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What Is It About Europa Anyway?
- Jupiterís moon Europa may have a deep, liquid-water ocean
- Best estimates suggest ice is ~20km deep, with a total depth of water to ç100km
- Heat flow from the interior 10-30% of Earth (10-30 mW/m2 on average).
- If an ocean is found, their may be an opportunity for aqueous chemistry, an origin of life, and the evolutionary ìexperiment.î
- Europa has all of the raw materials required to support ìlife-as-we-know-it,î but the questions are more ìwhether, where, when and how much?î | <urn:uuid:4814af62-cf90-4c84-b4e6-1d6bec3797c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.spacebio.net/modules/lu_resource/europan_life/tsld002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306301.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128152530-20220128182530-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.832272 | 145 | 3.109375 | 3 |
What is Thoracic Myelopathy?
Thoracic myelopathy is a disorder resulting from severe spinal cord compression in the thoracic region. The spinal cord in this region typically gets compressed as a result of bulging or herniated discs, spinal trauma, or bone spurs causing severe pain and discomfort. Thoracic decompression surgery is one of the effective ways to treat thoracic myelopathy.
Thoracic Spine Anatomy
The thoracic spine is the central part of the spine. The spine consists of 33 vertebral bones stacked one on top of the other with cushioning discs lying between each vertebrae. It is divided into 7 cervical vertebrae (neck), 12 thoracic vertebrae (mid back), 5 lumbar vertebrae (lower back), 5 sacral bones, and 4 coccyx bones. The sacral and the coccyx bones are fused and do not provide any movement in the spine. The spine plays a key role in the smooth movement, stability, and protection of the delicate spinal cord, and giving symmetry and support to the body.
Causes of Thoracic Myelopathy
Thoracic myelopathy typically develops due to gradual degeneration of the spine as well as compression of the nerve roots and spinal cord resulting from conditions such as:
- Spinal stenosis
- Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis of the spine
- Hematomas, cysts, hernias, and spinal tumors, including bone cancer
- Spinal trauma, spinal infection, neurological disorders, inflammatory disease, radiation therapy
- Congenital disorders
- Central disc herniations
Symptoms of Thoracic Myelopathy
Usually, spinal cord trauma or compression results in loss of function, loss of sensation, and discomfort or pain around the area. Thoracic myelopathy symptoms may also include:
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness
- Neck, arm, lower back or leg pain
- Difficulty walking
- Difficulties with balance and coordination
- Loss of bowel or urinary control
- Increased or abnormal reflexes in the extremities
- Complications with fine motor skills, such as buttoning a shirt or writing
Diagnosis of Thoracic Myelopathy
Proper diagnosis is crucial for effective management of thoracic myelopathy. To arrive at an accurate diagnosis, a detailed review of medical history coupled with a physical and neurological examination is conducted. Neurological examination helps identify any signs of neurological injury and involves evaluation of reflexes and muscle weakness. Your doctor may also recommend the following tests for a detailed view of the spine and spinal canal to assess for any abnormalities and to confirm the diagnosis of thoracic myelopathy:
- MRI scan
- Electrical tests, such as somatosensory evoked potentials or electromyogram
Treatment for Thoracic Myelopathy
Treatment usually depends on the causes of thoracic myelopathy and include both non-surgical as well as surgical methods.
Non-surgical methods are typically employed to treat mild forms of thoracic myelopathy and are aimed at alleviating pain and discomfort with physiotherapy, bracing, and medication. The non-surgical approach does not treat compression.
Thoracic spine decompression surgery is the common surgical treatment employed to treat spinal cord compression. Decompression surgery is designed to take the pressure off the spinal cord or nerve root and provide relief from pain and discomfort. Thoracic herniated disc surgery is also an option to eliminate herniated discs or bone spurs that are found to be pressing against the spinal cord.
For advanced thoracic myelopathy that occurs because of stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal), your physician may recommend a surgery called laminoplasty. Laminoplasty is a motion-sparing procedure that creates more space for the spinal cord and nerve roots to relieve abnormal pressure on the spinal cord while retaining flexibility of the spine at the area of compression.
For patients who are not a candidate for laminoplasty, decompression and spinal fusion is employed as an alternative. During spinal fusion, two or more vertebrae are fused together so that they heal into a single, solid bone. This is done to eliminate painful motion and to restore stability to the spine.
Minimally invasive spine surgery is also an option as it offers lower risks and complications with a faster recovery due to minimal surgical incisions and reduced trauma to the body when compared to conventional open surgery. This type of surgery is usually performed using tiny instruments and an endoscope to visually guide the surgery. | <urn:uuid:d39f4f39-1922-48fb-9e78-94d8166065b4> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.johnbuzamd.com/thoracic-myelopathy-orthopedic-spine-surgeon-brooklyn-manhattan-queens.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350706.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225012257-20210225042257-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.921563 | 966 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Browse the glossary by selecting a letter or by entering an arthritis-related term:
A connection point between vertebrae. These joints keep the spine aligned as it moves.
A general worn-down feeling of having no energy. Fatigue can be caused by excessive physical, mental or emotional exertion, by lack of sleep or by inflammation or disease.
The round bony protrusion at the end of the thigh bone that fits into the acetabulum (socket) of the pelvis to form the hip joint.
The bone in the upper leg, or thigh. The top end of the femur meets with the pelvis to form the hip joint.
A syndrome characterized by widespread muscle pain, the presence of tender points (or points on the body that feel painful on pressure) and often debilitating fatigue.
A surgical procedure in which bones that form a joint are held in place with metal screws or plates, allowing them to fuse into a single, immovable unit. Also called arthrodesis. | <urn:uuid:7ac67ca4-29e0-484d-a013-49dcb5558696> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.arthritis.org/living-with-arthritis/tools-resources/glossary/glossary-f.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398538144.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205538-00141-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923666 | 208 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Supporters of a free market in education have immense constitutional discretion in crafting school choice programs in the wake of the Supreme Court’s landmark 2002 decision in Zelman v. Simmons-Harris. It is now time to focus carefully on the details of school choice programs, to discern what specific legislative provisions and regulations advance or impede the development of a free market.
Regulation of private schools is a growing concern among proponents of school choice. This paper uses a national survey of private schools as a basis for analyzing the potential effects of various regulations. More than a thousand schools responded to questions about their willingness to participate in a school choice program if they had to comply with particular regulations. The survey reveals that the directors of many private schools would rather turn down “free money” than compromise the core qualities of their schools; it also reveals that different kinds of schools often do not agree on what those core qualities are.
The paper also examines some economic flaws in school choice programs and explains why limiting student eligibility narrows the market and stunts improvement and why school choice policies must be carefully crafted to take into account the dominance and funding structure of Catholic schools.
Finally, the paper provides a series of dos and don’ts for school choice policymakers, organized under four principles. First, create broad-based demand. Second, create a wide-open playing field on which schools may differentiate themselves and compete, and eliminate entry barriers to new schools. Third, avoid skewing prices with tuition caps or non-need-based subsidization. Finally, avoid conflicts of interest between the people paying for education and the parents and children benefiting from education by creating a system that maximizes direct payment by parents and minimizes coercive wealth transfers through the state. | <urn:uuid:5c098dab-b0b0-492f-b3a3-ce4f9a74fb3a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/struggle-school-choice-policy-after-zelman-regulation-vs-free-market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609404.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528004908-20170528024908-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.960862 | 348 | 2.59375 | 3 |
LISTEN to the triple j Hack PODCAST
Across Australia, nine out of every 100 women using the pill will fall pregnant accidentally – so why aren’t more people using long-term contraceptives?
Studies show the pill is only effective 91 per cent of the time.
But the number of unplanned pregnancies could decrease if more women were using the long-term options like IUDs and implants. One of the main reasons the long-acting contraceptives are more effective is because they eliminate human error. So should doctors be discussing the alternatives more with women?
While medical research has come a long way since 1960 when ‘The Pill’ was approved for use, contraceptive research hasn’t. Most of the contraceptives developed since the pill use the same method, which is to stop a woman from ovulating.
Laureate Professor John Aitken from the University of Newcastle’s Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science is developing a new contraceptive that stops pregnancy and the transmission of STIs at the same time.
The major difference with his contraceptive is that it only becomes bio-chemically active during intercourse. | <urn:uuid:f9f8e250-4b60-4cf7-bf3e-c57898bf8a5d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://blogs.newcastle.edu.au/blog/2013/09/13/triple-j-hack-professor-john-aitken-on-new-contraception-method/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540551267.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213071155-20191213095155-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.915972 | 231 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Animal Welfare advocates have criticized dissection in schools and have pushed for alternatives for decades. Two groups—the Animal Welfare Institute and Save the Frogs—have put their money where their mouths are and recently offered up free anatomy software to schools that agree to give up dissection. Rancho Verde High School in Southern California agreed to become the first U.S. school to take the offer. The animal welfare group will be giving Digital Frog 2.5 software licenses, worth $900 each, to the first 25 schools that agree to give up dissections for five years. “It’s arguably not the same as doing it with a real animal,” said Rancho Verde assistant principal Kevin Stipp, who taught science from 1986 to 2000. Without the hands-on component, a computer dissection can’t be as realistic, he said, “But it’s not so drastically different that the kids won’t get something out of it.” Proponents of virtual dissection programs say they are more humane and safer than using real animals.
Today, students, educators, and parents are concerned not only about the death of innocent animals when it comes to dissection but also the pain that these animals must go through before they even reach the classroom. Animal welfare groups claim that many animals are raised specifically for dissection, while others are purchased from fur farms and factory farms, supporting two horrific industries. Opponents of dissection claim that many of the animals used in experiments are collected by people called “bunchers,” who answer free-to-a-good-home ads and pick up stray cats and people’s pets who have gotten lost.
Frogs are the most commonly used animals in dissection. Those opposed to dissection have argued that not only is it inhumane to experiment on animals in schools, but dissection also destroys the environment. Animal advocates claim that the removal of frogs from ecosystems disrupts nature’s delicate balance, resulting in increased crop destruction, pesticide use, and spread of disease.
It has also been argued that dissecting animals in the classroom desensitizes kids to the sanctity of life. Research has shown that a large percentage of students are uneasy about using animals in experiments. Animal welfare advocates argue that exposing kids to dissection fosters callousness toward animals and nature.
Lucky for those opposed to dissection, it’s becoming easier to choose not to dissect. According to animal welfare advocates, if you live in California, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, or Virginia, you have the option, by law, to choose not to dissect. The more students who voice their opinion and opt out of dissection, the greater the chances the school will stop supporting the destruction of life in the name of education.
It is my belief that it’s not ethical to dissect animals so that students can learn about anatomy. When I was in both middle school and high school, I took a stand and refused to dissect. Regardless of whether these animals were bred for dissection or taken from their natural habitat, they deserve to live their lives free from exploitation. Given today’s computer technology, virtual dissection can be an adequate learning tool without the cruelty. Make sure to tell your kids they have a choice not to participate in the dissection of innocent animals.
Special Cat Adoption Fees for June
Animal Shelter Assistance Program offers $30 discount on adoptions. Adopters can bring home two bundles of joy for the price of one—only $65! (Don’t worry: You can still adopt a single cat or kitten.) Until the end of June, cat adoption fees are only $35 for one cat or kitten. That’s a $30 discount off the regular price of $65. Included in the adoption fee at ASAP are the following:
* Spay or neuter surgery
* Flea treatment
* Health evaluation, including testing for feline leukemia (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Cats thought to be 10 years or older receive a full blood panel evaluation, thus assuring that the cat is indeed healthy and adoptable.
* Medical and drug coverage through ASAP’s vet for two weeks beyond adoption, if necessary
* Temperament evaluation
* Cat carrier (you can save the county money by bringing your own)
ASAP is located at the Santa Barbara County Animal Shelter, 5473 Overpass Rd. Adoption hours are Monday-Friday, 9 a.m.-4:45 p.m., and Saturday, 10 a.m.-4 p.m. For more information, visit www.asapcats.org
Watch ASAP video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tF-N-f2DN_M
RESQCATS has many cats and kittens waiting for a permanent home
Please call RESQCATS at 563-9424 for an adoption appointment. All cats and kittens at RESQCATS receive:
* A full veterinary exam
* Spay or neuter surgery
* Age-appropriate vaccinations and worming medication
* Feline leukemia testing
RESQCATS is a nonprofit sanctuary dedicated to the rescue, care, and adoption of abandoned cats and kittens in Santa Barbara. For more information, visit www.resqcats.org
Watch RESQCATS video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XW3-6HMT6GA
Santa Barbara Humane Society offers discount on cat adoptions.
Santa Barbara Humane Society is offering reduced adoption fees for cats during the month of June. During Adopt-A-Cat Month, the adoption fee for cats is only $44 and includes all of the following:
* Spay/neuter surgery
* Current vaccinations
* Complete health screening
* Temperament evaluation
* Background/personality history
* Starter packet of food
* Booklet on cat care
* Cardboard cat carrier
To adopt a cat, visit the Santa Barbara Humane Society at 5399 Overpass Rd. For more information, call: 964-4777. Shelter hours are Monday-Saturday, 10 a.m-5 p.m.
Adoptable Pets of the Week
Eliza and Harrison are beautiful rabbits who are siblings, and came into the shelter in 2010. They are very small, about 5 pounds each. For someone looking for a compact rabbit, these are the bunnies for you.
Bunnies Urgently Needing Shelter (BUNS) is a volunteer organization that cares for abandoned rabbits. BUNS is located at the Santa Barbara County Animal Shelter, 5473 Overpass Road. BUNS works to find bunnies permanent homes and educates the public on caring for a companion rabbit. You can call the County Shelter at 681-5285 or call BUNS at 683-0521 and leave a message for someone to call you back.
For more information, visit www.bunssb.org
Lisa Acho Remorenko, executive director of Animal Adoption Solutions, www.animaladoptionsolutions.com | <urn:uuid:63378a47-0ced-46b7-a9cf-c407abd03d00> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.independent.com/news/2011/jun/03/virtual-dissection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119648008.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030048-00022-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921168 | 1,502 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Multiple globalizations are slowly but surely altering the way we understand education and learning in the 21st century. What is "global citizenship education" for our age?
Citizenship education has traditionally been associated with "civic education," which teaches citizens about constitutional democracy and obedience to the nation-state. It includes civic knowledge, basic concepts that inform the practice of democracy in civil society; civic skills, which include intellectual and participatory skills that facilitate citizens' judgment and actions; and civic virtues, usually defined in Western societies around liberal principles such as self-discipline, compassion, civility, tolerance, and respect.
How will citizenship building be defined in the future? How has the concept of global citizenship education been incorporated in the contemporary discourses circulating and competing in the international system, governments, and academia?
Torres will present themes from his new book, exploring controversies around citizenship building, diversity, and the dilemmas of multiculturalism as well as the responsibilities of universities and adult learning systems in promoting citizenship building.
Carlos Alberto Torres is distinguished professor of social sciences and comparative education at UCLA, where he holds the inaugural UNESCO Chair in Global Learning and Global Citizenship Education and directs the university's Paulo Freire Institute.
Widely published, Torres recently coauthored, with Massimiliano Tarozzi, Global Citizenship Education and the Crises of Multiculturalism (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016), which argues that global citizenship education offers a new educational perspective for making sense of dilemmas of multiculturalism and national citizenship deficits in diverse societies, taking into account equality, human rights, and social justice. His new book, in press with Routledge, is entitled Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Critical Global Citizenship Education.
His empirical work focuses on the impact of globalization in Latin America, especially on higher education in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, and in Asia including work on Global Citizenship Education in Vietnam and Taiwan.
He holds a PhD in international development education from Stanford University, and a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the Universidade Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal. He is also a corresponding member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and has received several Fulbright grants.
Hesburgh Center Auditorium
Kellogg Institute for International Studies | <urn:uuid:21996684-013f-4d2d-8eb4-c9d0253a2c39> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://events.nd.edu/events/2017/04/04/63135-lecture-global-citizenship-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107875980.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021035155-20201021065155-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.933205 | 484 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Most Americans have grown up with the conventional medical paradigm; learning to suppress symptoms as a means to “cure.” For example, when you have pain you take an aspirin to stop feeling the pain, or if you have a cough you take a cough suppressant, or suppress a fever with Tylenol. The symptoms may disappear and you may feel better, but these medicines do not cure.
Symptoms are the body’s only way of telling you that something is wrong or out of balance. The pain is your body’s way to stop yourself from further injury and forces you to rest. The cough is the body trying to expel something from your lungs and the fever is one of the body’s most vital means of fighting an infection.
Instead of suppressive conventional therapies, homeopathy offers an approach that works with the body’s natural ability to heal. It is a system of medicine that is based on the laws of similars. This law of nature states that a disease can be cured by using a substance that can produce the same or similar symptoms of the disease.
Over 200 years ago, Samuel Hahnemann organized the system of medicine of Homeopathy. He was familiar with the law of similars and put it to use after observing his own symptoms after taking quinine. He realized that the symptoms he developed were very similar to the symptoms of malaria. Hahnemann remembered this and decided to conduct an experiment using it in the next case of malaria he saw. Amazingly, the patient was rapidly cured when given quinine. Hahnemann recorded the symptoms of more and more substances, and without fail, cured the diseases those symptoms represented.
Today homeopathy is practiced around the world, and in some countries it stands as the primary method of treatment. Although the popularity of homeopathy has waxed and waned over the past two hundred years, it has been again growing in popularity as people acknowledge its ability to restore health and often cure the incurable.
When using homeopathy, a trained practitioner takes time to understand all of the symptoms of the patient. Not only are the physical symptoms of their disease important, but the mental and emotional symptoms are also essential in choosing the best homeopathic remedy for that individual.
Homeopathic medicines are extremely safe and effective. They are mostly made from plants, minerals or animals. These substances are given in miniscule doses to eliminate the possibility of any side effects.
There are many products on the market that make mention of homeopathy or homeopathic. It is only truly homeopathic if the substance in the product can produce similar symptoms to the person taking it is presenting. Only when the symptoms of the person match the symptoms of the medicine is it homeopathic.
Homeopathy can be effective in treating most acute conditions, like the common cold, the flu and ear infections; It is also successful in treating more serious and chronic diseases like ADHD, Autism, irritable bowel, crohns, ulcerative colitis, eczema, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and other auto-immune conditions and mental emotional conditions such as depression, anxiety, and bi-polar disorder.
When choosing homeopathy to treat these conditions it is important to realize that there is real healing taking place. Although the process of treatment may take months or years for more chronic diseases, with every little improvement there is true healing that is taking place.
Here are two examples of how powerful homeopathy is:
- A 35 year old woman sought homeopathic care for her debilitating depression and anxiety. When her depression wasn’t keeping her in bed, her anxiety was preventing her from going out. She wasn’t able to hold a job, and trips to the supermarket were too overwhelming. She was so depressed at times she was having suicidal thoughts. She also felt very alone and that no one cared about her. Taking all of these, and her other symptoms into consideration, I prescribed Aurum metallicum (which is made from gold). Over a period of three months she improved dramatically. Both her depression and anxiety improved drastically. She was able to get up in the mornings and function again. She began working again and was in the process of completing a six week intensive training with 60 other co-workers. When this patient first came to my office, she had been on two pharmaceuticals; one for her depression and another for her anxiety. She was eventually able to discontinue both of these.
- A 60 year old male came in with a long history of chronic sinusitis. He had been having sinus infections since he was about 20 years old. In the past three years he had undergone two sinus surgeries that were supposed to eliminate his recurrent infections. Still suffering, he was then presented with yet another surgical option, which involved peeling away part of his face to then scrape out the sinuses in his forehead. To date, he had been on over 30 rounds of antibiotics and was currently on eight different medicines all related to his sinus infections. Obviously this approach was not working. He was an engineer and was very dedicated to his work and he would often become annoyed with co-workers who would “waste time” having non-work related discussions at nearby workstations. He would become so annoyed that he would interrupt them to warn them that he would write them up unless they used their vacation time to have these discussions at work. He was generally a chilly person.I prescribed Nux vomica (made from a plant), and had him discontinue with two of his medications. After only three weeks under homeopathic care, his sinus symptoms cleared up completely. He was able to continue without sinus infections for an additional six months, which he had not done for over 12 years. Presently this patient is still doing well.
Homeopathy is an extremely safe form of treatment. It can be useful with children, pregnancy, and the elderly without adverse effects. Beginning treatment with homeopathy also does not require you to discontinue your current medicines, in fact many homeopaths would prefer you remain on your medications until you begin to see improvement. Another wonderful aspect of homeopathy is that the medicines are very low cost.
“The introduction of homeopathy forced the old school doctor to stir around and learn something of a rational nature about his business. You may honestly feel grateful that homeopathy survived the attempts of the allopaths to destroy it.”
~ Mark Twain
Harper’s Bazaar , 1890 | <urn:uuid:4d25451d-4085-4b93-975b-f4db01b90833> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.carolinasnaturalhealth.com/homeopathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862248.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619095641-20180619115641-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.981242 | 1,340 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In the context of a gearbox, a bushing is a part made use of to support and guidebook the rotating or sliding shafts in just the gearbox. Gearbox bushings are usually cylindrical in condition and manufactured from elements such as bronze, brass, or metal.
Listed here are a few essential factors about bushings in a gearbox:
one. Shaft Assist: Gearbox bushings supply assist for the shafts that transmit power and rotation in just the gearbox. They enable retain the good alignment and positioning of the shafts, ensuring sleek and effective electrical power transmission.
two. Friction Reduction: Bushings in a gearbox help reduce friction in between the rotating shafts and the gearbox housing. By offering a low-friction floor, they limit use and electricity decline, contributing to the total performance of the gearbox.
3. Sounds and Vibration Dampening: Gearbox bushings also play a part in absorbing vibrations and lowering sounds produced through procedure. They dampen the vibrations ensuing from the meshing of gears, endorsing smoother and quieter gearbox effectiveness.
four. Wear Protection: Bushings help defend the gearbox housing and other components from have on and injury triggered by the rotating shafts. They act as a sacrificial layer, China bushing manufacturer reducing immediate metallic-to-steel call and extending the lifespan of the gearbox.
five. Lubrication: In some instances, gearbox bushings are intended to be self-lubricating or to keep lubricant to be certain suitable lubrication in between the shafts and the China bushing distributor floor. This cuts down friction and put on, maximizing the longevity and general performance of the gearbox.
Gearbox bushings are usually discovered at various details within the gearbox, based on the precise style and design and configuration. They can be situated at the enter and output shafts, intermediate shafts, or other crucial locations where rotational or sliding motion happens.
The selection of gearbox bushings relies upon on elements such as load capacity, running ailments, preferred friction features, and compatibility with lubricants employed in the gearbox. Good servicing, which include normal inspection and lubrication, is very important to be certain the ideal effectiveness and longevity of the gearbox bushings. | <urn:uuid:9e043778-86cb-4f25-acf0-f0edaf247e34> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://worm-gearboxes.xyz/what-is-a-bushing-on-a-gearbox/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474412.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223121413-20240223151413-00840.warc.gz | en | 0.92955 | 472 | 2.859375 | 3 |
China is in the process of a renewable energy transformation, lead chiefly by solar power. The country is taking its solar power revolution seriously and has carried out several projects to bring attention to the solar industry. Part of this commitment involves the creation of a rather adorable solar power plant in the shape of a panda.
The Panda Power Plant will be stationed in Datong, in the Shanxi province, and it is being constructed by the appropriately named “Panda Green Energy“. The company has worked alongside the United Nations Development Program to encourage development of renewable energy resources in China. Upon completion of the project, it will cover nearly 1,500 acres of land with a section of the array arranged in the shape of a panda.
The panda image will be created through the use of two different solar panel types and arranged by color. The project’s first stage has just been connected to the Datong grid, so now 50 megawatts of clean energy is available for citizens in the area to use. When the plant is finally completed, it will produce around 100 megawatts of clean energy, enough to power 16,400 homes. The solar installation should help offset carbon emissions by some 2.74 million tons over the next 25 years, according to Panda Green Energy.
The power plant will have an activity center for Chinese youth that aims to educate young people about sustainable energy from an early age. Panda Green Energy wants to expand the scope of the project over the next five years, through a collaboration with China Merchants New Energy. The company hopes to develop similar (read: panda-themed) solar plants both outside and inside of China.
China is already one of the world’s leaders when it comes to the production of solar energy, and the creation of solar technology. The world’s largest floating solar plant was created in the Anhui province earlier this year, and last month the entire province of Qinghai ran for a week on only renewable energy sources. | <urn:uuid:e9e99a93-642f-487e-bd29-9291b7cb204d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://renewsable.net/2017/07/05/china-just-unveiled-a-panda-shaped-solar-farm-that-will-power-over-16000-homes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003024646-20231003054646-00824.warc.gz | en | 0.947336 | 403 | 3.1875 | 3 |
HUNTSVILLE, Alabama -- Q: We have a pear tree in our back yard, and my husband found a little tree growing under it. He assumed it was another pear tree and replanted it in another location. However, since the young tree has grown and is producing fruit, it does not look exactly like the "mother" tree. We are fascinated with the differences in the younger tree and want to find out more about our little pear tree. Thank you. - Lynn J.
A: Congratulations on having a very vigorous growing and more importantly "fruiting" pear tree in your home landscape. The popularity of small fruit trees has definitely increased over the last few years with homeowners as the desire for an edible landscape has grown. Your fruiting pear looks very healthy, and now all you need is a bit more time before you can start picking those fruits and biting into a luscious, sweet pear for dessert.
Now, as to your mystery pear, or little pear tree as you call it, I definitely have an opinion of what it is and probably two scenarios of how it came to be. It is hard to call it a little pear tree from your pictures since it is already taller than the mother tree. By looking at the size of your fruit, the foliage, and the most telling characteristic - the thorns, - you have a Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana PIE-rus kal-er-ee-AH-na), something that I do not think you want to keep in your landscape.
Unfortunately, this tree has become quite invasive throughout the Southeast and is taking over many roadsides and undeveloped farmland areas. In your back yard you will find that it will grow very rapidly to about 40 feet tall, have beautiful white flowers in the spring (that will smell like old, wet dog) and produce an abundant crop of the small fruits you are seeing right now. These fruits are favorites of our many songbirds and they will come and eat away at your tree leaving quite a mess as they fly away and before you know it you may have many, many more trees growing up in your yard. Lastly, the thorns can be quite dangerous when working around the tree, especially when mowing. So my recommendation would be to remove it before it becomes a large nuisance.
The other question is why was it growing up under your mother pear tree. There are probably two explanations that are logical. The first is that a bird had eaten a flowering pear fruit from a tree in your neighborhood (probably a Bradford pear), came and perched on your fruiting pear and left the seed as a present under your tree as it flew away. These seeds germinate very easily so it came up the following spring and began growing. The reason why this tree has proven to be such a nuisance is that birds do carry the seeds great distances and drop them all along roadways, ditches and open fields.
The more likely way that your young tree came about is that it is the rootstock for your fruiting pear. While we have had edible fruit trees (apples, pears, peaches, cherries, etc.) grown from seeds for many years, they may not have always produced the best fruit. Selections, either made naturally or by hybridization, are on the market that are superior fruit trees. They are more flavorful, more disease resistant, cold hardy and drought tolerant and have many other superior attributes. However, almost all of these improved hybrids do not produce a hardy root system that will support a tree. Therefore, almost all fruit trees must be grown on a hardy rootstock with the improved cultivar grafted or budded onto this rootstock. We can even use rootstocks to control growth, which means we could have a Red Delicious apple tree that would grow 10 feet tall or 15 feet tall or taller than 20 feet depending upon which rootstock was used.
There are four main rootstocks that are used for fruiting pear trees. One is actually a quince tree that does provide a dwarfing effect on the tree. Another choice is the Bartlett seedling of Pyrus communis - the predominate species of fruiting pear. Bartlett has been one of the most widely grown cultivars, and seeds are harvested at the canning factories as pears are cleaned and then shipped to nurseries for growing as rootstocks. A hybrid pear tree listed as OH x F (Old Home x Farmingdale) is catching on as a more disease resistant choice of rootstock in many parts of the country, especially along the East Coast. Lastly, Pyrus calleryana, your Callery pear, has been used as a rootstock for fruiting pears just like it has been used for the flowering pear selections through the years.
I imagine that your mother tree was grown at a nursery that grew both fruiting pear cultivars and flowering pear cultivars and the grower used the same rootstock for all of these selections. If your fruiting tree was grafted on P. calleryana, then I believe it was a root sucker that came up from the soil. This is very common with Callery pear and you could have dug it up and moved it without any problem.
I hope this helps to solve your mystery pear tree. I know you will enjoy those wonderful looking fruits on the mother tree in just a few more weeks.
Things to do in the garden right now:
As crape myrtle flowers fade and the seed pods form, you can pinch these off to encourage new blooms.
Water lawns deeply and irregularly to encourage deep rooting. Do not water until lawn begins to show stress (you can see your footprints when you walk across the lawn).
Make notes in your garden journal on which annuals and perennials are performing best during the heat of the summer.
Harvey Cotten is the chief horticulturist and vice president at the Huntsville Botanical Garden. Write to firstname.lastname@example.org or c/o The Huntsville Times, P.O. Box 1487, West Station, Huntsville 35807. | <urn:uuid:868dd332-f10c-46e9-91e2-5f01fd870538> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://blog.al.com/living-times/2011/07/harvey_cotten_mystery_of_the_t.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00015-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97263 | 1,255 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Question: How does the consolidated balance sheet differ from the balance
How does the consolidated balance sheet differ from the balance sheet of the parent?
Answer to relevant QuestionsWhat is the allowance to adjust short- term investments to market, and why is it used? Describe the amortized cost method of accounting for investments. Under which circum-stances should it be used? Multiple Choice Questions 1. Investments in equity securities are deemed to be “passive” if: a. 100 percent of the firm’s stock is owned. b. Between 50 percent and 100 percent of the firm’s stock is owned. c. ...On January 1, 2011, Reduction Products Inc. acquired 1,500 shares of the outstanding common stock of Tupper Corp. for $ 24,000. On that date, Tupper had 10,000 shares of common stock outstanding. On October 1, 2011, Tupper ...Describe the four basic time-value-of-money problems.
Post your question | <urn:uuid:c1403144-4c86-45b4-b834-49be39829588> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.solutioninn.com/how-does-the-consolidated-balance-sheet-differ-from-the-balance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886116921.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822221214-20170823001214-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.933523 | 206 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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Just a note to frenchteacher subscribers to say that I've been going through all the subscriber pages of the site checking that all the resources are up to date and accurate. I've also been making some minor cosmetic changes to the appearance of the most of the worksheets.
So far I have gone through the Y8, Y9 and Y10-11 pages. I am currently working through the A-level pages and bearing in mind the latest changes to exam specifications while doing so. Most of my resources have a good shelf-life, but some require updating with latest figures and a few need ditching completely.
Changes in technology mean that some discussion questions go quickly out of date, notably with regard to the internet, music and TV. I have been updating these.
In addition, as the old specs disappear this summer, you'll find that the A-level page in particular will be reorganised somewhat. I have renamed the "current" A-level, "legacy" and have moved some resources around, fitting them in with the new specs where relevant.
Some topics are, of course, no longer in the specifications, notably science and the environment. I shall leave these resources on the site just in case you want to use them. Quite a lot of subscribers are outside the UK and they may want to use these too.
As always, I welcome feedback on the site and ideas for new resources. I am aware that not all the resources have answer keys, but my time is limited and I would prefer to write new resources rather than go through older ones adding answers.
Thank you for subscribing and thanks in particular to the many schools and teachers who subscribe year after year. I shall not be changing the subscription price and I hope you continue to find it excellent value. | <urn:uuid:bd910a28-17d6-4ef4-9542-69292a9523d9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://frenchteachernet.blogspot.com/2017/05/spring-cleaning-at-frenchteacher-towers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156416.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920041337-20180920061337-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.958437 | 370 | 2.578125 | 3 |
At J and C we teach 5 core subjects across the wider curriculum; Music, PE, Modern Foreign Languages, Art and Drama. These subjects are important because they are practical. They allow children to explore what they have learnt, express and refine their skills through practical experiences.
Through effective delivery of creative arts and humanities, schools get to focus on raising performance across the core subjects; numeracy, literacy, science, etc. If we want children to truly thrive and become highly productive citizens of our global economy we need to give them ongoing access to a high quality academic AND creative curriculum.
In addition to acquiring knowledge and understanding through math and sciences, children need to express themselves and apply what they’ve learnt through PE, the Arts and humanities.
“creativity is as important as literacy and we should afford it the same status.”
Sir Ken Robsinson
|Music:||Inclusive, engaging and cross curricular music lessons that ensures effective progress from reception to year 6.|
|PE||Pupils develop technical, tactical, physical and mental skill that develop confidence and critical thinking.|
|MFL||We deliver French and Spanish lessons that improve communication, cognitive skills and cultural awareness.|
|Art||Our Art lessons are creative, purposeful and linked to your school improvement plan to ensure high impact, integrated learning.|
Inspiring drama lessons develop self-confidence, self-expression, reflective practice and team-work.
Delivering these subjects to their highest level of impact takes specialist skill, experience and understanding. Three components are required for highly effective teaching in these areas;
- Passion for the subject – To teach subjects like Music and Art to really high standards, it helps when teachers are passionate about what they’re teaching. It inspires an enthusiasm for learning that is infectious and drives a positive learning culture throughout the school.
- Subject knowledge – Teachers need to know the technical and tactical aspects of what they are teaching. In MFL it’s important that the teachers’ pronunciation is correct to avoid common misconceptions. In PE, the teacher needs to model and support effectively to avoid serious pupil injuries.
- Pedagogical skill – Teachers need to be skilled in creating the learning environment for maximum pupil progress and attainment. These include effective behavior for learning, modelling, questioning and checking for understanding.
How can we help?
If you know of a school who may benefit from our expertise in enriching creative curriculums, simply get in touch with our team today who will be on hand to discuss your specific needs. | <urn:uuid:7d9be36d-be5b-45bd-9eef-93cfe41535e6> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.jandceducation.com/blog/j-and-c-articles/what-subjects-do-you-teach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697439.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019164943-20191019192443-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.933779 | 525 | 3.421875 | 3 |
YOKOHAMA: A Japanese robot designed to withstand high levels of radiation and extreme heat at damaged nuclear plants such as Fukushima froze on Wednesday on its first public demonstration.
Despite being home to the largest number of industrial robots in the world, Japan did not have a device capable of entering the damaged Fukushima nuclear facility after last year’s devastating earthquake and tsunami.
Instead, Japan brought in US robots to survey the extent of the damage inside the reactor buildings.
Toshiba Corp. unveiled Japan’s own nuclear-proof robot on Wednesday, a four-legged device able to carry up to 20 kg of equipment and capable of lifting itself up if it falls over on uneven surfaces and amid debris.
During the demonstration, the robot experienced a case of stage fright. The shuffling Tetrapod locked up and suddenly froze after it tried to balance itself, forcing technicians to carry it away.
It is the second time such Japanese robotic technology has experienced problems. Last October, a crawling robot developed by the Chiba Institute of Technology lost connection with operators and was abandoned inside Fukushima’s No. 2 reactor building. | <urn:uuid:8b910417-2d51-40e5-a3e7-47780e108493> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.arabnews.com/japan%E2%80%99s-new-nuclear-proof-robot-gets-stage-fright | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825123.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214001053-20181214022553-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.935626 | 229 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Whether you are renovating the house, or simply replacing an old washing machine, you potentially have a goldmine of metals that can be recycled lying around your home.
Just about every metal in consumer products today can be recycled into new products without losing quality. This means by bringing your used household products to a recycler you can stop wastage of valuable metals.Ferrous metal scrap (steel and iron) and non-ferrous metal scrap (aluminium, copper, and brass) can both be recycled repeatedly to create new components and products without losing any quality. After you bring them in to be recycled they are formed into ingots, slabs, rods or billets, or distributed in powdered or liquid form to different manufacturing facilities for virtually unlimited uses.
Here are a few items you might have around the house which are perfect for recycling:
Australians collectively own 45 million appliances, of those about 2.5 million are discarded and end up in landfill each year. These discarded white goods are very much wasted, because although they may be broken they are generally made of two-thirds steel, which means they can be quite valuable when recycled. Many appliances also contain wiring that can go to copper recycling.
Tall Ingots recycles all grades of ferrous materials, including white goods. So next time you are replacing your fridge, washing machine or microwave make a conscious choice not to add to landfill and make some cash by recycling it. Although keep in mind that fridges and air-conditioning units need to be degassed before they are handed over fro recycling.
Computers are a goldmine when it comes to metal recycling. This is mainly due to the fact that Australians have excessive amount of old, unused computers and because they contain valuable resources like tin, nickel, zinc and copper.
When disposed to landfill, the materials and chemical components used to make computers such as lead, mercury, and arsenic can leak into the soil and groundwater, causing harm to the eco-system. So although it might be a little tricky to deconstruct, recycling your old computers will stop you from adding to landfill, while making you some cash.
The casing is usually suitable for aluminium recycling. It’s a pretty simple process to prepare this for recycling – you can remove it from your old computer by unscrewing the bolts holding the outer casing of the computer tower in place.
The wires in your computer are insulated copper and copper recycling is one of the most common ways to make money from scrap. To recycle these just cut away the wiring from the power supply, disc drives, and so on.
As for the rest of the computer, by dismantling it you can easily take it to a metal recycler to trade in.
The durable nature of iron in window frames is used to keep windows securely in place during high winds and rough weather, but also makes it a great scrap to recycle. If you are replacing your windows, or find yourself with old, unused windows this is the perfect opportunity to recycle.
Thanks to iron’s heat resistance it is very commonly used as the primary component of stove tops. The iron is usually hidden beneath a layer of enamel, and all it takes is a scratch to reveal the stove’s true iron nature. If you are having your stove (and oven) replaced then be sure to remove all iron elements for recycling before you dispose the rest of it.
Pots, Pan and Cooking Essentials
Essential cooking tools in any kitchen, particularly cast iron pots and pans are a great source of iron that can be recycled. So when replacing your pots and pans don’t just throw them out because it is convenient to do so, get some money for them.
Bed Frames and Railings
Again another easily overlooked iron, old bed frames can be a ticket to some extra money. Like stove tops, these elements are hidden beneath a layer or two of paint. By simply scratching beneath the surface you can reveal the hidden iron.
If you have just had a party and have an excess of cans around the house, these can easily be recycled at a metal recycler. What’s even better is that aluminium is a highly useful and sustainable material. Of all aluminium ever produced, around 75% is still in use today through recycling. So why not contribute to the sustainability by saving used cans for recycling? | <urn:uuid:7a391bf0-905d-4a30-8eaa-5a0ecd6c0983> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.tallingots.com.au/household-items-can-recycle-scrap-metal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038060927.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411030031-20210411060031-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.945796 | 886 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Radiometric dating, often called radioactive dating, is a technique used to determine the age of materials such as rocks.It is based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates.Follow the links below to learn more about radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating uses carbon isotopes A special kind of radiocarbon dating: Bomb radiocarbon dating What is an isotope?
Among the significant events that caused a temporary but significant spike in the atmospheric carbon-14 to carbon-12 ratio were above-ground nuclear test detonations in the two decades following World War II.
is a term for radiocarbon dating based on timestamps left by above-ground nuclear explosions, and it is especially useful for putting an absolute age on organisms that lived through those events.
Radiocarbon dating uses isotopes of the element carbon. Cosmic rays – high energy particles from beyond the solar system – bombard Earth’s upper atmosphere continually, in the process creating the unstable carbon-14. Because it’s unstable, carbon-14 will eventually decay back to carbon-12 isotopes.
Because the cosmic ray bombardment is fairly constant, there’s a near-constant level of carbon-14 to carbon-12 ratio in Earth’s atmosphere.
After one half-life has elapsed, one half of the atoms of the nuclide in question will have decayed into a "daughter" nuclide, or decay product. | <urn:uuid:738a00c4-1093-46bb-86b3-c75765e66f9f> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://klinnikov.ru/radio+dating+isotopes/25502.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816370.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225110552-20180225130552-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.904067 | 313 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Integration Era 1942-1960
It is significant to note that, during the first half of the 1940's, over one hundred major league players were involved in World War II. As a result, the level of play was somewhat diluted. After the war, in 1947, Jackie Robinson became the first black to play major league baseball since 1884. After Robinson's debut, each team in both leagues signed their first black player. Although, on average, most teams did not have a black player receiving regular playing time until 1954 and three teams waited until 10 years after Robinson to sign their first black. Integration by Major League Baseball subsequently led to the demise of the Negro Leagues. Offense was slightly down from the Lively Ball Era; although, homeruns were still on the rise. Starting pitchers completed their games 37% of the time.
The post-War years in baseball also witnessed the racial integration of the sport. Participation by African Americans in organized baseball had been precluded since the 1890s by formal and informal agreements, with only a few players surreptitiously being included in lineups on a sporadic basis.
American society as a whole moved toward integration in the post-War years, partially as a result of the distinguished service by African American military units such as the Tuskegee Airmen, 366th Infantry Regiment, and others. During the baseball winter meetings in 1943, noted African American athlete and actor Paul Robeson campaigned for integration of the sport. After World War II ended, several team managers considered recruiting members of the Negro Leagues for entry into organized baseball. In the early 1920s, New York Giants' manager John McGraw slipped a black player, Charlie Grant, into his lineup (reportedly by passing him off to the front office as an Indian), and McGraw's wife reported finding names of dozens of Negro players that McGraw fantasized about signing, after his death. Pittsburgh Pirates owner Bill Bensawanger reportedly signed Josh Gibson to a contract in 1943, and the Washington Senators were also said to be interested in his services. But those efforts (and others) were opposed by Kenesaw Mountain Landis, baseball's powerful commissioner and a staunch segregationist. Bill Veeck claimed that Landis blocked his purchase of the Philadelphia Phillies because he planned to integrate the team. While this is disputed, Landis was opposed to integration, and his death in 1944 (and subsequent replacement as Commissioner by Happy Chandler) removed a major obstacle for black players in the major leagues.
In the mid-1940s, Rickey had compiled a list of Negro League ballplayers for a potential major league contract. Realizing that the first African American signee would be a magnet for prejudicial sentiment, however, Rickey was intent on finding a player with a distinguished personality and character that would allow him to tolerate the inevitable abuse. Rickey's sights eventually settled on Jackie Robinson, a shortstop with the Kansas City Monarchs. Although likely not the best player in the Negro Leagues at the time, Robinson was an exceptional talent, was college-educated, and had the marketable distinction of serving as an officer during World War II. More importantly, Robinson possessed the inner strength to handle the inevitable abuse to come. To prepare him for the task, Robinson first played in 1946 for the Dodgers' minor league team, the Montreal Royals, which proved an arduous emotional challenge, but he also enjoyed fervently enthusiastic support from the Montreal fans. On April 15, 1947, Robinson broke the color barrier, which had been tacitly recognized for over 50 years, with his appearance for the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field.
The general manager who would be eventually successful in breaking the color barrier was Branch Rickey of theBrooklyn Dodgers. Rickey himself had experienced the issue of segregation. While playing and coaching for his college team at Ohio Wesleyan University, Rickey had a black teammate named Charles Thomas. On one particular road trip through southern Ohio his fellow player was refused a room in a hotel. Although Rickey was able to get the player into his room for that night, he was taken aback when he reached his room to find Thomas upset and crying about this injustice. Rickey related this incident as an example of why he wanted a full de-segregation of the nation, not only in baseball.
Eleven weeks later, on July 5, 1947, the American League was integrated by the signing of Larry Doby to the Cleveland Indians. Over the next few years a handful of black baseball players made appearances in the majors, including Roy Campanella (teammate to Robinson in Brooklyn) and Satchel Paige (teammate to Doby in Cleveland). Paige, who had pitched more than 2400 innings in the Negro Leagues, sometimes two and three games a day, was still effective at 42, and still playing at 59. His ERA in the Major Leagues was 3.29.
However, the initial pace of integration was slow. By 1953, only six of the sixteen major league teams had a black player on the roster. The Boston Red Sox became the last major league team to integrate their roster with the addition of Pumpsie Green and Ozzie Virgil on July 21, 1959. While limited in numbers, the on-field performance of early black major league players was outstanding. In the fourteen years from 1947–1960, black players won one or more of the Rookie of the Year awards nine times.
While never prohibited in the same fashion as African Americans, Latin American players also benefitted greatly from the integration era. In 1951, two Chicago White Sox, Venezuelan-born Chico Carrasquel and Cuban-born (and black) Minnie Miñoso, became the first Hispanic All-Stars.
According to some baseball historians, Robinson and the other African American players helped reestablish the importance of baserunning and similar elements of play that were previously de-emphasized by the predominance of power hitting.
From 1947 to the 1970s, African American participation in baseball rose steadily. By 1974, 27% of baseball players were African American. As a result of this on-field experience, minorities began to experience long-delayed gains in managerial positions within baseball. In 1975, Frank Robinson (who had been the 1956Rookie of the Year with the Cincinnati Reds) was named player-manager of the Cleveland Indians, making him the first African American manager in the major leagues.
Although these front-office gains continued, Major League Baseball saw a lengthy slow decline in the percentage of black players after the mid-1970s. By 2007, black players made up less than 9% of the major leagues. While this trend is largely attributed to an increased emphasis on the recruitment of players from Latin America (with the number of Hispanic players in the major leagues rising to 29% by 2007), other factors have been cited as well. Hall of Fame player Dave Winfield, for instance, has cited the fact that urban America places less emphasis and provides less resources for youth baseball than in the past. Despite this continued prevalence of Hispanic players, the percentage of black players rose again in 2008 to 10.2%.
Arturo Moreno became the first Hispanic owner of a MLB franchise when he purchased the Anaheim Angels in 2004.
In 2005, a Racial and Gender Report Card on Major League Baseball was issued, which generally found positive results on the inclusion of African Americans and Latinos in baseball, and gave Major League Baseball a grade of "A" or better for opportunities for players, managers and coaches as well as for MLB's central office. At that time, 37% of major league players were people of color: Latino (26 percent), African-American (9 percent) or Asian (2 percent). Also by 2004, 29% of the professional staff in MLB's central office were people of color, 11% of team vice presidents were people of color, and seven of the league's managers were of color (four African-Americans and three Latinos)
By Tom Hannon
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- Branch Rickey, Brooklyn Dodgers, Color Barrier, Ebbets Field, Kansas City Monarchs, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, Negro League | <urn:uuid:be33615d-90a2-4134-97b2-22113856a1ae> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.thebaseballpage.com/history/integration-era-1942-1960 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131304444.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172144-00068-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981198 | 1,711 | 3.875 | 4 |
Enheduanna (2285-2250 BCE) is the world’s first author and was the daughter (either literally or figuratively) of the great empire-builder Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE). Her name translates from the Akkadian as `high priestess of An’, the god of the sky or heaven, though the name `An’ could also refer to the moon god Nanna (also known as Su'en/Sin) as in the translation, `en-priestess, wife of the god Nanna’ or to the Queen of Heaven, Inanna, a goddes Enheduanna helped `create’. All these translations are distinct possibilities in that merging the gods of different cultures was perhaps Enheduanna’s greatest talent. According to the scholar Paul Kriwaczek:
While the language of Sargon's court in the northern part of the alluvial plain was Semitic, and his daughter surely would have had a Semitic birth name, on moving to Ur, the very heartland of Sumerian culture, she took a Sumerian official title: Enheduanna - `En' (Chief Priest or Priestess); `hedu' (ornament); `Ana' (of heaven). (120)
She is best known for her works, Inninsagurra, Ninmesarra, and Inninmehusa, all three hymns to the goddess Inanna which, according to the Enheduanna scholar, Meador, “effectively defined a new heirarchy of the gods (51). These hymns, translated as `The Great Hearted Mistress’, `The Exaltation of Inanna’ and `Goddess of the Fearsome Powers’, gave to the people of Sargon’s empire a personal and meaningful vision of the gods who steered their lives.
Sargon of Akkad (also known as Sargon the Great) reigned for fifty-six years over the Akkadian Empire which he had fashioned and held together through military might and skillful diplomacy. Among his many shrewd diplomatic decisions was his attempt to identify the Sumerian gods of the people he had conquered with his own Akkadian gods, those of the conqueror. Understanding the power of religion to unify or divide, Sargon appointed only very trusted associates and family members to the most important positions in the Sumerian temples where they could then gently influence those who worshipped there.
Among these religious appointees the most successful was Enheduanna who, through her hymns and poetry, was able to identify the different gods of the differing cultures with one another so strongly that the gentler and more localized Sumerian goddess Inanna came to be identified with the much more violent, volatile and universal Akkadian goddess Ishtar, the Queen of Heaven.
Inanna was originally a local Sumerian deity associated with fertility and vegetation who, later, was elevated to the position of Queen of Heaven. The Sumerian poem, The Descent of Innana, which some have claimed Enheduanna had a hand in translating, has the Sumerian goddess descend from the heavens to the underworld to visit her recently-widowed sister Ereshkigal. That the poem presents Inanna-as-Ishtar, Queen of Heaven, rather than a localized deity, reveals the underlying shift in importance from Inanna pre-Enheduanna to Inanna after her priestess had influenced the understanding of this deity. So closely were Inanna and Ishtar interwoven that the poem was famously known as The Descent of Ishtar until the 20th century when archaeological finds unearthed the works in praise of the Sumerian goddess Inanna.
Whether Enheduanna actually did translate The Descent of Inanna is unimportant in that her work in shaping the understanding of the goddess (and, by extension, the other gods) would have influenced whoever did bring the Sumerian story of Inanna into Akkadian. In this way, Sargon melded the culture of the conquered with his own, crafting from the two a strong, united empire. According to historian D. Brendan Nagle, “So successful was Enheduanna in smoothing over the differences between north and south that the king of Sumer continued to appoint his daughter to the position of high priestess of Ur and Uruk long after Sargon’s dynasty disappeared” ( 9). Paul Kriwaczek also comments on Enheduanna's successful comportment as high priestess when he writes:
She moved into the Giparu at Ur, an extensive and labyrinthine religious complex, containing temple, quarters for the clergy, dining and kitchen and bathroom areas, as well as a cemetery where En-priestesses were buried. Records suggest that offerings continued to be made to these dead preiestesses. That one of the most striking artefacts, physical proof of Enheduanna's existence, was found in a layer dateable to many centuries after her lifetime, makes it likely that she in particular was remembered and honoured long after the fall of the dynasty that had appointed her to the management of the temple. (120)
Enheduanna’s importance is increasingly appreciated in modern times for the richness and beauty of her poetry. In addition to her longer works, she wrote forty-two shorter poems on a wide range of themes from personal frustration and hope to religious piety and the effects of war. Her political genius in helping to consolidate an empire, however, is often overlooked. Her literary contributions were so impressive that one tends to forget the reason why she was sent to Ur in the first place or the significant role she played in helping to blend the different religious traditions and cultures.
In her lifetime, and for centuries following, she was honored as a great poet and writer. According to scholar Gwendolyn Leick, “She made an enormous impression on generations of scribes after her lifetime; her works were copied and read centuries after her death”(120). Through Enheduanna’s brilliance in crafting a pantheon of gods all of Mesopotamia could believe in, she helped lay the spiritual foundations for the first stable multi-cultural, multi-lingual, empire in the world; and through the works she left behind she influenced and inspired centuries of writers and poets in their creation of the literature which has touched millions of lives and helped to shape whole civilizations for thousands of years. | <urn:uuid:546b34ea-a362-4abb-b459-49df3ed7d4b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.ancient.eu/article/190/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00523-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970286 | 1,359 | 3.296875 | 3 |
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In the past, there were no sophisticated systems in place to track food availability in countries that were prone to drought and conflict, or where harvests simply failed due to weather conditions.
Today, all of that has changed and the occurrence of famine is generally caused by gross political failure. This is one of the scandals of our age.
Since the 1980s, a famine has been declared in a disaster-prone country nearly every five years.
These crises are not caused by natural disasters like drought or failed harvests, but by the inaction of people.
A drought and hunger crisis in the Horn of Africa became apparent as far back as the summer of 2010; but donors, governments and the international community failed to respond until people started to die.
Then in 2011, in parts of southern Somalia, famine was declared and more than 260,000 people paid with their lives. These were needless, preventable deaths of innocent people, including children. It was the first famine of the 21st century – and one of the biggest scandals of our time.
Nowadays, famines don’t just happen - there is usually a very strong indication that they are imminent and they are determined by the severity of this set of criteria:
The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET) is an information system of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It tracks problems in the food supply system in disaster-prone countries and analyses weather, agriculture, livestock, markets and nutrition. Based on that information, it issues early warnings about potential crises so that disasters can be avoided.
In addition to the 2011 famine in parts of Somalia, famines have been declared in:
The aim of the early warning system is to prevent food scarcity from tipping into a situation where there is loss of life.
However, in the past, when the warning signs have been issued, the international community has been too slow to respond.
If food crises are to be prevented in the future, earlier response to early warning must be acted upon.
Resilience building is vital in crisis-prone areas, so people are prepared to deal with disasters as and when they happen. A surge in nutrition programmes as soon as food scarcity is evident, is also necessary.
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Cross cultural management is the study of the behaviour of people in organizations located in cultures and nations around the world (Nancy 1983, p.226). Cross Cultural management is increasingly gaining importance. Expanding international trade and continued immigration flows has resulted in the work place filled with people from diverse cultural backgrounds (Tjosvold and Leung 2003, p.1). Companies from different parts of the world are operating across many countries, forming mergers, forming joint ventures and strategic alliances to participate in the global marketplace (ibid). Cross cultural management is a necessity for many organizations as they become more globalized. There are various models and frameworks available for cross cultural analysis which the organizations can use for effectively working across different cultures. This paper would evaluate two models of cross culture namely Hoffstede and Trompenaars with reference to two countries: United Kingdom and India. The paper would also identify the strengths and weaknesses of the models and illustrate it by considering the cultures of UK and India. The discussion in the paper would be limited to only two models with reference to the cultures of only two nations.
Geert Hofstede in 1980 published culture’s consequences which was very influential and became a major source of referencing about cultural differences in the world (Luger p.12). Geert Hofstede defines national culture as a set of collective beliefs and values that distinguish people between different nationalities (Vance et al 2010, p.50). Hofstede conducted a study of more than 100,000 individuals from fifty different countries and three regions while he was working as a psychologist at IBM (ibid). Hofstede initially identified and validated four cultural dimensions and later identified fifth cultural dimension for which he presented the possible origins, predictors and consequences of management behaviours (Rosenhauer 2007, p.20). The five cultural dimensions that were identified by Hofstede are:
(Bode 2007, p.10) 1. Power Distance: Power Distance is the way the society addresses inequalities among people when they occur (Falkenreck 2009, p.59 ). This dimension describes the extent to which the less powerful members of the organizations and institutions accept and expect the power to be distributed unequally (ibid). Power distance norms are reflected in the economic and cultural lives of humans as in parent-child relations, husband-wife relations, politics, religion and economics (Tian 2004, p.19). 2. Individualism-Collectivism Individualism-Collectivism describes the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. It is used to measure the extent to which a culture values individual achievement compared to the achievements of a group. This dimension stresses as important work goals in which individual is an active agent and independent of the organization, rather than those in which the individual is dependent on the organization. (Tian 2009, p.20) 3. Uncertainity Avoidance The uncertainity avoidance dimension reflects the extent to which people in a society feel threatened by ambiquity and therefore tries to avoid ambiguous situations by providing greater certainity and predictability (Adler and Gundersen 2008, p.57). Organizations reduce uncertainity by establishing more formal rules, rejecting deviant ideas and behaviour, accepting the possibility of identifying absolute truths and attaining unquestionable expertise, and providing employees with greater career stability (ibid). 4. Masculinity versus Femininity A masculine culture is basically a performance driven culture where rewards and recognitions are the primary motivational factors for achievement. In masculine societies individuals are supposed to be ambitious, assertive, competitive and willing to take risks in order to achieve their goals. On contrary, in feminine culture people tend to emphasize the quality of whole life rather than money, success and social status. (Vance 2010, p.53) 5. Long term versus Short term Orientation This dimension refers to the extent to which a society exhibits a pragmatic future oriented perspective rather than a conventional historic or short term point of view (Have et al 2002, p.100) This dimension is also referred to as Confucian Dynamism vowing to its observance predominantly in eastern countries. It measures employees devotion to the work ethic and their respect for tradition (Adler and Gundersen 2008, p.60).
The Geert Hofstede analysis for United Kingdom illustrates that there are strong feelings towards individualism and masculinity in United Kingdom. The power distance and uncertainty avoidance are ranked considerably lower. Long-term orientation ranks the lowest, indicating that change in England can be achieved more rapidly than in many other countries. (Cyborlink 2007, United Kingdom)
The Geert Hofstede analysis for India shows a large power distance society and all other measures are relatively moderate. This would be indicative of the fact that India is in the midst of change. The traditional caste systems has been outlawed, however the large power distance score indicates that the attitudes still remain. (Cyborlink 2007, India) India’s Long Term Orientation (LTO) Dimension rank is 61, with the world average at 48. A higher LTO score can be indicative of a culture that is perseverant and parsimonious. (ibid) India has Masculinity as the third highest ranking Hofstede Dimension at 56, with the world average just slightly lower at 51. The higher the country ranks in this Dimension, the greater the gap between values of men and women. It may also generate a more competitive and assertive female population, although still less than the male population. (ibid)
There has been a great deal of criticism on Hofstede’s five dimension model. A major criticism arises on the research methodology that Hofstede has employed (Gooderham and Nordhaug 2003, p.139). Hofstede’s research is entirely based on on attitude-survey questionnaire, which is not the most appropriate way of studying culture (ibid). Hofstede’s data collection was pursued not with the purpose of studying culture but the model was developed as an afterthought after data collection (Silverthorne 2005, p.15). Hofstede in his research has used exploratory factor analysis as a statistical technique to develop the cultural dimensions (Silverthorne 2005, p.15). This appraoch is not considered statistically valid as it is based on trying a variety of options until one appears to fit rather than the more rigorous statistical approach of testing a specific set of parameters based on specfic hypothesis (ibid). Hofstede studied only one company i.e, IBM which is a major company with strong corporate culture and was predominantly male populated at the time of data collection. It is not certain if the research is now conducted in the same company itself would yield similar results (ibid). Hompstede’s research has also been criticised as outdated (Gooderham and Nordhaug 2003, p.140). It is argued that the younger generation from the developing countries are converging at a common set of values due to globalization and hence the cultural dimensions may become less significant (ibid). Hofstede, however has been sceptical of this view and argues that the cultural changes happen slowly (ibid).
Trompenaars, an European researcher conducted an extensive research with 15,000 managers from 28 countries representing 47 national cultures (Aswathappa 2008, p.186). Trompenaars describes the cultural differences using seven dimensions namely 1. Universalism vs. particularism The degree of importance a culture assigns to either the law or to personal relationships. In a universalistic culture, people share the belief that general rules, codes, values and standards take precedence over the needs and claims of friends and other relationships. In a pluralistic culture, people see culture in terms of human friendship and intimate relationships. While rules do exist in a pluralistic culture, they merely codify how people relate to one another. (Proven Models 2010) According to Trompenaar’s finding UK is more universalist and India is more of a particularist (Rugman and Collinson 2009, p.138). 2. Individualism vs. collectivism This dimension centers on whether the individual rights and values are dominant or subordinate to those of collective society. (Rugman and Collinson 2009, p.138 ) The findings indicate that United Kingdom is more individualistic and India is more of a collectivist (ibid). 3. Neutral vs. emotional This dimension deals with the intensity of emotions expressed at workplace. It indicates whether emotional or subjective forms of assesment are thought to be the basis for good decision making in organizations. (Rugman and Collinson 2009, p.138-139 ) 4. Specific vs. diffuse This dimension centers on whether the work relationships exist just in the work place (specific) or extends beyond the work place in social context (diffuse). (Rugman and Collinson 2009, p.139 ) 5. Achievement vs. ascription This cultural dimension refers to an individuals status in organizations where credibility, authority, power tend to be based on achievements or based on class, gender, education or age. (Rugman and Collinson 2009, p.139 ) In this aspect in United Kingdom respect is earned more by achievements (Nardon and Steers 2009, p.6). 6. Sequential vs. Synchronic This dimension deals with the degree to which individuals do things one at a time versus several things at once. Time orientation has two aspects: the relative importance cultures assign to the past, present and future, and their approach to structuring time. In a sequential culture, people structure time sequentially and do things one at a time. In a synchronic time culture, people do several things at once, believing time is flexible and intangible. (Proven Models 2010) The findings suggest that people in United Kingdom follow sequential pattern for time whereas Indians follow Synchronic pattern of time(Rugman and Collinson 2009, p.139 ). 7. Internal vs. external control (ibid) In this dimension emphasis is placed on people’s relationship with nature and the natural environment. Some culture emphasize control and subjugation of environmental forces while others emphasize the need to work with nature in harmony with the environment. Religious and philosphical differences across the world greatly influences this dimension (Rugman and Collinson 2009, p.139 ). It has been observed that the United Kingdom is more inner-directed whereas India is more Outer-directed (Nardon and Steers 2009, p.6).
The Trompenaars model and Hofstede model share many similarities but still Trompenaar and Hofstede disagree on various aspects (Rosenhauer 2007, p.22). Hofstede argues that the dimensions identified by Trompenaar are actually categories as the dimensions should be statistically independent (Hostede 2001, p.223). Hofstede also points out that Trompenaar’s extensive questionnaire measured only intercorrelated flavours of individualism (Hofstede 2001, p.223). The application of Trompenaars model indicates that former communist countries such as Czech Republic, Hungary and Russia are relatively individualistic in contrast to their communist history which does not seem to be a plausible explaination of cultural difference (Gooderham and Nordhaug 2003, p.145).
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C structdefinition. The interface must extend
PointerBase, i.e., it is a word type. There is never a Java class that implements the interface.
Field accesses are done via interface methods that are annotated with
RawField. All calls
of the interface methods are replaced with the appropriate memory operations.
The layout and size of the structure is inferred from the fields defined with
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possible to reserve extra space at the end of the structure by specifying a
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addressOf method (see
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These days many assume that Buddhism and meditation go hand in hand—sometimes they are even considered to be one and the same. But even counting Theravadins, progenitors of the massively popular insight meditation (Vipassana) movement, relatively few Buddhists historically have ever understood meditation to be essential. On the contrary, instead of meditating, the majority of Theravadins and dedicated Buddhists of other traditions, including monks and nuns, have focused on cultivating moral behavior, preserving the Buddha’s teachings (dharma), and acquiring the good karma that comes from generous giving. To be sure, such folks have recognized the critical role meditation plays in awakening—in the Theravada view, you cannot become enlightened without such practice—but they have not doubted that one can live a worthwhile and authentic Buddhist life without meditating. Aiming not toward awakening but toward a good rebirth, many Theravadins have even argued that meditation is inappropriate in our degenerate age, except perhaps for a rare few living in the isolation of jungles or mountain caves. Where, then, did this now pervasive idea come from that meditation lies at the heart of Buddhist life?
This question brings us to Burma just over a century ago. Prior to this time, no trend toward widespread meditation had developed anywhere. It is true that Thai forest masters, above all Ajaan Mun (1870–1949) and revivalist figures in Sri Lanka such as Dharmapala (1864–1933), played an important part in the establishment of insight practice and sounded the call for lay meditation. But they did not spark any broad-based movements. One must look instead to Burma to account for the ascendance of meditation to a popular practice—specifically, that of insight meditation. The Vipassana view understood meditation as the logical and even necessary application of a Buddhist perspective to one’s life, whether lay or monastic. The rise of this practice, however, was not strictly an indigenous development. It came into being specifically through colonial influence. (In fact, no current tradition of insight practice can reliably trace its history back further than the late 19th or early 20th century.) Though now a global movement, insight practice had its start in a moment of interaction between a Western empire and an Eastern dynasty. Indeed, one could go so far as to pinpoint its origins to a particular day: November 28, 1885, when the British Imperial Army conquered the Buddhist kingdom of Burma.
The foreign soldiers who took control of the Burmese capital of Mandalay on that fateful day did not just destroy a kingdom but also the world as the Burmese knew it. To the Burmese way of thinking, the last king of Burma, like the kings before him, sat at the axis of a cosmos that rotated around the throne in Mandalay. Residing at the still point of the world, Thibaw, who ruled from 1878 to 1885, had as his defining responsibility the protection of Buddhism. Days after the British takeover, Burmese subjects watched as their king, surrounded by foreign soldiers brandishing rifles, was transported in a lowly oxcart from the royal palace (which became an officer’s club for drinking and socializing) to the steamship that would carry him into exile. Yet the trauma of this event and the sweeping societal changes that followed would ultimately lead to the proliferation of insight meditation worldwide.
Unlike in many areas under colonial control, the British—the kalas, or barbarians, as the Burmese called them—chose to rule directly in Burma with no monarch over them save, of course, Queen Victoria, the “Empress of India.” But the Burmese could not look to the British queen to fulfill the most vital responsibility of a Burmese ruler: the support of Buddhism. On the contrary, Queen Victoria had issued a policy of rule for all colonial subjects that forbade help to any religion. In response to the bloody 1857 Sepoy Rebellion in India, which was viewed as sparked by religious entanglements, she decreed: “All those who may be in authority under us” may not interfere in any way with the religions of colonial subjects “on pain of our highest displeasure.”
To most modern ears, this sounds like a sensible, even enlightened policy to ensure freedom of religious expression. To the Burmese, however, it was seen as tantamount to an attack on Buddhism itself. The Buddha-sasana, the Pali word most akin to the term “Buddhism,” means, most simply, “teaching of the Buddha,” but has come to encompass the entire Buddhist tradition. It signifies not just the dhamma, or Buddhist teachings, but also the embodiment of those teachings in Buddhist institutions—above all, the monkhood. Like most Buddhists then and now, Burmese Buddhists believed the sasana to be doomed. It was not a question of if Buddhism would be lost but when. The goal, then, was to keep the sasana around for as long as possible—the outer limit, as understood from the commentaries, being 5,000 years. Theravada Buddhists believed that maintaining the sasana required an active king who donated generously to monks and monasteries, and who also made sure that both the ordained and lay populations upheld Buddhist ideals. The British officials’ hands-off approach was thus seen as an active insult and injury, especially as they let Christian missionaries set up shop in Burma with preferential treatment.
The Burmese did not take this lying down. With the king gone, the laity organized among themselves, coming together in associations and clubs at a scale never seen before. They held scriptural exams for monks, pooled resources to feed and clothe whole monasteries, and among themselves undertook deep study of the dhamma in order to respond to Christian missionary critiques and preserve the precious teachings that might otherwise disappear from the world.
This intense and unprecedented lay interest in all things Buddhist supported the rise of talented monks who became superstar preachers to the laity. Lowering the fans that had traditionally covered their faces during dharma talks, they created a style that was soon dubbed “fan down.” These preachers reached immense audiences—at times, tens of thousands of people—and used an easy-to-understand and engaging style. To drum up interest, some monks even adopted stage names that appropriated the names of popular actors. (This would be like an American monk trying to raise his profile by calling himself Bhikkhu Brad Pitt.)
Hand in hand with the preaching came print. Numerous printing presses were set up, and out of them poured cheap editions of books detailing every aspect of doctrine. Many works concerned the rarefied philosophies of the Abhidhamma, the section of the Pali canon that aims to schematize characteristics of mind and reality. Never before had the laity enjoyed such access to vast volumes of doctrinal training. They consumed all of it, no matter how complex the subject matter, often coming together in groups to study the more difficult topics. So seriously was study taken that, at times, fractious public meetings were held to challenge authors’ arguments. Book burnings even took place.
All of this activity revolutionized Buddhist life and set the stage for the popularization of insight practice, as new ways of being Buddhist sprang up alongside the old patterns under the pressures of social change brought by colonial influence. With an empowered sense of themselves as a collective whole, born in group study of Buddhist theory, the laity took on the role of protecting the sasana, previously the duty of the king.
In the lively political and social landscape of early 20th-century Burma, meditation became another means to protect Buddhism. Meditative attainments at the individual level strengthened the entire sasana by improving society’s karma. At the same time, awakening, previously considered unattainable in such a degenerate era, came to be regarded as a possibility in one’s current life through the path of meditation. Key figures harnessed the volatile energy of laypeople’s worry, empowerment, and knowledge—all sparked and shaped by colonial policy and missionary attacks—to drive them toward practice.
Foremost among these teachers was a monk named Ledi Sayadaw (1846–1923), the earliest among those calling for a revamped lay life that included meditative practice. In the first years of the 20th century, he explained meditation in simple terms that could be incorporated into a busy life in the mundane world. Famous for his “fan-down” teaching, Ledi Sayadaw was perhaps even more renowned for the many accessible yet sophisticated works he wrote on Buddhist doctrine; as one Burmese writer put it, he was able to “spread the Abhidhamma like falling rain.” Furthermore, he linked Abhidhamma study to meditative practice, making one’s learning the basis for an everyday observation of the world that could lead to liberative insight. Although he urged advanced study, he also stressed that even the layperson who only studied the ceaselessly changing natures of the four elements (dhatus) of earth, wind, fire, and water could reap great spiritual benefit. As Ledi Sayadaw put it, “To those whose knowledge is developed, everything within and without oneself, within and without one’s house, within and without one’s village and town, is an object at the sight of which the insight of impermanence may spring up and develop.”
Prior to this time, the common belief was that anyone who wanted to practice insight meditation had first to enter into the deep states of concentration (samadhi) called the jhanas. But attaining these sublime modes of concentration required long periods spent removed from the world in intensive meditation, deep in the proverbial jungle or mountain cave. Now, however, Ledi Sayadaw argued that one did not need to enter into such states in order to gain the mental stability for insight practice. It was excellent if they could (and Ledi Sayadaw claimed that he himself had done so), but really all one required was a minimal level of concentration that would enable the meditator to continually return, moment after moment, to the object of contemplation.
The message spread far and wide: forget the jungle or the cave. Meditation is possible in the city.
This state of mind was thus called “momentary concentration” (khanika-samadhi), and it formed the basis of “pure” or “dry” insight meditation (suddha-vipassana or sukkha-vipassana), which did not include deep concentration. While this approach to practice was discussed in authoritative texts, never before had anyone promoted it on a widespread basis: Ledi Sayadaw was the first to put it at the center of his teachings. The message spread far and wide: forget the jungle or the cave. Meditation is possible in the city.
Some years after Ledi Sayadaw had become popular, another monastic teacher, Mingun Sayadaw (1868–1955), also promoted insight meditation on the basis of momentary concentration, probably to some degree in debt to Ledi Sayadaw’s teachings. Mingun Sayadaw taught meditators to inventory every moment of perception as it arose at a sense door, in order to break down all experience into an ever-changing flow of impressions. This emphasis on noting sensory impressions would lead, much later, to an understanding of mindfulness (sati) as what the German-born monk Nyanaponika would famously call “bare attention.” (Eventually, focus on the process of experience would lend itself to a secular interpretation of sati in the West that removed it from its Buddhist context.) Mingun Sayadaw is notable, too, as the first teacher to hold group meditation for laypeople, in 1911. Almost all lineages of practice that have emerged from Burma trace themselves back to either him or Ledi Sayadaw.
Actual practice among laypeople began to spread throughout Burma thanks to the efforts of these teachers. But they did not consider their techniques to be innovations. Like most modern-day meditators, they looked to the Buddha as their model and to some of the earliest Buddhists texts as their guides. Compiled in the centuries after the Buddha’s death, Pali language suttas like the Satipatthana Sutta (“Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness”) and the Anapanasati Sutta (“Discourse on the Mindfulness of Breathing”) were crucial to their formulations of practice, just as they are today. But these texts had not been used widely in lay life before this time, and, as current meditation teachers in America and Asia readily admit, the interpretation of these texts can vary widely. Some Sri Lankan monks, for instance, have criticized the method of Mingun Sayadaw (as taught by his student Mahasi Sayadaw [1904–1982]) as without canonical sanction—in other words, to be a fabrication. Just as the formulations of a practice like mass insight meditation began under particular circumstances, so the interpretations of key texts for Vipassana practice developed within the same contexts and under similar pressures.
By the 1930s, laypeople in significant numbers had taken up the practices that Ledi Sayadaw and Mingun Sayadaw taught as a new tumultuous period began in Burmese history. Rebel insurrections, the political turmoil that ensued as nationalist groups coalesced and fractured, economic hardships of the Great Depression (especially a sharp slump in rice prices), and inter-ethnic riots all reinvigorated a push to practice.
Ledi Sayadaw died in 1923, but many of his students took on active roles in the teaching of insight practice in the 1930s. Of particular importance was the lay teacher U Po Thet, known as Saya Thetgyi (1873–1945), who was instrumental in the evolution of insight meditation into a global phenomenon and is noteworthy as one of the earliest examples of a layman empowered by a monk to teach Vipassana meditation. Ledi Sayadaw even approved of Thetgyi’s teaching of monastics, a total upending of the usual roles for monk and layperson.
Ledi Sayadaw’s public affirmation led to a lineage of lay teachers who succeeded Thetgyi. While he did not ordain as a monk, Thetgyi did take up residence away from his wife and children in order to live a celibate life devoted to meditation. His most prominent student, U Ba Khin (1899–1971), on the other hand, was a family man with six children and a career as a government official. Eventually, he would rise to the position of Accountant General of a newly independent Union of Burma, which was freed from colonial rule in 1948. U Ba Khin’s fusing of an active lay life and insight practice represented a step beyond his teacher toward a fully laicized focus on meditation as a practical, even this-worldly, endeavor—so worldly, in fact, that in the 1950s U Ba Khin touted meditation’s ability to rid the body of radioactive poisons, a widespread concern at the start of the atomic age.
After Burma gained independence, the new Burmese government, spearheaded by Prime Minister U Nu, harnessed the expanding interest in insight meditation as part of a larger political strategy that sought to unite the country through Buddhism. The 1950s were transformative years for Buddhist revivalism in Burma. The government held a Sixth Buddhist Council from 1954 to 1956, an event that attempted to gather together Theravada monks from all countries to check the Pali canon for any errors in textual transmission. In reality, the council was essentially limited to Burmese, but the government used the event as a way to promote itself on the world stage as a preeminently Buddhist country. At the same time, policies were established to fund meditation centers and allow government workers unpaid leave in order to meditate. Insight practice was officially promoted not just as a means to one’s personal awakening or a way to preserve the sasana but as a patriotic endeavor and source of national identity. In less than 75 years, from 1886 to the mid-1950s, meditation had grown from a pursuit of the barest sliver of the population to a duty of the ideal citizen.
U Ba Khin’s efforts contributed to this revivalist spirit, but U Nu officially championed Mahasi Sayadaw, who had deeply impressed the prime minister when they had met some years earlier. In 1949 the government installed Mahasi Sayadaw as head of the Thathana Yeiktha meditation center in Rangoon, which soon became by far the largest in Burma. Just a few years later, in 1952, U Ba Khin set up his International Meditation Center, also in Rangoon. From these two teachers and their centers spread the practices that, separately or in combination, have shaped forms of insight meditative practice across the world.
The Mahasi technique was brought to Sri Lanka in 1956 by Burmese teachers and established in Thailand during the same period. Mahasi Sayadaw himself traveled in Asia and to the West, widely promoting the mindfulness technique that would become a movement in its own right in Western hands. U Ba Khin taught numerous students at his center, including many who later became influential teachers in the West, such as Daw Mya Thwin (known at Sayamagyi or “Reverend Mother”), Ruth Denison, Robert Hover, and John Coleman. Starting in 1956, U Ba Khin also taught a Burmese citizen of Indian extraction, the famed teacher S. N. Goenka (1924–2013), who emigrated to India in 1969. Goenka ultimately set up a network of over 120 meditation centers around the world that continue to train many thousands of meditators each year.
At the same time that Burmese meditation teachers reached out to the world, the world reached out to Burmese teachers. Driven by spiritual quests that reflected the yearnings of many young seekers of the 1960s, Joseph Goldstein, Jack Kornfield, and Sharon Salzberg separately encountered the teachings in the lineages of both Ledi Sayadaw and Mingun Sayadaw. Kornfield would also absorb the Thai forest teachings of Ajaan Chah and reflect them in his approach to teaching. These three Americans became what scholar Wendy Cadge has called the key “reverse messengers” who brought insight meditation to the West, especially by founding the Insight Meditation Society (IMS) in Massachusetts and Spirit Rock Meditation Center in California. Ironically, the ancient wisdom they had sought for the West—authentic meditation teachings and practices—had already been indelibly transformed by colonial influence only decades earlier.
Conceptions of meditation continue, of course, to reflect the needs, hopes, and fears of practitioners in different times and places. Nowadays, meditation thrives in ways far removed from the Burmese scene of its initial formulation about a century ago. The emphasis on mindfulness (sati) as bare attention in America, for instance, draws particularly from the lineage of Mingun Sayadaw’s teachings, but at the same time signals a distinctively Western secularization of practice that favors a therapeutic model. This secular form of meditation has found a powerful new source of inspiration and formulation in its interchange with psychology.
The ongoing transformations of insight meditation point to a powerful and possibly liberating fact: meditation doesn’t really exist. Not, anyway, as some single, unchanging entity. There are, instead, only the many interpretations and techniques of practice bound together in contingently arisen contexts over time. This can be seen as a powerful confirmation of the Buddhist bedrock teaching of impermanence. If impermanence is understood as determined by the causal forces of dependent origination, life from a Buddhist perspective becomes deeply ironic. For, as this abridged genealogy of insight meditation shows, a meditator’s liberation is fashioned out of the very events and desires that tie one to the suffering-filled round of rebirth.
Start your day with a fresh perspective
Thank you for subscribing to Tricycle! As a nonprofit, we depend on readers like you to keep Buddhist teachings and practices widely available. | <urn:uuid:b59d0789-ecb2-4ef0-92d2-7f0dc435cc4c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://tricycle.org/magazine/meditation-en-masse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350706.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225012257-20210225042257-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.965387 | 4,253 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The world’s first rapid diagnostic saliva test to screen for malaria could help eradicate the disease, scientists say.
Malaria kills an estimated 435,000 people each year and the latest World Health Organisation figures suggest the fight against the illness is stalling. Roughly 219 million cases were reported globally in 2017, an increase of 3.5 million since 2016.
But the non-invasive test could help eliminate the illness, as it detects malaria before patients present any clinical symptoms.
Malaria is a life threatening illness caused by a parasite and spread between people by female mosquitoes. Identifying human carriers of the disease is crucial in the fight to stop transmission - treating people reduces the disease pool which infects mosquitoes and allows the disease to spread.
The new tool, the first to use saliva rather than blood to diagnose malaria, identifies a biomarker in spit which indicates the presence of the malaria parasite. Results are given almost immediately.
“If we cannot identify carriers of malaria, we cannot eliminate the disease,” said Dr Benji Pretorius, founder of ERADA, the company behind the diagnostic tool. “Currently we are treating reactively, but carriers are still out there and we are not winning the fight against mosquitoes.
“This test is an easy, affordable way to go into the field and find carriers of malaria, which will support treatment and vaccination initiatives,” he added.
The saliva test, which involves spitting into a tube and waiting between five to 20 minutes for a diagnosis, has the added benefit of being less invasive than blood tests and can be used outside a clinical setting, in schools or community centres, for around the same cost.
In some regions, blood tests are also considered a cultural taboo.
Following a successful trial in Cameroon, the results of which were published in Science Translational Medicine this week, Dr Pretorius hopes the rapid diagnostic will be approved by regulators later this year and will be on the market in 2020.
He says the test could be used to conduct mass malaria screenings in regions where the disease is prevalent.
“2.3 billion people chance exposure to malaria each day; early detection and early treatment can end this disease and save lives,” Dr Pretorius said. “[This] will be a major catalyst in meeting the WHO’s 2030 target to reduce malaria incidence and mortality by 90 per cent.” | <urn:uuid:0a50ca73-5539-4728-9e01-1db2fde563cd> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/first-malaria-saliva-test-could-help-eliminate-disease-early/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740838.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815094903-20200815124903-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.945797 | 490 | 3.421875 | 3 |
|MEXICO CITY, Mexico
(AP) -- The Mexican government has issued a postage
stamp depicting an exaggerated black cartoon character
known as Memin Pinguin, just weeks after remarks by
President Vicente Fox angered U.S. blacks.
The series of five stamps released for general
use Wednesday depicts a child character from a comic
book started in the 1940s that is still published
Mexico's tiny black community demanded Monday
that President Vicente Fox apologize for a set of
stamps featuring a black comic book figure that
U.S. civil rights groups have slammed as racist.
The Asociacion Mexico Negro, which represents
some 50,000 blacks living on the Pacific coast,
said in a letter to Fox that Memin Pinguin, a 1940s
comic book character drawn with thick lips and a
flat nose, was stereotypical and racist.
"Memin Pinguin rewards, celebrates, typifies
and cements the distorted, mocking, stereotypical
and limited vision of black people in general,"
said the letter signed by leaders of the association.
The letter marks the first official complaint
from a Mexican group over the stamps, which went
on sale last week and provoked a storm of controversy
in the United States. U.S. civil rights groups said
they should be withdrawn.
Fox has said the stamps are not racist and ignored
calls to pull them from circulation. His Foreign
Minister Luis Ernesto Derbez said the affair was
exaggerated by "specific groups in the United
States who make a living from this kind of scandal."
"They look more ridiculous than we do,"
he said in a radio interview.
"One would hope the Mexican government
would be a little more careful and avoid continually
opening wounds," said Sergio Penalosa, an activist
in Mexico's small black community on the southern
"But we've learned to expect anything from
this government, just anything," Penalosa said.
In May, Fox riled many by saying that Mexican migrants
take jobs in the United States that "not even
Carlos Caballero, assistant marketing director
for the Mexican Postal Service, said the stamps
are not offensive, nor were they intended to be.
"This is a traditional character that reflects
part of Mexico's culture," Caballero said.
"His mischievous nature is part of that character."
However, Penalosa said many Mexicans still assume
all blacks are foreigners, despite the fact that
at one point early in the Spanish colonial era,
Africans outnumbered Spanish in Mexico.
"At this point in time, it was probably
pretty insensitive" to issue the stamp, said
Elisa Velazquez, an anthropologist who studies Mexico's
black communities for the National Institute of
Anthropology and History.
"This character is a classic, but it's
from another era," Velazquez said. "It's
a stereotype and you don't want to encourage ignorance
The 6.50-peso (60 cent) stamps -- depicting
the character in five poses -- was issued with the
domestic market in mind, but Caballero noted it
could be used in international postage as well.
Rejecting the U.S. criticism and insisting they
are not racist, Mexicans have been lining up to
buy the stamps. One state has rationed sales because
of high demand, and the stamps have been bid as
high as $200 per sheet in Internet auctions.
Mexicans are often accused of discrimination
against Indians, who often live hand to mouth in
Their lack of sensitivity to racism against
blacks may be worse because Mexicans so rarely see
A total of 750,000 of the stamps will be issued.
Ben Vinson, a black professor of Latin American
history at Penn State University, said he has been
called "Memin Pinguin" by some people
in Mexico. He also noted that the character's mother
is drawn to look like an old version of the U.S.
advertising character Aunt Jemima.
The stamps are part of a series that pays tribute
to Mexican comic books. Memin Pinguin, the second
in the series, was apparently chosen for this year's
release because it is the 50th anniversary of the
company that publishes the comic.
Publisher Manelick De la Parra told the government
news agency Notimex that the character would be
sort of a goodwill ambassador on Mexican letters
and postcards. "It seems nice if Memin can
travel all over the world, spreading good news,"
de la Parra said, calling him "so charming,
so affectionate, so wonderful, generous and friendly." | <urn:uuid:7db2f641-b117-40e8-8788-0f277caad510> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.umich.edu/~abpafs/20050707.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163042430/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131722-00079-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950981 | 994 | 2.671875 | 3 |
General Synod of the Church of England
The General Synod is the deliberative and legislative body of the Church of England. The synod was instituted in 1970, replacing the Church Assembly, and is the culmination of a process of rediscovering self-government for the Church of England that had started in the 1850s.
Church Assembly: 1919 to 1970
Before 1919, any change to the Church's worship or governance had to be by Act of Parliament, which resulted in little being done. In 1919, the Convocations of the Provinces of Canterbury and York adopted the constitution of the National Church Assembly proposed by the Representative Church Council and presented it to the King as an appendix to an address thus obtaining legal recognition of the Assembly.
By means of the Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919 Parliament then gave the Assembly power to prepare Measures which, once presented to Parliament and approved by a special procedure (see below), were to "have the force and effect of an Act of Parliament" on "any matter concerning the Church of England", and included the power to repeal or amend Acts of Parliament concerning the Church. The preparation of such measures lay mainly with a joint Legislative Committee of the three houses of the Assembly and this Committee negotiated with the parliamentary Ecclesiastical Committee to reach an agreed form.
The Act required that, after being passed by the Assembly, the measure had to be examined by a joint committee of both Houses of Parliament which prepared a report to both houses. If then approved by each House, it was submitted to the Sovereign for Royal Assent. If MPs or members of the House of Lords were not content with a Measure then they could vote to reject it, but not amend it. Once a measure had been agreed ("deemed expedient") by both Houses of Parliament, and received Royal Assent, it was (from 1926) printed with the Acts of Parliament for the year in question.
General Synod: from 1970
By the Synodical Government Measure 1969, the Church Assembly renamed and reconstituted itself as the General Synod of the Church of England. It also took over almost all the powers formerly exercised by the Convocations of Canterbury and York.
The House of Bishops is made up of the 30 diocesan bishops in the Province of Canterbury, the 12 diocesan bishops of the Province of York, the suffragan Bishop of Dover (in the Province of Canterbury), and seven other suffragan bishops (four from Canterbury and three from York) elected by all suffragan bishops.
The House of Clergy comprises clergy elected by the following:
- 128 elected from the dioceses of the Province of Canterbury,
- 54 elected from the dioceses of the Province of York,
- 1 elected by each of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and London,
- 1 elected jointly by the Universities of Durham and Newcastle,
- 2 elected by the other Universities (one from each Province),
- 6 deans elected from Cathedrals, plus either the Dean of Jersey or the Dean of Guernsey,
- the three Chaplains of the Armed Services, plus the Chaplain-General of Prisons, and
- 2 members of religious communities.
- up to 170 members elected by the laity of the Province of Canterbury,
- up to 80 members elected by the laity of the Province of York,
- the Dean of the Arches,
- the Vicars-General of the Provinces of Canterbury and York,
- the three Church Estate Commissioners,
- the Chairman of the Central Board of Finance,
- the Chairman of the Church of England Pensions Board,
- the members of the Archbishops' Council who are communicants of the Church of England.
There are two or three synodical sessions per year (4–5 days each), one or two in Church House, Westminster, the other at the University of York, and each session is officially opened by the monarch. Meetings are presided over by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York as joint presidents.
The functions of the synod are:
- to approve the liturgy and make other rules and regulations through Acts of Synod,
- to regulate relations with other churches,
- to consider and express their opinion on any other matters of religious or public interest, and
- to approve or reject the annual budget of the church
Measures or canons must be passed by a majority of the members of each house of the synod. Most other business can be passed by a majority of the members of the synod overall. However changes to church doctrine, rites and ceremonies, or the administration of the sacraments, can only be made in the form agreed by the House of Bishops. Also, changes in the services of Baptism or Holy Communion, as well as proposals for union with any other church, cannot be approved unless they have also been approved by a majority of the diocesan synods. Some Measures do not extend to the Diocese of Sodor and Man unless so provided by a measure passed by the Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod and approved by Tynwald.
The General Synod also elects some members of the Archbishops' Council.
- List of Church of England Measures
- Enabling Act: Includes brief background of reasons which led to the act being passed
- Faith and Order Commission: Replaced Faith and Order Advisory Group in 2010
- Doctrine Commission: In existence between 1922 and 2010. Latterly commission of General Synod
- Garbett, Cyril. The Claims of the Church of EnglandHodder & Stoughton:1947, pp.192f
- Iremonger, F.A. William Temple, OUP:1948, p.273
- Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919 (1919 c.76 9 and 10 Geo 5) on the UK Statute Law Database website – retrieved 9 May 2008
- Neill, Stephen. Anglicanism Penguin:1960, p.437
- Neill, Stephen. Anglicanism Penguin:1960, p.437
- Synodical Government Measure 1969 on the UK Statute Law Database – retrieved 9 May 2008
- 16th Edition of the Canons of the Church of England – retrieved 9 May 2008
- It was through an amendment to the Canons that women were admitted to the priesthood – Canon C4B. The making of the Canon was authorised by the Priests (Ordination of Women) Measure 1993.
- For example, the Episcopal Ministry Act of Synod 1993 (retrieved 9 May 2008) makes provision for those parishes which would not accept women priests to be overseen by alternative bishops)
- Constitution of the General Synod, set out in Schedule 2 of the Synodical Government Measure
- Gumbley, K F W (July 1994). "Church Legislation in the Isle of Man". Ecclesiastical Law Journal 3: 240. | <urn:uuid:f38e3253-34fe-4c09-991b-66a811478818> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Synod_of_the_Church_of_England | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115865430.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161105-00164-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958265 | 1,442 | 3.71875 | 4 |
When 3D printing systems were invented and eventually decreased in cost, they were often regarded as something of a novelty. The perception was that 3D printing could be used to create fun plastic toys and mechanical gears, but not much else. The landscape has changed significantly, and additive manufacturing systems are slowly becoming the norm in industry, rather than the exception.
Today, additive manufacturing is going mainstream thanks to many scientific and engineering advances. Researchers have a major role to play in developing new materials for use with these systems, new additive manufacturing processes, and even entirely new systems that have greater adaptability. These activities, in turn, are expanding the range of printable mechanical systems and electronic devices, including 3D-printed electronics.
These activities will encourage further mainstream adoption of additive manufacturing, either to complement traditional manufacturing processes or to replace them entirely. Here’s a closer look at the impact this technology has now and what the future of additive manufacturing in engineering may hold.
A 3D printing machine at work. The future of additive manufacturing in engineering will rely on this technology continuing to advance.
Alt text: A 3D printing machine at work, showcasing the future of additive manufacturing in engineering.
Complementing Traditional Manufacturing
When most people imagine the use of additive manufacturing in industry, they probably think of 3D printing parts for a large, complicated, mechanical part or 3D printing an entire product. Compared to subtractive manufacturing, additive manufacturing carries different cost drivers and can compete with or beat traditional manufacturing processes in terms of cost and adaptability. The adaptability of additive manufacturing allows its use to be extended to more vertical applications within a given industry.
In industries such as automotive and aerospace, additive manufacturing is being used to create parts for tooling and fixtures that form a central part of subtractive manufacturing processes. One excellent example involves 3D printing molds for injection molding. This greatly reduces the tooling costs associated with injection molding processes.
In areas like wireless sensor networking, additive manufacturing allows researchers to produce unique sensors with integrated wireless capabilities. 3D-printed PCBs for these sensors can have a unique form factor and even non-planar geometry, as well as integrated wireless capabilities in the form of printed antennas. Using a system that prints polymers facilitates fabrication of functional electronic components, including wireless embedded sensors and integrated battery holders.
Going further into the future, newer additive manufacturing systems and unique materials will facilitate a broader range of vertical applications. This allows scientists and engineers to develop devices and tooling that complement existing manufacturing processes. Engineers can also quickly develop proof-of-concept devices, prototypes, and low-volume manufacturing runs for of customized, highly complex products.
The Future of Additive Manufacturing in Engineering Will Include New Materials and Systems
Without a doubt, the future of additive manufacturing in engineering will be unlocked through the development of new materials that are versatile enough to be used with a broader range of commercial additive manufacturing systems. Likewise, researchers and engineers continue to develop new additive manufacturing systems that are adaptable to a broader range of materials.
Numerous materials for use in additive manufacturing systems are commercially available, but each material is specialized for particular applications. Materials are also specialized for particular deposition processes, such as inkjet printing, fused deposition molding, aerosol deposition, and other processes. Many additive manufacturing systems are not versatile enough to use any material, creating an obstacle to scaling. Each new, specialized application may require its own set of unique materials or even its own specialized system.
Each year, new industrial-grade 3D printers are being developed. Each available material must be qualified with these new machines to ensure the strength and durability of additively manufactured parts and devices. This particular hurdle illustrates the challenges involved in scaling additive manufacturing and broadening its use. Researchers in academia and industry are actively developing less expensive, adaptable materials for use with standard additive manufacturing techniques, as well as additive manufacturing systems that are versatile enough for use with a broader range of materials.
The newer systems and the broader range of materials being developed will also help increase throughput with these systems, improving productivity, printing resolution, build volumes, and loading/unloading procedures. This will help decrease the costs of additive manufacturing compared to traditional manufacturing methods, ultimately driving further industry adoption and expanding the range of use cases.
3D printing multilayer PCBs showcases the benefits of additive manufacturing in electronics design and R&D.
How Additive Manufacturing Aids Research and Development
Including an additive manufacturing system in your research facility provides several advantages for researchers. Complex materials with a unique structure and geometry can be investigated and quickly printed using these systems. This shortens the time to publication and ultimately speeds up industry adoption of these new technologies.
Additive manufacturing of unique electronic devices with non-planar geometries allows researchers to explore new electronic materials for use in harsh environments, and unique device architectures. In areas like sensor and drone networks, embedded wireless devices with unique printed antenna architectures allow researchers to experiment with new network topologies and communication protocols for these systems. These devices can be quickly printed and assembled in-house, allowing them to be placed in the field and gather data in days rather than weeks.
Research institutions like the University of Technology Sydney are investing in additive manufacturing systems to stay on the cutting edge of electronics research and development. On the industry side, Harris Corp. is using additive manufacturing to engineer new electronic modules and RF devices for aerospace applications.
Further academic and industrial research in materials processing, architecture and topology optimization, and the additive manufacturing systems themselves could bring important advances that will help broaden the range of available additive manufacturing applications. Likewise, additive manufacturing systems help expedite research in a variety of areas, including electronics, medicine, computer science, materials science, and much more.
No matter your area of research, you can help advance the future of additive manufacturing in engineering with the DragonFly Pro system. This system allows researchers in academia and industry to produce novel 3D-printed electronics for a variety of applications. If you’re interested in learning more about the DragonFly Pro system, read a case study or contact us today. | <urn:uuid:5630eae9-28d8-48d1-a410-7999705c4995> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.nano-di.com/blog/2019-the-future-of-additive-manufacturing-in-engineering | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153223.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727072531-20210727102531-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.937733 | 1,244 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Carquefou is a city rich past. On the territory of Carquefou, was once a Roman town named Arlèze. Remains have been found in the Bois St. Lys and Brechetière. Destroyed by the Germanic invasions in the Middle Ages, a castle called Carcafagum took place, whose meaning is "place planted beech. However, in the early fifteenth century, this name changed into Quercufolio "thick oak foliage. At that time, beech left no doubt room for oaks in the landscape carquefolien. Later, they found the names: Quarquefou, Kerquefou, Querquefou then finally Carquefou. During the Hundred Years War Carquefou is alternately ravaged by the English and French. In 1341, the city was looted and burned without much resistance by Jean Duke of Normandy with an army of 10 000 men. In the 18th century, at the time of the French Revolution, the uprising in the Vendee and Brittany won Carquefou. And from May 8, 1791, the parish took part in the clashes. Captain Spirit Benigne Blandin chief Chouan carquefolien was an emblematic figure of this period. Around 1895, Carquefou had 2902 inhabitants. There was a post office and telegraph, a gendarmerie, two schools for girls and boys. He stood there five annual fairs and the line of railway between Nantes and Segre went to 500 meters east of the town. Then the 60s marked a watershed in the history of Carquefou since from 1965 the city embarked on the establishment of an industrial area, shared with Nantes. Young gradually deserted farm work to work in factories in the industrial zone. From 1968 to 1996, the local population quadrupled from 3843 to 15,123 inhabitants. To accommodate these new carquefoliens, the City creates large subdivisions such as Rousseau, in 1965 or the Madeleine in 1968? Similarly, a public working in Nantes has moved in this "City in the Country". Today Carquefou has about 17,000 inhabitants. This historic town is an excerpt from Guide-Practice Carquefou available at City Hall Carquefou.
Carquefou The city enjoys a rich culture that does not stop at many events and festivities held throughout the year. The city has a theater in the Italian national fame. The theater of Fleuriaye, with its 800 seats, hosts an annual programming of the highest quality, combining drama, often rewarded with Molière, and concerts.
Clubs and sports associations can engage in disciplines as diverse as football, diving, skating, field hockey, the jujitsu or the Archery ... Carquefou was voted "most athletic city of Pays de la Loire" in 2006 in the category of cities with 10 000 to 30 000. | <urn:uuid:5ab10be3-e211-46d1-9280-1091cd0eaa3f> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.france-voyage.com/cities-towns/carquefou-15525.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131294307.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172134-00158-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952546 | 615 | 2.75 | 3 |
Multimedia • Reference • Religion • Travel
The Madaba Map
In December 1876, at Madaba (Medeba), during the excavation of one of the 6th Century AD churches found there, a mosaic map was discovered. The map was of Palestine, encompassing the area from Beth-shan to the Nile river in Egypt and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Arabian desert in the east. What is significant about it, is that it is the earliest extant map of Palestine known today.
The map is now housed in the Greek Orthodox Church of St. George that was built over the remains of the Byzantine church. The map is about 20 by 5 meters in size and was made from more than 2 million tesserae. The map is oriented to the east and the more than 150 captions are written in Greek.
The centerpiece of this map is the walled city of Jerusalem. It is represented by its walls, gates, street and principle buildings. The cardo (main north/south street) running from a plaza with a single column, and two other streets can be seen. Dominating the city is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The image below shows the Jerusalem portion of this map.
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The main cause of currents is the wind. Under the influence of steady winds occur most powerful during the cold Western Winds, which forms a ring around Antarctica. Direction of currents is affected by the position of the continents, the outlines of their shores. In the depths of the oceans and seas currents are formed because of the different density of water. The denser water moves to the side and create less dense at a depth of powerful streams. The direction of the sea currents greatly influenced the Earth's rotation. Ocean currents affect the nature and climate. They transfer cold and heat between latitudes and gases, and dissolved nutrients. Using the movements of the animals and plants move, inhabit a new territory. The Canary current is a cold current of the Atlantic ocean moving from North to South, skirting the Iberian Peninsula and Northwest Africa. The width of the Canary currents of 400-600 km, and Labrador current - a cold ocean currents in the North Atlantic ocean. Mixed with the warm waters of the Gulf stream, each spring carries the icebergs from Greenland to the TRANS-Atlantic crossing. Benguela current - cold current of the Atlantic ocean off the West coast of Africa. The Falkland current is a cold current of the Atlantic ocean off the coast of South America, the branch currents of the Western Winds. Carries a lot of icebergs. The current of the Western Winds - the most powerful cold current of the World ocean, also called Antarctic. Crosses three oceans - Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. This course covers the Earth in a continuous ring, from it branch off the cold Benguela current, the Western Australian and Peruvian currents. Its length is more than 30 thousand km, average width is about 1000 km For westerly Winds penetrate almost to the bottom of the ocean to a depth of 4.5 km. the flow Velocity is on average 2 km/h is Characterized by strong curves, arising under the influence of contours of the continents and bottom topography. Antarctic circumpolar current is a powerful source of energy, it forms the cyclones and anticyclones that make up weather on the planet. The Somali current is the cold current of the Indian ocean, off the Eastern coast of the Peninsula, and Somalia in Africa. Caused by the monsoon winds changes its direction depending on the season. California current - cold current of the Pacific ocean. Runs along the coast of California. Peruvian current - a cold current of the Pacific ocean, going from South to North near the Western shore of the South American continent. East Greenland - the cold current of the Arctic ocean extending from the Eastern coast of Greenland. Carries a year-round ice in the Arctic basin and icebergs in the summer months.
What are the cold
Over called the horizontal movement of water in the oceans and seas. Currents transfer on large distances huge masses of water. They are divided into warm and cold. If the temperature of the flow below the temperature of surrounding waters, it is defined as cold. Of all the known currents of cold is the third part.
Is the advice useful? | <urn:uuid:f4a4f579-1a2a-4c6c-8f7c-4b9357e5e789> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://eng.kakprosto.ru/how-251597-what-are-the-cold | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998882.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619023613-20190619045613-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.921046 | 626 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Reading books at home with your child is a great way to develop language, new words, and pre-reading skills. There are so many books to choose from, so which books are our favourites?
Infants and Toddlers
Our favourite books for infants and toddlers are nursery rhyme books, rhyming books, and touch & feel books like:
These books are perfect because they incorporate song into reading as well as fun textures to feel. With these books children not only learn new words, but they can also follow directions (“that’s not my….” – touch the shaggy ears on the dog) and can fill in the blanks (“itsy bitsy spider”- down came the ______[rain] and washed the spider out).
Preschool and Kindergarten-Aged Children
Some favourite books for Preschool and Kindergarten-Aged Children are rhyming and sequencing books like:
Books such as these are great as they help children retell the story (first, then, last) and learn pre-reading skills like rhyming (fly, why, cry). Children can also answer wh-questions while listening or reading the story (Who is that? What is that character doing? How does that character feel?).
These are only a few of our favourite books we use here at Wildflowers. We love to incorporate books into our time with our preschool, groups, and clients of all ages.
Written by Morgan Zenner, Registered Speech-Language Pathologist with Wildflowers | <urn:uuid:d6f39ed9-716e-4030-bbc1-941e91eb1bc9> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://wildflowerschild.com/uncategorized/booksforchildren/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948951.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329054547-20230329084547-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.960634 | 318 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In 1965, as hundreds of people prepared to march from Selma to Montgomery to demand the Constitutional right of Black citizens to vote, Alabama Gov. George Wallace ordered Alabama Highway Patrol Chief Col. Al Lingo to “use whatever measures are necessary to prevent a march.” So he did.
Col. Lingo was reportedly a member of the Ku Klux Klan. He wore a lapel button with one word in black letters on a white background:
Col. Lingo’s order for Alabama State Troopers to attack marchers on the Edmund Pettus bridge was broadcast nationwide on TV. The horror of white law enforcement officers viciously attacking peaceful Black citizens helped gain support for the 1965 Voting Rights Act, which passed Congress not long after. | <urn:uuid:615a623f-a960-4808-9f18-0f00cf57cb7e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://learningtoseecolor.com/?p=1733 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801123745-20210801153745-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.933976 | 152 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Cauliflower is a cruciferous vegetable relative of broccoli, radishes and cabbage, is native to the Mediterranean and its cultivation is given very successfully in temperate to cold worldwide, by 2013 China was the largest exporter of cauliflower, supplying it across Asia and Europe, in America the leading provider of cauliflower is America.
In ancient cauliflower was only used as a medicine in teas or compresses, went to just two centuries ago when it was first included in the diet. There are over 3000 different types of cauliflower, the most common is the white cauliflower, it is covered with several layers of thick leaves that absorb light while on the plantation; the presence of thick leaves prevents light from up the middle of cauliflower, so the characteristic white color of flesh, there is another kind of green cauliflower which lacks leaves and produces chlorophyll, so the flesh is green .
Many people avoid eating due to cauliflower containing nitrates, however no study has shown that the amount of nitrate containing very high and can cause damage to the body. When buying a cauliflower it must take care that it does not have black spots or has softened parts, if any are observed could demonstrate the presence of insects or fungi, and if they can be harmful to health.
Properties and Nutrition Facts of Cauliflower :
- One of the important properties of cauliflower sulforaphane between components has an important barrier against cancer.
- The high content of fatty acids omega-3 type is another very important properties of cauliflower.
- Cruciferous vegetables are shaped by more than 95% water, so it is recommended for any diet.
- The high content of folic acid is one of the important properties of cauliflower for pregnant women.
Health Benefits of cauliflower :
For hundreds of years it is known that the cauliflower brings many benefits to the body, so it was not used as food and medicine, today more and more studies show the benefits of this vegetable.
Cauliflower and anti-cancer benefits
Several studies have shown that sulforaphane reduces the chances of contracting, lung, prostate, colon, rectum, stomach and breast cancer. Although there is no extensive scientific evidence about the benefits of this cauliflower, several statistical studies have demonstrated its efficiency.
Cauliflower and oil for the heart :
The omega-3 is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that retards blood clotting, for this reason it is suggested that use of this type of item to people with heart disease and seeking a better quality of life. The omega-3 fatty acid is found in greater amounts in fish, so in tropical countries where the diet consists of fish and vegetables, cardiovascular diseases are much less common. Apart from fish, cruciferous vegetables like cauliflower contain high levels of omega-3, one of the great benefits of cauliflower.
Moisturizing cauliflower as food
Among other benefits of cauliflower can highlight the high water content, having much water the calories and fat it contains is minimal, it is one of the properties of the cauliflower makes it ideal for any diet vegetables, although not has been shown to be toxic no studies, being recommended to consume raw cooked thus is more easily digested.
Healthy pregnancy with the benefits of cauliflower
In recent years the power has changed, junk food has become not only popular, but also very inexpensive, so people prefer to eat junk before fruits and vegetables full of nutritional food, thus encouraging people to consume more nutritious foods is essential. During pregnancy women should take folic acid. The presence of this substance prevents neural tube defects in the developing fetus, a property cauliflower is its high content of folic acid, so it is a food that women during pregnancy should consume on a daily basis .
All cruciferous plants grow directly from the buried body, therefore it is much more likely to be infected with a plague or some kind of fungus, so it is advisable to disinfect thoroughly before boiling and consuming adhere. The properties of cauliflower and cauliflower benefits are many, unfortunately does not have the best flavor and can be difficult to return it to the taste of the little ones. | <urn:uuid:67c657c3-e3b4-48ff-b6a2-a51f7cad2c78> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://healthatoz.org/cauliflower-health-benefits-uses-nutrition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647649.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321121805-20180321141805-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.949842 | 853 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Ant AToL (Assembling the Tree of Life) Project
Collaborative Research on Ant Phylogeny: A Comprehensive Evolutionary Tree for the World's Premier Social Organisms
Supported by NSF grant EF-0431330 (10/01/2004 to 09/30/2011)
PIs Philip S. Ward (University of California, Davis) Seán G. Brady (Smithsonian Institution) Brian L. Fisher (California Academy of Sciences) Ted R. Schultz (Smithsonian Institution)
Introduction Ants, aculeate wasps in the family Formicidae, are one of the great success stories in the history of terrestrial Metazoa. These eusocial organisms, numbering 12,500 described species and perhaps as many undescribed, monopolize 15-20% of the total animal biomass in many ecosystems, and thus serve as major conduits of energy and organic material. Ants are among the leading predators of invertebrates in most communities, and in the Neotropics they are the principal herbivores as well. Ants participate in symbioses with plant species in over 52 families, thousands of arthropod species, and as-yet-unknown numbers of fungi and microorganisms. As a group, ants display remarkable adaptive strategies and specializations—agriculture of fungi, seed harvesting, herding and "milking" of other invertebrates, communal nest weaving, cooperative hunting in packs, social parasitism, slave-making—which have fueled scientific and public curiosities alike. A clearer picture of how the major ant lineages evolved will shed light on the ecological and historical factors that have contributed to the dominance and behavioral diversity of ants.
The Ant AToL Project was motivated by three broad objectives: (1) to resolve relationships among the major lineages of ants; (2) to estimate divergence times of the principal clades; and (3) to use the resulting phylogenetic and temporal framework to better understand the evolution of key biological traits in ants. The project emphasized the use of multiple, single-copy, protein-coding nuclear genes for phylogenetic inference. We employed 12 nuclear genes, many developed specifically for use in ant phylogenetics, for the first time. Data were analyzed using model-based approaches (maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods), with careful evaluation of different models and partition schemes. Divergence times for major events in ant evolution were inferred by combining fossil information with molecular dating methods that do not assume clocklike evolutionary rates. Dating analyses also permited the testing of specific biogeographic hypotheses addressing ant distributions.
In addition to probing the “deep history” of the major ant lineages (Brady et al., 2006), we also investigated phylogenetic relationships within several large subgroups of ants. We completed a study of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Ward et al., 2010), which demonstrated that diversification of crown-group dolichoderines postdates the K/T boundary and occurred later in Australia than other parts of the world. This study also revealed the striking sensitivity of phylogenetic estimates to data partitioning, outgroup composition and base frequency heterogeneity. We continue to analyze Ant AToL data, focusing on the evolutionary history of dorylomorphs and myrmicines, and a reevaluation of relationships among early branching lineages of poneroids and leptanillines.
Publications from Research supported by the Ant AToL Project
Blaimer, B. B. 2012. A subgeneric revision of Crematogaster and discussion of regional species-groups (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 3482:47-67.
Blaimer, B. B. 2012. Acrobat ants go global - Origin, evolution and systematics of the genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65:421-436.
Blaimer, B. B. 2012. Taxonomy and species-groups of the subgenus Crematogaster (Orthocrema) in the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 199:23-70.
Branstetter, M. G. 2012. Origin and diversification of the cryptic ant genus Stenamma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), inferred from multilocus molecular data, biogeography and natural history. Systematic Entomology 37:478-496.
Brady, S. G.; Fisher, B. L.; Schultz, T. R.; Ward, P. S. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U. S. A. 103:18172-18177.
Branch-length tree from Brady et al. (2006): Right Click (or Ctrl+Click on a Mac) to download the MrBayes 50% consensus topology with maximum likelihood branch lengths estimated using PAUP under the GTR + I + G model.
Brady, S. G.; Larkin, L.; Danforth, B. N. 2009. Bees, ants, and stinging wasps (Aculeata). Pp. 264–269 in Hedges, S. B.; Kumar, S. (eds.) Timetree of life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fisher, B. L. 2010. Biogeography. Pp. Pp. 18-37 in: Lach, L., Parr, C. L. & Abbott, K. (eds). Ant ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, xvii + 410 pp.
LaPolla, J. S.; Brady, S. G.; Shattuck, S.O. 2010. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 35: 118-131.
Schultz, T. R.; Brady, S. G. 2008. Major evolutionary transitions in ant agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U. S. A. 105:5435–5440.
Ward, P. S. 2006. Ants. Current Biology 16:152-155.
Ward, P. S. 2007. Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1668:549-563.
Ward, P. S. 2010. Taxonomy, phylogenetics and evolution. Pp. 3-17 in: Lach, L., Parr, C. L. & Abbott, K. (eds). Ant ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, xvii + 410 pp.
Ward, P. S. 2011. Integrating molecular phylogenetic results into ant taxonomy.Myrmecological News 15:21-29.
Ward, P. S.; Brady, S. G. 2009. Rediscovery of the ant genus Amyrmex Kusnezov (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and its transfer from Dolichoderinae to Leptanilloidinae. Zootaxa 2063:46-54.
Ward, P. S.; Brady, S. G.; Fisher, B. L.; Schultz, T. R. 2010. Phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants: effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference. Systematic Biology 59:342-362.
Ward, P. S.; Sumnicht, T. P. 2012. Molecular and morphological evidence for three sympatric species of Leptanilla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the Greek island of Rhodes. Myrmecological News 17:5-11.
Wernegreen, J.J., Kauppinen, S.N., Brady, S.G., & Ward, P.S. 2009. One nutritional symbiosis begat another: Phylogenetic evidence that the ant tribe Camponotini acquired Blochmannia by tending sap-feeding insects. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:292.
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Antweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the National Science Foundation, DEB-0344731, EF-0431330 and DEB-0842395. c:0 | <urn:uuid:f2cac96c-1ab3-49cd-8397-6b770eb57550> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.antweb.org/atol.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650262.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324112821-20180324132821-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.775948 | 1,842 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Tuesday, January 16th 2018, 22:26:45 PM. Engine Wiring. Posted by Augustine Yvonne
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John Deere Gator Heater Wiring Diagram
As the piston in your engine moves downward it creates a vacuum which draws in air through the intake end of the carburetor. As the air travels through the venturi, the air’s pressure drops, and fuel is drawn down from the fuel bowl, and then back up through the main jet and emulsion tube. The low pressure air mixes with and atomizes the fuel. This air/fuel mixture continues through the intake valve and into your combustion chamber.
John Deere Gator For Sale Texas. John Deere Gator Parts Diagram. John Deere Gator Accessories Canada. John Deere Gator Engine Oil. John Deere Gator Wiring Diagram. John Deere Gator Engine Rebuild Kit. John Deere Gator 625i Specs. John Deere Gator Wiring Harness.
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Copyright © 2003 - 2018 Domain Media. All sponsored products, company names, brand names, trademarks and logos arethe property of their respective owners. | <urn:uuid:33bac2f4-1449-4805-8134-6227a2d0c541> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://d-42.com/4690/cP3e-4719/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590169.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718115544-20180718135544-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.850119 | 252 | 2.71875 | 3 |
在防洪及排水工程規劃設計中，洪水歷線是重要的考慮因素之一，然而以往對於洪水歷線的處理，不論是實測或是設計洪水歷線，均採用離散式的紀錄方式，即一個時刻一個時刻的紀錄。若洪水歷線較長則需紀錄較多的數據，而時刻與時刻之間未紀錄的數據也無從得知。利用機率密度函數來模擬直接逕流歷線的形狀，則可以改善此一缺點。本文之研究目的為利用常用的機率密度函數，如gamma、beta、lognormal、Gumbel及Weibull等五種不同的分佈，來模擬直接逕流歷線，並比較兩種不同的參數推估方式，包括形狀變數法(以形狀平均值與形狀變異數推估)和洪峰法(以洪峰量與洪峰時間推估)，所得模擬直接逕流歷線與實測值之差異。文末以濁水溪流域桶頭(2)流量站五場實測颱風洪水歷線進行檢驗，結果顯示gamma分佈配合洪峰法參數推估方式所得之模擬直接逕流歷線最佳。 The flood hydrograph is an essential factor in flood control planning and design. Traditional treatments of flood hydrographs use discrete type records. The data between time intervals are not available, however. Using the probability density function to model the flood hydrographs can overcome this problem and thus become continuous recording. The major purpose of this study is applying the probability density function to model the direct runoff hydrograph. The probability density functions considered in this study include gamma, beta, lognormal, Gumbel, and Weibull. Two different parameter-estimation schemes, one using shape variables and the other using flood peak and time to peak, are employed to investigate the effects on differences between the derived and observed flood hydrographs. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with an application to the Tungtou gauge station in Choshui Creek, Taiwan. The results show that the gamma probability density function associated with flood peak and time to peak parameter-estimation scheme has the best fitting to the observed flood hydrographs. | <urn:uuid:dc2f9846-ad11-499d-9286-ae17bef7030b> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw:8080/dspace/handle/987654321/44685 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219197.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821230258-20180822010258-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.670835 | 951 | 2.734375 | 3 |
This paper reviews the subprime mortgage crisis and its effect on the U.S. economy.
The subprime mortgage crisis first gained the public's attention when a steep rise in home foreclosures occurred in 2006, and then spiraled out of control in 2007. At that time the mortgage meltdown triggered a national financial crisis that went global within the year. As a result, consumer spending dropped, the housing market plummeted, foreclosure numbers rocketed, and the stock market was shaken. All these problems have caused furious debate among consumers, bankers, and lawmakers as to the causes and the possible solutions.
There are various theories to explain what led to the mortgage crisis. Many experts and economists believe that the crisis happened because of a number of factors in which subprime lending played a significant role.
The current mortgage meltdown began with the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble that began in 2001 and peaked in 2005. Bianco (3) defines a housing bubble as
"an economic bubble that occurs in local or global real estate markets. It is defined by rapid increases in the valuations of real property until unsustainable levels are reached in relation to incomes and other indicators of affordability. Following the rapid increases are decreases in home prices and mortgage debt that is higher than the value of the property."
Many economists believe that the U.S. housing bubble was caused at least in part by historically low interest rates. Because of concerns following the dot-com bubble in 2000 and the resulting recession that began in 2001, the Federal Reserve Board cut short-term interest rates from about 6.5% down to 1%. Some criticized Alan Greenspan, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, for creating the housing bubble, since it was the Fed's policy on interest rates that inflated the bubble. Others argued that the Fed operated from inaccurate inflation numbers, so the Fed funds rate was probably held lower and for a longer time than it should have been.
From 2004 to 2006, the Fed raised interest rates 17 times, from 1% to 5.25%. By that time many economists predicted a housing market correction because of the over-valuation of homes during the bubble period.
Subprime borrowing was a key factor in the increase in home ownership rates and demand for housing during the bubble years. The U.S. ownership rate grew from 64% in 1994 to an all-time high of 69.2% in 2004. Some homeowners took advantage of the increased property values of their homes to refinance them with lower interest rates, and took out second mortgages to use for consumer spending. During this time, U.S. household debt as a percentage of income rose to 130% in 2007; this figure was 30% higher than the average amount earlier in the decade.
Along with the collapse of the housing bubble came high default rates on subprime, adjustable rate, Alt-A, and other loans made to higher-risk borrowers with lower income or lesser credit history than prime borrowers. Subprime mortgages totaled $600 billion in 2006 and accounted for approximately one-fifth of the U.S. home loan market. The amount of subprime loans climbed as rising real estate values led to lenders taking more risks. Some experts believe that Wall Street encouraged this type of risk-taking behavior by bundling the loans into securities that were sold to pension funds and other institutional investors.
A Federal Reserve study in 2007 reported that the average difference in mortgage rates between subprime and prime mortgages decreased from 2.8 percentage points in 2001 to 1.3 percentage points in 2007. This drop indicates that the risk premium that lenders required to offer a subprime loan declined. This decrease happened even though subprime borrower and loan characteristics declined overall during the 2001-2006 period, which decline should have had the opposite effect. Instead, the decline in the risk premium led to lenders considering higher-risk borrowers for loans, which pursuit of profit left more and more banks at risk of default for the high-risk loans they made.
Some economists blame the emergence during the boom years of a new kind of specialized mortgage lender for worsening the mortgage crisis. These lenders were not regulated like traditional banks. Along with the increase of unregulated lenders came a rise in the kinds of subprime loans that should have sounded an alarm. The following types of problem loans became commonplace:
Adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)
Interest only mortgages
Stated (no proof of) income loans
NINJA (no income, no job or assets) loans
Such loans should have raised concerns about the quality of the loans if interest rates increased or if the borrower were to become unable to pay the mortgage.
Some experts believe that mortgage standards became lax because of a "moral hazard" -- that is, a lack of incentive to guard against risk because one is protected from its consequences - which occurred because each link in the mortgage chain collected profits while believing it was passing on the risk. Mortgage denial rates for conventional home loans that were reported under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act dropped from 29% in 1998 to 14% in 2002 and 2003, which statistics support the argument that moral hazard led to lax lending standards.
Because mortgage brokers do not lend their own money, there is no direct correlation between loan defaults and their compensation. However brokers did earn higher commissions for selling ARMs. The Mortgage Bankers Association claimed that brokers profited from the home loan boom, but didn't do enough to determine whether borrowers could repay the loans, which inadequacy left lenders and banks with the resulting mortgage defaults.
Mortgage underwriters determine if the risk of lending to a given borrower under certain circumstances is acceptable. In 2007, 40% of all subprime loans were generated by automated underwriting, a process that meant minimal documentation and much quicker decisions. Many experts believe that lax controls and relying on shortcuts led to the approval of buyers that, under a less automated system, would not have been approved.
The practice of securitization also contributed to the mortgage meltdown. Securitization is a structured banking process in which assets, receivables or financial instruments are acquired, classified into pools, then offered as collateral for third-party investment. Using securitization, mortgage-backed securities (MBS) along with the tendency of rating agencies to assign investment grade ratings to MBS, insured that high risk loans could be originated, packaged, and the risk readily transferred to others. Alan Greenspan blamed the securitization of home loans, not the loans themselves, for causing the mortgage meltdown.
Credit rating agencies came under criticism for giving investment grade ratings to securitization transactions that involved subprime mortgages. Critics also point out that there was conflict of interest involved, since rating agencies are paid by the companies selling MBS to investors, such as investment banks. Ratings agencies such as Standard & Poor's corp., Moody's Investors Service Inc., and Fitch Ratings have come under fire for their role in questionable ratings on securities based on mortgage loans to U.S. borrowers with poor credit records.
Some economists believe that borrowers played a role in the mortgage crisis. Easy credit and the assumption that housing prices would continue to appreciate encouraged some borrowers to obtain ARMs that they would be able to afford after the initial incentive period, typically two to three years, had passed. Once housing prices started to decline due to the housing market correction and the bursting of the housing bubble, the option of refinancing that was readily available during the boom became much more difficult. Homeowners who could not refinance predictably started to default on their loans when the loans reset to substantially higher interest rates and payment amounts.
Other economists blame predatory borrowing for causing the crisis. According to one study that was done involving three million loans made from 1997 to 2006, applications with misrepresentations were found to be five times as likely to go into default. According to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, Suspicious Activity Reports of mortgage fraud increased by 1,411% between 1997 and 2005.
Members of the Senate Banking Committee blamed federal regulators for much of the mortgage crisis. Regulators in turn claimed that they lacked the authority to prevent the crisis.
Still other economists blame government policy for encouraging the development of the subprime meltdown through legislation such as the Community Reinvestment Act. They claim this legislation forced banks to lend to non-creditworthy customers.
What seems clear from the available analyses of the mortgage meltdown and subsequent decline of the U.S. economy is that there was no single cause of the financial crisis. The failure was caused by a catastrophic combination of circumstances which each contributed to the meltdown.
In my mind there is no doubt that all the factors discussed in this paper contributed to the financial crisis; some were much more critical than others, and their effects were more devastating. I have to place the behavior of the financial industry at the top of the list, given that they had… | <urn:uuid:3f8a8d0f-5183-4a42-a7c5-45dad52a880d> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.paperdue.com/essay/mortgage-crisis-the-meltdown-and-84844 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424683.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724022304-20170724042304-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.97121 | 1,794 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Women who are addicted to heroin are often given methadone, a synthetic narcotic, to take instead of heroin. Methadone withdrawal is a common cause of withdrawal in newborns. The majority of mothers who take methadone in pregnancy will give birth to an addicted baby. Withdrawal affects many systems in your newborn's body.
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Central Nervous System Symptoms
Babies born addicted to methadone will go through withdrawal after delivery, usually within 24 to 48 hours. Newborns undergoing withdrawal from opiates and synthetic narcotics such as methadone are classified as having Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, or NAS. Central nervous system symptoms of NAS include irritability, shrill cry, increased startle reflex and Moro reflex and increased muscle tone. Newborns with CNS symptoms may also be jittery, have fluctuating muscle tone, sleep less than normal and be easily disturbed by outside stimuli. Some infants will have seizures caused by withdrawal.
Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Symptoms
NAS symptoms that affect the gastrointestinal system are poor feeding, increased need for sucking, poor suck-swallow coordination, dehydration, poor weight gain, and vomiting and watery stools. Respiratory symptoms of NAS include rapid breathing, frequent sneezing or yawning, stuffy nose and nasal flaring.
Other symptoms of NAS include temperature instability or fever, skin mottling, increased sweating, and excoriation of extremities from increased restless movement. The risk of sudden infant death syndrome is reported to be slightly higher in addicted infants than in the general population. | <urn:uuid:5d0491df-d450-434b-9bf3-8765db295031> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.livestrong.com/article/43799-withdrawal-symptoms-newborn-methadone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125944848.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420233255-20180421013255-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.947353 | 328 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Inclusion is important When it comes to sports and disability, inclusion is so important. It’s equality. It’s community. It’s wonderful. It breaks down barriers and creates awareness that we are all different. Brody is only four years old, so my experience to date with sports has been somewhat limited. Admittedly this is because he has mobility issues and delayed understanding. However, I am so fortunate that he goes to a fantastic (mainstream) nursery where inclusion is highlighted in lots of different ways. From him receiving a Spanish certificate (he's non-verbal) to physical activities and sport. They very recently had sports day and he came home with a medal just like everyone else. Children learn from one another. They learn from example. And children with disabilities should have the opportunity to participate in sports just like everyone else. Brody might not be able to understand the concept of sport. He might not be able to understand the concept of winning a race. Or be able to physically ride a bike, hop, skip or jump. But he loves taking part. He loves joining in. And for him, that's what it's all about. Being included by his peers and having fun. Sure I might sometimes get an attack of the sads watching him struggle to do something. But I just need to give myself a mental shake and support him through it. He’s a true champion. I know I am lucky in my experience to date. His nursery gets it right every time. I truly wish this for you if you have a child with disabilities, whether they attend a mainstream setting or specialist school. It makes all the difference. I know it’s cliché to say it’s not the winning, it’s the taking part. I am almost rolling my eyes at myself trust me. But it’s true. If there is inclusion then we’re all winning. Because that’s what so many of us fight for – access for all and equal opportunities. We are less if we don’t include everyone (Stuart Milk). Read Laura's Blog at Brody, Me and GDD. Laura is making it her mission to get supermarkets to stock affordable nappies in larger sizes for disabled children, support Laura's Petition here. | <urn:uuid:40ff2268-c751-473d-9aac-54fce2dfe7f0> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.familyfund.org.uk/Blog/inclusion-is-important | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400203096.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922031902-20200922061902-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.969725 | 470 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Rhinitis is a common disease of the nose, which is characterized by common symptoms and the main ones - is discharge from the nose, shortness of nasal breathing, reduced sense of smell, burning and itching in the nose, formation of crusts, the sensation of unpleasant odors.
also may be accompanied by minor bleeding from the nose, the accumulation of thick mucus in the nose and throat and irritated at the same time the upper lip and nose wings, appears sleepy and snoring worsens.
There are different types of rhinitis, is a year-round, seasonal, allergic, catarrhal, vasomotor, specific, drug-induced, hypertrophic, atrophic and other species.
Furthermore, rhinitis is a common disorder of the nose has similar symptoms which can be caused by other diseases and nasal congestion, this adenoids, neoplasms, nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis and deformation of the nasal septum.
Consider a repetitive types of rhinitis, catarrh is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa, but not purulent, and the disease is caused b
main symptoms of catarrhal rhinitis, this reduction of smell, discharge from the nose, and shortness of nasal breathing.Treat this type of rhinitis antibacterial agents, used inhaled vaccine, as well as give to take anti-inflammatory drugs.
Allergic rhinitis, commonly associated with the fall of pollen or other substances that cause an allergic reaction of the nasal mucosa.
This type of rhinitis seen seasonally and can be a year-round, it goes, often with asthma, urticaria, allergic conjunctivitis and other allergic diseases.
Allergic rhinitis can result in the development of polyps and hypertrophy, and it manifests itself in the form of sneezing, watery eyes, clear watery discharge, redness of the skin of the nose, itching and tickling in the nose.
Rhinitis should not be considered harmless disease because it causes a disease of the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
Treat allergic rhinitis with antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids, but before that determine the sensitivity to the allergen as possible to apply the vaccination revealed an allergen, which protect against this allergen in the future, people will not be sensitive to this allergen.
Vasomotor rhinitis, mainly associated with inflammation and dysregulation of vascular tone, those who are under the mucosa of the lower nasal turbinates.
main symptoms when vasomotor rhinitis, is that when alternate nasal one half of the nose and nasal may appear in the supine position on the side on which the patient lies.
vasomotor rhinitis usually develops in people with a soldier's heart, especially in hypotensive, as well as in patients with asthenovegetative syndromes in endocrine diseases and often at a young age or preklimaktericheskom.
treated vasomotor rhinitis is difficult and there are many ways, but they all depend on the underlying pathology.Currently used vnutrirakovinnye blockade, surgical treatment, a laser fotodistruktsiya, vnutrirakovinnaya radioelektrokoogulyatsiya, ultrasonic disintegration, and submucosa vasotomy galvanokaustika.
This treatment is aimed at destruction of the submucosal vessels of the lower nasal turbinate, that does not give them the opportunity to grow.
Atrophic rhinitis manifests minor nosebleeds, change the sense of smell, feels dryness in the nasal cavity and thus appear dry crusts.
Atrophic rhinitis occurs due to lack of vitamins after operations in the nasal cavity, the disease is also linked to genetic factors, occupational hazard, it is the effect of different types of dust, work in hot, dry areas, as well as lack of iron-containing products.
Treatment of atrophic rhinitis begins with identifying a disease-causing factors, and then begin to be treated topically, with the use of drugs that enhance the regeneration and trophism of the mucous membranes, through which the reduced viscosity of the nasal mucus thus apply physiotherapy and biostimulants.Especially
often rhinitis medicamentosa may occur after administration of some drugs that lower blood pressure, and these include alcohol, neuroleptics and tranquillizers.
Medical rhinitis, can cause vasoconstrictor nose drops, especially in the elderly and those who suffer from cardiovascular diseases, as these drugs cause increased blood pressure and increased heart rate.
main type of medical treatment of rhinitis, is the abolition of drugs that cause rhinitis, as well as with a laser modeling of the nasal mucosa.All other forms of rhinitis are treated in this way, identify the cause and prescribe on the basis of the causes of disease.
Nevertheless, we should remember that rhinitis is a fairly common disease of the nose and inflammation of the nasal mucosa begins with hypothermia, when lowered immunity, the body weakens, which leads to swelling of the nasal mucosa, and mucus from the nose.
Thus, we can conclude that from rhinitis can be eliminated only in the case when a man hardened and is not afraid of hypothermia because the immune system protects him.
Good nutrition, exercise, an opportunity to strengthen the immune system, which makes it possible to deal with rhinitis and especially chronic diseases of various organs. | <urn:uuid:8099baba-69ce-4d8b-8f8a-7c62ceb948a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://medical-best-help.com/en/pages/689283 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517350.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212153808-20171212173808-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.923099 | 1,164 | 3.25 | 3 |
Why is education an open field for public opinions where so many with no training in teaching are convinced their views are as valid or competent as the professional educators’?
Perhaps deep down we believe we are experts at educating children because the human race has practiced simple forms of education over millions of years of evolution. Humans have the longest childhood among all species. A necessary requirement for becoming an adult is learning how to operate in a complex environment. We are born with instructions that demand us to teach our children how to walk, speak, use tools, and understand social norms.
Parents take pride in the way they “educate” their children at home. This learning period in anyone’s life is deeply emotional. Early years of parental education is a period of attachment during which children and parents establish strong bonding.
In contrast, as a recent invention in our long history, school is an artificial extension of a social relationship created and nurtured beyond the family home boundaries. Teachers never achieve the same status of trusted relationship with children not only because they missed the early opportunity to imprint attitudes, but also because their institutional goals serve a different purpose. Despite the dedication of millions of teachers, the connection between children and school is very thin and fragile. Schools are meant to serve a different master whose interest is to produce a workforce capable of supporting its socio-economic domain.
Many educational initiatives attempt to describe themselves as “student-centric”, or caring for “children’s wellbeing” don’t’ tell the entire story, which is the fact that they are designed to comply with the demands of the political system that funds them, and which in turn are separated by so many levels of bureaucratic layers from the individual families. They want to be close to the students, but the gap between individual families and state-wide social systems is so wide, they cannot ever achieve the ‘kinship’ status.
The relationship between schools and parents is difficult and the main reason it has worked so far is because of its practical value. This invisible contract worked for a few hundred years despite many difficulties because the parents and schools in the end served the same master. As children learned skills they need as members of the future workforce in a society representing their ‘natural’ habitat, parents have no choice but to accept the school’s role in preparing their children to survive as adults. Plus, parents need to go to work and someone has to mind their children while they are away from home; they have to outsource the education to people outside the immediate family.
How can schools give their students life skills? What worked in the past two hundred years doesn’t necessarily work in the next fifty years. In Australia the unemployment rate is now 5.4%. If you think this is a good rate, compare this with the unemployment rate in 1970: 0.9%. In 1951 it was even lower: 0.3%! In absolute numbers, we have 656,400 unemployed people today versus 78,000 unemployed people then. Schools were doing wonders; if you had education you got a job, no question asked. Today, good school education does not give any guarantees.
The lack of certainty plays on one essential evolutionary concern: our children have strong bodies and sharp minds that can figure out how to solve problems during their adult lives (in line with the culture they belong to). There is no other profession, other than medical care, that is so directly linked to our survival as a species. Medicine has been a mysterious secret protected by a few since the dawn of mankind. It needs access to scarce materials and know-how and it cannot be practiced at home. Education, on the other hand, that is another story. Key to survival of the individual, the tribe and its culture, it has remained a part of us as probably the oldest occupation that we still practice without even knowing. This is why people are so passionate when it comes to education. | <urn:uuid:4af37c8b-2218-421f-817b-26fcfd06fd77> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://thoughtkast.com/tag/workforce/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523564.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607044626-20200607074626-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.978939 | 806 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Phonemic Awareness: What it is, why it is important and why you must link phonemic awareness to print!
What is Phonemic Awareness?
Phonemic awareness is literally ‘sound’ awareness. Phonemic awareness is understanding that words are made up of sounds and being able to hear, recognize and manipulate the individual sounds that make up a word. Phonemic awareness is primarily an auditory skill of distinguishing and recognizing the sound structure of language. For example, phonemic awareness is realizing the word ‘puppy’ is made up of the sounds /p/ /u/ /p/ /ee/ or the word the word ‘shape’ is made up the sounds /sh/ /ay/ /p/.
Many children do not realize that the words they hear break apart into smaller hunks of sound. Hearing the individual sounds within a word is difficult because spoken language is so seamless. When we speak, we naturally and effortlessly blend all the sounds together to say and hear the overall word. The natural ease of seamless speech hides the phonetic nature of our spoken language. For example: The child says and hears the word “puppy” as one seamless word /puppy/ and does not recognize or distinguish the separate sounds /p/ /u/ /p/ /ee/ that make up the word.
Children vary greatly in their natural ability to hear the sounds within words. Some individuals have a definite natural phonological weakness. Research has shown that children with poor phonemic awareness struggle with reading and spelling. The child’s natural phonological abilities are not related to intelligence. In fact, many highly intelligent children have phonological weakness that leads to reading difficulty. In addition, tendency for natural phonologic weakness may be an inherited trait as it appears to run in families.
Why is Phonemic Awareness Important?
Phonemic awareness is important because it is critical to reading and spelling success. A child’s phonemic awareness is a powerful predictor of the likelihood of reading and spelling success. Children who can not distinguish and manipulate the sounds within spoken words have difficulty recognizing and learning the necessary print=sound relationship that is critical to proficient reading and spelling success. If a child has poor phonemic awareness it is difficult for them to discover the necessary link between print and sound.
The Benefits of Phonemic Awareness Instruction!
Although some children and adults have a definite natural phonological weakness, the good news is that phonemic awareness (PA) can be taught and learned. The scientific evidence proves that PA instruction has a significant positive effect on both reading and spelling. In other words, we can directly teach children how to hear, recognize and manipulate sounds within words and that the intentional development of PA skills has a positive effect on reading and spelling success. Targeted PA instruction helps children develop necessary skills.
Specific Phonemic Awareness Skills: Phonemic awareness is recognizing and being able to manipulate the phonemic structure of language. It includes the following specific skills:
1) The ability to isolate and distinguish individual sounds (the word fish starts with /f/, the word Sam starts with /s/, or the word ‘cat’ ends with /t/)
2) The ability to identifying phonemes (the words ‘bat’, ‘boy’, and ‘Billy’ all start with the /b/ sound whereas ‘tall’ and ‘toy’ start with the /t/ sound)
3) The ability to categorize similar sounds and recognize phonemic patterns: this includes the ability to recognize rhyming words (cat, mat, fat, and sat all rhyme) and the ability to recognize similarities and differences in a group of words (bake and bike start with the same sound but they do not rhyme) or (in the group of words ‘bug’, ‘rug’, ‘run’ and ‘hug’, the word ‘run’ is different)
4) The ability to segment phonemes in a word (the word ‘cat’ is made of the sounds /k/ /a/ /t/, the word ‘shake’ is made up of the sounds /sh/ /ay/ /k/),
5) The ability to blend sounds together (the sound /t/ /o/ /p/ put together make the word ‘top’, the sounds /r/ /u/ /g/ put together make the word ‘rug’)
6) The ability to delete phonemes. (Say the word ‘train’ without the /t/ and the child can say ‘rain’) or (Say ‘mud’ without the /d/ and the child says /mu/)
7) The ability to manipulate phonemes making changes/substitutions (What would the word ‘milk’ be if it started with the /f/ sound instead of the /m/ sound? and the child can say ‘/filk/’, What would the word ‘rug’ be if it you changed the /r/ to a /m/? ‘mug’)
Link the Phonemic Awareness to Print!
Wait! Oral phonemic awareness alone is not sufficient. It is no surprise that the research shows that the phonemic awareness instruction/training is most effective when children are taught to manipulate phonemes with letters. In other words, the greatest effectiveness in helping children learn to read occurs when the essential oral phonemic awareness (hearing/recognizing the sounds) is linked directly to the printed letters (the specific black squiggle). This is teaching the child to link the phonemic awareness skills to the alphabetic awareness skills. Not only can they hear that the word ‘monkey’ starts with the /m/ sound but they can point to the printed letter ‘m’. They can recognize and link sounds to the print.
When can I start teaching Phonemic Awareness?
Begin teaching your child the essential phonemic awareness skills at the preschool level using fun, age-appropriate activities and sound games. After initial oral phonemic awareness is developed, begin to link the phonemic awareness activities directly to the printed letters.
Exactly How Do I Teach My Child Phonemic Awareness Skills?
For specific activities to begin developing phonemic awareness skills in your child, see the article Fun Phonemic Awareness Activities to Get Your Child Started. These are free, simple, fun activities you can use to develop essential phonemic awareness skills in your child. The article Quick Evaluation of Phonemic Awareness provides parents a free quick and easy informal tool to check their child’s phonemic awareness. These articles provide the ‘nuts and bolts’ actual activities to empower you to help your child develop essential phonemic awareness skills.
Remember! Phonemic Awareness is only one element of reading success:
Phonemic awareness is only one critical skill for reading success. It is important to realize that while phonemic awareness training provides an essential foundational element of reading success, phonemic awareness alone does NOT insure your child will learn to read proficiently. Phonemic awareness training teaches your child to hear, recognize and distinguish sounds with a word. It is primarily an auditory skill. Proficient reading requires many complex skills. To read the child MUST not only recognize the sound structure of spoken language but be able to link the sounds to the correct printed representation, know the printed phonemic code automatically, process printed letters phonetically, track correctly from left to right, smoothly blend sounds together, pay attention to detail, and repeatedly practice correct phonologic decoding to begin building fluency. These are all fundamental skills necessary to master proficient decoding. These fundamental decoding skills are necessary before the child can advance and begin to master the higher level skills including fluency, proficiently handling multisyllable words, vocabulary and comprehension.
It is important to realize that while phonemic awareness training provides an essential foundation for reading success, it alone does not teach kids to read. An effective direct-systematic-phonics program is still the most effective way to ensure your child learns the other skills that are necessary for proficient reading. Link to the Free Reading Information page of Right Track Reading for additional information, articles and resources on teaching children to read proficiently.
Link to the Free Reading Information page of Right Track Reading for additional information, articles and resources on teaching children to read proficiently.
This article was written by Miscese Gagen a mother with a passion for teaching children to read proficiently by using effective methods. She is also a successful reading tutor and author of the reading instructional program Right Track Reading Lessons: A Highly Effective Step-by-Step Direct Systematic Phonic Program. The purpose of this article is to empower parents with general information on issues related to effectively teaching children how to read. More information is located at www.righttrackreading.com. ~ Copyright 2006 Miscese R. Gagen
National Reading Panel’s “Teaching Children to Read” Summary Report www.nationalreadingpanel.org/publications/summary.htm | <urn:uuid:eeb7befd-e6a0-4434-8f98-9f7e2651cc92> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://righttrackreading.com/whatpais.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298871.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00278-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92801 | 1,901 | 3.3125 | 3 |
There are few leaders on the international stage who symbolized nobility and integrity as spectacularly as Nelson Mandela.
By now, his accolades are a part of world history. He was the freedom fighter who, after 27 years of imprisonment for his work to tear down South Africa’s laws of rigid racial segregation, rose to lead his country in negotiations that led to a multi-racial democracy.
He would eventually become president of the very country that had imprisoned him, all while speaking passionately about the need for reconciliation and for initiatives to combat poverty and inequality. For the role he played in leading South Africa’s transition, always with a passion for forgiveness and reconciliation, Mandela received the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.
But more than anything, Mandela will be remembered by the gentility he demonstrated when dealing with political and ideological adversaries. He demonstrated how it was possible to disagree passionately but to remain temperate, focused and even genial.
Ultimately, Mandela would create a legacy that extended far beyond his native South Africa. He was a powerful icon, a figure who sent the message that standing up for one’s principles, even to the point of isolation and imprisonment, could lead to vindication and victory of dramatic proportion.
He was outspoken in defending the friends who stood by his African National Congress when it was fighting injustice. He exhibited the strength of his conviction when he was repeatedly asked by leaders in the United States to disavow nations and leaders that had supported the anti-apartheid movement – namely Fidel Castro of Cuba and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya -- with American presidents coddled the old regime.
“We should not abandon those who helped us in the darkest hour of the history of this country,” Mandela once said, speaking to President Bill Clinton. “They gave us the resources for us to conduct the struggle (against apartheid) and to win.”
Mandela was a lawyer who in his early adulthood became deeply involved in the movement to end South Africa’s laws of strict racial segregation. To American sensibilities, he was something of a mix between Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. He was steeped in the ministry of nonviolence, and was a follower of the principles of Mahatma Gandhi.
In the other hand, Mandela would go on to lead the armed wing of the African National Congress during the years of apartheid, coordinating sabotage campaigns against military and government targets. Ultimately, Mandela described his involvement in armed activity as something he had come to reluctantly. But he said that years of brutal suppression of human rights in South Africa had convinced him that nonviolent confrontation might not always lead to progress.
In the end, it was Mandela’s years in prison on Robben Island that shaped him – and the international community that would come to know him. While in prison, he developed a reputation as the most important Black leader in the country. There was growing international pressure to on the South African government to release him, all in the midst of a worldwide campaign to put pressure on the regime to end apartheid.
By the time Mandela was released in 1990 under the directive of South African president Frederik Willem de Klerk, he had become an international symbol. That paved the way to his election as president of South Africa in 1994, a development that was biblical in its scope and one that would have been unthinkable only a few years earlier.
In his later years, he remained an important force in the fight to find solutions to his country’s AIDS crisis and as an advocate for various social and human rights causes. He continued to criticize any government – even the United States – when he thought it failed to live up to its potential. Until, he continued to be what he had always been, a magnificent force of nature committed to social justice and equality.
The opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of BET Networks.
BET Global News - Your source for Black news from around the world, including international politics, health human rights, the latest celebrity news and more.
(Photo: Gallo Images/Media24 Archives)
TRENDING IN NEWS | <urn:uuid:58e2c114-5619-4a11-ad05-f7dd325ee5f5> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.bet.com/news/global/2013/12/05/nelson-mandela-a-brilliant-life-of-noble-conviction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000575.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626214837-20190627000837-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.982402 | 835 | 3.375 | 3 |
were "enabled by money made in West Indian plantations" is too sweeping and makes the same mistake that Eric Williams made with his famous thesis that West Indian slave money funded British industrialization; Williams overestimated American and West Indian influences on patterns of historical change in metropolitan England (149). In short, one needs to read this book with care. Perhaps its best contribution is to show how contemporary theory on culture can help us understand the institution of slavery better than we currently do. But if Gikandi is a fine literary critic, he has deficiencies as a historian, deficiencies that make this book less rewarding than it might have been. Trevor Burnard trevor burnard, professor of history at the University of Melbourne, is the author of Mastery, Tyranny, and Desire: Thomas Thistlewood and His Slaves in the Anglo-Jamaican World (University of North Carolina Press, 2004). Mightier than the Sword: "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and the Battle for America. By David S. Reynolds. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011. Pp. 329. Cloth, $27.95; paper, $17.95.) No doubt, most Civil War buffs are familiar with the oft-told anecdote concerning Harriet Beecher Stowe's encounter with Abraham Lincoln in December 1862. Meeting in
The Journal of the Civil War Era – University of North Carolina Press
Published: Nov 2, 2012
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What do you know about llamas? Where are they from? What animals are related to llamas? What role do they play in the Andes Mountains? Here are some fascinating llama facts, children’s books about llamas, a Peruvian celebration and more.
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If you look at a map of South America, you can trace the Andes Mountains along the west side of the continent from Colombia in the north, through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and way south to the tip of Chile. Llamas are one of the most common animals in the Andes, perfectly adapted to the harsh environment and rough terrain. They enjoy eating the grasses and plants available during the day, and heading to the hills for protection at night. Like camels, they can do without drinking for long periods; llamas get their water from food.
10 Fascinating Llama Facts
1. Llamas are related to camels: both are “camelids” with long necks, big eyes with long eyelashes, and long, thick fur to protect them from the rain and cold. But llamas have no humps!
2. There are 4 species of llamas:
- guanacos: wild llamas that can run 35 mph!
- llamas: domesticated guanacos
- vicuñas: wild animals half the size of llamas
- alpacas: domesticated vicuñas prized for their soft wool
3. Llamas were domesticated in what is now Peru about 4000-5000 years ago by the Incans.
4. People have relied on llamas for food, use their fiber for cloth, and keep llamas as pack animals to help with their work. Pack animals carry loads for people. They also use llama fat to make candles, llama droppings as fuel for fires, and llama skin for leather to make sandals.
5. Llamas are very strong: they can carry heavy loads for 18 miles in one day! It is easy for them to walk on steep, rocky ground because they have thick pads on their feet and 2 toes on each foot. If they are tired of carrying the load, or if the load is too heavy, llamas will lay down.
6. A baby is called a cría. Crías weigh 25-30 pounds, about as heavy as a medium-sized dog. They can stand one and a half hours after birth, and have a very soft coat. Crías love to play, and drink their mom’s milk.
7. To keep clean, llamas roll in a dust bath!
8. Llamas can grow to 5-6 ft tall (as tall as an adult person!), but weigh 200-400 lbs, heavier than 5 second graders!
9. Llamas are great at communicating with each other using movements of their ears, bodies, and tails. They also use sounds to communicate, such as humming, sounding a high, loud alarm sound, or grunting. When males fight they scream, and llamas spit to warn other llamas to stay away from its food.
10. Llamas live in groups called herds and are very gentle creatures. They will fight with predators (and sometimes each other), so some people train them to guard sheep from predators like coyotes.
Llamas and the Incans
As mentioned above, the Incans domesticated llamas in the highlands of what is now Peru, about 4000-5000 years ago. The vicuñas were particularly special to the Incans because they have extremely soft wool. In fact, only kings were allowed to wear clothing made of their fur, and no one was allowed to kill a vicuña.
Today, people living in the mountains near Cuzco, Arequipa, and other areas in the Peruvian highlands do annual round-ups of vicñuas just like Incans did. The festival of “chaccu” (or el chaco) lasts all day as hundreds of volunteers herd the vicuñas into a pen, shear the wool, and let them go:
Children’s Books about Llamas
The Littlest Llama by Jane Buxton (ages 3+). Cute story about a playful llama with lovely illustrations that show typical scenes of the Andes.
Is Your Mama a Llama? by Deborah Guarino and illustrated by Steven Kellogg (ages 3-8). No South American culture, but a sweet rhyming book about a little llama looking for its mama.
Maria Had a Little Llama / María Tenía Una Llamita by Angela Dominguez (ages 3-8). Playful twist on “Mary had a little lamb,” about María and her pet llama, and their trip to a school in a small Andean village.
Carolina’s Gift: A Story of Peru by Katacha Diaz (ages 4+). Great book about Peruvian culture from a child’s perspective.
The Llama’s Secret – A Peruvian Legend by Palacios (ages 7+). For older kids interested in folktales, this is Peru’s version of the “Flood” story.
A Child’s Life in the Andes is an ebook that brings the Andean culture alive with rich photographs, great information as well as activities, coloring pages (even a llama!), language pages and a word search. There is a great Andean music CD that is included.
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I love movies, but can rarely tell you the title of one I enjoyed or the name of the lead actor. I read a lot for pleasure, but have to refer back to my library record to be able to recommend a recent novel to you. I never did that well in academic subjects where one’s success depended upon rote memorization.
But despite my weak memory, I’ve always made a commitment to learning my students’ names, which I’ve written some tips about previously here at ProfHacker. Because I typically teach classes of only 30-35 students, I can usually learn most of them by the second day because I really work at it. But a year or two later, although I recognize students easily when I see them around campus, it’s rare for me to still know their names, because the mental energy involved in learning them is now spent on another semester’s worth of student names and faces.
So I was very interested to read Joshua Foer’s Moonwalking With Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything, an account of his experience first observing and then participating in the U.S. Memory Championship, in which contestants memorize dazzling sequences of cards, numbers, and other information.
Visualize an image of what you want to remember
As Foer explains, the human brain is designed to be very good at certain kinds of memory tasks, such as that related to places and faces (spatial and visual memory), which were vital for survival early in our biological history. Memorizing to-do lists and mathematical formulae came much later in our intellectual, social, and and neurological development. So to improve one’s memory of numerical sequences, one has to translate those numbers into engaging images that the brain is more likely to retain.
In experiments, most people are able to accurately distinguish between images they’ve been shown (even for only a few seconds) and those they hadn’t seen before. So your memory for your students’ faces is probably better than you think it is.
Foer memorized over 100 first and last names correctly matched with a head shot in 15 minutes for a memory competition. He did this by creating mental images of the person’s face associated with an image that would remind him of the name: a pickup truck for someone named Ford, and so forth. Because the brain works by associations, and these associations tend to be highly personal, your mnemonic images wouldn’t be the same as anyone else’s, even if you use the same technique.
The memory palace
Most memory contestants use variations of the memory palace to learn all kinds of information. The memory palace, based on the classical rhetorical technique of loci, connects visual images of the information you want to memorize to spots in a familiar location. So if you want to remember a shopping list containing bread, broccoli, and tofu, you might visualize those items in specific places around the entryway of your childhood home. But since an image of a loaf of bread isn’t likely to stand out in your memory, you have to make it noticeable in some way: visualize a talking loaf of bread, or one that looks like a celebrity or someone you know. Then you walk through the space of your memory palace first placing the items there, and then again when you want to remember the list in order.
It turns out I was already using some aspects of the memory palace, as my personal method of learning student names includes going through the roster again after class, matching each name and face to my memory of where the student was sitting in the room. Even though they won’t necessarily be sitting in the same seats again, that spatial association helps me learn their names initially. (Some people record student names on a seating chart the first day, or even assign seats for the first two weeks to facilitate this process.)
The first lesson from Foer’s book is that to become much better at memorizing anything, you have to put a lot of creative attention into it. Part of his training to prepare for memory competition involved creating his own person-action-object (PAO) system, in which every two-digit number from 00-99 is assigned an image of a person performing an action on an object. Larger numbers then become combinations of the two-digit images (a person from the first, an action from the second, and so on). The more absurd or risque the image, the better, in order to anchor it into your mind.
A contestant memorizes a sequence of numbers by quickly visualizing them as a series of images, using the individual PAO system he or she has previously created. Some contestants also use the Major System, a mnemonic code invented in the 17th century that translates the digits 0-9 into consonant letters, which can then be transformed into words by adding vowels. These words then become images to place in a memory palace.
Yes, memory contestants put in a lot of time practicing and improving their skills. But rather than the rote drills I remember from learning the multiplication tables, for instance, much of that time involves creating and reviewing outlandish, entertaining images (Foer moonwalking with Einstein, for instance). It is definitely a lot of work, but a more engaging and playful kind of work than I had initially imagined.
Since reading Foer’s book, I haven’t yet tried my hand at using a full memory palace system, but I have been making more of an effort to visualize images for words or ideas I want to remember. In my graduate seminar course this term, we spent a few minutes on the first day playing a “name game” in which students associate their first name with an animal and repeat those of the other students around the table (i.e., “Josh, bear,” “Cathy, raven,” and I’m Stacy and my animal is a cat”). (I both start and end the circle.) I’ve done this for years as it helps the students in a small discussion course learn each other’s names. This year, I made an effort to clearly visualize the animals as we played the game and it definitely helped me learn all of them.
Most importantly, Foer’s book makes the point that memory is part of a larger process of attention:
What I had really trained my brain to do, as much as to memorize, was to be more mindful, and to pay attention to the world around me. Remembering can only happen if you decide to take notice. (268)
Foer’s book made me re-evaluate some of my assumptions about “rote” memorization and helped me better understand my long-standing commitment to learning my students’ names quickly. It’s important to me to pay attention to my students as individual human beings. Learning their names is an important component of the mindful awareness I try to bring to my teaching through breathwork and other pedagogical choices.
[Have you ever used a memory palace or other mnemonic system? let us know in the comments!]
[Creative Commons licensed image by flickr user Mahesh Telkar] | <urn:uuid:bc3ddf37-c199-407d-a499-f077d53db6ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/student-names-and-the-memory-palace/35664 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476990033880.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020190033-00288-ip-10-142-188-19.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961167 | 1,503 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Powerful RC Construction Equipment Working Video-“BIG RC MINING DumpTruck! Caterpillar! Heavy Scale RC Truck in trouble!”-RC Hydraulic Crawler Excavator, RC Loader, RC Hydraulic Articulated Dump Truck, RC Bulldozer.
Powerful RC Construction Equipment Scale Model Working Video, Construction Vehicle, Engineering Vehicles, RC Heavy Machinery, RC Hydraulic Crawler Excavator, RC Loader, RC Hydraulic Articulated Dump Truck, RC Bulldozer, RC Heavy-duty Vehicles, Earthwork Operations Equipment, Earthmoving Equipment, BIG RC MINING DumpTruck! Caterpillar! Heavy Scale RC Truck in trouble!.
BIG RC MINING DumpTruck! Caterpillar! Heavy Scale RC Truck in trouble!
Heavy equipment or heavy machinery refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems: implementation, traction, structure, power train, control and information.
Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BCE when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane in De architectura when it was powered via human or animal labor.
Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied, making tasks which could take hundreds of people and weeks of labor without heavy equipment far less intensive in nature. Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
The term “plant” is used to refer to any mobile type of heavy machinery.
The use of heavy equipment has a long history; The ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BC) described the ancient Roman heavy equipment and cranes in his paper architecture. The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnel shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818.
From horse to steam and diesel to electric and robot
Heavy equipment around 1922
Digging water supply ditch with scraper in marafresno
Until the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, heavy machinery was pulled by human or animal forces. With the advent of portable steam powered engines, the predecessor of traction machines has been reconfigured to new engines, such as combine harvesters. The design of the core tractor has evolved from a new steam power source to a new core traction engine, which can be configured as steam tractor and roller. In the 20th century, internal combustion engine has become the main power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines are used, but today diesel engines dominate. In many cases, mechanical transmission is replaced by hydraulic machinery. At the beginning of the 20th century, new electric machines appeared, such as forklifts. Caterpillar is a modern brand, starting with Holt manufacturing. The first heavy-duty machine to be mass-produced was the foterson tractor of 1917.
The first commercial continuous track vehicle was Lombard steam log hauler in 1901. During the first World War, the use of crawler was very popular in tanks, and later used in bulldozers and other civil machinery. The largest construction vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket wheel excavators built since the 1920s.
“It wasn’t until almost the 20th century that a simple tool made up the main earth moving machinery: hand shovels – moving with animals and people, sledges, barges and trucks. This tool is the main way to roll or lift the loading material. It is a vehicle, usually a cart, or a cart or truck pulled by livestock. In ancient times, tools equivalent to shovels or hoes and Baskets – and a large number of people – were used to carry earth for civil engineering. For a long time, builders have used ramps, levers and pulleys to place solid building materials. However, these labor-saving devices are not suitable for earthwork. They need to excavate, lift, move and place loose materials. At that time, as now, the two elements needed for mechanized earthwork were independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology at that time. “[ 2]
Container crane has been used since 1950s, which makes containerization possible.
Now that’s the importance of this kind of machinery, some transportation companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from the construction site.
Most major equipment manufacturers, such as Caterpillar, Volvo, Liebherr, and Sm, have released or are developing fully or partially electric heavy equipment. Commercial and R & D models are announced in 2019 and 2020[ 6]
As manufacturers begin to research and acquire technologies, robotics and autonomy have always been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers[ 7] Many companies are currently developing (caterpillar and Bobcat) or have launched (built-in robot) commercial solutions to the market.
Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the “house”. The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often mistakenly called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors. Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators which use winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements.
Modern hydraulic excavators come in many sizes. The smaller ones are called small or compact excavators[ 7] Caterpillar’s smallest micro excavator, for example, weighs 2060 pounds (930 kilograms) and has 13 horsepower; Their largest model is the largest excavator (developed and produced by Orenstein & Koppel, Germany, until it was acquired by caterpillar in 2011, named rh400 ), cat 6090, weighing over 2160510 pounds (979990 kg), with 4500 horsepower and a bucket up to 52.0 cubic meters.
Hydraulic excavators usually connect engine power to (usually) three hydraulic pumps instead of a mechanical transmission system. Two main pumps supply oil to the arm, swing motor, crawler motor and accessories at high pressure (up to 5000 psi, 345 bar), while the third is a low pressure (~ 700 psi, 48 bar) pump for pilot control of the spool valve; This third circuit can reduce the manual labor when operating the control. Generally speaking, the three pumps used in excavators are composed of two variable displacement piston pumps and one gear pump. The arrangement of pumps in the excavator unit varies with different manufacturers using different formats.
The three main parts of an excavator are the landing gear, the house and the boom (which also uses the boom). Landing gear includes crawler, crawler frame and final drive. They have hydraulic motor and transmission device to provide driving force for each crawler. The landing gear can also have blades similar to those of a bulldozer. The house includes the cab, counterweight, engine, fuel and hydraulic tank. The house is attached to the landing gear by a central pin. The high pressure oil is supplied to the hydraulic motor of the crawler through the hydraulic rotating device on the pin shaft, so that the machine can rotate 360 ° without obstruction, thus providing left and right movement[ 8] The arm provides up and down and further (or digging) movement. The arm is usually composed of boom, stick and bucket, which have three joints with the house.
The boom connects to the house and provides up and down movement. It can be one of several different configurations:
The most common is one arm; They don’t move except straight up and down.
Others have a steering knuckle arm that can also move left and right with the machine[ Need clarification]
Another option is the hinge at the bottom of the boom, which can rotate 180 ° hydraulically independent of the house; However, this usually only applies to compact excavators.
The variable angle boom has an additional joint in the middle of the boom to change the curvature of the boom. These are also called three hinged hangers (TAB) or three piece hangers.
Attached to the end of the boom is the stick (or bucket arm). The stick provides the digging movement required to pull the bucket across the ground. Stick length is optional, depending on whether extension (longer stick) or explosive force (shorter stick) is required. The most common is a single rod, but there are also telescopic rods, for example.
The end of the stick is usually a bucket. A large capacity (mud) bucket with a wide, straight blade is used to clean areas where leveling or digging materials are soft and do not need teeth. General purpose (GP) buckets are usually smaller, stronger, and have hardened side cutters and teeth for breaking through hard ground and rock. Buckets are available in a variety of shapes and sizes for a wide range of applications. There are many other accessories that can be connected to the excavator for drilling, tearing, crushing, cutting, lifting, etc. Accessories can be connected by pins similar to other parts of the manipulator or some types of quick couplings. Scandinavian excavators are usually equipped with tilt rotators that allow the attachment to rotate 360 degrees and tilt + / – 45 degrees to improve the flexibility and accuracy of the excavator.
A loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move or load materials such as soil, rock, sand, demolition debris, etc. into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railroad car).
There are many types of loader, which, depending on design and application, are variously called a bucket loader, front loader, front-end loader, payloader, high lift, scoop, shovel, skip loader, wheel loader, or skid-steer.
Loader is a kind of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on the track, it has a front wide bucket, connected to the end of two boom (boom), used to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as soil, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing the material across the ground. Loaders are usually used to move stored materials from the ground and store them in waiting dump trucks or open ditches.
Loader components can be removable accessories or permanently installed. Often buckets can be replaced by other equipment or tools – for example, many can be forked to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and hydraulically opened “clamshell” buckets allow loaders to act as light bulldozers or scrapers. Buckets can also be added with equipment, such as a bag grabber for handling large bales of hay or straw.
Large loaders, such as Kawasaki 95zv-2, John Deere 844k, ACR 700k compact wheel loader, caterpillar 950h, Volvo l120e, case 921E or Hitachi zw310, usually have only front bucket, which is called front loader, while small loader tractors are usually equipped with small backhoe, which is called backhoe loader or loader backhoe or JCB, Named after the company that first claimed to have invented them. Other companies, such as case in the United States and Whitlock in the United Kingdom, have made excavator loaders long before JCB.
The largest loader in the world is the Letourneau l-2350. At present, these large loaders are being manufactured in Longview, Texas. The l-2350 uses a diesel electric propulsion system similar to that used in locomotives. Each rubber tire is driven by its own independent motor.
Loaders are mainly used for loading materials into trucks, laying pipes, clearing debris and digging. The loader is not the most efficient digging machine because it cannot dig as deep below its wheel level as a backhoe or excavator can. The capacity of the loader bucket can range from 0.5 to 36 m3 , depending on the size of the machine and its application. The bucket capacity of a front loader is usually much larger than that of a backhoe loader.
Unlike most bulldozers, although crawler loaders are common, most loaders are wheeled rather than tracked. Their sharp edged material in building debris can damage rubber wheels or make the ground soft and muddy. The wheels provide better mobility and speed, do not damage the paved road as the track does, but provide less traction.
In the field of construction, loaders are also used to transport building materials such as bricks, pipes, metal rods and digging tools over short distances.
Front loaders are usually used to remove snow, especially from sidewalks, parking lots and other areas too small to use snow sweepers and other heavy equipment. They are sometimes used as snow sweepers with snow sweeper accessories, but usually have a bucket or snow basket, and can also be used to load snow into the back compartment of a snow sweeper or dump truck.
The high point bucket is suitable for light materials such as debris, peat and light gravel and when the bucket is emptied from high.
Close up of articulated steering
Unlike backhoes with front buckets or Standard tractors, many large loaders do not use automotive steering. Instead, they are steered by hydraulically driven pivot points set precisely between the front and rear axles. This is known as “articulated steering” and allows the front axle to be strong enough to carry more weight. Articulated steering provides better mobility for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and accessories rotate on the same axis, it is useful for the operator to be able to “guide” his load in an arc after positioning the machine. The trade-off is that when the machine is “twisted” to one side and the weight is raised, it has a greater risk of turning to the “wide” side.
Front loaders have become more and more popular in the past two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small-scale earthwork. Heavy equipment manufacturers offer a wide range of loader sizes and tasks.
The term “loader” is also used in the field of debris removal to describe the boom on a grab truck.
The main components of loader are engine (diesel in almost all cases), hydraulic components (such as pump, motor and valve) and transmission components (gearbox, axle, wheel / track, pump, motor, etc.) The engine operates both the hydraulic system and the gearing, which in turn move the front attachments (bucket, fork, sweeper, etc.) to manipulate the material being processed, and the wheels or tracks to move the machine around the site.
Volvo Construction equipment company invented the first wheel loader in 1954, which is called H10[ 2] At the time, it was tractor based and had rear wheel drive. Today’s wheel loaders are articulated, with the rear and front wheels of the same size.
Armored wheel loader
IDF armored wheel loaders
The Israeli combat Engineering Corps uses armored caterpillar 966 wheel loaders to carry out construction and combat engineering tasks in military occupied areas such as the West Bank. They are often seen to build or remove roadblocks and build bases and fortifications. They have also been used to demolish small houses since 2005. The IDF added armor plates to the loader to protect it from rocks, stones, incendiary bombs and light gunfire.
Batalh à ode opera à ? es politicis especiais (BOPE), the elite police unit of Rio de Janeiro, has purchased a wheel loader designed for military use to open up and give way to police in Rio’s slums, which are controlled and blocked by drug traffickers[ 3 ]
Several, if not most, countries have similar equipment. For example, the Dutch armed forces use a model like werklust wg18edef, which weighs 15 tons, two tons more than the corresponding non armored civilian model. In addition, the Dutch military previously used additional armor modules to cover most of the window surfaces with steel to provide additional protection. However, due to poor visibility, these are not welcomed by the crew.
The Turkish army and Turkish police used the remote-controlled armored wheel loader tosun during the construction of the Syrian Turkish barrier, operation Euphrates shield, operation Idlib shield and operation olive branch.
Tractor front loader
These loaders are a popular complement to 50 to 200 horsepower tractors. Its current “drive in” form was originally designed and developed by a Swedish company named ? L ü in 1958 when it launched the quick loader[ 5] Tractor loaders have been developed to perform a variety of agricultural tasks and are popular due to their relatively low cost (compared with telehandler) and high usability. Tractor loaders can be equipped with a number of accessories, such as hydraulic grabs and spikes, to assist in handling bales and silage, forks for pallet work, and buckets for more general farm activities. Industrial tractor loaders equipped with box graders are sold to contractors as tipper loaders.
Compact front end loader
In the 1940s, Abram Dietrich Thiessen of eyebrow Saskatchewan built the first quick connect front-end loader. International Harvester’s photographed the loader and reproduced it in Regina agribition in November of the same year.
Semi curved compact loader on John Deere compact multifunction tractor
Visibility comparison of different loader designs
Front end loader (FEL) is a popular supplement to compact multifunctional tractors and agricultural tractors. Compact multifunction tractors, also known as cut, are small tractors, usually with 18 to 50 horsepower (37 kW), mainly used for ground maintenance and landscape chores. Compact tractor FEL has two main designs, the traditional dogleg design and the curved arm design.
John Deere’s semi curved loader design does not have an integral bending arm, nor is it a traditional two-piece design. New Holland has launched compact loaders with integral bent arms on its compact multi-purpose tractors, which are now available on many brands of compact tractors, including Case IH / Farmall and some Montana and kioti tractors. Kubota sells traditional loader designs on most of its compact tractors, but now uses a semi curved loader design similar to the John Deere loader design on several of its small tractors.
Although front end loaders on cut size tractors can perform many tasks, they are relatively smaller and have lower capacity than commercial loaders, so compact loaders can become more useful with simple options. A toothed bar is usually added to the leading edge of the loader bucket to help with digging. Some loaders are equipped with a quick coupler, also known as a quick connect (QA) system. The QA system allows easy removal of the bucket and addition of other tools in its position. Common accessories include a set of pallet forks for lifting cargo pallets or a set of spears for lifting hay bales.
The LHD (loading, towing, dumping machine) is also a front-end loader, but is designed for compact mine conditions, can handle a variety of loads with different bucket sizes, and can be driven by electric motors and diesel engines.
Caterpillar 740 Ejector going up an incline
An articulated hauler, articulated dump truck (ADT), or sometimes a dump hauler, is a very large heavy-duty type of dump truck used to transport loads over rough terrain, and occasionally on public roads. The vehicle usually has all-wheel drive and consists of two basic units: the front section, generally called the tractor, and the rear section that contains the dump body, called the hauler or trailer section. Steering is made by pivoting the front in relation to the back by hydraulic rams. This way, all wheels follow the same path, making it an excellent off-road vehicle.
Manufacturers include Caterpillar, Terex, John Deere/Bell Equipment, Moxy/Doosan, Volvo CE, and Komatsu Limited. With half of the global sales, Volvo is the market leader in the segment, and is also the prime pioneer of the vehicle, enabling its introduction to the markets in 1966.
Although first envisioned as a soil and aggregate transporter (dumper), the chassis have since been used for many other applications include agriculture, mining, construction and highway maintenance. Ranging from concrete mixer, water tanker and container truck, over to upsize off-road semi-trailer hauler (on-road applications), hook loader or crane, as well as used to transport timber and as a woodchipper platform. Its chassis have also been used for military purposes given that it only is surpassed by tracked vehicles in off-road capabilities. An example is the Archer Artillery System.
In 1955, lihnells vagn AB (livab), a tractor trailer manufacturer of the Swedish company, began to cooperate with Volvo BM (future Volvo CE), a tractor subsidiary of Volvo, to develop special dump trucks. This is essentially a trailer, its power shaft is used with agricultural tractors, and its power output shaft is used to drive the trailer’s shaft. These are not articulated trucks in the modern sense because the tractor retains the front axle to provide steering[ 3]
With the deepening cooperation between the company and Volvo BM, it began to try to get rid of the front axle by permanently connecting the trailer, but to provide steering through the hydraulic cylinder, forcing the trailer and the truck to rotate relative to each other. This is similar to the system that has been developed for tandem tractors (see e.g. doe triple-D). The first specially manufactured articulated truck was Dr 631, a 4×4, which was released in 1966, the larger 6×6 model Dr 860 was released in 1968. Livab was incorporated into Volvo BM in 1974.
Volvo a25 4×4 in highway tunnel project of Czech Republic
Meanwhile, another swedish company, Kockum landsverk AB, has developed a very similar vehicle. With a similar tractor derivative design, it launched its first articulated 4×4 dump truck in 1967, named KL 411, which was replaced by a similar size 6×6 named KL 412 in 1973. The company competed with Volvo BM until it was acquired by its larger competitor in 1982.
Early articulated transporters were sturdy, had no suspension, and had a manual transmission. This makes them uncomfortable, noisy and demanding to drive and causes operator fatigue. In addition to the inherent suspension of large tires, the lack of suspension also brings pressure to the transmission system and chassis, making it unsuitable for high-speed operation and frequent maintenance. The top speed is only 30 km / h. Many of these concerns have been dispelled over the years. In 1979, Volvo BM 5350 introduced the front suspension to solve the driver’s problem. The model also introduces an automatic transmission instead of a tractor derived cab, a newly designed cab.
The first ADT, tournatailer, was built in 1938, based on A-type tournapull, and then C-type tournapull in 1940. At the same time, Letourneau Australia has built a bull shaped dump truck body for use behind the Australian tournapull, which is tournarocker. After the war, Le tourneau set out to design a stronger articulated rear dump truck, which he named tournarockers.
Around 1950, Athey launched its two axle at-15 articulated tractor.
As a result of developments in brakes, differentials and other aspects of the drive system to improve speed, availability and reliability. 2007 Volvo CE a35e / a40e is equipped with full suspension (meaning all three movable axles are now equipped with suspension). Volvo truck allows each of the three solid axles to move and twist independently of the other two, so it is called “independent suspension” in its marketing materials, although it still uses solid axles, which is different from the independent suspension in cars. Since then, others have followed suit.
The remaining features of its agricultural tractor heritage are operator location and basic layout. As a result, the driver sits behind the engine, above the transmission and front drive axle. The permanently attached trailer cannot move vertically relative to the tractor, but can rotate and swing in a horizontal plane. The operator has a traditional steering wheel that activates the hydraulic cylinders to push and pull the tractor relative to the trailer. The tractor and trailer parts can move at a large angle to each other, so as to achieve a small turning radius.
The trailer shaft is driven by a drive shaft that extends from the rear of the gearbox with splines and universal joints to accommodate movement between them. All axles are door type with hub deceleration and locking differential. Initially, the axle differential was permanently locked, but recently some models can operate with an open but lockable differential for better high speed capability. The usual combination of dual rear axles is in a separate frame that can pivot relative to the “trailer” frame, keeping all wheels on the ground, but until recently it was always not suspended (referred to as a “bogie”). Similarly, less common trucks with a single rear axle usually have no spring load at the rear and a suspension at the front axle to provide a better driving experience for the operator. Sometimes the reinforced cab pops up, just like the modern cab engine truck, so does the driver’s seat.
These parts can twist each other and turn the vehicle in such a way that the rear tires follow the same path as the front tires, and combine with all wheel drive to provide excellent off-road capability. The maximum speed is limited to 55-60 km / h (the maximum road speed of the uncontrolled Archer system is “at least 70 km / h”); But this will come at the cost of fuel economy and mechanical wear and tear, and will significantly exceed the standard speed of the military fleet , with a net load ranging from slightly less than 25 tons to slightly more than 40 tons.
Comparison with rigid dump truck
See also: Trailer
Articulated trucks are good at handling materials in rugged terrain, such as swamp, swamp, swamp. They are rugged and designed for large slopes and slippery conditions. This is their main advantage over rigid transport vehicles with excellent carrying capacity. Articulated trucks have a load capacity of no more than 55 tonnes, and some rigid trucks (with conventional front steering and rear wheel drive) can carry up to 310 tonnes, such as the belaz 7550[ 5] The 7550 model has been in production for five years and is actually a prototype. The payload capacity of EH 5000 is 326 tons, which is one ton less than that of Komatsu 960e-1.
This can also be seen from the way they are used. Rigid trucks are most suitable for use in large open pit mines and large quarries, where there is sufficient space and hard horizontal surface for driving, while articulated trucks are most suitable for use in rugged and narrow sites, such as large construction sites.
The relatively small size of articulated trucks also enables them to travel on public roads between different sites of large construction projects – which is not possible for the largest trucks, and may even require disassembly to move between locations. For the transportation between different construction projects, due to its limited width, weight and speed, articulated transport vehicles usually have to be transported as oversized goods on flat trailer. In practice, however, it is normal for most articulated trucks to be towed between construction sites, as few construction sites have the opportunity to drive on public roads between construction sites, depending on the size of the machines (chassis, wheels, etc.) And local law, it can also be illegal. For any distance greater than a few miles, it will also be considered uneconomic wear and tear on transport trucks, as the time spent on these trucks does not contribute to the payment work. Use trucks and trailers and let them do what they’re good at, road transport, more efficient, faster.
Volvo Construction Equipment
Volvo Construction Equipment – Volvo CE – (originally Munktells, Bolinder-Munktell, Volvo BM) is a major international company that develops, manufactures and markets equipment for construction and related industries. It is a subsidiary and business area of the Volvo Group. | <urn:uuid:1be0e428-44a9-4b59-907b-9cd34d92faba> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://good-goods-online.com/2021/07/14/powerful-rc-construction-equipment-working-video-big-rc-mining-dumptruck-caterpillar-heavy-scale-rc-truck-in-trouble/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358078.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127013935-20211127043935-00173.warc.gz | en | 0.951038 | 5,994 | 2.859375 | 3 |
[amazon_link asins=’B076NGQMK4′ template=’ProductCarousel’ store=’finmeacur-20′ marketplace=’US’ link_id=’9d23bb00-d968-11e7-be6f-131b86f9c1ed’]
Other names: Lutescens rhododendron
Habitat: Rhododendron lutescens is native to E. Asia – China in C. Sichuan. It grows on the hillsides, scrub, hedges and forest edges, 1750 – 3000 metres.
Thickets and wood margins fully exposed to the sun, 2000 – 2800 metres.
Rhododendron lutescens is an evergreen Shrub growing to 3 m (9ft) by 3 m (9ft). with leaves that are lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 4–9 by 1.5–2.5 cm in size. Flowers are yellow. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Mar to April. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects…CLICK & SEE THE PICTURES
Succeeds in a most humus-rich lime-free soils except those of a dry arid nature or those that are heavy or clayey. Prefers a peaty or well-drained sandy loam. Succeeds in sun or shade, the warmer the climate the more shade a plant requires. A pH between 4.5 and 5.5 is ideal, though this species has been shown to tolerate a neutral to slightly alkaline soil. Somewhat heat and drought tolerant. Generally hardy to about -10°c, though some forms of this species are tender in Britain. Succeeds in a woodland though, because of its surface-rooting habit, it does not compete well with surface-rooting trees. Plants need to be kept well weeded, they dislike other plants growing over or into their root system, in particular they grow badly with ground cover plants, herbaceous plants and heathers. Plants form a root ball and are very tolerant of being transplanted, even when quite large, so long as the root ball is kept intact. A very ornamental plant. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus.
Seed – best sown in a greenhouse as soon as it is ripe in the autumn and given artificial light. Alternatively sow the seed in a lightly shaded part of the warm greenhouse in late winter or in a cold greenhouse in April. Surface-sow the seed and do not allow the compost to become dry. Pot up the seedlings when they are large enough to handle and grow on in a greenhouse for at least the first winter. Layering in late July. Takes 15 – 24 months. Cuttings of half-ripe wood, August in a frame. Difficult.
Medicinal Uses: Not yet known.
Other Uses: Plants are being grown as a medium-sized hedge at Wisley, RHS gardens in Surrey
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- China develops face-scanning police cars (pakistantoday.com.pk)
- China develops face scanning police car to catch criminals (manipalworldnews.com)
- Chinese Woman Suffering from Terminal Illness Gets Married on Hospital Bed (chinatopix.com)
- Monk Imprisoned for Hoisting Tibetan Flags Released (voanews.com)
- Chinese Woman Enters Her Apartment, Finds Three Men Living There by Accident (theepochtimes.com) | <urn:uuid:beb7a773-e4c9-4283-940b-9b814ffdb3c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://findmeacure.com/2016/03/30/rhododendron-lutescens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510117.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516104933-20220516134933-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.863662 | 970 | 2.984375 | 3 |
After millions of years of evolution that saw Koalas evolve in forests that covered much of the continent, and a hundred years of white settlement, a bounty saw koalas hunted to the brink of extinction for their skins in the early 20th century. Land clearing and the catastrophic bushfires of 2019/20, when an estimated 61,000 koalas perished, see this iconic animal now in crisis, dependent on humans and a management plan for their survival.
Less than 1% of koala habitat survives west of the Great Dividing Range, where colonies have been smashed by high temperatures and land-clearing for agriculture and mining. However, until recently, it was thought that Koalas would survive in the East coast bushland regions, but the mega fires, weakened environmental protection laws and the race to clear land for new housing developments has seen koala colonies under increasing stress.
Sydney has one last healthy koala population, concentrated on the Southwest fringe between the Nepean and Georges Rivers. Unlike many koala populations, it is growing, and it is largely chlamydia free. Koalas in other parts of Australia (SA and Vic) have narrow gene pools, having descended from a small number of survivors of the cull. The SW Sydney and Blue Mountains koalas are genetically diverse and could be vital to survival of the species.
A key koala corridor lies in the path of a proposed housing development corridor: the Greater Macarthur Growth Area. We look at plans, surveys and ask if the developer has effective plans to protect vulnerable ecological communities, or are NSW environment laws so weakened that they can't protect endangered species?
As koalas search for tasty leaves or a mate in the bushland fringes of SW Sydney, wildlife carers rehabilitate injured koalas and researchers track them in the wild, we talk to stakeholders in government, planning and environmental policy.
The Koala Corridor looks at koalas, their habitat, and the fate of this iconic marsupial in the wild. | <urn:uuid:44a6fc0e-f951-461d-9449-e6723d2590e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://documentaryaustralia.com.au/project/the-koala-corridor-working-title/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510097.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516073101-20220516103101-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.946556 | 416 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In this Health Article:
- What Causes Ear Infection?
- What Are the Types of Ear Infection?
- What Are the Symptoms of Ear Infection?
- What Are the Diagnosis & Tests for Ear Infection?
- What Are the Treatments Available for Ear Infection?
- How Do You Cope Up with Ear Infection?
- What Are the Ways to Prevent Ear Infection?
- Medications for Ear infection Available at InternationalDrugMart.com
- Self Care – The Bottom Line to Lower Your Ear Infection
IntroductionEar infection is one of the most common illnesses of early childhood. The medical term for this is otitis media. Also referred to as middle ear infection, it affects the middle ear. The tubes inside the ears become clogged with fluid and mucus. This can affect hearing, since the sound cannot get through the fluid.
What Causes Ear Infection?Ear infections usually start with a viral infection, such as a common cold. The middle ear becomes inflamed from the infection, and fluid builds up behind the eardrum. Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typable Haemophilus infulenzae are the most common bacterial causes for otitis media. Kids develop otitis media frequently the reasons being their eustachian tube which is shorter and more horizontal than those of adults. This structure allows bacteria and viruses to find their way into the middle ear more easily. Also the adenoids, The adenoids, which are gland-like structures located in the back of the upper throat near the eustachian tubes, are large in children and can interfere with the opening of the eustachian tubes. A number of other factors can contribute to kids getting ear infections, such as exposure to cigarette smoke, bottle-feeding, and day-care attendance. Ear infections also occur more commonly in boys than girls, in kids whose families have a history of ear infections, and during the winter season when upper respiratory tract infections or colds are frequent.
What Are the Types of Ear Infection?
Acute Otitis media (AOM): It is most often the viral infection accompanied by the viral upper respiratory infection (URI).There is congestion of the ears and perhaps mild discomfort and popping, but the symptoms resolve with the underlying URI. If the middle ear, which is normally sterile, becomes contaminated with bacteria, pus and pressure in the middle ear can result, and this is called acute bacterial otitis media.
Otitis media with effusion (OME): Also called as serous or secretory otitis media (SOM), it is simply a collection of fluid that occurs within the middle ear space as a result of the negative pressure produced by altered Eustachian tube function. This can occur purely from a viral URI, with no pain or bacterial infection, or it can precede and/or follow acute bacterial otitis media.
Chronic suppurative Otitis media: This involves a perforation (hole) in the eardrum and active bacterial infection within the middle ear space for several weeks or more. There may be enough pus that it drains to the outside of the ear (otorrhea), or the purulence may be minimal enough to only be seen on examination using a binocular microscope. This disease is much more common in persons with poor Eustachian tube function. Hearing impairment often accompanies this disease.
What Are the Symptoms of Ear Infection?Ear infections are hard to detect, especially if your child is too young to talk. Look for signs of an infection in children like tugging of ears, crying more than usual, ear drainage, trouble sleeping, balance difficulties and hearing problems.
What Are the Diagnosis & Tests for Ear Infection?Based on your symptom the doctor performs a physical examination using pneumatic otoscope, a small instrument similar to a flashlight. This helps them to examine the inflammation in the middle ear. He/She questions your kid’s medical history as well. Sometimes additional tests are prescribed for ear infections especially if your child has fluid in the middle ear.
Tympanometry: A soft plug is inserted into the opening of the ear and the movement of the eardrum is watched. The plug includes a device that changes air pressure inside the ear.
Acoustic reflectometry: During this test, the doctor uses a hand-held instrument to project sounds of varying frequencies into the ear. How the sounds are reflected indicates differences between empty space and fluid.
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What Are the Treatments Available for Ear Infection?Ear infections go away on their own, but your health care provider may recommend pain relievers. Severe infections and infections in young babies may require antibiotics. Children who get frequent infections may need surgery to place small tubes inside their ears. The most common surgery for ear infections is a myringotomy. During this procedure, which requires general anesthesia, a surgeon inserts a small drainage tube through your child's eardrum. This helps drain the fluid and equalize the pressure between the middle ear and outer ear.
How Do You Cope Up with Ear Infection?Your kid is not alone. More than 3 out of 4 kids have had at least one ear infection by the time they reach 3 years of age. Following are certain tips that would help your kid cope up with ear infections.
- If your child is uncomfortable, ask the doctor about using an over-the-counter pain reliever such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others).
- Use the correct dose for your child's age and weight.
- Don't give aspirin to children younger than age 16, due to the risk of Reye's syndrome — a rare but serious condition.
- It also may help to place a warm, moist cloth over the affected ear.
- When caring for your child, plan some low-key activities. These can be simple things such as reading books aloud or playing board games.
What Are the Ways to Prevent Ear Infection?Ear infection is treatable provided proper medical attention is given at the right time. Following are certain tips that might help you prevent ear infection.
- Breastfeed infants for at least 6 months to help prevent the development of early episodes of ear infections.
- If a child is bottle-fed, hold the infant at an angle rather than allowing the child to lie down with the bottle.
- Prevent exposure to secondhand smoke, which can increase the frequency and severity of ear infections.
- Reduce exposure, if possible, to large groups of other kids, such as in child-care centers.Because multiple upper respiratory infections may also lead to frequent ear infections.
- Both parents and kids should practice good hand washing.
- Keep children's immunizations up-to-date, because certain vaccines can help prevent ear infections
- Increase the intake of zinc and vitamin C in your kid’s diet.
Medications for Ear infection Available at InternationalDrugMart.comWe, at www.internationaldrugmart.com, supply a wide range of medicines to treat Ear infection, which you can buy online and make incredible savings!
Prescription Medications for Ear infection at InternationalDrugMart.com
Augmentin (Amoxicillin–clavulanate), Amoxil (Amoxicillin), Bactrim (Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim), Biaxin (Clarithromycin), Ceclor (Cefaclor), Ceftin (Cefuroxime), Erythromycin, Pencillin V, Zithromax (Azithromycin)
OTC Medication(s) for Ear infection at InternationalDrugMart.com
Genticyn Eye Ear Drops
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Self Care – The Bottom Line to Lower Your Ear InfectionHere are few simple, effective ear infections self-care tips that can reduce ear infections breakouts and control future breakouts.
- Apply a warm compress to your kid’s ears to relive from the ear pain.
- Fry a lot of sliced onions in oil till they turn brown. Strain this through a thin fabric and put 1 drop of it in each ear to decrease pain. You can do this twice a day to effectively diminish ear pain.
- Olive oil is another home remedy for ear pain. Soak a cotton ball in it and put it in bath the ears 2 times a day.
- You can also stick a cotton ball soaked in garlic oil or juice and stick it in the infected ear.
- Wash your ears with colloidal silver to reduce ear pain
- Try putting a few drops of warmed juice of a mango leaf in the ears for controlling ear pain. This natural cure is very beneficial in providing relies from ear pain. | <urn:uuid:fb801a13-17bf-44fc-87f6-5f0f9afc157f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.internationaldrugmart.com/health-articles/ear-infections-overview.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806771.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123104442-20171123124442-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.922752 | 1,823 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Professor Hari Osofsky of Pennsylvania State University co-authored this article with Center for Progressive Reform Member Scholar and Florida State University College of Law Professor Hannah Wiseman. It originally appeared in The Conversation on October 13, 2017.
On Oct. 10, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt formally announced a repeal of the Clean Power Plan, regulation intended to curb greenhouse gas emissions from existing coal- and natural gas-fired power plants.
This follows a directive only a week earlier by Energy Secretary Rick Perry for the the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to start a process to essentially subsidize coal and nuclear power plants.
At first blush, these developments give the impression that the U.S. power sector is about to take a dramatic turn, and these decisions do indeed represent a significant shift in U.S. policy. But major changes on the ground are unlikely to happen overnight, or perhaps even in the next several years, for many reasons. Topping the list are legal challenges and simply the way competitive energy markets work.
Headwinds from natural gas, wind and solar
Legally, the Clean Power Plan repeal is already facing a challenge. The same day as its demise was announced, New York Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman responded that he would lead a coalition of states and localities in a lawsuit defending the Clean Power Plan.
Unless the Trump administration replaces the Clean Power Plan with something that addresses greenhouse emissions adequately, its decision is legally vulnerable. The Supreme Court decision in Massachusetts v. EPA provided the basis of the Obama administration’s regulation of greenhouse gases. Specifically, after this case, the EPA made a finding that greenhouse gases endanger public health or welfare, which the Trump administration has not challenged. The proposed rule repealing the Clean Power Plan indicates an intention to replace it with other regulation, and a key legal question will be whether that regulation is sufficient to protect health and safety.
Even if the repeal and any subsequent regulation survive legal challenges, the development of the shale gas industry has caused market shifts that seem unlikely to be reversed. Prior to the unconventional oil and gas boom, natural gas prices were notoriously volatile, making power plant developers wary to invest in gas-fired infrastructure. But now natural gas is commonly used for “baseload” plants – those that continuously supply electricity to meet constant demand – as well as peaker plants that supply additional power when demand rises.
This market shift is why nearly all new power plants recently built in the United States are gas-fired. Further enhancing the stability of these markets is the recent expansion of natural gas pipelines carrying gas from productive areas like the Marcellus and Barnett regions to power plants around the country. This means that it’s likely that coal-fired power plants will continue to face economic challenges.
At the same time, midwestern and western wind energy – and solar in places like the Southwest – now outcompete coal and nuclear in energy markets. While the Trump administration regulations aim to support coal and nuclear power development, these market forces remain powerful.
Cheapest energy sources first
The way that U.S. energy markets operate – supported by more than two decades of policies supporting competition – further constrains the impact of the repeal and other Trump administration policies.
Two-thirds of power supplied in the United States flows through transmission lines controlled by regional entities called regional transmission organizations. These entities control both the flow of power through long-distance transmission lines and the markets for energy. They run marketplaces where power plant operators bid to supply the amount of power needed throughout the day. Regional transmission organizations first draw on the cheapest sources of power until they have fulfilled all demand for power. Changes to these existing market practices would require major revisions to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission policies.
For example, given the complex computer systems currently used by regional transmission organizations to match demand with the cheapest available power supply, the DOE proposal to favor more-expensive coal and nuclear in these markets would be exceedingly difficult to implement. It would require the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to establish a price for each individual coal and nuclear power plant that was not set by market forces, which runs contrary to how markets operate now. This is partly why past efforts to favor certain power plants over others in these markets – for example, efforts to prioritize plants based on their environmental attributes – have largely not materialized.
The repeal’s impact will be further blunted by the many entities that have pledged to meet or exceed the Obama administration’s targets under the Paris Agreement. For example, more than 2,300 states, cities, businesses and universities have signed the We Are Still In Pledge, and many have already substantially expanded their low-carbon energy portfolio. Although a number of key states will certainly pursue different pathways than they would have under the Clean Power Plan, many states are on target to exceed the goals that would have been set for them.
From its Paris Agreement withdrawal to this latest decision to repeal the Clean Power Plan, the Trump administration continues to unwind the Obama administration’s regulatory efforts on climate change. We in no way want to understate the significance of this policy shift. But looking at the larger context shows how a number of factors will constrain the amount of change these regulatory shifts will likely bring. | <urn:uuid:ce47115c-645b-44f8-bfa0-82727bf3bfd5> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.progressivereform.org/CPRBlog.cfm?idBlog=EA9BF618-0794-4F0C-393D501BD45740F1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255562.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520041753-20190520063753-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.949273 | 1,064 | 2.625 | 3 |
Part 1: The Value of Assessments to Create Positive Change
December 02, 2020
Behaviors are what we do, and our attitude is how we think about things. Assessments can help us to understand both ourselves and our behavior. This knowledge can help us to create the kinds of change we desire and to harness the incredible power of our minds to become active participants in achieving our goals. Join Tim Schuster, Matt Kerzner and Natalie McVeigh from our Center for Individual and Organizational Performance as they discuss the value of assessments.
TS: Awesome. Well, thank you so much, Natalie, for joining us today. And really our major topic of discussion is going to be an introduction right to the assessment for personal development. So Matt, why don't you kick it off? Let's have a quick conversation with Natalie about this.
MK: That's great. Natalie, thanks for joining us. So what are assessments and why are they so useful to people?
NM:Matt, that's a great question. A lot of people hear the word assessment and they think test. You can't imagine how many people tell me they don't want to fail these tests. Well, you can't really fail being a person. So assessments are really helping you understand more about yourself. In short, it's self-awareness. Now how you on your own can use assessments. You can use it to figure out your strengths. They've done studies that say if you can use 6% of your strengths in work, you're 60% more effective. There are some assessments that can help you talk about what types of careers you might be more effective at, where it's really saying not just your strengths, but what are the skills that you have? There are some that talk about your motivators. We're hearing more and more that we're really looking for organizations that match our vision, mission and values.
And our motivators really drive our own human values. And the most common that we see is really either behaviors or attitudes. So our behaviors are what we repeatedly do and our attitude is how we think about things. There's a theory called Self-Perception Theory that says we are what we repeatedly do and what informs the things that we do, our behaviors, i.e. habits or attitudes, how we think about things that trap us in these patterns.
So those are the four or five ways that we often use assessments as individuals. And then that self-awareness allows us to make choices. So when you talk about having regulation, you get too informed by things and some people take these tests and they say, this is great fun, and I'm perfect. And other people take these tests and they say, this is great fun and boy would I like to do one or two things differently.
TS: That's great, Natalie. So how are assessments related to personal growth and neuroplasticity?
NM: So neuroplasticity, you've probably heard a lot about it. Our brain is plastic. It doesn't stop developing in adulthood. People used to think it stopped developing at 18 or 21. It doesn't ever stop developing and we've got a long way to go Tim. We're not done developing.
TS: Oh I know. Yes we do.
MK: That's right. Well Tim, they always say October 16th and April 16th, yours stops for a day.
TS: That's what I keep hearing too. And I'm going to go with it.
NM:And so every day of our life we're moving on with these transcription genes. So the genes that change. And they change by what we do. So we create new neural pathways or new neural links. Now the research says you need about 300 intentional repeats to create a new habit. If you do that with fun, joy, and pleasure, which trust me, we make our assessment process really fun, it sometimes only takes 20 repeats.
Now, if you want embodiment, which is that means that Natalie does this thing forever, it's about 300 intentional repeats. So what assessments do is give us that behavioral data to help make these new goals, create these new plans for ourselves that are achievable and that rely on what we're good at. There's a reason many of us fail to keep our New Year's resolutions by February, some 90% of people. It's because sometimes we're trying things we're not good at or we don't actually like, so assessments really help us become active participants in those goals that we have versus saying I never want to do this. We find the affirmative goal.
Matt Kerzner: Yeah, that's great. You know, Natalie, you, you said an important stat here, 300 repeated up to create that habit. Can you just help us understand on a typical person, what does 300 repeat? What's the timeframe? Because I know if I was working with clients and we were working on change management and we were going to do assessments to help them, what is the realistic timeframe that a habit can change?
NM:It's between 66 days and 99 days, based on behavioral research. Now, genuine neuroplastic change around adult attachment, and we'll talk about that one assessment in a minute, the emotional intelligence assessment, that can take up to 18 months. And part of that is where the emotional intelligence shows up most is in our intimate relationships and in conflict in work. So we don't often have daily occurrences to work on that and work on that proactively.
MK: That's excellent. That's so important when we in CIOP work with our clients to really level set a timeframe regarding change and that's critical information. So thank you. Are assessments able to give insight into a career that might allow me or Tim or others to excel?
Natalie McVeigh: Absolutely. We have some assessments that really are based on job categories and they can get down to the gnat's eyelash. Like it can be shift supervisor for an electric company with 500 employees, so they can get down to the gnat's eyelash that way. One of the other things that some of these assessments can do is really talk about culture fit, where I may thrive the best. Because we know in hiring that culture is the most important thing. And I mentioned emotional intelligence assessment beforehand. That's really useful because that talks about workplace conflict and courage. So to be able to give feedback to employers or employees. So those assessments really allow people to examine their options carefully and proactively.
So if I find the perfect job, like I said, down to the gnat's eyelash, where I have all the capacity and competency and they like me and we're having a culture fit, and now I have a new colleague I'm having challenges with, that EQ assessment can really help you learn how to have that dialogue so you don't have to choose to go somewhere else. Because we often do that in jobs. They say people don't leave organizations. Well, they don't leave positions. They leave organizations based on culture or bosses. So ...
TS: So Natalie, let's discuss some of the different types of assessments that are out there that businesses can utilize.
NM:Absolutely. A really easy and quick attitudinal assessment is the Energy Leadership Index. And it really says how you think about things generally and how you think about things under stress. Trust me, your spouse, or significant other is going to love you after doing this one. Another assessment would be any four box model. You may have heard of the Myers Briggs or the DISC. I'm agnostic to which one you choose, but it really helps you describe behavior, communication style and work style. Now, if you really are saying, I want to be an executive or I'm thinking about being better at my employer, or I want to know what my career trajectory could be, you're really looking at either the Chally or the Caliper, and those are predictive assessments. The ones I mentioned before descriptive. They're snapshots in time. They're not saying what you will do. And these ones really talk about runway and allow you to make choices based on that.
MK:So Natalie, when you and I are working with clients and we're going in and we're first having our beginning of our engagement and we start talking assessments, can you just talk a little bit about how your thought processes as an expert in this area, of which is the right assessment to introduce to clients?
NM:Yeah Matt, this is something we do regularly. And please call me if you want to have this conversation for yourself. I don't believe in assessments just for assessment sake. They're one data point along with who you are, and especially with your hiring, there's also interviews and so on and so forth. So what I do is usually have a pretty comprehensive interview process about what are you trying to accomplish and where are the areas you're working on? Now, most people start with saying things like professional, and we find out because how you do one thing is how you do everything, there's clearly some personal things going on. And that'll help me make a recommendation of usually we call it a suite of assessments, one to two, because it'll usually get what's most obvious and it'll get what's underneath it. So until we have a conversation, I can't tell you what it is, but I know in organizations, what usually comes up is a four box model and either the EQ or the Chally for predictive things.
TS: Natalie, that sounds really interesting. Would you mind providing us with a little bit more detail or an example?
NM:Yes. I actually just had a call like this the other day. So there's a young woman who believes she's in a career transition right now, happy in a job that she has. She's a marketing director and she decided that she might want to be in a different career. So we had an in-depth conversation, these are gratis, where we spent about an hour together, where I really wanted to understand why she might want to do something. And one of the things she said is although she was driven by creativity to marketing, she really found sometimes it wasn't very tangible and that was important to her. So we did a combination of two assessments. We did a Caliper assessment, which really is kind of this motherboard assessment. It says all of these different things that comprise who you are together. And there's some job maps for that and we played around with a few.
And then the other assessment we did was really the emotional intelligence assessment because what kept coming up, as the director, which was also interesting, was she came originally because she thought it would be collaborative. And she was finding more and more that she wasn't able to have a team. And what we found in her emotional intelligence assessment is interdependence, a relationship style that works well together was one of her huge drivers. And the challenge was she was very self-oriented. So she would take everything on and she'd feel really hurt when people didn't join her. And so that was really the recommendation that we did, based on what she said. Now, anyone else saying they wanted a job transition, we may do two different assessments based on that, but it was really based on that couple of things she said to me, that really struck a chord of what's the data we're trying to mind? We're doing this very purposefully.
TS: That's great. Hey, Matt, Natalie, thank you so much for being with us today. And thank you for listening to Generations in Family Business, Past, Present and Future, as part of the EisnerAmper podcast series. Visit eisneramper.com/CIOP for more information on this and a host of other topics. We look forward to having you listen in on our next EisnerAmper podcast. | <urn:uuid:e8601129-7ab6-497d-b5e8-58208700c1f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.eisneramper.com/knowledge-center/podcast-channels/ciop-podcasts/center-for-individual-and-organizational-performance-podcasts/value-assessments-create-positive-change-podcast-1120/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301217.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220119003144-20220119033144-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.981529 | 2,458 | 2.84375 | 3 |
About This Lesson
In this lesson, I’ll demonstrate in pastel how you can create color that appears either vibrant or dull by how it’s juxtaposed with other colors. I’ll take you through each step of this pastel painting to show you how I first set up the value structure and then how I determine color choices for the appropriate chroma.
How it Works
Painting the Poetic Landscape monthly lessons give you a unique opportunity to study (virtually) with Barbara Jaenicke. Purchase access to the lesson and you will be provided with a downloadable PDF with a lesson written by Barbara.
After completing the exercise you can upload your painting and within 10 days (often less!) you’ll receive a personalized review of your painting from Barbara. | <urn:uuid:0fb961f9-82b9-4709-a1ca-8180ad39069d> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.paintingthepoeticlandscape.com/product/chroma-in-evening-light/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902038.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028221148-20201029011148-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.888724 | 162 | 2.59375 | 3 |
It is popular in modern times, especially in neopagan circles, to think of the moon as representing a goddess. But what did the ancients think? Was the moon female to them?
In classical Greece and Rome, the answer to that question is clearly yes. The original Greek Moon Goddess was Selene, a Titan, or one of the gods of the generation prior to the more famous Olympians. Selene, as the moon, was the sister of Helios, the sun, and Eos, the dawn. Eos is an extremely ancient goddess, descended from an Indo-European Goddess of the Dawn, who was seen as the shining morning sun and daughter of the Sky God. In Greek myth she opened the gates of the east each morning and rode out in a chariot. Soon after, she was followed by Helios who ruled the day in a glowing chariot pulled by fiery horses.
Like her brother and sister, Selene rode a chariot across the sky. Hers was led by moon-white horses who pulled her upward from Ocean as her brother Helios finished his descent at Ocean’s western edge.
Later, Selene’s lunar traits were absorbed by Artemis, the virgin huntress, one of the 12 Olympians. Artemis was a daughter of Zeus and sister to Apollo, who absorbed the solar traits of Helios. Her mother, one of many mistresses of Zeus, gave birth to Apollo and Artemis in hiding from Zeus’ jealous wife, Hera. The story says that Artemis was born first and acted as midwife for her mother. Thus began the paradoxical idea attached to Artemis of a virgin who refused marriage and motherhood, but who was responsible for the protection of mothers and young children. When Rome conquered Greece, they identified Artemis with their own hunting goddess, Diana, and carried her story and worship throughout the western world as they grew their empire.
In late Roman times, Diana absorbed the traits of many goddesses, becoming an all encompassing divine figure. In Ephesus, in modern day Turkey, she merged with the mother goddess Cybele and became a sort of virgin-and-mother who influenced the development of the Christian Mary. Paradoxically, those who continued to worship her as Diana were eventually condemned as witches by the Catholic church. Thus the source of neopagan lunar goddess mythology may simply be Greco-Roman religion carried on in the country side (pagan meant a rural person). Just as is true today, country people tended to be conservative, which in medieval times would mean sticking to the old Roman religion.
So much for Greece and Rome, but, ancient as they were, they were hardly the first civilizations on the block. What about the really ancient cultures, the ones who emerged in the fertile crescent 5,000 years ago, creating the first cities and the first written records in history? Was the moon female to the ancient Egyptians or the Sumerians and Babylonians of Mesopotamia (Iraq)? It may surprise you to learn that the answer is no. To these very old cultures, the moon was male, a god. In Sumer this god was Nanna, in Babylon the same god was called Sin. Nanna was the father of the sun god Utu and the Queen of Heaven, Inanna (later Ishtar), who was identified with the planet Venus, known then as the morning and evening star. Nanna was the patron god of the city of Ur (from which Father Abraham left before going on to found the Jewish nation). Ancient Sumerian documents describe Nanna as “The lord [who] has burnished the heavens; he has embellished the night…When he comes forth from the turbulent mountains, he stands as Utu stands at noon.” Another description says he has “great strength inspiring awe in the Land, with the just crown and the shining sceptre, sparkling over the high mountains.”
In Egypt, the Moon God was Thoth, God of Wisdom and Magic, who was credited with the invention of writing. Thoth was depicted with the head of an ibis.
In later times, Egypt’s Queen of Heaven, Isis, would be one of several goddesses whose original solar connections would be replaced by lunar ones, but this is probably due to the fact that first the Greeks and then the Romans took over Egypt and made Isis popular throughout the Hellenized and Roman world, where she began, like Diana, to absorb other characteristics on her way to becoming a sort of uber-Goddess of everything. It’s worth noting that Diana and Isis were among Christianity’s chief rivals for popular worship in Christian Rome and both goddesses bear more than a little resemblance to the newest Queen of Heaven, Mary, who is often depicted standing on the moon.
Over time, then, in the foundational cultures of Western Civilization, the Queen of Heaven went through a metamorphosis, switching from an earlier association with Venus, the sun, and the dawn, to an identification with the moon. | <urn:uuid:4cf695e1-1a7b-46e1-ab9b-1670497c62e4> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://thequeenofheaven.wordpress.com/2010/09/18/is-the-moon-female/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891196.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122073932-20180122093932-00760.warc.gz | en | 0.976689 | 1,031 | 3.625 | 4 |
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins. Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, with many functions. The term proteomics was coined in 1997 in analogy with genomics, the study of the genome. The word proteome is a portmanteau of protein and genome, and was coined by Marc Wilkins in 1994 while working on the concept as a PhD student.
The proteome is the entire set of proteins, produced or modified by an organism or system. This varies with time and distinct requirements, or stresses, that a cell or organism undergoes. Proteomics is an interdisciplinary domain that has benefited greatly from the genetic information of the Human Genome Project; it is also emerging scientific research and exploration of proteomes from the overall level of intracellular protein composition, structure, and its own unique activity patterns. It is an important component of functional genomics.
While proteomics generally refers to the large-scale experimental analysis of proteins, it is often specifically used for protein purification and mass spectrometry.
- 1 Complexity of the problem
- 2 Limitations of genomics and proteomics studies
- 3 Methods of studying proteins
- 3.1 Protein detection with antibodies (immunoassays)
- 3.2 Antibody-free protein detection
- 3.3 Hybrid technologies
- 3.4 Current research methodologies
- 3.5 High-throughput proteomic technologies
- 4 Practical applications of proteomics
- 5 Bioinformatics for proteomics (proteome informatics)
- 6 Emerging trends in proteomics
- 7 Journals
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Bibliography
- 11 External links
Complexity of the problem
After genomics and transcriptomics, proteomics is the next step in the study of biological systems. It is more complicated than genomics because an organism's genome is more or less constant, whereas the proteome differs from cell to cell and from time to time. Distinct genes are expressed in different cell types, which means that even the basic set of proteins that are produced in a cell needs to be identified.
In the past this phenomenon was done by RNA analysis, but it was found not to correlate with protein content. It is now known that mRNA is not always translated into protein, and the amount of protein produced for a given amount of mRNA depends on the gene it is transcribed from and on the current physiological state of the cell. Proteomics confirms the presence of the protein and provides a direct measure of the quantity present.
Not only does the translation from mRNA cause differences, but many proteins are also subjected to a wide variety of chemical modifications after translation. Many of these post-translational modifications are critical to the protein's function.
One such modification is phosphorylation, which happens to many enzymes and structural proteins in the process of cell signaling. The addition of a phosphate to particular amino acids—most commonly serine and threonine mediated by serine/threonine kinases, or more rarely tyrosine mediated by tyrosine kinases—causes a protein to become a target for binding or interacting with a distinct set of other proteins that recognize the phosphorylated domain.
Because protein phosphorylation is one of the most-studied protein modifications, many "proteomic" efforts are geared to determining the set of phosphorylated proteins in a particular cell or tissue-type under particular circumstances. This alerts the scientist to the signaling pathways that may be active in that instance.
Ubiquitin is a small protein that can be affixed to certain protein substrates by enzymes called E3 ubiquitin ligases. Determining which proteins are poly-ubiquitinated helps understand how protein pathways are regulated. This is, therefore, an additional legitimate "proteomic" study. Similarly, once a researcher determines which substrates are ubiquitinated by each ligase, determining the set of ligases expressed in a particular cell type is helpful.
In addition to phosphorylation and ubiquitination, proteins can be subjected to (among others) methylation, acetylation, glycosylation, oxidation and nitrosylation. Some proteins undergo all these modifications, often in time-dependent combinations. This illustrates the potential complexity of studying protein structure and function.
Distinct proteins are made under distinct settings
A cell may make different sets of proteins at different times or under different conditions, for example during development, cellular differentiation, cell cycle, or carcinogenesis. Further increasing proteome complexity, as mentioned, most proteins can undergo a wide range of post-translational modifications.
Therefore, a "proteomics" study can quickly become complex, even if the topic of study is restricted. In more ambitious settings, such as when a biomarker for a specific cancer subtype is sought, the proteomics scientist might elect to study multiple blood serum samples from multiple cancer patients to minimise confounding factors and account for experimental noise. Thus, complicated experimental designs are sometimes necessary to account for the dynamic complexity of the proteome.
Limitations of genomics and proteomics studies
Proteomics gives a different level of understanding than genomics for many reasons:
- the level of transcription of a gene gives only a rough estimate of its level of translation into a protein. An mRNA produced in abundance may be degraded rapidly or translated inefficiently, resulting in a small amount of protein.
- as mentioned above many proteins experience post-translational modifications that profoundly affect their activities; for example some proteins are not active until they become phosphorylated. Methods such as phosphoproteomics and glycoproteomics are used to study post-translational modifications.
- many transcripts give rise to more than one protein, through alternative splicing or alternative post-translational modifications.
- many proteins form complexes with other proteins or RNA molecules, and only function in the presence of these other molecules.
- protein degradation rate plays an important role in protein content.
Reproducibility. One major factor affecting reproducibility in proteomics experiments is the simultaneous elution of many more peptides than can be measured by mass spectrometers. This causes stochastic differences between experiments due to data-dependant acquisition of tryptic peptides. Although early large-scale shotgun proteomics analyses showed considerable variability between laboratories, presumably due in part to technical and experimental differences between labs, reproducibility has been improved in more recent mass spectrometry analysis, particularly on the protein level and using Orbitrap mass spectrometers. Notably, targeted proteomics shows increased reproducibility and repeatability compared with shotgun methods, although at the expense of data density and effectiveness.
Methods of studying proteins
In proteomics, there are multiple methods to study proteins. Generally, proteins can either be detected using antibodies (immunoassays) or using mass spectrometry. If a complex biological sample is analyzed, then biochemical separation has to be used before the detection step as there are too many analytes in the sample to perform accurate detection and quantification.
Protein detection with antibodies (immunoassays)
Antibodies to particular proteins or to their modified forms have been used in biochemistry and cell biology studies. These are among the most common tools used by molecular biologists today. There are several specific techniques and protocols that use antibodies for protein detection. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used for decades to detect and quantitatively measure proteins in samples. The Western blot can be used for detection and quantification of individual proteins, where in an initial step a complex protein mixture is separated using SDS-PAGE and then the protein of interest is identified using an antibody.
Modified proteins can be studied by developing an antibody specific to that modification. For example, there are antibodies that only recognize certain proteins when they are tyrosine-phosphorylated, known as phospho-specific antibodies. Also, there are antibodies specific to other modifications. These can be used to determine the set of proteins that have undergone the modification of interest.
Antibody-free protein detection
While protein detection with antibodies are still very common in molecular biology, also other methods have been developed that do not rely on an antibody. These methods offer various advantages, for instance they are often able to determine the sequence of a protein or peptide, they may have higher throughput than antibody-based and they sometimes can identify and quantify proteins for which no antibody exists.
One of the earliest method for protein analysis has been Edman degradation (introduced in 1967) where a single peptide is subjected to multiple steps of chemical degradation to resolve its sequence. These methods have mostly been supplanted by technologies that offer higher throughput.
More recent methods use mass spectrometry-based techniques, a development that was made possible by the discovery of "soft ionization" methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) developed in the 1980s. These methods gave rise to the top-down and the bottom-up proteomics workflows where often additional separation is performed before analysis (see below).
For the analysis of complex biological samples, a reduction of sample complexity is required. This can be performed off-line by one-dimensional or two dimensional separation. More recently, on-line methods have been developed where individual peptides (in bottom-up proteomics approaches) are separated using Reversed-phase chromatography and then directly ionized using ESI; the direct coupling of separation and analysis explains the term "on-line" analysis.
There are several hybrid technologies that use antibody-based purification of individual analytes and then perform mass spectrometric analysis for identification and quantification. Examples of these methods are the MSIA (mass spectrometric immunoassay) developed by Randall Nelson in 1995 and the SISCAPA (Stable Isotope Standard Capture with Anti-Peptide Antibodies) method, introduced by Leigh Anderson in 2004.
Current research methodologies
Fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) can be used to quantify variation in the 2-D DIGE process and establish statistically valid thresholds for assigning quantitative changes between samples.
Comparative proteomic analysis can reveal the role of proteins in complex biological systems, including reproduction. For example, treatment with the insecticide triazophos causes an increase in the content of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) male accessory gland proteins (Acps) that can be transferred to females via mating, causing an increase in fecundity (i.e. birth rate) of females. To identify changes in the types of accessory gland proteins (Acps) and reproductive proteins that mated female planthoppers received from male planthoppers, researchers conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of mated N. lugens females. The results indicated that these proteins participate in the reproductive process of N. lugens adult females and males.
There are many approaches to characterizing the human proteome, which is estimated to contain between 20,000 and 25,000 non-redundant proteins. The number of unique protein species will likely increase by between 50,000 and 500,000 due to RNA splicing and proteolysis events, and when post-translational modification are also considered, the total number of unique human proteins is estimated to range in the low millions.
In addition, the first promising attempts to decipher the proteome of animal tumors have recently been reported. This method used as a functional method in Macrobrachium rosenbergii protein profiling.
High-throughput proteomic technologies
Proteomics has steadily gained momentum over the past decade with the evolution of several approaches. Few of these are new and others build on traditional methods. Mass spectrometry-based methods and micro arrays are the most common technologies for large-scale study of proteins.
Mass spectrometry and protein profiling
There are two mass spectrometry-based methods currently used for protein profiling. The more established and widespread method uses high resolution, two-dimensional electrophoresis to separate proteins from different samples in parallel, followed by selection and staining of differentially expressed proteins to be identified by mass spectrometry. Despite the advances in 2DE and its maturity, it has its limits as well. The central concern is the inability to resolve all the proteins within a sample, given their dramatic range in expression level and differing properties.
The second quantitative approach uses stable isotope tags to differentially label proteins from two different complex mixtures. Here, the proteins within a complex mixture are labeled first isotopically, and then digested to yield labeled peptides. The labeled mixtures are then combined, the peptides separated by multidimensional liquid chromatography and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Isotope coded affinity tag (ICAT) reagents are the widely used isotope tags. In this method, the cysteine residues of proteins get covalently attached to the ICAT reagent, thereby reducing the complexity of the mixtures omitting the non-cysteine residues.
Quantitative proteomics using stable isotopic tagging is an increasingly useful tool in modern development. Firstly, chemical reactions have been used to introduce tags into specific sites or proteins for the purpose of probing specific protein functionalities. The isolation of phosphorylated peptides has been achieved using isotopic labeling and selective chemistries to capture the fraction of protein among the complex mixture. Secondly, the ICAT technology was used to differentiate between partially purified or purified macromolecular complexes such as large RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex and the proteins complexed with yeast transcription factor. Thirdly, ICAT labeling was recently combined with chromatin isolation to identify and quantify chromatin-associated proteins. Finally ICAT reagents are useful for proteomic profiling of cellular organelles and specific cellular fractions.
Another quantitative approach is the Accurate Mass and Time (AMT) tag approach developed by Richard D. Smith and coworkers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. In this approach, increased throughput and sensitivity is achieved by avoiding the need for tandem mass spectrometry, and making use of precisely determined separation time information and highly accurate mass determinations for peptide and protein identifications.
Balancing the use of mass spectrometers in proteomics and in medicine is the use of protein micro arrays. The aim behind protein micro arrays is to print thousands of protein detecting features for the interrogation of biological samples. Antibody arrays are an example in which a host of different antibodies are arrayed to detect their respective antigens from a sample of human blood. Another approach is the arraying of multiple protein types for the study of properties like protein-DNA, protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. Ideally, the functional proteomic arrays would contain the entire complement of the proteins of a given organism. The first version of such arrays consisted of 5000 purified proteins from yeast deposited onto glass microscopic slides. Despite the success of first chip, it was a greater challenge for protein arrays to be implemented. Proteins are inherently much more difficult to work with than DNA. They have a broad dynamic range, are less stable than DNA and their structure is difficult to preserve on glass slides, though they are essential for most assays. The global ICAT technology has striking advantages over protein chip technologies.
Reverse-phased protein microarrays
This is a promising and newer microarray application for the diagnosis, study and treatment of complex diseases such as cancer. The technology merges laser capture microdissection (LCM) with micro array technology, to produce reverse phase protein microarrays. In this type of microarrays, the whole collection of protein themselves are immobilized with the intent of capturing various stages of disease within an individual patient. When used with LCM, reverse phase arrays can monitor the fluctuating state of proteome among different cell population within a small area of human tissue. This is useful for profiling the status of cellular signaling molecules, among a cross section of tissue that includes both normal and cancerous cells. This approach is useful in monitoring the status of key factors in normal prostate epithelium and invasive prostate cancer tissues. LCM then dissects these tissue and protein lysates were arrayed onto nitrocellulose slides, which were probed with specific antibodies. This method can track all kinds of molecular events and can compare diseased and healthy tissues within the same patient enabling the development of treatment strategies and diagnosis. The ability to acquire proteomics snapshots of neighboring cell populations, using reverse phase microarrays in conjunction with LCM has a number of applications beyond the study of tumors. The approach can provide insights into normal physiology and pathology of all the tissues and is invaluable for characterizing developmental processes and anomalies.
Practical applications of proteomics
One major development to come from the study of human genes and proteins has been the identification of potential new drugs for the treatment of disease. This relies on genome and proteome information to identify proteins associated with a disease, which computer software can then use as targets for new drugs. For example, if a certain protein is implicated in a disease, its 3D structure provides the information to design drugs to interfere with the action of the protein. A molecule that fits the active site of an enzyme, but cannot be released by the enzyme, inactivates the enzyme. This is the basis of new drug-discovery tools, which aim to find new drugs to inactivate proteins involved in disease. As genetic differences among individuals are found, researchers expect to use these techniques to develop personalized drugs that are more effective for the individual.
Interaction proteomics and protein networks
Interaction proteomics is the analysis of protein interactions from scales of binary interactions to proteome- or network-wide. Most proteins function via protein-protein interactions, and one goal of interaction proteomics is to identify binary protein interactions, protein complexes, and interactomes.
Several methods are available to probe protein–protein interactions. While the most traditional method is yeast two-hybrid analysis, a powerful emerging method is affinity purification followed by protein mass spectrometry using tagged protein baits. Other methods include surface plasmon resonance (SPR), protein microarrays, dual polarisation interferometry, microscale thermophoresis and experimental methods such as phage display and in silico computational methods.
Knowledge of protein-protein interactions is especially useful in regard to biological networks and systems biology, for example in cell signaling cascades and gene regulatory networks (GRNs, where knowledge of protein-DNA interactions is also informative). Proteome-wide analysis of protein interactions, and integration of these interaction patterns into larger biological networks, is crucial towards understanding systems-level biology.
Expression proteomics includes the analysis of protein expression at larger scale. It helps identify main proteins in a particular sample, and those proteins differentially expressed in related samples—such as diseased vs. healthy tissue. If a protein is found only in a diseased sample then it can be a useful drug target or diagnostic marker. Proteins with same or similar expression profiles may also be functionally related. There are technologies such as 2D-PAGE and mass spectrometry that are used in expression proteomics.
The National Institutes of Health has defined a biomarker as “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.”
Understanding the proteome, the structure and function of each protein and the complexities of protein–protein interactions is critical for developing the most effective diagnostic techniques and disease treatments in the future. For example, proteomics is highly useful in identification of candidate biomarkers (proteins in body fluids that are of value for diagnosis), identification of the bacterial antigens that are targeted by the immune response, and identification of possible immunohistochemistry markers of infectious or neoplastic diseases.
An interesting use of proteomics is using specific protein biomarkers to diagnose disease. A number of techniques allow to test for proteins produced during a particular disease, which helps to diagnose the disease quickly. Techniques include western blot, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or mass spectrometry. Secretomics, a subfield of proteomics that studies secreted proteins and secretion pathways using proteomic approaches, has recently emerged as an important tool for the discovery of biomarkers of disease.
In proteogenomics, proteomic technologies such as mass spectrometry are used for improving gene annotations. Parallel analysis of the genome and the proteome facilitates discovery of post-translational modifications and proteolytic events, especially when comparing multiple species (comparative proteogenomics).
Structural proteomics includes the analysis of protein structures at large-scale. It compares protein structures and helps identify functions of newly discovered genes. The structural analysis also helps to understand that where drugs bind to proteins and also show where proteins interact with each other. This understanding is achieved using different technologies such as X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.
Bioinformatics for proteomics (proteome informatics)
Much proteomics data is collected with the help of high throughput technologies such as mass spectrometry and microarray. It would often take weeks or months to analyze the data and perform comparisons by hand. For this reason, biologists and chemists are collaborating with computer scientists and mathematicians to create programs and pipeline to computationally analyze the protein data. Using bioinformatics techniques, researchers are capable of faster analysis and data storage. A good place to find lists of current programs and databases is on the ExPASy bioinformatics resource portal <http://www.expasy.org/proteomics>. The applications of bioinformatics-based proteomics includes medicine, disease diagnosis, biomarker identification, and many more.
Mass spectrometry and microarray produce peptide fragmentation information but do not give identification of specific proteins present in the original sample. Due to the lack of specific protein identification, past researchers were forced to decipher the peptide fragments themselves. However, there are currently programs available for protein identification. These programs take the peptide sequences output from mass spectrometry and microarray and return information about matching or similar proteins. This is done through algorithms implemented by the program which perform alignments with proteins from known databases such as UniProt and PROSITE to predict what proteins are in the sample with a degree of certainty.
The biomolecular structure forms the 3D configuration of the protein. Understanding the protein's structure aids in identification of the protein's interactions and function. It used to be that the 3D structure of proteins could only be determined using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Now, through bioinformatics, there are computer programs that can predict and model the structure of proteins. These programs use the chemical properties of amino acids and structural properties of known proteins to predict the 3D model of sample proteins. This also allows scientists to take a look at protein interactions on a larger scale. In addition, biomedical engineers are developing methods to factor in the flexibility of protein structures to make comparisons and predictions.
Unfortunately, most programs available for protein analysis are not written for proteins that have undergone post-translational modifications. Some programs will accept post-translational modifications to aid in protein identification but then ignore the modification during further protein analysis. It is important to account for these modifications since they can affect the protein's structure. In turn, computational analysis of post-translational modifications has gained the attention of the scientific community. The current post-translational modification programs are only predictive. Chemists, biologists and computer scientists are working together to create and introduce new pipelines that allow for analysis of post-translational modifications that have been experimentally identified for their effect on the protein's structure and function.
Computational methods in studying protein biomarkers
One example of the use of bioinformatics and the use of computational methods is the study of protein biomarkers. Computational predictive models have shown that extensive and diverse feto-maternal protein trafficking occurs during pregnancy and can be readily detected non-invasively in maternal whole blood. This computational approach circumvented a major limitation, the abundance of maternal proteins interfering with the detection of fetal proteins, to fetal proteomic analysis of maternal blood. Computational models can use fetal gene transcripts previously identified in maternal whole blood to create a comprehensive proteomic network of the term neonate. Such work shows that the fetal proteins detected in pregnant woman’s blood originate from a diverse group of tissues and organs from the developing fetus. The proteomic networks contain many biomarkers that are proxies for development and illustrate the potential clinical application of this technology as a way to monitor normal and abnormal fetal development.
An information theoretic framework has also been introduced for biomarker discovery, integrating biofluid and tissue information. This new approach takes advantage of functional synergy between certain biofluids and tissues with the potential for clinically significant findings not possible if tissues and biofluids were considered individually. By conceptualizing tissue-biofluid as information channels, significant biofluid proxies can be identified and then used for guided development of clinical diagnostics. Candidate biomarkers are then predicted based on information transfer criteria across the tissue-biofluid channels. Significant biofluid-tissue relationships can be used to prioritize clinical validation of biomarkers.
Emerging trends in proteomics
A number of emerging concepts have the potential to improve current features of proteomics. Obtaining absolute quantification of proteins and monitoring post-translational modifications are the two tasks that impact the understanding of protein function in healthy and diseased cells. For many cellular events, the protein concentrations do not change; rather, their function is modulated by post-transitional modifications (PTM). Methods of monitoring PTM are an underdeveloped area in proteomics. Selecting a particular subset of protein for analysis substantially reduces protein complexity, making it advantageous for diagnostic purposes where blood is the starting material. Another important aspect of proteomics, yet not addressed, is that proteomics methods should focus on studying proteins in the context of the environment. The increasing use of chemical cross linkers, introduced into living cells to fix protein-protein, protein-DNA and other interactions, may ameliorate this problem partially. The challenge is to identify suitable methods of preserving relevant interactions. Another goal for studying protein is to develop more sophisticated methods to image proteins and other molecules in living cells and real time.
Proteomics for systems biology
Advances in quantitative proteomics would clearly enable more in-depth analysis of cellular systems. Biological systems are subject to a variety of perturbations (cell cycle, cellular differentiation, carcinogenesis, environment (biophysical), etc.). Transcriptional and translational responses to these perturbations results in functional changes to the proteome implicated in response to the stimulus. Therefore, describing and quantifying proteome-wide changes in protein abundance is crucial towards understanding biological phenomenon more holistically, on the level of the entire system. In this way, proteomics can be seen as complementary to genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolomics, and other -omics approaches in integrative analyses attempting to define biological phenotypes more comprehensively. As an example, The Cancer Proteome Atlas provides quantitative protein expression data for ~200 proteins in over 4,000 tumor samples with matched transcriptomic and genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Similar datasets in other cell types, tissue types, and species, particularly using deep shotgun mass spectrometry, will be an immensely important resource for research in fields like cancer biology, developmental and stem cell biology, medicine, and evolutionary biology.
Human plasma proteome
Characterizing the human plasma proteome has become a major goal in the proteomics arena, but it is also the most challenging proteomes of all human tissues. It contains immunoglobulin, cytokines, protein hormones, and secreted proteins indicative of infection on top of resident, hemostatic proteins. It also contains tissue leakage proteins due to the blood circulation through different tissues in the body. The blood thus contains information on the physiological state of all tissues and, combined with its accessibility, makes the blood proteome invaluable for medical purposes. The blood plasma proteome is thought to beCharacterizing the proteome of blood plasma is a daunting challenge.
The depth of the plasma proteome encompassing a dynamic range of more than 1010 between the highest abundant protein (albumin) and the lowest (some cytokines) and is thought to be one of the main challenges for proteomics. Temporal and spatial dynamics further complicate the study of human plasma proteome. The turnover of some proteins is quite faster than others and the protein content of an artery may substantially vary from that of a vein. All these differences make even the simplest proteomic task of cataloging the proteome seem out of reach. To tackle this problem, priorities need to be established. Capturing the most meaningful subset of proteins among the entire proteome to generate a diagnostic tool is one such priority. Secondly, since cancer is associated with enhanced glycosylation of proteins, methods that focus on this part of proteins will also be useful. Again: multiparameter analysis best reveals a pathological state. As these technologies improve, the disease profiles should be continually related to respective gene expression changes. Due to the above mentioned problems plasma proteomics remained challenging. However, technological advancements and continious developments seem to result in a revival of plasma proteomics as it was shown recently by a technology called plasma proteome profiling. Due to such technologies researcher were able to investigate inflammation processes in mice, the heretability of plasma proteomes as well as to show the effect of such a common life style change like weight loss on the plasma proteome.
Numerous journals are dedicated to the field of proteomics and related areas. Note that journals dealing with proteins are usually more focused on structure and function while proteomics journals are more focused on the large-scale analysis of whole proteomes or at least large sets of proteins. Some of the more important ones are listed below (with their publishers). There are likely also a number of predatory journals not listed below.
- Molecular and Cellular Proteomics (ASBMB)
- Journal of Proteome Research (ACS)
- Journal of Proteomics (Elsevier)
- Proteomics (Wiley)
- International Journal of Proteomics (Hindawi)
- Proteome (Springer)
- Proteomes (MDPI)
- Proteome Science (BMC/Springer)
- Activity based proteomics
- Bottom-up proteomics
- Functional genomics
- Heat stabilization
- Human proteome project
- List of biological databases
- List of omics topics in biology
- Protein production
- Proteomic chemistry
- Shotgun proteomics
- Top-down proteomics
- Systems biology
- Yeast two-hybrid system
- Human Protein Atlas
- Human Protein Reference Database
- National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
- Protein Data Bank (PDB)
- Protein Information Resource (PIR)
- Proteomics Identifications Database (PRIDE)
- Proteopedia—The collaborative, 3D encyclopedia of proteins and other molecules
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- The clinical plasma proteome: a survey of clinical assays for proteins in plasma and serum. Anderson NL. Clin Chem. 2010 Feb;56(2):177-85. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.126706. Review.PMID 19884488
- Six decades serching for meaning in the proteome. Leigh Anderson
- Geyer, PE; Kulak, NA; Pichler, G; Holdt, LM; Teupser, D; Mann, M. "Plasma Proteome Profiling to Assess Human Health and Disease". Cell Syst. 2: 185–95. doi:10.1016/j.cels.2016.02.015. PMID 27135364.
- Malmström, E; Kilsgård, O; Hauri, S; Smeds, E; Herwald, H; Malmström, L; Malmström, J. "Large-scale inference of protein tissue origin in gram-positive sepsis plasma using quantitative targeted proteomics". Nat Commun. 7: 10261. doi:10.1038/ncomms10261. PMC . PMID 26732734.
- Geyer, PE; Wewer Albrechtsen, NJ; Tyanova, S; Grassl, N; Iepsen, EW; Lundgren, J; Madsbad, S; Holst, JJ; Torekov, SS; Mann, M. "Proteomics reveals the effects of sustained weight loss on the human plasma proteome". Mol Syst Biol. 12: 901. PMC . PMID 28007936.
- Quantitative variability of 342 plasma proteins in a human twin population. Liu Y1, Buil A2, Collins BC3, Gillet LC3, Blum LC3, Cheng LY4, Vitek O4, Mouritsen J3, Lachance G5, Spector TD5, Dermitzakis ET2, Aebersold R6.
- Ceciliani F, Eckersall D, Burchmore R, Lecchi C. Proteomics in veterinary medicine: applications and trends in disease pathogenesis and diagnostics. Vet Pathol. 2014 Mar;51(2):351-62.
- Belhajjame, K. et al. Proteome Data Integration: Characteristics and Challenges. Proceedings of the UK e-Science All Hands Meeting, ISBN 1-904425-53-4, September 2005, Nottingham, UK.
- Twyman RM (2004). Principles Of Proteomics (Advanced Text Series). Oxford, UK: BIOS Scientific Publishers. ISBN 1-85996-273-4. (covers almost all branches of proteomics)
- Naven T, Westermeier R (2002). Proteomics in Practice: A Laboratory Manual of Proteome Analysis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 3-527-30354-5. (focused on 2D-gels, good on detail)
- Liebler DC (2002). Introduction to proteomics: tools for the new biology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. ISBN 0-89603-992-7. ISBN 0-585-41879-9 (electronic, on Netlibrary?), ISBN 0-89603-991-9 hbk
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- Rediscovering Biology Online Textbook. Unit 2 Proteins and Proteomics. 1997–2006.
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|last10=in Authors list (help);
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- "Myocardial Infarction". (Retrieved 29 November 2006)
- Introduction to Antibodies – Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). (Retrieved 29 November 2006)
- Decramer, Stephane; Wittke, Stefan; Mischak, Harald; Zürbig, Petra; Walden, Michael; Bouissou, François; Bascands, Jean-Loup; Schanstra, Joost P (2006). "Predicting the clinical outcome of congenital unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction in newborn by urinary proteome analysis". Nature Medicine. 12 (4): 398–400. doi:10.1038/nm1384. PMID 16550189.
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|Look up proteomics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
|Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Proteomics|
|At Wikiversity, you can learn more and teach others about Proteomics at the Department of Proteomics| | <urn:uuid:8e38e69d-40fd-45a8-a635-862846effbb2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00265-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.816157 | 12,590 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Matthew Seligmann's well-researched study of the development of Germany's South African policy in the 1890s is both an in-depth investigation of the motivations behind that policy, and a contribution to the broader debate on German expansionism in the late nineteenth century.
First published in 1961, Holt's Modern History of the Sudan deservedly established itself as the standard introduction to the subject. Holt revised the work in 1963; since 1979 he has collaborated with Martin Daly on further - slightly retitled - editions, of which this is the most recent.
In a memorandum for the Committee of Imperial Defence dated 10 July 1920 Harold Nicolson, whose family connection with these matters dated back to the time when his father Lord Carnock entered the Foreign Office, namely 1870, wrote:
This is a beautifully illustrated book of serious scholarship and the three editors and the other contributing authors are to be congratulated.
The proliferation of computer databases and the digitization of sources online are transforming the profession. Scholars can now do substantial original research without needing to travel to distant archives. Massive collections of documents are at our fingertips. Online databases are encouraging the democratization of historical research.
Coller’s study explores the Arab presence in France in the early 19th century. Through detailed attention to an eclectic source base, Coller reconstructs the movements, cultural expressions, and political possibilities of diverse communities of Egyptians who migrated to France after Napoleon’s attempted conquest of Egypt.
This is an excellent overview of German colonialism, constructed with some skill from the scholarship on the colonies, and shaped also by the wider debate on European colonialism and its legacies. It is the best survey of the subject in English to date, and will be welcomed by students and scholars alike.
The past year has seen an embarrassment of riches for those interested in the history of slavery and abolition.
Peter Garretson’s biography of Warqenah Eshete – Ethiopian statesman, diplomat and occasional businessman – is nothing if not meticulous: drawing extensively on Warqenah’s own autobiography and diary, Garretson succeeds in gathering an enormous amount of detail on the myriad stages of the man’s life and doings, personal and professional.
Slavery defined the Atlantic world. African forced labour produced the primary materials that drove European mercantile economies. The plantation complex lay at the core of societies from Brazil and the West Indies to the American mainland and West Africa. | <urn:uuid:285c49e5-2dd4-43a1-a2a4-0567db822798> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://reviews.history.ac.uk/search?f%255B0%255D=taxonomy_vocabulary_6%253A42&%3Bf%255B1%255D=taxonomy_vocabulary_6%253A40&%3Bf%255B2%255D=taxonomy_vocabulary_4%253A4&%3Bf%5B0%5D=taxonomy_vocabulary_5%3A34&%3Bf%5B1%5D=taxonomy_vocabulary_6%3A42&f%5B0%5D=taxonomy_vocabulary_5%3A31&f%5B1%5D=taxonomy_vocabulary_4%3A15&f%5B2%5D=taxonomy_vocabulary_6%3A41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573124.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917223332-20190918005332-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.934003 | 501 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Welcome back to our fourth week of the ABC’s of American History. This week we have Samantha from Le Chaim on the Right sharing her resource list for D-Day. She used her affiliate links to provide you a quick resource on Amazon.
“The eyes of the world are upon you.” -Eisenhower
WWII is my passion. With this tough time period, it’s easier to find resources for high school students rather than elementary, but I tried to compile a list for grades 1-6.
D-Day was the Allied invasion in Normandy, France during World War II. It began on June 6, 1944, with 150,000 Allied forces fighting for freedom. The Germans knew what the Allies would attack soon, but they didn’t quite know where. The Allies had staged a fake attack quite north of France, where Hitler awaited their attack. The Allies took Germany by surprise, and D-Day was a huge success – and the turning point of WWII.
Interesting facts to make your D-Day study more interesting:
- The “D” in D-Day stands for Day. There is also “H-Hour”
- D-Day is known as Operation Overlord.
- D-Day was the largest seaborne invasion in history.
- George S. Patton did not fight during D-Day. Instead, Patton was benched and led a fake army to distract Hitler from the real battle plans in Normandy (D-Day). This stunt was called Operation Quicksilver. The Germans then got wind of Quicksilver – and prepared for such. This came as a major shock to Hitler, and greatly contributed to D-Day’s success.
There are many books written about D-Day. Check out your local library for more ideas! Along with the book, I tried to list an approximate age range.
- Welcome to Molly’s World (American Girl) (grades 1-5) (explores life in America during WWII)
- What was D-Day? (Scholastic) (grades 2-4)
- D-Day: The Allies Strike Back by Terry Miller (grades 3-6)
- D-Day by Tom McGowen (grades 4-6)
- We Were Heroes by Walter Dean Myers – My Name is America series (grades 5+)
- A Spy on the Home Front by Alison Hart (Molly, American Girl) (grades 3-8)
- WWII For Kids: A History with 21 Crafts by Richard Panchyk
Teachers Pay Teachers is full of fun projects for all grade levels. You can sort projects by grade level, or by price.
D-Day for Kids is a nice $5 app targeting kids ages 6-8.
There aren’t too many WWII films for younger kids. However, a few years ago I was lucky to stumble upon Valiant, a G-rated animated film about Britain’s messenger pigeons and the part they played during D-Day. It was the first and only time I have seen facts at the end of an animated film. Molly, An American Girl, explores WWII, and although not necessarily D-day, is still a great clean, family movie.
For students old enough, the obvious two classics are Saving Private Ryan and Band of Brothers and for students old enough, those are must-watches. No exceptions. Here are a few alternatives, but still not really for anyone under 10.
- Ike: Countdown to D-Day
- The World Wars (History Channel) (They did a phenomenal job matching up historical look alikes!)
- The Longest Day
- Where Eagles Dare (I haven’t seen)
- Overlord (1975)
- Saving Private Ryan
- Band of Brothers
- History Channel / American Heroes Channel
For More Resources:
- D-Day for Kids (Ducksters)
- WWII Posters & Ads (Pinterest, ALL rated G)
- 30+ Ways to Teach History Without a Textbook (Le Chaim…on the Right)
- D-Day (History Channel)
- 10 Fascinating Facts on D-Day (Constitution Center)
- 40 Amazing D-Day Facts (express)
Come back next week to see what new resources we have to share while we learn all about the letter E during the ABC’s of American History. | <urn:uuid:6f99c43f-a4fb-4820-b0f0-a4ba5b4b8c1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://something2offer.com/d-day-american-history-resources-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121865.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00441-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955125 | 921 | 3.359375 | 3 |
- App Store Info
DescriptionSale commemoration 50%off!!
Two words separately appear to this by one character at regular intervals.
It is an application program that forges the ability to read the word.
Let's forge the parallel processing ability of the brain at the same time by doing two or more processing.
It studies with the parallel processing while listening to music for instance. It plays a game while talking.
It is said that the parallel processing is made of the person who can do efficiently when cooking.
Four words or less appear according to the mode. Where can you process it?
iOS4 compatibility multitasking.
iPhone4 compatibility Retina Display | <urn:uuid:0810318b-c29c-4f7c-b93c-dcc3dee41841> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.appspy.com/app/346307/parallel-brain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095270.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00167-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920736 | 138 | 3 | 3 |
The FDA is aware that lidocaine, a type of topical anesthetic, was studied to see if it may reduce discomfort during breast mammography. During the study, the topical product was spread over a wide area and covered with plastic wrap. Although no serious side-effects were reported in this study, it was not large enough to evaluate whether uncommon but serious reactions could occur with this use. FDA remains concerned about the potential for topical anesthetics to cause serious and life-threatening adverse effects when applied to a large area of skin or when the area of application is covered.
Topical anesthetics work by blocking pain sensation in the skin. Some of the medication in a topical anesthetic can pass through the skin into the blood stream. More of the medication will pass into the blood stream if the topical anesthetic is applied over a large area of the skin, if a large amount is applied, if it is applied to irritated or broken skin, or if the skin temperature increases. Skin temperature can increase during exercise, by covering the skin with a wrap, or with use of a heating pad. Under these circumstances, the amount of anesthetic medication that reaches the blood stream is unpredictable and may be high enough to cause life-threatening adverse effects such as irregular heartbeat, seizures, breathing difficulties, coma and even death.
There are several topical anesthetics available by prescription and over-the-counter. When used appropriately, these products may provide safe and effective pain relief. Before recommending a topical anesthetic for any purpose, doctors should determine if the desired amount of pain relief can be achieved safely with a topical anesthetic, or if a different treatment would be more appropriate. If a topical anesthetic is determined to be the best choice, the lowest needed amount should be prescribed. Patients should speak with their doctor if they are considering using a topical anesthetic before a mammogram. | <urn:uuid:7489550b-9086-4d2f-8d5a-63ae85478cee> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://healthmanagement.org/c/imaging/news/fda-public-health-advisory-for-topical-anesthetics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823839.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020063725-20171020083725-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.94783 | 379 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Permanent URL to this publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.5167/uzh-63216
Hoelzle, M; Haeberli, W; Dischl, M; Peschke, W (2003). Secular glacier mass balances derived from cumulative glacier length changes. Global and Planetary Change, 36(4):295-306.
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Glacier mass changes are considered to represent natural key variables with respect to strategies for early detection of enhanced greenhouse effects on climate. The main problem, however, with interpreting worldwide glacier mass balance evolution concerns the question of representativity. One important key to deal with such uncertainties and to assess the spatio-temporal representativity of the few available measurements is the long-term change in cumulative glacier length. The mean specific mass balance determined from glacier length change data since 1900 shows considerable regional variability but centers around a mean value of about −0.25 m year⁻¹ water equivalent.
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|Item Type:||Journal Article, refereed, original work|
|Communities & Collections:||07 Faculty of Science > Institute of Geography|
|Dewey Decimal Classification:||910 Geography & travel|
|Deposited On:||20 Jul 2012 19:48|
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Q. I’ve been experiencing heartburn a lot lately, with a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and a dry cough. This happens especially after eating. Is this GERD? Is there something I can do to stop this from happening?
The acronym GERD stands for Gastroesophogeal Reflux Disease. The disease is ranked as the fourth most prevalent gastrointestinal disease. It can occur in anyone, man, woman or child.
It’s not exactly clear why some people develop GERD, but contributing factors include obesity, pregnancy, a hiatal hernia, alcohol use and smoking.
GERD occurs when the muscle at the end of your esophagus doesn’t close properly. This incomplete closure allows acidic digestive juices to rise up into the esophagus. The acidic juices in the esophagus cause a burning feeling in the throat, chest, behind the breast bone and/or in the abdomen.
Most people experience frequent heartburn, also known as acid indigestion. Some even experience episodes of regurgitating food after eating.
Other people don’t feel the heartburn but complain of a dry cough, asthma symptoms, difficulty talking or difficulty swallowing. If you have occasional heartburn it does not mean you have GERD. If the reflux occurs more than twice a week it is most likely GERD.
If left untreated it can lead to more serious problems such erosive esophagitis, esophageal ulcers, stricture and the premalignant transformation known as Barrett’s esophagus.
Barrett’s esophagus is a major risk factor for the development of esophageal carcinoma, a cancer which is rapidly rising in incidence.
It is estimated that 40 percent of the U.S. adult population use over-the-counter or prescription agents aimed at treating GERD symptoms more than twice a week. The choice of treatment depends on the severity and frequency of symptoms.
Over-the-counter antacids or reflux medications can help stop the production of acid or help the muscles with better digestion and stomach emptying. Antacids neutralize stomach acid so it won’t cause heartburn.
Choose from dissolvable or chewable tablets or liquids. Drugs called H2 blockers decrease acid production. They can be taken at bedtime to suppress nighttime production of acid. Proton pump inhibitors decrease stomach acid production, and the prescription versions help heal esophageal damage caused by reflux.
These are both available over-the-counter and as prescriptions.
If you feel no relief after two weeks taking over-the-counter medications, you should contact your provider. They will provide you with counseling and lifestyle changes and perhaps begin you on a regimen of prescription strength medication. Sometimes your provider may give more than one medication. More severe cases may even require surgery.
Foods to avoid that can exacerbate your symptoms include:
- Carbonated beverages
- Chocolate (sorry)
- Caffeine and alcohol (sorry again)
- Fried or fatty foods
- Garlic and onions
- Mints (Research has shown that mints may relax the valve at the top of the stomach, making food more likely to flow back into the esophagus.)
- Spicy foods
- Tomato based foods
There are also lifestyle and behavioral changes that you can adopt to decrease acid reflux from occurring:
- Elevate the head of your bed to decrease stomach acids traveling into the esophagus when you lay down, either with a wedge under the mattress at the head of the bed or wooden blocks under the bed legs. Lying on your left side also helps digestion. And wear loose pajamas - nothing constricting around your waist.
- Eat dinner earlier and don’t snack before bed to decrease pressure on the top of your stomach. Eating right before bed will increase the risk of night time heartburn. Wait three hours after eating before you lie down.
- Eat broiled foods instead of fried.
- Avoid exercising right before bed. Do exercise! But do it earlier in the day.
- Eat small, frequent meals instead of three large meals per day.
- Eliminate the beer or wine with dinner and do not drink alcohol after dinner before bed.
- Lose weight. There is a clear relation between obesity and reflux/GERD, perhaps because of increased pressure on the valve at the top of the stomach caused by carrying extra weight.
- Stop smoking. Smoking weakens that valve, between the esophagus and the stomach.
- Keep a food diary listing what you eat and your symptoms. Try to identify your own heartburn triggers, and eliminate them from your diet.- Try chewing a non-mint sugar free gum for 30 minutes after you eat to increase swallowing, which assists with digestion.
Please always be aware that heart attack symptoms can feel similar to heartburn. If you’re experiencing sudden pain, tightness or pressure in your chest, seek medical help immediately. Do not simply assume that it is heart burn.
Ila Shebar is a women’s health nurse practitioner specializing in women’s pelvic health and continence at Pioneer Valley Urology in Springfield. Her “Ask Ila“ column appears every other Wednesday in the Health & Science section of The Republican and on MassLive.com. She can be reached at ilashebarnp.pvu@gmail .com | <urn:uuid:019c4d05-9e2d-4f6f-8132-7eb2ea4ee86f> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2013/04/ask_nurse_practitioner_ila_shebar_strategies_help_deal_with_gerd.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207932737.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113212-00144-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921293 | 1,128 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Date: Jan 29, 2011 11:22 AM
Author: Milo Gardner
Subject: Platonic math and meta threads
Three conversations outline meta aspects of a Platonic math thread:
Conversation one (1)
RMP 79 offers direct proof that meta Egyptian math provided an intellectual foundation that built Greek, Arab, and Medieval arithmetic per a geometric proportion
Crawl out of your personal pit and read economic system weights and measure units from 1650 BCE that priced a loaf of bread, a glass of beer, and pen feed dove, duck, good and quail based on the amount of grain contained therein. The inverse proportion named pesu was the arithmetic operator as the NY Times clearly reported.
Egyptian meta math began with theoretical building blocks, i.e. rational numbers scaled to unit fraction series by optimized least common multiples, and applied practical formulas that allowed double checking of every calculation insuring accuracy.
Wait a few weeks and a formal paper will be completed that better links the fragmented aspects of Egyptian fraction math into a unified whole.
Concerning Plato, you may have seen:
Egyptian meta math scaled rational numbers n/p by a LCM m to mn/mp. Medieval scribes used a modified subtraction context to convert n/p by LCM m considering
(n/p -1/m) to (mn -p)/mp, with (mn -p) = 1, whenever possible.
Certain issues of Platonic and Classical Greek arithmetic have not been confirmed for several reasons. The biggest reason is the unavailability of Greek arithmetic texts. What we do know relates to Egyptian, Greek and medieval scribes scaling rational numbers in almost identical ways. It is highly likely that the medieval scaling method was created by Greeks and/or Arabs by modifying the ancient Egyptian scaling method.
One summary point is that Egyptian, Greek, Arab and medieval texts like the Liber Abaci are made readable by meta arithmetic.
Concerning the word hekat, it meant volume, defined by a modern looking formula
RMP 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 46 discussed the hekat's division into a two-part number. In RMP 47 100 hekat was multiplied by 1/10, 1/20, 1/30, 1/40,1/50, 1/60, 1/70, 1/80, 1/90 and 1/100, a method that divided (6400/64) by 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 to
(6400/64)/n = Q/64 + (5R/n)ro
with Q =quotient and R = remainder.
an interesting formula.
Yes, there can be several classes of pits to climb out of. Modern folks, like yourself, fall into pits of your own mental creation. Read actual Egyptian, Greek, Arab and medieval arithmetic texts by crossing over meta bridges and never fall into a related pit again.
Conversation two (2)
I did read the NY article and fell into a pit of 'no compute' when I read this:
"Seven houses have seven cats that each eat seven mice that each eat seven grains of barley. Each barley grain would have produced seven hekat of grain. (A hekat was a unit of volume, roughly 1.3 gallons.)
The goal: to determine how many things are described. The answer: 19,607. (The method: 7 + 7² + 7³ + 74 + 75.)
???? I'll probably have to think in a different way to understand that but you and I are somewhat on the same wave length about 'meta' data.
Perhaps the term 'hekat' means 'an object' , A 'thing' not a quantity, a weight, etc? To me it's a quantity that's not been counted yet, so the answer is not verifiable and doesn't make sense. There's probably a benefit to the idea: . "Mathematics makes us think of things that cannot be seen." The attachment is William Blake's Ancient of Days, the added feature is my imagination at work.
I appreciate your explanation of 'meta', its exactly an idea I have but in a different context, ie, that there's a mindset that does not have any understanding other than 'forests' i.e. concepts. Details are not part of their understanding, its as though every 'detail' in a forest is assumed somehow, not spoken, written, or relevant, as though it's so obvious it needn't be addressed in any way. That seems to me to have been a 'stage' when a new mindset (or a new system of things, as the bible puts it) replaced the ancient symbolic mindset. As I understand it now, it's all part of a grand scheme to make us aware we are informed about the past, as well as our 'now', and the future sometimes, through dreams but probably another function of mind that in in itself, has to establish a foundation to understand it, through mathematics where 'functions' have become a 'fact'.
To explain exactly what I mean is how many books I read about quantum physics that didn't mention the specific 'detail', in a concept (forest); that all human activity is derived from that hidden world behind matter physics before reading Atom, Matter, Physics by a Seattle physician/science fiction author, Alan Nourse!!! He made very distinct, detailed descriptions that the floor I stand on, the orange I eat, the tree I plant and see maintained in place, growing, as well as the impulses and motives, and activities of 'me', weather, all movement or stability are the result of transactions and interactions of particles.
Since nanotechnology has sprung into our material world, I wonder if we really know anything except that 'number', counting, establishing equivalents began long before we have adequate records, so trying to decode what we do have is our work. I lived 5+ decades without suspecting that, then.... that's another topic, not connected to mathematics.
It may be that this makes no sense to you, in connection to what I wrote, but quite a variety of incidents and what I read one day when I was reading the book I mentioned made me think about your interest in codes. The alchemist way of thought, and seeking caused them to recognize their mind was included in what they observed, is probably installed in some mindsets, or it can be 'downloaded', that reads as weird, but I know it myself. Nothing really mysterious or mystical, but very difficult to prove.
"What happened in the past is determined by what is to happen in the future" Norman O. Brown
Conversation three (3)
By the way ... the NY Times published a article on 12/7/10 needs to be read:
Yesterday the NYT followed up with a chess skill article
that allows the player to control the center of the board .. while maintaining focus on the other chess pieces served as qualifications for code breaking school. | <urn:uuid:40b42450-68e5-4953-bb31-bbecf6c197ad> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://mathforum.org/kb/plaintext.jspa?messageID=7371622 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00390-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950397 | 1,452 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The key to navigation when in Saturn's moon system is Titan.
Cassini flew by a vast numbers of targets while barely spending any fuel. This was accomplished by a gravity assist scheme where the key component is successive flybys of Titan for every orbit.
Titan is relatively massive, so it can alter your probe's trajectory dramatically. Exactly how it's affected is determined by what altitude the flyby happens at, which can be arbitrarily chosen by very small navigation burns some time before the flyby. This way it's possible to "pick" new orbits, at barely any cost. The only thing to be careful about is to pick an orbit with the same orbital period of Titan (or 2x or 3x), so you get a new flyby and new choice in two weeks.
(They coined the name The Ball or Yarn for Cassini's trajectory over the years)
Enceladus is easy to reach in this way.
Flyby cost: ~ $0m/s\Delta v$ + some small navigation costs.
Getting into orbit is an entirely different beast. Enceladus is small, so it doesn't provide much help in capturing. A perfect Hohmann transfer from Titan would still mean a $3.5 km/s \Delta v$ burn at Enceladus in order to get captured (equivalent to landing on the Moon and taking off again). A perfect Hohmann transfer from Titan is achievable from an initial "Ball or Yarn" trajectory by bleeding off some excess velocity by passing through the upper parts of Titan's atmosphere. Less perfect transfers, Enceladus directs, Saturn aerocapture, etc. all end up in the $4.0 - 4.5 km/s \Delta v$ range.
The extra $\Delta v$ needed to get into a circular low orbit is a lot smaller, just a mere $70 m/s \Delta v$. Landing is just another $160 m/s \Delta v$. There's little reason to not go all the way if one decides to pay the huge cost of getting captured into a n orbit.
- A flyby is low cost,
- A capture is very expensive because of Enceladus low mass and high orbital velocity
- Proceeding further with a circularisation or landing is relatively cheap after the initial capture cost is paid. | <urn:uuid:473f7c5f-9e90-41b4-8a94-60d51c860c59> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/30372/piggybacking-to-enceladus/38799 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541288287.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214174719-20191214202719-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.919113 | 485 | 2.859375 | 3 |
capital punishment(redirected from Punishment by Death for a Crime)
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia.
1. The penalty of death for the commission of a crime.
2. The practice or legal sanction of allowing the imposition of the penalty of death for people convicted of committing certain crimes.
(Law) the punishment of death for a crime; death penalty
punishment by death for a crime; death penalty.
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||capital punishment - putting a condemned person to death|
corporal punishment - the infliction of physical injury on someone convicted of committing a crime
hanging - a form of capital punishment; victim is suspended by the neck from a gallows or gibbet until dead; "in those days the hanging of criminals was a public entertainment"
crucifixion - the act of executing by a method widespread in the ancient world; the victim's hands and feet are bound or nailed to a cross
án tử hình | <urn:uuid:e485190f-82ff-408e-98cf-e42e7a56241b> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Punishment+by+Death+for+a+Crime | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686117.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920014637-20170920034637-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.813003 | 220 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Reversing ants navigate successfully despite going backwards
Scampering across the salt pans of Tunisia on their spindly legs, desert ants (Cataglyphis fortis) have a single-minded mission: locate food and get it back to the nest. Normally, individual raiders bear a tasty morsel in their mandibles and navigate home along the most direct return route, regardless of how tortuous the outbound journey was. However, their determination is often tested to the extreme when the robust animals stumble upon a particularly large piece of food – such as a dead spider or locust. Undaunted, the scavenger simply drags the feast backwards: 'They are really awesome', chuckles Matthias Wittlinger from the University of Ulm, Germany. However, how do the insects navigate while reversing? 'All the cues are from the other direction', says Wittlinger. Puzzled, Wittlinger and his colleagues Verena Wahl and Sarah Pfeffer travelled to their field site in the Tunisian desert to try to find out how the ants locate home while reversing with a heavy load. They publish their discovery that reversing ants are as good at navigating as ants that are walking forward and that the animals must somehow measure the length of each stride that they take, in order to keep track of their location, in Journal of Experimental Biology at http://jeb.biologists.org.
Having tempted ants from their nest with a nearby pile of alluring biscuit crumbs, the scientists first set the enthusiastic foragers a challenge to find out if they could still navigate in reverse. Abducting individuals as they arrived at the feeder, the trio transported the ants to a long metal channel lying parallel to the direction that they would return home and presented them with a colossal biscuit crumb, weighing 10 times more than the ant itself: 'They say, "Wow, there is a large food item, let's get home"', chuckles Wittlinger. While filming the ants as they heaved the large lunch, the team quickly realised that they were onto something unexpected. Instead of weaving rhythmically from side to side as they would if they were using their normal tripod gait – always keeping three legs in contact with the ground as the other three swing forward – the ants' overall movement appeared less coordinated; they were not simply reversing their normal forward walking pattern. And when the ant reached the point at which they would expect to locate home in the metal channel, they performed a U-turn, indicating that they knew how far they had travelled, despite moving backwards. Their odometer was functioning regardless of their erratic walking style. Amazed, Wittlinger and Pfeffer began dissecting the fine details of the ants' reversing technique.
Pfeffer filmed the ants with a high-speed camera at 500 frames s?1, and saw that the reversing ants walked at about the same step rate as when they moved forward, about 10 strides s?1. However, she says, 'Each leg was acting on its own', adding that they had completely done away with the conventional three-legged walk. She also noticed that they had increased their contact with the ground, 'They do it by faster swings and they often use leg combinations where more than three legs have ground contact to increase their static stability' she says. Wittlinger adds, 'we have been trying for years to make them walk in a non-tripod way', in the hope of learning how they measure distances; now he had the perfect opportunity.
'There are a couple of hypotheses of how a stride integrator [odometer] would work', he says. 'One is that they would use an efferent copy of the motor signals [and sum the signals to calculate a distance], and the other one would be that they actually use each single stride and measure each stride amplitude, or the length of the stride or the swing'. Because the ants were able to determine precisely how far they had travelled, even though each leg was moving individually, Wittlinger says, 'The data suggest it is the second hypothesis'.
But Wittlinger and Pfeffer were still none the wiser about how the reversing ants managed to navigate when all of the visual and odour cues that they use to locate home were in the wrong position. 'We painted a white grid onto the desert floor and then we released the ant with a large food crumb [and] it walked towards the fictive nest site', says Wittlinger, who manually tracked the ant's progress with Pfeffer. However, the duo was surprised that the reversing ant periodically put down its cargo and began searching in a loop, before returning to the morsel and resuming its homeward journey. 'We think that this behaviour probably helps the ant to orientate. The early search loops are normally very short and often directed to the fictive nest site, and probably they scan the panorama searching for some cue', says Pfeffer.
So plucky Cataglyphis desert ants are able to navigate successfully while reversing, and now Wittlinger and Pfeffer are keen to learn more about how the animals use information gleaned during reconnaissance when they discard their precious cargo while reversing home.
IF REPORTING THIS STORY, PLEASE MENTION JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AS THE SOURCE AND, IF REPORTING ONLINE, PLEASE CARRY A LINK TO: http://jeb.biologists.org/content/219/14/2110 and http://jeb.biologists.org/content/219/14/2119
REFERENCES: Pfeffer, S.E., Wahl, V. and Wittlinger, M. (2016). How to find home backwards? Locomotion and inter-leg coordination during rearward walking of Cataglyphis fortis desert ants. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 2110-2118. Pfeffer, S.E. and Wittlinger, M. (2016). How to find home backwards? Navigation during rearward homing of Cataglyphis fortis desert ants. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 2119-2126. DOIS: 10.1242/jeb.137778, 10.1242/jeb.137786
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THIS ARTICLE IS EMBARGOED UNTIL WEDNESDAY, 20 July 2016, 18:00 HRS EDT (23:00 HRS BST) | <urn:uuid:618d5a51-7889-428c-8607-f40436180bfe> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://scienmag.com/reversing-ants-navigate-successfully-despite-going-backwards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687766.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921115822-20170921135822-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.958541 | 1,392 | 3.40625 | 3 |
During February and March, we are taking on a particular initiative around the statistically troubling history in our community of education disparities, especially childhood literacy. It comes at no surprise to us that our community sits at the lowest data points in American education metrics. As we push for improved conditions and funding in Detroit schools, and more resources for educators, there are some things we can still do on our own.
On a national level, according to the 2019 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), only 18 percent of African-American fourth-graders were proficient in reading. Their white peers, however, faired well-over twice that at 45 percent, exceeding both the national average and every other racial group except Asians.
Specifically, in the state of Michigan, the NAEP data shows a relative stagnation of literacy for the African-American fourth-graders tested for the past five years. Additionally, on the NAEP reading scale of 0 to 500, “Black students had an average score that was 25 points lower than White students.” according to their Michigan Report, this is a performance gap that is not significantly different from that in 1998.
We need progress. Especially in Detroit.
In support of this campaign, we are building a library of Black children’s books to donate to local Detroit community organizations including the Walker Literacy Center and the Downtown Boxing Gym. Books depicting Black characters are essential to the positive self-esteem and identity of our children long-term. Our children deserve, just as much as any other child on this earth, to be depicted positively in the ink they learn from.
You can contribute to this cause by attending our ticketed events in February and March, or by making a direct earmarked donation that will go entirely toward purchasing books for this initiative.
Additionally, we are strongly encouraging our members, followers, and the public-at-large to volunteer for efforts to increase childhood literacy in our community. One of the easiest things you can do is read to children in your immediate and extended family, including children of friends, and also help them learn to read more challenging books above what they can read now. | <urn:uuid:5c61aa1e-bc38-4224-90a1-ff02d5d90084> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bypdetroit.org/black-childhood-literacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476432.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304065639-20240304095639-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.967888 | 435 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Tuberculosis (TB) Testing
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and while most commonly found in the lungs, TB can attack any part of the body. TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The TB bacteria enter the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. Not everyone infected with TB will become sick.
TB is NOT spread by:
- skin-to-skin contact (shaking hands)
- sharing food or drink
- touching items worn by someone with TB
- sharing toothbrushes
Signs & Symptoms of TB
TB bacteria typically grows in the lungs and results in symptoms such as:
- a severe cough that lasts longer than 3 weeks
- pain in the chest
- coughing up blood or sputum
- weakness or fatigue
- loss of appetite/weight loss
- fever & chills
- night sweats
Testing for TB
The most common way to test for TB is with a TB skin test. During the test a small amount of tuberculin fluid is injected under the skin on the inside of the arm. The person receiving the test returns 48-72 hours later to have the test read.
The health department offers TB testing by appointment. To schedule an appointment for a TB test, contact your local health department office. The cost for the test is $25.
Who Should Get Tested for TB?
You should have a TB test completed if you have spent time with a person who has active TB disease. You should also have a test completed if you:
- are HIV positive or have another condition that weakens the immune system
- have symptoms of active TB disease
- are from a country where active TB disease is very common
- live in a facility where active TB disease may be more common
- inject illegal drugs
- travel to a country with a high incidence of TB
For additional information regarding TB testing, please contact your local health department office or visit: | <urn:uuid:dcad67c6-bc23-4385-b58e-f6216676834a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.wupdhd.org/public-health/additional-public-health-programs-topics/tb-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105341.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819105009-20170819125009-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.942146 | 437 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Overview of SUBJECTS
The subjects covered in CCM are: Religion, Latin, History, Science, Math, Timeline, Geography, and Great Words I and II.
Religion: Divine revelation is contained in both the written word of God (Scripture), and the unwritten word of God (Tradition). Therefore, the religion memory work provides material for both Scripture memorization and the memorization of Catechism questions and answers (which are taken from The New St. Joseph Baltimore Catechism #2). Scripture is the inspired word of God, and as such is worthy of memorization. “Sacred Scripture is the speech of God as it is put down in writing under the breath of the Holy Spirit.” (Dei Verbum, 1965) The Catechism explains the central tenets of our Catholic faith. “Tradition transmits in its entirety the Word of God which has been entrusted to the apostles by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit. [The Church] does not derive her certainty about all revealed truths from the holy Scriptures alone. Both Scripture and Tradition must be accepted and honored with equal sentiments of devotion and reverence.” (Dei Verbum, 1965)
Sample from Beta Year, Week 5: Q: "What are the principal ways of obtaining grace?" A: "The principal ways of obtaining grace are prayer and the sacraments, especially the Holy Eucharist."
Latin: The Latin portion of the CCM program consists of Latin prayers and hymns. Latin is the universal language of the Church, and learning hymns and prayers in Latin allows one to enter more deeply into the liturgy and history of the Church. Unlike other memory work programs, CCM does not include Latin grammar memorization. Why? Memorizing Latin grammar is very important (for students of Latin), but it is also relatively easy to simply follow one’s chosen Latin program in the memorization of the grammar. CCM tries to provide assistance with the areas in which parents might have more difficulty deciding what students should memorize.
Sample from Delta Year: Tantum Ergo
History: Every week, students memorize several sentences containing detailed information about a particular topic in history. The history sentences contain important information from one of four time periods. They are chronological, and provide an excellent overview of history from Creation through modern times.
The history sentences have been put to various well-known tunes on the CCM audio CDs.
Sample from Alpha Year, Week 3: "Egyptian civilization began along the Nile River. Egyptian history is divided into the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. The pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom. Important pharaohs of the New Kingdom included Thutmose, Hatshepsut, Amenhotep, and Tutankhamen." Sung to the tune of "Hickory Dickory Dock"
Science: Every week, students memorize a science question and its answer. The material is arranged topically according to year.
In the Teacher Text, every science question and answer is also accompanied by at least one, and sometimes several activities that are strongly related to the memory work for that week. The activities encourage the child to directly apply and practice the science concepts. Examples of activities include a crayfish dissection, nature sketches, making sandstone, constructing models of atoms and molecules, and many others.
Sample from Alpha Year, Week 4: Q: "What are the major characteristics of the phylum arthropoda?" A: "Arthropods have an exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and a segmented body."
Math: The first 11 weeks of every year focus on skip counting up through the 12s (skip-counting is just a simplified version of the multiplication tables). Skip-counting is learned to various tunes (similar to the history sentences). The last 7 weeks focus on geometric formulas in the Alpha and Gamma years, and conversion formulas in Beta and Delta years.
Sample from Alpha Year, Week 15: "The area of a triangle equals one-half its base times its height."
Timeline: Every year, students memorize a timeline of 144 events and persons from Creation through modern times. The children learn eight cards per week. With encouragement and practice, some of the students will be able to recite the entire timeline by the end of the year. Others will need more time, which is why the timeline work does not change from year to year. Memorizing a complete timeline is important for students to become familiar with the chronology of history. The front of each card contains the name of the event or person, along with famous artwork, maps, or photographs depicting that event or person. The back contains detailed information or Scriptural references about that particular event or person. The cards are clearly labeled in numerical order.
Sample (Card # 81): Ottoman Turks Capture Constantinople: 1453
Geography: Each year focuses on one or two continents. The students learn the location of the continents, oceans, nearly all countries, some capital cities, and the most important geographical features such as rivers, mountains, and lakes.
Great Words: CCM’s “Great Words” segments consist of poetry, historical documents, and speeches. Great Words is divided into Great Words I and Great Words II. Great Words I is geared towards 5- to 8-year-olds, and consists entirely of age-appropriate poetry. Great Words II is for 9- to 12-year-olds. It consists of a mix of poetry, famous speeches, and excerpts from important documents.
Sample from Great Words I, Beta Year: "The Owl and the Pussycat" by Edward Lear
Sample from Great Words II, Gamma Year: Excerpts from The Declaration of Independence
Overview of YEARS
Classically Catholic Memory: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta Years
Classically Catholic Memory is a four-year program. The years are named Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta, and each year provides 18 weeks of memory work. The years may be completed in any order. The major differences among years are mainly in the subjects of history, science, and geography, as each of these subjects has a different focus in the different years. The other subjects provide varied material that is not necessarily correlated with any one topic or area of focus, except for Timeline, which is repeated every year.
Religion: Each year provides various Catechism questions and answers and passages from Scripture.
Latin: Each year provides various prayers and hymns.
History: History sentences from one of four time periods:
Science: Science questions and answers from one of four science topics:
Math: Skip counting (every year)
Timeline: The same timeline is learned every year.
Geography: Countries, some capital cities, and physical geography of either one or two continents per year.
Great Words I and II: Every year provides material that includes poems, historical documents, and speeches.
Overview of MATERIALS
Classically Catholic Memory Materials
Classically Catholic Memory materials consist of the following:
Student Text: The Student Text contains the memory work for each subject, broken down by week, and includes a weekly summary sheet for each week. Almost every page includes beautiful, full-color artwork from great artists, chosen to enhance the student’s understanding of the main topic of each subject in each week.
Teacher Text: The Teacher Text contains introductory material explaining the relationship and importance of memory work to a classical education; a full explanation of the Classically Catholic Memory program; teaching techniques and strategies for each subject; the entire student text in a smaller size form; detailed background information for each week of science, along with multiple options for science activities to go along with each week’s material; background information for the history sentences; suggested activities for the math memory work; and more.
Maps and Stickers: The map set consists of five laminated maps of either one or two continents for the student to label with the included stickers. Most countries on each continent are included (countries that are excluded are primarily very small island countries), along with major capital cities, states of the U.S. (in the North America set), and physical geography. A map of the entire continent is included on the back of all maps so that the child can trace country and continent borders to gain familiarity with the geography of each continent.
3-CD set: All of the memory work is contained on a set of three (3) audio CDs. CDs 1 and 2 contain the memory work broken down by week, while CD 3 contains the memory work broken down by subject for easy review and mastery. Math skip-counting (2s through 12s) and all of the history sentences are sung to easy-to-recognize tunes to aid in mastering the material.
Timeline Cards: This set contains 144 4x6 full-color cards depicting events and persons from Creation through Pope John Paul II. 15 essential dates are included on certain critical events in the timeline. The front of each card contains the name of the event/person along with famous artwork, maps, or photographs depicting that event/person. The back contains detailed information, or Scriptural references, about that particular event/person. The cards are clearly labeled in numerical order on the back of each card.
Which materials are necessary? It is best if each family has, for each year, at least one Student Text, one Teacher Text, one CD set, and at least one set of maps and stickers; the same set of Timeline Cards can be used each year, so it is only necessary to buy one set. In some families, it may be best if each student who is "participating" in the program, and who can read, has his or her own Student Text and possibly his or her own map set. However, sharing and copying materials within a family is permissible. Copying materials for other families, including in a co-op setting, is NOT acceptable. Please make sure each family in a co-op purchases their own materials. Remember that the timeline cards are a one-time purchase, as the same timeline is learned every year. | <urn:uuid:5805495b-ad98-4721-a2a7-db1a4b4fdfaf> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://ccmemory.com/epages/7567e75e-073f-4758-9de3-afde020acee8.sf/en_US/?ObjectPath=/Shops/7567e75e-073f-4758-9de3-afde020acee8/Categories/11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574265.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921043014-20190921065014-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.944076 | 2,097 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The above downloadable teaching material is best suited for at Elementary (A1)
level. It is valuable for practising Nouns
in English, and is excellent for developing your students' Reading
skills. It focuses on the vocabulary topic of Alphabet
. It includes the answers, too.
Copyright License: This file is licensed by
iSLCollective Copyright License
Upload date: 2018-04-14 05:02:30 | <urn:uuid:062d01be-4104-47c4-8e7c-499d79856f4c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://en.islcollective.com/english-esl-worksheets/grammar/nouns/alphabet-caveman/106423 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186414.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126030729-20201126060729-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.905723 | 91 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Learning Object Discovery and Exchange
The Learning Object Discovery & Exchange (LODE) specification aims to facilitate the discovery and retrieval of learning objects stored across more than one collection.
In the context of this work, a learning object can be anything digital used for teaching, learning, or training. Learning objects can consist of simple assets (e.g., text, images, short videos) that can generally be directly rendered in a web browser,>or more complex resources that usually consist of multiple components (e.g., text, images, simulations, videos, assessment exercises, etc.) that need to be combined in a precise way in order to provide end-users with a meaningful learning experience. Learning content specifications such as IMS Content Package and IMS Common Cartridge make it possible for such learning objects to be reused in different learning systems. This is achieved by packaging all the required components in a zip file together with a manifest describing how these components have to be rendered. As a result of this process where specifications have been applied, the content becomes more ‘interoperable’ and can be more easily exchanged and reused in learning platforms from different commercial vendors, or in open source learning (content) management systems,that comply with the relevant content packaging specifications.
Although the use of learning platforms is becoming common in most educational organizations, and the number of learning objects available online, for free or by subscription, is huge, most of these learning objects are not globally discoverable, which hampers their potential use and reuse. Improving access to these learning objects would have a significant impact on learning.
Public comments and questions may be posted at /community/forum/index.cfm?forumid=9
IMS Learning Object Discovery & Exchange (LODE) copyright 2010 by IMS Global Learning Consortium is licensed under conditions equivalent to a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License with an additional condition that derivative works that are publically distributed must be shared back with the IMS LODE community. This is accomplished by posting your derivative works to the public LODE forum. There are other specific notifications and requirements of the license, which must be included and adhered to at: /lode/lode_license.html
IMS Learning Object Discovery and Exchange Specification - Version 1.0 Base Document- HTML -
IMS Learning Object Discovery and Exchange - Base Document Schemas | <urn:uuid:32200ec7-6112-42c2-a25a-a92ed7081ed7> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://developers.imsglobal.org/lode/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306335.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128182552-20220128212552-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.90333 | 490 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Check out our press release for more stories behind the science of this year's 213 new species.
Science always finds a silver lining in even the gloomiest of storm clouds—and 2020 is no exception.
Navigating both the COVID-19 pandemic and the museum’s extended closure, Academy scientists still managed to describe a whopping 213 new species this year, from fluorescent fish in the deep reefs of the Central Pacific to ancient fossils deep in the Academy’s collections. Each species added to the tree of life enriches our understanding of our planet’s biodiversity—and gives us countless colorful reasons to protect it.
A bright spot in the twilight zone
Scientific name: Plectranthias hinano
Family: Serranidae (includes anthias, sea bass, and grouper)
Discovered in: French Polynesia
Described by: Bart Shepherd, Senior Director of Steinhart Aquarium; Luiz Rocha, PhD, Curator and Follett Chair of Ichthyology; and collaborators
This vibrant little fish inhabits MCEs (Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems) in the Central Pacific Ocean at depths of around 300 feet. A team of deep-diving scientists collected a specimen using SubCAS, a groundbreaking Academy invention designed to safely transport fish from ocean depths to sea level. Travel plans not taking you to Tahiti anytime soon? Look forward to experiencing a kaleidoscopic array of mesophotic species in the Twilight Zone exhibit when the Academy reopens.
Scientific name: Chromodoris spp.
Family: Chromodorididae (includes nudibranchs)
Discovered in: Indo-Pacific region
Described by: Terry Gosliner, Senior Curator of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, and Lynn Bonomo, master’s student, San Francisco State University
“The really big researchers are the ones who name species. I never thought I would name a species.” Lynn Bonomo was right. She didn’t name a nudibranch species—she named four. The new Chromodoris species she described display striking colors and eye-popping patterns that likely serve to warn would-be predators of the animals’ toxicity. Tune in to NightSchool on January 7 to hear Lynn and Terry discuss their discoveries.
Making (ancient) history
Scientific name: Lyropecten terrysmithae
Family: Pectinidae (includes scallops)
Discovered in: Invertebrate Zoology & Geology collections
Described by: Charles Powell, II, Academy Research Associate; Chrissy Garcia, Collections Manager, Geology; Cheryl Millard
Comprising over 46 million specimens from microscopic bacteria to massive whale skeletons, the Academy’s scientific collections are a dazzling library of life. They’re also a frequent epicenter of discovery. During a review of fossil collections from institutions across California, Powell, Garcia, and Millard were able to pick up where mollusk expert Dr. Judy Terry Smith left off, describing an all-new, 11-million-year-old scallop species—and naming it after the pioneering paleontologist herself.
Stuck in time
Scientific name: Yaksha peretti
Family: Albanerpetontidae (includes extinct amphibians)
Discovered in: Myanmar
Described by: Aaron Bauer, PhD, Research Associate, and collaborators
Fossils alone are a paleontological payday, but fossils in amber are the jackpot, preserving details of a specimen that might otherwise be lost to the ages. “To have this unique opportunity to look at a complete skull that is not deformed as many are gives us a look into the face of an animal that lived 100 million years ago,” explains Bauer. “It might be decades before another specimen of this quality appears.”
The mission of the Academy's Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability (IBSS) is to gather new knowledge about life's diversity and the process of evolution—and to rapidly apply that understanding to our efforts to sustain life on Earth.
Our doors may be temporarily closed, but science never stops. Make a gift of any size to ensure 2021 is a banner year for research, education, and exploration. | <urn:uuid:975953fa-34dc-49dd-81a4-5db751ce3c53> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://calacademy.org/learn-explore/new-species-2020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926011608-20230926041608-00814.warc.gz | en | 0.883358 | 902 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Hydration is a tricky one, especially for the novice runner. For years, we have been told “drink even though you may not be thirsty,” and I don’t necessarily disagree with this entirely. However, you can overhydrate, and it is a serious problem. The dangers with over-hydration include hyponatremia, which is basically water intoxication and the depletion of electrolytes in your body. On the flip side, if you become dehydrated (generally losing 2 – 3 percent of your body weight in fluids, your body starts to over work, which forces your heart to beat faster, making it more difficult for you to keep up with the cardiovascular demands of running.
Factors that influence hydration:
- Sweat Rate
- Training intensity
- Duration of activity
- Body size
- Body temperature
Keys Facts about Hydration
- Sodium is an important nutrient during intense exercise, especially for athletes exercising in the heat for long durations.
- Maintaining blood volume is key to keeping fluid balanced in the body.
- A DECREASE in blood volume results in DEHYDRATION and an INCREASE in blood volume results in OVER-HYDRATION.
- Sweating is simply the primary means of the body to release heat, and as the core body temperature rising so does the volume of sweat, which increases the risk of dehydration if fluids are not replaced.
- Sweat is 99% water and 1% representing other substances includes electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, & potassium, and smaller amounts of other minerals; which are equally important as water itself. Muscles & neurons rely on electrolytes for activity. Muscle contraction is dependent upon the presence of calcium, sodium, & potassium.
- NOTE: There isn’t a one size fits all hydration plan. Check your sweat rate & urine color to keep it in check!
Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration:
- Increased Heart Rate
- Decreased sweating
- Higher rate of perceived effort
- Dark yellow urine
Signs & Symptoms of Over-Hydration:
- Confusion & Inattentiveness
- Blurred Vision
- Muscle Cramps & Twitching
- Paralysis on one side of body
- Poor Coordination
- Nausea & Vomiting
- Rapid Breathing & Weakness
- Sudden weight gain
Sweat Rate Calculation:
- Weight before exercise – Weight after exercise = ____lb
- Weight Difference X 16oz = ____oz
- Amount of fluids consumed during activity + oz = _____Total fluids lost
- Duration of activity = _____hours
- oz lost/duration of activity = _____sweat rate (oz/hr)
(As little as 2% fluid loss can impair performance. In fact, a 3% loss can cause a 10% loss of strength and an 8% loss in speed.)
Just like I’ve said hydration takes PRACTICE just as much as your running training does, and every person is NOT created the same. So here are a few guidelines to start with, adjust according to how you feel.
- General rule of thumb, drink about half your body weight in ounces/day. Example: 120lb person would drink about 60oz of water per day. (Eat fruits & veggies too; about 80% is water and they’re packed with antioxidants, which boost muscle recovery & immunity)
- During training drink about 15 – 20 ounces/hour. If you are an intense salty sweater consider upping the ounces. (This is only for runs OVER an hour – most athletes won’t require much during runs/workouts under an hour)
- Thirst is a great indicator that tells you, “hey gimme liquids”; however, it’s not always the best in certain climates (cold or extremely dry). My recommendation is PRACTICE your hydrating like everything else, and if you are thirsty then drink, but if you are thirsty every other mile then it could be because you haven’t acclimated to the particular climate yet.
- Take the sweat test to get some answers while you practice your hydrating training. It estimates how much fluid you lose on your runs. I suggest doing this in all weather conditions and be sure to note it in your training log; particularly focusing on the weather conditions that you will be racing in at your race pace. (Tempo Runs) See formula above.
- Urine test – If your urine is like apple juice get your butt in gear and start drinking, if it’s a pale yellow then you have been appropriately hydrating.
- One thing we don’t want to do is chug our liquids, because that could possibly leave you feeling nauseated, and you could experience that sloshing feeling in your tummy. So instead of thinking, have your watch do it for you!! Set your watch to beep every 15 minutes as a reminder to consider your thirst.
- Drink both water & a drink that contains both a carbohydrate & electrolyte combo. This is for any run longer than 45 min – 1 hour. The carbs help to sustain your energy levels, & the electrolytes will help in the prevention of hyponatremia.
- ALWAYS chase gels, chews, or blocks with WATER! Be sure to take in both slowly. Your belly will thank you!
It’s all about PRACTICE! Just like we train our muscles and cardiovascular system, we can train our belly too! NEVER TRY ANYTHING NEW ON COMPETITION DAY!!
STAY TUNED FOR RACE DAY PREP & PLANNING! | <urn:uuid:2dd9689f-81f9-41a2-af70-c018362667e8> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://runfitcoaching.com/nutrition-training-part-iv-hydration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583745010.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121005305-20190121031305-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.925557 | 1,191 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Ukrainian engineer Max Gerbut and his team has created an autonomous, 3-D printed, composite solar powered-house called PassivDom. Gerbut and the PassivDom team claim the 387 square foot house, made with an industrial 3-D printer, is the first totally autonomous house in the world, and can operate in a wide range of climates.
All systems in the eco-friendly house can be operated with smartphone. The PassivDom house design allows for many units to be assembled together like Legos to build up a larger building.
The idea behind PassivDom is to create a home that can be built without external structures, including foundation, plumbing, and water tanks. The creators also aimed to make it possible to live autonomously and sustainably with zero carbon emissions. The startup says its houses are pre-constructed in a factory, and claims they can be deployed so fast that owners can move in within a day of buying one.
According to the PassivDom website, the house is mobile and can be transported to any place within a few hours. The house’s 3-D printed frame is made from a combination of carbon fiber, fiberglass and polyurethane. Gerbut claims that due to the use of advanced materials, the walls of the house won’t rust like iron or rot like wood. The composite frame also makes it nine times stronger than steel.
Additionally, the creators says PassivDom will not become colder with time, as there are no materials that lose thermal conductivity. The makers of the house believe in composites enough to have PassivDom comes with a “materials warranty” that insures the thermal characteristics will be maintained for 40 years. They say the house itself has a minimum lifetime of 20 years. | <urn:uuid:b09caa97-2d25-4e3f-827b-3990d01d5c7d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://compositesmanufacturingmagazine.com/2017/03/introducing-passivdom-autonomous-3-d-printed-composite-solar-powered-house/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573561.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919163337-20190919185337-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.948265 | 367 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Actinopteri (ray-finned fishes) > Eupercaria/misc
(Various families in series Eupercaria) > Caesionidae
(Fusiliers) > Caesioninae
Etymology: Caesio: Latin, caesius, bluish-grey, 1835; it is the same name given to the silvery metal (Cs) (Ref. 45335). More on author: Rüppell.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Marine; reef-associated; non-migratory; depth range 2 - 30 m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 31°N - 11°N, 32°E - 45°E (Ref. 402)
Western Indian Ocean: Red Sea to the Arabian Sea.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 402); common length : 24.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5450)
soft rays: 12. Body light bluish to greenish dorsally, white ventrally. 3-4 scales on cheek; 19-25 predorsal scales; scaled dorsal and anal fins; Supra-temporal band of scales continuous at dorsal midline. Upper peduncular scale rows usually 11 (11-12); lower peduncular scale rows usually 15 (14-15). A small process on basioccipital for attachment of Baudelot's ligament. Post maxillary process single; posterior end of maxilla blunt.
Inhabits coastal areas, primarily around coral reefs. Forms aggregations in midwater and feeds on zooplankton. Oviparous, with numerous, small pelagic eggs (Ref. 402).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Carpenter, K.E., 1987. Revision of the Indo-Pacific fish family Caesionidae (Lutjanoidea), with descriptions of five new species. Indo-Pac. Fish. (15):56 p. (Ref. 1723)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 123251)
CITES (Ref. 123416)
Threat to humans
Fisheries: subsistence fisheries
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningSpawning aggregationFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969
): 24.5 - 29.3, mean 28.8 °C (based on 130 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.00561 - 0.02824), b=3.10 (2.90 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic level (Ref. 69278
): 3.4 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref. 120179
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low vulnerability (20 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref. 124155
): Calcium = 66 [41, 129] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.91 [0.61, 1.30] mg/100g ; Protein = 19.2 [18.3, 20.1] % ; Omega3 = 0.16 [0.11, 0.23] g/100g ; Selenium = 36.7 [21.0, 59.6] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 80.7 [34.2, 189.1] μg/100g ; Zinc = 1.22 [0.90, 1.65] mg/100g (wet weight); | <urn:uuid:70fd1136-b972-4f84-9103-17766f2eb387> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.fishbase.org/summary/caesio-striata | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488517820.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622124548-20210622154548-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.654464 | 925 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Making a research paper is not simple for many students. But it is still possible to make a successful document if you know the main rules. In our detailed guide, we will give you many effective and useful hints on how to cite in a research paper to impress your readers and get a high grade. Make sure you have a lot of time for planning and writing. And now, go ahead and follow our tips on citing in a research paper!
Guide on Using References and Citing Sources in a Research Paper
3 Ways to Cite an Essay - wikiHow
The purpose of the introduction is to give your reader a clear idea of what your essay will cover. It should provide some background information on the specific problem or issue you are addressing, and should clearly outline your answer. Whatever term is used, this is essentially your response to the essay question, which is based on the research you have undertaken. An essay is not like a mystery novel which keeps the reader in suspense; it should not slowly reveal the argument to the reader.
How to Cite an Essay in MLA
APA American Psychological Association style is used to cite sources in the field of social sciences. It can be used for research papers in the subjects of social anthropology, sociology, social psychology, political science, and economics. In this guide, we will provide you with specific directions on how to organize and properly cite different types of sources in APA format — along with citation examples.
This guide is no longer updated and will be removed a year from now march We are also working on a separate guide for scientific writing that will replace some parts of this guide. The main sources used in science are reseach articles and review articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals. Other common source types are books and chapters from edited books and websites are also sometimes used. | <urn:uuid:264428cb-6a29-4c03-8f2f-97da6fe3de68> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://guerledan.info/philosophy-thesis/reference-in-writing-an-essay-56555.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731105716-20210731135716-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.934785 | 370 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Educators fired up to stand up for their students and profession
NEA Joint Conference on Concerns of Minorities and Women concludes in Chicago
CHICAGO - June 30, 2011 -
In the face of unrelenting attacks on their profession and unprecedented budget cuts in public education funding, the nation’s educators pledged to continue fighting for great public schools, social justice and equal opportunity for all. National Education Association (NEA) members convened the 2011 NEA Joint Conference on the Concerns of Minorities and Women: Empowerment from Within—Educators Take Action, to discuss union rights and equality issues.
“We hope every educator attending the 2011 Joint Conference will come away feeling empowered to stand up and use educators’ collective energy in the struggle for human and civil rights, right here in America,” said NEA President Dennis Van Roekel. “We need your sense of optimism and can-do attitude now more than ever,” said Van Roekel.
Speakers noted that educators are increasingly working in hostile environments, facing demands to “do more with less” as a result of budget cuts, and being on the receiving end of attacks on their profession. Beyond the classroom, in some communities, educators are working with students and families who are facing one of the most anti-immigrant environments in recent history. At the same time, politicians are stripping educators of their collective bargaining rights and pushing radical voter suppression laws. All of this, they reminded the participants, is on top of efforts to privatize public education and drain money from public schools with schemes like vouchers.
Among the highlights of the 2011 Joint Conference the following key speakers:
- Best-selling author Marie Myung-Ok Lee inspired educators find their voice with her own story about overcoming adversity, racism and bullying to become an accomplished writer.
- National leading activists engaged educators in an honest and powerful discussion about the state of civil rights.
- Artist, activist, educator, and scholar Dr. Antonia Darder led the charge to bluntly discuss the role that racism, economic inequality and other environmental conditions play in education.
- Lt. Col. (retired) Consuelo Castillo Kickbush shared her story about overcoming poverty, discrimination and illiteracy to inspire others.
The breakout sessions, trainings and workshops focused on engaging hands-on discussions about the following subjects:
- Defeating attacks on educators and union rights, including:
- The role that educators play in transforming public education for the 21st century through initiatives like NEA’s Priority Schools Campaign
- Making education reform work for minority students
- Mobilizing women and minority communities to action
- Training the next generation of union leaders
- Using students’ experiences to close persistent achievement gaps
- Mobilizing around English Language Learners and public education
- Bullying and you: what you need to know, and do, about student bullying
“The 2011 Joint Conference produced a roadmap of action through which we can begin rectifying the civil wrongs happening to and around us, one student at a time, one educator at a time, one school at a time,” said Van Roekel. “We are educators, and because a quality public education is every student’s fundamental human and civil right, we are also civil rights activists.”
For photos and video highlights of the 2011 Joint Conference on Minorities and Women, please visit www.nea.org.
# # #
The National Education Association is the nation’s largest professional employee organization, representing 3.2 million elementary and secondary teachers, higher education faculty, education support professionals, school administrators, retired educators and students preparing to become teachers.
CONTACT: Miguel A. Gonzalez (202) 822-7823, firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:8fe88835-ed79-4780-871a-99027587d235> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.nea.org/home/45867.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802776996.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075256-00114-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940656 | 783 | 2.6875 | 3 |
From Jean Donaldson’s Oh Behave
David Premack was a psychologist who reframed the concept of reinforcement as the opportunity to engage in a preferred response rather than the provision of a reinforcing thing, i.e. ‘eating is a reinforcing activity’, rather than ‘food is a reinforcer’”
Since learning theory applies to all creatures, the Premack principle can be useful in dog training.
Some trainers such as Cheryl S. Smith and Mandy Book call Premack “Gramdma’s Rule” i.e “You have to eat dinner before you eat dessert”. In their book, Quick Clicks, Smith and Book write:
The Premack Principle says that you can use a high probability behavior (something the dog gets a lot of [reinforcement ] for or intrinsically enjoys) to reinforce low probability behaviors (something that isn’t reinforced often, or that the dog doesn’t particular care about… To put it in doggie terms, playing with another dog (a high probability behavior behavior) can be used as a reward for looking at you (a lower probability behavior).
Behaviorist Leslie McDevitt and others take Premack a step further and use distractions as rewards. For example, you might have a beagle who always wants to keep his nose on the ground, therefore loose leash walking can be difficult. But a savvy pet parent might use sniffing as a reward. At the same time, we set the dog up for success. So we don’t ask our dog to heel for an hour before allowing a sniff. In the beginning, we might ask for 2 feet of loose leash walking, then reward the dog by releasing her to go sniff.
In her book, Control Unleashed: The Puppy Program, McDevitt writes about her dog, “Easy” and how much he loves water. The author writes that she calls her dog then releases him to continue swimming.
1. The dog learns that coming to mom doesn’t mean that the fun ends
2. The good feelings about swimming bleed backwards to his feelings about coming when called. So coming when called becomes a really fun thing to do.
Premack is another way that we can work with our dogs rather than against them.
Coming up, using Premack for squirrels and fence fighting.
Email questions or comments to email@example.com
Replies might be shared on this blog but names will be changed or left out.
For more training tips, please see Puddin’s Training Tips
For more pet articles, check out SAPAWS
For info on public appearances (human only), see Pet Education | <urn:uuid:1c64ebe9-8eb0-4d72-8b0e-93e2f690a1e6> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://blog.mysanantonio.com/latrenda/2012/12/premack-principle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948617.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426222608-20180427002608-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.946741 | 563 | 2.53125 | 3 |
S M von Rothschild
The House of Rothschild first became involved with Austrian finance through the handling of English subsidy payments to her allies during and directly after the Napoleonic wars. In 1820 Prince Metternich, Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs, entered into negotiations with the House of Rothschild for a large loan that was to take the form of a lottery. The complicated arrangements for this enormous loan demanded the presence of a Rothschild in Vienna and thus Salomon Mayer (1774-1855), who had been handling Rothschild affairs with Austria, moved to the city and established established S M von Rothschild, a banking and investment entity that would be highly successful, playing an integral role in the development of the Austrian economy.
The Viennese bank
Prevented from buying property by Imperial restrictions on Jewish rights, Salomon, whose visits to Vienna were increasing in frequency, first rented a suite on a permanent basis at the Römischer Kaiser on the Renngasse, one of the most sumptuous hotels in Vienna, finally taking over the whole hotel. In 1843, Salomon was made a citizen of Vienna and thus became the only Jew entitled to purchase property. He bought the Römischer Kaiser, demolishing it, and completely rebuilding the hotel and creating more suitable business premises. Metternich’s wife found the hotel ‘pleasant and attractive’ when she dined there. She was much impressed, too, with the collection of antiques which he kept there.
The premises remained unchanged and descendants of Salomon continued to do business from there into the 20th century. S M von Rothschild remained in Vienna until the invasion of the Nazis in 1938. | <urn:uuid:84f1ea26-4018-422e-9c6b-841c0b98e21c> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.rothschildarchive.org/business/business_premises/vienna | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396300.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527235451-20200528025451-00356.warc.gz | en | 0.970029 | 340 | 3.015625 | 3 |
It’s no secret that the tax code from the IRS can be confusing, and tax rates are one of the most frequently misunderstood aspects. Filers who misinterpret marginal and effective tax rates can end up believing they have to pay more in taxes, which isn’t the case. Here are the key differences between the two.
What is a marginal tax rate?
In the United States, our government exercises a progressive tax system, which means the higher your income, the higher your tax rate will be. A marginal tax rate is the amount of tax that applies to each additional level of income.
Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, taxpayers are divided into seven brackets: 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35% and 37%. These percentages are your marginal tax rates.
The most common misconception with marginal tax rates is that X% of your entire income is owed to the government, depending on which tax bracket you’re in. But that’s not how tax brackets work:
For example, let’s say you’re a single filer and your annual income is $32,000. You decide to take the standard deduction ($12,000), which would lower your taxable income to $20,000. This would put you into the 12% tax bracket. Instead of handing over 12% of your $20,000 taxable income to Uncle Sam, you actually only pay 12% of the money over $9,525 – the 12% bracket’s minimum amount.
Here’s why: In the first bracket – 10% – you would pay 10% of the bracket’s maximum amount.
- 10% of $9,525 = $952.50
Once you get to the 12% tax bracket, you’ll only have to pay 12% of $10,475 because that’s the amount of money you have left in your taxable income of $20,000.
- 12% of $10,475 = $1,257
If you have a higher income such as $100,000, you would repeat the same process for each bracket until you reach your marginal tax rate – 24%.
What is an effective tax rate?
An effective tax rate is the actual percentage of your annual income that you owe to the IRS. To calculate your effective tax rate, you must divide your total tax liability by your annual income. When you add up the amounts from the example above, your total tax liability would equal $2,209.50, but since the IRS rounds up, it would actually be $2,210. Divide that number by your income before taxes ($32,000) and you’ll get an effective tax rate of 6.90%.
Now, you’ll also need to factor FICA taxes – Medicare and Social Security – into the equation, as well as any state and local taxes.
For our example, let’s say you don’t owe state or local taxes, so you’ll have to pay 7.65% of your taxable income for FICA taxes.
TaxSlayer can help
Whenever you prepare your taxes, keep in mind that the marginal tax rate is the highest tax rate that applies to a portion of your income, while the effective tax rate is the actual percentage you pay on your taxes. When you file with TaxSlayer, we do all the math for you to make your filing experience as easy as possible.
The information in this article is up to date through tax year 2021 (taxes filed 2022). | <urn:uuid:e2fadd53-9de9-4de1-a39e-9e98de1c1fe4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.taxslayer.com/blog/effective-tax-rate-vs-marginal-tax-rate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587926.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026200738-20211026230738-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.958885 | 737 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed in 1990. It’s a law that prohibits any discrimination against the disabled. It has plenty of benefits, especially in terms of employment.
This act penalizes companies that’ll demote, fire, or deny a job to a person on the sole basis of their physical, psychological, and cognitive limitations. But, the presence of this law alone can’t completely eliminate the hurdles experienced by people with disabilities when searching for an occupation.
To further help disabled individuals seek long-term employment, the government launched an initiative called the Social Security Ticket to Work(sometimes just called “Ticket”). This article lists some of the frequently asked questions about this program. Read on to discover the answers to these common queries.
What Exactly Is the Ticket?
The ultimate goal of this program is to promote self-sufficiency and independence to those who are already receiving Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) or Social Security Income (SSI). To achieve that, the governmenthelpsdisabled adults find a suitable job for them. For starters, there are seminars thatindividuals aged 18 to 64 can attend.
How Can the Ticket Program Help People Get a Job?
Aside from the seminars, there are also Employment Networks (ENs) available. These organizations can assist those with disabilities to find the right job for them. They offer a variety of services, including:
- Career Counseling – Career specialists can help you find employment opportunities based on your skills, talents, and previous volunteer work, if applicable.
- Links to Other Companies – ENs can help you be connected with plenty of companies across all industries. This way, you’re sure to get a job that’s suitable for you.
- Employment Progress Monitoring – ENs will continue to track your progress as a member of the workforce. They’ll continuously contact you and your employer and ask how you’re doing.If needed, you’ll also be provided with adequate support to help you cope with the sudden change of environment.
Is the Ticket Only Applicable for Office and Home-Based Jobs?
Not exactly. People can also take advantage of the Ticket to get government support when trying to become self-employed or starting their own business. Just contact your EN if you want to have this opportunity.
Also, there are instances in which ENs also help with education. This happens when a person wants to attend training sessions or become a graduate student to enhance their skills and get better employment opportunities.
Is It Possible to Lose One’s Social Security Benefits?
Under normal circumstances, the disabled person will continue to receive SSDI or SSI. It’ll only be stopped when the government deems that their earnings through their work or business become large enough to support themselves.
Also, those enrolled in the Ticket to Work program continue to be eligible for Medicaid benefits. It won’t stop as long as they’re receiving SSDI or SSI from the government. | <urn:uuid:9dbdc66c-3ce2-4bf0-abaa-45e6afd0127f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://privateperez.com/2020/03/24/faqs-about-the-governments-ticket-to-work-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153491.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727202227-20210727232227-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.956388 | 623 | 2.734375 | 3 |
It's Awanti Pura Temple and Ancient Martand Surya Temple - Anantanag.
Andhi (1975) movi's famous song " Tere Bina Zindagi se koi shikwa to nahi" was shot at Martand Sun Temple. The ruins of Martand Sun Temple located 64-km south-east of Srinagar should be stamped prominently on the tourist map of Jammu and Kashmir. Tourists who flock to popular destinations like Pahalgam and Aru Valley should make a point of visiting the Sun Temple of Martand, which lies in district Anantnag.
The place is covered in snow during winters.Awantipora or Awantipur is a town and a notified area committee in Pulwama district of the Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir. It is situated between Anantnag and Srinagar on National Highway 1A. Awantipora was named after Avanti Varman and had a number of ancient Hindu temples built by the king including the Avantiswami Temple.
The ruins of temples constructed by Lalitaditya are also found in Awantipora. The temple sites are protected and maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.
At Avantipura itself Avantivarman erected two magnificent temples, one dedicated to Lord Vishnu called Avantisvamin and the other to Lord Siva called Avantisvara, the former built before his succession to the throne and the latter obtaining sovereignty. During the medieval times, these temples witnessed mass destruction and were reduced to ruins.
The early part of twentieth century witnessed large scale operation by D.R. Sahni who exposed the entire quadrangle of the temple down to the floor of the courtyard and reclaimed the extant basement of the central shrine and remains of the subsidiary shrines. The excavation yielded a rich crop of antiquities including 121 coins issued by Toramana, Sultans of the Shah Miri dynasty, Durrani Afghan rulers etc. Sahni also excavated the quadrangle of the Avantisvara temple and brought to light a small earthen jar having 108 copper coins issued by various rulers, fragments of birch manuscripts containing accounts of articles of worship, inscribed earthen jar etc.
The layout of the original complex consists of a temple erected in the central part of a spacious oblong courtyard, four smaller shrines at the four corners of the central shrine, a running roofed peristyle with an array of cells ranged around the periphery of the paved courtyard, and an imposing gateway. In front of the staircase of the central shrine was a sort of a pillared mandapa with open sides, containing within perhaps garudadvaja. The temple is effectively distributed with exuberant carvings and refined, graceful sculptures which is a masterly symphony of architecture and art.
Write-up and Picture Credit: Tapan Mukherjee, Nilabja Ghosh | <urn:uuid:d2097a34-8e6a-4969-9598-902680aea8be> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://funalive.com/articles/awanti-pura-temple-and-ancient-martand-surya-temple-in-anantanag_DpKl.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488544264.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623225535-20210624015535-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.953063 | 613 | 2.625 | 3 |
Access to the complete content on Oxford Medicine Online requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts for each book and chapter without a subscription.
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- 1 ADHD in Preschool Children: Overview and Diagnostic Considerations Jaswinder K. Ghuman and Harinder S. Ghuman
- 2 Evaluation Process and Essentials of Clinical Assessment Jaswinder K. Ghuman and Harinder S. Ghuman
- 3 Neuropsychological Assessment of ADHD in Preschoolers: Performance-Based Measures, Rating Scales, and Structured Interviews E. Mark Mahone and Alison E. Pritchard
- 4 Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity: Primary Healthcare Provider Perspective Sydney A. Rice and William N. Marshall, Jr.
- 5 Psychosocial and Behavioral Interventions with a Focus on Parent–Child Interaction Therapy: Theory and Clinical Practice Regina Bussing and Desiree W. Murray
- 6 Tailoring the Incredible Years™: Parent, Teacher, and Child Interventions for Young Children with ADHD Carolyn Webster-Stratton and Jamila Reid
- 7 Psychopharmacologic Interventions in Preschool Children with ADHD: General Considerations and Evidence Jaswinder K. Ghuman and Harinder S. Ghuman
- 8 Psychopharmacologic Interventions: Clinical Practice in Preschool Children with ADHD Jaswinder K. Ghuman and Harinder S. Ghuman
- 9 Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Preschool Children with ADHD Nicholas Lofthouse and Elizabeth Hurt
- 10 Sleep Problems and Interventions in Preschoolers with ADHD Mark Stein and Margaret D. Weiss | <urn:uuid:6b80ec34-dca0-4aec-9d2d-7b3b3f84ec6f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199948925.001.0001/med-9780199948925?rskey=3PyoQW&result=9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.803267 | 364 | 2.71875 | 3 |
About 260 million years ago, Orthacanthus was the apex predator of freshwater swamps and bayous in Europe and North America. Its body reached nearly 10 feet (3 meters) in length and owned a peculiar set of double-fanged teeth. They first appeared about 400 million years ago in the Devonian, and became extinct just before the Mesozoic, about 225 million years ago.
In The Land Before Time
A stylized Orthacantus is seen in The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island during the song Big Water. A second one is also seen during the same song. Due to a visual gag, it looks extremely similar to Littlefoot, except that it's a fish. | <urn:uuid:242a236a-7abd-4af7-8ad0-c2713f3970da> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://landbeforetime.wikia.com/wiki/Orthacanthus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00418-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959663 | 143 | 2.75 | 3 |
'process' is a running computer program.
for this to happen, a certain amount of computer's memory must be reserved (allocated) for the process. both for code as well as for data.
memory reserved for process is split into 'segments'.
in x86 processor machines, there are following segments:
- 'text segment' is also called 'code segment'. in this segment all of instructions written by programmer are stored in a 'machine language form'. nothing can be written there, segment's size cannot be changed after loading program into memory.
- 'data segment' contains both global variables, as well as declared constants, for example: 'character strings'.
- 'bss segment' contains static variables, as well as uninitialized global variables.
- 'heap segment' has dynamic size - can be resized during program's run; it's used for storing dynamic variables that are created & destroyed by user as programmer allowed.
- 'stack segment' is automatically used by local variables of called functions, storing for example call's arguments. it's similar to 'heap segment' in that it can be resized.
it's that a 'buffer overflow' is often called a 'stack overflow'.
often 'buffer overflow' affects stack, that's why we'll examine 'stack segment' properly.
'stack' can be imagined as 'tower of blocks', with a constant base, with variables being put on it's top. each of tiers makes this tower higher & higher. both stack & tower have a given size. after reaching critical maximum size tower can be toppled, stack can overflow memory. when we reach for variable on stack, we take topmost one.
operating on stack is possible with two basic commands:
PUSH - is: 'put a value on stack',
POP - is: 'get a value from stack'.
of course system must know a current address of stack's top, to remove variables one by one. processor uses ESP register for that (Extended Stack Pointer).
let's look at a following code, on an image:
code with 'stack' used in a function call.
stack after a call of func(argc) should look as on following image:
when program starts, it stores program's arguments on stack first. we have: 'int argc' & 'char *argv' on stack.
then main function is called, next tier (position) on stack is filled with copies of register values of EIP & EBP.
EIP is called 'instruction pointer', it points at next instruction to process during program's run. when we store that register value, we know where to return after completing called function's run.
EBP is 'Extended Base Pointer' stores last stack's top address.
next step in this program's run is calling a function func(argc). we put on stack argument(s) passed to a function, in this case: number of arguments that user passed to program as it was run. next we put EIP & EBP register values - this time they are associated with returning from function func.
a buffer is memory fragment reserved for storing a given amount of data. if programmer won't take care of controlling amount of data, it's easy to overflow a buffer ... leaving an opening for a hacking attack.
if amount of data is more than buffer's maximum size, rest of data is written in another memory area, nearby.
'Buffer overflow' attack.
let's look at another image with another program.
a program vulnerable to a 'buffer overflow' attack.
writing 1 or 10 of '32-bit byte long' characters did not overflow buffer, as buffer is of a size of 10.
'strcpy' function copies character strings without copying an 'end of string' character.
adding one more character did overflow buffer, however ... overwriting variable 'a' with a value of '0x41' of 'A' character.
'Segmentation fault' error as well.
adding too many of characters, however, will result in an 'Segmentation fault' error, meaning that program attempted to write to memory area that was not assigned to it.
how many is enough ?
this depends on a hardware-software configuration, we'll show that with an example.
depending on a 'hardware-software configuration' we can have C language compiler that allocates different amount of 'stack bytes' ... different depending on a mentioned 'hardware-software configuration'.
on used operating system (SSO v2.0) we have a gcc compiler with a preferred-stack-boundary variable, that determines amount of allocated stack bytes.
it's power of 2, so the programs will have stack space allocated equal to n-th power of 2.
by default it's assigned a value of 4, so stack will have 24 = 16 bytes allocated.
we'll show this using a gdb debugger.
stack size is 16 dec = 10 hex.
we can see we have 16 bytes allocated on stack,
a value of 'ceiling' of 24 = 16 & of size of a 'buffer' variable, 10.
lets see another image & lets compare results.
stack size is 16 dec = 10 hex, again.
we can see that assembler code is same as before, with 16 bytes allocated on stack again,
a value of 'ceiling' of 24 = 16 & of size of 'a' variable, 1.
lets change value of preferred-stack-boundary variable to 2, so we have 22 = 4 bytes of stack.
stack size is 4 dec = 4 hex.
we can see we have 4 bytes allocated on stack,
a value of 'ceiling' of 22 = 4 & of size of 'a', 1.
Attack on a 'protected application'.
we'll exploit 'scanf' function's use without checking read string's size.
let's look on image:
a buffer overflow.
we've overwritten an 'ok' variable with non-zero, a truth value.
what if there's no 'ok' variable? let's look at image with a more difficult example.
we've passed 32 of 'A' characters to first argument of an application.
this resulted in a memory protection error (Segmentation fault).
because EIP & EBP register values were overwritten with 0x41414141 bytes, as a result of putting there 'AAAA' string (0x41 is 'A').
when we call a function, in preparation, there are EIP & EBP register values put on stack. as we did stack overflow, we've overwritten these register values as they were stored on stack. during a return from check_login function, we retrieve these values & use stored EIP to determine where to 'jump' next with software's execution. we were trying to 'jump' to an address 0x41414141, somewhere where we do not have access to - therefore we got an error message, Segmentation fault.
how to use this situation to our advantage ?
let's check where we can actually jump to.
let's disassemble 'main' function.
'main' function disassembled.
conditional instruction if is realized in assembler using using 'test' & 'je' or 'jne' instructions.
in this case, 'je' instruction jumps in a case of 'false' tested value, when an instruction is not executed due to wrong credentials.
we're interrested in jumping to a point after 'je' instruction, where we have a 'case' for 'right credentials'.
it's 0x08048556, but we have to present it in a 'little-endian' form.
a stack overflow with a 'jump to case'.
... but why we did have to pass 32 byte-long characters to program ?
let's examine check_login function body.
'check_login' function disassembled.
we can see there three 'register push' instructions, plus there's EIP register pushed when we call a function.
... so it's 4x four-byte-long registers, plus 16-byte-long login variable, totalling 32 bytes.
'Buffer overflow' with a 'shellcode injection'.
let's look at code on a following image.
Buffer overflow with a core dump displayed in a debugger.
EIP was filled with 0x41414141 value, as in a previous example.
This time, however we do not have any interresting code part to 'jump' to, as application does not use 'execl'.
We have to provide that a code part, with a 'shellcode'.
a shellcode, written in assembler ... displayed with an object file's dump.
this shellcode is explained with details in this post.
looking at dump at right side of the image, we see result of command 'objdump -d shell2' where 'shell2' is name of the program to be dumped.
based on that a dump, we can write shellcode in 'more machine language form', which looks like that:
shellcode, hexadecimal notation form.
now we can write 'exploit' program that 'injects shellcode' into vulnerable application, then overwrites EIP to 'jump to shellcode'.
'exploit' program that 'injects shellcode' into to a program that is vulnerable to a 'buffer overflow'.
see also, if You wish or need ... : Buffer Overflow Attack, 'Heap Overflow' Hacking Attack, 'Format String' Hacking Attack. | <urn:uuid:98efbd6b-3ed0-41b6-a4e9-ec478ef34fa5> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://dragonfly-algorithm.blogspot.com/2015/08/buffer-overflow-hacking-attack.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103167.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817092444-20170817112444-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.900235 | 2,022 | 4 | 4 |
Kids should come with a manual, but they don't. If you just had your first child, you might be sitting there thinking, "How do I do this?" Not to worry. Parenting 101 class is now in session.
Do you have your notebook and pencil? Is your baby sleeping? Because if not, don't plan on getting anything done. That's your first Parenting 101 lesson. You're welcome.
Parenting 101: What It Takes to Be a Good Parent
Everyone that has ever been a parent has wondered whether they were a good parent. It is a natural curiosity.
We all wonder whether the things we do will affect our children in a negative way. Everyone has an opinion, and we hope to help sort some of those out.
Walk along with us as we explore what it takes to be a good parent and how to be a better parent. We will be sharing one sure-fire trick that will elevate your parenting skills beyond the solar system!
What the psychologists say
When it comes to raising children, psychologists usually have a lot to say. Unfortunately, we didn't find much out there on the intricacies of infants. Most of the information deals with children from toddler and beyond.
There isn't a lot of information that will tell you which cry means a wet diaper, which one means they're hungry, and which one means they're tired.
During the first year, you're going to have to figure out a lot on your own. Some things are well-documented in books, but these are predominantly centered around the physical care of your baby.
To care for your child's psychological wellbeing, the opinions are as varied as there are children in the world.
At Psychology Today, they offer up 10 parenting tips that are a good place to start:
- 1Identify your child's strengths
- 2Punishment is not as effective as praise and rewards
- 3Avoid negative emotions, such as sarcasm, anger, and ridicule
- 4Don't compare your children to each other
- 5Get support when you need help
- 6Give your children positive attention
- 7Monitor and limit your child's internet use
- 8Life is totally different when you have a child -- accept it
- 9Be a good example
- 10Don't give up on your kid
So there you have it. Psychologists don't know much about Parenting 101 when it comes to infants. However, the above list is a great place to start for general tips as you travel along your journey.
What the teachers say
Teachers don't really get to experience your children until they are beyond the toddler stage. When you send your child to school at the ripe old age of four or five, you have already taught them a lot.
Most teachers will expound on the importance of parental involvement from early childhood through high school. The difference between a student with an involved parent and one without is noticeable from pre-school age and beyond.
So, basically stated, most teachers say that an important part of parenting is to be involved in your child's activities, school, and life in general.
What other parents say
What don't they say would probably be the more accurate phrasing? When it comes to advising, there is no shortage of input from other parents.
"Well, when mine were that age..."
"None of my children acted that bad. I taught them manners."
"You have to spank them..."
"You can't spank them..."
"Don't let them make choices..."
"You need to encourage them to make decisions early..."
Every parent has an opinion. Some are good, and some are not so good. Unfortunately, there is no easy way to sort through them to determine which is which.
There is no shortcut to Parenting 101 when it comes to sorting out what will work best with your child. On this, listen to the opinions of other parents, but determine your own rules, guidelines, and practices when it comes to raising your children.
There is no "right" or "wrong" parenting style if you are actively trying your best. Because each child is different, parenting styles will even change from one sibling to the next. Remember, there are no one-size-fits-all manuals with children.
Adding a Child to Your Busy Schedule
So many people enter parenthood with the idea that a baby won't change their lifestyle much. They get a rude awakening within the first month of having a baby in the house.
It takes longer to prepare to go anywhere. Grocery shopping becomes a nightmare -- or a welcome respite if you can leave the child at home with a spouse. Diapers, wipes, extra outfits, bottles, and a few extra diapers.
Where did that Binky go? The owl? Where is the stuffed owl? How did you lose a shoe already? Ah, geez... did you have to spit up NOW? Oh, no you didn't! OMG! What did I feed you that caused THAT?
Buckle up. Please keep your hands and feet inside the car at all times. This will be the wildest roller coaster ride of your life. And you will not always enjoy the ride, but the triumphs are worth the troubles.
I wouldn't lie to you about that.
Achieving the proper mindset
If you are expecting, you have time to prepare yourself for this journey. Achieving the proper mindset before your baby arrives is a positive step in the right direction.
That includes adoptive parents, foster parents, and even aunts, uncles, and grandparents. Babies change family dynamics in many ways.
Read books. Learn about the birth process. Explore your options when it comes to the type of birth you want: natural, fully medicated, with a midwife or Doula, C-section. Some of those decisions will be based on the pregnancy itself.
Take some time before the baby gets here and adjust your mind. Watch documentaries. Talk to your doctors and nurses. Even if you don't use a midwife or Doula, they can be a wealth of information and counseling. Talk to other parents.
Parenting 101 isn't a manual you can open to page 72 to find answers. It is an entire process.
Don't be afraid to research, and don't panic when you read some of the "worst case" scenarios out there. While the internet can be a wealth of good information, there is also an overwhelming amount of questionable information out there. So research wisely.
Planning makes life easier on everyone
Find a pediatrician before the baby arrives if you can. Most pediatricians will allow for pre-patient interviews so you can meet the doctor and some of the staff. You can often tour their office, check references, and conduct research on the best type of doctor for your child.
Some will even allow you to pre-register your child as a patient. That allows you to enter all your personal data and register your insurance information. By pre-registering your child, your first appointment will run more smoothly.
Don't start habits that you don't want to continue for 18 years. If you have "whisper rules" every time the baby is sleeping, your child will grow up unable to sleep unless the entire house is quiet. Don't go out of your way to make noise, but don't over-do the quiet either.
Make lists and plan. Play "What if..." with your spouse to learn how each of you will respond to certain hypothetical things. Discuss alternatives. Planning is the best way to settle into changes quickly.
Although you don't need a plan for the next 18 years, having a good idea of what you are looking forward to will help. Discuss things like disciplinary expectations, chores, and school goals with your spouse before they become an issue.
Parents need to stay on the same track because raising a child is a team effort. If one parent is always giving in, the kid will learn to skip the other parent and always go to the one that caves.
Parenting 101 tip coming up: Children can be devious little manipulators. To win at parenting, you need to be aware of that and guard against it. You are the parent. The rules are made by you. Stay strong, firm and above all, consistent.
Family vacations can wait a few years
If you and your spouse routinely go on a large vacation every year, hold off on those for the first couple of years. Instead, try some shorter trips closer to home while your baby is an infant.
There is nothing worse than being two continents away from your pediatrician when Junior has his first earache. If you are closer to home, you can make the trip back to see your regular doctor.
Sightseeing tours aren't very fun with an infant. One of you will always be holding the baby, worrying about feeding, diaper changes, and trying to keep the baby awake all day so you can sleep at night. The list goes on.
There are some people who have taken infants camping as young as two and three weeks old. If your family camps, this is always a fun outing. Without the pressure to see all the sights, you can relax in the fresh air and actually enjoy a vacation.
There is plenty of time for European vacations in a few years.
Grandma, Grandpa, and all the relatives
Visiting relatives isn't always an easy task either. Your child will be in a new environment, surrounded by strange people cooing and pinching their puffy little cheeks.
To a baby that may feel like being a tiny ant staring at a huge boot about to drop on your head. It can be scary, so keep that in mind. We would be remiss in not extending that warning to new parents in any rendition of Parenting 101 tips.
Start with small groups so you don't overwhelm your child. Having relatives visit you in your home is an option also. Your child will have the familiarity of "home" when they meet hoards of belly-poking, cheek-pinching relatives.
Diaper bags, toys, and a clean outfit
Parenting 101 super tips to follow:
Keep a diaper bag packed and ready. ALWAYS.
Restock it when you return from an outing. Keep at least 10 diapers in it at first. That number will decrease as your child grows, but for a newborn, at least 10 diapers for any outing.
Add a zippered baggie or two to carry soiled diapers when there are no appropriate receptacles. Always carry at least one extra outfit for your child (and possibly a spare shirt for yourself). Baby wipes, washcloths, burping cloths, and receiving blankets are also good items to pack.
If you use formula, you can pre-measure the dry mix and keep a few spare bottles on-hand that you only have to add water to. When Junior gets cranky in the grocery store, you will bless this tip.
From One- to Five-Years-Old Is a Blur
We've already discussed a lot of early childhood issues. Planning is the most effective tool that you have as a parent. The first five years will be a blur. You may not remember much of it when they go off to Kindergarten.
Don't worry, those memories are still there. They'll surface and make you cry as you watch your child progress through the school years.
Take LOTS of pictures. We all have cameras on our phones. You don't need fancy equipment. Snap away. Take photos when your kid is sleeping. Catch them when they're playing. Crying, eating, pouting -- it's all fair game.
When you're looking back at these years, you can select photos to use as blackmail when they are a mouthy teenager...
"If you don't do your chores, I'm going to make sure the yearbook committee at school has THAT picture for your senior yearbook!"
Yes, that works. At least with most kids. They do worry about those embarrassing childhood photos taken by an exuberant parent.
OMG -- They're in School Already!
Ah... Kindergarten. It's been four or five years since you have had time to relax. Will you even know how to act? What will you do with all your free time?
Parenting 101 tip for the school years #1: Do Nothing.
Rest and relax for the first two weeks. Putz around the house. That generally means wandering aimlessly. The little person you dedicated your life to is gone for seven hours a day, and you feel empty. It's normal. It will pass.
Think of all the things you put on hold five years ago. Those hobbies? The craft projects? Painting the bathroom? You now have time to do all of them. YOU time. At first, it may seem daunting, but you will come to relish the school hours.
As each school day ends and you pick your kid up, share your day. Celebrate the triumphs of an art project. You will become adept at getting your child to tell you what those unidentified lumps in the drawing are.
Elementary school, PTA, and organized sports
As your child progresses through the early years of our educational system, there will be a multitude of things that parents need to pay attention to.
Elementary school is the basics. Teachers teach writing, simple math, and kids begin to get a little bit of history. The history usually takes the form of traced hands on brown construction paper made to sort of resemble a turkey. Projects are geared toward having fun and learning.
As your child develops, they will learn complex social niceties. Play fair, share the glue, don't run with scissors, and don't fight with little Susie.
As a parent, you will be asked to join a Parent-Teacher organization. These programs participate in school functions, fundraising for extracurricular activities, and creating a fun and healthy environment for your child. Consider joining the organization at your child's school.
If your child is athletic, most communities have programs that begin around the 4- and 5-year-old range. It's where the soccer mom is born. Encourage your children to participate in team sports. They teach team play, sportsmanship, and perseverance.
Parenting 101 is all about supporting your child and providing positive life experiences along the way.
Middle school, high school, and then the boot
If you thought the first five years went quick, wait until you hit middle school. Your child will be heading off to sixth grade one day, and then, seemingly hours later, you're getting a bill for senior pictures.
Middle and high school are where your child begins to plan for their future. They start considering colleges. Some will start researching career paths.
Whatever your child does at this stage regarding schooling is easy -- just support them.
Basic Parenting 101 goal of the day -- be a supportive parent no matter what.
Discuss their expectations and goals. Talk with them about their career paths. Sometimes these conversations are easy and relaxed. Other times it will be like pulling teeth trying to get your child to open up. Just roll with it.
Be prepared for it to change every two weeks, or maybe never.
Every child is different. Some will settle on a career and work steadily on that goal through their secondary education levels. Others will be indecisive and change their mind every couple of weeks.
It doesn't matter. Your job as a parent is to support them. Be willing to bend your own expectations because Parenting 101 isn't a cut-and-dried plan for success or failure. It merely means being a supportive parent and helping your child grow and develop into a successful adult.
Everything you have done up to this point in your child's life has been to serve one goal -- to get them out of your house and living productively on their own.
The Best Advice You Will Ever Get About Parenting 101
I'm about to zing you with the best Parenting 101 tip you will ever receive.
Are you on the edge of your seat?
Here we go...
This is by far the absolute BEST parenting tip you will ever receive from any source. It is so simple.
Just love your children!
That's it -- just love them. How easy is that? You can't mess them up if you just love them.
No matter what anyone says, if you love your children every single day, they will turn out all right.
They will. I promise.
Read all the books, study all the online sources you can Google, and try everything under the sun. What it all boils down to is that one, simple thing.
We hope you enjoyed our foray into the world of parenting. As our final thought, I would like to leave you with a challenge.
Hug your child and tell them that you love them.
Even if you're arguing. Even if they refused to brush their teeth. Hug them. Let them know that no matter what, you love them.
Do it now.
Leave us a comment with your most challenging parental struggle or your funniest parental moment. We love hearing from readers. | <urn:uuid:f804e7be-4a94-4818-b4ad-0698aab38d6d> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://examinedexistence.com/parenting-101/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735916.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805065524-20200805095524-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.960219 | 3,572 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Call The Vet: Helping Your Pet Lose Weight
Pets are considered beloved members of the family for most owners and their health and happiness is important. Increasingly dogs and cats are becoming overweight or even obese, which can lead to serious health issues. According to some studies, more than fifty percent of the American pet population is overweight. Pets should have regular checkups with a veterinarian who will be able to help observe your pet's weight and provide suggestions for weight loss if necessary.
If you want to determine if your dog or cat is overweight, feel around their spine and ribs. Their should only be a thin layer of fat that separates the skin and bones. If you have trouble feeling the spine or ribs, you pet is likely overweight. As a general rule, once a pet has reached maturity, anything above fifteen percent above the recommended weight is considered obese.
If possible, you should regularly weigh your pets to ensure they are at a healthy weight. This can be done monthly, or even weekly. Most vets would be happy to let you use the scale in their office but if this is not possible you can weigh your pets at home. Just get on the scale, and the get on the scale again while holding your pet. The difference between both weights is how much your pet weighs. If you have a very small cat or dog you may need to use a baby scale to weigh them.
Some breeds of dogs are more prone to obesity than others. Certain breeds typically remain slim while other have a propensity for being overweight. Some breeds that are prone to obesity include Dachshunds, Beagles, Rottweilers, and Saint Bernards, among others.
Most owners do not intend to cause their pets to be overweight but oftentimes part of the blame for overweight pets lies with the owners. It is easy to over feed pets with treats and even people food, which is often unhealthy for them. You may want to make you dog happy by sharing your dinner with them, but to avoid weight problems, it is best to not do this. Feeding your dog or cat a healthy balanced diet, and making sure they are active enough are key to maintaining a healthy weight. Portion control is very important for pets whether or not they are overweight. Most pet food packages will offer recommendations for serving sizes but it is important to remember that these are simply general guidelines. How much you should feed your pet will depend on their size, age, and activity level.
If you determine that your pet is in fact overweight, it may be time for a diet. The first step is evaluating exactly what your pet is eating on a daily basis. You will not necessarily need to stop giving your dog or cat treats altogether but it may be necessary to cut back on the amount of treats they are consuming. There are also several healthy alternatives that pets might enjoy including rice cakes and vegetables. You also may need to reduce their food portions but this should be done gradually over a period of about six to eight weeks. Your veterinarian will be able to help you determine exactly how many calories your pet should be consuming on a daily basis for optimal health.
Overweight pets should also exercise as exercise is just as important for pets as for people. Exercise can be as simple as taking your pet for a walk, swimming, or playing ball. About ten to fifteen minutes of activity each day is recommended. Swimming is especially good for older dogs or those with joint problems.
Overweight pets can face a whole host of issues so it is important for your pet's health and safety that they maintain a healthy weight. Obesity can cause diabetes, trouble breathing, orthopedic issues, pancreatitis, and other serious medical issues. To keep your pets at their happiest and healthiest, do your best to feed them a healthy diet, and make sure they get plenty of physical activity.
- Help For Overweight Pets
- Association for Pet Obesity Prevention
- Pet Obesity: What Are The Risks Involved?
- Keeping Fido Fit, Not Fat
- The Growing Problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats
- Cat Obesity: Health Problems With Overweight Cats
- Excess Weight and Your Dog's Health
- Seven Surprising Ways to Help Your Pet Lose Weight
- Weight Reduction in Dogs
- The Importance of Exercise for Pets | <urn:uuid:0b771e19-ae7a-414a-833b-f5dc0d3ecf0b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://veterinarians.com/articles/Helping-Your-Pet-Lose-Weight.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189680.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00034-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964286 | 875 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The first major reduction in tariffs occurred under the Underwood Tariff Bill. The average tariffs was decreased from 41 percent to 27 percent. One hundred items became free of tariff. To replace the lost income, a graduated income tax was imposed. This was the first income tax since the Civil War..
The problem of tariffs was a difficult one politically to tackle. By the early 20th century economist all understood that high tariffs were harmful. In addition if at one time American industry needed protection by this point in American history that protection was no longer needed. However, every time an attempt was made in Congress to lower the tariffs special interests became involved and blocked the change.
President Wilson made it a priority of his to convince the Congress to lower the tariffs. Wilson called a special session of Congress to pass tariff reform in April of 1913. Wilson addressed the session, the first time since John Adams that a President did so. With the Democrats in control of both houses of Congress, it was their responsibility to pass a new law.
Alabama representative Oscar Underwood sponsored the law in the House of Representatives and on May 8, 1913, the new law was passed in the House 281-139. The Senate proved more difficult, with special interests trying to add tariffs on various goods. The President became personally involved twisting arms of individual Senators. On September 9, 1913, it passed the Senate.
The law which was officially known as the Revenue Act of 1913 lowered tariffs on hundreds of items, bringing the average tariff down to 26%. The list of items exempted from tariffs was large and included items like steel rails and agricultural implements.
At the time tariffs were the major source of revenue for the Federal government. To offset the losses caused by the lowering of tariffs, the act reimposed income tax for the first time since the Civil War.
The rate of income tax was progressive. Earners between $3,000 ($76,000 in 2018 dollars) and $20,00 paid 1%. Earners between $20,000 and $50,000 paid 2% ($20,000 in 2018 dollars is $509,000) $50,000 to 75,000 3%. $75,000 to $100,000 4%. $100,000 to $250,000 5%,$250,000 to $500,000 6% and above $500,000 ($12,727,575 in 2018 dollars) 7%. | <urn:uuid:9f5a0414-e8e2-48bf-8b10-bdc76178e7b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.historycentral.com/WStage/UnderwoodTariff.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103322581.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626222503-20220627012503-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.980738 | 487 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Sewer overflows and backups can cause health hazards, damage home interiors, and threaten the environment!
A huge contributor to overflows can be found in SEWER PIPES BLOCKED BY GREASE!!
Grease gets into the sewer from household drains as well as poorly maintained grease traps in restaurants and other businesses.
What are some common forms of grease that make their way down the drain?
Butter and margarine
Did you know that home garbage disposals do NOT keep grease out of the plumbing system? (They only shred solid material into smaller pieces)
AND Commercial additives such as detergents that claim to dissolve grease may pass grease down the line and cause problems in other areas!
What can happen to your home or business if grease gets down your drain?
*Raw sewage overflowing into your home or your neighbor’s home!
*An expensive and very unpleasant cleanup
*Raw sewage overflowing into parks, yards and streets
*Potential contact with disease-causing organisms
*An increase in operation and maintenance costs for local sewer departments which cause HIGHER SEWER BILLS FOR YOU!!!
•Never pour grease down sinks or toilets
•Scrape grease and food scraps from trays, plates, pots, pains, grills, cooking surfaces, etc. and put into a can or in the trash for disposal (recylcing where available).
•Do NOT put grease down garbage disposals. Put baskets/strainers in sink drains to catch food scraps and other solids and empty the drain baskets and strainers into the trash.
For additional information, contact:
The Water Environment Federation | <urn:uuid:8135f724-5739-43f4-9391-291d206e60aa> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://sustainableventura.tv/2011/09/13/fats-oils-and-greases-harmful-to-your-arteries-and-your-sewers-too/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741016.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20181112172845-20181112194845-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.892214 | 340 | 2.6875 | 3 |
"On Friday morning, September 1, the young butcher's lad came and told us: There has been a radio announcement, we already held Danzig and the Corridor, the war with Poland was under way, England and France remained neutral," Victor Klemperer wrote in his diary on September 3. "I said to Eva [that] a morphine injection or something similar was the best thing for us; our life was over."1
Klemperer was of Jewish origin; in his youth he converted to Protestantism and later on married a Protestant "Aryan." In 1935 he was dismissed from the Technical University in Dresden, where he taught Romance languages and literature; yet he went on living in the city, painstakingly recording what happened to him and around him. The British and French responses to the German attack remained uncertain for two days. "Annemarie brought two bottles of sparkling wine for Eva's birthday," Klemperer reported on September 4. "We drank one and decided to save the other for the day of the English declaration of war. So today it's the turn of the second one."2
In Warsaw, Chaim Kaplan, the director of a Hebrew school, was confident that this time Britain and France would not betray their ally as they had betrayed Czechoslovakia in 1938. On the first day of the war Kaplan sensed the apocalyptic nature of the new conflict: "We are witnessing the dawn of a new era in the history of the world. This war will indeed bring destruction upon human civilization. But this is a civilization that merits annihilation and destruction."3 Kaplan was convinced that ultimately Nazism would be defeated but that the struggle would entail enormous losses for all.
The Hebrew school director also grasped the peculiar threat that the outbreak of the war represented for the Jews. In that same September 1 entry, he added, "As for the Jews, their danger is seven times greater. Wherever Hitler's foot treads there is no hope for the Jewish people." Kaplan quoted Hitler's notorious speech of January 30, 1939, in which the Nazi leader threatened the Jews with extermination in case of world war. The Jews were thus more eager than most to take a hand at common defense: "When the order was issued that all the inhabitants of the city must dig shelter trenches for protection from air raids, the Jews came in numbers. I, too, was among them."4
On September 8 the Wehrmacht occupied Lodz, the second largest Polish city: "All of a sudden the terrifying news: Lodz has been surrendered!" Dawid Sierakowiak, a Jewish youngster, barely fifteen, recorded. "All conversation stops; the streets grow deserted; faces and hearts are covered with gloom, cold severity and hostility. Mr. Grabinski comes back from downtown and tells how the local Germans greeted their countrymen. The Grand Hotel where the General Staff is expected to stay is bedecked with garlands of flowers: [Ethnic German] civilians—boys, girls—jump into the passing military cars with happy cries of Heil Hitler! Loud German conversations in the streets. Everything patriotically and nationalistically [German] that was hidden in the past now shows its true face."5
And in Warsaw again, Adam Czerniaków, an employee of the Polish foreign trade clearinghouse and an active member of the Jewish community, was organizing a Jewish Citizens Committee to work with the Polish authorities: "The Jewish Citizens Committee of the capital city of Warsaw," he wrote on September 13, "received legal recognition and was established in the Community building."6 On September 23 he further noted: "Mayor Starzynski named me Chairman of the Jewish Community in Warsaw. A historic role in a besieged city. I will try to live up to it."7 Four days later Poland surrendered.
The voices of many Jewish chroniclers will be heard in this volume, and yet all of them, as different as they may be, offer but a faint glimpse of the extraordinary diversity that was the world of European Jewry on the edge of destruction. After a steady decline of religious observance and an increase in the uncertainties of cultural-ethnic Jewishness, no obvious common denominator fitted the maze of parties, associations, groups, and some nine million individuals, spread all over the Continent, who nonetheless considered themselves Jews (or were considered as such). This diversity resulted from the impact of distinct national histories, the dynamics of large-scale migrations, a predominantly urban-centered life, a constant economic and social mobility driven by any number of individual strategies in the face of surrounding hostility and prejudice or, obversely, by the opportunities offered in liberal surroundings. These constant changes contributed to ever-greater fragmentation within the Diaspora, mainly during the chaotic decades that separated the late nineteenth century from the eve of World War II.
Where, for example, should one locate young Sierakowiak, the Lodz diarist? In his diary entries, started just before the beginning of the war, we discover an artisan family steeped in Jewish tradition, Dawid's own easy familiarity with this tradition and yet, at the same time, a strong commitment to communism ("The most important things are school work and studying Marxist theory," he wrote somewhat later).8 Sierakowiak's divided world was not untypical of the multiple and at times contradictory allegiances coexisting in various segments in Jewish society on the eve of the war: Liberals of various nuances, Social Democrats, Bundists, Trotskyites, Stalinists, Zionists of all possible stripes and factions, religious Jews sparring in endless dogmatic or "tribal" feuds, and, until the end of 1938, a few thousand members of fascist parties, particularly in Mussolini's Italy.9 Yet for many Jews, mainly in Western Europe, the main goal was social and cultural assimilation into surrounding society, while maintaining some elements of "Jewish identity," whatever that meant.
All these trends and movements should be multiplied by any number of national or regional idiosyncrasies and internecine struggles, and, of course, by a high count of sometimes notorious individual oddities. Thus the old and terminally ill Sigmund Freud, who had fled from Vienna to London after the Anschluss . . .The Years of Extermination
Excerpted from The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945 by Saul Friedlander
All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher. | <urn:uuid:109a1a49-3b92-494b-bbd7-780177ac6b12> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://ls2content.tlcdelivers.com/content.html?customerid=735&requesttype=text-chapter&button=false&isbn=9780060190439&upc= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657119965.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011159-00026-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964891 | 1,343 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The 42 slides include a combination of text, illustrations and photographs; and
have detailed speakers notes and handouts.
This presentation assumes people know nothing about badgers and
their habits. It is easy for teachers and lecturers to hide
slides which are beyond the capabilities of their audience.
In This Presentation:
* Introduction to Badgers * Biology * Adult Size and Weight *
Hair/Pelage * Nocturnal Lifestyle * Clans, Setts and Territories *
Dominance * Body Language * Marking, Grooming and Feeding * Causes
of Death * Month by Month * Food Sources * Feeding Signs and Snuffle
Holes * Badger Noises * Territories * Badger Paths * Crossing Points
* Landing Zones * Setts and Sett Types * Badger Holes * Scratch
Marks * Footprints * Stride Patterns * Droppings * Latrines * Bones
* Teeth * Further Information
This presentation has been created using Microsoft PowerPoint
2003. It is possible to read these files in other versions of
Microsoft PowerPoint; as well as "free" or open-source software, such as Open
This licence allows one person (such as a teacher) to use this presentation for one organisation. Multiple teachers or multi-site use requires additional licences. This licence does not allow you to make copies, give away, licence, sub-licence, resell or distribute this presentation. | <urn:uuid:cb9f89cb-fc67-4bdf-aa05-7bf2038d2d08> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.badgerland.co.uk/shop/badgers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131292683.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172132-00167-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.841209 | 298 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Due to demand in traffic from/to Delhi and Kathmandu, flights KB204 and KB205 on the following dates have been split to operate PBHDELPBH and PBHKTMPBH direct....
Location: Western Bhutan, south of the Paro Valley
Distance from Chuzom (river confluence): 79 km
Elevation: 2,670 m, 8,758ft
Haa Dzongkhag is a picturesque remote valley and consists of five Geogs. Characterized by rugged and mountainous terrain, it has been difficult and expensive to deliver development services to the Dzongkhag, due to which most communities are isolated from roads and town. To rouse this problem, the Dzongkhag is constrained by short growing seasons and limited arable land, as only about two percent of the land is cultivable.
Because of the dryland areas and natural pastureland, wheat is the main cereal crop cultivated, although a variety of other dryland crops such as barley and buckwheat are also grown. Potatoes constitute the principal cash crop for the Dzongkhag while apples and vegetables are also cultivated. Livestock rearing is also a key economic activity in the Dzongkhag. Because of the cold, most families raise yaks.
The dzongkhag has a good network of mule tracks and suspension bridges. More often than not, it is muddy in summer and cold in winter. The seasons suitable for trekking are spring and autumn.
1. Haa Dzong
Wangchulo Dzong in Haa is one of the newest, built in 1915 to replace a smaller structure. It is a large square structure with battered (inward-sloping) walls.
2. Chhundu Lhakhang
It is one of the many temples dedicated to the protective deity if Haa, Chhundu. It is 5 minutes walk from Gayekha.
Chhundu did not get along with his neighbours. He was banished to Haa by the Zhabdrung after an altercation with Gyenyen, Thimphu’s protector. He also had a quarrel with Jichu Drajye of Paro and the Paro guardian stole all of Haa’s water- and that’s why there is no rice grown in Haa.
3. Wangcha, Haa- Cheli La- Paro Bondey
It is 26 km from Haa to Cheli La. There’s no habitation on the route as the road switches back through a forest of blue pine, fir and oak. At about 3400m the road traverses through alpine country towards the pass. Cheli La is 3,810m. It is then a 35 km drive down to the junction with the Paro road in Bondey.
4. Lhakhang Karpo
Lhakhang Karpo was established in the 7th century by Tibetan king Songtsen Gempo in his mission to build 108 monasteries in one day. He built Lhakhang Karpo and Lhakhang Nagpo in the Haa Valley. According to a legend, a black and white pigeon were released to select sites to build the temples.
These two temples stand as the guardian sentinels keeping watch at the south entrance of the valley. The white pigeon landed on the foothills of the three towering mountains worshipped as Rigsum Gonpo and is where the Lhakhang stands today.
The temple was named Karpo (white) as it was built on the site where the white pigeon landed.
5. Lhakhang Nagpo
Located in Dumchoe village, the monastery was established in the 7th century by King Songtsen Gampo in his mission to build 108 monasteries in one day. It is situated towards the north of Lhakhang Karpo. Legend has it that King Songtsen Gampo released a black and a white pigeon to select sites to build the temples. The black pigeon landed a little north of the white pigeon, indicating the preordained site of the present Lhakhang Nagpo. The temple was named Nagpo (black) as it was built on the site where the black pigeon landed. Built on a lake; an opening in the floor of the temple serves as the channel to the underground lake. Lhakhang Nagpo serves as the seat for the guardian deity Da Do Chen.
The principal relic of the monastery is the Choe-Lung-truel Sum.
6. Tagchu Goemba
Established in the 20th century, this monastery is located in the Lungse Kha village under Haa Dzongkhag by Dali Lama Sangay Jamtsho.
The principal relics of the monastery are Tshepame(Amitayus or the God of countless life), Guru Rinpoche, Dorji Chang (Vajradhara), Chenrizig (Avaloketeshvara), Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal and Tamdrin (Hayagriva). It also houses religious texts such as Kanjur (translated words of the Buddha) and Tenjur (translated commentaries on the words of the Buddha). | <urn:uuid:c14d2476-56e9-47f8-93ea-4cab27addcc4> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.abto.org.bt/destinations/haa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660898.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00275-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956212 | 1,110 | 2.625 | 3 |
Researchers are poised to begin human clinical trials of a novel gene therapy to treat a major cause of heart disease by shrinking enlarged hearts in order to improve blood flow and cardiac function.
Heart failure, a leading cause of illness and death worldwide, is caused by a weakening and enlarging of the heart as it works harder to pump enough blood to the rest of the body. A heart attack, untreated high blood pressure or clogged coronary arteries can lead to the condition, which kills most people die within five years of diagnosis.
People with heart failure lack a fully functioning gene called SUMO-1, which helps to regulate the calcium that cycles in and out of cells in the ventricles, which pump blood to the body.
In experiments with pigs with heart failure, cardiologist Roger Hajjar at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York discovered a single infusion of the gene SUMO-1 dramatically improved the function of the animals’ hearts.
“Regardless of the cause that induced the heart to be big, we were able to reverse that,” he said.
Hajjar's research team at the Cardiovascular Research Center at Icahn School of Medicine has discovered another gene called SERCA2, which also regulates the movement of calcium in heart cells. Their human trials of replacement gene therapy with SERCA2 are showing similar results to the SUMO-1 animal experiments.
Hajjar believes infusing both genes simultaneously into cardiac failure patients might double the benefit.
“Since we’ve had the experience with SERCA2, we know pretty much the path toward clinical trials from discovery to the bedside," he said. "We feel that within a couple of years, we should be able to take this program forward in terms of gene therapy in patients.”
The therapy involving SUMO-1 and SERCA2 uses a harmless cold virus to deliver the genes into the heart.
An article on gene therapy for heart failure is published in the journal Science Translational Medicine | <urn:uuid:1f2b2174-c6de-4bee-af9f-00879199ca5f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.voanews.com/a/novel-gene-therapy-reverses-heart-disease-in-animals/1790513.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720026.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00039-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937932 | 408 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Material records of pre-contact cultures include ceramics and textiles from settlements thriving between 1000 B.C. and A.D. 1300 on the Peruvian coast. These pieces came to light through the excavations of Field Museum Curators George Dorsey in the 1890's and Donald Collier in the 1940's and 50's as well as University of California anthropologist Alfred Kroeber in the 1920s.
The Nazca culture thrived on the arid south coast of Peru between A.D. 100 and 800. They are renowned not only for their exquisitely painted pottery but also for their colorful and complex textiles. This ceramic vessel depicting a mythical figure from Nazca culture was collected by anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber during the Captain Marshall Field Second Archaeological Expedition to Peru in 1926. | <urn:uuid:8dbd3972-bfac-4505-8a2d-8d54be22ee7c> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://www.fieldmuseum.org/node/5021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860110372.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161510-00091-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967349 | 167 | 3.46875 | 3 |
In 2006, a prominent Chinese collector first unveiled an ancient map that showed clear evidence that the Chinese were actually the first people to discover America and not the Europeans. If proven to be completely true this would definitely shatter some immense historical tales of Western civilization.
The Chinese map which is dated to have been drawn in 1763 but has a note imprinted on it that it was a reproduction of a map first created in 1418, shows the globe with every major continent present. And the amazing part is that it shows the continents with an exactitude that European maps did not have for at least another century. It took the explorations of Columbus, Da Gama, Magellan, Dias, and others before the European maps were of an equal quality.
However, it seems that there are many skeptics amongst scholars, even Chinese scholars seemed quite unsure if the Chinese seamen were the first sailors to go round the world. But there is strong evidence to suggest it could be true when you look at the story and voyages of Zheng He.
Zheng He owned a huge fleet during the time of 1405 to 1433 and embarked on seven voyages himself. Historical records show he did explore Indian Oceans, Southeast Asia, India, the Persian Gulf and the east coast of Africa. He used navigational techniques and built ships that were far ahead of his time. And some scholars argue that he traveled much further and that he discovered America 1421 years before Columbus did.
His achievements, however, have always been widely disputed and been the subject of much speculation over the years. The problem is that a later Chinese emperor decided that connecting with the outside world was dangerous, and destroyed much of their historical records about exploration and travel. | <urn:uuid:d4fb1cdb-0e95-45e4-82d6-19bbec2ebe03> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://blitzlift.com/so-columbus-did-not-actually-discover-america-turns-out-it-was-china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400212039.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923175652-20200923205652-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.981727 | 348 | 3.34375 | 3 |
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Oettingen, during the Carlovingian period a royal palace near the confluence of the Isen and the Inn in Upper Bavaria, near which King Karlmann erected a Benedictine monastery in 876 with Werinolf as first abbot, and also built the abbey church in honour of the Apostle St. Philip. In 907 King Louis the Child gave the abbey in commendam to Bishop Burchard of Passau (903-915), probably identical with Burchard, second and last abbot. In 910 the Hungarians ransacked and burnt the church and abbey. In 1228 Duke Louis I of Bavaria rebuilt them and put them in charge of twelve Augustinian Canons and a provost. The Augustinians remained until the secularization of the Bavarian monasteries in 1803. Under their care was also the Liebfrauen-Kapelle with its miraculous image of Our Lady, dating from the end of the thirteenth or the beginning of the fourteenth century. The pilgrims became so numerous that to aid the Augustinian Canons the Jesuits erected a house in 1591 and remained until the suppression of their order in 1773. Franciscans settled there from 1653 to 1803; from 1803 to 1844 the Capuchins and some secular priests, from 1844 to 1873 the Redemptorists had charge, and since 1872 the Capuchins. About 300,000 pilgrims come annually. Since the middle of the seventeenth century the hearts of the deceased Bavarian princes are preserved in the Liebfrauen-Kapelle.
MAIER, Gedenkblätter und Culturbilder aus der Geschichte von Altöting (Augsburg, 1885); KRAUTHAHN, Geschichte der uralten Wallfahrt in Altötting (9th ed., Altötting, 1893).
APA citation. (1911). Oettingen. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11215b.htm
MLA citation. "Oettingen." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11215b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:9effeb41-aad4-4b1f-8d5d-afae70a0d974> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11215b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400205950.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922094539-20200922124539-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.883957 | 675 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Russia, often referred to as the 'birth place of Communism' is the land of great heroes and intellectuals who molded the very aspect of world politics. The national heroes of Russia have left an impressive bench mark and truly transformed the economic and social identity of the country in the long run.
To know more about the national heroes of Russia, here's sharing with you some information and facts on Russian national heroes---
Born in April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk, he was the son of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova. During his early life, he had to undergo a turbulent childhood which in the later part of his life inspired him to take an active part in politics. Due to increased involvement in various revolutionary activities, he was arrested several times and on December 7, 1895, he was put in jail for 14 months. Lenin played an active role in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party during 1903, and led the de-facto Bolshevik's. With the out break of First World War in 1914, he initiated a lot of reform measures and played an important role in generating political support for his party. His political career undergone up's and down's. There have been many assassination attempts on Lenin which later demoralized his health and he died on January 21, 1924, at the age of 53.
Regarded as one of the greatest statesman of the world, Stalin was born in Gori. The legendary hero Koba inspired him to take active part in revolutionary activities. During his growing years, he propagated Marxism through social democratic organizations. In 1912 Stalin was included as the member of the Central Committee held at the Prague Party Conference. On April 3, 1922, Stalin was assigned the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks. This step was a turning point in his political career as it made him one of the powerful leaders of then Russia. It was the economic reform measures initiated by the Stalin that brought about a rapid phase of industrialization. Due to his innovative wartime craftsmanship, he was recognized as a great wartime leader who led victory against the Nazis. His varied literary works also made him one of the most popular national heroes of Russia. He died on March 1, 1953 as he suffered from a stroke.
He was the first man to land on moon on 12 April 1961. Yuri Gagarin was born in Gzhatsk on 9th March 1934. His childhood days were spent in midst of turbulent times as the World War 2 created a havoc in the lives of many with many farmers losing their farmlands too. Since his parents belonged to the peasant class, they also had to suffer mercilessly because of the catastrophic war. But still his parents made great efforts so that he continues with his studies. As a student he was a very intelligent boy and had special inclination towards mathematics and science. After the completion of his studies, he joined the Soviet Space Program and made the first travel to space in 1961. After his return, he was assigned the post of deputy training director of Star City. He died in a crash on 27 March 1968.
Thus, these facts on national heroes of Russia enlightens on the intellectuals of the land.
|Get Aquainted with the Independence Day of various Countries|
|India||Iran||Ghana||Kenya||Macedonia||Malaysia||New Zealand||Nigeria||North Korea||Norway|
|Pakistan||Peru||Russia||Saudi Arabia||Srilanka||South Africa||South Korea||USA||Zimbabwe| | <urn:uuid:8dd38e61-4a5b-48fd-aa49-ded564f8bc43> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.123independenceday.com/russian/national-heroes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170186.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00064-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984978 | 723 | 3.03125 | 3 |
For years, China was seen as a country that wasn’t too technologically advanced. There was even a widespread prejudice (which was based on good reason, since it was partially true) that products from China weren’t of the best quality. Other than that, living conditions in China weren’t too great either due to pollution and poverty. However, the last 20 years have seen the Chinese go through an economical and tech revolution as they’ve adopted all sorts of new strategies to improve their country for the better and they’ve done an amazing job of it too. They’ve managed to lift a good portion of their population out of poverty, which was thought to be an impossible task, and they’re planning on eradicating poverty in the country completely by 2020. A lot of that was the result of their tech advancements and here are some examples to show how far they’ve come!
Their Massive Floating Solar Plant
China is moving pretty quickly towards renewable energy. There are plenty of reasons behind this, one of them being that they themselves are the world’s largest exporter of solar panels. Since they’ve got so much production, they have more than enough to install them as well. Furthermore, as the price of renewable energy falls, there’s a greater incentive to start using it more. Thirdly, China has a huge air pollution problem, and its renewable energy efforts are aimed at fixing this issue as fast as they can. They’ve got one of the world’s largest floating solar plants and its pretty impressive to watch from afar. It adds 40 megawatts of power to their main grid, and they’re not even done yet! In the future, the Chinese government plans to send solar panels to space from where energy will be beamed down to earth – this will maximize the sunlight used and will also help in saving land on earth.
The Massive Fleet of Electric Buses
China is putting a lot of emphasis on making its public transport run on clean energy. It’s got the largest amount of electric buses by far, accounting for almost 99% of all the existing ones on earth, and the country isn’t stopping at that number either. China has an estimated 385,000 electric buses and the fleet continues to grow at the rate of 9,500 buses for every month! That’s the number of all the buses that exist in London. This is helping to crack down on the smog that’s taken over China’s air and will eventually improve the air quality in the region.
There’s An Artificial Moon Coming
Of course, it won’t be anywhere near the size of our actual moon, but in 2020, China is planning on launching one of their own. The motivation behind the move is to reduce the energy that’s needed to light up the streets during the night. The moon will be a giant reflective mirror that’ll capture sunlight and redirect it towards Chengdu, which is in south-west China. Apparently, the idea has been proven to work in theory, but the actual tests will be the deciding factor as to whether this idea is feasible or not. Regardless, however, an artificial moon is an interesting and ambitious concept.
Discovering the Dark Side of The Moon
China surprised the world when they landed their probe on the far side of the moon. It’s not so mysterious now as it once used to be, and our knowledge of the solar system we live in was permanently increased because of this. In fact, in some tests, even plants were grown on the other side of the moon. The probe sent there had some interesting pictures to share with the rest of the world, and this event made the headlines when it happened. Scientists continue to learn more about the moon and its composition due to the probe, which is named Chang’e-4, on it. Since it’s not facing the earth, it has to bounce it’s data off of another satellite to communicate with us.
There might be many controversies surrounding China, but there’s no denying that they’re taking on an important role in science and technology in today’s world. We’re hoping that they continue to create technologies that will help the world at large and make the planet a better place to live in. | <urn:uuid:6ecc98cf-5d87-4822-a6a4-24401aa5eb4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://bestofsenior.com/news-events/examples-prove-china-rapidly-progressing-science-technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510810.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001073649-20231001103649-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.966231 | 901 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Over the period of 1963 to 1989, NASA provided funding for a major program in ceramics research at the UW which involved a large number of faculty and students and which, besides yielding important research results, enhanced the engineering curriculum.
The success of the program was due, in large part, to the efforts of James I. Mueller, principal investigator on the grant from 1964 until his death in 1986. Mueller also developed in parallel a more applied effort relating to the space shuttle thermal insulation (see Learning to Take the Heat: Insulation for the Space Shuttle). For that work, he received NASA's Public Service Medal in 1981. Several decades earlier, Mueller had established an x-ray diffraction laboratory which gained considerable recognition. Using x-ray spectroscopy, Mueller succeeded in developing methods that reduced the time for analysis of ceramic materials from days to a few hours. The method allowed the physical structure of ceramic materials to be determined at the atomic level. He conducted studies on silica sands, diatomaceous earth, chromate refractories, olivine, and clay, studies which contributed to the industrial development and technology in Washington State. In recognition of his achievements, Mueller became a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society in 1959; from 1958 to 1960, he was president of Keramos, the National Ceramic Engineering Professional Fraternity.
The primary accomplishment of the NASA-funded ceramic
research program at the UW was the development of silicon
Silicon nitride was found to be very tough, and capable of withstanding high operating temperatures without degrading or losing its strength. From 1975 to 1986, the development of this material was a principal focus of the program, with emphasis on its processing and properties. This basic research led to commercial methods for producing parts made of silicon nitride. Today, for example, silicon nitride is produced for high temperature engine parts by the Kyocera Corporation in Vancouver, Washington.
The program funded the development of an interdisciplinary course entitled "Design with Brittle Materials," which enhanced graduate education over the period of 1979 to 1986. Unlike metals, ceramics are inherently brittle, creating many design challenges. The course helped engineering students understand how to design with these brittle materials that were of increasing importance in space applications, in new high-performance engines, and in other high-technology applications.
In 1986, the focus of the program shifted to ceramic matrix composites. These are composite (combination) materials in which metal or polymeric fibers are embedded in a brittle ceramic matrix in order to improve its mechanical properties. The research demonstrated the feasibility of these novel materials and produced new methods of characterizing their properties. | <urn:uuid:563f444f-0ca8-40c7-af09-8121afb4bc81> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.washington.edu/research/pathbreakers/1963b.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823805.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00031-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953558 | 535 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Database is a collection of information which can be managed, accessed and also can be updated.
Database management system is a software application used to interact with other applications and users.
Database management system is designed to manage, update, create, querying and handle administration of database.
There are lot of database management systems are available like MySQL, Microsoft SQl Server, Oracle etc.
A program that gives services to other computers and computer programs are called database server. Computer programs like photo galleries and content management systems needs specialized database programs. SQL is used by many database software to access the data through them. For example the blogs, blogs software needs the space to store the post and retrieve later when the user visit the webpage.
There are many reasons to use MySQL database as it is easy to use, more secure , fast and inexpensive. It has the ability to manage the memory very well. Database management system comes up with lot of advantages like it can control the data redundancy and data consistency.
The best part is it provides the best security that means only authorized person can access the database and users are only allowed to retrieve and update the data, it also helps to create the environment where the end user can respond to the changes and access more better organized and managed data and make it possible to access more better quality data. | <urn:uuid:e93a174e-2453-4866-98dc-10d3b2d8b93a> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://pointmatrix.com/databases.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153491.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727202227-20210727232227-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.932293 | 266 | 3 | 3 |
Listing Websites about Copd Health
COPD: Symptoms, Stages, Causes, and Treatment Hea…
(7 days ago) This study uses mobile health technology to assess the use of medicine in patients who have COPD and determine if medicine adherence can help prevent COPD re-hospitalizations. To participate in this study, you must be at least 40 years old, have COPD, and be prescribed a long-term controller medicine for COPD.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) CDC
(5 days ago) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. COPD makes breathing difficult for the 16 million Americans who have this disease. Millions more people suffer from COPD, but have not been diagnosed and are not
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
(3 days ago) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths in 2019 . Over 80% of these deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). COPD causes persistent and progressive respiratory symptoms, including difficulty in breathing, cough and/or phlegm production.
Nutrition and COPD American Lung Association
(3 days ago) There are health complications that can result from being underweight or overweight. A well-nourished body is better able to handle infections. When people with COPD get an infection, it can become serious quickly and result in hospitalization.
COPD Foundation Learn More, Take Action and Breathe Better
(1 days ago) The COPD Foundation was established to improve the lives of people with COPD, bronchiectasis, and nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease through initiatives that expand services and speed innovations which will make treatment more effective and affordable. We do this through scientific research, education, advocacy, and awareness with the goal of disease prevention …
Nutrition for Someone with COPD COPD Foundation
(2 days ago) The COPD Foundation offers resources such as COPD360social, an online community where you can connect with patients, caregivers and health care providers and ask questions, share your experiences and receive and provide support.
COPD Pathophysiology: Physical Changes, Effect on the
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COPD Complications: 10 Possible Complications of COPD
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COPD and Increased Risk of Illness from COVID-19
(1 days ago) A new review of studies in the journal Respiratory Medicine showed that COPD patients have over a fivefold increased risk for severe COVID infections — the kind that lands people in the ICU and on a ventilator. COPD patients also tend to be older and have other conditions that up the risk of their health deteriorating when COVID strikes.
What is COPD and who is at risk of getting the lung condition?
(1 days ago) 2 days ago · COPD can include conditions such as chronic bronchitis - which is long term inflammation of the airways and emphysema - which is damage to the air sacs in the lungs. At the height of the
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) American
(6 days ago) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, is a long-term lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. The disease affects millions of Americans and is the third leading cause of disease-related death in the U.S. The good news is COPD …
Association of lung function and chronic obstructive
(1 days ago) Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in the U.S. There is a strong association between COPD and cardiovascular (CV) disease; however, the relation between COPD and CV health factors is not well defined.
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease MedlinePlus
(3 days ago) COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe and get worse over time. Normally, the airways and air sacs in your lungs are elastic or stretchy. When you breathe in, the airways bring air to the air sacs. The air sacs fill up with air, like a …
COPD Health Care Provider Toolkit NHLBI, NIH
(4 days ago) Health care providers play an important role in the diagnosis and management of COPD. Often a visit to a physician's office is not triggered by breathing issues and patients do …
CDC - Basics About COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
(2 days ago) In the past, COPD was often thought of as a man’s disease, but things have changed in the past couple of decades. Since 2000, more women than men have died from COPD in the United States. 4 In 2018, chronic lower respiratory disease, primarily COPD, was the fourth leading cause of death among US women. 4 The age-adjusted death rates for COPD have dropped among US men, but death rates …
Respiratory Diseases Healthy People 2020
(9 days ago) Goal. Promote respiratory health through better prevention, detection, treatment, and education efforts. Overview. Asthma 1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2 are significant public health burdens. Specific methods of detection, intervention, and treatment exist that may reduce this burden and promote health. 3, 4, 5 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - WebMD
(3 days ago) COPD Overview. COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a long-term lung disease that refers to both chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD symptoms include persistent cough …
COPD Assessment Test (CAT) - MDCalc
(7 days ago) COPD Assessment Test (CAT) Quantifies impact of COPD symptoms on patients' overall health. Use in patients diagnosed with COPD, to assess progression of lung disease, decline in functional status, and gauge effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation. Developed to address COPD burden in daily life, not to diagnose COPD.
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(1 days ago) complications. People who have COPD are at higher risk of pneumonia than people who don't have COPD. Talk with your doctor about whether you should get this vaccine. Pulmonary Rehabilitation Pulmonary rehabilitation, or rehab, is a medically supervised program that helps improve the health and well-being of people who have lung problems.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Verywell Health
(3 days ago) Lung disease is a general term that describes any health condition that affects the lungs, such as COPD, asthma, pneumonia, and lung cancer. The lung’s main function is to move oxygen into the bloodstream from the air you breathe in.
What Is COPD? Health.com
(Just Now) COPD can refer to any airway blockage caused by chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or asthmatic bronchitis. COPD is a serious, long-term illness. …
COPD: Preventing, treating, and coping - Harvard Health
(3 days ago) This Special Health Report, COPD: Preventing, treating, and coping with a serious breathing problem, banishes misinformation about COPD and briefs you on today’s most important treatment advances.You will be equipped to work with your physician to create a strategy to reduce COPD’s effects. You’ll learn which medications offer the greatest relief with the fewest side effects.
Defining and targeting health disparities in chronic
(1 days ago) Efforts that may help lessen these health inequities in low SES include 1) better surveillance targeting diagnosed and undiagnosed COPD in disadvantaged people, 2) educating the public and those involved in health care provision about the disease, 3) improving access to cost-effective and affordable health care, and 4) markedly increasing the
Don't miss these early symptoms of COPD My Southern Health
(2 days ago) Don’t miss these early symptoms of COPD by My Southern Health. Health Topics. Know the risk factors and symptoms for COPD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, affects more than 16 million people in the United States. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two main types of COPD. Both conditions can cause shortness of breath
Lung conditions - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(5 days ago) Better living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a patient guide, 3rd edition, 2016, The State of Queensland (Queensland Health) and Lung Foundation Australia.; Yang IA, Brown JL, George J, et al. 2018, The COPD-X Plan: Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for the management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2018, version 2.53, Lung Foundation Australia and the Thoracic
COPD and other health problems: MedlinePlus Medical
(9 days ago) GERD and heartburn can lead to more COPD symptoms and flare-ups. Lung cancer. Continuing to smoke increases this risk. Many factors play a role in why people with COPD often have other health problems. Smoking is one of the biggest culprits. Smoking is a risk factor for most of the problems above. COPD usually develops in middle age.
Nutrition & COPD Lee Health
(Just Now) Nutrition 101: energy providing nutrients. Protein is our first energy-providing nutrient and is so important for COPD as it helps to maintain muscle mass and immune system. It comes from both animal sources and plant. Some healthy, quick, easy sources to choose are going to be nuts and nut butters.
Healthcare Team Who Treat COPD
(9 days ago) Treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can involve an entire team of healthcare providers. Each member of the team has a unique and important role in helping a COPD patient manage the disease. Who are the healthcare providers on a COPD treatment team? A patient’s COPD treatment team includes: Primary care physician; Pulmonologist
CBD Oil for COPD: How to Use This Cannabinoid Oil - CFAH
(4 days ago) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may not be the most familiar sounding name for a health condition. And yet, it’s the third most common cause of death by disease in the United States. More than 15.3 million Americans suffer from COPD, a disease that often leads to a lowered quality of life and shortened lifespan.
Chronic respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD)
(7 days ago) Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung. Some of the most common are asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), occupational lung diseases and pulmonary hypertension. In addition to tobacco smoke, other risk factors include air pollution, occupational chemicals and dusts, and
(6 days ago) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term that includes a number of long-term lung conditions such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis and chronic asthma. The main cause of COPD is smoking. COPD causes narrowing of the airways in the lung, …
COPD Support Service Lenus Health
(8 days ago) Lenus Health's COPD Support Service leverages data from connected devices and patient-reported outcomes to reduce hospitalisations and improve outpatient care for people with COPD. Background COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) refers to a group of chronic lung conditions that affect more than 1.2 million people living in the UK.
Health: CDPC: COPD Home - IN.gov
(2 days ago) COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. Progressive means the disease will get worse over time. COPD is the name for a group of diseases that restrict air flow and cause trouble breathing. COPD includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
How to Find COPD Support Groups Health IKnow
(7 days ago) COPD in Health IKnow 11th Oct, 2021 22:50 PM 1421 Views Find support groups and connect with the more than 65 million people living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
(1 days ago) As this disease—called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD—gets worse, the swelling causes shortness of breath and can limit your ability to perform everyday tasks, like housework or climbing stairs. People with COPD also experience sudden worsening of symptoms, called flares, which are often triggered by infections.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - American Family
(4 days ago) This collection features the best content from AFP, as identified by the AFP editors, on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and related issues, including acute and chronic COPD
Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD
(2 days ago) The guideline describes the critical decision points in the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and provides clear and comprehensive evidence based recommendations incorporating current information and practices for practitioners throughout the DoD and VA Health Care systems.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - NHS
(3 days ago) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the name for a group of lung conditions that cause breathing difficulties. It includes: emphysema – damage to the air sacs in the lungs. chronic bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the airways. COPD is a common condition that mainly affects middle-aged or older adults who smoke. | <urn:uuid:8ca9b629-452a-4714-a4b4-21991be7c31d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.health-solutions.info/copd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583087.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015222918-20211016012918-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.915451 | 3,031 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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