's Approach to Empowering Afro-Brazilian Adolescent Girls and Women Through the Cultural Tradition of Capoeira Angola" (2015). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2260. | <urn:uuid:6e898384-3b6c-4c33-9b6a-81751b8675ac> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2260/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.899331 | 370 | 2.71875 | 3 |
he U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced the 15 winners of Phase 1 of the Battery Recycling Prize, a prize that aims to reclaim and recycle critical materials (e.g., cobalt and lithium) from lithium-based battery technology. For a total of $1 million in prizes, these projects focus on cost-effective recycling processes to recover as much economic value as possible from spent lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries power our daily lives, from consumer electronics to electric vehicles, but only five percent of spent lithium-ion batteries in the United States are recycled.
“This prize encourages American entrepreneurs, like these prize winners, to find innovative solutions to collecting, storing, and transporting discarded lithium-ion batteries for eventual recycling,” said Daniel R Simmons, DOE’s Assistant Secretary for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. “The goal of these efforts is to develop technologies to profitably capture 90% of all lithium based battery technologies in the United States and recover 90% of the key materials from the collected batteries. These efforts will reduce our dependence on foreign sources of critical materials, strengthening America’s economic growth and energy security.”
As demand for consumer products – such as electric vehicles, cell phones, and tablets – rises, the recovery and reuse of critical materials from spent and discarded lithium-ion batteries will be an essential component of any strategy to reduce product costs and reliance on foreign sources.
The Phase 1 winners will each receive $67,000. | <urn:uuid:6b25a530-fbf0-4c3a-a2e0-c4574fada85d> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.cleantechalliance.org/2019/09/27/doe-announces-phase-1-winners-of-battery-recycling-prize-including-two-from-seattle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494349.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329140021-20200329170021-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.937758 | 312 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Research into food webs has come a long way in the past 50 years. The view of simple linear food chains where small fish are eaten by bigger fish has been replaced by a much better understanding of the complexity of food webs.
Research has shown that, instead of simple linear chains, food webs are networks of interactions between large numbers of species. Some of these interactions have even been shown to cross boundaries between land and sea.
Dr Stephen Wing is an associate professor in the Marine Science Department at the University of Otago. He works with a number of colleagues and postgraduate students exploring food web structure in Fiordland. Together, they investigate ‘what eats what’ and study primary producers, such as phytoplankton. One of the main aims of their research is to learn more about the interactions between marine organisms and human impacts on food webs, so we can take better care of the fiords.
The role of cockles in the food web
Over the past couple of years, the New Zealand cockle (Austrovenus stutchburyi) has been a focus of much of Steve’s research. Cockles play a very important role in the marine food web. They feed on particulate matter from the primary producers, such as phytoplankton. Larger animals like crabs and fish then eat cockles. Crabs and fish are eaten by larger fish and sea birds, and so on.
Removing cockles from the food web removes an important link between primary producers and the smaller carnivores, which, in turn, affects the rest of the web. Cockles also provide another important food web service – they help prevent blooms of phytoplankton that reduce oxygen availability for fish and many other species.
Nature of science
Scientists sometimes use anecdotal evidence as a starting point for their work. By developing a research plan and investigating matters in a scientific way, they are able to produce evidence to offer reliable explanations for things that happen. The scientists often compare their results with results of other scientists to verify whether their results are a realistic indication of what is actually happening.
Changes in salinity – the impact on cockles
In Doubtful Sound, a hydroelectric power plant releases large volumes of freshwater from Lake Manapōuri into one of the coves. Steve and his colleagues wanted to investigate whether this freshwater input was affecting cockle populations and the rest of the food web in Deep Cove.
Anecdotal evidence suggested that the number of cockle beds in Deep Cove had reduced. Steve and his colleagues devised a research plan to investigate the issue scientifically.
They began by looking at the chemistry of the cockles’ shells in Deep Cove. They used chemical markers in the shells to determine the salinity conditions in the cove before the power plant was built. This study showed that water in the cove had previously been more saline – the environment preferred by cockles.
The next step was to carry out a population survey. Steve and his team surveyed cockle beds in Deep Cove, other coves in Doubtful Sound and in neighbouring fiords. From this information, they worked out that the cockle populations in Deep Cove are lower than expected, based on data from similar areas nearby.
The final part of the study looked at the impact of reduced cockle populations on the food web in Deep Cove. The results showed that consumers, such as rock lobsters, that typically rely on cockles and other bivalves had changed their diet and started feeding on a species of small clam. This is significant because this clam obtains all of its energy from bacteria that are chemoautotrophs. The bacterial energy source is smaller than the one provided by the primary producers. As a result, there is less energy to support rock lobsters in Deep Cove.
Using science to manage natural resources
These results allowed Steve to predict that removing cockles from a food web can have dramatic results. His research supports information from other places around the world where the removal or reduction of cockles or other bivalves has had effects all the way up the food web. This knowledge has important applications for natural resource management.
For example, in Fiordland one of the aims of understanding the food web better is to inform policy. Some of the earlier research carried out by Steve and his colleagues contributed to the establishment of Fiordland’s marine reserves in 2005. These reserves minimise human impact on the fragile flora and fauna in the fiords and are an important tool in marine conservation.
Professor Stephen Wing is the Project Leader on a research project 'Forensic Food Webs' for the Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge. The project is looking at ecosystem connectivity to inform ecosystem based management. Learn more about this and other research projects for this National Science Challenge in the digital publication, Sustainable Seas Research Book 2017.
Find out more about Fiordland’s marine reserves on the Department of Conservation website. | <urn:uuid:3362449b-1fee-4cea-9a5b-660949476ed7> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/137-understanding-food-webs-in-fiordland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528687.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723022935-20190723044935-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.955036 | 1,011 | 3.703125 | 4 |
In New Jersey, and in most other states across the nation, law enforcement officers use roadside breath test devices to determine whether a driver is operating a vehicle while intoxicated. If the breath test device measures the driver’s blood alcohol content level at 0.08 percent or above, he or she may be arrested and charged with drinking and driving. However, multiple studies show that breath test device results are not always accurate and could show inflated readings in some situations. This could lead to a false arrest and erroneous DUI charge.
A study conducted by the State University of New York at Potsdam measured the accuracy of these devices. Researchers found that in addition to measuring the presence of alcohol in a breath sample, the machines picked up traces of other substances that could cause an inaccurate BAC reading. In fact, the following substances and factors have been shown to affect breath test readings. These include:
- Blood, vomit or residual food or drink in the subject’s mouth.
- Cigarette smoke.
- Relative humidity and temperature of the air.
- Electrical interference coming from law enforcement officers’ radios, cellphones and other electronic devices.
- Pollution and dirt in the air.
- Certain medication.
In addition to these factors, people who have been exposed to certain chemicals, including paint and cleaner fumes, may have elevated BAC readings. Machines must be calibrated properly and used correctly by law enforcement officers in order to give accurate readings.
According to the study, breath test readings can have up to a 15 percent variance when compared to readings taken from actual blood samples. This means that one in four drivers that take a breath test may be potentially mistakenly charged with a DUI. | <urn:uuid:4e7ca3bd-38e6-4cb6-8d5f-3b21f9fb9c2a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.weinstockdefense.com/blog/2017/01/reviewing_the_accuracy_of_breath_test_devices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949009.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329151629-20230329181629-00701.warc.gz | en | 0.941815 | 344 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Viterbo vētār´bō [key], city (1991 pop. 58,380), capital of Viterbo prov., Latium, central Italy, near Lake Bolsena. It is an agricultural center and market. A Roman colony called Vicus Elbii, the city later (11th cent.) passed to the papacy. It became a favorite residence of the popes, and several conclaves were held there. The city has a picturesque medieval quarter, with palaces and houses built in the 13th–14th cent. and with numerous fountains. Landmarks include the pinnacled palace of the popes and the Gothic loggia (both 13th cent.); the Romanesque Cathedral of San Lorenzo (12th cent.), with a fine campanile; and the former Convent of St. Mary (11th and 14th–15th cent.), which now houses the municipal museum.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Italian Political Geography | <urn:uuid:29b88a69-642c-4565-b9c6-c9c68f7b5f8b> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/places/south-europe/italy/viterbo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038067400.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412113508-20210412143508-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.934297 | 230 | 2.890625 | 3 |
To revisit my series on non human divers; you might be surprised to learn that many species of Iguana love to swim, and that one Iguana is even quite fond of the sea-
The Galapagos Marine Iguana.
Galapagos Marine Iguanas are a little shorter than Green Iguanas, under 4 feet, with males being on average 70% larger than females. Like all Iguanas, they are herbivores, and forage in the sea and low tides for subtidal red algae. In their case, eating marine algae is an evolutionary advantage, as they happen to live on very desolate and rocky islands in the Galapagos.
They can dive up to 30 feet and remain submerged for up to an hour, although most active dives are for 10 minutes or less. Behaviorally, the largest males are the only members of the population to dive offshore-the top 5%, while smaller males and and all females wait for the tides to go down and intertidal algae to be exposed.
As I am familiar with, after these cold water dives, Marine Iguanas become cold and risk freezing their muscles, and must spend hours basking in the sun to thermoregulate their bodies. During this time, they are vulnerable because their movement is limited (they are ectothermic). However, they are known for their cranky and aggressive behaviors, and their penchant for laying on rough and rocky terrain prevents many from attempted hunting.
The coolest thing about these guys-they are adapted to removing excess salt from the ocean algae they eat. They have a nasal gland that removes extra salt from their blood, and they sneeze it out! This explains why they often have white salt patches on their usually dark/almost black skin.
Salty, sneezy, strong swimmers. what’s not to love? | <urn:uuid:ecca0bef-d919-4529-b01a-5e6a77af7e33> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://merbabeadventures.com/2016/04/14/diving-iguanas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.961798 | 379 | 2.546875 | 3 |
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM PC was a Welsh statesman and Liberal Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922. He was the last Liberal to hold the post of prime minister and held the office through the last two years of the First World War, leading the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.
Lloyd George was a first-language Welsh speaker, born on 17 January 1863 in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, to Welsh parents. He was raised in Wales from around 3 months old, first briefly in Pembrokeshire, and then in Llanystumdwy, Carnarvonshire. He is so far the only British prime minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language. His father, a schoolmaster, died in 1864 and he was raised in Wales by his mother and her shoemaker brother, whose Liberal politics and Baptist faith strongly influenced Lloyd George; the same uncle helped the boy embark on a career as a solicitor after leaving school. | <urn:uuid:0c398776-d1c3-49d0-a88c-9be2e7072f73> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/m0cmtr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337480.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004054641-20221004084641-00747.warc.gz | en | 0.984197 | 228 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Here, we will show you how to calculate how many dimes there are in 82 dollars.
First, calculate how many cents there are in 82 dollars by multiplying 82 by 100, and then divide that result by 10 cents to get the answer.
Here is the math to illustrate better:
82 dollars x 100 cents
= 8,200 cents
8,200 cents / 10 cents
= 820 dimes
Thus, the answer to the question "How many dimes are in 82 dollars?" is as follows:
Note: We multiplied 82 by 100, because there are 100 cents in a dollar, and we divided 8,200 by 10, because there are 10 cents in a dime.
Fill out the form below or go here if you need to convert another coin denomination.
How many dimes are in 83 dollars?
Here is the next number of coins we converted. | <urn:uuid:76a6777b-2966-49f9-aa20-c1e797f7d1a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://grinebiter.com/Coin/CoinConverter/Dimes-in-Dollars/How-many-Dimes-are-in-82-Dollars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578610036.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423174820-20190423200820-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.924706 | 181 | 3.1875 | 3 |
People learn relevant information better during stressful event
New findings on the effects of stress on memory suggest that people tend to recall information better when the information is related to the stressful event.
However, the factor of delay—that is, the time between a stressful event and learning information—does not appear to have as strong an influence on the relationship between stress and memory as previously thought.
“The effects of acute stress on memory encoding are complex,” said Grant Shields, lead author of a study published in Learning & Memory. “Our work shows that relevance of information to a stressor appears to play an important role in the effects of stress on encoding.”
Shields is assistant professor of psychological sciences in the Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences at the U of A. As a cognitive neuroscientist, he studies the effects of stress on cognitive processes.
Shields and co-authors Colton Hunter, doctoral student in psychological sciences at the U of A, and Andrew Yonelinas, psychology professor at the University of California, Davis, tested the recall of 130 young adults by manipulating acute stress, the delay between stress and memory encoding, and the relevance of information to the stressful event. Encoding is the initial learning of information.
The researchers divided participants into two groups. Both groups were asked to remember a list of words related to personality traits and other words not related to personality traits. Members of one group were required to give a speech on their personality to a panel of evaluators. Members of a control group also spoke on their personality, but only among themselves within a non-stressful environment.
The researchers found that stress during encoding led to greater recall of stress-relevant materials—in this case, a list of personality-related words. This was true compared to material not related to the stressor, non-personality words such as “muddy.” This effect was slightly greater for materials encoded during the stressor, rather than those encoded after a short delay, although the stress-relevance effect was not significantly different across the delay conditions.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:88a72f6a-4e06-4dfa-90b1-37df1d47008a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://greenhealthlive.com/health-news/people-learn-relevant-information-better-during-stressful-event/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662562106.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523224456-20220524014456-00798.warc.gz | en | 0.963518 | 433 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right of free speech to all Americans. But is hate speech protected? Should it be? And what constitutes hate speech – different groups seem to have very different definitions. These questions and more were examined Dec. 5 at “Free Speech vs. Hate Speech: An Ithaca Conversation,” part of the Dinner Conversation Series hosted by the Ithaca Coalition for Unity and Cooperation in the Middle East (ICUCME).
The evening began with reading the text of the First Amendment. Facilitator Linda Glaser, chair of ICUCME, introduced the discussion by pointing out that there is no definition of “hate speech” in the Constitution.
Breaking into small groups, participants discussed three scenarios; the first, about the boundaries of political speech. “There is a difference between hateful speech and hate speech,” said one participant, advocating for the protection of “hateful” speech but not for hate speech. “Hateful” speech should be seen as an opportunity for education, she said.
Participants for the most part came down strongly on the side of free speech, regardless of content. “As one commentator recently noted, ‘free speech is not something we do because we agree with all of the speech that gets protected. We do it because we believe that no one—not the government and not private commercial enterprises—should decide who gets to speak and who doesn’t,’” said Glaser.
The second scenario focused on whether speech in and of itself can be violent, as a statement by a group of Vassar students contends: “speech, whether it is legal or not, can be and is violent,” they wrote. “We have a collective responsibility to stand up for those in our communities who are harmed or disenfranchised by speech, whether it is legally permissible or not.”
One person commented that this type of outcry on campuses against hate speech is the logical extension of the anti-bulllying training children now receive in elementary school. They are taught not to stand by while a bully says or does something hurtful to someone else – hence the sentiment on campuses that hate speech should not be protected.
The line blurred a bit when talking about speakers who use their platform to recruit others to condemn or brutalize those who are different from them. One participant said it’s easier to condemn those speaking out against marginalized groups; the same speech against powerful groups, like the rich, doesn’t feel hateful in the same way.
The definition of hate speech that drew universal condemnation from participants was speech that incites immediate violence – though even there, some participants said that those committing the violence, not the speaker, should be punished.
The third scenario raised the question of whether deliberately presenting falsehoods to gain sympathy for a political viewpoint is protected speech. The example offered was that of Rutgers University professor Jasbir Puar, who asserted falsely in a talk at Vassar College that Israel kills Palestinians for the purpose of harvesting their organs.
This was a difficult question, said discussants. “Certainly such lies should not be let to stand,” said one person.
But at a time when “truthiness” has replaced truth in the popular imagination and politicians feel no compulsion about uttering complete falsehoods, said another participant, how do you get academics to see beyond their own political viewpoints and adhere to standards of critical thinking and verifiable facts? | <urn:uuid:fed77ead-ba92-4164-b997-9772cfbedce2> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://icu-cme.org/2017/12/10/free-speech-vs-hate-speech/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402127075.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930141310-20200930171310-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.960084 | 722 | 3.0625 | 3 |
January 12, 2003, The Times
CHEMICAL GIANT PAID STUDENTS TO DRINK PESTICIDES
U.S. SEEKS REASONS WHY HUMANS USED TO TEST TOXIN LABELLED 'HIGHLY HAZARDOUS'
Bayer CropScience, of Monheim, Germany. one of the world's biggest chemicals companies, faces an inquiry after it was found to have used students to test a "highly hazardous" pesticide linked to serious disorders.
The story says that the company paid students, mostly from Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, $1,100 each to consume fruit juice laced with the pesticide. The project, the fine detail of which is secret, has been condemned in the U.S. as unscientific and unethical. Lawyers point out that the Nuremberg Code, formulated after the Nazis' wartime experiments, bans the use of humans for testing poisonous substances that have no medical application.
Bayer is the daughter company of IG Farben, the manufacturer of Zyklon B, the gas used in Nazi extermination camps.
Bayer is using the results of the study, conducted between 1998 and 2000, to support an argument that restrictions on pesticide use should be eased, because no immediate adverse effects were suffered.
The story says that groups of up to 16 volunteers were housed at a privately run research centre in Edinburgh and fed azinphos-methyl (AM), an organophosphate chemical. The dosages have not been disclosed. The World Health Organization has classified AM as "highly hazardous." Exposure to it is linked to blood and nervous system problems.
The dangers are well documented. Accidental ingestion by 42 Peruvian children last year led to 24 deaths, and recent spillages of the chemical into rivers in Prince Edward Island have killed 15,000 fish.
The story adds that although Bayer has not checked on the subsequent health of its human guinea pigs, it is using the research to try to persuade the American Environmental Protection Agency to raise the levels of AM it allows farmers to use on crops. The agency is concerned about the conduct of the studies and has referred them to an expert panel of the respected National Academy of Sciences (NAS). The panel is demanding to know exactly how the unpublished trial was conducted. The agency said last week that 10 of 17 studies it is examining are in Britain and involve Inveresk, a contract research company "The NAS has until December to give an opinion on whether these human studies are ethically and scientifically valid," an agency spokesman said. Nobody from Inveresk was available for comment yesterday.
Bayer said its studies were performed "in full accordance with national and international regulations and standards."
January 12, 2003, Lois Rogers, The Times, London
Ethics of Human Pesticide Studies Questioned
WASHINGTON (Health News) - Scientists and environmental groups urged a federal advisory panel Wednesday to recommend a ban on chemical industry experiments that test the safety of pesticides and other potentially toxic chemicals in humans.
Labeling the experiments unethical and scientifically suspect, the groups asked experts on a National Academy of Sciences panel to condemn the studies and recommend that government regulators refuse to consider them when evaluating the safety of companies' chemical agents or pollutants.
But representatives of the pesticide industry defended the experiments, saying that they are ethically sound and essential to accurately determining safe exposure levels for members of the public.
Manufacturers of pesticides or other chemicals sometimes give adult volunteers a dose of the product in order to determine what levels humans can tolerate without getting sick. Determining a safe level for humans is necessary before companies can gain Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approval to market most pesticides and other chemicals.
Scientists attacked the studies Wednesday, calling them unethical because people can only be hurt, and not helped, by receiving doses of toxic chemicals.
Most ethical standards for human medical research, including the Nuremburg Code created after the trials of Nazi doctors conducting research on World War II Holocaust prisoners, require that study participants stand a chance of gaining from research conducted on them.
"There is no benefit to the health of a subject nor to the health of anyone else," said Dr. Lynn Goldman, a professor of environmental health sciences at Johns Hopkins University and chair of the Children's Environmental Health Network.
Goldman conducted a study of a 1985 case in which up to 1,373 people were sickened after eating watermelon contaminated with the pesticide Aldicarb. Researchers uncovered probable illnesses in persons exposed to Aldicarb levels 10 times lower than those deemed safe in a 1971 study in which manufacturer Union Carbide gave it to 12 men.
The NAS panel is scheduled to meet over the next year to eventually advise the EPA on the propriety and scientific validity of human chemical tests. Citing ethical concerns, EPA in 2001 imposed a moratorium on accepting data from human chemical tests, a move that sparked a lawsuit by the pesticide industry.
Companies frequently test the effects of their chemicals in animals before applying for government marketing approval. When a chemical has not been tested in humans, the laws often require EPA to assume that a safe level for humans is many times--sometimes 100 times--lower than the level that causes sickness in animals.
Industry scientists told the panel that human chemical testing is always done with the informed consent of subjects and that the trials are key to determining exactly how humans react when exposed to dangerous compounds.
"The knowledge we gain from human volunteer studies is absolutely critical," said Dr. Monty Eberhart, director of product safety management for Bayer CropScience. The company is a major pesticide producer and one of the companies suing the EPA to lift the moratorium on human-derived data.
Eberhart told the panel that animal studies have often failed to accurately predict safe pesticide levels for humans.
"Only human data directly reflects human response," said Judith A. MacGregor, a researcher with Toxicology Consulting Services, a private research company.
But Goldman, of Johns Hopkins University, cited her study as proof that small trials testing chemicals in adult men tell little about how the compounds will effect people of different ages or sexes. One of the people hospitalized after eating the contaminated watermelon was a 66-year-old woman.
Others accused the industry of trying to use the self-financed experiments to weaken environmental standards governing its chemicals. Though many of the trials are conducted in only a few people, they could still be used to permit easier marketing if they showed that humans could tolerate a higher chemical dose than animals can.
"These tests are performed for the purposes of weakening regulatory standards," said Jennifer Sass, a senior scientist at the Natural Resources Defense Council.
Peg Cherny, vice president for government relations at Bayer CropScience, denied that the company's position or its lawsuit to force EPA to accept human studies is an attempt to weaken safety standards.
"We're trying to get appropriate standards," she said in an interview.
Lawyers for the EPA and pesticide industry are set to argue the case before the Federal Appeals Court in Washington in March.
The NAS panel is due to release its recommendations on human-based chemical testing in about one year, officials said.
By Todd Zwillich, Wednesday, January 8, 2003 | <urn:uuid:9c0bdfed-caa8-43bc-88c5-e7690484bf12> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.cbgnetwork.org/389.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863410.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520112233-20180520132233-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.953499 | 1,476 | 2.875 | 3 |
In response to concerns about the Fair Housing Act raised by local governments, the House Judiciary Committee is poised to act on legislation that would significantly erode legal protections that prevent housing discrimination against people with severe mental illnesses. The bill, known as the fair Housing Act Amendments of 1998 (H.R. 3206), was introduced last week by Representatives Brian Bilbray (R-CA), Charles Canady (R-FL) and Jane Harman (D-CA). The bill would amend the 1988 Fair Housing Act Amendments and erase hard earned protections for people with all disabilities, including persons with severe mental illnesses.
H.R. 3206 is being supported by a number of national organizations representing local governments and is designed to allow communities to accommodate "NIMBY" ("not in my backyard") opposition to group homes and other shared living arrangements that meet the needs of people with severe mental illnesses. Group homes serving people with serious brain disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression are especially vulnerable to NIMBY opposition given the stigma associated with these illnesses. The 1988 Fair Housing Act Amendments were designed to overcome this form of discrimination by a) making disability a "protected class" under the law and b) barring most zoning and land use policies that limit group homes.
The most troubling provisions of H.R. 3206 would limit housing opportunities for all people with disabilities (including adults with severe mental illnesses) living in group homes and make it much more difficult for victims of discrimination to file complaints with state and federal agencies enforcing the Fair Housing Act. Representative Canady, who serves as Chairman of the House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, is expected to move the bill to an up-or-down vote within the next month.
ACTION REQUESTED: NAMI is urging all its state and local chapters and affiliates to oppose this legislation by contacting members of the House Judiciary Committee, especially if a member of your state's congressional delegation serves on the Committee.
Included below are a set of "talking points" and further background on H.R. 3206 as well as a roster of members of the House Judiciary Committee and instructions on how each can be reached by e-mail, regular mail and fax. For more information on H.R. 3206, please contact Andrew Sperling on the NAMI staff at email@example.com.
1. H.R. 3206 discriminates against people with severe mental illnesses and their families. Currently, the Fair Housing Act prohibits enforcement of zoning rules that discriminate against group homes serving all people with disabilities including persons with severe mental illnesses. H.R. 3206 would amend this important civil rights law and allow zoning authorities to pass any regulation governing group homes for people with disabilities, as long as the regulation met a very vague standard of being "reasonably require(d)" for the "dispersal of such facilities." This change upsets the careful and proper balance that now exists between the legitimate powers of zoning authorities and the civil rights of people with disabilities.
2. H.R. 3206 would erase protections against harassment and intimidation of people with severe mental illnesses seeking fair housing opportunities. The Fair Housing Act currently prohibits speech and activity that directly interferes with the enjoyment of equal housing rights. For example, statements intended to drive an individual from their home because of their severe mental illness or other disability, i.e. vocal NIMBY opposition, are not protected by the 1st Amendment and are violations of the law. H.R. 3206 would amend this provision in the Fair Housing Act to provide that any "expression of an opinion" is to be protected, even if intended to further discrimination. This change would allow obscenities, verbal abuse or even a lawn sign stating a landlord's or neighbor's "opinion" about a person's disability.
3. H.R. 3206 would add major procedural obstacles to the Fair Housing Act's enforcement procedures, resulting in the delay or denial of valid discrimination claims by people with severe mental illnesses. The law now provides effective enforcement procedures which ensure a quick disposition of all complaints and allows access to the federal courts for valid complaints. H.R. 3206 would require that relief must first be sought at all state and local administrative agencies before a suit could be brought in federal court. H.R. 3206 would amend the Fair Housing Act to attach exhaustive measures on the complaint process by increasing the layers of local and state administrative bureaucracy. This would be a significant drain on the time, energy and resources of people with severe mental illnesses and the non-profit groups that operate groups homes. The bill would also diminish the likelihood that housing providers, consumers and families could obtain a quick and fair settlement in cases where group homes are opposed as a result of NIMBYism.
Members of the House Judiciary Committee Henry Hyde (Illinois), Chairman, 2138 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-7682 F. James Sensenbrenner (Wisconsin), 2332 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-3190 Bill McCollum (Florida), 2266 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-0999 George W. Gekas (Pennsylvania), 2410 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-8440 Howard Coble (North Carolina), 2239 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-8611 Lamar S. Smith (Texas), 2231 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-8628 Steven Schiff (New Mexico), 2404 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-4975 Elton Gallegly (California), 2427 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-1100 Charles Canady (Florida), 2432 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-2279 Bob Inglis (South Carolina), 320 CHOB, FAX: 202/226-1177 Bob Goodlatte (Virginia), 123 CHOB, FAX: 202/225-9681 Steve Buyer (Indiana), 326 CHOB, FAX: 202/225-2267 Ed Bryant (Tennessee), 408 CHOB, FAX: 202/225-2989 Steve Chabot (Ohio), 129 CHOB, FAX: 202/225-3012 Bob Barr (Georgia), 1130 LHOB, FAX: 202/225-2944 William L. Jenkins (Tennessee), 1708 LHOB, FAX: 202/225-5714 Asa Hutchinson (Arkansas), 1535 LHOB, FAX: 202/225-5713 Edward Pease (Indiana), 226 CHOB, FAX: 202/225-5805 Christopher Cannon (Utah), 118 CHOB, FAX: 202/225-5629 James E. Rogan (California), 502 CHOB, FAX: 202/225-5828 John Conyers, Jr. (Michigan), Ranking Member, 2426 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-0072 Barney Frank (Massachusetts), 2210 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-0182 Charles E. Schumer (New York), 2211 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-4183 Howard Berman (California), 2330 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-5279 Rick Boucher (Virginia), 2329 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-0442 Jerrold Nadler (New York), 2448 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-5635 Bobby Scott (Virginia), 2464 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-8354 Melvin Watt (North Carolina), 1230 LHOB, FAX: 202/225-1512 Zoe Lofgren (California), 318 CHOB, FAX: 202/225-3336 Sheila Jackson Lee (Texas), 410 CHOB, FAX: 202/225-3317 Maxine Waters (California), 2344 RHOB, FAX: 202/225-7854 Marty Meehan (Massachusetts), 2434 RHOB, FAX: 202/226-0771 William Delahunt (Massachusetts), 1517 LHOB, FAX: 202/225-5658 Robert I. Wexler (Florida), 1609 LHOB, FAX: 202/225-5974 Steven R. Rothman (New Jersey), 1607 LHOB, FAX: 202/225-5851
Note: All members of Congress can be reached by telephone through the U.S. Capitol switchboard, at 202/224-3121. If you wish to send an e-mail message, you can do so through the Internet site at http://congress.org/elecmail.html. Simply select the name of the member you wish to contact, and you will be given an e-mail form to complete. All members of Congress can be reached by mail by writing to:
The Honorable __________, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. 20515.
Support NAMI to help millions of Americans who face mental illness every day.Donate today
Inspire others with your message of hope. Show others they are not alone.Share your story
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About Solar Energy & Solar Power Systems
Solar energy technologies can provide electrical generation by heat engine or photovoltaic means, daylighting, solar hot water hot water, and space heating in active solaractive and passive solar buildings; potable water via distillation and disinfection, space cooling by absorption or vapor-compression refrigeration, thermal Solar cooking energy for cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies.
|In addition to the information provided below, here are some books we suggest you read to help you learn more ....|
Solar Water heating
Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating (including pool and spa), space heating, space cooling and process heat generation.
Solar Water Heating
Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems.The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.
China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GW installed as of 2006 and a long term goal of 210 GW by 2020. Israel and Cypress are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GW as of 2005.
Solar Energy for Heating, Cooling and Ventilation
In the United States, HVACheating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy.
|Radiant Floors||Geothermal Heat Pump||Solar Air Heater|
Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat—heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment.
A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses.
Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the southern side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain.
Solar Energy for Process Heat
Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one hour peak load thermal storage.
Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams.
Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the "right to dry" clothes.
Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °C and deliver outlet temperatures of 45–60 °C. The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 Square metrem² had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m² collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m² collector in Coimbatore, India used for drying marigolds.
Sunlight can be converted into electricity using photovoltaics (PV), concentrating solar power (CSP), and various experimental technologies. PV has mainly been used to power small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array. For large-scale generation, CSP plants like SEGS have been the norm but recently multi-megawatt PV plants are becoming common. Completed in 2007, the 14 MW power station in Clark County, NevadaClark County, Nevada and the 20 MW site in Beneixama, Spain are characteristic of the trend toward larger photovoltaic power stations in the US and Europe.
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into direct current using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s.Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%.
The earliest significant application of solar cells was as a back-up power source to the Vanguard I satellite, which allowed it to continue transmitting for over a year after its chemical battery was exhausted. The successful operation of solar cells on this mission was duplicated in many other Soviet UnionSoviet and USAAmerican satellites, and by the late 1960s, PV had become the established source of power for them. Photovoltaics went on to play an essential part in the success of early commercial satellites such as Telstar, and they remain vital to the telecommunications infrastructure today.
The high cost of solar cells limited terrestrial uses throughout the 1960s. This changed in the early 1970s when prices reached levels that made PV generation competitive in remote areas without power gridgrid access. Early terrestrial uses included powering telecommunication stations, off-shore oil rigs, Buoynavigational buoys and railroad crossings. These off-the-gridoff-grid applications have proven very successful and accounted for over half of worldwide installed capacity until 2004.
The 1973 oil crisis stimulated a rapid rise in the production of PV during the 1970s and early 1980s. Economies of scale which resulted from increasing production along with improvements in system performance brought the price of PV down from 100 USD/watt in 1971 to 7 USD/watt in 1985. Steadily 1980s oil glutfalling oil prices during the early 1980s led to a reduction in funding for photovoltaic R&D and a discontinuation of the tax credits associated with the Energy Tax Act of 1978. These factors moderated growth to approximately 15% per year from 1984 through 1996.
Since the mid-1990s, leadership in the PV sector has shifted from the US to Japan and Germany. Between 1992 and 1994 Japan increased R&D funding, established net metering guidelines, and introduced a subsidy program to encourage the installation of residential PV systems. As a result, PV installations in the country climbed from 31.2 MW in 1994 to 318 MW in 1999. Germany has become the leading PV market worldwide since revising its Feed-in tariffs in GermanyFeed-in tariff system as part of the Renewable Energy Sources Act. Installed PV capacity has risen from 100 MW in 2000 to approximately 4,150 MW at the end of 2007. Spain has become the third largest PV market after adopting a similar feed-in tariff structure in 2004, while France, Italy, South Korea and the US have seen rapid growth recently due to various incentive programs and local market conditions.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
Concentrated sunlight has been used to perform useful tasks since the time of ancient China. A legend claims that Archimedes used polished shields to concentrate sunlight on the invading Roman fleet and repel them from Syracuse, SicilySyracuse. Auguste Mouchout used a parabolic trough to produce steam for the first solar steam engine in 1866, and subsequent developments led to the use of concentrating solar-powered devices.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated light is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the solar trough, parabolic dish and solar power tower. These methods vary in the way they track the Sun and focus light. In all these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. A solar power tower concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats on a central tower. A solar trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. The reflector is made to follow the Sun during the daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. Trough systems provide the best land-use factor of any solar technology.
A parabolic dish system consists of a stand-alone parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned at the reflector's focal point. The reflector tracks the Sun along two axes. Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies.
The stirling solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling engine stirling heat engine which normally drives an electric generator. The advantages of stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime. A stirling engine has an approximate mean time before failure (MTBF) of 25 years.
A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors (heliostats) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower. Power towers are less advanced than trough systems but offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability. The Solar Two in Barstow, California and the PS10 solar power towerPlanta Solar 10 in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain are representatives of this technology.
Energy Storage Methods
Storage is an important issue in the development of solar energy because modern energy systems usually assume continuous availability of energy. Solar energy is not available at night, and the performance of solar power systems is affected by unpredictable weather patterns; therefore, storage media or back-up power systems must be used.
Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or seasonal thermal storeseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peakoff-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.
Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission Grid-tied electrical systemgrid. Net metering programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they deliver to the grid. This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system cannot meet demand, effectively using the grid as a storage mechanism.
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water to run through a hydroelectric power generator.
Solar Energy Development, Deployment and Economics
Between 1970 and 1983 photovoltaic installations grew rapidly, but falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated the growth of PV from 1984 to 1996. Since 1997, PV development has accelerated due to supply issues with oil and natural gas, global warming concerns (see Kyoto Protocol), and the improving economic position of PV relative to other energy technologies.FactdateAugust 2008 Photovoltaic production growth has averaged 40% per year since 2000 and installed capacity reached 10.6 GW at the end of 2007. Since 2006 it has been economical for investors to install photovoltaics for free in return for a long term power purchase agreement. 50% of commercial systems were installed in this manner in 2007 and it is expected that 90% will by 2009.
Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999.
Commercial concentrating solar power (CSP) plants were first developed in the 1980s. CSP plants such as SEGS project in the United States have a LEC of 12–14 ¢/kWh.
Solar installations in recent years have also largely begun to expand into residential areas, with governments offering incentive programs to make "green" energy a more economically viable option. In Canada the government offers the RESOP (Renewable Energy Standard Offer Program). The program allows residential homeowners with solar panel installations to sell the energy they produce back to the grid (i.e., the government) at 41¢/kWh, while drawing power from the grid at an average rate of 20¢/kWh (see feed-in tariff). The program is designed to help promote the government's green agenda and lower the strain often placed on the energy grid at peak hours. With the incentives offered by the program the average payback period for a residential solar installation (sized between 1.3 kW and 5 kW) is estimated at 18 to 23 years, considering such cost factors as parts, installation and maintenance, as well as the average energy production of a system on an annual basis.
Daniel Lincot, the chairman of the 2008 European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and the research director of the Paris-based Photovoltaic Energy Development and Research Institute, said that photovoltaics can cover all the world energy demand. Photovoltaics are 85 times as efficient as growing corn for ethanol.
For more information, see Wikipedia at: » Wikipedia: Solar Energy
|Suggested Books to Help You Learn More|
Solar Water heating | <urn:uuid:a5e4f80e-d50f-44dd-8a60-b2a626de1bab> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://solar-estimate.org/?page=solar-energy-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464052868853.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012108-00012-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930749 | 3,423 | 3.359375 | 3 |
From Cellular Phone Task Force
By Arthur Firstenberg
February 22, 2018
Elon Musk’s plan is to launch 12,000 low orbit satellites “to beam an ultrafast, lag-free Internet connection” to every square inch of the earth. They will contain PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS and will operate in the MILLIMETER WAVE SPECTRUM. In other words, 5G FROM SPACE. The first two satellites are scheduled to be launched on a Falcon 9 rocket tomorrow. News reports say “The initial satellites in the network are expected to come online next year.”
Each satellite will be the size of a mini-refrigerator and weigh about 400 kg. 4,425 satellites will be at an altitude of about 700 miles and 7,518 satellites will be at an altitude of only 210 miles. By contrast, Iridium’s 66 satellites are at an altitude of 483 miles and Globalstar’s 48 satellites sail at an altitude of 876 miles.
The earth has never experienced anything like this. Even if Musk’s Falcon Heavy rocket could launch 100 of these at a time, which is likely, that still means 120 rocket launches. If he wants to get them all up there in a year’s time, that’s 1 launch every three days.
And there are at least 10 other companies that want to launch thousands of satellites each to do the same thing.
The earth’s protective ozone layer is still being depleted, scientists have just discovered, even though everyone thought the problem was solved by the Montreal Protocol. With so many rockets blasting holes in the atmosphere these days, that could be the reason. But nobody is talking about it.
Musk’s scheme alone could cause a catastrophic ozone loss, and it could also destroy all life on the planet.
WI-FI IN THE SKY
“Just a little rain falling all around
The grass lifts its head to the heavenly sound
Just a little rain, just a little rain
What have they done to the rain?”
– Malvina Reynolds
On September 23, 1998, 66 satellites, launched into low orbit by the Iridium Corporation, commenced broadcasting to the first ever satellite telephones. Those phones would work equally as well in mid-ocean, and in Antarctica, as in the middle of Los Angeles—a remarkable achievement.
But telephone interviews revealed that on that day exactly, electrically sensitive people all over the world experienced stabbing pains in their chest, knife-like sensations in their head, nosebleeds, asthma attacks, and other signs of severe electrical illness. Many did not think they were going to make it. Statistics published by the Centers for Disease Control reveal that the national death rate rose 4 to 5 percent during the following two weeks. Thousands of homing pigeons lost their way during those two weeks, all over the United States.
Several companies are now competing to provide not just cell phone service, but Wi-Fi, to every square inch of the earth from satellites in space, or from balloons, or from drones. Their target dates are three to four years from now. They are planning not 66 satellites, but thousands of satellites. There isn’t much time to prevent a global ecological catastrophe.
The companies include:
SpaceX: 4,000 satellites, 750 miles high [original number, now dramatically increased, some with a very low orbit]
OneWeb: 2,400 satellites (648 satellites initially), 500-590 miles high
Facebook: Satellites, drones, and lasers
Google: 200,000(?) high altitude balloons (62,500 feet) (“Project Loon”)
Outernet: Low-orbit microsatellites
Honeywell, which already has signed a memorandum of understanding to become OneWeb’s first large customer—it plans to provide high-speed WiFi on business, commercial, and military aircraft throughout the world—has posted this on its website:
“OneWeb is building a constellation of more than 600 satellites, which will provide approximately 10 terabits per second of high-speed Internet access to billions of people around the world, even in the most remote areas. Once launched, OneWeb’s constellation will be the largest telecommunications constellation in orbit, enabling more capacity with higher speed and lower latency than any satellite technology to date.”
In addition to microwaving the Earth, these plans have the potential to destroy the Earth’s ozone layer.
The New York Times (May 14, 1991, p. 4) quoted Aleksandr Dunayev of the Russian Space Agency saying
“About 300 launches of the space shuttle each year would be a catastrophe and the ozone layer would be completely destroyed.”
At that time the world averaged only 12 rocket launches per year. These were thought to cause less than 0.6% depletion of the ozone layer. Research into the effects of rocket exhaust on the ozone layer has virtually ceased, but the number of launches is poised to increase astronomically.
If 12 rocket launches per year reduced the ozone by even 0.3%, then Dunayev was correct, and 300 launches in a year would destroy the ozone layer totally. To maintain a fleet of (ultimately) 4,000 or 2,400 satellites, each with an expected lifespan of five years, would involve enough yearly rocket launches to be an environmental catastrophe.
An international coalition, Global Union Against Radiation Deployment from Space (GUARDS) has been formed. | <urn:uuid:803f03db-d096-4af5-ab25-fb56f3c2d422> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://smartmeterharm.org/2018/02/23/elon-musk-launching-spacex-global-wi-fi-scheme-could-destroy-ozone-layer-and-life-on-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337971.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007045521-20221007075521-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.936718 | 1,148 | 2.640625 | 3 |
May is Better Speech and Hearing Month
Since 1927, The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association has recognized May as Better Speech and Hearing Month. This month, we focus on raising awareness about communication disorders and promoting ways to improve the quality of life for those who experience problems with speaking, understanding, or hearing.
Common Experiences for Children Who May Have Speech/Language Disorders:
- Problems with articulation of sounds or fluency, such as stuttering
- Difficulty with communicating, leading to frustration
- Social isolation: when a child becomes frustrated with not being able to speak properly or has a lack of understanding from peers, it can cause him or her to experience difficulty in social situations
- Academic challenges: Language-based learning challenges such as reading, spelling and writing or difficulty expressing thoughts, wants and needs
If you have a child that is experiencing any or some of the above, here are some steps you can take to assist your child’s communication and determine if a speech/language disorder may be present.
Watch for Developmental Milestones
Delays in developmental milestones can be a trigger for speech/language problems. For example, if a child takes longer to learn how to walk, he or she may be slower when learning verbal skills. Watch for these developmental milestones to determine if your child needs early intervention. If delays in developmental milestones are proactively addressed early on, a child is less at risk for speech problems.
Consider a Speech Evaluation
If you think a speech issue may be present, it’s important to first have your child go through a speech evaluation. A comprehensive speech/language evaluation determines if there is a speech/language disorder affecting everyday function at home, school or socially. The type of speech evaluation used can vary depending on the situation.
Taking the above steps will ensure your child has the ability to tap into his or her full learning potential, socialize with others and excel in school.
Learn more about our Speech Therapy program.
Access our Symptoms Checklist to see which A Chance To Grow intervention might be best for your child.
For more information, contact us at (612)789-1236 or firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:4ac4de0c-5973-46ce-b91f-a81c11a85d22> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://actg.org/blog/may-better-speech-and-hearing-month | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825029.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213171808-20181213193308-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.924416 | 447 | 3.375 | 3 |
Environmental change and unexpected crises are major threats to industrial development. Industries must build technological resilience to reduce the impact of shocks. Resilience has become a crucial concept for addressing vulnerabilities and developing flexible methods of adapting to crises. This study examined the concept of technological resilience, particularly at the industry level, as well as the factors that may influence technological resilience. Moreover, the relative capability of industries to maintain their production of technological knowledge during disruptive events was examined by analyzing the growth and crises of patenting. This methodology yielded novel insights into technological resilience with multidimensional perspectives. Collaboration reinforces technological resilience by reducing crisis probability and intensity. In addition, high-quality and diversified technological knowledge enhances technological resilience by reducing the probability, intensity, or duration of crises. | <urn:uuid:499769b1-a363-4439-aeb8-3af0507f2c3f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://scholar.nycu.edu.tw/zh/publications/toward-a-better-understanding-on-technological-resilience-for-sus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.945543 | 157 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The coversr story of the New York Times Magazine on April 11 garnered more attention for a problem that is increasingly becoming news but is not new: Black women and babies die at alarmingly high rates during pregnancy and childbirth. But the article advanced the conversation in two important ways: first, by acknowledging that racism is to blame for these disparities, and second, by elevating the role of doulas as a potential intervention for Black mothers and babies.
The author, Linda Villarosa, explained: “Recently there has been growing acceptance of what has largely been, for the medical establishment, a shocking idea: For black women in America, an inescapable atmosphere of societal and systemic racism can create a kind of toxic physiological stress, resulting in conditions—including hypertension and pre-eclampsia—that lead directly to higher rates of infant and maternal death.”
But the reality is that it’s not just pregnant women who see the health impacts of racism—these types of disparities cross gender, age, ethnic and racial lines. People of color, especially African-Americans, experience the highest rates of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and much more. Therefore, to truly get at the root causes of these health problems, we’d need to eliminate racism. We’d need to dismantle or dramatically reform institutions that uphold racist paradigms.
In the meantime, interventions like doulas, as the Times piece suggests, could protect pregnant people and buffer the impacts of racism on maternal health. This raises the question: What other interventions should be considered for the wide range of conditions affecting people exposed to systemic injustices while the work to change the larger structures continues? Over the course of the next few months, we’ll be looking at a number of those potential interventions to shine a light on the approaches that could ameliorate or prevent the health impacts of racism.
For our first piece, we’ll look at self-regulation, an umbrella term used primarily by psychologists to describe a set of skills that allow people to deal appropriately with stress, potentially preventing it from having toxic impacts. One thing that we know about the physiological stress described in the New York Times Magazine piece is that whether it is toxic or not depends on our ability to cope with the stress. The inability to cope with stress is part of what results in the health problems we see into adulthood. Because of its potential, and the fact that these skills can be taught and strengthened throughout a lifetime, self-regulation is a promising intervention for the health impacts of racism. | <urn:uuid:cf5730fc-7837-4fcf-a05f-99f150e9ddac> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://arada.org/racism-kills-cultural-connection-can/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578770163.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426113513-20190426135513-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.948157 | 520 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- Page last reviewed: April 24, 2015
- Page last updated: April 24, 2015
- Issue date of VIS: April 24, 2015
- Lungs (pneumonia)
- Blood (bacteremia)
- Covering of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis): Meningitis can cause deafness and brain damage, and it can be fatal.
- All adults 65 years of age and older
- Anyone 2 through 64 years of age with certain long-term health problems
- Anyone 2 through 64 years of age with a weakened immune system
- Adults 19 through 64 years of age who smoke cigarettes or have asthma
- Anyone who has had a life-threatening allergic reaction to PPSV should not get another dose.
- Anyone who has a severe allergy to any component of PPSV should not receive it. Tell your provider if you have any severe allergies.
- Anyone who is moderately or severely ill when the shot is scheduled may be asked to wait until they recover before getting the vaccine. Someone with a mild illness can usually be vaccinated.
- Children less than 2 years of age should not receive this vaccine.
- There is no evidence that PPSV is harmful to either a pregnant woman or to her fetus. However, as a precaution, women who need the vaccine should be vaccinated before becoming pregnant, if possible.
- Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or
- Visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines
All content below is taken in its entirety from the CDC Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Information Statement (VIS): www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/ppv.html
CDC review information for Pneumococcal Polysaccharide VIS:
Content source: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
WHY GET VACCINATED?
Vaccination can protect older adults (and some children and younger adults) from pneumococcal disease.
Pneumococcal disease is caused by bacteria that can spread from person to person through close contact. It can cause ear infections, and it can also lead to more serious infections of the:
Anyone can get pneumococcal disease, but children under 2 years of age, people with certain medical conditions, adults over 65 years of age, and cigarette smokers are at the highest risk.
About 18,000 older adults die each year from pneumococcal disease in the Unites States.
Treatment of pneumococcal infections with penicillin and other drugs used to be more effective. But some strains of the disease have become resistant to these drugs. This makes prevention of the disease, through vaccination, even more important.
PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE (PPSV23)
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) protects against 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria. It will not prevent all pneumococcal disease.
PPSV23 is recommended for:
Most people need only one dose of PPSV. A second dose is recommended for certain high-risk groups. People 65 and older should get a dose even if they have gotten one or more doses of the vaccine before they turned 65.
Your healthcare provider can give you more information about these recommendations.
Most healthy adults develop protection within 2 to 3 weeks of getting the shot.
SOME PEOPLE SHOULD NOT GET THIS VACCINE
RISKS OF A VACCINE REACTION
With any medicine, including vaccines, there is a chance of side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own, but serious reactions are also possible.
About half of people who get PPSV have mild side effects, such as redness or pain where the shot is given, which go away within about two days.
Less than 1 out of 100 people develop a fever, muscle aches, or more severe local reactions.
Problems that could happen after any vaccine:
• People sometimes faint after a medical procedure, including vaccination. Sitting or lying down for about 15 minutes can help prevent fainting, and injuries caused by a fall. Tell your doctor if you feel dizzy, or have vision changes or ringing in the ears.
• Some people get severe pain in the shoulder and have difficulty moving the arm where a shot was given. This happens very rarely.
• Any medication can cause a severe allergic reaction. Such reactions from a vaccine are very rare, estimated at about 1 in a million doses, and would happen within a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination.
As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a serious injury or death.
The safety of vaccines is always being monitored. For more information, visit: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety
WHAT IF THERE IS A SERIOUS REACTION?
What should I look for?
Look for anything that concerns you, such as signs of a severe allergic reaction, very high fever, or unusual behavior.
Signs of a severe allergic reaction can include hives, swelling of the face and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, dizziness, and weakness. These would usually start a few minutes to a few hours after the vaccination.
What should I do?
If you think it is a severe allergic reaction or other emergency that can't wait, call 9-1-1 or get to the nearest hospital. Otherwise, call your doctor.
Afterward, the reaction should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Your doctor might file this report, or you can do it yourself through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov, or by calling 1-800-822-7967.
VAERS does not give medical advice.
HOW CAN I LEARN MORE?
• Ask your doctor. He or she can give you the vaccine package insert or suggest other sources of information. • Call your local or state health department.
Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
Vaccine information statement: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/ppv.pdf. Accessed April 28, 2015.
- Review date:
- December 07, 2016
- Reviewed by:
- David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2008 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:538a4b92-97a2-44e3-b362-a2c0e8963a43> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.scripps.org/articles/4466-pneumococcal-polysaccharide-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.922188 | 1,483 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)
FCoE stands for Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE). It solves the problem of organizations having to run parallel network infrastructures for their local area networks (LANs) and their storage area networks (SANs). As a result, they have to operate separate switches, host bus adapters (HBAs), network interface cards (NICs) and cables for each of these networks. Even utilizing a virtualization solution like VMware can actually increase the number of network adapters required to carry traffic out of the servers.
With so many NICs, HBAs, switches and cables to deal with, both capital and operational costs to run a data center can increase significantly. FCoE represents a way to drastically reduce the number of cards, switches, adapters and assorted cabling by running LANs and SANs over the same infrastructure. According to analyst firm Enterprise Strategy Group (ESG), FCoE works out considerably cheaper to deploy than traditional networks due to reduced hardware costs.
To look at it another way, FCoE is a standard for using the Fibre Channel (FC) protocol (which is the mainstay of the SAN) over Ethernet networks (the mainstay of the computer networks, both wired and wireless). FCoE provides a way to transport FC SAN traffic over Ethernet, eliminating the need for a separate storage network.
Fibre Channel meets Ethernet
To understand FCoE, it is important to grasp the two key definitions that form the term – Fibre Channel and Ethernet.
Fibre Channel (FC) is a serial data transfer protocol and standard for high-speed enterprise-grade storage networking. It supports data rates up to 10 Gbps and delivers storage data over fast optical networks. Basically, FC is the language through which storage devices such as HBAs, switches and controllers can communicate.
Ethernet is an architecture developed almost 40 years ago for LANs. In its early days, it supported up to 10 megabits per second (Mbps). However, more recently this has been extended to 1 Gbps, 10 Gbps and more. Ethernet is essentially a transfer medium enabling data to travel along cables or wirelessly in units known as frames.
There are a large number of storage and networking vendors offering FCoE products. Chief among them are the likes of Cisco, EMC, NetApp, QLogic, Emulex, Brocade, IBM, Dell, HP and Oracle.
FCoE is basically a way to map Fibre Channel over full duplex Ethernet networks based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 standard. As well as consolidating I/O, it is an effective way of reducing complexity by eliminating the necessity of establishing and running parallel networks for storage and networking.
The technology can be deployed in a "Top-of-the-Rack" configuration: An FCoE-enabled switch sits on the top of the rack and takes the place of a Fibre Channel switch and an Ethernet switch. This configuration would assume the use of Converged Network Adapters (CNAs) or a universal LAN on Motherboard (LOM) that is capable of supporting FCoE.
If warranted, redundant connections can be established using at least two FCoE connections for each server to the top-of-the-rack FCoE switch. This would take the place of 2 FC and 2 Ethernet connections per server for redundancy purposes. The top of the rack switch would then send the Ethernet traffic to the LAN and the Fibre Channel traffic to the SAN.
As well as top-of-rack switches, FCoE is also available in other formats, such as blades that plug into the storage backbone. And at the server level, CNAs for FCoE can replace FC HBAs and Ethernet NICs, along with associated cabling. Both protocols can be supported on the same port. In terms of the overall network stack, FCoE routes Fibre Channel traffic at the link layer, and also uses Ethernet to transmit the FC protocol.
Overall, the move toward FCoE is seen as part of an overall trend toward network convergence. In recent times, we have seen convergence in such areas as voice and data. Formerly, telecom utilized one network to carry phone lines and another line for computerized data traffic. This has converged using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as a means of cutting down on network clutter and unifying traffic.
The same basic trend is now beginning to take effect in storage, where more and more hardware can accommodate converged networks. Servers, for example, are available with universal connectivity adaptors that are able to handle almost any Ethernet-based protocol either via chips on the motherboard or through adapter cards. Eventually, storage networks may converge completely with Ethernet. But for now, both converged and dedicated storage networks remain widely.
- Guidelines for FCoE deployment
- How to jumpstart SAN + LAN convergence
- Intel offers free FCoE upgrade
- The Long Road to Network Convergence
- IT Pros Vote Cisco in FCoE Switch Brand Leader Survey
- Watch Datamation's editor James Maguire moderate roundtable discussions with tech experts from companies such as Accenture, Dell, Blue Jeans Network, Microsoft and more »
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Keeping track of big data trends, research and statistics gives IT professionals a solid foundation to plan big data projects. Here are 15... Read More » | <urn:uuid:69af9007-75ec-4255-a55c-775e1c057328> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/FCoE.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657121288.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011201-00340-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907766 | 1,315 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In Slovenia, the Baroque spans two centuries, the
seventeenth and the eighteenth, while imposing itself with a delay
of a few decades upon Italy and adopting regional specificities,
between Pannonia and the Karst.
But beyond its apogee, it continues with a rococo
episode that ends around 1780, then with a post-Baroque period in
the nineteenth century. It thus concerns a phenomenon with great
extent in time.
a new design of space
According to Slovene specialists, Saint James
church in Ljubljana, the first Jesuit church, introduced into this
part of Europe a new reading of space resting on three equal naves
and relay advance towards the central altar, "the place of
purification". Inspired by the Florentine architecture of Alberti,
the Roman church of Vignoli, that dedicated to Mary in Lodi close
to Milan, the first models of the Slovene baroque are built: the
old church of Augustans in the capital, the church of the Holy
Trinity in Vrhnika, the church of the pilgrims in Nova Stifta or
that dedicated to Saint Joseph close to Preserje.
But the baroque also very quickly relates to mural
illusion thanks to the emigration of artists such as Almanach of
Antwerp or H.A. Weissenkihrer of Graz, while castles and
parks are made baroque or entirely refitted.
Parish church of St Mary.
Adergas Velesovo, Slovenia. Photo Damjan Gale
The founding of Academia operosorum in 1693 helps
the development of the plans to make the Slovene capital baroque.
The Operosi "had the initiative of a complete series of churches
and public buildings whose models also spread to provincial towns."
By order of intervention, the first authors are Italians, after
whose arrival pupils are formed locally and guests from Austria
settle. It is a Lombard Master, G. Quaglio, painter in
Gorizia and Udine, who is entrusted to complete the painting of the
cathedral in Ljubljana. "Its illusion is based on real architecture
by adding segments that represent ascension. It crosses the borders
of real space by linking the Earth to the beyond." One will not
forget therefore the remarkable seminar from the capital and its
superb baroque library.
Brezice castle, Slovenia. Photo Damjan
the case of styrie
Visual arts in Styrie, oriented towards castles
and parks, are very specific and bear the influence of Graz with a
significant intervention of stucco work, which uses tender pinks.
The most significant masterpiece is the castle of Dornava. A
connection between the architecture of Styrie and Carniole is
proposed in the cathedral of Gornji Grad. It is also in Styrie that
entirely gilded wooden altars appear.
Since 1992, the Slovene Ministry of Culture has
published a guidebook describing in detail the stages of a voyage
in the heart of the baroque, a voyage that proposes for reading the
major artistic transformations that this country knew, coming from
Italy and Austria, on the same basis as its direct neighbours from
Central and Eastern Europe. | <urn:uuid:cda4b000-5ef3-40b7-bc8e-4701bae33ee3> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.culture-routes.lu/php/fo_index.php?lng=en&dest=bd_pa_det&id=00000126 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163047214/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131727-00092-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900116 | 711 | 2.578125 | 3 |
About This Course
This English Language and English Literature course gives you the opportunity to study two important aspects of the best-described language in the world. You will examine how English works, why and how it is used, and where it has come from. The English Language component of this degree will give you the opportunity to learn about the grammatical structure of English (e.g., how words and sentences are formed), how meaning is made, interpreted and extended across whole discourses, how sounds are formed, produced, and understood, and how language use varies across speakers and groups and how it changes over time. You will also explore the history of English, the development and emergence English dialects and World Englishes, how English is used in society (e.g., how socio-cultural variables shape the use of English) and the role of English in society, in education and as a global lingua franca.
In studying English Literature, you will read and learn to critically analyse a range of English literature in different genres and forms and from across the span of English history, from Anglo-Saxon times to today. You will also develop critical techniques, skills in reading literature and study texts and authors from a wide range of English, British and American literature. Literary works will be studied in different of ways - looking at social or political contexts or taking a more linguistic or stylistic approach.
Why choose Bangor University for this course?
- We are a vibrant, accessible, friendly department with staff committed to high-quality teaching, excellent student experience, strong pastoral support, and the integration of current cutting-edge research and topics into your lectures throughout the duration of your studies. We are also dedicated to ensuring that our English Language and English Literature students develop excellent skills in critical thinking, data analysis, presentation and independent research to enhance their employability upon graduation.
- You will gain sound insight into the structure and use of language as well as develop the ability to critically analyse a wide range of literature.
- Teaching staff are active researchers in a range of theoretical and applied areas of English Language, Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and English Literature - many have international reputations in the field.
- Our state-of-the-art linguistics and English language learning facilities include a professional grade sound / recording studio (our Speech laboratory), an eye tracking laboratory, and an event-related potential (ERP) laboratory and a corpus-linguistics resource facility. We also have audio and video equipment that can be checked out for field work. Our facilities also include an extensive collection of books on Linguistics and English Language and a language library which is maintained by our undergraduate student association - the Bangor Linguistics Society (BLS).
Additional Course Options
This course is available with a Placement Year option where you will study for 1 additional year. The Placement Year is undertaken at the end of the second year and students are away for the whole of the academic year.
The Placement Year provides you with a fantastic opportunity to broaden your horizons and develop valuable skills and contacts through working with a self-sourced organisation relevant to your degree subject. The minimum period in placement (at one or more locations) is seven calendar months; more usually you would spend 10-12 months with a placement provider. You would normally start sometime in the period June to September of your second year and finish between June and September the following year. Placements can be UK-based or overseas and you will work with staff to plan and finalise the placement arrangements.
You will be expected to find and arrange a suitable placement to complement your degree and will be fully supported throughout by a dedicated member of staff at your academic School and the University’s Skills and Employability Services.
You will have the opportunity to fully consider this option when you have started your course at Bangor and can make an application for a transfer onto this pathway at the appropriate time. Read more about the work experience opportunities that may be available to you or, if you have any questions, please get in touch.
This course is available with an International Experience Year option where you will study or work abroad for 1 additional year. You will have ‘with International Experience’ added to your degree title on graduating.
Studying abroad is a great opportunity to see a different way of life, learn about new cultures and broaden your horizons. With international experience of this kind, you’ll really improve your career prospects. There are a wide variety of destinations and partner universities to choose from. If you plan to study in a country where English is not spoken natively, there may be language courses available for you at Bangor and in your host university to improve your language skills.
You will have the opportunity to fully consider this option at any time during your degree at Bangor and make your application. If you have any questions in the meantime, please get in touch.
Read more about the International Experience Year programme and see the studying or working abroad options on the Student Exchanges section of our website.
This English Language and English Literature course will be taught by a combination of lectures, tutorials and/or seminars, depending on the module and level. You will choose 120 credits of modules relating to English Language and English Literature each year (60 credits in each field), where you will start by learning the foundational knowledge and skills required to study in these fields, before later being able to choose the areas, periods and/or disciplines you would like to specialize in.
Modules are assessed on the basis of different kinds of coursework, including essays, reports, oral presentations, tests, exams, data analysis, etc. You will do a dissertation in your final year which represents an original project which you will undertake under the supervision of a research-active member of staff.
Modules for the current academic year
Module listings are for guide purposes only and are subject to change. Find out what our students are currently studying on the English Language and English Literature BA (Hons) Modules page.
Course content is for guidance purposes only and may be subject to change.
English Language Facilities
- We have state-of-the-art learning facilities which include a professional grade sound / recording studio (our Speech laboratory), an eye tracking laboratory, and an event-related potential (ERP) laboratory and a corpus-linguistics resource facility. We also have audio and video equipment that can be checked out for field work.
- Our facilities also include an extensive collection of books on Linguistics and English Language and a language library which is maintained by our undergraduate student association - the Bangor Linguistics Society (BLS).
General University Facilities
Library and Archive Services
Our four libraries provide a range of attractive study environments including collaborative work areas, meeting rooms and silent study spaces.
We have an extensive collection of books and journals and many of the journals are available online in full-text format.
We house one of the largest university-based archives not only in Wales, but also the UK. Allied to the Archives is the Special Collections of rare printed books.
There is a range of learning resources available, supported by experienced staff, to help you in your studies.
The University’s IT Services provides computing, media and reprographics facilities and services including:
- Over 1,150 computers for students, with some PC rooms open 24 hours a day
- Blackboard, a commercial Virtual Learning Environment, that makes learning materials available on-line.
General University Costs
Home (UK) students
- The cost of a full-time undergraduate course is £9,000 per year (2021/22 entry and 2022/23 entry).
- The fee for all placement, international, and sandwich years is £1,350 (2021/22 and 2022/23).
- More information on fees and finance for Home (UK) students.
International (including EU) students
There are also some common additional costs that are likely to arise for students on all courses, for example:
- If you choose to study abroad or take the International Experience Year as part of your course.
- If you attend your Graduation Ceremony, there will be a cost for gown hire (£25-£75) and cost for additional guest tickets (c.£12 each).
Course-specific additional costs
Depending on the course you are studying, there may be additional course-specific costs that you will be required to meet. These fall into three categories:
- Mandatory Costs: these are related to a particular core or compulsory module that you’ll be required to complete to achieve your qualification e.g. compulsory field trips, uniforms for students on placement, DBS Check.
- Necessarily Incurred Costs: these may not be experienced by all students, and will vary depending on the course e.g. professional body membership, travel to placements, specialist software, personal safety equipment.
- Optional Costs: these depend on your choice of modules or activity and they are shown to give you an indication of the optional costs that may arise to make sure your choice is as informed as possible. These can include graduation events for your course, optional field trips, Welcome Week trips.
Offers are tariff based, 96 - 120 tariff points from a Level 3 qualification e.g.:
- A-levels: General Studies and Key Skills not normally accepted.
- BTEC National/Extended Diploma and Cambridge Technical Extended Diploma: MMM - DDM
- City & Guilds Advanced Technical/Extended Diploma: Case by case
- International Baccalaureate Diploma (grade H5 in English Literature or Language preferred)
- Welsh Baccalaureate is accepted
- T-levels: considered on a case-by-case basis.
We also welcome applications from mature applicants.
For full details go to our website and for a full list of accepted Level 3 qualifications, go to www.ucas.com
International Candidates: school leaving qualifications and college diplomas are accepted from countries worldwide (subject to minimum English Language requirements). More information here.
General University Requirements
To study for a degree, you’ll be asked for a minimum of UCAS Tariff points. For a fuller explanation of the UCAS Tariff Points, please see www.ucas.com.
We accept students with a wide range of qualifications and backgrounds and consider each application individually.
All students need to have good basic skills and the University also values IT and communication skills.
As part of the University’s policy, we consider applications from prospective disabled students on the same grounds as all other students.
We also consider applications from mature students who can demonstrate the motivation and commitment to study a university programme. Each year we enrol a significant number of mature students. For more information about studying as a mature student, see our Studying at Bangor section of the website.
EU and International Students' Entry Requirements
For detailed guidance on the entry requirements for EU and International Students, including the minimum English Language entry requirement, please visit the Entry Requirements by Country pages. International applicants can also visit the International Education Centre section of our website for further details.
Bangor University offers International Incorporated Bachelor Degrees for International students whose High School qualification is not equivalent to the UK school leaving qualification. The first year (or Year 0) is studied at Bangor University International College, an embedded College on our University campus and delivered by Oxford International Education Group.
A degree in English Language and English Literature provides subject knowledge and expertise. You will also develop important transferrable skills valued by a range of employers. These include critical reading and evaluation, research and analytical skills, project management skills, proficiency in diverse modes of presentation (written, electronic and spoken), problem solving skills, experience working independently, time management and team-work experience, information technology skills, and the chance to develop effective interpersonal communication.
English Language and English Literature graduates gain a broad range of skills applicable in a variety of occupations, such as media, education, advertising, management, publishing, civil service, community work (e.g., related to language policy and engagement), etc. In some cases, you will need further training and qualifications beyond what this course provides. A career in research is also an option, as is postgraduate study.
Opportunities at Bangor
The University’s Skills and Employability Service provides a wide range of resources to help you achieve your graduate ambitions.
The Bangor Employability Award (BEA)
The BEA is a comprehensive online course that you can work through at your own pace, taking you through all the steps you need to take to explore, prepare and apply for your dream career.
Bangor University runs a paid internship scheme within the university’s academic and service departments.
Volunteering widens your experience and improves your employability. Find out more about volunteering on the Students’ Union’s website.
A 'with Foundation Year' option is available for this course. Apply for English Language and English Literature (with Foundation Year).
What is a Foundation Year course?
If you don’t have the required qualifications for the degree-level course or are looking to re-enter education after time away from study, then a Foundation Year Programme might be the right choice for you.
The Foundation Year is an excellent introduction to studying this subject at university and will provide you with the knowledge, skills and confidence required to go on to study this course at degree-level.
When you have successfully completed the Foundation Year, you can progress on to the first year of this degree-level course. | <urn:uuid:82e7a217-df57-445c-b5e4-00d793db22b7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.bangor.ac.uk/courses/undergraduate/qqc3-english-language-and-english-literature-ba-hons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500126.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204110651-20230204140651-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.924389 | 2,839 | 2.9375 | 3 |
- Additional Plants: native plants
- Animals: bovine
- Animal Production: grazing management, mineral supplements, range improvement, stockpiled forages, winter forage
- Education and Training: extension, mentoring
- Natural Resources/Environment: biodiversity, habitat enhancement, wildlife
- Production Systems: agroecosystems, holistic management
- Soil Management: organic matter
Economic efficiency of cattle production is threatened by high feed and input costs (Meyer and Gunn 2015). To improve profitability and transition to reduced reliance on transported harvested feeds, many cow-calf producers have adopted management strategies involving dormant season grazing (Adams et al. 1996). The primary goal in a forage-based livestock production system is to obtain optimal animal performance while effectively utilizing the forage resource base. Dormant range forage is deficient in nutrients and may result in decreased performance (Krysl and Hess 1993, Bowman et al. 1995, Mulliniks et al. 2013). Providing protein supplements to grazing beef cattle during times of low forage quality can improve animal performance and provide increased economic returns (Lusby et al. 1967, Bowman et al. 1995, DelCurto et al. 2000, Bodine et al. 2001). However, supplementation strategies assume that all animals consume a targeted quantity of supplement, which ignores variation of supplement intake by individual animals (Bowman and Sowell 1997). Deviation from the targeted consumption of supplement can have strong effects on animal nutirent status (Bowman and Sowell 1997). Effectiveness of supplementation programs on grazing cattle performance have been inconsistent (DelCurto et al., 1990). This inconsistency may be due to variation in supplement intake by individual cows, often influenced by social dominance associated with age class within the herd (Wagnon, 1965; Friend and Polan, 1974).
Winter grazing typically exposes cattle to periods of severe cold which increases energy expenditure to maintain homeothermy (Webster, 1970, 1971). In addition, at cold temperatures wind induces a higher metabolic rate and heat production (Webster, 1970; Christopherson et al., 1979). Thus, winter conditions can have considerable economic impact on the energetic efficiency of cattle production on rangelands (Webster, 1970). Potential changes in energetic requirements to maintain homeothermy could alter supplement intake during winter months.
The spatial component of herbivory is a central aspect of domestic livestock ecosystems, but has remained difficult to interpret (Coughenour 1991). Topography, thermal environments and forage resources, such as standing crop and nutritional quality, interact to determine space use (Malechek and Smith 1976, Jamieson and Hodgson 1979, Adams et al. 1986, Beaver and Olson 1997). Livestock age, experience, body weight and condition can also directly influence grazing behavior, distribution patterns and forage resource use (Holmes et al. 1961, Allden 1968, Langlands 1968, Allison 1985, Dunn et al. 1988, Walburger et al. 2009). Furthermore, supplementation alters the nutrient status of grazing livestock, which can have strong influences on grazing behavior (Allison 1985, Adams et al. 1986). The act of supplementation alone can change grazing distribution on rangelands (Ares 1953) and daily grazing activities (Adams 1985), altering the distribution of vegetation use based on location of supplements. Thus, it is likely that grazing behavior may vary with protein supplement intake and/or cow age, body weight and condition in dormant-season grazing systems.
Although dormant forage tends to be more tolerant of grazing pressure (Holechek et al. 2004, Petersen et al. 2014), dormant season grazing has been shown to have detrimental effects on vegetation production and residual cover when improperly managed (Willms et al. 1986, Bullock et al. 1994, Holechek et al. 2004, Petersen et al. 2014). Removal of vegetation and litter cover through grazing, reduces soil organic matter, which can be detrimental to agroecosystem efficiency and soil productivity (Greene et al. 1994, Wander 2004). Additionally, vegetation composition and structural heterogeneity are key habitat characteristics that influence wildlife species diversity and ecosystem function (Christensen 1997, Wiens 1997, Bailey et al. 1998, Fuhlendorf and Engle 2001, Fuhlendorf et al. 2009). Habitat structural heterogeneity serves as a precursor to biological diversity at most levels of ecological organization and has been proposed as the foundation of conservation and ecosystem management (Christensen 1997, Wiens 1997, Fuhlendorf and Engle 2001). Western rangelands are inherently heterogeneous as vegetation composition and structure vary with topographic and edaphic features (Patten and Ellis 1995, Fuhlendorf and Smeins 1998, Fuhlendorf et al. 2006). However, protein supplementation can been used as a tool to alter grazing distribution to promote uniform utilization across the landscape (Bailey and Welling 1999). Livestock grazing management promoting uniform utilization can result in the homogenization of rangeland landscapes and an overall decline of ecosystem structure, function and biodiversity, which can have a profound effect on grassland wildlife habitat selection and demography (Dennis et al. 1998, Fuhlendorf and Engle 2001, Anderson 2006, Derner et al. 2009, Fuhlendorf et al. 2009, Hovick et al. 2015, López‐González et al. 2015). Thus, maintaining heterogeneity of vegetation composition and structure in rangelands is beneficial to wildlife habitat and ecological biodiversity (Fuhlendorf et al. 2006). However, little is known about the effects of crude protein supplementation on grazing behavior and its potential impacts on vegetation and rangeland sustainability (Schauer et al. 2005).
Information relating supplement intake cow age, body weight and condition to individual supplement intake, grazing distribution and behavior is lacking. Thus, the intent of this study was to evaluate (1) examine the effects of cow age and environmental conditions on individual supplement intake and cattle behavior, (2) the influence of supplement intake, age, body weight and condition on grazing activity and resource utilization by cattle, and (3) the influence of dormant season use on soil organic matter, residual vegetation cover, structure and heterogeneity. We expected dormant season grazing by supplemented livestock to have multi-faceted effects on agroecosystems in northern mixed grass prairies. System-level impacts are likely mediated by the provision of supplement, as well as, uncontrolled environmental conditions.
We expect dormant season grazing by supplemented livestock to have multi-faceted effects on agroecosystems in northern mixed grass prairies. Because supplementation affects the grazing behavior of cattle, system-level impacts are likely mediated by the provision of supplement as well as uncontrolled environmental conditions. Our specific objectives are to evaluate how supplementation during the dormant grazing season and animal age influences:
- Supplement intake and behavior. Winter grazing typically exposes cattle to periods of severe cold which increases energy expenditure to maintain homeothermy (Webster, 1970, 1971). Inconsistent results from supplementation may be due to variation in supplement intake by individual cows, often influenced by social dominance associated with age class within the herd (Wagnon, 1965; Friend and Polan, 1974). Therefore, we expect that both cow age and winter environmental conditions affect daily supplement intake, as well as, the variation in supplement intake. Data was collected the winter grazing season of 2016 through 2017.
- Cattle grazing behavior and performance. Altering an animal’s nutritional environment with the addition of supplement has a high potential to affect grazing distribution and behavior (Murden and Risenhoover 1993), as well as, weight gain and body condition. Therefore, we expect that supplementation will have effects on distribution of pasture use, time spent grazing and distance traveled with corresponding effects on weight and body condition. Data was collected the winter grazing season of 2016 through 2017.
- Vegetation use, production, and structure, and soil organic matter. Range condition is influenced by grazing behavior (Belsky and Blumenthal 1997); thus, we expect that differences in grazing behavior will have differential effects on vegetative and structural composition of rangelands. Data was collected summer of 2016 through 2017.
Our intentions are to further the understanding of dormant season grazing and supplementation effects on grazing behavior and rangeland condition, with the ultimate goal of facilitating the adoption of management strategies developed for long-term sustainability of agroecosystems. | <urn:uuid:14274111-f7a6-49da-bd54-a92c75642186> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://projects.sare.org/sare_project/gw17-040/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540507109.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208072107-20191208100107-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.892603 | 1,736 | 3.3125 | 3 |
CISPA (Cyber Intelligence Sharing & Protection Act) recently passed in congress in the House. It is a bill that allows the US Government and businesses to work together and share information on cyberthreats. It has been said that this bill is too vague and will allow too much information to be shared to the government. Others say it is a needed law.
In either case, it's something that we should learn more about and discuss with our students.
Here are some links:
CISPA Wikipedia article
The Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act: CISPA explained
US House passes controversial CISPA cybersecurity bill, now on to the Senate | <urn:uuid:1c709a13-df36-4107-990d-ab082de359f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://educationaltechnologyguy.blogspot.com/2012/05/cispa-what-is-it-links-and-infographic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945015 | 132 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The internet is in the cloud? No! It's in the ocean. The internet is known to pulse through fiber optic cables and cell phone towers, but 99% of high-speed international information is transferred under the sea.
How does particulate matter is tasting? The Center for genomic gastronomy is an artist-led think tank that examines the biotechnologies and biodiversity of human food systems. The Smog Tasting project makes the complex problem of air pollution more seizable and sensory by uses egg foams to harvest air pollution.
Craig Ward, a New York based typographer and designer, rode the trains of each of New York City's twenty-two subway lines, collecting bacterial samples from hand rails, seats and other high traffic surfaces to create an unorthodox portrait of the city's residents at the smallest of scales.
'Life needs internet' by Jeroen van Loon is an amazing project about documenting the digital culture through handwritten letters. In eight steps this video-installation shows the complete evolution of our global digitalization and it's impact on different cultures. | <urn:uuid:7841e9b6-3bad-48e1-9fb5-7969d0ae1f5a> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.wonderfullylost.com/category/data-visualisation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049288709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002128-00151-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91116 | 219 | 2.546875 | 3 |
You're using an outdated version of Internet Explorer.DOWNLOAD NOW
In 2008 when the world faced a financial crisis, India was relatively insulated. One important reason for this was the fact that our banks had been nationalised by Indira Gandhi in July 1969. This had electrified the country and immediately led to vastly expanded credit flows to farmers and small businesses. Public sector banks have also helped successive Governments in being able to fulfill social objectives, especially by taking modern banking to the remotest parts of the country, integrating the whole population into the organized and modern economy, paving the way for such innovations as self-help groups, direct benefit transfers, and mobile banking. | <urn:uuid:3eecdca0-e368-4faa-8a18-d498849d2cf8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://indiragandhi.in/en/milestones/index/bank-nationalisation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038098638.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417011815-20210417041815-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.972877 | 134 | 3 | 3 |
John C. Pelham
(September 7, 1838 – March 17, 1863)
John C. Pelham was a 24 year old artillery officer who served with the Confederate cavalry under J.E.B. Stuart during the American Civil War. Dubbed "The Gallant Pelham" by General Robert E. Lee for his military prowess and personal courage, Pelham revolutionized the usage of light artillery as a mobile arm of the cavalry He was praised by General Robert E. Lee for being brave and courageous in several battles. He was also called the boy artilleryman, because of his age and his skills.. He dropped out of West Point to join the Confederate Army, only weeks before he was to have graduated. He was mortally wounded at Kelly's Ford, Virginia in 1863. Pelham held the rank of Major at the time of his death.
The Confederate Senate approved Lee's recommendation that Pelham receive a posthumous promotion to Lieutenant Colonel. Pelham's body was returned home and buried at City Cemetery in Jacksonville, Alabama where a statue was erected downtown in 1905 commemorates the fallen officer.
In 1863, Stuart named his third child Virginia Pelham, in honor of the cannoneer he had admired.
In 1894, poet Larry Maffit Jr. wrote the poem John Pelham.
In 1901, a portrait of Pelham was hung with other Confederate officers in Alexandria, Virginia, and General Joseph Wheeler gave the speech on the ascension of his portrait, referring to him as the "Gallant Pelham".
In 1907, one of his spurs was among the artifacts melted down to create the Pocahontas Bell for the Jamestown Exposition.
The John Pelham Historical Association seeks to maintain his memory and preserve his archive of papers and memorabilia. In 1955, he was named to the Alabama Hall of Fame. The cities of Pelham, Alabama, and Pelham, Georgia, are named in his honor. In 2004, the state of Georgia designated the section of State Highway 300 that passes through Pelham as the John Pelham Memorial Parkway.
The United States Army has honored Pelham with artillery camps named for him, such as the former Camp Pelham which housed artillery battalions of first the 1st Cavalry Division and then later the 2nd Battalion, 17th Field Artillery assigned to the 2nd Infantry Division in South Korea.
The County of Culpeper, Virginia, built Lake Pelham in the 1970s in honor of the Boy Artillerist.
The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama all have towns and communities named in honor of Pelham.
During and after the Civil War Pelham's 1858 photograph, taken in the Mathew Brady studio, was well known in the South. While many copies were made, the original was long thought lost. It was held by Pelham's sister, Betty, and kept by her descendants at home in a fireproof safe. In 2010 Pelham's great-great grand-nephew consigned the piece for auction. It sold for $41,825 | <urn:uuid:831d6f21-273d-4f13-a24e-9f9abced860a> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.camppelham.com/jcPelham.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136494.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00121-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98351 | 633 | 2.703125 | 3 |
First time on OneHack, another Bible of Dark Web…
It is extremely easy to access the dark web and even easier to be detected on it if you don’t take precautions. If you are new to the darknet, this guide will help you on your way.
The Dark Web, or Darknet, is a general term for a collection of websites on an encrypted network with hidden IP addresses – all of which gives users strong anonymity protection . Because they are not indexed by traditional search engines, you can only access them with special anonymity browsers, such as I2P, Freenet, and the most common, The Onion Router (TOR) bundle.
The Dark Web is Not the Same as the Deep Web
The Deep Web is all the sites on the web that can’t be reached with a search engine . Although this includes sites on the Dark Web, it also includes sites that serve more mundane functions, such as business intranets, webmail platforms, databases, online banking platforms, and services that usually require a password or other means of authentication.
These are found and accessed directly with a URL or IP address, and are hidden behind firewalls, paywalls and HTML forms. Because all these other pages are included in the Deep Web, the Deep Web is actually far more vast than the regular internet (also known as the Clear Web).
How to Access the Dark Web Safely
The main gateway to the Dark Web is the Tor browser. This is an encrypted network of volunteer relays around the world through which users’ internet connections are routed.
Although the relays are an integral part of what makes Tor anonymous, they can also lead to slow connections . This is because rather than connecting directly to the server of the website you want to get to, you first have to go through the relays, which are often purposely scattered around the globe. Also, since the system is decentralized, not all the relays have the same CPU, meaning that while some are fast and powerful, others might operate at a snail’s pace.
The easiest way to browse web pages is to download and install the Tor browser bundle. Tor URLs end in the suffix .onion . Unlike .com websites, the URLs are usually complex and difficult to remember, and websites will often change their URLs in order to evade detection and DDoS attacks.
When you’re on the Dark Web, ISPs – and by extension, the government – might not be able to view your activity, but they will know you are on the Tor Network. This alone is enough to raise eyebrows in some countries.
That’s why we recommend accessing Tor using a VPN. That way, your internet traffic is routed through the VPN before going through the Tor Network and finally reaching its destination. With this method, your ISP only sees the encrypted VPN traffic, and won’t know you’re on the Tor network .
The major concern with using Tor over a VPN is that it requires you to trust your VPN provider, as the provider may see that you are using Tor. To mitigate this issue, use a VPN that does not log your activities, and connect to your VPN before opening the Tor browser .
Use These Steps as a Guide
Step 1. Get yourself a good VPN service
That means one that doesn’t keep logs, has no DNS leaks, is fast, is compatible with Tor, and which (preferably) accepts Bitcoin as payment.
We recommend Nordvpn or Express VPN as the best VPN available on the market with its amazing features and military grade encryption.
Step 2: Download and install the Tor browser bundle
Before you do though, check that your VPN is running . Also be sure to download Tor from the official Tor project website.
Once it’s installed, look for the Tor Browser folder and click on the “Start Tor Browser” file inside it.
A new window will open asking you to either click on the “Connect” or “Configure” button. Click on the “Connect” option to open the browser window.
Step 3. Start browsing .onion websites
When you open Tor on your computer, you’ll automatically be directed to the search engine DuckDuckGo. While DuckDuckGo is designed to provide extra privacy and encryption while searching the web, you shouldn’t think of it as the dark web version of Google.
That’s because even in Tor, DuckDuckGo searches the clear web . That means if you do a keyword search, you’re results are going to be basically the same as what you would find on the regular internet.
Fortunately, there are Dark Web search engines (mentioned in the end) that will bring you to .onion sites . These include:
- Welcome to Dark Web Links (http://bznjtqphs2lp4xdd.onion/)
- Candle (http://gjobqjj7wyczbqie.onion/)
- not Evil (http://hss3uro2hsxfogfq.onion/)
Just make sure to always turn on your VPN before opening Tor and starting a web surfing session.
The Dark Web Isn’t Just for Criminals
The anonymity provided by the Dark Web is certainly attractive to those looking to buy or sell illegal goods such as drugs, weapons, or stolen data.
But there are also legitimate reasons for using the Dark Web. In past years it has gained popularity as a safe haven for whistleblowers, activists, journalists , and others who need to share sensitive information, but can’t do so out in the open for fear of political persecution or retribution by their government or other powerful actors.
Police and intelligence agencies also use it to monitor terror groups and keep tabs on cybercriminals . Additionally, corporate IT departments frequently crawl the Dark Web in search of stolen data and compromised accounts, and individuals may use it to look for signs of identity theft.
In many circles, the Dark Web has become synonymous with internet freedom , especially as nation states continue to clamp down on it. It now plays host to a number of media organizations involved in investigative journalism, such as ProPublica and the Intercept. Most notably, WikiLeaks – the website that publishes classified official materials – also has a home on the Dark Web. Even Facebook maintains a presence there in order to make itself accessible in countries where it is censored by the government.
Surfing the Dark Web Isn’t Illegal, but It Can be Dangerous
You can’t be charged with a criminal offense for simply searching the Dark Web, but you can get in trouble for using it to carry out illegal activity ; headlines about police operations that involved the Dark Web and child pornography, drugs, or hackers dumping stolen data are not infrequent.
Moreover, the anonymity of the Dark Web also makes it notoriously risky. Since there’s no oversight, it’s teeming with scammers. That said, one can maintain one’s safety by simply following the same basic security rules that apply to the normal web: Always be careful about the links you click because some can be misleading, and avoid sites or links that advertise illegal, disturbing, or dangerous content you don’t want to see.
Is the Tor Browser Completely Anonymous?
Similarly, in October 2017 the security firm We Are Segment identified a vulnerability in Tor that was affecting some Mac and Linux users. This vulnerability, which became known as TorMoil, caused IP addresses to be leaked when users accessed URLs that began with file://, rather than http:// or https://. We Are Segment notified the Tor developers, who promptly fixed the error by updating to a new version of the web browser.
In order to address these issues, the Tor Project has recently improved security and privacy by strengthening its encryption . It also gives web developers the tools to build fully anonymous Darknet sites (known as hidden services, or rendezvous points) that can only be discovered by those who know the site’s URL.
Criminal Cases Involving the Dark Web
Although we believe the Dark Web should be used for promoting free speech and bypassing censorship, there’s no denying that the press tends to focus on the more shady activity that goes on there. Here are some of the most high profile stories that have come out in recent years:
- Silk Road: Perhaps more than any other website, the Dark Web brings to mind Silk Road. Silk Road began as the invention of a libertarian idealist who wanted to sell home-grown mushrooms for Bitcoin, and ended up hosting 1.2 billion dollars worth of deals involving drugs, firearms, hits, counterfeit cash, and hacker tools.Five of the hits were commissioned by the site’s creator, Ross Ulbricht, known on Silk Road as the Dread Pirate Roberts. Ulricht was ultimately caught because of an old post to a regular website in which he promoted Silk Road in its early days. His mistake: using his real email address.
- AlphaBay: Following the shuttering of Silk Road, AlphaBay became the most prominent Dark Web marketplace. When AlphaBay went down in 2017, it was because of security missteps even more basic than those of the Dread Pirate Roberts.Among other blunders, founder Alexandre Cazes used his legitimate email address for communications on the site ([email protected]), kept several unencrypted cryptocurrency wallets constantly open, and re-used the same pseudonym on and off the Dark Web. And when the cops busted into his home in Thailand to arrest him, he was logged onto the AlphaBay server with the username “admin.”The computer was unlocked and unencrypted, and contained text files of passwords used on the site, as well as a document listing the type and location of all his financial holdings that was titled in bold “TOTAL NET WORTH.” Several days after his arrest, Alex Cazes was found dead in his prison cell, apparently having committed suicide.
- The Playpen Case: Although it only existed for seven months, the child pornography site Playpen managed to amass 215,000 users before the FBI gained access to its host server via information provided by a foreign law enforcement agency (which has not been publicly identified).Instead of just shutting the site down, the FBI continued to host it on its own servers for two weeks, during which it used a Flash app to capture 1,300 IP addresses belonging to site visitors. This led to the arrest of nearly 900 users around the globe, including Playpen’s creator, Steven Chase (may he burn in hell).
- The Ashley Madison Case: In 2015, the hacker group, the Impact Team, breached a dating site for extramarital affairs called Ashley Madison. The hackers threatened to release users’ personal information unless the website and its sister site, Established Men, were shut down. A month later, when their deadline wasn’t met, the Impact Team started publishing data on the Dark Web.Over the course of several dumps, information was revealed that included the email and IP addresses of 32 million members, the email correspondences of the CEO of Ashley Madison’s parent company, and the website’s source code.The hacker’s stated motivation was 1) an objection to the site’s primary purpose, and 2) the site’s practice of forcing users to pay to delete their accounts (which were even then not fully scrubbed from the servers).Because Ashley Madison didn’t require email verification to create a profile, it would have been easy to create accounts using someone else’s email address, and then use this to extort them. Although we still don’t know who was responsible for the attack, one can speculate that they were someone affected by these poor security practices.
Bonus Security Steps For the Dark Web
DO NOT change the TOR browser window size unless you like living dangerously. The FEDS have programs that can match identities on random things such and matching time online and other things with the browser window size, I shit you not. If you don’t change the size then it is the same as most other people.
You MUST use a VPN whenever you are connected to the TOR Network
Disconnect your webcam or block the camera with some black tape. Hackers and governments have ways of getting into your computer and turning on the video and cameras. You can have intimate images of you be used as blackmail or extortion, or even worse, used by the feds.
Disconnect your microphone or cover it with tape to muffle it good. The same goes for the microphone as the camera, the last thing you want is to be recorded saying incriminating things at home. It doesn’t even have to be while on the dark net. Even the Facebook creator Mark Zuckerberg does it as he knows the dangers.
NEVER use your real name, photos, email, or even password that you have used before on the dark web. This is the fastest way to be tracked. Use an anonymous email account / secure messaging apps and aliases that have nothing to do with you that you have never used before.
If you are using TOR on the dark web for anything other than looking at cute pictures of kittens, you should think seriously about your privacy and security.
On a final note, we encourage everyone who uses the Dark Web to do so responsibly. Stay SAFE and make sure your VPN is connected!
Dark Web Search Engines
- Google Scholar
- Not Evil
- Start Page
- Wayback machine
- Ahmia Deep Web Search Engine
- Searx Search Engine
- Agartha Market
- Apollon Market
- Berlusconi Market
- Cryptonia Market
- Empire Market
- Genesis Market
- Nightmare Market
- Tochka Market
- Yellow Brick Market
(Simply Google Them)
Dark OSINT Tools
Huge Collection of Deep Web Onion Links
- Deep Web 7839 Awesome Links List [Uncensored Table]
- Deep Web Onion Links Collections – Dark Net Sites (My Pastebin)
DarkWeb 101 - Anonymity
1. Cleanup Computer
You can use Windows or Linux to connect to the Dark Web.
Clear cache, trackers, cookies, viruses and adware that’s currently on your machine with the following tools.
Cleanup Tools (Removes cache, history, cookies etc)
Remove Malware, PUP’s and Adware
Run windows/linux commands to verify and repair integrity of system files
- sfc /scannow for Windows (Run command prompt as administrator)
- debsums for Linux (To install “apt install debsums” and then execute program “debsums -s”)
After all scans completed, reboot your system and continue with step 2 (#Install Tools)
2. Install Tools
Must Have Tools
- Get a VPN
- Download the latest TOR Browser
- Install browser extensions and maximize browser security
- Change your DNS manually using uncensored DNS IP
Additional/Optional Anonymity Tools for more security
3. Create Fake Identity
If you’ll be using any services on the dark web then you definately will need to create a fake identity that has nothing in common with your real life.
The below services are for anyone that wants to protect their online identity.
Before Signing up with the below free services, make sure you are connected to your VPNand TOR browser already.
Keep in mind that every time you create an account on any website or login to a service, your public IP have already been logged. > Go back to step 1 to clean and clear your machine. Then connect to your VPN and TOR to create your fake online identity with the below services.
Name Profile Generator
Encrypted Email Services
Encrypted Messaging Apps
Ready for Action > After you completed all the steps you are now ready to wander around the dark web. | <urn:uuid:298ae5ec-9453-4bf3-aa08-916a2df82ba1> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://onehack.us/t/dark-web-beginners-to-advanced-access-tools-complete-bible/85364 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413551.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531151414-20200531181414-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.932226 | 3,300 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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Most infectious diseases that we are familiar with are passed from human to human; however, on evolutionary timescales, pathogens don't necessarily respect species boundaries. This news brief from November 2010 examines a recently discovered case of disease swapping among species involving a deadly strain of malaria.
UC Museum of Paleontology
This article includes a set of discussion and extension questions for use in class. It also includes hints about related lessons that might be used in conjunction with this one. Get more tips for using Evo in the News articles in your classroom.
Correspondence to the Next Generation Science Standards is indicated in parentheses after each relevant concept. See our conceptual framework for details.
- Scientific knowledge is open to question and revision as we come up with new ideas and discover new evidence. (P4, P6, NOS3)
- As with other scientific disciplines, evolutionary biology has applications that factor into everyday life.
- Evolutionary trees (i.e., phylogenies or cladograms) portray hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.
- Scientists may explore many different hypotheses to explain their observations. (P7) | <urn:uuid:c5821f05-0119-4d36-a10b-f54489d1abe6> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/search/lessonsummary.php?thisaudience=9-12&resource_id=419 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424090.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722182647-20170722202647-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.893283 | 235 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Sustainable Development Starts with Safe, Healthy and Well-Educated Children
This blog post originally appeared in the Education for All Blog of the Global Partnership for Education on 1 July 2013.
By Richard Morgan and Shannon O’Shea
New UNICEF paper about the role of quality education and learning opportunities for sustainable development
As the world moves closer to mapping a post-2015 world, we must make sure that children’s health, growth, education and safety are at the heart of any global plan. We now have another chance to learn from past experiences and craft a better way forward. We must seize the opportunity. As we mark the recent one year anniversary of the Rio+20 Sustainable Development Conference, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has released a paper outlining the importance of investing in children to achieve a sustainable world of progress for all. The paper, Sustainable development starts with safe, healthy and well-educated children, outlines three messages that are key for achieving a world fit for children – today and in the future:
- Sustainable Development starts with safe, healthy and well-educated children;
- Safe and sustainable societies are, in turn, essential for children;
- Children’s voices, choices and participation are critical for the sustainable future we want.
Children are drivers of and should be key partners in creating healthy and sustainable societies. Sustainable development is not a new concept, nor is its importance to children. And, it will not come as a surprise that UNICEF is committed to make that case. However, the purpose of the paper is to put forward a stronger evidence base to support the above messages, particularly highlighting the dynamic and dramatic interplay between the realization of children’s rights and sustainable development.
Investing in education – for both girls and boys — has many benefits
The role of quality education and learning – beginning at the earliest years – cannot be underestimated. The development impacts of education, particularly for girls, are shown to have multiple benefits for individuals, families, communities and societies. The benefits of education are both immediate and intergenerational, and span the economic, social and also environmental dimensions of development. For example, an educated girl is likely to increase her personal earnings potential, and be more likely to delay marriage and pregnancy and access health support, leading to lower rates of maternal mortality.[i]
For families and communities, investments in girls’ education can reduce poverty, and evidence shows that better educated girls have fewer, healthier and more educated children. Inclusive education for all girls and boys – regardless of location, ethnic background or disability status — is a primary mechanism for breaking the structural inequalities that impede sustainable development and social cohesion.
For societies, declining rates of child mortality over the past few decades are strongly correlated with women’s increased education levels. Experience and evidence shows that educating girls leads to improvements in national economic growth, better health and an increase in female leadership. Moreover, educating girls has been shown to reduce population growth and, thus, to less population pressures on the environment. There are also indications that investment in education could be a more cost-effective carbon emissions abatement strategy than more direct strategies, due to the strong impact education has on lowering fertility rates and population.[ii]
These are but a few examples of how educating both girls and boys — together with ensuring their health, nutrition, safety and care –may prove to be a decisive determinant of successful, sustainable development.
Education is good for sustainable development
Education is considered by many to be the fundamental tool that links the three core dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental. By integrating sustainability into education for children and young people, we can engender the core values of social justice needed for sustainable societies. In turn, children and young people themselves can create the momentum for long and lasting social transformation through their actions and choices to live sustainably.
Children and young people are not – nor should be seen as — passive “recipients” of development. They are the stakeholders with the most to win or lose from its success or failure. Every day children and young people are innovating and advocating for ideas and solutions to the complex issues that face our communities and our planet. Quality education and learning opportunities are essential for children and young people to have the skills, judgement, confidence and passion to take on these issues. Our common future depends on them. | <urn:uuid:f929c07a-bfbc-497c-b317-d63568144253> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://blog.ungei.org/sustainable-development-starts-with-safe-healthy-and-well-educated-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120881.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00508-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946047 | 898 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Labelling genetically engineered foods could improve public attitudes towards these products.
Some consumers are wary of genetically engineered foods, which will bear mandatory labels in the United States as early as 2020. That requirement has ignited debate about how such labels might affect consumer attitudes towards these products. To address this question, Jane Kolodinsky at the University of Vermont in Burlington and Jayson Lusk at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, surveyed more than 7,800 people across the United States, including in Vermont, the only US state to have mandated labelling of genetically engineered foods.
Respondents were asked to rank their support of genetically engineered foods before and after Vermont implemented its policy. Opposition to genetically engineered foods increased nationwide, whereas it fell by 19% in Vermont over the same period. | <urn:uuid:0b032762-d1f5-42da-8d3d-090e5b34c7ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05572-5?error=cookies_not_supported&code=18f8060b-d71e-47b7-aef3-a2afb75a6bd4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511216.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017195553-20181017221053-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.9715 | 157 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Matariki The Star
Matariki is the star which is connected to well-being and is, at times, viewed as an omen of good fortune and health.
Te Mara Tautane
Historically, many Māori would plant a sacred garden at the rising of Matariki. It was known as “te mara tautane”. All the produce grown within te mara tautane were offered to Rongo, the Māori god of cultivation, and to the star Matariki.
A kumara, for example, might be offered to Tupuanuku, and a kererū or another bird from the forest offered to Tupuarangi. Likewise an eel or freshwater fish would represent Waiti, and some form of shellfish or sea life would be chosen for Waita. Only the best foods would be offered.
Matariki would gather the offerings from below and feast upon them. “Nga kai a Matariki nana i ao ake ki runga”: “the food of Matariki that is scooped up with both hands”. Matariki has accepted the offering and this will ensure it will return next year to bestow its bounty upon the world.
Here's a short list of native plants Maori use for medicinal purposes, many of which are often found in your own garden. They help create wellness and good health.
A versatile herb and one of the most important in Māori medicine. Traditionally used as: antiseptic for cuts and wounds, chewed to relieve toothache, stomach and rheumatic pain, to treat skin disorders and as an insecticide.
A small tree with red-blotched yellowy-green leaves. Traditionally Māori used the leaves to treat skin diseases. It's an antiseptic, and still used today for wounds, cuts and bruises
this plant has mauve-tinged white flowers that appear on stems up to 15cm long
Koromiko is steeped in water, like tea – to treat gastrointestinal problems (a sore stomach)
the plant's main active constituents are tannins which, when applied to the skin, can help to stop bleeding and help to keep infections contained
is easily identified by its purple flowers
the leaves and bark are anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal, and are used in creams and ointments for inflamed, itchy conditions, like eczema
historically, the leaves were used like a bandage
is a variety of tree, rich in mucilaginous polysaccharides, which give it a soothing quality, relieving coughs and digestive upsets, irritations and inflammation
it works well for such conditions as asthma, bronchitis, gastritis and peptic ulcers, among other things
Plant a Plant
Will you plant a New Zealand native in recognition of Matariki? Perhaps the whole class can work together, and grow a sacred garden?
Here's a great activity to promote wellness. A lesson in making Kawakawa Balm. This balm is perfect for soothing irritated skin, and for dry lips too. You can make Kawakawa Balm for your friends and family. | <urn:uuid:71e26d93-2a04-4155-ac58-1c3d1876ab0b> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.inmotion.org.nz/matariki-the-star | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573121.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917203354-20190917225354-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.947402 | 680 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Barrie Foot Clinic
Foot care is important for everyone, but for the person with diabetes, it is essential. Diabetes affects the nervous system and circulation. It slows the natural healing process, and increases the risk of infection, so that minor injuries may quickly become serious.
The feet are often the first part of the body to be affected by this disease, but serious problems can be prevented by paying careful attention to your feet on a daily basis.
“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” was never so true as for feet affected by diabetes. Poor foot care can lead to serious problems, and even amputation.
Why is Special Care Required?
Foot problems are common in people with diabetes. This is why you need to check your feet for cuts, abrasions and signs of irritation everyday and to protect them with proper footwear. When you do not protect your feet properly, infections can develop from minor injuries.
Here are a Few Reasons Why This Happens:
- Diabetes can damage nerves in the feet making them less sensitive to pain. This means that you may not feel a minor cut or abrasion until severe infection develops.
- Diabetes can cause reduced circulation. This is a problem since proper blood flow is necessary for healing injuries.
- Elevated blood glucose can interfere with the body’s ability to fight infection from cuts and abrasions, It also hampers the healing process. You can reduce your risk of infection by keeping your blood glucose under control. Also, learn how to properly care for your feet. It will pay off as you get older.
How to Care For Your Feet
Your chiropodist (foot specialist) will teach you how diabetes affects your feet, and will set up a foot care program for you. Most people with diabetes can care for their own feet, however, diabetics with diminished eyesight and neuropathy should be seen on a regular basis for evaluation and foot care. To properly care for your feet, you should do the following each day:
- Wash your feet with mild soap and lukewarm water. Always check the water temperature with your elbow or another part of your body where sensation is good before putting your feet in.
- Never soak your feet for longer than 5 minutes. This dries the skin and makes it more prone to cracking and infection.
- Use a soft washcloth to clean your feet thoroughly and get all the soap off.
- Use a soft towel to dry your feet, especially between your toes. Never dry or warm your feet by putting them on or near a radiator or heater.
Inspect your heels and the tops and bottoms of your feet for skin irritations or breakdown. Look for sores, cuts, blisters, cracks between the toes and blue, purple or white spots. Be sure your feet feel warm and that there are not any red "hot" spots or swelling. As well, check for irritation or scaling between the toes. If you cannot see the bottoms of your feet, use a mirror. If you are unable to examine your feet yourself, have someone do it for you. Notify your chiropodist immediately if anything looks unusual.
Apply a water-soluble moisturising cream to keep you skin soft. This is especially important for dry and calloused skin. Never use cream between your toes or on open soars. Do not use perfumed lotions that contain alcohol.
Corns and Callouses
- Gently and gradually rub down corns, callouses and other hard skin with a pumice stone or emery board. This is most effective after a bath or shower.
- See your Chiropodist if you cannot examine your feet adequately, have reduced sensation, or if you have poor circulation. Have your chiropodist remove corns or callouses if they are a problem, never remove them yourself. Also over-the-counter corn and callous remedies contain acid and could burn your skin.
- Cut your nails after a bath when they are soft.
- To avoid cutting skin around the toe, trim toenails straight across using nail clippers, or file with an emery board. Do not use scissors.
- Carefully file sharp toenail edges to prevent them from cutting into adjacent skin.
- If it is difficult to trim your own nails, or if you have reduced sensation or poor circulation, schedule an appointment with your chiropodist
Wearing proper footwear is essential in preventing and healing foot ailments. Diabetics and high-risk patients should schedule a footwear education appointment with their chiropodist. It is also advisable to bring along footwear that you are presently wearing. Sometimes special insoles are made to go into your shoes to make you comfortable and prevent problems.
Reducing the Risks
What Should I do if I have an Infection?
An Infection may be present if you see any combination of these symptoms:
- Open sores
- Red streaks
You may not feel any pain in this area due to the loss of sensation. The first thing you should do is call your chiropodist or physician. If it is after office hours, call your doctor’s emergency number.
For a minor infection, your chiropodist will clean the infection and may suggest antibiotics to keep the infection from spreading and help heal it. You will need to dress your wound at least once per day. Your chiropodist will want to see you for follow-up visits to be sure the infection is healing properly.
Prompt detection of an infection in its earliest stages will help to avoid a possible hospital stay. In addition to diabetics, the following conditions are also at risk for severe foot problems and should be seen regularly by a chiropodist:
- poor circulation
- systemic disorders
- visual impairment
- foot infections
moisturizing cream to keep you skin soft | <urn:uuid:991238d4-32df-405e-b40f-39d32dbb883b> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.barriefootclinic.com/services/diabetic-footcare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574665.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921211246-20190921233246-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.939014 | 1,206 | 3.109375 | 3 |
After a few days break, here I am again.
Today I want to tell you about the cat’s taste.
The cat has a sharp sense of smell. Much better than man. Instead, cat’s taste is less developed.
The content of today’s post:
Feline does not chew but swallow
The role of the experience
Feline does not mesh but swallow
We all know that the cat is a feline. One smaller one. The big cats are perfectly suited to predatory life. Their teeth reveal many features of diet and lifestyle.
The small skull provides limited space for the teeth (16 on the upper jaw and 14 on the lower jaw). The four canines positioned on both jaws use pruning and killing the leek. Most felines penetrate the throat.
Molars work like scissors. Thus, the cats cut the meat into pieces that can be swallowed.
The lower jaw can only be moved vertically. That’s why cats don’t chew but swallow.
Domestic cats suffer from various tooth disorders. Especially tartar. That’s why veterinarians insist that cats be fed only with dry food. Breaking croquettes and friction on the tooth reduce tartar. Nature fights dental affections through a certain diet. But I give them to spoil, sometimes and wet food. But just as spoiled.
The role of the experience
Mother’s food influences the composition of amniotic fluid and milk consumed by chicken. It is the first step towards the development of the taste sensation.
After birth, the environment influences food preferences. The cat is always drawn to new food. If it is more palatable, it has a good chance of being quickly accepted. The refusal of a new, even palatable, meal occurs, especially in stressful situations. For example a brutal change in diet or the environment. That’s why when we change the cat’s diet we have to do it gradually, within two, three weeks. We were mixing the food from the two diets: initially more of the old diet, then gradually mixing more of the new one.
If a cat gets sick after ingestion of a toxic product, she learns to avoid it in the future.
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Taste and palatability are not the same things. Palatability is essential when the cat decides to eat something. Palatability is the term describing how much cat likes the taste, smell and texture of the food.
Quality food is formulated not only to be nutritious but also to be palatable. The value of quality food lies not only in its ingredients but also in the fact that it is consumed by the cat. When she eat with pleasure means that the goal has been reached.
Major manufacturers are investing in studies that determine the happiest combination of ingredients and processing technology. This results in nutritious and palatable food.
Cats are attracted not only by the taste of the food but also by its color, aroma, and texture. They are interested in the shape and size of the grain and prefer the acid taste.
Among the most important elements that contribute to greater palatability are fat, acidity, and dehydration.
In the pet food industry, palatability is a concept that is based on an optimal partition system, the use of top quality raw materials, the control of the technological process. Both the raw materials and the feed obtained are stabilized against oxidation and protected from microbial alteration.
The cat, strictly carnivorous, is very sensitive to the presence of certain amino acids associated with animal proteins. But the false impression is that the cat only prefers fish or meat. This preference varies greatly depending on the individual.
The cat has its own way of testing fat, each type of fat is characterized by a certain length of the fatty acid chain. For example, the cat refuses certain vegetable oils characterized by an average length of the fatty acid chain. She gives great attention to texture and granulation. He does not like the very small particles.
With several cats, I noticed that some prefer sunflower oil. Others, coconut oil. Others, pig fat. Butter. It is clear that preferences vary according to the individual.
The cat is very sensitive to bitter taste, not supporting it. For example, refuse food containing sweeteners with a bitter taste like saccharin. The sense of taste varies from one specimen to another. The cat detects salt only in higher concentration.
Instead there are cats who love sweet ones.
Taste helps cats test the taste of the food they provide. Soil, gastric and pancreatic secretions are stimulated. Receptors or taste buds are part of the taste buds. These were located on the upper surface of the tongue, the palatal mucosa, epiglottis and pharynx. By comparison, the dog has more starters than the cat.
These receptors are functional from birth, but they take a few weeks to mature. The intensity of taste perception decreases with age.
Certain diseases or the administration of certain drugs alter taste sensitivity. Cells are connected to the brain where sensations are recorded: a meal will be accepted later.
The cat appreciates the food by associating the two senses: taste and olfactory. They have clear preferences for animal products. In the pet food industry, the raw materials and flavors used are processed from ingredients of animal origin.
Especially for cats, we have to take into account the cat’s preferences and how he appreciates the taste of the food offered. And not just for cats of race. If we love our cat, we want to have it healthy and enjoy it as long as possible.
They have a formidable instigation and will refuse food they do not like.
Fortunately, there are plenty of cat food available on market . Even for sensitive cats or dietary foods for various diseases. It depends on us what kind of food we offer. But first of all, he must satisfy their nutritional needs of cats and be of good quality.
I would love to read your comments. Or maybe you have questions to try to answer.
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The primary objective of the Residential Building Technology is to create very high quality housing using local designs and improved productivity to lower costs.
The technology is designed to have infinite flexibility to respond to local and cultural architectural expressions. The technology does this by producing universal, floor to ceiling building modules which are small enough to be flexible in design and yet large enough to be cost efficient. The modules are manipulated (like "Lego" blocks) to create an infinite variety of floor plans and exterior forms. They act as the structure, create all of the interior partitions and give very high quality pre-finished interior surfaces, all using a single composite casting of concrete.
The modules are three dimensional and work as multi-purpose housing elements. They enclose residential functions such as closets, cabinets, bathtubs, counters, kitchen appliances, libraries, fireplaces and stairs, or enclose total rooms while acting as structural elements. Integrated within each module is a conduit network used for the distribution of electrical and communications systems. The modules are self-standing, which assists the manufacturing, handling and construction processes and their shape also gives a building the inherent lateral stability required in regions with high earthquake risk.
Substantial cost savings are achieved by using fundamental principles that are valid in any country. The technology was designed to execute local designs, use local materials and labour and achieve local affordability. The technology uses significantly less material and simplifies the total building process by eliminating layers of construction used by traditional methods. These reductions, when multiplied by local material and labour unit prices, result in less cost and higher productivity and efficiency. Lower costs increase the financial viability for owners and customers alike.
The technology is capable of very high volumes while producing consistent high quality. The high productivity is due to simplicity, as the technology uses only one universal module of five sizes which can be mass produced without regard to where the modules may eventually be used. Each module is interchangeable and can be used for residential or hotel functions, in a one storey or in a high rise building.
The high quality interior finishes are the result of the casting process and do not depend on highly skilled craftsmen or special materials. Locally available labour pours local concrete into the special forms and the result is a prefinished surface equal to the finest plaster, ready for final paint or wall covering. This eliminates the need for additional layers of finishes that require skilled craftsmen, time and money. The production can be done either in a local precast yard or at the construction site.
The technology is an "open" system and works with locally available building sub-components such as doors, windows, plumbing and heating systems. Interior doors, exterior windows and plumbing fit in the spaces between the modules. The module shapes mean that precast joints are not seen. Windows can also be installed in a unique casting of the technology that provides a decorative window frame as well as effective weatherproofing.
The height of the modules is normally one storey and the exact dimension is variable to accommodate any desired ceiling height. The technology uses precast concrete floor slabs of standard widths or uses special floor slabs that eliminate the exposed ceiling joints in a room. This eliminates the need for a concrete topping and permits direct application of carpet, wood or other floor covering.
In addition to the energy saving benefits of high thermal mass, due to the use of concrete, and the use of daylighting and passive solar energy, the modules incorporate piping for radiant heating and cooling, which can be fed from green sources of energy, such as geo-thermal, so they act as thermal mass energy storage batteries and radiators.
The exterior shape of the buildings is formed by the various modules but it is not left as exposed concrete. In cold climates, the exterior is insulated and clad with local materials such as brick, stone, stucco, wood or glass, respecting local architectural and cultural traditions. This method follows Canada's National Research Council recommendation that the structure be insulated on the outside, keeping the structure warm and preventing its expansion and contraction. In warm climates, and if no insulation is needed, the exterior concrete can be painted or textured with cement finishes.
In addition to the many benefits of the technology, buildings built with concrete have
the benefits of being permanent, durable, fireproof and have excellent acoustic qualities.
Concrete, as a construction material, is recognized around the world and the technology
has never required special approvals or building codes.
Canal 111, 48 Luxury Condominiums, Ottawa, Canada
Royal Highlands, Proposed Luxury Condominium, Florida, USA
Canal 111, Luxury Townhouses, Ottawa, Canada
Key Largo Yacht and Tennis Club, 750 townhouses, Florida, USA
Single Family House, New Town of Kanata, Canada
Kolomyagi Apartments, 600 apts, St. Petersburg, Russia (under construction)
Proposed Housing, 45 m2, South Africa | <urn:uuid:b85ddf76-a7a3-46ad-ae69-b242c2344751> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://teron.ca/res.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020010834-20171020030834-00731.warc.gz | en | 0.927808 | 1,005 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Racism, cartoonists, rich whites, land distribution under spotlight on Human Rights Day
South Africans from all walks of life commemorated the Sharpeville Massacre on Monday, with politicians using the day to encourage national unity, while President Jacob Zuma complained about “racist” cartoonists.
Zuma spent the day in Durban where he told the thousands gathered at the Moses Mabhida Stadium to unite against racism. This year’s theme was South Africans United Against Racism following the recent racial incidents in the country.
Zuma warned against racists, such as cartoonists, who used art as a form of expression.
“We should thus be alert to subtle and disguised racism perpetuated through the stereotyping of individuals or groups of people in the media, through cartoons and satire.
“Earlier this year, our country experienced explosions of anger due to racist utterances and writings which reminded South Africans that the vestiges of white supremacy and racism still exist in some sections of society,” he said.
Human rights under attack
While Zuma called for unity, the DA’s Athol Trollip said human rights were under attack.
He said freedom was more than the ability to vote.
“Real freedom is being given the opportunity to turn dreams into realities, no matter who you are, what you do or where you come from. We have a long way to go in achieving this type of reconciliation and equality; racism is sadly still part of our daily lives and we all have a responsibility to root it out,” said Trollip.
His message was echoed by the party’s Mpumalanga leader, James Masango, who spent his day in Nhlazatshe in Albert Luthuli Municipality where he told those in attendance that as the country commemorated the day, thousands of people in Mpumalanga still lived in squalor.
He blamed the situation on the ruling party.
“You, here in Albert Luthuli Municipality, have to make do with dirty tap water you consume daily, the high rate of unemployment, children becoming orphans because some of their parents lost their lives to HIV/Aids, and access to proper health care is inadequate,” he said.
Legacy of slavery
The EFF reminded the country about the history of slavery and said South Africa still suffered anti-black racism because of the legacies of slavery, colonialism and apartheid.
Spokesperson, Mbuyiseni Ndlozi, said those histories ensured that generation after generation, black people were reproduced as inferior, cheap and disposable people who lived for the advancement of white people.
“Until there is land restoration and a process which reorganises black people’s settlements in terms of housing, sanitation and access to basic services like electricity and water; until black people can get access to quality education up to university level and have access to decent capital to engage in the development of new industries which produce for people and not for profit; until such a time all these are realised, the humanity of black people will remain obscure to the white world,” he said.
He called for the expropriation of land without compensation for equal redistribution.
Marikana and Sharpeville
DA leader Mmusi Maimane was in Sharpeville where he said the tragedy that resulted in the killing of 69 people in Sharpeville in 1960 was repeated during the Marikana shootings at the Lonmin platinum mine in August 2012.
During that incident, police shot striking mine workers, killing 34 of them and injuring dozens more. In Sharpeville, police opened fire on thousands of protesters who had been protesting against pass laws, killing 69 and injuring dozens.
“We stand here because none of us ever thought that what we saw in Sharpeville would be repeated in Marikana, where the government we thought we democratically elected would one day mow down our own people in the same way that it did in Sharpeville,” said Maimane.
Maimane and other DA officials visited the memorial site to take part in a wreath laying ceremony to commemorate the victims. It was also visited by former president and deputy president, Kgalema Motlanthe, and other delegates. - News24 | <urn:uuid:806fde0a-487c-44da-9842-2b3f94a9162f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://mg.co.za/article/2016-03-22-racism-cartoonists-rich-whites-land-redistribution-under-spotlight-on-human-rights-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823442.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210191406-20181210212906-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.962042 | 887 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Free Of Charge Classes On Morality Help Clientele Undermine Liberties
Rules is actually a organised method of rules enforced and designed by governmental or societal organizations to control habits, with regards to its particular classification a concerns of longstanding disagreement. In the past, it has been variously described as the method of regulation and also the scientific disciplines of laws. For several, legislation may be the embodiment of social consensus or identified norms for practices which can be passed on through the societal institutional communities. Other individuals see rules as being a law rule that regulates the behavior of persons within the society in question.
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In more recent years, even so, attorneys have increasingly realized that regulation as well as legal system usually are not static entities but residing organizations that continuously connect with the other person and having ordinary people. This concept is simply not new however it has received certain awareness over the past three decades. Present day lawful devices are extremely complicated programs of judicial, laws and regulations interpretations which might be modified to changing situations. Thus legal guidelines are, by their the outdoors, regularly transforming. The battle, then, is how you can remain consistently over switching tendencies from the legislation since they take place. This is not always easy, as record implies that what the law states is generally patchy and tends to turn into much less appropriate since it becomes aged.
The complexness of the legal system and the volume of laws and regulations make evaluating and understanding the rules an challenging job for lots of. This is where the function of legal counsel ends up being vital. A lawyer is an individual who assumes the responsibility of defending a client charged with some breach. On the other hand, breach of regulations. In several ways, legal professionals are thought to be the vanguard with the safety. For their engagement in the safety of their consumers, legal professionals spend several hours mastering the countless regulations that control conduct in lots of aspects of lifestyle.
Along with examining legislation in the declare by which they practice regulation, law firms also research felony regulations, which is the system of regulations concerned with offenses with the declare, federal government, and modern society generally speaking. Legal legislation, like civil laws, is really extensive with its subject matter. Virtually something is often charged underneath the legal umbrella, like murder, sexual assault, conspiracy, fraud and torture and so on. Without a doubt, the chance of charges to extend to almost any offense imaginable helps make felony laws a particularly vital place to are dedicated to for the aspiring legal professional.
Simply because several criminal acts are punished even more seriously than other criminal offenses, legal representatives see the requirement to coach them selves with regards to the quite a few guidelines that belong to their area of apply. One particular put to get this done is through their neighborhood unlawful courtroom property. Listed here, they can enroll in lectures and training seminars provided by police force officers and appropriate specialists concerning the regulations that they can characterize. By knowing what local courts are doing, solicitors can learn exactly what they need to do presenting an effective protection with their purchasers.
University students thinking about finding out about the legislation will discover a wealthy way to obtain information and facts through the many public libraries across the nation. These libraries include amounts of current and former rules mags, together with countless microfilms obtainable through internet access. Around the law catalogue, rules university students can find what the law states resource tutorials necessary for courses and often will often have access to the web directories that let them seek out legislation collection resources they desire. Along with the lot of information and facts available through the internet, law college students can locate nearly anything they need to understand about the law. A chance to search through 1000s of directories will permit them to totally get ready on their own for that nightclub test.
For those who are definitely attorneys, the capability to grow their knowledge beyond the classroom is likely to make them more valuable with their organization. Several legal representatives sign up for no cost training on moral and law procedures that will be performed at open up educational facilities. By taking these training, legal representatives achieve the expertise they will need to properly symbolize clients from the courtroom. Should they shed an instance that could be centered mainly on investigation they performed within their free classes with an wide open university, legislation college tuition could be very pricey, and attorneys could generate losses. Therefore, law firms usually elect to bring no cost classes that allow them to increase their knowledge about the law and build their skills to enable them to properly depict their customers.
As world is becoming more technical in recent times, so has the necessity for appropriate experts who are properly trained to all areas of legal requirements. Put simply, there is a demand for lawyers to focus on different regions of what the law states. Unlawful law, as an example, takes a one of a kind pair of awareness and expertise that only a specific pair of specialized expertise could actually support a criminal attorney at law. Illegal safeguard law firms, on the other hand, guard illegal conditions from felony defendants, while civil regulation deals with questions regarding the courts in addition to their working. Regardless of what an attorney at law does, they must stand for the more expensive ethical expectations of mankind. Along with other matters, legal professionals guarantee that their clients’ legal rights are covered.
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Much more recommendations from advised publishers: | <urn:uuid:b0b2e002-fa57-4e4d-adfb-f46ac5df8bf3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://overbookplan.com/3079-free-of-charge-classes-on-morality-help-clientele-undermine-liberties-13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100229.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130161920-20231130191920-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.965373 | 1,120 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Couscous is a popular Berber dish made with semolina traditionally served with meat or vegetable stew spooned over it. It is a staple food throughout Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Libya. Couscous name is derived from Berber seksu meaning well rolled, well formed, rounded. Couscous is known by different names around the world such as Seksu or Kesksu in Arabic which is pronounced as kuskus.
In Tunisia and Libya it is called as kuseksi. Couscous was elected as the third favorite dish of French people in 2011 in a study by TNS Sofres for magazine Vie Pratique Gourmand and the first in East of France. To this day, couscous is known as the ‘North Africa national dish’. Couscous was known to the Nasrid royalty in Granada and in the 13th century a Syrian historian from Aleppo includes four references for couscous.
These early mentions show that couscous spread rapidly, but generally that couscous was common from Tripolitania to the west, while from Cyrenaica to the east the main cuisine was Egyptian, with couscous as an occasional dish. Today, in Egypt and the Middle East, couscous is known, but in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Libya couscous is a staple. Couscous was taken from Syria to Turkey in the 16th century and is eaten in most of the southern provinces. It is also staple of Sicilian cuisine.
Couscous is traditionally made with semolina but in some regions it is also made from coarsely ground barley or pearl millet. In Brazil, the traditional couscous is made from cornmeal. Traditionally, North Africans use a food steamer to properly cook the couscous which is light and fluffy and not gummy or gritty. This steamer is called as kiskas in Arabic or a couscoussiere in French. The base is a tall metal pot shaped rather like an oil jar in which the meat and vegetables are cooked as a stew.
On top of the base, a steamer sits where the couscous is cooked, absorbing the flavors from the stew. The lid to the steamer has holes around its edge so steam can escape. It is also possible to use a pot with a steamer insert. If the holes are too big the steamer can be lined with damp cheesecloth. The couscous is generally served with vegetables (carrots, potatoes, turnips etc) which cooked in a spicy or mild broth or stew and some meat which includes chicken, lamb or mutton.
The couscous is usually steamed several times until it is very fluffy and pale in color. It is then sprinkled with almonds, cinnamon and sugar. Traditionally, this dessert will be served with milk perfumed with orange flower water, or it can be served plain with buttermilk in a bowl as a cold light soup for supper. Another way to eat couscous is as a dessert; it is prepared with dates, sesame, and pure honey, and locally referred to as "maghrood".
In Tunisia, it is made mostly spicy with harissa sauce, it is served with almost everything, including lamb, beef, camel, and poultry. Fish couscous is Tunisian specialty; it can be also made with octopus in hot red spicy sauce. Couscous in Tunisia is served on every occasion; it is also served sweetened as dessert called masfouf, mostly during Ramadan.
The instant couscous dish from Morocco is easy and doesn’t actually take a long time. To prepare this scrumptious dish, firstly wash and chop up the vegetables. Add some oil into a large frying pan and heat. Add the onion and fennel and fry for 1 minute. Reduce heat and add the other vegetables. Simmer for 5 Minutes. Meanwhile put the cous-cous into the vegetable stock and leave for 5 minutes or until the liquid is absorbed. Add all the spices to the vegetables and finally stir in the cous-cous.
For detailed recipe, click on the link below:
Couscous is among the healthiest grain-based products. It has a glycemic load per gram 25% below that of pasta. It has a superior vitamin profile to pasta, containing twice as much riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, and folate, and containing four times as much thiamine and pantothenic acid.
Couscous (spicy vegetable couscous) is made from two different sizes of the husked and crushed, but unground, semolina of hard wheat using water to bind them. Semolina is the hard part of the grain of hard wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum), that resisted the grinding of the relatively primitive medieval millstone.
When hard wheat is ground, the endosperm—the floury part of the grain—is cracked into its two parts, the surrounding aleurone with its proteins and mineral salts and the central floury mass, also called the endosperm, which contains the gluten protein that gives hard wheat its unique properties for making couscous and pasta--that is, pasta secca or dried pasta, also called generically macaroni. Couscous is also the name for all of the prepared dishes made from hard wheat or other grains such as barley, millet, sorghum, rice, or maize. Enjoy Cooking! | <urn:uuid:b6fd3113-750f-4fb8-af85-bfd40df72d91> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://vahrehvah.com/indianfood/couscous-from-morocco | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655898347.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709034306-20200709064306-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.966092 | 1,145 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Fighting Nature-Deficit Disorder & Research
Today, a child’s life is spent mostly indoors. The fundamental nature of childhood has changed in a single generation. Eighty percent of Americans live in metropolitan areas & most of us are not within walking distance of a park. The unstructured outdoor childhood has all but vanished. For many adults, this change has been so gradual that it has gone unnoticed and their children do not know any different lifestyle. Some say that the internet has replaced the woods in terms of inventive space. Most teens are not comfortable in the woods and they do not choose to be there. They are suffering from nature-deficit disorder, a descriptive phrase coined to help sound a warning about this growing trend.**
To make things worse, our youth have been bombarded with information on how our world is failing -- on overuses of and abuses to our lands. For years, environmental tactics have been used to scare and shame young people into doing the “right thing” in the hopes that they will grow up as responsible stewards. But, these tactics may be having the opposite effect. By associating nature with fear and doom, children are turned off emotionally. By making them feel responsible for the Earth’s problems, they are becoming more distanced instead of connected. Many teens have lost all feeling of joy for the natural world that surrounds them.
** In his book “Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder,” (Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2005), Richard Louv directly links the absence of nature in the lives of today’s wired generation to some of the most disturbing childhood trends: the rise in obesity, attention disorders, and depression. This is the first book to bring together a body of research indicating that direct exposure to nature is essential for healthy childhood development and for the physical and emotional health of children and adults.
Curious about what research has to say?
A growing body of research indicates that direct exposure to nature is essential for our physical and emotional health. One useful website that has compiled relevant research on the benefits to young people from their contact with the outdoors & nature is the Children and Nature Network. Their work compiles research abstracts with links to the original studies - downloadable from their website.
What we need to do...
We need to acknowledge the importance of nature in our lives and recognize that unstructured time spent in the out-of-doors is not just leisure time -- it’s an essential investment in our children’s health. It is as important to nurture creativity and wonder as to instill self-discipline and other essential values in our children. We need to reverse the trend of nature-deficit disorder while there is still a generation with fond memories of outdoor experiences. We need to help teens get outside -- to simply spend time in their natural surroundings, so they can begin to enter nature through their own imaginations. We need to do what we can to reconnect teens with nature by increasing their opportunities to get outside.
Nature is not a place to visit. It is home.
~ Gary Snyder | <urn:uuid:73ec19d2-28c6-4fbb-a7db-e1454fb278ac> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.teenstotrails.org/nature-deficit-disorder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207924919.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113204-00241-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95453 | 642 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Explore the world, flag by flag
From Antigua to New Zealand discover the flags of the world with this updated edition of Complete Flags of the World.
Learn all about flags from around the world - from the meaning behind country flags, national flags, world flags, state flags and naval flags to the meanings of flag symbols. Spanning geography, communications, politics, sport, history, culture, design and art, this is the ultimate book of flags, covering over 400 flags and flag history, explaining the widespread use and significance of flags and flag design. Each national flag is covered: detailed notes and annotations will tell you all about its history, design development, the significance of colours, symbols, crests and coats of arms and any recent changes.
Complete Flags of the World is the perfect guide to flags for the budding vexillophile.
Number Of Pages: 320
Published: 28th May 2014
Publisher: Dorling Kindersley Ltd
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 21.7 x 12.5 x 2.1
Weight (kg): 0.39
Edition Number: 4 | <urn:uuid:9690a900-3213-4f89-9da4-f6de7131320d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.booktopia.com.au/complete-flags-of-the-world-dorling-kindersley/prod9781409353713.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542520.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00068-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.796012 | 230 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Less than a fifth of children and youth with disabilities on the island of Ireland get the recommended daily amount of exercise, a report found.
The 2022 report, Northern and Southern Ireland Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents, rates the overall level of physical activity children get as a minus C and assigns an F score for activity levels among children with disabilities.
This means that 40-46 percent of children and adolescents get the recommended physical activity, an increase in 2016 when 27-33 percent of teens reached the minimum activity level.
The report, which assessed physical activity among children and youth with disabilities for the first time this year, found that less than 20 percent of children and youth with disabilities reached the minimum activity level.
It is recommended that children ages six to 17 get a minimum of 60 minutes each day, or an average of at least 60 minutes each day of the week, of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity.
Dr Kwok Ng of the University of Limerick, one of the researchers involved in analyzing the new disability rates featured in the 2022 report, told the PA news agency: “The global recommendation is to have the same level of physical activity for all children, whether they are disabled, physical disability, intellectual disability or not.
“Of course, we recognize there will be challenges faced by children with different types of disorders, but the evidence suggests there are still health benefits to be achieved from the same level of recommendations.”
The report also found that children with disabilities need more family and peer support to be physically active than the general population.
Dr Ng continued: “So for example, if you have someone with a physical impairment and they want to go and play on the playground, it may not be accessible to them. They may need to rely on transportation to help them get somewhere, and that may not necessarily be accessible.
“And this is one of the things we take away from this, is that there is this huge gap and there has to be a way to address it.
“We want them to have the same opportunities and that they can try to exercise as much as they can… and we have to be able to give them that opportunity to do that.”
While there has been a slight increase in overall physical activity levels across the island of Ireland since 2016, the report identifies a number of inequalities in reaching these recommended minimums.
More men met the guidelines than women; younger children are more likely to meet the guidelines than adolescents; and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds meet the guidelines less often.
It also found that future reports would need to consider the impact of Covid-19 restrictions and the overall pandemic on physical activity, when more robust data becomes available.
Policy director at the Institute of Public Health Dr Helen McAvoy said of the findings: “This report on children’s physical activity is timely as it coincides with the recent publication of a review of the Irish government’s National Physical Activity Plan.
“Progress has been made but strategic investments are clearly needed to accelerate progress and extend the benefits of physical activity to all children, including those living with social disadvantage and children with disabilities.”
The chair of the research working group, Dr Angela Carlin from the School of Sport at Ulster University, said: “Gender inequalities are also evident, with more men than women meeting physical activity guidelines, particularly in adolescents, while we also find socioeconomic inequalities. status, with children and youth from poorer backgrounds meeting the guidelines less frequently.
“These findings underscore the need to address these inequalities to provide all children and youth with equal opportunities to be physically active and healthy.”
The 2022 Report Card is the third report of its kind for Ireland and Northern Ireland and provides scores across 11 indicators for physical activity among minors.
The report card for the island of Ireland was created as part of the Global Alliance for Healthy Active Children, which was founded in 2014 to promote sport and physical activity among children and youth.
Irish report cards are funded by the Public Health Agency, the Irish Department of Health and Wellness, Northern Ireland Sport, Irish Sport and the Institute of Public Health. | <urn:uuid:0d93e3b0-d1d5-41f5-9362-d2dffbcf9bf4> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://zielinski01.com/kids-and-youths-are-usually-not-getting-really-helpful-ranges-of-train-research-finds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710662.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128203656-20221128233656-00822.warc.gz | en | 0.961222 | 851 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Newfoundland and Labrador
As a result of a reform movement in the 1820s, the Colony of Newfoundland was first granted representative government in 1832. The Assembly consisted of 15 Members from nine electoral districts. The Governor and Legislative Council (Upper House) were appointed by the Crown. In 1855, Newfoundland was granted responsible government. The House of Assembly was increased to 29 Members (from 15 electoral districts), and the Cabinet became responsible to the Assembly. Prior to this, the appointed Legislative Council was the Cabinet and was not responsible to the Assembly.
The Dominion's first prime minister was Philip Francis Little.
The deteriorating financial situation of the Dominion in the 1930s resulted in a commission of inquiry (Amulree Royal Commission), which recommended that responsible government be suspended and governance be given over to an appointed commission. In December 1933, after 78 years of responsible government, the Newfoundland House of Assembly effectively voted itself out of existence. The arrangement was meant to be brief, but it lasted for 15 years.
In 1946, Newfoundlanders went to the polls to elect Members of a National Convention who would assemble at Colonial Building in St. John’s to debate options for governance.
By 1948, the preferred options were recommended; two referenda later, Confederation with Canada was chosen by a small majority of the population. On March 31, 1949, Newfoundland (renamed Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001) became Canada's 10th province.
The first Premier following confederation was Joseph R. Smallwood.
The first House of Assembly met on January 1, 1833, at a tavern and lodging house located on Duckworth Street in St. John's. It met at three more locations (the former Court House on Duckworth Street; a building on Water Street and the former St. Patrick’s Hall on Queen’s Road) before moving to the Colonial Building in 1850, Newfoundland’s first purpose-built Legislature. The House of Assembly continued to meet there until 1960 when it moved to the 9th and 10th floors of the Confederation Building. In 1991, the House of Assembly opened for the first time in its present location, on the main floor of the Confederation Building.
The female right to vote (and to run for public office) was granted in 1925 in the Dominion of Newfoundland. Lady Helena Squires was the first woman elected to the House of Assembly, in a by-election on May 17, 1930. Hazel Newhook and Lynn Verge were the first women to serve as Cabinet ministers, both appointed in 1979. Kathy Dunderdale, sworn in on December 3, 2010, was the province’s first female Premier. | <urn:uuid:bfb702ec-a9c2-4679-94f1-8ebb6e27dbb6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.assembly.nl.ca/VisitLearn/History.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.977645 | 539 | 3.625 | 4 |
This resource is aimed at KS4 students and is useful as it covers the following learning objectives...
- Identify what SUVAT stands for.
- Describe which of the SUVAT equations you should use when a variable is missing.
- Explain, using calculations, different values for displacement and velocity by using the SUVAT equations.
- Apply your understanding of the SUVAT equations to find values for acceleration, time and initial velocity in a given situation.
- Link your understanding of the SUVAT equations to perform multi-step calculations.
There are differentiation opportunities for lower and higher ability students (check the green challenge questions). I have also included feedback boxes, in which you should put students names to keep individuals engaged and ready to learn and feedback. | <urn:uuid:c1f20e31-555f-4eba-a852-fb24d1cb6dab> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/suvat-11647752 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746639.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120191321-20181120213321-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.914352 | 153 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Elwha Dam Removal
A $324.7 million restoration project, which involves tearing down the massive concrete walls along Elwha River.
Carbon Dioxide Research
WWU graduate student Zach Thammavongsy's researched breaking down carbon dioxide.
17 prominent ecologists, including WWU's Dave Hooper, are calling for renewed international efforts to curb the loss of biological diversity.
- Tsunami Research - $6,723 Awarded
- Hurricane Research - $32,000 Awarded
- Shannon Point Research - $508,300 Awarded
- Biofuels Research - $430,000 Awarded
- WWU Energy Program - $25,000 Awarded
- Snow Pollutants Research - $4,000 Awarded
- WTA Hybrid Bus Purchases - $2.82 Million Awarded
- Sediment Accretion Research - $12,567 Awarded
- Bellingham Green Communities Project - $9.9 Million Awarded
- WWU Resilient Farms Project - $1,100 Awarded | <urn:uuid:e55ca1ec-9520-4db3-8b4c-ed117d826817> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.wwu.edu/sustain/research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00074-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851319 | 220 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Here you see the videoclips of Edge. The videos are taken using a flexible endoscope inserted via the nose. Stroboscopic light is used so the vibration of the vocal folds can be seen in slow motion. The flashing of the stroboscopic light is triggered using the Laryngograph signal. This is obtained by placing two electrodes placed on the neck over the larynx and the waveform can be seen as a a green moving line at the bottom of the image. When the vocal folds are vibrating and touch each other the green line rises and when they peel apart the line falls creating the change in shape of the waveform.
In the video example below notice the loud, scream-like character of the sound and the visual appearance and waveform of Edge.
In Edge the opening of the larynx is even more narrowed, and the cuneiforms are rolled in even more than in Overdrive. This makes it hard to see the vocal folds. The narrowing creates an even sharper angle between the arytenoids and the aryepiglottic fold and also an even sharper angle between the aryepiglottic fold and epiglottis. The piriform fossae and area between the back wall (posterior pharyngeal wall) and the larynx becomes very small and is often closed off altogether. The larynx is raised to a higher position (you can see that it gets closer to the camera).
The Edge laryngograph waveform shows a steep onset and a quite long closure of the vocal folds with a gradual roll off. The steep onset indicates that the vocal folds are coming together very rapidly and stay together for longer, so they are closed much longer than they are open. This corresponds nicely with the loud volume often used in Edge.
Sustained single notes in Edge
The first video is a male singing on a sustained single note (C3, 260 Hz) on the vowel A (as in ‘and’) in Edge.
This video is a female singing on a sustained single note (Bb4, 460 Hz) on the vowel A (as in ‘and’) in Edge.
Song in Edge
This video is a male singing the first four bars of “Somewhere over the rainbow” in Edge.
This video is a female singing the first four bars of “Somewhere over the rainbow” in Edge.
Glissando in Edge
This video is a male singing a glissando from low pitch to high pitch returning to low pitch again on the vowel A (as in ‘and’) in Edge. Notice that the waveform stays the same through the Edge pitches – it just gets narrower as the pitch increases.
This video is a female singing a glissando from low pitch to high pitch returning to low pitch again on the vowel A (as in ‘and’) vowel, in Edge. Notice that the shape of the waveform stays the same through the Edge pitches – it just gets narrower as the pitch increases.
This information comes from a study Visual Vocal Mode Test Study on video, with the title ‘Laryngeal gestures and Laryngograph data associated with the four vocal modes as described in the Complete Vocal Technique method of singing teaching.’ This study has not yet been presented. | <urn:uuid:04fd4fbe-2467-4a34-86a5-96c21feb1ffc> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://cvtresearch.com/12687-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305317.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127223432-20220128013432-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.929879 | 696 | 3.25 | 3 |
Myths of Greece and Rome Narrated with Special Reference to Literature and Art
Heard on the rueful stream.”
To separate this section from the remainder of his realm, Pluto surrounded it with the Phlegethon, a river of fire; while the Acheron, a black and deep stream, was to be passed by all souls ere they reached Pluto’s throne and heard his decree. The current of this river was so swift, that even the boldest swimmer could not pass over; and, as there was no bridge, all the spirits were obliged to rely upon the aid of Charon, an aged boatman, who plied the only available skiff—a leaky, worm-eaten punt—from shore to shore. Neither would he allow any soul to enter his bark, unless he was first given a small coin, called the obolus, the ferryman’s fare, which the ancients carefully laid under the tongue of the dead, that they might pass on to Pluto without delay. Charon’s leaky boat no sooner touched the shore than a host of eager spirits pressed forward to claim a place. The cruel boatman repulsed them roughly, and brandished his oars, while he leisurely selected those he would next ferry across the stream.
And press for passage with extended hands.
Now these, now those, the surly boatman bore;
The rest he drove to distance from the shore.”
Virgil (Dryden’s tr.).
All those who could not produce the required obolus were obliged to wait one hundred years, at the end of which time Charon reluctantly ferried them over free of charge.
There was also in Hades the sacred river Styx, by whose waters the gods swore their most irrevocable oaths; and the blessed Lethe, whose waters had the power to make one forget all unpleasant things, thus preparing the good for a state of endless bliss in the Elysian Fields.
Near Pluto’s throne were seated the three judges of Hades, Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Æacus, whose duty it was to question all newly arrived souls, to sort out the confused mass of good and bad thoughts and actions, and place them in the scales of Themis, the blindfolded, impartial goddess of justice, who bore a trenchant sword to indicate that her decrees would be mercilessly enforced. If the good outweighed the evil, the spirit was led to the Elysian Fields; but if, on the contrary, the evil prevailed, the spirit was condemned to suffer in the fires of Tartarus.
The guilty soul within the burning gates
Of Tartarus compel, or send the good
To inhabit, with eternal health and peace,
The valley of Elysium.”
The guilty souls were always intrusted to the three snake-locked Furies (Erinnyes, or Eumenides), who drove them with their stinging lashes to the gates of Tartarus. These deities, who were sisters, and children of Acheron and Nyx, were distinguished by the individual names of Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megæra, and with Nemesis, goddess of revenge, were noted for their hard hearts and the merciless manner in which they hurried the ghosts intrusted to their care over the fiery flood of the Phlegethon, and through the brazen gates of their future place of incessant torment.
His broken rocks, and whirls his surges round.
On mighty columns rais’d sublime are hung
The massy gates, impenetrably strong.
[Pg 165] In vain would men, in vain would gods essay,
To hew the beams of adamant away.
Here rose an iron tow’r: before the gate,
By night and day, a wakeful Fury sate,
The pale Tisiphone; a robe she wore,
With all the pomp of horror, dy’d in gore.”
Virgil (C. Pitt’s tr.).
The three Fates (Mœræ, Parcæ), sisters, also sat near Pluto’s throne. Clotho, the youngest, spun the thread of life, in which the bright and dark lines were intermingled. Lachesis, the second, twisted it; and under her fingers it was now strong, now weak.
Mingle shades of joy and woe,
Hope, and fear, and peace, and strife,
In the thread of human life.”
Atropos, the third sister, armed with a huge pair of shears, remorselessly cut short the thread of life,—an intimation that another soul would ere long find its way down into the dark kingdom of Hades.
When the gates of Tartarus turned on their hinges to receive the newcomer, a chorus of cries, groans, and imprecations from within fell upon his ear, mingled with the whistling of the whips incessantly plied by retributive deities.
What scenes appeared,
O’er all the dreary coasts!
Fires that glow,
Shrieks of woe,
And cries of tortured ghosts.”
[Pg 166] Many victims renowned while on earth for their cruelty found here the just punishment of their sins. Attention was first attracted by a group of beautiful maidens, who carried water to fill a bottomless cask. Down to the stream they hastened, a long procession, filled their urns with water, painfully clambered up the steep and slippery bank, and poured their water into the cask; but when, exhausted and ready to faint from fatigue, they paused to rest for a moment, the cutting lash fell upon their bare shoulders, and spurred them on to renewed efforts to complete a task so hopeless that it has become proverbial. | <urn:uuid:b254105c-3eb1-4885-861c-1d38663a567c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.greekmythology.com/Books/myths_of_greece_and_rome_narrated_with_special_reference_to_literature_and_art/73/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542244.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00229-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959294 | 1,241 | 2.796875 | 3 |
| Difference Between Chickenpox And Measles
Both chickenpox and measles are childhood diseases that children get. However, measles is no longer prevalent as there is a vaccine available from 1969 to protect children from getting the measles virus.
Today, we see most cases of measles among young adults who did not get immunized against the disease as children.There is a difference between chicken pox and measles as parents should know which disease their kids have. This will allow them to take appropriate treatment measures.
Chicken pox is caused by the varicella zoster virus. This virus belongs to the herpes virus family. The virus is capable of causing two separate diseases, namely chickenpox and shingles, which occurs when the dormant virus becomes active in the body.
Chickenpox is a very contagious disease. It spreads mainly by coughing and sneezing, and when a person comes in contact with secretion that oozes out of the skin lesions. Chickenpox causes fever and red itchy rash all over the body. The rash initially starts on the abdomen, back or face, and then it spreads to the rest of the body. The rash first looks like a red lumps that appear like insect bites. Then they lumps become blisters that get filled with clear liquid. Finally the blisters break and form crusts, which then turn in dry brown scabs. Chickenpox blisters are normally present in different stages of maturity. They are more in number on the covered parts of the body. It is also possible to get chickenpox blisters in the mouth, genitals and upper portion of the respiratory tract.
Usually when a person gets chickenpox, he develops lifelong immunity. However, the virus stays dormant in the body and can resurface as shingles. Complications developing from chicken pox are rare, but they can include pneumonia, encephalitis and bacterial infections.
From 1995, a vaccine against chickenpox is available. Most children are meant to be vaccinated between 12 and 15 months of age. Then they are given a booster shot when the reach 4 years. Even with the vaccine, children can still get chickenpox, but a milder version.
Measles is also a viral disease where the infected person gets characteristic spots known as Koplik spots on the tongue and cheek during the early stages. The rash appears a few days later on the face and then it spreads to the other parts of the body. The rash is blotchy in appearance and lasts for around 4 to 7 days. In addition, the person will get fever, cough and tearing from the eyes.
Complications from measles can result in seizures, pneumonia, deafness and encephalitis. Measles usually starts with a mild fever for one to two days along with swelling of the lymph nodes present behind the ears or at the back of the neck. The rash appears even colored, and it can be red or pink in color. It can be itchy. As the rash spreads from the face to the rest of the body, it clears up from the face.
More Articles : | <urn:uuid:b31e0bd8-3458-42ff-b30d-e752e9301def> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.rocketswag.com/health/disease/m/measles/Difference-Between-Chickenpox-And-Measles.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930866.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00320-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955605 | 623 | 3.78125 | 4 |
/arch (Minimum CPU Architecture)
Specifies the architecture for code generation using the Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) and Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (SSE2) instructions.
/arch is only available when compiling for the x86 platform. This compiler option is not available when compiling for x64 or Itanium.
The SSE instructions exist in various Pentium and AMD Athlon processors. The SSE2 instructions only exist on the Pentium 4 processor.
/arch:SSE allows the compiler to use the SSE instructions, and /arch:SSE2 allows the compiler to use the SSE2 instructions.
_M_IX86_FP indicates which, if any, /arch compiler option was used; seefor more information.
The optimizer will choose when and how to make use of the SSE and SSE2 instructions when /arch is specified. SSE and SSE2 instructions will be used for some scalar floating-point computations, when it is determined that it is faster to use the SSE/SSE2 instructions and registers rather than the x87 floating-point register stack. As a result, your code will actually use a mixture of both x87 and SSE/SSE2 for floating-point computations. Additionally, with /arch:SSE2, SSE2 instructions can be used for some 64-bit integer operations.
In addition to using the SSE and SSE2 instructions, the compiler will also use other instructions that are present on the processor revisions that support SSE and SSE2. An example is the CMOV instruction that first appeared in the Pentium Pro revision of the Intel processors.
When compiling with, /arch will have no effect on code generation for managed functions. /arch only affects code generation for native functions.
/arch andcan not be used on the same compiland.
In particular, if the user does not use _controlfp to modify the FP control word, then the run-time startup code will set the x87 FPU control word precision-control field to 53-bits, so all float and double operations within an expression will occur with 53-bit significand and 15-bit exponent. All SSE single-precision operations will, however, use a 24-bit significand/8-bit exponent, and SSE2 double-precision operations will use a 53-bit significand/11-bit exponent. For more information, see.
To illustrate, these differences are possible within a single expression tree, not in cases where there is a user assignment involved after each subexpression:
r = f1 * f2 + d; // Different results are possible on SSE/SSE2.
t = f1 * f2; // Do f1 * f2, round to the type of t. r = t + d; // This should produce the same overall result // regardless whether x87 stack or SSE/SSE2 is used.
controlfp does not change the MXCSR control bits, so with /arch:SSE2, any functionality that depends on using controlfp will be broken.
To set this compiler option in the Visual Studio development environment
Open the project's Property Pages dialog box. For details, see.
Click the C/C++ folder.
Click the Code Generation property page.
Modify the Enable Enhanced Instruction Set property.
To set this compiler option programmatically | <urn:uuid:4df364a3-d747-46c0-9542-abf9dd3d36a1> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/7t5yh4fd(v=vs.80).aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542695.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00289-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.790798 | 718 | 2.859375 | 3 |
sapwood, relatively thin, youngest, outer part of the woody stem of a tree, the part that conducts water and dissolved materials. In the cross section of a tree, the sapwood is recognizable by its texture and color; it is softer and lighter than the inner heartwood. As the tree grows in diameter, the innermost layers of sapwood become heartwood, and new sapwood is produced on the outside of the woody column. See wood.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on sapwood from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Botany: General | <urn:uuid:8b7d20d3-0496-4d0f-b8b2-2cc769048ead> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/science/sapwood.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164050279/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133410-00054-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915703 | 137 | 3.375 | 3 |
PEEK is employed in a variety of additional applications in addition to implantable medical devices including heart valves and vascular grafts. The benefits of adopting implantable PEEK over other materials are thoroughly discussed in this article.
Thermoplastic PEEK, also referred to as polyether ether ketone is a substance. Because it is bio-compatible and resistant to several chemicals and temperatures, implantable PEEK is a preferred material for medical equipment. PEEK is a popular substance for medical devices that are intended to be implanted into patients since it can also be sterilized using conventional methods.
When it comes to implantable medical devices, implantable PEEK is a polymer that has numerous advantages over other materials. PEEK is a popular option for the following four reasons:
- Robustness: Implantable PEEK is incredibly robust, withstanding high temperatures and pressures. This makes PEEK an excellent option for implants like pacemakers and coronary stents that need to be placed deep within the body.
- Toxicity: Implantable PEEK is non-toxic, therefore it doesn’t pose the same concerns for infection or unfavorable side effects as other materials do. Due to this, PEEK is a popular option for medical devices that must be implanted inside the body for extended periods.
- moisture resistance: Implantable PEEK has a high level of resistance to corrosion and moisture, making it perfect for devices that must stay inside the body for a lengthy period. This comprises, among other things, artificial limbs and heart valves.
- Low-cost Manufacturing: Using implantable PEEK in medical devices has several advantages over using other materials, including its lower cost. Because of this, more cheap implants can be created while maintaining high criteria for performance and longevity.
PEEK implants of a high grade are available from Junsun Medical. We welcome you to learn more. | <urn:uuid:d3b28d0c-4241-40a8-9c87-52dabccb5823> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://naasongstelugu.info/what-makes-implantable-peek-better-than-other-materials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510149.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926043538-20230926073538-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.92129 | 384 | 2.609375 | 3 |
|Knox County, Tennessee|
Knox County Courthouse
Location in the state of Tennessee
Tennessee's location in the U.S.
|Founded||June 11, 1792|
526 sq mi (1,362 km²)
508 sq mi (1,316 km²)
17 sq mi (44 km²), 3.29%
751/sq mi (290/km²)
Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Its 2007 population was estimated at 423,874 by the United States Census Bureau. Its county seat is Knoxville, as it has been since the creation of the county. The county is at the geographical center of the Great Valley of East Tennessee. Near the heart of the county is the origin of the Tennessee River at the union of the Holston and French Broad Rivers.
The county is included in the Knoxville Metropolitan Area.
- 1 History
- 2 Government
- 3 Geography
- 4 Mass Transportation
- 5 Demographics
- 6 Cities, communities, and places
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Knox County was created on June 11, 1792 by Governor William Blount from parts of Greene and Hawkins counties, and has the distinction of being one of only eight counties created during territorial administration. It is one of nine United States counties named for Revolutionary War general and first United States Secretary of War Henry Knox. Parts of Knox County later became Blount (1795), Anderson (1801), Roane (1801), and Union (1850) counties.
In 1786 James White built a fort five miles (8 km) below the junction of the French Broad and Holston Rivers on the southernmost edge of frontier settlement in present-day East Tennessee. William Blount, governor of the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio, selected the site of James White's Fort as the territorial capital in 1791. He gave it the name Knoxville in honor of his direct superior as territorial governor, Revolutionary War hero General Henry Knox (1750–1806), who served as the first U.S. Secretary of War from 1785 to 1794.
Governor Blount designated Knoxville as the capital of the Territory South of the River Ohio from 1791 to 1796. Knoxville also served as the capital of the State of Tennessee from 1796 to 1812, with the exception of one day in 1807, when the legislature met in Kingston to fulfill a treaty obligation with the Cherokee, and briefly again in 1817-18. Frontier leader General John Sevier, a resident of Knox County, served as governor of Tennessee from 1796 to 1801 and 1803 to 1809, most of Knoxville's years as the state capital. Since no state capitol building was constructed until 1845, when work began on the capitol building in Nashville, the general assembly met in taverns and public buildings. The William Blount Mansion (1792), the home of Territorial Governor Blount, is the most historically significant dwelling surviving in Knox County from the pre-statehood era. It is the only National Historic Landmark in the county.
The Civil War
Knox County's strategic location along important railroad lines made it an area coveted by both Union and Confederate forces throughout the Civil War. Since the mountainous terrain of East Tennessee was mostly unsuitable for plantation crops such as cotton, slavery was not as prevalent as it was in Middle and West Tennessee - an 1860 census of Knox County showed a population of 20,020 white citizens and just 2,370 enslaved African Americans. The lack of slavery combined with the vestiges of a once strong abolitionist movement in the region were two of the reasons that Knox County, along with much of East Tennessee, contained a great deal of pro-Union sentiment. However, there were family and other social ties which contributed to strong pro-Confederate sentiment as well. East Tennessee saw many of the "brother vs. brother" conflicts.
Prior to secession, Unionists from Knox County collaborated with other East Tennessee Unionists in an attempt to secede from Tennessee itself and remain part of the Union. O.P. Temple of Knox County was named to a 3-person commission that was to appear before the General Assembly in Nashville and request the secession of East Tennessee and pro-Union Middle Tennessee counties from the state. The attempt failed. Knox County joined the Confederacy along with the rest of Tennessee after the second referendum for secession in 1861.
Knox County remained under Confederate control until September 3, 1863, when General Ambrose Burnside and the Union army marched into Knoxville unopposed. Union Colonel William Harris, son of New York Senator Ira Harris, sent his father this message in regards to Knox County's capture:
|“||'Glory be to God, the Yankees have come! The flag's come back to Tennessee!' Such were the welcomes all along the road, as we entered Knoxville, it was past all description. The people seemed frantic with joy. I never knew what the Love of Liberty was before. The old flag has been hidden in mattresses and under carpets. It now floats to the breeze at every staff in East Tennessee. Ladies wear it -- carry it -- wave it! Little children clap their hands and kiss it.||”|
With the success of Burnside's troops during the Knoxville Campaign, and especially during the decisive Battle of Fort Sanders, Knox County remained under Union control for the duration of the Civil War.
The government of Knox County, Tennessee operates under a home rule format. The county administrator, formerly known as the County Executive, is called the County Mayor. There is also an elected county commission. The county officials' districts do not correspond with those of the city of Knoxville, which has its own mayor and city council. Residents of the county living within Knoxville city limits vote in both city and county elections, are represented by city and county mayors, and pay city and county taxes. While the administration appears to be duplicated, services tend to be separated. Knox County runs the local school and library systems. Knoxville maintains police department independent of the county sheriff. The property assessor's office, tax offices, and the Metropolitan Planning Commission are combined between the city and county governments.
County Government Controversies
In June 2007, an audit of Knox County's purchasing card program revealed a number of questionable charges to county government credit cards at taxpayer expense, including a cruise, lobster dinners, and other personal expenses that led to the resignation of two executive assistants and the county's finance director. The controversy prompted Knox County Mayor Mike Ragsdale to revoke about 160 of the so-called P-Cards, leaving 12 for the county's executive branch and about 170 more spread throughout the government's other branches. It also spurred a number of audits looking into P-Card usage, including a citizen's audit of the program. On May 20, 2008, the Knox County Commission voted 13-4-2 to have Mayor Ragsdale and other administrative personnel repay any misappropriated funds. The mayor was also formally censured by the body, marking the first time in county history that this action had ever been taken.
Black Wednesday and the Sunshine Law Trial
In 1994, Knox County voters passed term limits on Knox County officeholders, including County Commission, Sheriff, Register of Deeds, the County Clerk, and the County Trustee’s office. For thirteen years, these officeholders did not abide by term limits. On January 12, 2007, the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that term-limited officeholders would not be able to serve again once their terms expired.
On January 31, 2007, the County Commission voted to appoint 12 replacements for these officeholders. Appointees included relatives and associates of outgoing commissioners.
Some of the appointments and events that occurred during the January 31 commission meeting include:
- Outgoing commissioner Diane Jordan nominated her son, Josh to replace her, and voted for him. Two days after the appointment, it was revealed that Josh Jordan had admitted to drug dealing in 1992.
- Commissioner Mark Cawood's wife, Sharon, replaced him in District 6.
- Commissioner Billy Tindell was appointed to the position of County Clerk. He was replaced in District 2 by Chuck Bolus. Bolus was nominated for the seat by Commission Chairman Scott Moore's and served as treasurer for Moore's Commission campaign in 2006.
- Commissioner Craig Leuthold's father, Frank, was appointed to the vacant seat in District 5.
- Outgoing Sheriff Tim Hutchison nominated his chief deputy, J. J. Jones, to replace him. Jones then hired Hutchison back as his chief deputy.
- Knox County Mayor Mike Ragsdale allegedly had his aides try to convince commissioners to change their votes, raising accusations of the mayor's attempts to circumvent Tennessee's Open Meetings Law.
- Appointed Commissioner Richard Cate was sworn in as a Fourth District Commissioner to break a tie for the other Fourth District seat. Cate was later found to have been accused of sexual harassment allegedly occurring in 2000 and 2001 by Sherry Michael, a former employee of Windsor Gardens Assisted Living. Cate was a minority owner of Windsor Gardens at the time. In a lawsuit filed in Federal Court in 2002, Michael alleged that she and Cate participated in an extramarital affair beginning in the spring of 2000 and ended by Michael in July 2001. Michael was fired shortly thereafter by Windsor Gardens. Michael later sued, alleging sexual harassment, wrongful termination, and violations of Tennessee's human rights laws. In 2004, the jury found in favor of Michael.
- Second District nominee Jonathan Wimmer alleged that Sixth District Commissioner Greg "Lumpy" Lambert asked him to vote for Fourth District nominee Lee Tramel in exchange for a seat. Wimmer refused.
The appointment process was challenged in court by the Knoxville News-Sentinel and a group of citizens represented by local attorney Herbert S. Moncier as a violation of the Tennessee Open Meetings Act, or "Sunshine Law". In early October 2007, the jury hearing the case found that the Open Meetings Act was violated during the appointment process.
Citizens' Response to Controversies
The Knox County government controversies of 2007 were credited with spurring renewed voter interest in governmental operations, including a marked increase in voter registration and the formation of at least two citizen-driven initiatives aimed at amending the county's Charter.
Knox County-One Question was chaired by Dr. Joe Johnson of the University of Tennessee and wished to introduce several changes to the Knox County Charter. These changes included:
- Giving the county Mayor the ability to appoint the current elected offices of Trustee, Clerk, Register of Deeds, Property Assessor, and Law Director
- Reducing the size of County Commission from 19 members to 11 (one for each district plus two county-wide seats)
- Establishing an independent Office of Inspector General to replace the current Office of Internal Audit
The Knox County Recall Amendment Drive was formed in October 2007 to create a recall provision in the Knox County Charter via referendum in August 2008. On November 6, 2007, the group obtained the support of county Mayor Mike Ragsdale, who signed their petition to the Commission urging that the amendment be placed by the Commission on the ballot in 2008. In November 2007, the proposed amendment was brought to Commission by the group, supported by Second District Commissioner Mark Harmon and Sixth District Commissioner Greg Lambert.
The group was headed by local resident Brian Paone and included a number of community activists, such as local community activist Lisa Starbuck, president of the Knoxville-Knox County League of Women Voters Nan Scott, and Gary Sellers, who led a successful petition drive in 2004 to call a referendum on the county's wheel tax.
On December 17, 2007, the commission approved an ordinance to place the recall amendment on the August 2008 ballot. The amendment was approved by county voters in August 2008 with over 78% approval.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 526 square miles (1,362.3 km2), of which 508 square miles (1,315.7 km2) is land and 17 square miles (44.0 km2) (3.29%) is water.
Cherokee Caverns is located 14 miles west of Knoxville on Highway 62. It was discovered in 1854 by Robert Crudgington who noticed fog emerging between rocks on his farm. He dug the entrance open and explored the cave. His daughter Margaret Crudgington opened the cave to the public in 1929 under the name Gentrys Cave, then changed the name to Grand Caverns in 1930. The cave has been open to the public, sporadically, ever since, under a variety of names. The name currently in use is Cherokee Caverns.
Indian artifacts located in the cave indiate that another entrance to the cave existed at some time in the past.
- Interstate 40
- Interstate 140
- Interstate 640
- Interstate 75
- Interstate 275
- Interstate 3 (Proposed)
- U.S. Routes 11, 11E, and 11W
- U.S. Route 25W
- U.S. Route 70 (Kingston Pike)
- U.S. Route 129
- U.S. Route 441
- Tennessee State Route 1 (Kingston Pike, Cumberland Avenue, Magnolia Avenue, and Rutledge Pike) – follows United States Routes 70 and 11 (11W when it splits in the east part of the county)
- Tennessee State Route 9 (Clinton Highway, Asheville Highway) – follows United States Routes 25W, and additionally in the eastern part of the county, U.S. Routes 70 and 11E
- Tennessee State Route 33 (Maryville Pike, Chapman Highway, Henley Street, Broadway, Maynardville Highway)
- Tennessee State Route 34 (Andrew Johnson Highway)
- Tennessee State Route 61 (Washington Pike and East Emory Road)
- Tennessee State Route 62 (Oak Ridge Highway and Western Avenue)
- Tennessee State Route 71 (Chapman Highway, Henley Street, Broadway, Norris Freeway) – follows U.S. Route 441
- Tennessee State Route 115 (Alcoa Highway) – follows U.S. Route 129
- Tennessee State Route 131 (Lovell Road, Ball Camp-Byington Road, Beaver Ridge Road, Emory Road, and Tazewell Pike)
- Tennessee State Route 158 (Neyland Drive and James White Parkway)
- Tennessee State Route 162 (Pellissippi Parkway)
- Tennessee State Route 168 (Gov. John Sevier Highway)
- Tennessee State Route 169 (Middlebrook Pike)
- Tennessee State Route 170 (Raccoon Valley Road)
- Tennessee State Route 331 (Tazewell Pike and Emory Road)
- Tennessee State Route 332 (Concord Road and Northshore Drive)
- Tennessee State Route 475 (a proposed bypass for I-75)
Knoxville Area Transit provides city bus service, while McGhee Tyson Airport features a variety of regional flights to Midwestern and Southern cities.
As of the census of 2000, there were 382,032 people, 157,872 households, and 100,722 families residing in the county. The population density was 751 people per square mile (290/km²). There were 171,439 housing units at an average density of 337 per square mile (130/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 88.10% White, 8.63% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.29% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.18% from two or more races. 1.26% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 157,872 households out of which 28.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.80% were married couples living together, 10.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.20% were non-families. 29.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the county, the population was spread out with 22.30% under the age of 18, 11.60% from 18 to 24, 30.40% from 25 to 44, 23.10% from 45 to 64, and 12.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 93.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $37,454, and the median income for a family was $49,182. Males had a median income of $35,755 versus $25,140 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,875. About 8.40% of families and 12.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.50% of those under age 18 and 9.70% of those age 65 or over.
Cities, communities, and places
Cities and towns
- Ball Camp
- Halls Crossroads
- Hardin Valley
- Kimberlin Heights
- Mt. Olive
- Strawberry Plains
- Thorn Grove
- National Register of Historic Places, Knox County, Tennessee
- Knox County Schools
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ a b Tumblin, J.C.. "Knoxville in the Civil War". http://www.discoveret.org/kcwrt/history/hk-text.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
- ^ "Furman:East Tennessee Anti-Secession Resolutions". http://facweb.furman.edu/~benson/tennres1.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
- ^ "Ordinance of Secession of Tennessee". http://www.csawardept.com/documents/secession/TN. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
- ^ "Knox Co. mayor's former assistant resigns after questionable spending review". http://www.wate.com/Global/story.asp?S=6838560. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Barker, Scott. "Mayor's assistant, commissioner, guest dine on county's dime, lobster". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/jul/13/mayors-assistant-2-commissioners-guest-dine/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Haman, Ansley. "Questionable spending by Knox County staff includes meals, travel". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/nov/11/charge-it/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ "Lewis Cosby conducts audit of Knox County P-Card program". http://www.knoxexpenses.com/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Barker, Scott. "Panel censures Ragsdale". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/may/20/panel-censures-ragsdale/. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^ Paone, Brian. "Commission orders payback of funds, censures Ragsdale". http://politicalknoxville.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^ Barker, Scott. "A dozen done". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/jan/13/dozen-done/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Knoxville News Sentinel, “Backroom Deals,” February 1, 2007
- ^ Barker, Scott. "Jordan admits drug-dealing past". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/feb/02/jordan-admits-drug-dealing-past/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Satterfield, Jamie. "Bolus: Own decision to be sworn in, but details foggy". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/sep/21/bolus-claims-his-idea-be-sworn-cant-recall-source-/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Balloch, Jim. "Sheriff aims to secure pension". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/jun/28/sheriffaims-tosecurepension/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Barker, Scott. "And now, accusations fly". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/feb/02/and-now-accusations-fly/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Barker, Scott. "And now, accusations fly". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/feb/01/400-onlookers-watch-circus-recesses-private-votes/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ "Jury Verdicts - 2004 (page 7)". http://www.juryverdicts.net/tn2004.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Hickman, Hayes. "Wimmer says he refused to trade vote for appointment". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/feb/02/wimmer-says-he-refused-to-trade-vote-for/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ "Verdict: Knox Co. Commission violated state's Sunshine Law". http://www.wate.com/Global/story.asp?S=7155970. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Hickman, Hayes. "Wimmer says he refused to trade vote for appointment". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/nov/06/election-rolls-swell-by-record-number/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ "Knox Charter Petition". http://www.knoxcharterpetition.com. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Ferrar, Rebecca. "Ethics Committee recommends anti-nepotism measures for public vote". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/oct/17/ethics-committee-recommends-anti-nepotism-measures/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ "Knox Co. mayor signs recall amendment petition". http://www.wate.com/Global/story.asp?S=7320078. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Haman, Ansley. "Recall group names leaders". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/oct/31/recall-group-names-leaders/. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
- ^ Haman, Ansley. "Recall provision approved for ballot". http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/dec/19/recall-provision-approved-for-ballot/. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
- ^ "August 2008 election returns for Knox County, Tennessee (PDF)". http://knoxcounty.org/election/results/cumulative_080708.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ a b "Caves of Knoxville and the Great Smoky Mountains" by Larry E. Matthews, 2008, ISBN 978-1-879961-30-2, Published by the National Speleological Society, Chapter 1 - Cherokee Caverns, pages 17-36.
- ^ Based on 2000 census data
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- History of Tennessee From the Earliest Time to the Present: Together With an Historical and a Biographical Sketch of From Twenty-five to Thirty Counties of East Tennessee. (The Goodspeed Publishing Co., Chicago & Nashville), 1887.
- Rothrock, Mary U., editor. The French Broad-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee. (Knox County Historical Committee; East Tennessee Historical Society, 1946).
- Knox County Government Official Site
- Knox County at the Open Directory Project
- Knox County Charter and Terms Limits Controversy
|Anderson County||Union County||Grainger County|
|Roane County||Jefferson County|
Knox County, Tennessee
|Loudon County||Blount County||Sevier County|
|This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Knox County, Tennessee. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.| | <urn:uuid:d95b3174-c5ad-4650-8764-e184679b64d3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/Knox_County,_Tennessee | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057882.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926144658-20210926174658-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.923604 | 5,309 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Why Does My Pet Eat Grass?
Are you concerned when your dog or cat eats grass, then throws up afterwards? You'll probably feel relieved to know that pets eat grass because their bodies need it.
Dogs and cats have been eating grass for a long time. In fact, grass is so popular among dogs that one species, dog grass, is named after them. Dog grass is also known as couch grass and quackweed, and it grows in all but the southern-most states.
You can think of grass as an herbal medicine. It acts as an internal cleanser, expelling excess mucus, bile, and other impurities. It also cleanses the bowels and expels worms. Cereal grasses contain enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Grass also contains chlorophyll, which was used for relieving pain, treating infections, ulcers, skin diseases, and anemia prior to the use of antibiotics.
Some pet owners grow grass specifically to give to their pets to prevent or treat diarrhea, anemia, cataracts, fleas, tumors excessive shedding, and other pet health problems. Pets that are fed grass on a regular basis are less likely to crave outdoor grass. So, if you don't feel comfortable with your pet eating the grass in your lawn, you may want to grow your own grass for them to eat.
Try growing rye or barley sprouts. These sprouts are preferred over wheat grass because some animals are sensitive to wheat.
Follow these instructions to grow rye or barley grass. Soak one cup organically grown grain in one quart water for 8 to 10 hours. Then drain the container and leave it on its side in a warm place, away from direct sunlight. A tiny white rootlet will sprout from each grain within 24 to 48 hours. Caution: If you don't see these rootlets, your grain isn't viable and should be thrown away.
Next, spread the sprouting grain on one inch of moist potting soil or top soil in a plastic garden tray. For drainage create a one inch channel around the soil.
For two days, cover the tray. Then uncover it, and water thoroughly. Place the tray in direct sunlight or under grow lights. Keep the soil moist by watering when needed.
When the grass is 6-8" tall, cut it with scissors or a sharp knife. Place grasses in a ziploc bag, along with a damp paper towel. Be sure to expel air from the bag before sealing. Then store the grass in the refrigerator.
When feeding the grass to your pet, cut or mince it into tiny pieces, or place a small amount in a blender or food processor with other foods. To be sure your cat or dog will accept the grass, begin feeding just a fraction of a teaspoon. Increase the amount gradually to approximately one tablespoon per 50 lbs. of body weight.
Once your pet is given the amount of grass his body needs, you probably won't be seeing him eating the grass in your lawn. And you can feel relieved knowing that you're feeding him something that he craves and that his body needs.
Deena Caruso, author, teacher, & distributor of natural pet productsHelps pet owners create healthy, happy pets.To receive FREE "Pet Pointers" Newsletter, go to:http://www.healthyfoodforpets.com
firstname.lastname@example.org Ph: 760/758-7963, 877/877-0665
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Why the Heck Would You Have a Pet Snake (or lizard, crocodile, monitor, frog, turtle etc)?
This is a question that has been asked of me and a thousand (million?) other herp keepers. I think it's almost a case of once bitten, twice as determined.
Choosing Between Dog Training Schools and Animal Behavior Specialists
If you are having behavioral issues with your dog that you cannot seem to resolve on your own, getting professional help is an excellent idea. However, there are two different kinds of professionals that can help you with your situation: a Dog Training School, and an Animal Behavior Specialist.
Having a pet is an experiance that I think everyone should have. Itreaches us on a level that few other experiances can.
Weaning Puppies Is Only Natural
Weaning puppies is a perfectly natural process. Mamma dogs have been doing it successfully for ages, so how hard can it be, right?But humans, not being dogs, can sometimes forget the natural part, and get confused about it.
Pet Ear Infections
Is your dog or cat tormented by ear infections? Do you spend time and money at the veterinarian's office trying to bring relief to your beloved pet, only to find that another infection appears over time? If so, you may want to try some more natural approaches to preventing and treating your pet's ear infections.Dogs and cats have an incredible sense of hearing.
The Truth About Declawing
There seems to be an alarming trend to have cats declawed..
Choosing the Right Size for Your Dog
Dog fashions are all the rage and have become quite affordable for anyone and everyone to enjoy with their dog, but not everyone knows the best ways to find their dog's size or how a garment should fit to avoid accidents. Choosing the right size for your dog is very important, we always want our pets to be safe and feel comfortable in whatever they wear.
5 Tips For Choosing the Best Vet For Your Dog
Find a vet, if possible, who specializes in small animals (as opposed to one who treats large and small - like horses, cows, cats and dogs.) Your community may only have vets that do a little bit of everything - and there's nothing wrong with that, if that's all that's available, but I'll remind you - you usually go to a specialist for your health issues, don't you?If you're new in the community, or haven't needed a vet before - word of mouth is a great way to start looking for a new vet.
Using Dog Leash Training to Control Your Pooch
Many pet owners don't like using a leash, for a wide variety of reasons: "My dog stays right next to me." "He pulls the leash too much.
Dog Vaccinations - What You Need to Know to Protect Your Dog
Almost all communities in the U.S.
Does Your Dog Have Fleas?
Itch, itch. Scratch, scratch, scratch.
How To Find a Lost Cat
Losing your cat is a worrying experience, use these 'How to find a lost cat' steps, and try to stay calm. Remember that most lost cats have not run away from home, we all know about cats and curiosity.
Ticks On Your Dog: What to Do?
Once though of as a mere harmless but annoying pest, ticks are of growing concern for their Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme Disease-carrying ability. Learn the facts, and keep your dog tick and disease-free.
Is There Taurine In Your Dogs Food?
Taurine, a water-soluble amino acid, has recently become the topic of conversation when referring to the nutritional composition that makes up the human and animal physical structure. Once thought of as an unimportant A.
Aquarium Supplies Part 2 -- My First Experience With Goldfish
If you are seriously considering keeping fish as pets or are just starting out, I would like to stress again the importance of having some basic knowledge about aquariums and fish keeping in order to enjoy the hobby for a significant length of time and to avoid frustrations and disappointments.In the first article I illustrated this by sharing my own childhood experience with bettas, and now I shall share my experience with goldfish.
Dogs & Kids: Happy Together
Dogs and kids, it's a combination that at it's best can be the stuff of childhood dreams. At it's worst, it can be a source of heartache and pain and even injury.
Dealing with a Dog Food Allergy?
Just as humans allergies can show up as a sneeze or rash, your dog's allergies can manifest as itchiness -- or even ear infections. In fact, if your dog's allergic to his food, it can cause him to scratch himself constantly, even with no obvious parasite problem.
Indoor Dogfishing - Fun Way To Exercise A Small Or Medium Size Dog
When I had a Toy Poodle, I used a small beanie baby toy tied to a twenty foot long cord to exercise him for at least ten minutes at a time, twice a day. I'd throw it across the room and he'd run after it to snatch it up, fueled by canine fantasies of ripping it apart.
Aquarium Supplies Part 1 -- My First Experience With Bettas
Keeping fish as pets takes more than just feeding them and changing the water every once in a while. Sadly, many people aren't aware of that and they just buy aquarium fish because they're attractive.
Do You Know What You Are REALLY Feeding Your Pet?
When looking for the best dog food - consider Life's Abundance. The "best food for dogs" are not all created equal.
|home | site map | contact us| | <urn:uuid:06c81f31-6d01-4c1f-acf1-83cb0183e03c> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.wickssilverlabs.com/828.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.954438 | 1,937 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Ash tree fungus could threaten rare species of insects
Experts have warned that Chalara fraxinea, a fungus that kills ash trees, could lead to the extinction of a number of species of rare insects
60 of the country's rarest insect species could be at risk of being lost in Britain (Tim Graham)
AN ash tree fungus threatening Britain’s woodlands could have a dramatic
impact on wildlife and lead to rare species of insects becoming extinct.
The discovery of Chalara fraxinea in the countryside has increased fears that
ash trees face the same fate as the elm, which was devastated by Dutch elm
disease in the 1970s.
Experts have now warned that if ash trees suffer large scale declines, 60 of
the country's rarest insect species could be at risk of being lost in
The fungus, which kills trees by destroying their leaves, has wiped out up to
90% of ash trees in some areas of Denmark and is becoming widespread
throughout central Europe.
Chris Panter, a researcher at the University of East Anglia, said that 80
common insects and at least 60 of the rarest insect species in Britain have
an association with ash trees, mostly rare beetles and flies. | <urn:uuid:d7d3e098-2f52-4e36-ba55-f7c1e972cbf4> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Environment/article1157148.ece | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708835190/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125355-00084-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959834 | 254 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Music Theory and Note Reading
There is a section on music with several articles on music fundamentals.
How Standing Waves are Made
This is an animation produced by the University of Colorado. Experiment and watch how our strings work.
Note Names and Placement on Fingerboard
Fingerboard Workshop Series
Diane Allen has created workbooks for learning the notes names and there location on the staff.
Rhythm Study Aids
Rhythm a Week
This is one of the rhythm training books I grew up with as a kid. Excellent for developing fluid rhythmic skills.
Basics in Rhythm (Meredith Music Resource)
Well organized and presentation of rhythmic study sheets.
More Basics in Rhythm (Meredith Music Resource)
This is a level beyond the Basics in Rhythm.
|Fingerboard Chart Vertical Orientation|
Shaded notes D, A, E, B show the pitch where the next higher string begins and indicates the end of first position.
|Fingerboard Chart with Tapes|
This chart shows all the pitches as well as the position of your tapes. This might make the overview of the fingerboard more comprehendible for those of you who use tapes.
This video is a demo on how to use the Fingering Chart for All Keys chart.
Other theory/note reading resources
Theta Music Trainer
This is a super interactive music theory site. Have loads of fun!
|Sound and Sound Waves by Douglas and Catherine Jones|
This is a very informative paper written on sound production as it relates to stringed instruments.
Learn to Read Music (Softcover)
This is a concise little book with well presented material.
Basic Music Theory by Jonathan Harnum
An excellent course in music theory, and it's free! It's a large file so takes a while to download.
Music Theory Minute
short music theory videos
Improve Your Sight-reading! Violin, Grade 1: Grade 1
I'm a huge fan of anything Faber Music Publishes, and the Author Paul Harris is a great violin pedagogue. This is the first of a series of books to help improve sight reading skills. Buy all of them.
This is a web based app that generates sight reading sheets according to parameters you set for it. The pricing is reasonable: 29.99/year | <urn:uuid:d5374148-f00a-4b31-9601-7b553edfaa61> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.violinlab.com/Resources/list.php?category=15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989042.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00121-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884363 | 478 | 3.5 | 4 |
A business rule defines or
constrains one aspect of your business that is intended
to assert business structure or influence the behavior
of your business. Business rules often focus on access
control issues, for example, professors are allowed to
input and modify the marks of the students taking the
seminars they instruct, but not the marks of students in
other seminars. Business rules may also pertain to
business calculations, for example, how to convert a
percentage mark (for example, 91 percent) that a student
receives in a seminar into a letter grade (for example,
A-). Some business rules focus on the policies of your
organization, perhaps the university policy is to expel
for one year anyone who fails more than two courses in
the same semester.
Figure 1. Some sample
business rules (summary form).
- BR123 Tenured professors may administer student
- BR124 Teaching assistants who have been granted
authority by a tenured professor may administer
- BR177 Table to convert between numeric grades and
- BR245 All master's degree programs must include
the development of a thesis.
Figure 1 summarizes several
examples of business rules. Notice how each business
rule has a unique identifier, my convention is to use
the format of BR#, but you are free to set your own
numbering approach. The unique identifier enables you to
refer easily to business rules in other development
artifacts, such as
class models and
In some situations you'll discover
that business rules can be described very simply,
perhaps with a single sentence. In other situations
this isn't the case.
presents one way to fully document BR123. There are
several sections in this figure:
- Name. The name should give you a good idea
about the topic of the business rule.
- Description. The description defines the
rule exactly. Although I used text to describe this
rule it is quite common to see diagrams such as
flow charts or
UML activity diagrams used to describe an
algorithm. Other options include business rule
languages such as
Object Constraint Language (OCL), the
ILOG rules language, or
Rules Markup Language (BRML). As Agile Modeling
Apply the Right Artifact(s) for your situation.
- Example (optional). An example of the rule
is presented to help clarify it
- Source (optional). The source of the rule
is indicated so it may be verified (it is quite common
that the source of a rule is a person, often one of
your project stakeholders, or a team of people).
- Related rules (optional). A list of
related business rules, if any, is provided to support
traceability between rules.
- Revision history (optional). An
indication of the date a change was made, the person
who made the change, and a description of the change.
Detailed business rule.
Tenured professors may
administer student grades
Only tenured professors are
granted the ability to initially input, modify, and
delete grades students receive in the seminars that
they and they only instruct. They may do so only
during the period a seminar is active.
Dr. Bruce, instructor of
"Biology 301 Advanced Uses of Gamma Radiation," may
administer the marks of all students enrolled in
that seminar, but not those enrolled in "Biology 302
Effects of Radiation on Arachnids," which is taught
by Dr. Peters.
University Policies and
Doc ID: U1701
Publication date: August 14,
BR12 Qualifying For Tenure
BR65 Active Period for Seminars
BR200 Modifying Final Student
is clearly a lot more wordy than most project teams
need. A more agile approach would be to simply write
the name of the business rule, the business rule number,
and the description on an index card and leave it at
that. Or you might want to get a little fancier and
type the business rule into a Wiki page (www.wiki.org)
or a word processor (feel free to use this
template). Remember to keep your models as
simple as possible.
Business rules are identified in
the normal course of requirements gathering and
analysis. While you are usage modeling, perhaps with use
cases or user stories, you will often identify business
rules. A rule of thumb is if something defines a
calculation or operating principle of your organization
then it is likely a good candidate to be documented as a
business rule. You want to separate business rules out
of your other requirements artifacts because they may be
referred to within those artifacts several times. For
example, BR129 was referenced by the
Enroll Student In Seminar use case and likely
would be referenced by your
class models and perhaps even your source code.
However, if you have only a handful of business rules or
use cases, you may choose to document them right in the
use cases. A rule of thumb: start out including them in
the use cases until it becomes obvious, or painful, to
do so. This may be because the sheer number of business
rules is dominating the use case or because the same
business rule is referenced in two or more use cases.
A good business rule is cohesive:
in other words, it describes one, and only one, concept.
By ensuring that business rules are cohesive, you make
them easier to define and increase the likelihood they
will be reused (every time one of your artifacts refers
to a business rule, even other business rules, it is
effectively being reused). Unfortunately, because
business rules should focus on one issue, you often must
identify a plethora of rules.
Ronald Ross (2003) describes several basic
principles of what he calls "the business rule
approach". He believes that rules should:
- Be written and made explicit.
- Be expressed in plain language.
- Exist independent of procedures and workflows
(e.g. multiple models).
- Build on facts, and facts should build on concepts
as represented by terms (e.g.
- Guide or influence behavior in desired ways.
- Be motivated by identifiable and important
- Be accessible to authorized parties (e.g.
- Be single sourced.
- Be specified directly by those people who have
relevant knowledge (e.g.
active stakeholder participation).
- Be managed.
Many business rules can actually
be thought of as
constraints, and in fact constraints can apply to
technical or business issues. In the UML business
rules are often described on diagrams using the
Constraint Language (OCL) (Warner
and Kleppe 1999) which can add to people's confusion
regarding the differences between the two concepts.
Don't worry about it, the important thing is to identify
and understand the requirement not categorize it.
This artifact description is
excerpted from Chapter 7 of
The Object Primer 3rd Edition: Agile Model Driven
Development with UML 2. | <urn:uuid:d71c553b-278b-4815-b489-37c597605834> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.agilemodeling.com/artifacts/businessRule.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122041.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00466-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894438 | 1,501 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Submitted by Lindsay Jacques on September 4, 2006 - 04:10. Playlist
» Lindsay Jacques's blog | login to post comments
On my dorm wall is my favorite poster of all time- The War’s End Kiss. It is a snapshot of VJ Day in 1945 when a sailor grabs a nurse in the street of New York City and kisses her in a passionate embrace that has captured people’s emotions and imaginations for the past sixty years. Here is my version of what truth I like to think is behind the photograph.
December 7, 1941- “A Day that will live in infamy” according to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and America entered World War II. When one young man heard this news, he decided that he needed to fulfill his duty and enter the navy to serve his country. A like-minded young woman became a nurse hoping to help in any way that she could.
The young nurse (we will call her Jane) witnessed many terrible sights while nursing. Many of her patients died and even though at times she felt alone, there were always other nurses to reach out to for help; they stuck together. The young sailor (we will call him Jack) lost his best friend in battle. He held that friend's head as he watched the light go out of his eyes. However, fellow sailors were around in this darkest hour to help him through his grief.
August 15, 1945- The Japanese surrendered and World War II was over. Jane was so releaved when she heard the news on a radio in the back of the hospital. She just couldn't wait to get home. Jack went to a bar in New York City to have a drink with his buddies.
Jane decided she needed to get on a train and go celebrate the good news in the streets of New York City. She was more excited than she could ever remember, because she was about to join the biggest widespread celebration of her life.
Rhonda Stisi's "Dancin' in the Street"
Then all of a sudden Jack saw this gorgeous young nurse in the street dancing away. And that nurse was Jane. He couldn't resist and he decided...
And then they kissed! Both of them couldn't believe what was happening but knew that it was amazing.
It was hard for Jane to believe that after all this time being alone she surprisingly found somebody to share such a special moment with. Jack didn't want to admit it but he was starting to feel like he might believe in "love at first sight" for the first time in his life. This nurse was more than he had ever hoped for.
And all of this would only take place in one of the greatest cities in America- New York. I had to close with this song from the 1940s performed not only by Tony Bennett but Frank Sinatra as well. It captures the spirit of New York as well as the personality of the time period.
I hope you enjoyed my version of the story behind my favorite poster- The War’s End Kiss: New York City 1945. It truly brings proof to the idiom that a picture is worth 1,000 words (if not more). | <urn:uuid:8ae62745-5f7e-4ef7-b79b-5462f8aace6d> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://teachmix.com/soundings/?q=node/19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921550.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014521-00171-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987338 | 655 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Cause Of Midday House Fire Determined: Electrical
The Shreveport Fire Department was dispatched to 2540 Regent Street at 11:28 AM for a reported fire. Fire companies arrived on scene within two minutes to find a one story wood frame home with flames and smoke coming from a bedroom. The fire was quickly extinguished and brought under control at 11:42 AM.
There was no one home at the time of the fire and there were no reported injuries. The cause of the fire was determined to be electrical. The bedroom had an air conditioning unit plugged into an extension cord. The cord was run under carpet and had clothes on top of it. When it overheated it ignited the carpet and other combustibles within the room. The bedroom suffered heavy fire damage.
The following are some safety guidelines to prevent electrical fires.
Electrical Fire Safety
Most electrical distribution fires result from problems with "fixed wiring" such as faulty electrical outlets and old wiring. Problems with cords (such as extension and appliance cords), plugs, receptacles, and switches also cause many home electrical fires.
Light fixtures and lamps/light bulbs are also leading causes of electrical fires.
Many avoidable electrical fires can be traced to misuse of electric cords, such as overloading circuits, poor maintenance, and running the cords under rugs or in high traffic areas.
- Routinely check your electrical appliances and wiring.
Frayed wires can cause fires. Replace all worn, old or damaged appliance cords immediately.
- Replace any electrical tool if it causes even small electrical shocks, overheats, shorts out, or gives off smoke or sparks.
- Keep electrical appliances away from wet floors and counters; pay special care to electrical appliances in the bathroom and kitchen.
- Buy electrical products evaluated by a nationally recognized laboratory, such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL).
- Keep clothes, curtains, and other potentially combustible items at least three feet from all heaters.
- If an appliance has a three-prong plug, use it only in a three-slot outlet. Never force it to fit into a two-slot outlet or extension cord.
- Don't allow children to play with or around electrical appliances like space heaters, irons, and hair dryers.
- Use safety closures to "child-proof" electrical outlets.
- Use electrical extension cords wisely; never overload extension cords or wall sockets.
- Immediately shut off, then professionally replace, light switches that are hot to the touch and lights that flicker.
Finally, having a working smoke alarm dramatically increases your chances of surviving a fire. And remember to practice a home escape plan frequently with your family.
Source: United States Fire Administration | <urn:uuid:a55094fa-9c56-4a87-a732-d334907b2db6> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://710keel.com/cause-of-midday-house-fire-determined-electrical/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887535.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118171050-20180118191050-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.923415 | 552 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Two of the biggest names in technology are working on developing the smallest of chips.
IBM and Hitachi announced a new partnership March 10 that will focus on developing new technology that will help in the creation of 32- and 22-nanometer microprocessors. While the two companies have worked on various projects in the past, this announcement marks the first time IBM and Hitachi will collaborate on chip development.
The two-year agreement will look to overcome some of the technical obstacles in the development of increasingly smaller-a nanometer is a billionth of a meter-and significantly more complex chips that pack more transistors onto a piece of silicon. The agreement also allows both companies to share financial resources when developing these chips.
The development of smaller chips is essential as the both the IT industry and consumers look for more processing power in a range of smaller devices, including laptops, cell phones and PDAs. At the same time, to improve performance and battery life, companies such as IBM and Hitachi need to understand how a chip's transistors work within these small confines of these new devices.
Several of the world's leading semiconductor companies are working on a number of projects to produce 32-nm processors within the next several years. Later this year, Intel is expected to unveil a new microarchitecture called Nehalem, which will first be produced on a 45-nm manufacturing process before shrinking to 32-nm in the second half of 2009.
In addition to its new agreement with Hitachi, IBM is working with other semiconductor companies-Advanced Micro Devices, Chartered Semiconductor, Freescale, Infineon and Samsung-in developing 32-nm processors.
In December, these companies announced the first 32-nm SRAM (static random access memory) cells-an important key in the building of the next generation of processors-using a high-k metal gate process that reduces the amount of power that leaks from a chip's transistors when they sit idle.
IBM also collaborated with AMD in the development of that company's line of 45-nm x86 processors, which are expected by the second half of this year.
The joint research between IBM and Hitachi will be conducted at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., and at the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering's Albany NanoTech Complex. | <urn:uuid:51cd260a-25b8-4687-a765-089905038158> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.eweek.com/networking/ibm-hitachi-collaborate-on-chip-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824899.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021224608-20171022004608-00861.warc.gz | en | 0.945777 | 485 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Scouting was started in 1907 by Lord Robert Baden-Powell in the United Kingdom. His vision was to create a better world. He started this great movement that combines adventure with solid values so that you could leave the world a little better than you found it. He developed a Scout Promise and ten Scout laws that Scouts still live by today.
Western Cape Scout Heritage Centre
Scouting in South Africa has a long history and is home to some of the oldest Scout Groups outside of the UK. In the Western Cape a team of dedicated volunteers has established the Western Cape Scout Heritage Centre, dedicated to the preservation of the history of Scouting in the Western Cape.
“Honouring the Past, Inspiring the Future, Building a Legacy”
The centre consists of a museum and archives located in Goodwood, and has an active programme of digitising our archives and making them available online on the History and Heritage section of the national Scout wiki. | <urn:uuid:985e1941-aa86-443b-b36c-82c748d328f0> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://westerncape.scouts.org.za/about/our-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737204.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807143225-20200807173225-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.952145 | 192 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Understanding Technology Integration on Single-Visit Field Trips: A Study of Three Field Trip Programs Utilizing Technology
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In a climate of an increased focus on education standards, testing and a general decrease in time and funding for schools to take field trips, museums must look critically at their field trip program offerings to maximize impacts, potentially rethinking how these programs operate. This research studies the integration of technology into the single-visit field trip, one way in which these programs are being rethought. Three case studies are examined: Play the Past at the Minnesota History Center, Zoo Scene Investigators at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, and Surgical Suite: Total Knee Replacement at COSI. Observations and staff interviews provided insight into the following questions: how and why are museums integrating technology and what are the perceived benefits of technology integration? Findings suggest there is no single reason these institutions chose to integrate technology into their programs. Emergent themes include: fulfilling curricular goals, reaching elusive audiences and a view of students as digital natives. Perceived benefits were closely linked to motivations, but also included a perception that technology is a way to deeply engage students and a link between teacher and student benefits exists. Finally, though there is variation in the ways museums are integrating technology - for example, two cases are mobile games and one an interactive video conferencing experience - there were similarities in the processes these sites went through to integrate technology. These findings begin a conversation around the ways technology can be utilized in single-visit field trips.
- Museology | <urn:uuid:85f4e20c-495d-4d61-9e51-061c92cb3cda> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/26787 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540409.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00284-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950912 | 318 | 2.71875 | 3 |
by Staff Writers
Washington DC (SPX) Jun 06, 2016
Technologies from wind turbines to electric vehicles rely on critical materials called rare-earth elements. These elements, though often abundant, can be difficult and increasingly costly to come by.
Now, scientists looking for alternatives have reported in ACS' journal Chemistry of Materials a new way to make nanoparticles that could replace some rare-earth materials and help ensure the continued supply of products people have come to depend on.
Rare-earth elements have unique characteristics that make them very useful. For example, the world's strongest magnets are made with neodymium. A little too powerful for your refrigerator, these magnets are incorporated into computer disk drives, power windows and wind turbines. But rare earths are challenging to mine and process, and prices can rise quickly in a short period of time.
Given the increasing demand for rare earths, Alberto Lopez-Ortega, Claudio Sangregorio and colleagues set out to find substitutes for use in strong magnets.
The researchers used a mixed iron-cobalt oleate complex in a one-step synthetic approach to produce magnetic core-shell nanoparticles. The resulting materials showed strong magnetic properties and energy-storing capabilities.
Their approach could signal an efficient new strategy toward replacing rare earths in permanent magnets and keeping costs stable, the researchers say.
American Chemical Society
Powering The World in the 21st Century at Energy-Daily.com
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With the arrival of September, prevent-plant acres can now be harvested or grazed. Harvesting crops such as sorghum-sudangrass requires that attention be paid to whole-plant moisture since there is a high concentration of water in the plant at the time of harvest.
Bruce Anderson, a University of Nebraska-Lincoln extension forage specialist, explains in a recent article posted on Beefwatch that harvesting late-season sudangrass and sorghums can be a struggle.
Typically, prevent-plant acres are too wet to chop directly. Anderson suggests windrowing the forage, allowing it to wilt to the desired moisture levels, then using a pickup attachment to chop it. He also notes, “You can wait until the grain gets dry enough to balance the plant moisture if the hybrid you’re using is one that makes enough grain.” Waiting until a freeze occurs can also be an option because it will shut the plant down and reduce plant moisture.
Since September has short days and cooler temperatures, drying hay is difficult. Anderson suggests cutting the plant high to hold the windrows off the ground. “Spread the windrows wide to use as much sunlight as possible to dry the hay,” the specialist recommends. Crimp the stems to improve drying, then hope it doesn’t rain.
Anderson notes the best option for harvesting prevent-plant acres is baleage. Using plastic wrap on bales at 50 percent moisture levels saves a week of drying time and reduces weather risks.
The specialist notes that grazing prevent-plant acres is also challenging. If given free access, cattle will trample most forage, so while grazing is good for soil, it will cause large feed losses.
To reduce grazing losses, consider strip grazing pastures, allowing small portions of pasture availability at a time. Windrowing, paired with strip grazing, lessens the amount of wasted forage.
While crops such as green sudangrasses and sorghums can provide a good source of forage in years with bad planting seasons, they require a high level of moisture management. | <urn:uuid:5fa8c4bc-49d3-4a6a-a455-7dcb07bb5c65> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://hayandforage.com/article-2665-Harvesting-wet-sorghum-crops-is-a-challenge.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881984.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703091148-20200703121148-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.915118 | 435 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Reincarnation in Buddhism
This page is a work in progress. Suggestions and contributions are welcome.
Reincarnation or rebirth is a widely accepted doctrine in Buddhism. Buddhists differ, however, on the explanation of the processes of reincarnation. The main reason for the diversity of opinion arises from the core doctrine of No-Self (anatta; Skt: anatma), which posits that there is no enduring self that transfers from one life to another. The self is a temporary aggregation of five factors (skandhas) which dissolves upon death.
Without a self, what is it that reincarnates? Theravada Buddhism usually explains the process according to the Pali Canon, such as the “Questions of King Milinda,” where the rebirth process is compared to the lightning from one candle to another candle. The first candle did not transfer to the second one, but at the same time has the qualities (flame) of the first one.
Because of the unsatisfactory nature of such analogies, some schools of Buddhism introduced subsidiary concepts to explain the transference of memory and selfhood from one body to another. The Pudgalavada school introduced the concept of a pudgala or a personality, which is similar to the skandhas of traditional Buddhism. The Yogacara school of Asanga and Vasubandhu introduced the concept of alaya-vijnana, which is a storehouse of consciousness. These entities, whether pudgala or alaya-vijnana are considered as temporary and will be transcended when one attains nirvana.
Although Buddhism denies the existence of an unchanging, substantial soul or self—as against the notion of the atman it teaches the concept of anatman (Pali: anatta; “non-self”)—it holds to a belief in the transmigration of the karma that is accumulated by an individual in life. The individual is a composition of five ever-changing psycho-physical elements and states, or skandhas (“bundles”)—i.e., form, sensations, perceptions, impulses, and consciousness—and terminates with death. The karma of the deceased, however, persists and becomes a vijnana (“germ of consciousness”) in the womb of a mother. The vijnana is that aspect of consciousness that is reborn in a new individual. By gaining a state of complete passiveness through discipline and meditation, one can achieve nivana, the state of the extinction of desires and liberation (moksha) from bondage to samsara by karma. (Encyclopedia Britannica, “Reincarnation”)
Tibetan Buddhism seem to take the idea of transference of an entity from one body to another more literally. See the full article by the 14th Dalai Lama on reincarnation.
There are so many references to rebirth in Buddhist scriptures that the following are just selections.
- Pali Canon
- Jataka Tales
- Tibetan Buddhism
Four misfortunes befall the reckless man who consorts with another’s wife: acquisition of demerit, disturbed sleep, ill-repute, and (rebirth in) states of woe. Such a man acquires demerit and an unhappy birth in the future. Brief is the pleasure of the frightened man and woman, and the king imposes heavy punishment. Hence, let no man consort with another’s wife. (Dhammapada 309-10)
When a man is sluggish and gluttonous, sleeping and rolling around in bed like a fat domestic pig, that sluggard undergoes rebirth again and again. (Dhammapada 325)
Let go of the past, let go of the future, let go of the present, and cross over to the farther shore of existence. With mind wholly liberated, you shall come no more to birth and death. (Dhammapada 348)
He who knows his former births, who sees heaven and hell, who has reached the end of births and attained to the perfection of insight, the sage who has reached the summit of spiritual excellence — him do I call a holy man. (Dhammapada 423)
Men have, O young man, deeds as their very own, they are inheritors of deeds, deeds are their matrix, deeds are their kith and kin, and deeds are their support. It is deeds that classify men into high or low status (Majjhima Nikaya 135,4)
With his mind thus concentrated, purified, & bright, unblemished, free from defects, pliant, malleable, steady, & attained to imperturbability, he directs & inclines it to knowledge of the recollection of past lives (lit: previous homes). He recollects his manifold past lives, i.e., one birth, two births, three births, four, five, ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, one hundred, one thousand, one hundred thousand, many aeons of cosmic contraction, many aeons of cosmic expansion, many aeons of cosmic contraction & expansion, [recollecting], ‘There I had such a name, belonged to such a clan, had such an appearance. Such was my food, such my experience of pleasure & pain, such the end of my life. (Lohicca Sutta)
From an inconceivable beginning comes transmigration. A beginning point is not evident, though beings hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving are transmigrating & wandering on. (Samyutta Nikaya 15.3)
Householders, it is by reason of conduct not in accordance with the Dhamma, by reason of unrighteous conduct, that beings here on the dissolution of the body, after death, reappear in states of deprivation, in an unhappy destination, in perdition, even in hell. It is by reason of conduct in accordance with the Dhamma, by reason of righteous conduct, that some beings here on the dissolution of the body, after death, reappear in a happy destination, even in the heavenly world. (Saleyyaka Sutta, 5)
[The Jataka tales refer the many stories about the earlier lives of Gautama Buddha, in animal and human forms. A sample collection of some of the tales may be found in many websites, such as the following:
As a silkworm constructs a cocoon, binding itself by its own doing, so too does [ālaya] consciousness construct a body to bind itself. It will then abandon that body and transfer into a new body as the next requital. Because of a flower seed, there will be a new plant with colorful and fragrant flowers. Likewise, after [ālaya] consciousness has abandoned a body, wherever it goes, along with it goes the dharma realm, including faculties and sensory reception. Wherever a wish-fulfilling jewel is, it is accompanied by pleasing objects. Wherever the sun is, it is accompanied by bright light. Likewise, wherever consciousness transfers to, it is accompanied by the dharma realm, including sensory reception and perception. After abandoning a body, [ālaya] consciousness, without a body of flesh and bones, takes the cause of form as its body. It has faculties, sensory reception, and subtle thinking, and can grasp good or evil. (Mahayana Sutra of Consciousness, 18) | <urn:uuid:a1374b20-aa4e-4598-817d-f824178ce605> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.reincarnation-research.com/buddhism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147917.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714020904-20200714050904-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.942683 | 1,543 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Signal translation, English dictionary definition of Pedestrian Signal. n Brit a path across a road marked as a crossing for pedestrians. US and Canadian name:
2021-04-11 Our main products are including multiple sections vehicle traffic light signals, pedestrian crossing traffic lights, arrows traffic signal aspects, audible (acoustic) crosswalk traffic signals, flashing warning traffic lights, Aluminum LED Traff. English. Videos of the day 1 of 2 Traffic lights 1 of 2Level Crossings 0 of 3Barrier Views 0 of 1 Traffic lights, traffic signals, stoplights or robots are signalling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control flows of traffic.. The world's first traffic light was a manually operated gas-lit signal installed in London in December 1868. It exploded less than a month after it was implemented, injuring its policeman operator. 2020-12-03 100mm LED Traffic Light Series; 200mm LED Traffic Light Series; 300mm LED Traffic Light Series; 400mm LED Traffic Light Series; Intelligent Traffic Signal Controller; LED Pedestrian Traffic Light; Countdown timer signal light; Solar Warning Light; Integrated Traffic Light; Solar Portable Traffic Light; Solar LED Traffic Sign; Traffic Sign; Road 2020-01-12 Pedestrian Crosswalk Warning Light Systems | GOOD, BETTER, BEST December 12, 2017 8:00 am [Updated Jan. 23, 2019] In 2017, 5,977 pedestrians were killed in traffic crashes in the United States, 16% of all traffic fatalities. Find the perfect Traffic Light Pedestrian stock illustrations from Getty Images.
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In some cases, elderly pedestrians and children may be Continue to check for traffic while crossing. Traffic Signal Messages And Their Meanings. At intersections with traffic lights and pedestrian signals, it's important to Light controlled pedestrian crossings have two uses. The first is as a standalone, or semi-standalone, crossing, where the lights will ONLY change if the button is Pedestrian-activated traffic signals are flashing amber lights mounted to the mast arm of a signal pole at intersections or mid-block crossings.
What is the purpose of a traffic signal? Traffic signals are designed to ensure an orderly flow of traffic, provide an opportunity for pedestrians or vehicles to cross an Dec 20, 2014 Pedestrian-Detecting Traffic Signals Pedestrian detectors can activate a pedestrian traffic control device, extend the crossing time for A pedestrian uses the crossing by pressing a button to activate the first signal.
A pedestrian crossing (primarily British English) or crosswalk (primarily American English) is a place designated for pedestrians to cross a road, street or avenue.The term "pedestrian crossing" is also used in some international treaties that pertain to road traffic and road signs, such as the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals.
The world's first traffic light was a manually operated gas-lit signal installed in London in December 1868. 16-INCH ALUMINUM PEDESTRIAN All Econolite signals are designed to meet or exceed the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) standards. 12-INCH POLY PEDESTRIAN All Econolite signals are designed to meet or exceed the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) standards. Green is go for pedestrians.
During construction time, residents on Helgö will be able to reach their property and traffic on Nylandavägen will be regulated with traffic lights.
They are non-intrusive, as signs must already be used at crosswalks. Traffic lights, traffic signals, stoplights or robots are signalling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control flows of traffic. The world's first traffic light was a manually operated gas-lit signal installed in London in December 1868. 16-INCH ALUMINUM PEDESTRIAN All Econolite signals are designed to meet or exceed the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) standards. 12-INCH POLY PEDESTRIAN All Econolite signals are designed to meet or exceed the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) standards. Green is go for pedestrians.
These movements can be grouped into phases of the traffic signal. May 21, 2019 Pay extra attention to traffic lights, stop signs, yield signs, and crossing guards at school zone crossings. Also, expect the speed limit to be
Most pedestrian accidents in built-up areas occur at intersections. Even after signalization the number of accidents involving pedestrians often remains high. You must first stop, check for and yield to pedestrians and other traffic.
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In good condition, it has been used, so it has normal age-related signs, it works with the Today we are pleased to offer you the following item: *ITEM: Old Pedestrian Traffic Lights by Siemens *ORIGIN: Europe *AGE: 1990 - 1999 *DIM: 63,5 cm x 26,5 Wir freuen uns, Ihnen heute folgenden Artikel anbieten zu können:\n\n* ARTIKEL: Alte Fußgängerampel von Siemens\n\n* HERKUNFT: Hämta det här Two Traffic Lights For Pedestrians fotot nu. Och sök i iStocks bildbank efter fler royaltyfria bilder med bland annat Auktoritet-foton för snabb och Hämta det här Dont Walk Traffic Lights Show Red Pedestrian Crossing fotot nu. Och sök i iStocks bildbank efter fler royaltyfria bilder med bland annat Blå-foton They not only make car traffic a lot safer but also pedestrian traffic. Some things that could happen if there were no traffic lights could include Stop red pedestrian traffic lights icon.
And with over 75 sets pedestrian traffic lights we are able to lease, deliver and install a whole range of pedestrian light solutions. Working with the three major traffic light suppliers within the industry, we are able to offer quick deployment of all required traffic light and pedestrian crossing systems.
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May 12, 2015 Dozens of traffic lights in the Austrian capital have been changed to show gay couples crossing the road instead of the traditional lone figure.
For example, if a motorist runs a red light in a signalised intersection it is likely that the pedestrians will still feel safe. The new gender equality level crossing signs featuring a female pedestrian that have been put up around the university town of Uppsala have Fotografiet Traffic light in the city with red signal on the background of the road -17 % Fotografiet Pedestrian traffic lights red and green isolated on white -17 %.
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Many translated example sentences containing "set of traffic lights" pedestrian crossings, rules on priority, the use of lights, the conditions under which
Colorear semaforo de peatones, pintas señales trafico, recursos seguridad vial -- Pedestrian Traffic light coloring pages, traffic signs, road safety resources. Traffic Signal Head | 12 följare på LinkedIn. | <urn:uuid:acaf6967-b226-4d58-8a0c-294ad9e26abc> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://forsaljningavaktierqbsf.firebaseapp.com/83140/35239.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500384.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207035749-20230207065749-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.83452 | 1,737 | 3.15625 | 3 |
FOR five minutes on 27 August, the Earth's upper atmosphere was electrified by a burst of gamma rays from a distant star. The event has refined astronomers' views of a strange class of stars called magnetars.
The source of the gamma rays was a star called SGR1900+14, which has previously emitted similar but smaller bursts. Astronomers now believe that such "soft gamma-ray repeaters" are young neutron stars with intense magnetic fields. According to theory, the motion of the magnetic field through the neutron star's iron crust heats it to millions of degrees until it cracks apart in the stellar equivalent of an earthquake, releasing gamma rays ("Starquake", New Scientist, 15 August, p 26).
The Earth's upper atmosphere is ionised by solar radiation during the day, but becomes de-ionised at night. Although SGR1900+14 lies 20 000 light years away, its burst ionised the atmosphere of the Earth's dark side down ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:9057a260-553f-48d4-b43b-aa97db03a4bf> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16021540.400-starquake-turned-night-into-day.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826025.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00171-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935744 | 223 | 4.03125 | 4 |
THE GIANT STONE HEADS on the island of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Chile, have captured the imagination of countless explorers, dreamers and scientists. Hundreds of monoliths of solid volcanic rock provide indestructible evidence of man’s mastery over his environment. They hint at great feats of engineering and the ingenuity of men. Up close, the statues show their vulnerability. Their sharp features have eroded, growths invade their surface and many lie in piles of rubble.
A combination of natural and human forces threatens the statues, which are called moai in the native Rapa Nui language. To combat these forces and save the moai, teams of native and international scientists are working on reconstruction and restoration projects.
At 400 to 1000 years-old the moai are young compared to other archaeological monuments in the Americas, but the very properties of the stone that make them ideal for carving also make them susceptible to rapid deterioration. Nearly all of the statues were carved in the Rano Raraku Quarry located on the northeast corner of the island. Many of the statues never made it out of the quarry and remain there today in varying stages of completion. The red scoria stone used for headpieces found on some of the moai came from solidified froth of volcano lava.
These soft, volcanic rocks are particularly vulnerable to erosion from Easter Island’s relentless wind and rain. “When the stone is wet, the clays present in it absorb moisture and expand; as the stone dries, they contract. The internal stress of these repeated expansions and contractions results in microfissures within the stone which serve as channels for water migration and its corrosive effects,” wrote A. Elena Charola in a 1994 publication of the World Monuments Fund. Another natural process that weakens the stone is the growth of algae and lichens. Not only do they trap water—which plays a part in the wet/dry cycle of the stone—but they also eat away at the stone surface.
While nature has been hard on the moai, man has been even harder. The human toll on the statues has been immeasurable. Starting with the carvers themselves—who not only knocked over their beloved statues but also beheaded some of them—people have had a sort of fatal attraction to the heads. Archaeologists estimate that between 1,100-1,500 AD islanders meticulously carved approximately 900 statues and their accompanying stone platforms from the island’s soft volcanic rock. Most likely the carvers belonged to family groups who were competing with each other to produce larger and larger moai. The biggest statue, named el Gigante, weighs between 145-165 tons and would reach 71.93 feet high if it were standing. But for reasons unknown el Gigante was never raised and remains in the Rano Raraku Quarry.
The islander’s obsession with larger and more impressive moai wreaked havoc on the environment. More and more trees had to be cut down to provide scaffolding for the statues and to build wooden sleds to move the statues overland. By the time Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen landed on the island on Easter Day in 1722, he found a desolate landscape void of trees or bushes over 10 feet high with no birds, bats or lizards. The people were hungry and fighting amongst themselves. Sometime after contact with the outside world, the islanders knocked over and destroyed most of the moai probably as a result of clan warfare. Contact with the outside world brought new diseases, a new form of religion and kidnappings for the slave trade. By 1877 the native population of 15,000 had declined to a mere 111.
The relationship between man and moai is complex, and similar to the admirers of the past, modern-day man’s fascination with the statues has produced both positive and negative results. As the island’s only industry, tourism provides a way to make a living for the most remote civilization on Earth. Unfortunately the occasional unscrupulous visitor has encouraged islanders to sell broken parts of the statues for souvenirs. Further damage comes from foreigners and locals alike who defile the moai with graffiti or accidently step on fallen rocks or buried petroglyphs. In spite of admonishments from local tour guides, some visitors touch the statues or climb on their platforms. In the early 90s, the World Monuments Fund, reported an increase in graffiti by 20% in a two-year period.
At 400 to 1000 years-old the moai are young compared to other archaeological monuments in the Americas
Locals warn that the island is not prepared to support the number of tourists that come. According to Easter Island officials, in just 3 years tourism doubled from 22,000 visitors in 2003 to more than 50,000 in 2007. Not only does increased tourist traffic stress the monuments, masses of visitors strain the island’s resources as they struggle to deal with piles of trash and to meet the increased demand for food and water.
Although Easter Island has been an official historic monument and national park since 1935, it took until 1966 for the government of Chile to actually send a small staff to the island. The Rapa Nui National Park takes up nearly half of the island and includes nearly all of the moai sites. In 1995 UNESCO named Easter Island to its world heritage list of the world’s greatest monuments. The world is so captivated by the moai that Easter Island was a finalist in the New 7 Wonders of the World campaign in 1997 where 100 million people from around the world voted on the Internet for cultural heritage sites.
One of the first scientists to realize the archaeological and cultural significance of the site was University of Wyoming Professor William Mulloy, who tirelessly campaigned UNESCO for support to study the island’s monuments. During his first official mission to the island in 1966, Mulloy and Gonzalo Figueroa led a team of experts who developed a plan for studying, conserving and restoring Rapa Nui’s cultural treasures. What followed was a series of projects with international support that restored moai and their platforms and eventually the Orongo village from 1974-1976.
In 1986 Chile’s Centro Nacional de Conservación y Restauración worked with UNESCO to investigate possible treatment plants to prevent or slow deterioration of the statues. They chose a moai at Hanga Kio’e that had been re-erected but was highly deteriorated. After spending several months drying out under a protective tent, the moai was cleaned of all growths and dirt. The restoration experts applied a consolidation treatment to harden the stone and prevent erosion and a hydrophobization treatment to prevent water from seeping into the stone. Although these treatments have worked so far, they do not provide permanent protection of the moai and need to be reapplied periodically.
From 1992 to 1996 a team led by University of Chile archaeologists professor Claudio Cristino and professor Patricia Vargas completed an ambitious reconstruction project of ahu Tongariki, the largest and most impressive ceremonial center on Easter Island. Both Cristino and Vargas had extensive knowledge of the island’s monuments. From 1977 to 1996, they were part of the Easter Island Archaeological Survey, a University of Chile research program that recorded more than 20,000 archaeological sites and features. At its peak, the ahu Tongariki measured nearly 220 meters long, with a central platform measuring 100 meters and a wing on either side. A total of 15 statues weighing between 40 to 90 tons once stood on that platform.
The ahu Tongariki was leveled in 1960 by an earthquake that destroyed most of the central and southern regions of Chile. That deadly quake, some 3600 kilometers away, triggered a powerful tsunami that swept over the four meter high monument wall destroying the ahu platforms and dragging the statues inland. The broken moai were covered by tons of rocks from the destroyed platforms.
Fans of Easter Island feared that this great archaeological treasure was lost forever. Then in 1991 a Japanese company donated a crane to move the statues and partial funding for reconstruction costs. Cristino and Vargas led the reconstruction project which lasted 4 years and took a team of 50 people, most of them islanders themselves. Each rock fragment had to be studied, drawn and then input into the computer. Due to the soft nature of volcanic tuft, the rocks were in poor condition.
The team covered the moai with huge plastic tents and once they were dry, the statues could be moved without falling apart. “The first statue that went up was about 45 tons [and] went up in a few days,” Cristino explains. Painstakingly the team reconstructed the statues and placed them on their ahu platform. The result is a monument as tall as a five story building with 15 Moai and their topknots called pukaos.
A combination of natural and human forces threatens the statues
“We started from zero, little by little, trying to put this back together,” Cristino explains. “We used historic photographs and maps. Our main goal was the reconstruction of a largely destroyed monument.” For his mostly local staff, the project was a revelation. “Little by little [they] realized what their ancestors did was incredible. Their sense of pride was enormous.”
UCLA archaeologist Jo Anne Van Tilburg considers herself to be “a friend of the family” to the moai. Since 1982 she has surveyed the moai compiling what she calls “biographies” of 1045 sculptural objects that include full or partial moai. Van Tilburg runs the Easter Island Statue Project (EISP) with Co-director Cristián Arévalo Pakarati, a native Rapa Nui artist and surveyor. “The statues today do not look the same as when I saw them in 1982,” she says. “I could see the change over time.” Van Tilburg appealed to the Archaeological Institute of America to fund a preservation project to develop treatments for the fragile stone. With the grant, EISP installed a weather monitoring station near two moai in the Rano Raraku quarry. For the first time, scientists will be able to record fluctuations in wind, moisture and temperature near a statue and observe how the stone reacts to changes in weather. Van Tilburg says with this information, the team will be able to develop a treatment plan that could be used not only on the sample moai, but also on the 400 other statues that reside in the quarry.
As part of the same project, Research Associate Christian Fischer of UCLA and Conservador Jefa Monica Bahamondez P. of Chile’s Centro de Conservación y Restauración used a portable sprayer to apply two different types of water-repellent solutions to the test statues. Although the mixture will take several months to evaporate and dry, the team could see that it was already working when they poured water on the monuments and watched the water droplets run off the stone.
To better educate and manage visitors to Easter Island, the Corporación Nacional Forestal de Chile (CONAF)—the government agency that manages all of Chile’s national parks and reserves—opened a sustainable visitor center in May of 2011. The center is located at the entrance to the Orongo Ceremonial Village, which is one of the most visited archaeological sites on the island. “Easter Island is a landmark in the tourism world and that is why we need to work hard to preserve its resources as well as offer all kinds of information and education to its visitors, both national and international,” says CONAF Executive Director Eduardo Vial Ruiz-Tagle.
The moai of Easter Island tell different stories depending on the listener. For the islanders, they tell the story of their ancestors. For scientists they tell the story of a society gone awry and for the rest of the world they tell the story of human ingenuity. “Without something to remind us of the achievements or problems of the past, we don’t pay attention,” says Jo Anne Van Tilburg. To make sure that we continue to pay attention, scientists and conservationists are working to protect the statues for the generations of listeners in the years to come. | <urn:uuid:22b5c644-491f-4ae4-8c99-5fe8564492fa> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://chrishardmanwriter.com/portfolio/saving-the-moai-on-easter-island/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364932.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302221633-20210303011633-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.953158 | 2,549 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Biostratigraphic study and re-examination of 22 late Eocene to early Oligocene sections provides data in support of three and possibly a fourth late Eocene impact events in the G. index Zone during a period of about 1 Ma of the middle Priabonian between 34.7 and 35.7 Ma. No major species extinctions or significant species abundance changes directly coincide with these impact events. Species extinctions are gradual and selective, affecting primarily cool-temperature-intolerant surface dwellers. These extinctions began with the onset of global cooling during the early middle Eocene and culminated near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. The global cooling was associated with the isolation of Antarctica as Australia moved northward, the development of a circum-Antarctic circulation, growth of Antarctic ice sheet beginning by late middle Eocene time and a change from a thermospheric to thermohaline circulation. We find no evidence that the multiple late Eocene impact events directly contributed to the climatic deterioration already in progress.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes | <urn:uuid:edd1a3f6-3995-4c00-b95e-45bf86ec443f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/the-eocene-oligocene-planktic-foraminiferal-transition-extinction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359624.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227234501-20210228024501-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.915854 | 218 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Jan 16, 2015 -- Dedicated to inspiring the next generation of leaders in manufacturing, engineering and robotics, In-House Solutions welcomed two university co-op students for four-month paid work placements in 2014. One of those students, Jackson Diebel, combined concepts he had learned at school with practical experience gained during his co-op to create an “out of this world” Mastercam single project.
Jackson’s Mastercam X8 Space Shuttle Project is complex and challenging, requiring students to use as many different 3D high-speed toolpaths as possible. Users have to import a CAD file into Mastercam and then establish stock, create solid geometry and apply the 3D toolpaths. The WCS coordinates on the shuttle have to be changed to machine the top and bottom of the solid. Being encouraged to create a single project like Jackson’s is the best way to ensure students get the most out of their experience with In-House Solutions.
“My time at In-House exposed me to the manufacturing world and opened my eyes to how things are machined and the problems that certain designs can have in terms of machining,” Jackson said. “Having this newfound appreciation for the manufacturing stage of product development will definitely aid me going forward in creating feasible designs.”
Jackson is a second-year student in Mechanical Engineering and Management at McMaster University in Hamilton, ON. The five-year program combines an education in business with a Mechanical Engineering degree, providing students with a foundation in design and problem-solving fundamentals, among other teachings. But Jackson said his stint with In-House Solutions allowed him to learn general manufacturing principles and gain valuable technical skills, and also equipped him with the knowledge needed to use Mastercam.
“In addition to being able to pick an effective way to machine a part, knowing how to use Mastercam has definitely put me a step ahead as I continue to work towards a career,” Jackson said. “Working at In-House, I was taught how to apply the most powerful tools of the program in the most effective ways. This is a major asset in my ‘toolbox’ as CNC machines are so widely used in industry.”
Helping to educate the engineers and scientists of tomorrow is important to In-House Solutions, and it’s one of the reasons why the company recently developed their innovative Applied CNC STEM Activities curriculum. Projects like the carousel, catapult and ruler integrate all four subjects — science, technology, engineering and mathematics — in a complete, self-contained resource that educators can easily incorporate into the learning environment. Using an applied approach based on real-world applications, these types of projects are the key to fostering student interest in STEM-related careers.
In-House Solutions’ Applied CNC STEM curriculum is available online, click here to learn more and buy.
Jackson’s space shuttle project is also available as an eBook at Mastercam’s online store.
A career in research and development appeals to Jackson, who hopes to combine his engineering skills and creative ideas in his future job. Engaging in hands-on work with In-House Solutions has given him a head start in reaching his goals.
“In-House Solutions has a great environment for their employees to work in,” he said. “I learned so much in my four-month co-op term that will ultimately make me a better engineer, all the while having fun doing it.”
More than 25 years ago, In-House Solutions ( inhousesolutions.com) began making powerful software tools accessible to small- and medium-sized manufacturers. Today, the company provides CAD/CAM, DNC, PCMM and OCTOPUZ robotic programming software solutions to organizations of all sizes. The In-House Solutions team of experts, with offices in the USA, Canada and Europe, are dedicated to selling, supporting, developing and implementing a full spectrum of software tools, particularly those specializing in NC programming and optimization, shop floor DNC communications and offline programming of industrial robots. In-House Solutions is the OEM supplier of Mastercam in Canada, and OCTOPUZ completes the company’s software solutions for manufacturing. The Book Development Team at In-House Solutions has been authoring and publishing industry-leading training solutions for over 15 years. | <urn:uuid:42dc88a7-23db-4288-93c1-41e379c824ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www10.mcadcafe.com/nbc/articles/view_article.php?articleid=1329158 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890314.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121060717-20180121080717-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.956424 | 893 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The definition of hypertension, many raised by health experts. WHO suggests that hypertension occurs when blood pressure above 160/95 mmHg, meanwhile, Smelttzer & Bare (2002:896) suggests that hypertension is a persistent blood pressure or continuous thus exceeding the normal limit in which the systolic pressure above 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg.
There are differences about the limits of hypertension as proposed by Kaplan (1990:205), namely men, aged less than 45 years, said hypertension when blood pressure when lying above or equal to 130/90 mm Hg, whereas at the age of 45 years, said hypertension when blood pressure above 145/95 mmHg.Whereas in women with blood pressure above 160/95 mmHg.
Based on these definitions can be concluded that hypertension is an increase in blood pressure where systolic pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg.
The classification of hypertension are also expressed by many experts, including WHO set a classification of hypertension into three levels namely:
Level I: increased blood pressure without symptoms of the disorder or damage to the cardiovascular system.
Level II: blood pressure with symptoms of cardiovascular hypertrophy, but without any symptoms of damage or disruption of the appliance or other organs.
Level III: blood pressure increased with obvious symptoms of damage and disruption of the target organ physiology.
The cause of hypertension varied are: stress, obesity, smoking, hypernatremia, water and salt retention that is not normal, sensitivity to angiotensin, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, adrenal gland disease, kidney disease, toxemia gravidarum, increased intra-cranial pressure, caused by brain tumors, influence of certain drugs eg oral contraceptives, high salt intake, lack of exercise, genetics, obesity, atherosclerosis, kidney abnormalities, but largely unknown cause.
Nursing Care Plan for Hypertension
Nursing Assessment Nursing Care Plan for Hypertension
According to Doenges, (2004:41-42) and argued that the assessment of patients with hypertension include:
a. Activity and rest include: weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, heart frequency increases, changes in heart rhythm.
b. Circulation includes: a history of hypertension, coronary heart disease, episodes of palpitations, increased blood pressure, tachycardia, sometimes sounding S2 heart sounds at the base of S3 and S4.
c. Ego integrity include: anxiety, depression, euphoria, irritability, facial muscle tension, anxiety, respiratory haul, increased speech patterns.
d. Elimination include: history of kidney disease.
e. Food / fluids include: food preferences especially those containing high salt, high fat, and cholesterol, nausea, vomiting, weight changes, a history of diuretic drugs, presence of edema.
f. Neuro-sensory include: complaints headache, throbbing, sub-occipital headache, weakness on one side of the body, visual disturbances (diplopia, blurred vision), epistaxis.
g. Pain / discomfort: include intermittent pain in the limbs, sub-occipital headaches severe abdominal pain, chest pain.
h. Respiratory include: shortness of breath after activity, cough with or without sputum, smoking history, medication use respiratory Bantu, additional breath sounds, cyanosis.
i. Security include: gait disturbance, paresthesia, postural hypotension.
j. Pembalajaran / extension in the presence of family risk factors are arteriosclerosis, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease.
Nursing Diagnosis Nursing Care Plan for Hypertension (Doengoes, 2004)
a. Decreased cardiac output
b. Activity intolerance
c. Acute pain
d. Imbalanced Nutrition: More Than Body Requirements
e. Ineffective coping
Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Hypertension | <urn:uuid:265ad5bf-c2b0-4371-9cf0-8dd4a6d56e65> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://nursing-care-plan.blogspot.ie/2011/12/nursing-care-plan-for-hypertension.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660342.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00007-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866089 | 822 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Once upon a time, people used plants for healing and it wasn’t referred to as “alternative”. Back then, “traditional” medicine referred to that which had been around the longest, which was healing based on the use of plants and nature. Now, things have changed and we occasionally need a reminder that nature has been providing medicine for millennia and can still be trusted to provide it today. One of those reminders came just a couple years ago when archaeologists discovered a wooden box full of medicine in a 2,000 year-old sunken ship off the coast of Tuscany.
The ship was believed to have sank around 130 B.C., well over 2,000 years ago. It was transporting wine, glassware, lams, and ceramics. It isn’t clear where the ship originated or what its final destination was, but we do know there was likely a healer on board.
Inside a wooden box, preserved deep under the sea, was a collection of pills. Using DNA sequencing, scientists were able to determine what was inside these pills, and it wasn’t some lab-created, branded pharmaceuticals.
The pills contained all natural plants and materials including crushed celery, onions, carrots, cabbage, alfalfa, chestnuts, radish, yarrow, parsley, nasturtium, hibiscus, and clay. Also within the box was a mortar and pestle, likely used to crush the plants and herbs for the medicinal preparations.
“It’s a spectacular find. They were very well sealed. The plants and vegetables were probably crushed with a mortar and pestle – we could still see the fibres in the tablets. They also contained clay, which even today is used to treat gastrointestinal problems,” said Dr Alain Touwaide, from the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute in Washington DC.
The finding marks the oldest known remains of ancient medicines. Dr. Alain Touwaide from the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute in Washington D.C. says that the remedies are those documented in Ancient Greek texts, which were later modeled by Ancient Romans—both of whom can trace their medical practices to Africa, the ‘true birthplace of medicine’.
More than likely, the researchers say, the medicine was used to treat general malaise and those digestive complaints common with sailors on the high seas. To this day, many of the components found within these ancient pills are still used to treat modern ailments—including clay for upset stomachs, celery for rheumatism, and onion for infections.
There are people who would argue that the life expectancy of a person in these ancient times was dramatically less than a person today, and that their herbal medicines weren’t doing anyone any favors. But, this is a narrow-view, failing to look at the shortcomings of sanitation and the spread of disease back then. Now, for instance, we don’t live with open sewage and we all know to cook our foods to a proper temperature.
There are commendable advances that have taken place over the past few thousand years, to be sure. Better housing, more sound infrastructure, and cleaner living in general are just a few. But, there’s a chance we could learn something from our predecessors—namely, that some things should not be forsaken or left behind in the name of advancement; that some things, including natural healing, truly are timeless. | <urn:uuid:8bcc5183-bd4b-4ceb-968b-824afda374dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://worldtruth.tv/2000-year-old-shipwreck-discovered-contains-natural-medicines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880878.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023073305-20201023103305-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.967753 | 712 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Lady Montagu’s Two Cautions and Fantomina by Eliza Haywood
In Britain during the 1700’s, women were expected to act a certain a way. They were taught from a young age that marriage was their only option and the idea of a women being educated was just ridiculous. There were some women who believed that these ideas were incorrect and that education was in fact very important. One of these women was Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. She was considered a feminist of her time and expressed her views in her writing. One of her specific pieces titled “Letter to Lady Brute” is about a grandmother writing to her daughter about her granddaughter. She is writing about the importance of education, but she is very specific about the way to go about being educated. She includes two cautions in her letter that she warns are very important. The first caution she gives for her granddaughter is to, “not to think herself learned when she can read Latin or even Greek” (Montagu 2549). “The second caution to be given her (and which is absolutely necessary)is to conceal whatever learning she attains, with as much solitude as she would hide crookedness or lameness” (Montagu 2550). Another author and piece that we have read that goes against these specific gender roles is by Eliza Haywood titled “Fantomina.” This piece is about a woman who takes on four different personas essentially to trick a man. The man is unaware that the four different women he is sleeping with are actually just one woman. I am going to explain how Lady Montagu’s two cautions about women’s education are displayed in Eliza Haywood’s “Fantomina.”
“A young lady of distinguished birth, beauty, wit, and spirit, happened to be in a box one night at the playhouse” is the line that begins “Fantomina” (Haywood 2796). This sets the scene so we know that this woman comes from a wealthy family, so we can assume that she has had more access to education than women of opposite status. She is also at the theater watching a play, so this can tell us that she has to have some knowledge in literature or the arts. Being a woman during this time, she is able to conceal whatever education she has with her wealth, beauty, wit and spirit. This line can be applied to Lady Montagu’s second caution in the sense that her education and knowledge is being concealed by other characteristics that are more distracting to the male population.
“She was so admirably skilled in the art of feigning, that she had the power of putting on almost what face she pleased, and knew so exactly how to form her behavior to the character she represented, that all the comedians at both playhouses are infinitely short of her performances: she could vary her very glances, tune her voice to accents the most different imaginable from those in which she spoke when she appeared herself” (Haywood 2805). This paragraph is when the main character states how she finds it crazy that this man could keep falling for these tricks because wouldn’t a man know a woman he has previously slept with. But then she says that she is very skilled at what she is doing. This woman is obviously very smart to not only play these four different roles, but be very convincing as well. She is obviously educated to know the different accents and portray them in an authentic manner. She conceals her education by portraying these certain characters that are not normally educated during this time period such as a prostitute and a maid. This line can also apply to Lady Montagu’s second caution because by playing these other characters convincingly she is concealing that true fact that she truly is educated.
The first caution from Lady Montagu I believe can’t be directly translated into “Fantomina” so I am going to keep the meaning, but change it up to fit the story. In “Fantomina” the main character plays four different roles that are in fact very different from her actual wealthy lifestyle. Even though the main character considers herself “skilled in the art of feigning” she still does not consider herself an educated woman. Also she is not educated in all the typical knowledge of men during that time; she is more knowledgeable in matters of the street. She can watch a person very different from herself, and then transform herself into that person. Lady Montagu also states in her first caution that “true knowledge consists in knowing things, not words” (Montagu 2549). This quote applies very well to the character in “Fantomina” because although we have no evidence of her knowledge of “words,” we can see that she does know “things.” She has the knowledge of the real word and people.
Lady Montagu was wise beyond her years, and these two cautions are still apparent and apply in 21st century, who would have thought. I believe as woman we can look back on “Letter to Lady Brute” and see how important it is for women to be educated not only in the past, but in today’s society as well. Education empowers women, allows them to think rationally, and think for themselves. Even though it might seem like the character from “Fantomina” might not be thinking rationally or making good decisions, she is empowering herself sexually. Even though the main character from “Fantomina” does not seem educated, she in fact is very smart. It might not be book smart, but she does have street smarts.
Haywood, Eliza. “Fantomina: Or, Love in a Mazy.” The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch and Kevin J. H. Dettmar. New York: Pearson, 2010. 2796-2811. Print.
Kneller, Godfrey. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. 1715. Photograph. Encyclopedia BritannicaWeb. 25 Feb 2014.
Montagu, Mary. “ Letter to Lady Brute”. The Longman Anthology of British Literature.Ed. David Damrosch and Kevin J. H. Dettmar. New York: Pearson, 2010. 2548-2551. Print. | <urn:uuid:a8105ca7-65cc-48e4-a71b-eb456a26c9e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://britlitsurvey2.wordpress.com/2014/02/25/lady-montagus-two-cautions-and-fantomina-by-eliza-haywood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128329372.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629154125-20170629174125-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.98209 | 1,328 | 3.125 | 3 |
The View Through a Virtual Tour at Rookery
Covering 40 percent of Collier County’s coastline, Rookery Bay Research Reserve has 110,000 acres to explore. Some travel by water. Others meander the scrub trails. And many others do both from the comfort of their home.
“Since the pandemic began, we have seen a tremendous increase in people wanting to connect with nature,” says Athan Barkoukis, executive director for the Friends of Rookery Bay. The reserve’s
education team now provides even more exciting ways to see what lives in local waters.
Education programs for the public grew out of the education team’s revised school field trip programs. For years, Rookery Bay Research Reserve offered hands-on science education programs
such as Estuary Explorers for 4th grade students, Survivors program for 7th grade students and a high school marine science curriculum. Students literally got their feet wet using seine nets or
going on boat trawls, learning about the coastal environment in their own backyard.
While those types of field trips are on hold, there is a silver lining. “Rookery Bay staff are actually reaching more students this year than they would have in person,” Barkoukis says. “Using the eCollier learning platform, the education staff reached 2,100 students in nine different schools through the end of February. This is more than double the number of students they would see in person in that time period.”
Though the students can’t wade into the estuary, educator Jeannine Windsor does that for them during virtual field trips. She steps into Henderson Creek, behind the Rookery Bay Environmental Learning Center, to teach students about mangroves, juvenile fish that start their life in the Rookery Bay estuary, and all the critters – including insects – that live in or on mangroves.
EDscursions for All
Virtual education isn’t just for school students. The public can take free EDscursions virtual field trips twice a month on a variety of topics related to plants, animals and the environment. Each runs from 9-9:45 a.m. on a weekday. “These virtual programs have been a hit, attracting viewers from around the world,” Barkoukis says.
EDscursions follow Rookery Bay’s biologists and scientists as they go out on research boats, visit Keewaydin Island or search through the upland habitats in their jobs to protect the reserve’s 110,000 acres. During “Finding Fish” on April 9 and May 14, viewers will follow biologists on a research vessel who will pull up marine critters in a trawl net. Before releasing them back to the estuary waters, the staff will display and discuss what they find.
“One of the more common critters that we find is the polka-dot batfish, which many people have never seen,” Barkoukis says.
On April 23, “Fire on the Florida Landscape” will provide a look at the reserve’s prescribed fire program. “Rookery Bay’s land managers set and control fires to not only create better habitat for wildlife but also to protect Collier County residents from wildfires,” Barkoukis explains.
The May 28 program, “Native Biodiversity in the Reserve,” will focus on threatened plants and animals in the reserve, such as panthers. Pre-registration for each EDscursions trip is required at RookeryBay.org/events/lectures-classes.
“About 100 species rely on the red, black and white mangroves found in Collier County,” Barkoukis explains. These include spiders, crabs, snails, raccoons, many species of fish, and the more than 150 bird species that live in or stop by Rookery Bay Research Reserve while migrating.
In addition to learning about the importance of mangrove habitats, students also learn that oysters create their own habitat that many animals rely on. The educators show how critters such as
lightning whelk snails and crown conchs use oyster beds as either food sources or places to hide from predators.
Rookery Bay educators supplement the virtual programs with videos they produced, worksheets, and even samples of mangrove seeds, called propagules, so students can grow mangroves in their
“Having students participate in pre-trip activities fosters an understanding of the content that the Rookery Bay educators are going to present and keeps the students very engaged during the
virtual field trip,” Barkoukis says.
The educators also stay in touch throughout the school year, sharing photos from Rookery Bay’s wildlife cameras of panthers, bears and other animals that wander by the field equipment. The success of virtual education is something to be built upon, Barkoukis says. “Even when in-person programming returns, the virtual platform will be vital to fostering estuarine education and
inspiring stewardship of our local environment.”
Once inspired through a school field trip or virtual EDscursion, many people then choose to visit the reserve themselves. Friends of Rookery Bay offers guided kayak tours, guided small boat tours for individual families, and kayak and stand-up paddle rentals.
“For the past year, we have been celebrating the fact that ‘The Outdoors is Always Open,’ ”Barkoukis says. “People are looking for fresh air, sunshine and social distancing. We have all of that, plus CDC safety protocols to ensure guest safety. Anyone taking a staycation this year has many opportunities to enjoy Rookery Bay.”
Learn more at rookerybay.org or call Friends of Rookery Bay at 239-530-5972. | <urn:uuid:4e3e66ef-c1c8-4a91-88cd-d9e0433c7b17> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://lifeinnaples.net/a-new-way-to-tour-rookery-bay-reserve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003024646-20231003054646-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.942437 | 1,248 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Please Support the Bible Translation Work of the Updated American Standard Version (UASV)
Laziness Leads to Difficulties, and Diligence Leads to Success
Proverbs 15:19 Updated American Standard Version (UASV)
19 The way of a sluggard is like a hedge of thorns,
but the path of the upright is a level highway.
This verse contrasts two different types of people: the sluggard (or lazy person) and the upright (or diligent person). The imagery used in the verse is that of a path or road. The sluggard’s path is described as “thorny,” which likely means that it is difficult, full of obstacles, and likely to cause injury. In contrast, the path of the upright is described as a “highway,” which implies that it is smooth, easy to travel, and leads to a desirable destination.
The verse is a warning to be diligent in one’s work and to avoid laziness, as it will lead to a difficult and unproductive life. In a similar vein, the book of Proverbs often contrasts the wisdom of the upright with the foolishness of the wicked, and this verse is in line with that theme.
It is also important to note that the term “thorny path” could also imply that the path of the sluggard is dangerous, in comparison with the “highway” of the upright, which is considered safe.
Biblically, this verse can be seen as a message of the importance of hard work, diligence, and responsibility towards our daily lives and the consequences of neglecting those values. The book of Proverbs is rich with wisdom and insight, and it can be a valuable resource for guidance in living a virtuous life.
The way of the sluggard – refers to the lifestyle and actions of someone who is lazy or lacks motivation. It implies that a sluggard has a characteristic of not doing work and neglecting their responsibilities.
Is like a hedge of thorns – uses the metaphor of a path that is difficult and filled with obstacles, to describe the sluggard’s way of living. The path is thorny, likely to cause injury and filled with difficulties, which makes it hard to travel on, similarly, the sluggard’s lifestyle is hard to maintain and leads to unproductive life.
But is a conjunction that introduces a contrast. The verse is contrasting the sluggard’s way with the path of the upright.
The path of the upright – refers to the lifestyle and actions of someone who is diligent and virtuous. They are upright in their conduct and follow the path of wisdom and righteousness.
Is a level highway – The path of the upright is described as a highway which implies that it is smooth, easy to travel, and leads to a desirable destination. This metaphor emphasizes the upright person’s success and ease of living, in contrast to the sluggard’s difficulties.
In summary, this verse is a warning against laziness and an encouragement to be diligent in one’s work and to pursue righteousness. It illustrates the importance of hard work, responsibility, and wisdom in leading a productive and satisfying life. And the consequences of neglecting those values, leading to a difficult and unproductive life.
The book of Proverbs is a collection of sayings and teachings that offer wisdom and guidance for living a virtuous life.
The historical and cultural context in which Proverbs was written was ancient Israel, during the time of King Solomon and the united monarchy. At that time, Israel was transitioning from a primarily agrarian society to a more urban and complex one, and many of the proverbs reflect the values and concerns of that society.
In this context, laziness and idleness were viewed as vices that could lead to poverty and hardship, so hard work and diligence were highly valued. This is reflected in Proverbs 15:19, which warns against the dangers of laziness and encourages diligence in one’s work.
Additionally, the culture of ancient Israel also valued wisdom and righteousness. Proverbs 15:19 reinforces these values by contrasting the path of the sluggard with the path of the upright. The “way of the sluggard” is a metaphor for foolishness and wickedness, while the “path of the upright” represents wisdom and righteousness.
It’s also important to notice that the image of “thorny path” may be alluding to the agriculture practices of the time, where the land could be very dry and the vegetation limited, making it difficult to farm. In addition, thorns were often associated with wild, uncultivated land, and to travel through such land would be dangerous and difficult. The use of this image would therefore add to the idea of laziness as a vice, as farming was one of the most important occupations of the time.
In conclusion, Proverbs 15:19 is a reminder of the values of hard work and diligence, which were especially important in the ancient Israelite society. It also reinforces the importance of wisdom and righteousness in leading a good and prosperous life, in line with the broader themes of the book of Proverbs.
Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:29595f67-1afd-43d3-8366-1e1851805fdc> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://uasvbible.org/2023/01/10/uasv-daily-devotional-tuesday-january-10-2023/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644907.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529173312-20230529203312-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.966842 | 1,100 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What is a knee sprain?
A knee sprain occurs when ligaments within or around the knee are stretched and torn. The severity of a knee sprain is determined by the degree of injury to the ligaments:
- In a mild, or first-degree sprain, the stretched ligaments cause pain and swelling
- In a moderate, or second-degree sprain, mild tears of the ligaments create instability in the knee joint; it is more disabling than a mild sprain
- In a severe, or third-degree sprain, there is a compete rupture of the ligaments, often requiring surgical repair
What causes a knee sprain?
Knee ligaments may be injured during athletic or occupational activities involving sudden force. Knee sprains may be caused by:
- Forced twisting of the knee
- Stopping suddenly while running
- Shifting your weight while running or skiing
- Landing awkwardly after jumping
- A blow to the outer or inner side of the knee
- A blow to the front of the knee while the knee is bent and the foot is firmly planted on the ground
What are the symptoms of a knee sprain?
Symptoms of a knee sprain depend on the location and severity of the knee ligaments damaged. Some symptoms may include the following:
- Stiffness or decreased movement
- Pain or tenderness
- Painful pop that you can hear or feel
- Swelling or bruising
- Knee that buckles or gives out when you try to walk
How is a knee sprain diagnosed?
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and how the injury occurred. The range of motion in your knee will be evaluated and assessed for stability. X-rays and MRI scans may also be done to confirm an injury. In some cases, arthroscopy (a minimally invasive procedure) may be performed to look inside your knee.
How is a sprain treated?
Depending on the severity of your sprain, your physician may prescribe exercise, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and/or cortisone injections. Supportive braces may need to be worn to allow your ligaments to heal. In cases that don’t respond to other care, surgery may be required.
The experts at Summit Orthopedics provide lacrosse injury prevention tips in their QUICKGuide to prevent injuries and stay safe during the sport.
Winning the helmet battle Although kids rarely pay attention to statistics, here’s one as a parent you’ll want to know: a helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85%. We know it can be a challenge to get kids to wear helmets,… Read More.
The experts at Summit Orthopedics provide hockey injury prevention tips in their QUICKGuide to prevent injuries and stay safe during the sport. | <urn:uuid:96fb768b-7c1f-4d2b-9310-ee731487d18e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.summitortho.com/services/orthoquick/commonly-treated-conditions/knee-sprains/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213508.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818075745-20180818095745-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.926031 | 581 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This resource was created by Von Scully, Ellen Parker, and Kate Reilly.
This set of lessons asks a lot of open-ended questions. It challenges you/your learners to actively explore and observe your environment using very simple mathematical and scientific techniques through measurement.
This resource consists of five parts, which cover:
- Measuring length, height, width, and depth
- Measuring weight and mass
- Measuring volume
- Measuring time
- Using different types of measurement together | <urn:uuid:73b1c43b-51cd-420e-adf1-180893cfd350> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.dukefarms.org/making-an-impact/distance-learning/measure-for-measure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335491.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930145518-20220930175518-00794.warc.gz | en | 0.922755 | 100 | 3.859375 | 4 |
“Because the discipline of medical ethics has developed with autonomy as its foundation, the field has ignored pediatric ethics. The book is resoundingly successful in its effort to rectify this problem. . . . [A] pleasure to read.” —Eric D. Kodish, M.D., Director, Rainbow Center for Pediatric Ethics, Case Western Reserve University
Using a form of medical ethnography to investigate a variety of pediatric contexts, Richard B. Miller tests the fit of different ethical approaches in various medical settings to arrive at a new paradigm for how best to care for children. Miller contends that the principle of beneficence must take priority over autonomy in the treatment of children. Yet what is best for the child is a decision that doctors cannot make alone. In making and implementing such decisions, Miller argues, doctors must become part of a “therapeutic alliance” with families and the child undergoing medical care to come up with the best solution.
Children, Ethics, and Modern Medicine combines strong philosophical argumentation with firsthand knowledge of the issues facing children and families in pediatric care. This book will be an invaluable asset to medical ethicists and practitioners in pediatric care, as well as parents struggling with ethical issues in the care of their children. | <urn:uuid:2ec4df3d-634d-4fbc-b7a9-4a296e8c8091> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/product_info.php?products_id=20224 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300313.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00060-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949347 | 254 | 2.546875 | 3 |
FRESH COW SYNDROME
Recent research and field management programs have led to a greater awareness regarding the importance of a trouble-free transition period in getting high-producing dairy cows to recover from the stress of calving and preparing for milk production at the start of lactation. Production records clearly indicate that cows with a one to two pound daily reduction in milk production at the peak of lactation will produce 1,000 to 2,000 pounds less milk during the entire lactation period. Immediate post-calving problems such as reduced appetite, milk fever, hypocalcaemia and retained placentas can individually or collectively impair the cow’s ability to reach her optimum peak in lactation. Later post-calving problems, such as ketosis or displaced abomasums, are metabolic and digestive disorders that can further challenge the cow’s ability to maximize milk production throughout lactation.
Fresh cow management and feeding programs should be designed to provide fresh cows with a supplemental source of essential nutrients the first 24-48 hours after calving to help the cow make the transition from a dry period, to calving, to the start of lactation. Fresh Cow YMCP Plus was specifically designed to provide the fresh cow with an abundant supply and highly available active sources of yeast, magnesium, calcium and potassium, niacin and betaine.
NIACIN – BETAINE
Fresh Cow YMCP Plus has recently been reformulated to provide the fresh cow with an available active source of niacin and betaine. Consulting nutritionists routinely recommend 6,000 milligrams of niacin per day as an effective ketosis preventative. Dairy producers can now administer Fresh Cow YMCP Plus immediately after calving and be assured of a 6,000 milligram intake immediately after calving when cows frequently have reduced dry matter or feed intake. Recent research has shown that betaine is a very active osmolyte and helps maintain cellular fluids, thereby, reducing the chances of dehydration. Betaine also provides energy conserving lipotropic action in animals in an energy deficit condition and should be considered as a logical supplement in all fresh cow products and programs.
When cows freshen, their feed intake drops 20-25 percent the first 24-48 hours after calving and with problems such as milk fever, feed intake usually drops 60-80 percent. A secondary factor influencing dry matter intake following calving is the transition of the rumen mucosa and papillae in length and texture. Papillae should lengthen and increase in absorptive surface after calving to help promote absorption of nutrients, especially energy, required for optimum milk production. More and more nutritionists and veterinarians are recommending yeast as an economical tool to help establish and maintain dry matterintake. Most researchers are of the opinion that the complementary action of yeast is through its enhancing microbial action in stimulating rumen fermentation. Fresh Cow YMCP Plus contains the identical specific rumen strains of yeast culture found in Rumen Yeast Caps Plus. Each half-pound of Fresh Cow YMCP Plus was formulated to provide an identical number of colony-forming units as incorporated into one capsule of Rumen Yeast Caps Plus.
The hormone parathormone is considered to be the primary agent mobilizing the assimilation of calcium from the bones following calving. Most high producing cows cannot assimilate sufficient calcium from their digestive tracts following calving to meet their calcium needs. Biochemists are of the opinion that magnesium is the primary electrolyte that limits parathyroid gland secretion of parathormone and, as such, it should be fortified in the diet or ration whenever problems with hypocalcaemia are a common occurrence, such as after calving. Magnesium is also thought to have a complementary role in calcium absorption and it has been used with success by veterinarians to treat nervous ketosis and cows that may relapse with milk fever.
The immediate post-calving problems of hypocalcaemia or milk fever are related to the absorption of calcium from the bones. Cows whose blood calcium suddenly drops to the level at which cows go down and metabolically shut down should be treated intravenously to help restore the calcium to the desired serum level. Supplemental oral calcium should be considered following calving in an effort to supply additional calcium when feed intake normally drops. Fresh Cow YMCP Plus provides four sources of highly dispersible forms of calcium that are absorbed independently of each other. The calcium sources in Fresh Cow YMCP Plus are not irritating compared to chloride forms used in many oral preparations and, as such, they can be administered with less danger when used as a drench.
During their dry period, cows frequently consume too much potassium as a result of the high potassium content of forages, which can result in greater problems with hypocalcaemia and milk fever. However, once cows freshen, they generally have insufficient intake of potassium. Inadequate potassium intake after calving can contribute to problems with ketosis, as potassium is the primary influencing electrolyte in the immobilization of adeno triphosphate (ATP). Virtually all forms of utilizable carbohydrate and blood glucose originate from ATP and, as such, potassium should be considered for supplementation following calving. Smooth muscle tissue of the rumen, abomasum and uterus are dependent upon adequate supplies of potassium. Recent research clearly illustrates that these organs lose tone and contractility with either calcium or potassium deficits.
TECHTALK | Download and Print
||Transition Fresh Cow Perils
||Rehydrating the Fresh Dairy Cow | <urn:uuid:9ac31450-bf98-4934-8a3b-0f5fa32cdf3a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://www.techmixglobal.com/fresh-cow-ymcp-capsules | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462070.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00015-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932329 | 1,135 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Topics > Farlam
Farlam is a village and civil parish in the City of Carlisle District, in the English county of Cumbria. The village is about 21⁄4 miles (3.6 km) southeast of the small town of Brampton and 91⁄2 miles (15 km) east of the city of Carlisle. While the population has fluctuated over time, in the 2001 UK Census, the population stood at 590: 291 males and 299 females. The 2011 Census showed a population of 669: 331 males and 338 females.
The name Farlam is thought to originate from the Old English fearn and ham, the latter meaning village or village community, translating to a 'Ferny-clearing homestead/village' or perhaps, 'hemmed-in land by a ferny clearing'.
Farlam was originally divided into two townships, East Farlam and West Farlam, with a combined population in 1811 of 672 inhabitants and 115 houses. Hallbankgate and Kirkhouse were two hamlets located within the township of East Farlam, the former four miles south east of Brampton, and the latter, where the church stands, half-a-mile east of the village. Milton was a small village in West Farlam and is now in Brampton parish. The whole parish has a high elevation and topographically is quite hilly with an area in 1847 of 5,680 acres.
The UK national census recorded that in 1881, the total population for the parish peaked at 1585, which (with the exception of 1821 where it decreased from 672 to 663) had been growing steadily year on year, since records began in 1801. After 1881 there was a large drop in population which is shown in the 1961 census, where the population had decreased from 1581 to 670.
Both coal and limestone where found within Farlam and as such limestone was quarried and in 1552 coal was bored for in Greenside Rigg within the parish.. The 1881 census shows that the majority of men within the village were involved in the mining and quarrying of both the coal and limestone with 257 men being listed as workers in various mineral substances.
However the picture of the women occupations is less clear with the majority (232) being listed as persons without specific occupations. Due to Farlam being a mining village jobs may have been very limited to mining, an occupation not performed by the women and as such simply had no occupation through lack of job availability.
|Domestic Service or Offices||6||59|
|Persons without Specified Occupations||9||232|
|Transport & Communications||20||–|
|Workers in Carriages & Harnesses||4||–|
|Workers in Chemicals & Compounds||1||–|
|Workers in Dress||14||21|
|Workers in Food & Lodging||14||–|
|Workers in General or Unspecified Commodities||39||–|
|Workers in House, Furniture & Decorations||15||–|
|Workers in Machines & Implements||10||–|
|Workers in Textiles Fabrics||5||–|
|Workers in Various Mineral Substances||257||1|
|Workers in Various Vegetable Substances||4||–|
Over time, the total number of houses in Farlam has fluctuated. Between 1831 and 1901, the total number of houses increased steadily from 134 to 294. However, in 1921 the total number of houses decreased to 230 and rose again to 247 in 1931 before falling to 230 in 1961. The most recent data from the 2001 UK Census showed that there were 265 houses.
|Year of census||Total Houses|
Farlam has boasted a church as early as 1169, but the current church was erected in 1860. The old church was given by Robert de Vallibus to Lanercost priory but after the dissolution along with all of the possessions of the priory, was granted to Sir Thomas Dacre, and is now in the patronage and impropriation of the Earl of Carlisle.
The current church is dedicated to St. Thomas a Becket and is a plain stone building in the early English style and was constructed for a cost of £2,000 back in 1860 which in today's money would have cost £86,320.
The building consists of a nave, chancel and only one aisle with for accommodation for 400 worshippers. It occupies a site near the old church adjoining the hamlet of Kirkhouse. The land on which it stands was contributed by the Hon. Charles Howard as well as £500 towards its construction, Mrs Maria Thompson also contributed £200, a new organ for the church and erected the pictorial east window. The Ecclesiastical Commissioners granted £200, and the parishioners also contributed a large unknown sum of money towards the cost of erection. | <urn:uuid:a86c5941-d1b0-43c2-b910-ee521dfa9e1e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/farlam-cumbria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00869.warc.gz | en | 0.963023 | 1,192 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Seasonal variations may influence children’s physical activity patterns. The aim of this study was to examine how children’s objectively-measured physical activity differed across seasons, and whether different seasonal patterns were observed for boys and girls.
Three hundred and twenty-six children aged 8–11 years from nine primary schools in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Physical activity was measured every 15-s using hip-mounted GT3X+ ActiGraph accelerometers for seven consecutive days in the Winter (n = 249), Spring (n = 221), Summer (n = 174) and Autumn (n = 152) school terms. Time spent in moderate (MPA), vigorous (VPA) and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) at each time point was derived using age-specific cut-points. Meteorological data (maximum temperature, precipitation, daylight hours) were obtained daily during each season. Longitudinal data were analysed using multilevel analyses, adjusted for age, sex, accelerometer wear time, number of valid days, and meteorological variables.
Compared to Winter, children engaged in significantly less MPA (−5.0 min) and MVPA (−7.8 min) in Summer. Girls engaged in less MVPA in Spring (−18 min) and Summer (−9.2 min) and more MVPA in Autumn (9.9 min) compared to Winter. Significant changes in MPA and VPA bout frequency and duration were also observed. Significant decreases in VPA bout frequency (3.4 bouts) and duration (2.6 min) were observed for girls in Spring compared to Winter. No significant seasonal changes were observed for boys for all intensities and physical activity accumulation.
Physical activity decreased in Summer compared to Winter, contrasting previous research that typically reports that children are most active in summer. Greater fluctuations were observed for girls’ activity levels. In addition, girls’ activity duration and bouts appeared to be more susceptible to seasonal changes compared to boys. The results suggest that strategies to promote physical activity may be needed in Australia during the hot summer months, particularly for girls. | <urn:uuid:8fc4f51c-ebd4-45c6-8869-1528e1e3047c> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://isbnpa.org/ijbnpa-news/too-hot-to-move-objectively-assessed-seasonal-changes-in-australian-childrens-physical-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038083007.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415035637-20210415065637-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.952225 | 433 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Financial institutions (FIs) are aggressively collating and crunching consumer data and adopting advanced technology to develop financial products and services which are economical, sustainable, accessible and easily understood by the masses. However, despite the wide range of advanced products being offered by FIs, their distribution channels and the yottabytes of consumer data at their disposal, India remains a nation where only two-thirds of all adults in India own bank accounts and only 40% of the population have active accounts.
On the consumer side, 38% of India’s population is illiterate, only 24% is banking literate and the banking confidence index is at 72%2 of the banked population. Moreover, only 20% of the female population in India has bank accounts.
1. Inadequate infrastructure
People in rural areas still have to travel miles to access a banking interface. The number of branches serving rural areas has witnessed a paltry CAGR of 5% from 2006, while it was 8% and 7% for urban and metropolitan areas respectively. Although India is a vast country, it has only 2.3 lakh ATMs and 14 lakh point-of-sale (POS) terminals, which is almost half the number of such facilities in developing countries and one-fourth that in developed countries. Though digital channels like apps, websites, SMS/text, ATM, video teller machines (VTMs) and e-kiosks are narrowing the gap between banks and customers, rural Indians are more comfortable with physical channels. Amalgamation of retail stores and banking can be a revolutionary step towards financial inclusion.
2. Financial literacy
According to a survey by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC, 76% of Indian adults are unable to understand key financial concepts, which is seven percentile points lower than the worldwide index. Lack of adequate knowledge results in confusion, apprehensions and obstacles that prevent people from availing of the many banking products and services8. Improving Financial Literacy (FL) among these individuals may lead to the selection of products that best suit individual needs. It will also make individuals aware about the different kinds of banking channels and their features. Launching of such FL programmes would remedy the situation. RBI’s Financial Awareness Messages (FAME) initiative and pictorial booklets such as ‘Raju’ and ‘Money Kumar’, which explain the various financial instruments and the role of RBI are much needed to increase financial inclusion. Several technology giants and financial companies are also introducing FL programmes through short documentary films and classroom training, use of dedicated apps and websites to explain banking concepts.
3. Consumer security and fraud
Regulatory bodies are constantly tightening and enhancing regulatory policies to prevent cybercrime and fraudulent activities. At the same time, FIs are redesigning their products and services in order to make them convenient and regulatory compliant. Nevertheless, there is a lack of confidence among end users, and Indian consumers tend to trust older or public FIs more than private or newly established institutes. This lack of trust needs to be addressed by regulatory bodies through clear guidelines and effective communication. Financial Literacy is not limited to opening a bank account. It is complete only when an individual is able to perform transactions independently and securely. Security breaches are higher among the financially illiterate and in rural areas, where consumers are more likely to share confidential bank details with their relatives or strangers as they are unable to use advanced channels like ATMs, apps or USSD services. Hence, a successful FL strategy needs to take into account the demographics, literacy and banking competency level of consumers.
Source: CII Report: Inclusion 2.0: Leveraging technology disruptions to realise India’s digital economy | <urn:uuid:5259e60f-4903-4cf7-ae7d-0a9bf99c4c98> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.ciiblog.in/issues-currently-faced-by-banks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596336.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723110342-20180723130342-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.948965 | 756 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Sardis Lake is a 98,520-acre (398.7 km2) reservoir on the Little Tallahatchie River in Lafayette, Panola, and Marshall counties, Mississippi. I took these images flying a couple thousand feet about the lake early in the morning when the sun was at an angle that brightly, intensely lit up the amazing earth colors. The Tallahatchie River runs 230 miles (370 km) from Tippah County, down through Tallahatchie County, and on to Leflore County, where it flows into the Yalobusha River to form the Yazoo River. The river is only navigable for 100 miles (160km).
Zedekiah: “This is an early morning photograph I captured of the Little Tallahatchie River as it flows through Lake Sardis in Mississippi. I love the surrounding ambrosial marshlands, it amazes me the amount of life in this picture! The colors in nature are stunning. I find beautiful places that can only be seen from up above the ground. This is such a place. Once morning as I was flying westbound at a couple thousand feet above ground just after sunrise on a clear winter morning I came upon this view. The colors were stunning.”
As part of the Flood Control Act of 1936, the federal government constructed an earth-filled flood control dam on the Tallahatchie near the town of Sardis, Mississippi. This created Sardis Lake to protect the town and surrounding area from flooding. Tallahatchie is a First Nations Choctaw name meaning “Rock of Waters.” This name derives from the source of the Tallahatchie River which has outcrops of iron sandstone. | <urn:uuid:b589f445-1541-4480-b82d-5da7184d9120> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://whereeaglesfly.tv/sardis-lake/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812758.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219171550-20180219191550-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.942657 | 354 | 2.859375 | 3 |
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