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Aural Piano Tuning
If you ask me what aural tuning is, I could give you a long explanation of the entire process: which might leave you scratching your head. Here is the short definition:
Aural tuning is a method where the technician uses a tuning fork to tune a string to one note, then tune the other strings based on that note. There are three legs to the tuning method which uses only a tuning fork, and the technician’s ears. This is why so few technicians are aural tuners.
Now here is the long explanation of what aural tuning entails:
Aural tuning is a process where one tunes by using a method called equal temperament to tune by ear. It’s different from machine tuning because there are three legs in a temperament, where as machine tuning is all about looking at the spinner on the electronic tuning device (ETD).
For the 1st leg of the equal temperament, I set the 5th octave A string to the tuning which is usually A440. This means that the 5th octave A is at a frequency of 440 HZ per second. After that, the 4th octave A is tuned to the A440 as a pure octave. Next, I tune the bottom F as tempered major 3rd which is about 7 beats per second and the top F is tuned as pure octave. Then, I tune the middle C below the pure point which is called a contracted 5th. I next tune the 4th octave G above the pure point which is called expanded 4th. Finally, I tune the D note to the G note as a contracted 5th.
The 2nd leg is the expanded A C sharp 3rd note. The A C sharp 3rd and C sharp F 3rd notes have to beat together. Afterwards, I tune the E note to the A note as contracted 5th so that C E 3rd will beat a little slower than the C sharp E sharp 3rd. Finally, I tune the B note below the middle C as an expanded 4th, so that the G B 3rd will beat the same rate as the F D 6th.
The 3rd and last leg of the temperament is the G sharp C sharp 4th in order for the A flat C 3rd to beat a little slower that the A C sharp 3rd. Then, I tune G sharp note to fit the B D sharp 3rd to the C E 3rd. Finally, the F sharp C sharp 5th is tuned to fit the F sharp A sharp 3rd so that it beats at a rate between F A 3rd key and the G B 3rd key. | <urn:uuid:6fdf0683-9ce2-422d-b9ae-ebb3d3539d7d> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.michellesmelody.com/aural-piano-tuning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038060927.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411030031-20210411060031-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.965163 | 546 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Crude oil has been used to produce transportation fuel for many decades. But market factors may make it necessary for organizations to consider oil-to-chemical complexes to maintain a competitive edge in today’s global market.
Global crude oil and petrochemical growth today
Gasoline, diesel, jet fuel — these are the primary products that come from crude oil. However, the world market for these products is currently exhibiting flat to slow growth of around 0.7% to 0.9% yearly. This is due in part to the impacts of traditional fuel replacement — including market penetration of methanol, ethanol and liquified natural gas (LNG) — plus slow but steady increasing electrification of the transportation fleet and mandated improvement in global fuel efficiency standards, such as the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards implemented in the U.S.
In comparison, the global petrochemical market is growing at nearly 4% per year. But why? There are a multitude of reasons, including worldwide population growth, increasing income and wealth, and aging population in developed areas of the world.
Worldwide population growth and petrochemical consumption
Many items found in our daily lives — from food packaging to clothes to cars — contain petrochemical products. This consumption is most prevalent in developed areas of the world, including North America and Western Europe, where the consumption of petrochemicals is highest per capita.
As the large population centers of our planet — especially China and India — grow and citizens begin to enter a more middle-class, consumption-based lifestyle via an increase in disposable income, these populations will generally begin to consume more petrochemical-based products. The demand in these areas will increase substantially, dwarfing the consumption currently experienced in North America and Western Europe. Today, demand for petrochemicals in less-industrialized areas of the planet is exploding, doubling every 12 to 15 years.
Meanwhile, demand in parts of the world that are already consuming the most petrochemicals per capita are still strong and growing, albeit for slightly different reasons. For example, in the U.S., the population is beginning to age; the median age in the U.S. has increased from 30 years in 2000 to 38 years in 2018, according to census data. As more of the population enters a retirement lifestyle, their consumption of transportation fuels generally decreases, but their consumption of petrochemicals generally increases. This is due to an accumulation of wealth throughout their working lives, resulting in a highly consumer-driven retirement.
Figure 1: As consumption in China, India, Latin America and Africa approach that of North America and Western Europe, the larger population centers of the world will become the largest consumers of petrochemicals on the planet, thus driving significant demand growth. Source: IEA 2015.
Where will the production come from?
Generally, petrochemicals are produced from natural gas liquids (NGLs), like ethane, propane and butane, and naphtha via various processes to produce both olefins and aromatics — the basic building blocks from which further chemicals are derived. A global abundance of NGLs from shale gas deposits has resulted in a petrochemical boom in various parts of the world, especially the U.S. Gulf Coast. However, steam cracking and dehydrogenation of NGLs is an incomplete chemistry, as it produces only ethylene, propylene and butylene but does not produce adequate quantities of heavier petrochemical products, such as butadiene, benzene and paraxylene. Thus, demand for naphtha to be used as petrochemical feedstock still exists for steam cracking to produce butadiene and benzene or reforming to produce paraxylene.
Oil-to-chemicals complexes can achieve production of many primary petrochemical products as described above. The molecular optimization inside a state-of-the-art oil-to-chemicals complex will allow maximum production of light olefins, as well as heavier petrochemical products resulting in full market coverage, product and revenue diversification, and inherent minimization of market risk.
The impact of shale gas in the U.S. Gulf Coast
From a U.S. perspective, the impact of shale gas on ethylene production is important to note. The U.S. Gulf Coast has added — and is currently adding — significant ethylene capacity due to low-cost feedstock abundance. Most of the new petrochemical capacity produced on the U.S. Gulf Coast will be exported to demand centers in Asia, especially primary ethylene-based commodity chemicals.
U.S. petrochemical producers have a significant feedstock and production cost advantage when it comes to ethylene. However, new oil-to-chemicals complexes will generally also produce significant amounts of ethylene, increasing risk for overbuilding of ethylene production.
What does an oil-to-chemicals complex look like?
The oil and gas market continues to be incredibly competitive. This is because almost all finished products are fungible, and there is very little difference in end product or quality. These products are easily transportable across the globe. This means that organizations that exhibit competitive advantages in certain geographical sectors can take advantage of growth in other geographies. For these reasons, organizations must continue to consider new production or complexes, and to approach them from a financially focused standpoint.
It is expected that most of the new grassroots oil-to-chemicals complexes will be built in parts of the world where crude oil is bountiful and close to the regions experiencing the highest demand growth. This includes the Middle East and Asia, including Southeast Asia. Generally, these complexes are built to leverage economies of scale while pushing the bounds of proven train capacity for both refining and petrochemical units.
There are many ways to build and focus new oil-to-chemicals complexes — there are literally hundreds of different configurations. If a producer started out with a blank sheet of paper, there would be no way to know what the right configuration would be for the business plan or market. Organizations must go through a configuration development process to maximize the value of each stream. This will present the configuration that suits the organization’s needs.
An oil-to-chemicals complex requires a series of traditional refining steps to prepare the oil fractions for conversion to petrochemicals. Generally, this results in a highly complex refinery configuration with significant levels of conversion. Many processes exist to convert oil fractions directly to some petrochemical products — and these processes will be heavily favored during the configuration of an oil-to-chemicals complex as they reduce the steps from oil to petrochemicals, saving capital and operational expenditure. One such example is a high-olefin FCC process, which can produce significant quantities of propylene and butylene.
There are steps a development partner can perform to maximize the internal rate of return (IRR) of the organization’s investment on a new facility. Net present value can be somewhat misleading when options of varying capital spend are compared. Thus, IRR or profitability index (profitability relative to capital spend via net present value) are used to measure or rank different configurations.
Depending on the price set and market demand, as the conversion from fuels to petrochemical products increases, IRR will generally increase. However, at some point, the maximum value of all streams in the plant are achieved, striking a balance between transportation fuels and petrochemical production. In this scenario, further increase of petrochemical production will begin to erode the complex’s value. Methodologies can be applied to determine this maximum point to find the most productive configuration.
Measuring the economics
There are two ways to measure the economics of new complexes. The first is to measure straight project IRR, looking at a profitability index. It has been seen that oil-to-chemicals complexes have a positive IRR above those expected for a new export refinery investment.
There are economies of scale in building both a refinery and petrochemical plant together. And by “optimizing molecules” in the production process, there are ways to boost the IRR of the project or conversion.
The second way to measure the economics is to measure the complex’s or production’s competitiveness as compared to other routes to the same petrochemical products, such as traditional routes versus an oil-to-chemicals route. Typically, if an organization can figure cost of production then it can optimize the process or project to get the highest return.
The petrochemical market is set to grow quickly while the crude oil market exhibits stagnant to slow growth. Some organizations must become vertically integrated to take production from crude oil to chemicals to maintain a competitive edge and find a disposition for their crude oil production.
New complexes are still being built and this will continue to impact the global market. Today, there are a surprising number of publicly announced complexes. These projects are continuing to take place, and they are happening all over the world. Despite the initial cost of a new complex, organizations are still building them to take advantage of the changing global market.
There are ways to make the most of an organization’s investment — it just takes a full understanding of the market conditions specific to the project and the overall market around the world.
Organizations need to meet local or export demand requirements for fuel and petrochemical products. This means optimizing the balance between product production and properly configuring the process. Partnering with a team that utilizes market knowledge and an understanding of market drivers can help take advantage of opportunities and gain a competitive advantage.
Jerry Price is the director of business case assessments at 1898 & Co., a part of Burns & McDonnell. He has advised clients worldwide in the justification and development of refining and petrochemical assets, specifically with deep levels of refining-petrochemical integration. | <urn:uuid:bf2ae251-bd5e-4095-a4ad-0a91a3b5e351> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.burnsmcd.com/insightsnews/1898/white-papers/rethinking-refining-petrochemicals-industry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738777.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811115957-20200811145957-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.941769 | 2,022 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Getting people to the moon is going to involve 3D printing in some way, though likely multiple ways. One of my personal favorites is using moondust to print lunar bases. In a separate but related development, the Ames Research Center was one of 12 projects to receive NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Phase 1 awards worth $100,000.
“Imagine being able to print anything from tools and composite building materials to food and human tissues,” states the NIAC page on in situ, on-demand printing of advanced biocomposites. “By printing 3D arrays of cells engineered to secrete the necessary materials, the abundant in situ resources of atmosphere and regolith become organic, inorganic, or organic-inorganic composite materials. Such materials include novel, biologically derived materials not previously possible to fabricate.” The sugars and acids created from the biochemical processes that arise from algae exposed to heat (sunlight) and CO2 can be used to build engineered cells that are then 3D printed in arrays. Such organic materials could be combined with regolith (moondust/rock) to create novel materials.
3D printed biomaterial composites may be the most efficient method of erecting moon houses, but the technology will do more than that. “Imagine being on Mars with the ability to replace any broken part, whether it’s a part of your spacesuit, your habitat, or your own body.” Yeah, I watched Moon. | <urn:uuid:01223f07-9adf-4ab7-bce9-8db95f6d2a1a> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.3dprinter.net/3d-printing-biomaterial-composites-at-nasa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524254.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715215144-20190716001144-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.926321 | 305 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The apparent curvature of the moon's transit across the sun is primarily due to the change in perspective of the viewer as s/he is rotated to the east by the earth's normal daily-cycle rotation - approximately 15 degrees absolute per hour.
At the beginning of the eclipse, the viewer is standing "upright," and sees the moon touch the sun at approximately 1 O'clock. Over the next three hours, as the eclipse progresses, the viewer is "laid on her/his side" relative to his/her initial orientation due to the rotation of the earth; as if tilting his/her neck to the east. Since most of us were looking (essentially) towards the south for this eclipse, it was as if we had tilted our head to the left, so the exit of the moon - instead of appearing at approximately 7 O'clock as expected for a linear transit, the exit point appeared to be at 9 O'clock.
The magnitude of this effect is dependent upon several variables, including the viewer's latitude during observation.
The effect is also exaggerated by the fact that the sun transited through its peak azimuth between the beginning (rising towards its highest azimuth - approximately 63 degrees) and the end of the eclipse (setting away from its highest azimuth). While the earth itself only rotated approximately 45 degrees absolute during the 3 hour event, the apparent rotation of the moon's transit line across the sun was approximately 60 degrees (in the Kansas City simulation). | <urn:uuid:f2603ee5-212b-4f55-bdbe-d213b3ebb518> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/22169/why-does-the-path-of-the-moon-in-an-eclipse-curve-relative-to-the-sun | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.972759 | 305 | 3.875 | 4 |
Who are the big Agriculture Producers in South America ?
Post available in: English
Who are the big Agriculture Producers in South America ?
If there is one region in the world that competes with the U.S. as the world’s supplier of corn and soybeans, it is South America. There has been a significant surface expansion (mostly in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay) in the last three decades,and there is a large amount of available land left in Brazil once the rainforests have been cleared.
A study by Bain & Company, a Boston consultancy, forecasts that Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay together will produce 600 million tons of soybeans and 1.5 billion tons of corn by 2050. To achieve this, those countries would need an annual growth of soybean production between 3% and 4%. While China is the major soybean buyer, 60% of demand would need to come from other developing nations in Asia.
Brazil is highlighted by experts in this scenario. The country is second place in the world on soybean exports and production, is the third largest corn producer and second largest corn exporter. Also, Brazil only uses 12% of its arable land, according to the Ministry of Agriculture. Most of the available lands are located on the fertile soils of northeastern states and the major Center West state of Mato Grosso.
As of today, Brazil has a soybean output of 85.6 million tons on a surface of 74.1 million acres, according to the National Supply Company. Currently, over half (45 million tons) of the country’s soybean production is exported as grain. About 13.5 million tons are exported of 28 million tons of soybean meal are exported. Also, 1.3 million tons of the total soybean oil production of 7.1 million tons are exported.
Corn production in 2013-2014 reduced by 3.6% to 78.5 million tons. The country uses internally 53 million tons of the cereal mostly for animal consumption; 21 million tons are exports. The same entity predicts that Brazil would increase production of both grains by 36.7% in five years and see a corn export increase of 5.2% in the same period.
Cattle Feedlot Movement
Frederico Schmidt, a market analyst at Priore Investimentos, an investment consultancy based in the southern state of Paraná, says optimizing the beef cattle production in Brazil would be crucial because current livestock areas in the country are exactly the ones with significant grain production potential.
“The number of confined animals ( feedlots ) would reach 4.4 million this year, but still it is not even 10% of the total herds. It is a very low level compared with the U.S. Roughly, we raise one animal per hectare (2.47 acres). Naturally, this change would depend on meat prices,” says Schmidt.
Seneri Paludo, policy secretary at Brazil’s Ministry of Agriculture, believes farmers will invest in technology and rapidly increase cattle productivity. “There is a very positive relationship between agriculture and cattle. With the technology available, farmers are able to raise four animals per hectare. There is an increase of the use of semi-confined cattle,” says Paludo.
Grain Storage Deficit
A challenge for Brazil is the lack of infrastructure. Roads and railways are third world.
According to Alysson Paolinelli, president of Brazil Corn Growers Association and former minister of agriculture, the country has a storage deficit of at least 60 million tons and would need to increase transportation options in order to take advantage of those opportunities.
“Even with these big problems, the demand for food will double because of significant economic rises in China, India, Bangladesh, and Africa. Brazil is likely to beat those production estimates, but it needs to improve significantly the ports, the storage capacity, and the agricultural policy, in general, to take advantage of this scenario,” says Paolinelli.
Paludo, on the other hand, says the country has investments in infrastructure and subsidies for credit to increase the storage capacity.
“About 10 million tons of grains will be shipped through the ports of northern Brazil soon because of current investments, and this will decrease the transportation costs. This is a real improvement,” promises the official.
Data from the USDA reveals that shipping 1 bushel of soybeans from Mato Grosso to the ports of Santos or Paranagúa in Brazil is about 10 times more expensive than shipping it from Iowa or Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico.
An important factor that will have an impact by the 2014-2015 season is the mandatory addition of 7% of the biodiesel mixture in common diesel in the country. The previous law used 5%. According to official data, Brazil would need about 16 million tons of soybeans for biodiesel in the next crop.
“The use of biodiesel in Brazil will have an impact on prices during the off-season, when there is high demand and low supply,” says Vlamir Brandalizze, a director of Brandalizze Consulting.
In the case of Argentina, the situation is quite different. Today, the country produces 54 million tons of soybeans and 33 million tons of corn, data from the Rosario Board of Trade reveals. About 10 million tons of cereal are used for animal consumption, 16 million tons are exported, and about 2.5 million tons are processed. In the case of soybeans, over 40 million tons are industrialized, and less than 10 million tons of oilseed are exported in grain. Argentina is the world’s third largest exporter of the oilseed.
Even though there is economic pressure on Argentina’s grain exports, the soybean prices remain profitable.
In the early 2000s, as the Argentinian economy collapsed because of a debit crisis, taxes on the grain exports were applied. As of today, soybean exports have a tax rate of 35%, while the corn rate is 20%. Because of an inflation higher than 30% a year, the government also puts quotas on exports of corn and wheat to generate more internal supply when needed. This year, with the uncertainty in the economy and the current inflation, farmers paid an average of 40% interest on bank loans.
The total grain output currently in the country is slightly over 100 million tons. A study from the Argentinian Association of Experimental Regional Agricultural Consortium (CREA) says the potential ranges from 124.1 million tons to 157.7 million tons.
With the economic pressure in place and adding to the fact that the new agricultural frontiers of Argentina are mostly away from the ports, there is a lesser perspective of a significant increase of production and exports of soybeans.
Guillermo Rossi, information and economic studies director at the Rosario Board Trade, says the positive thing for Argentina is the lack of international providers of corn and soybeans other than Brazil and the U.S.
“Less taxes on our exports would bring a greater earnings margin to allow more sustainable crops currently left because of higher costs. Domestic consumption in Argentina is boosted by the mandatory use of biofuels and the use for livestock. There is also the strong international demand to be added,” says Rossi.
The analyst also defends a bigger investment in railways for the country to achieve its potential more easily.
In Argentina, the mandatory mixture of biodiesel is 10%. “In Argentina, there is a growing domestic demand for biodiesel, and that will have an impact on production, too,” adds consultant Brandalizze.
For Luiz Pacheco, a market analyst from Curitiba, Paraná, the solution for Argentina is not complicated. “Argentina has an extraordinary potential of grain production. It just needs to allow the maximum production that it can produce and then inflation can be controlled and more income and taxes are created,” he says. This will require a complete replacement of the existing incompetent government.
It’s All Political
Because Brazil processes less grain, farmers receive less value for their corn and soybean crops. Brazilian senator Ana Amélia Lemos blames layers of bureaucracy and corruption as the main stumbling block for increased processing.
“Everything is more costly in Brazil. For instance, industrial costs are higher in Brazil than most other South American countries. The same thing can be said about the infrastructure. The lack of it brings more costs,” she says.
An issue that could pose a threat for the agriculture of both countries is the monoculture of soybeans generated by better international prices of the oilseed compared with corn and the lesser costs involving the crop in South America. The issue is admitted by Argentina’s National Institute for Agricultural Technology and Brazil’s National Agricultural Research Company (Embrapa).
Alberto Bianchi, a former DuPont researcher in Argentina, says, “Soybeans will no longer be an easy crop to grow” because of lack of new products that can combat weeds tolerant to glyphosate.
“Nowadays, growing soybeans is already harder than in the past, and it may become worse. The weeds are coming more and more aggressive because of a repeated use of the same products. The chemical industry has not launched a product with a different mode of action for many years,” Bianchi says.
In Brazil, the corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) along with Asian rust generated over US$2 billion of annual losses.
In Argentina and Paraguay, there is a widespread fear of the caterpillar and a growing preoccupation with costs.
Part of an article by Luis Vieira Brazil
Contact the Gateway to South America team to learn about the best investment opportunities in the region. The company is a benchmark for foreign investors wishing to invest in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, providing expert advice on property acquisition and investment tours.
Post available in: English | <urn:uuid:77ffac9c-e46f-4a44-bf27-06610782a68a> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.gatewaytosouthamerica-newsblog.com/who-are-the-big-agriculture-producers-in-south-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402131986.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001174918-20201001204918-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.93933 | 2,060 | 2.90625 | 3 |
General Longstreet was born 8 Jan 1821 in Edgefield District, South Carolina and died 2 Jan 1904 in Gainesville, Georgia, buried in the Alta Vista Cemetery. During the War Between the States he served under General Lee in the Army of Northern Virginia. Battles: Second Bull Run; Fredericksburg; Chickamauga; Seven Days; Antietam (wounded); Wilderness. During the Gettysburg campaign he disagreed with Lee on tactics; supervised Pickett's charge.
Sources: Civil War Times Illustrated. | <urn:uuid:079ad3a6-2b03-41d6-9363-f3b67909dce7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.southcarolinapioneers.net/historictours/genlongstreet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120206.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00232-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930526 | 105 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease which was historically perceived to confer an unacceptably high risk to both mother and child during pregnancy. As a result, most women with the condition were counseled to avoid pregnancy or to terminate their pregnancy. However, this is no longer the case, as a new study published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine reveals.
Study author Bella Mehta says, “More lupus patients are attempting pregnancy, most of the physicians are not recommending against it, and women are having successful deliveries.”
Image Credit: EmiliaUngur / Shutterstock
SLE affects about 240 people out of every 100,000 in North America alone. Most of these are women in the reproductive age bracket. The complications of carrying a pregnancy with SLE include the dreaded hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, which endanger both the woman and the fetus. However, in the years between 1960 and 2003, the study found that pregnancy losses went down from 40% to 17%. The rates of other complications also remain higher than in other women, but the decreasing trend is encouraging.
While the last 20 years have seen scientists making breakthroughs on what exactly causes the features of SLE, its treatment, and how to predict complications more accurately, the study sought to find out how this knowledge has benefited women with SLE with respect to pregnancy. Researchers from several New York City medical centers searched the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to retrieve the records of all adult pregnant women who had been hospitalized, with or without SLE, from 1998 through 2015. The NIS represents about a fifth of all patients discharged from community hospitals in the US.
The data was then analyzed for maternal death while in hospital, fetal death, the occurrence of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, Cesarean section delivery, admissions not related to delivery, and duration of hospital stay.
Important findings include a steep drop in the number of pregnant women with SLE who died in hospital, from 442/100,000 in the years 1998-2000, to below 50/100,000 in the period 2013-2015. The corresponding rates for non-SLE patients were 13 and 10 respectively. This means that women with SLE were about 35 times more likely to die during pregnancy as a result of disease-related complications during 1998-2000. By 2013-2015, this had fallen to about 5 times as high as non-SLE patients. The difference in fetal death rates was also observable but didn’t achieve statistical significance.
The rates of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia fell in lupus patients from 9.5% to 9.1% while it increased in non-lupus patients, from 3.3% to 4.1%. Hospital stays durations for women with lupus also went down, from 4.3 days on average to 3.8 days, while in non-lupus women, it went up slightly from 2.5 to 2.7 days.
Only about 0.15% of all pregnant women in hospital or undergoing delivery have lupus, but the percentage has gone up from about 0.08% in both groups, showing that more women with this condition are now becoming pregnant and successfully delivering their babies.
The reasons for this marked improvement are likely to include better diagnosis of the condition, with early referral of patients to specialists before the disease becomes severe; encouraging patients to become pregnant when the disease activity is low; and the emergence of better treatments for SLE and for its complications during pregnancy. This also includes preventive use of hydroxychloroquine in pregnancy, and the use of blood thinners like heparin and low-dose aspirin in women who have the anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), a pregnancy complication more common in SLE and which carries a higher risk of early and late pregnancy loss.
While the risks of SLE pregnancies still remain markedly higher than in pregnancies without SLE, advances in diagnosis and management are showing good results. While more improvement is mandatory, the final word from the study is, in Dr. Mehta’s words: “For lupus patients who are young and who are thinking of pregnancies, they should know that many other patients with lupus over the past two decades have successfully become pregnant and delivered, and mortality is minimal. In the 1980s, there were clinicians who advised young women with lupus not to get pregnant because they were so worried about mortality. What this study proves is this is no longer applicable. It is okay for women with lupus to get pregnant, as long as they are under the care of a rheumatologist and high risk obstetrics.”
Mehta B, Luo Y, Xu J, Sammaritano L, Salmon J, Lockshin M, et al. Trends in Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the United States: A Cross-sectional Analysis. Ann Intern Med. [Epub ahead of print 9 July 2019] doi: 10.7326/M19-0120, https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2737824/trends-maternal-fetal-outcomes-among-pregnant-women-systemic-lupus-erythematosus?doi=10.7326%2fM19-0120 | <urn:uuid:10d7083d-4a69-4f00-b10a-04fac46937f3> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190710/It-is-okay-for-women-with-lupus-to-get-pregnant-with-proper-care-says-new-study.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572879.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916155946-20190916181946-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.965468 | 1,156 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Find a Pest Control Professional
Creepy, Crawly Pests: A Nightmare for Homeowners
Spiders, bats, and bugs are all part of the typical Halloween décor, but finding the real thing inside a home usually elicits screams from residents. The National Pest Management Association (NPMA) offers a guide to several "scary" pests.
Spiders - Arachnophobia aside, most spiders are mere annoyances, but the brown recluse and the black widow pose a danger to humans. Both species tend to bite when threatened. Their bites can be painful, cause allergic reactions and be fatal to small children. To prevent spiders from nesting, keep garages, attics and basements clean and clutter free.
Bats - These nocturnal mammals can cause alarm if they are found inside structures. Bat droppings pose a health concern as fungi which grow in the droppings can cause histoplasmosis, a lung infection. Because bats are protected by law in most states, homeowners should contact a licensed pest professional to remove the bat in order to comply with the law. Close off any entry points to prevent bats from coming into homes.
Rats - One of the most reviled pests, rats damage materials, contaminate food and carry a host of diseases. Rodents can enter homes through quarter-sized openings, so seal up holes and cracks on the outside of the house.
Bed Bugs - These blood-sucking pests are found in homes, apartments, hotels, retail stores, hospitals, and numerous other places where people live and gather. Bed bugs easily travel from place to place in bags, furniture, suitcases and on clothing. Vigilance is key in detecting and preventing bed bug infestations- and Halloween is no exception. Before wearing any clothing that came from a rental or a second-hand store, put it in the dryer on high for 20 minutes to kill bed bugs and their eggs.
The NPMA, a non-profit organization with more than 7,000 members, was established in 1933 to support the pest management industry's commitment to the protection of public health, food and property. | <urn:uuid:1894b525-c87f-4de9-be31-d42264e78af5> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.pestworld.org/news-hub/press-releases/creepy-crawly-pests-a-nightmare-for-homeowners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170993.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00470-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911869 | 437 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The size of the worldwide bio-based platform chemicals market was valued at USD 8.27 billion in 2021 and is predicted to experience a CAGR of 12.2% between 2021 and 2026.
The depletion of fossil fuels is also predicted to support call for products during the foreseen period. While the use of petroleum chemicals is reduced due to government policies, biological chemicals are gaining market share by boosting production from renewable sources. Succinic acid is one of the main raw materials employed in the production of a number of important industrial chemicals.
Bio-based platform chemicals can be defined as the method of production of chemicals and materials produced by the decomposition and processing of bio-based materials. This method is employed to produce a series of chemicals and materials that have better functionality and have the ability to be converted into various other chemicals. Platform chemicals are a diverse group of chemicals that can be employed as building blocks to produce new bio-based chemicals. They represent a group of twelve building blocks that can be produced from sugar through organic conversions. Currently, the market for chemical rigs is dominated by petroleum products. Thus, the chemical refinery platform based on renewable raw materials is gaining importance in the chemical industry. Biorefinery is when more than one product can be produced through maximum use of the same raw material. Various platforms such as sugar, synthesis gas, algae, vegetable or vegetable oil, and biogas can be employed in the biorefinery.
The worldwide market for biobased platform chemicals has experienced significant development in recent years due to escalatedcall in the face of escalatedcall from industries, escalating regulation on the use of conventional chemicals derived from Petroleum. As the call for green products grows across all industries and companies focus on developing more efficient varieties of bio-based platform chemicals, the market is also predicted to grow at a quick rate in the next coming years.
The escalating application of bio-based polymers is predicted to drive the market for years to come. Bio-based polymers are widely employed in various applications such as consumer goods, building and construction, and automotive, among others. In addition, the presence of strict regulations regarding the use of petroleum-based chemicals is also predicted to contribute to the expansion of the bio-based platform chemicals market during the anticipated years. Furthermore, the availability of biomass feedstock is likely to have a positive impact on production. Strategic alliances with raw material processors, alliances with farmers for the supply of raw materials and various bio-based value chains are predicted to drive call for raw materials. The companies focus on the development of innovative process technology for the production of bio-platform chemicals.
The production of bio-based chemicals requires a large amount of capital and energy and requires technical know-how that is predicted to be a major brake on the expansion of the world market.
Fostering government reforms and attempts to sensitize consumers could help companies operating in the worldwidebioplatform chemicals market to gain ground. Biocatalysts play an essential role in accelerating the production of these chemicals. Manufacturers invest heavily in R&D activities to develop custom biocatalysts, which can meet specific producer requirements. These factors allow manufacturers to produce quality products without degrading or changing the composition of the product.
The great popularity and entrenched fields of application of fossil fuel products continue to question market expansion prospects to some extent.
By type, the sugar segment dominates the market, with a 43.6% market share and was valued at approximately USD 2.4 billion in 2020. The segment is predicted to maintain its dominant position during the evaluation period due to availability of abundant carbohydrates derived from lignocellulosics.
Asia-Pacific was the largest market in 2017; The regional market is predicted to remain dominant during the evaluation period, while the European market is predicted to be the second largest during the foreseen period. The Asia-Pacific region market accounted for the largest market share of 41.9% in 2018 due to rapid expansion in infrastructure development and favorable regulatory policies towards polymer manufacturing industries in the region. . The region's market is predicted to register a CAGR of more than 13.0% during the foreseen period. China had the largest market share by value in 2018 and is predicted to post a CAGR of around 15.5% over the foreseen period. Europe was the second regional market during the foreseen period.
Europe represented the second largest market share with more than 20%, followed by North America and Latin America. Europe offers enormous expansion potential for the bio-platform chemicals market and is predicted to record a CAGR of over 11.0% to reach approximately US $ 2 billion by 2025 due to the rapid consumption of the products. pharmaceuticals and the growing call for cosmetic products. The Asia-Pacific market is currently the largest contributor to worldwide market revenue, driven by growing concerns about the adverse effects of petroleum-based chemicals on the environment and the escalating number of regulatory reforms that require greater adoption of chemicals. In addition, strong manufacturing sector development prospects in countries such as India, China and Japan also complement the expansion prospects for bio-based platform chemicals in the regional market.
Markets in Europe and North America are also on a healthy expansion path and efforts are focemployed on expanding manufacturing facilities to supply higher volumes of these chemicals for a number of applications. In the Middle East, Africa and Latin America, the market is predicted to see a sharp increase in valuation over the next few years due to escalatedcall from major end-use industries. The Latin American market will be driven mainly by rising prices of raw materials necessary for the production of petroleum-based chemicals, more reforms, and escalated consumer awareness.
Few of the major competitors currently working in the bio-based platform chemicals market are Braskem, IP Group plc, GFBiochemicals Ltd., Reverdia, GC Innovation America, Cargill Incorporated, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Ava Biochem BSL AG, LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V., Koninklijke DSM N.V., BASF SE, Lucite International, Inneos LLC, Alpha Chemika, DowDuPont, Dairen Chemical Corporation (DCC), PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited, Novozymes, Prinova Group LLC, Yield10 Bioscience Inc., and Zhejiang Guoguang Biochemistry Co.Ltd.
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Scope of the report
1.3 Study Assumptions
1.4 Base Currency, Base Year and Forecast Periods
2. Research Methodology
2.1 Analysis Design
2.2 Research Phases
2.2.1 Secondary Research
2.2.2 Primary Research
2.2.3 Data Modelling
2.2.4 Expert Validation
2.3 Study Timeline
3. Report Overview
3.1 Executive Summary
3.2 Key Inferencees
4. Market Dynamics
4.1 Impact Analysis
4.2 Regulatory Environment
4.3 Technology Timeline & Recent Trends
5. Competitor Benchmarking Analysis
5.1 Key Player Benchmarking
5.1.1 Market share analysis
5.1.3 Regional Presence
5.2 Mergers & Acquistion Landscape
5.3 Joint Ventures & Collaborations
6. Market Segmentation
6.1 Bio-based Platform Chemicals Market, By Product Type
6.1.1 Bio Succinic Acid
6.1.2 Bio Glycerol
6.1.3 Bio Glutamic Acid
6.1.4 Bio Itaconic Acid
6.1.5 Bio 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid
6.1.6 Market Size Estimations & Forecasts (2019-2024)
6.1.7 Y-o-Y Growth Rate Analysis
6.1.8 Market Attractiveness Index
7. Geographical Landscape
7.1 Global Identity Governance and Administration Market, by Region
7.2 North America - Market Analysis (2018 - 2024)
7.2.1 By Country
7.2.2 By Product Type
7.2.3 By Region
7.3.1 By Country
220.127.116.11 Rest of Europe
7.3.2 By Product Type
7.3.3 By Region
7.4 Asia Pacific
7.4.1 By Country
18.104.22.168 South Korea
22.214.171.124 South East Asia
126.96.36.199 Australia & NZ
188.8.131.52 Rest of Asia-Pacific
7.4.2 By Product Type
7.4.3 By Region
7.5 Latin America
7.5.1 By Country
184.108.40.206 Rest of Latin America
7.5.2 By Product Type
7.5.3 By Region
7.6 Middle East and Africa
7.6.1 By Country
220.127.116.11 Middle East
7.6.2 By Product Type
7.6.3 By Region
8. Key Player Analysis
8.1 BASF SE
8.1.1 Business Description
8.1.4 SWOT Analysis
8.1.5 Recent Developments
8.1.6 Analyst Overview
8.2 Cargill, Incorparated
8.5 Succinity GmbH
8.7 PTT Global Chemical Public Limited
8.8 Myriant Corporation
8.9 Gevo, Inc.
8.10 Rennovial, Inc.
9. Market Outlook & Investment Opportunities
List of Tables
List of Figures
Global Bio-based Platform Chemicals Market By Region, From 2022 - 2027 ( USD Billion )
Global Bio-based Platform Chemicals Market By Product Type, From 2022 - 2027 ( USD Billion )
Global Bio Succinic Acid Market By Region, From 2022 - 2027 ( USD Billion )
Global Bio Glycerol Market By Region, From 2022 - 2027 ( USD Billion )
Global Bio Glutamic Acid Market By Region, From 2022 - 2027 ( USD Billion )
Global Bio Itaconic Acid Market By Region, From 2022 - 2027 ( USD Billion )
Global Bio 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid Market By Region, From 2022 - 2027 ( USD Billion )
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Request to avail a free sample report that reflects this market and its growth. | <urn:uuid:efc51be9-a8c1-4432-ad02-2216c10ac89f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/bio-based-platform-chemicals-market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.895478 | 2,420 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has released its 2009 – 2010 surveillance summary for Cryptosporidium in the United States. The Cryptosporidium protozoa causes the gastrointestinal illness cryptosporidiosis. During the reporting period, fifty state and two metropolitan public health agencies (District of Columbia and New York City) reported cases of the disease through the CDC’s National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.
In 2009, 7,656 confirmed and probable cases were reported. That increased to 8,951 confirmed and probable cases in 2010. The cases were most frequently reported in children aged 1 to 9 years, followed by adults aged 25 to 29 years. The cryptosporidiosis rate in the Midwest was 1.3 to 2.9 times greater than other regions in 2009 and 1.8 to 4.6 times greater than other regions in 2010. The peak illness onset is in early summer through early fall, which coincide with the summer recreational water season. The increase in cases may reflect the increased use of swimming pools, water parks, and interactive fountains by young children.
Transmission is from fecal contamination in the water, by contact with infected animals, and by ingesting contaminated food. The infectious dose is very low. Swimmers can swallow water that contains the parasite or the oocyst, which is infectious immediately after excretion in feces. For instance, there was an outbreak of Cryptosporidium at two Minnesota water parks in April 2012.
The parasite is evolving, with multiple species that can infect human beings. C. hominis exists in a human-t0-human transmission cycle, while C. parvum infects humans and rumaninants (cows). Multiple subtypes of those species can infect humans.
Cryptosporidiosis is characterized by weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, fatigue, joint pain, headache, fever, and vomiting. Young children, pregnant women, and those with severely weakened immune systems can develop dehydration and other serious or life-threatening diseases.
The oocyst is very tolerant to chlorine, which means that swimmers must practice healthy behavior to control the spread of this disease. Do not swim if you have diarrhea and, if you are diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis, stay out of the water and avoid serving food to others for at least 2 weeks following recovery. | <urn:uuid:b2193e76-4012-41af-b3d6-b932416fca50> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://foodpoisoningbulletin.com/2012/cdc-releases-cryptosporidiosis-surveillance-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00285-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949643 | 485 | 3.34375 | 3 |
TAYLOR'S TRAIL. Taylor's Trail, the route taken by Gen. Zachary Taylor's army of occupation from the Nueces River to the Rio Grande during the Mexican War, was one of the most important paths of conquest used by an American army on American soil. Composed of nearly 4,000 troops, Taylor's army marched 174 miles in twenty days during March 1846, along a route from Corpus Christi to the bank of the Rio Grande opposite Matamoros. Two possible routes had been reconnoitered and determined practicable for the advance of Taylor's army: one route coursed the entire length of Padre Island; the other route followed the coastline on the mainland to the Rio Grande. After receiving orders to advance on February 4, 1846, Taylor chose to take the mainland route. On March 4, 1846, a vanguard of sixty men under Maj. William Graham was dispatched to the crossing on Santa Gertrudis Creek to establish a supply depot for the main army which would follow. On March 8, 1846, Taylor issued orders for the army of occupation to advance to the Rio Grande. The army was organized into an advance guard and three brigades for purposes of marching, convenience of camp, supply, and mutual support in case of hostilities. The advance unit, composed of the Second Regiment of Dragoons and a battery of artillery under the command of Col. David E. Twiggs, left Corpus Christi on March 8, 1846. The three brigades, each followed by its own baggage and supply train, left successively at one-day intervals: the first brigade, under command of Bvt. Brig. Gen. William Jenkins Worth, started on March 9; the second brigade, under Col. James S. McIntosh, departed on March 10; the third brigade, under Col. William Whistler, left on March 11. The main supply train of more than 300 wagons drawn by oxen and mules followed the last column. Taylor and his staff, who planned to overtake the advance guard by the time it reached the Arroyo Colorado, were the last to leave. The first leg of Taylor's Trail from Corpus Christi was up the Nueces River for sixteen miles; thence almost due west to Agua Dulce Creek; then south past Los Pintos, San Fernando Creek, Santa Gertrudis Creek, Escondido Creek, Los Belladeros, Santa Clara Motte, Bobido Creek, Santa Rosa Ponds, El Sauz, Paso Real, and on to the bank of the Rio Grande opposite Matamoros. The trail passed through the area of present Nueces, Kleberg, Kenedy, Willacy, and Cameron counties. Taylor's Trail continued to be used for many year as the main route for the stage lines from San Antonio and Corpus Christi to Brownsville. A monument to mark the starting point of the trail was erected in Corpus Christi in 1934; another monument to mark a campsite on the trail was erected in 1936 seven miles south of Sarita, Kenedy County. After Taylor crossed the Arroyo Colorado (in future Cameron County near the site of present Harlingen) on March 20, 1846, the Paso Real Crossing there became known also as General Taylor's Crossing.
W. S. Henry, Campaign Sketches of the War with Mexico (New York: Harper, 1847). Edward Jay Nichols, Zach Taylor's Little Army (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1963). Harold Schoen, comp., Monuments Erected by the State of Texas to Commemorate the Centenary of Texas Independence (Austin: Commission of Control for Texas Centennial Celebrations, 1938). Robert H. Thonhoff, "Taylor's Trail in Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 70 (July 1966).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Robert H. Thonhoff, "TAYLOR'S TRAIL," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ext01), accessed December 12, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. | <urn:uuid:56b2c6d6-3730-4aba-827b-b728303cc6fc> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ext01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164581855/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134301-00099-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937302 | 871 | 3.359375 | 3 |
ARC Discovery Project
Modelling the Environmental Impacts of Commercial Vehicle Tours and Freight Management Policies in Urban Areas
Dr MA Figliozzi; Dr SP Greaves
Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies
Commercial vehicle flows have a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of millions of pedestrians and urban dwellers. Commercial vehicles' environmental costs per kilometre are about four times higher the corresponding environmental costs of a private car. However, the amount and level of these impacts are highly dependent on the population density and its proximity to freight flows. Existing methods to assess environmental impacts such as air quality or noise tend to focus on the production source of the pollutant not the impacts, without providing the necessary framework and methodology to evaluate freight management policies in urban areas.
|2008 :||$ 62,568|
|2009 :||$ 66,774|
|2010 :||$ 71,112| | <urn:uuid:dfcd23ae-6820-4f49-96f7-4da5b0037fad> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://sydney.edu.au/business/research/grants/past/DP0881883 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049279525.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002119-00241-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883218 | 183 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Page 1: Introduction
Since Bill Gates founded Microsoft Corporation in 1975, its mission has been to create software for the personal computer that empowers and enriches people in the workplace, at school and at home.
Microsoft is now one of the largest companies in the world with a turnover in 1999 of nearly $20 billion. It employs over 30,000 people worldwide, with nearly half the workforce engaged in research and development. Microsoft offers a broad array of products which have become an integral part of the way people work, live, learn and communicate. Microsoft products are available in more than 30 languages and sold in more than 50 countries.
The impact of new technology is one of the most exciting and challenging of all the external influences on a company. For some it is also the most daunting. This case study considers one aspect of Microsoft’s current programme, the development of e-commerce and its impact on some of Microsoft’s customers. E-commerce, the use of the Internet for business, is already revolutionising many business sectors due to its speed, reliability, accessibility and low cost.
In the coming years, digital technology will dramatically increase the speed at which business is conducted. Bill Gates himself coined the phrase ‘Business @ the speed of thought’. Technology is already transforming the relationship between businesses and their customers and it will radically change the way that individual workers perform their roles. The ability to adapt to this changing environment will depend on companies’ internal digital processes, what Microsoft calls the ‘Digital Nervous System’. | <urn:uuid:44f0447e-4122-4798-9607-233a93c9c733> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/microsoft/progress-with-e-commerce/introduction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637901687.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025821-00034-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949965 | 316 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Hi, I'm Jensen Morgan. We're going to talk about some great concepts in environmental science. Today's topic is Efforts to Address Climate Change. So, let's get started.
We're going to talk about two main strategies to address climate change, mitigation and adaptation. We're going to talk about government regulations, international bodies, and other organizations attempts to address climate change, and challenges associated with it.
Efforts to address climate change come in two main forms, mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation strategies introduce and, or, eliminate the effects of climate change. There are numerous government efforts directed at mitigation. An example of such an effort would be carbon sequestration, when atmospheric carbon is stored underground to negate it's greenhouse effect.
Adaptation means adjusting to impending changes in climate by preparing for its pros and cons. Such as, acknowledging that certain areas will become too cold to grow food, while other areas will be able to grow more food than previously possible because of climatic limitations. To adapt we will need to transfer where our prime growing regions are located. Ecosystems will also have to go through adaptation as climates change. But their ability to transition is unpredictable. Scientists are uncertain what the effects will be.
Various government efforts-- including countries like the US-- have been to enforce regulations and standards for greenhouse gas reduction, enforce taxes and fees on producers of greenhouse gas emissions, facilitate trade-able carbon permits for businesses and industry, fund financial incentives for greenhouse gas reduction, and to provide education and information on the climate changes sources-- their impacts, and strategies to address it.
Many institutions of higher education, as well as private businesses, are diverting funds to research ways to reduce greenhouse gases and the potential negative effects of climate change. Some private businesses have been voluntarily signing agreements to reduce their production of greenhouse gases. Along with them, many nonprofit organizations demonstrate, educate, and lobby on climate change issues and problems.
One of the most significant international efforts to address climate change was the international meeting in 1992, established by the UN, to prepare a framework for the anticipated Kyoto Protocol five years later. This 1992 convention suggested that more developed nations needed to cut their emissions, that internationally we needed to approach climate change with the precautionary principle-- meaning that we should err on the side of caution rather than wait for scientific certainty, that policies to reduce emissions should be cost effective, and that free trade internationally should be encouraged in a more open global economic system.
By 1997 the Kyoto Protocol, essentially an international treatise on climate change actions, had many UN countries on board to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. While different countries had different targets, in general the goal was to reduce greenhouse gas levels to 5.2% below 1990 levels by the year 2012. Emphasis was placed on tracking and monitoring emissions data to understand what mitigation efforts were effective.
The Kyoto Protocol was seen as a first step in international cooperation on climate change issues. If all we're to follow its framework, it would only slightly lower climate change's impacts. However, some countries still did not agree to the protocols terms. The United States was one that did not, which is why Kyoto Protocol standards have not been enforced there.
A year after the Kyoto Protocol in 1998, an international panel on climate change was formed to assess climate change's potential risks and impacts. Even though the US did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol in Congress, in 2011 the US EPA began to issue greenhouse gas permits to industries, factories, and power plants.
Addressing climate change is a challenging endeavor, because it was hard to get people to focus on long-term benefits and impacts. Because humans tend to be more concerned with short-term consequences and dividends.
The current global, political, physical, and economic infrastructure is built around fossil fuels, which makes transitioning away from them difficult-- particularly in developing countries whose economies thrive on cheap, abundant fuel sources. Sadly, those same developing countries are commonly most at risk to negative impacts from climate change.
Luckily, some private businesses have realized that climate change can have deep impacts on global economic prosperity, and are finding new technologies to adapt to, or mitigate climate change impacts.
Now, let's have a recap. We talked about two categories of addressing climate change, mitigation and adaptation. We talked about government policy-- attempting to address climate change-- as well as private businesses, and international efforts. Finally, we discussed challenges to addressing climate change.
Well, that's all for this tutorial. I hope these concepts have been helpful. And I look forward to next time. Bye. | <urn:uuid:af49aac8-aece-4d87-96d5-4178be90e62a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/efforts-to-address-climate-change-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608726.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527001952-20170527021952-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.961451 | 929 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Students get homework help through an intense two- to three-hour after school program. Members read by themselves, to other children, listen to a mentor read, or read to a mentor for 20 minutes. Completed work earns participants points they can redeem every Friday in the Power Hour Store.
Members set long-term career goals and learn about different careers options. They work individually or in groups to build job-search skills and job readiness. College is demystified as youth learn how to choose a college, apply, get accepted and enroll.
Kids get access to technology resources to help them expand creativity, perform better in school and prepare for the workplace. Programs include Computer Basics, Skill Tech I & II, Digital Arts Suite, Netsmartz, Claymation, Technical Training and MyClubMyLife.com.
As early as ninth grade, kids learn how important grades are for getting into college. They set goals for the school year and throughout high school. College tours, guest speakers and access to various scholarships round out the program.
It’s never too early to start setting personal, educational and career goals. Goals for Growth teaches young people skills for setting their own life goals, and achieving them.
Teens get coaching on how to find and maintain employment. They learn how to write resumes and fill out job applications, and they take part in mock interviews with professionals.
Teens learn fiscal responsibility and how to manage money.
Trivia, math, science, English and more are thoughtfully woven into Club activities. The goal is to combine fun and learning at every opportunity.
Members learn about the days events through newspapers, the Internet and other appropriate media.
Teens are mentored on effective ways to manage time, organize school work and be more productive both at school and with free time.
Through quizzes and fun brain teasers, kids learn to think and work in groups. Trivia games change daily to keep them fresh and interesting.
Entering writing contests helps kids improve writing skills, get national and regional recognition, and increase their chances for scholarship and cash awards. Kids explore genres like poetry, essays, biographies and short stories. Staff members guide them in researching contests and editing their submissions.
Members talk about what’s going on around the Club, and decide what warrants recognition in a monthly newsletter. They work on computers to publish the news through highlighted stories, interviews, surveys and more.
Members of all ages get the chance to express their creativity through writing.
Kids in the education center take on leadership roles and new responsibilities. Ed. Crew leaders help the Education Director with program tasks and meet with other members to discuss current issues, problems, recognition and praise.
Teens assist staff with programs, and might even run programs themselves. They contribute to Club atmosphere and learn the importance of communication, job skills and how to manage work, friends and school.
In addition to exploring world languages, members learn about the etiquette and customs of different cultures.
By reading together and independently Club members discover the joy of reading as a leisure activity. Through follow-up activities they discuss why people write, and they get opportunities to create and write their own stories.
Eruptions, dolphins, and secrets of the gulf are just a few topics covered that immerse kids in science, math and literacy. Members use technology to do research and explore the world’s natural resources.
Members get to know computers inside and out through online tutorials and programs. Members can track their progress on their own or with staff.
As kids compete to be spelling champions, they also learn to give their best and to respect others through listening and sportsmanship.
Notable guests read to small groups of 6- to 12-year-old members.
The dream of starting a business becomes more real as youth gain knowledge about negotiating, calculating return on investment, performing cost/benefit analysis and tracking income and expenses.
Members learn to break down barriers and become leaders with open minds and caring hearts. The program stresses tolerance and inclusion in all aspects of life. | <urn:uuid:9a53045e-d94b-4ff8-8a6c-a446667e0819> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.boysandgirls.org/programs/careers-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538110.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00437-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953206 | 829 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Are you looking for a low-maintenance ground cover that can add color and texture to your garden?
Look no further than Ajuga!
This versatile plant is perfect for filling in patchy areas, controlling erosion, and adding interest to shady spots.
But when is the best time to plant Ajuga?
In this article, we’ll explore the ideal planting conditions for this hardy ground cover and provide tips for keeping your Ajuga healthy and vibrant year-round.
So grab your gardening gloves and let’s get started!
When To Plant Ajuga Ground Cover
The best time to plant Ajuga ground cover is in early spring, when the soil is moist and temperatures are mild. This allows the plant to establish its roots before the heat of summer sets in.
If you live in a mild climate, you may also be able to plant Ajuga in late fall or early winter. However, avoid planting during the hottest months of summer, as this can stress the plant and make it more susceptible to disease.
Understanding Ajuga Ground Cover
Ajuga ground cover, also known as carpetweed or bugleweed, is a low-maintenance perennial plant that is commonly used as a ground cover due to its durability and toughness. It is a member of the mint family and is typically hardy in zones 3 to 9.
Ajuga ground cover is especially nice because it holds its leaf color and stays attractive almost all year-round, and it bears blue, purple or white flowers from spring into summer. These evergreen plants form dense mats of glossy leaves and can take sun to partial shade, although the foliage develops its best color in full sun.
Ajuga ground cover is easy to grow in almost any kind of soil and likes a moist location that drains easily, but it can withstand short periods of drought. However, it should be noted that ajuga naturalizes easily, spreading by stolons, or horizontal stems that creep along the ground. Therefore, it is important to think about where you plant it to avoid overcrowding and potential invasiveness.
To plant Ajuga ground cover, wait until all chance of frost has passed and dig holes just deep enough for the root balls, spacing the holes 8 to 15 inches apart. Gently loosen the plants’ roots, place them in the ground, and firm the soil around them. Water thoroughly to settle them in and eliminate air pockets.
Ajuga ground cover seldom needs fertilizing and should be thinned every three years or so to prevent overcrowding. Crown rot can be a problem, especially in hot, humid areas or in heavy soils. To prevent this disease, give your plants good air circulation and avoid overfertilizing. There’s no treatment for crown rot, so if it shows up, you’ll need to remove and destroy the affected plants.
Ideal Planting Conditions For Ajuga
Ajuga ground cover grows best in areas with rich, slightly acidic soil that is well-draining. It can tolerate full sun, but it thrives in partial shade, making it an ideal choice for planting under trees or shrubs.
When planting Ajuga, make sure to space the plants 8-15 inches apart to allow for proper growth and spread. Plant the root ball at the same depth it was in the nursery pot, being careful not to cover the crown. Water deeply after planting to help settle the soil and eliminate air pockets.
Ajuga can also be propagated through division, which is best done in spring or fall when there is no chance of frost. Simply dig up the mother plant and surrounding offshoots, separate the clumps into individual plants, and discard any brown or withered plants. Plant the individual plants in new locations, ensuring they have enough space to grow and spread.
It is important to note that Ajuga can become invasive if not properly managed, so avoid planting it too close to flower beds, lawns, or other areas where you don’t want it to spread. Thinning the plants every three years or so can help prevent overcrowding and maintain their health.
In terms of ideal growing conditions, Ajuga prefers a moist location that drains easily and has a pH in the range of 5.5 to 7.1. It can withstand short periods of drought but may struggle in heavy soils or hot, humid areas where crown rot can be a problem. Good air circulation and avoiding overfertilizing can help prevent this disease.
When To Plant Ajuga
When planting Ajuga, it is important to choose the right time of year to ensure the success of your ground cover. Early spring is the ideal time to plant Ajuga, as the soil is moist and temperatures are mild. This allows the plant to establish its roots before the heat of summer sets in, which can cause stress and make it more susceptible to disease.
If you live in a mild climate, you may also be able to plant Ajuga in late fall or early winter. However, it is important to avoid planting during the hottest months of summer, as this can cause the plant to suffer from heat stress and become more vulnerable to disease.
When planting Ajuga, make sure to choose a location that receives full or partial shade and has well-draining soil. Ajuga can grow in any reasonably well-drained soil, but it prefers slightly acidic soil. If you have heavy clay soil, consider adding organic matter such as compost or peat moss to improve drainage.
To plant Ajuga, dig a hole in your border to the same depth as the pot your plant came in. Carefully remove the plant from its pot and place it in the hole, making sure that the crown (where the stems join roots) is level with the surface of the soil. Fill in with soil around the plant and firm it in well with your hands. Water thoroughly after planting to help settle the soil and eliminate air pockets.
How To Plant Ajuga
To plant Ajuga, start by selecting a location that receives full or partial shade and has rich, slightly acidic soil. Make sure the area has good drainage to prevent waterlogged soil, which can lead to root rot.
Dig holes that are just deep enough for the root balls, spacing them 10 to 15 inches apart. Gently loosen the plant’s roots and place it in the hole, making sure the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil. Firmly pack the soil around the plant to eliminate air pockets and water thoroughly.
If you live in an area with hot, humid summers or heavy soil, make sure to provide good air circulation around your Ajuga plants and avoid over-fertilizing to prevent crown rot. Additionally, avoid planting Ajuga too close to other areas where you’ll need to keep removing it, as it can become invasive.
To keep your Ajuga plants looking healthy and vibrant, water regularly until they are established. Once established, Ajuga is a low-maintenance plant that doesn’t require pruning. However, if you want to tidy up your plants after they’ve finished blooming, you can mow over them on a high setting.
Every three years or so, thin your Ajuga plants to prevent overcrowding. You can divide established clumps in fall or early spring and replant them if desired. This is also a good way to make new plants for free that you can use to fill gaps or add to container displays.
Caring For Ajuga Year-Round
Ajuga is a low-maintenance plant that requires minimal care year-round. However, there are a few things you can do to ensure your Ajuga stays healthy and vibrant.
Watering: Ajuga prefers moist soil, but it should be well-drained to prevent waterlogging. Water your Ajuga regularly, especially during hot and dry periods. However, avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot and other diseases.
Fertilizing: Ajuga does not require frequent fertilization, but you can apply a slow-release fertilizer in early spring to promote healthy growth. Avoid fertilizing in late summer or fall, as this can encourage new growth that may not have time to harden off before winter.
Pruning: Ajuga does not require pruning, but you can trim away old flower spikes after they have finished blooming to keep the plant looking neat. You can also mow over the plant on a high setting to give it a neater appearance.
Dividing: Ajuga is a fast-spreading plant that can become overcrowded over time. You can divide your Ajuga every three years or so in early spring or fall to prevent overcrowding and promote healthy growth.
Pest and disease control: Ajuga is generally resistant to pests and diseases, but it can be susceptible to crown rot in hot and humid conditions or heavy soils. To prevent crown rot, provide good air circulation and avoid overfertilizing. If crown rot does occur, remove and destroy affected plants to prevent the spread of disease.
Companion planting: Ajuga grows well with other shade-loving plants such as coral bells, hostas, ferns, daffodils, astilbe, forget-me-nots, violas, hardy geraniums, and other woodland plants. Planting companion plants alongside your Ajuga can help create a beautiful and diverse garden bed.
By following these simple tips for caring for your Ajuga year-round, you can ensure that your ground cover stays healthy and vibrant for years to come.
Common Issues And Solutions For Ajuga Ground Cover
While Ajuga ground cover is a hardy and low-maintenance plant, there are a few common issues that can arise. One issue is crown rot, which can occur in very humid conditions and heavy soils. To prevent this, make sure to provide good air circulation and avoid planting in wet, heavy soils.
Another issue is the plant’s spreading nature, which can make it invasive in some areas. If you find that your Ajuga ground cover is spreading too quickly, there are a few solutions you can try. First, remove as many roots as possible when pulling up the plant, as even small pieces left in the soil can take root and spread. Keep a close eye on the area and pull up new plants as soon as they appear. It may take time and persistence, but eventually you will be able to control the spread of your Ajuga ground cover.
If these methods are not effective, you can try using a homemade herbicide made from equal parts very hot water and vinegar, with a small amount of salt and liquid dish soap added. However, chemical control should only be used as a last resort, as organic approaches are more environmentally friendly.
Overall, with proper care and attention, Ajuga ground cover can be a beautiful and beneficial addition to your garden or landscaping. | <urn:uuid:298c5dd1-bd37-4be7-b7a5-11e24923b696> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.almostgrass.com/when-is-the-best-time-to-plant-ajuga-ground-cover/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.942802 | 2,251 | 2.84375 | 3 |
JERUSALEM (Reuters) - A new study shows that humans had the ability to make fire nearly 790,000 years ago, a skill that helped them migrate from Africa to Europe.
By analyzing flints at an archaeological site on the bank of the river Jordan, researchers at Israel’s Hebrew University discovered that early civilizations had learned to light fires, a turning point that allowed them to venture into unknown lands.
A previous study of the site published in 2004 showed that man had been able to control fire — for example transferring it by means of burning branches — in that early time period. But researchers now say that ancient man could actually start fire, rather than relying on natural phenomena such as lightning.
That independence helped promoted migration northward, they say.
The new study, published in a recent edition of Quaternary Science Reviews, mapped 12 archaeological layers at Gesher Benot Yaaqov in northern Israel.
“The new data shows there was a continued, controlled use of fire through many civilizations and that they were not dependent on natural fires,” archaeologist Nira Alperson-Afil said on Sunday.
While they did not find remnants of ancient matches or lighters, Alperson-Afil said the patterns of burned flint found in the same place throughout 12 civilizations was evidence of fire-making ability, though the methods used were unclear.
And because the site is located in the Jordan valley — a key route between Africa and Europe — it provides evidence of the human migration, she said.
“Once they mastered fire to protect themselves from predators and provide warmth and light, they were secure enough to move into and populate unfamiliar territory,” Alperson-Afil said.
Reporting by Ari Rabinovitch; editing by Alastair Macdonald | <urn:uuid:0b8f119a-deeb-4975-aff9-2b2d74a3b248> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-fire/humans-made-fire-790000-years-ago-study-idUSTRE49P23S20081026 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217970.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821053629-20180821073629-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.965996 | 370 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Not only is the Gyrfalcon the largest falcon on Earth, it’s also one of the few animals adapted to harsh Arctic winters. Unfortunately, it is also considered the North American bird species most vulnerable to climate change.
Fascination with Gyrfalcons is deeply rooted in The Peregrine Fund’s history: Tom Cade, our founder, was among the first to publish research about them. Later, our long-term studies in Greenland revealed new information about the species. As climate change concerns began to mount, we already had the unique expertise, partnerships, and data to address the unknown. We hosted an international conference in 2011, then convened the Tundra Conservation Network to connect partners from all eight Arctic countries and multiple disciplines.
Threats to Gyrfalcons
Collaboration is vital for saving this species, which has been studied in isolated pockets for centuries thanks in part to the Gyrfalcon’s popularity with falconers. We launched the Polar Raptor Databank in 2017 to collect historical and new data in a secure repository, and concurrently published Applied Raptor Ecology, a manual that sets standards for gathering comparable, high-quality data. From anywhere in the world, researchers can now record unlimited observations and access real-time analysis tools. As data are accumulated and shared, ecologists can then answer questions about global population trends and identify factors that have the greatest impact on Arctic raptors.
Our fieldwork is contributing surprising findings to this body of work using motion-activated cameras at Gyrfalcon nests on Alaska’s Seward Peninsula. Observing prey items in the photos, we have found that Gyrfalcons rely heavily on ptarmigan, but also adapt their diet when ptarmigan numbers decrease. Cameras documented one female Gyrfalcon moving her young out of a falling nest and carrying it to a new location. We also met some “visitors” to the nests, including grizzly bear, red fox, wolverine, and ravens.
Our fieldwork will continue long-term, as will collaboration with researchers worldwide who are invited to a Symposium on Arctic Raptors at our headquarters in 2020. Ultimately, we will synthesize all shared knowledge about Gyrfalcons into an adaptive management plan to energize conservation action around the world. Acting on sound science, together we will be the difference between survival and extinction for this icon of the Arctic.
Watch this short video, made by our Gyrfalcon biologists, to learn more about this project: | <urn:uuid:efd2f087-dd73-4d0e-b23b-bfd2782e1fbf> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://peregrinefund.org/projects/gyrfalcon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587593.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024173743-20211024203743-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.933297 | 524 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The Estrous Cycle
The estrous cycle is divided into three parts: proestrus, estrus and diestrus.
Proestrus starts when the bitch shows her first signs of heat: swelling of the vulva, a blood-tinged vaginal discharge, and attractiveness to male dogs. During this time her estrogen level is rising, and her body is preparing for ovulation. This period lasts 9 days on average, with a range of 2 – 22 days.
Estrus starts when the bitch solicits and permits mating. You may see her flagging (holding her tail to the side) or showing lordosis (arching her back to raise her hind end and vulva up for the male). During this time her estrogen is dropping, her progesterone is rising, and her LH (luteinizing hormone) peaks and falls. This period lasts 9 days on average, with a range of 4 – 21 days.
Diestrus starts when the bitch aggressively prevents mating. During this time her progesterone level is slowly falling. This period lasts 120 days on average in the non-pregnant bitch.
Anestrus is the inactive period until the start of the next estrus.
Natural mating: If you plan to breed by natural mating, you can either put the dog and the bitch together for the entire estrous period, or allow them to mate every other day as long as the bitch allows.
Preferably there should be at least three breedings in the first 6 days after ovulation. In many dogs, this is a successful way to breed. However, closely monitoring the bitch’s hormonal profile is required if you do not have ready access to the dog, do not want to risk passing an infectious disease, the dogs do not mate willingly, the bitch has missed before (been bred but not become pregnant), or you expect that delivery will need to be by caesarian section.
Breeding by following hormones: following the bitch’s hormonal changes allows you to know precisely when she ovulates, and therefore when her best breeding times are, and when she is likely to deliver.
This allows you to breed using fresh chilled semen, frozen semen, or by giving the pair limited access to one-another. It also allows for accurate calculation of the due date, which is especially important if a caesarian section is expected.
1. Measure a baseline progesterone at the first noticeable signs of heat. It usually measures < 1.0 ng/ml at this time.
2. About 4 days later, start measuring progesterone every other day. We save serum each time so that LH can be checked later, if needed. This frequency is necessary to ensure that ovulation is not missed.
3. When progesterone is > 2.0 ng/ml (or twice the baseline level), we measure LH. This rise in progesterone is the best indicator that the LH surge has taken place. Since the LH surge lasts only 12 – 24 hours, it can easily be missed if that was the only level you were following. By following the progesterone, you can narrow down the time of the LH surge very accurately.
4. The LH surge initiates ovulation.
5. Eggs are released (ovulated) 44 hours (2 days) after the LH surge, on average. The eggs are viable for about 3 – 4 days after this (5 – 6 days after the LH surge).
6. Breeding the bitch on days 3 and 5 (or 4 and 6) after the LH surge ensures the maximum conception rate and largest litter sizes. If only one breeding is possible, do it on day 5 or 6 after the LH surge. See our “Canine Breeding Options” handout for more information.
7. Gestation lasts 65 +/- 1 day from the LH surge (63 +/- 1 day from ovulation). If the hormonal information is not available, gestation lasts 63 +/- 8 days from mating.
During the first 20 days, the embryos are free-floating in the uterus. They implant around day 20, and from then until day 40 is when the majority of development takes place. After day 40 the skeletons are mineralizing, and the puppies are steadily growing. | <urn:uuid:95b0b69c-bd4e-4d40-8dd3-e746092c68dd> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.veazievet.com/signature-services/breeding/timing-breeding-estrous-cycles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141746033.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205013617-20201205043617-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.9218 | 874 | 3.25 | 3 |
Antoine-Louis-Claude, Comte Destutt de Tracy, (born July 20, 1754, Bourbonnais, France—died March 9, 1836, Paris), French philosopher, soldier, and chief Idéologue, so called for the philosophical school of Idéologie, which he founded.
Born into a noble family that originated in Scotland, Destutt de Tracy became colonel of the Penthièvre regiment before being elected to the States General of 1789. He was promoted to brigadier early in 1792 but soon resigned his commission. He was imprisoned for nearly a year under the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. An associate member of the French Institut National, he was also a member of the French Academy (1808), a senator during the reign of Napoleon I, and a peer after the restoration of the monarchy.
Destutt de Tracy coined the word idéologie (English: “ideology”) in 1796 as a name for his own “science of ideas.” Influenced by the work of John Locke, he presented his basic ideas in Éléments d’idéologie, 4 vol. (1801–15). Like the sensationalism of Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715–80), Idéologie stressed the importance of human sensations in the formation of knowledge. Destutt de Tracy, however, further refined Condillac’s views to emphasize the physiological nature of sensation. Human thought, he asserted, is nothing but an elaboration of sensations, an activity of the nervous system. The four principal realms of conscious behaviour—perception, memory, judgment, and will—all employ various combinations of sensations. As a result of its extreme dependence on the human senses for verification of knowledge, Idéologie threatened not only religious doctrine but secular authority as well, and the movement was suppressed by Napoleon from 1803.
In addition to an unfinished treatise on the human will, Traité de la volonté et de ses effets (1805; “Treatise on the Will and Its Effects”), Destutt de Tracy’s other writings include Grammaire générale (1803; “General Grammar”) and Logique (1805; “Logic”). His Commentaire sur l’esprit des lois de Montesquieu (Commentary and Review of Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws), written in 1808, was translated and revised in 1811 by the American statesman Thomas Jefferson, with whom Destutt de Tracy corresponded. | <urn:uuid:f00df6af-3c78-437c-a55b-c7574d905373> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.britannica.com/biography/Antoine-Louis-Claude-Comte-Destutt-de-Tracy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736679281.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215759-00068-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930845 | 547 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Subnational Governments in OECD countries: Key Data
The OECD gathers and publishes annually updated data on subnational governments in 35 OECD member countries, including:
Subnational Governments around the World: Structure and Finance
The OECD, in partnership with United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG), gathers and publishes data on subnational governments from 101 countries. A pilot study was publishin in October 2016 and includes:
The pilot study formed the basis for the World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, officially launched in November 2017 when the Steering Committee first met in Paris. The World Observatory is multi-stakeholder initiative dedicated to collecting comparable data and information on subnational finance and territorial organisation from over 130 countries.
Subnational governments are key economic and policy actors across OECD countries. Int the OECD area, they represent, on average, 40% of public expenditure, 63% of total public staff expenditure, 59% of public investment, 32% of public tax revenue and 20% of public debt. However, there are huge disparities across the OECD countries regarding the importance of subnational governments as economic and policy actors in regional development.
The share of subnational governments in the general government sector
Source: OECD (2017), Subnational Governments in OECD Countries - Key Data, OECD Publishing, Paris
Subnational government expenditure by economic function
Source: OECD/UCLG (2016), Subnational Governments Around the World - Structure and Finance | <urn:uuid:7edf22aa-ac73-49e4-a6a6-8e5903cb968b> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/subnational-finance.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201922.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319073140-20190319095140-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.905134 | 291 | 2.515625 | 3 |
You may be surprised to know that oil and natural gas are produced from dead animals that lived millions of years ago, 570 million years ago to be exact. Back then, in what scientists call the Paleozoic Era, New Mexico wasn’t anything like it is today. It was under the ocean!
But even the ocean wasn’t like it is today. There were no sharks, dolphins, seahorses or any kind of animal we know in this ocean, millions of tiny creatures called plankton were food for larger animals such as trilobites, crinoids and brachiopods…
Trilobites are hard-shelled, segmented creatures that lived over 300 million years ago. They went extinct before dinosaurs even existed. When scientists were learning about different eras in time, they discovered that trilobites were one of the key creatures of the Paleozoic Era.
Crinoids are known as sea lilies because they live on a stem and have a body that looks like a flower. They kind of look like starfish, except for the stem. Crinoids were abundant in the shallow tropical seas during the Paleozoic Era, but they are very uncommon today.
Brachiopods are marine animals that look like clams because they have two shells, but they are really quite different. They usually make their homes in very cold water, either deep in the ocean or towards the North and South Poles. Because of where they live, most people never see brachiopods.
You may be asking, what do these animals have to do with oil and gas? The answer is that they ARE oil and gas. Check it out…
As these and other animals died, their skeletons would be buried under mud and sand, which protected them from harsh conditions in the ocean. Once the bones of the animal hardened, the surrounding material would form around it, preserving the shape forever. This is called a fossil.
320 million years passed and by then the ocean floor was covered with fossils and dead plankton. This was during the Mesozoic Era, when dinosaurs roamed the earth. The water level dramatically dropped because of evaporation, so the fossils were no longer under water, but they were still protected by mud and sand. New material started to pile up on the fossils, pushing them deeper into the earth and causing huge amounts of heat and pressure.
After 250 million years of heat and pressure, the fossils began to change from their organic state into hydrocarbons, which are substances containing both hydrogen and carbon. The hydrocarbons are protected by sedimentary rock. The rock can effectively protect the hydrocarbons because it is inorganic and contains no carbon.
The hydrocarbons have now been subjected to temperatures ranging from 150 to 300 degrees Fahrenheit for millions of years. All the pressure and heat creates a chemical change in the hydrocarbons, which creates oil and natural gas.
Now you can see how fossils formed long ago make fuel today. That’s why we call them fossil fuels! | <urn:uuid:c92bc95f-3567-4d0d-9372-e61ce1495b48> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.nmoga.org/where-do-fossil-fuels-come-from | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00124-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975184 | 623 | 3.859375 | 4 |
It’s no news that today, the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) is not just a traditional cost-driven partner but plays a strategic role in the decision making process for effective and efficient HR Management. Several researchers propose expert systems or knowledge-based systems for decision-making in the Human Resource sector which, unfortunately, has some unavoidable limitations.
Human Resource Information System, abbreviated as HRIS software, is an indispensable part of organizations for achieving a competitive edge. It is responsible for saving time & resources by accomplishing HR tasks more quickly and accurately. Researchers have reported that data is normally collected without human intervention, precisely summarized, correctly generated, properly disseminated, and transformed into specific formats through automation, enabling HRIS to fit different requirements of HRM practitioners. Also, HRIS consists of a friendly user interface, powerful analytical tools and reporting tools for information sharing purposes.
Here are a few functions that support HRIS being the “BRAIN” of an HR:
- Data Mining and KDD
- HR Decision Support System
- Intelligence-based DSS
- IDSS for HR
- Intelligent HRIS
Let’s discuss each point in detail:
Data Mining and KDD
Knowledge Discovery in Database or KDD is a widely used term in intelligent data processing. It is a non-trivial process of identifying potentially useful, valid, novel, and ultimately logical patterns in a data set. The term KDD describes the entire process of extracting information from a data warehouse. Moreover, data mining is one of the challenging steps of the KDD process. Data mining consists of “discovery driven techniques” for analyzing a big quantity of data. It reveals meaningful hidden patterns to the HR for identifying trends, relationships, and association among the data measurement. And so, this useful information extracted through an HRIS software is utilized to achieve specific business objectives.
HR Decision Support System
Another “brainy” work of HRs after data management is decision-making. In the Decision Support System, data and models are used to solve managerial semi-structured and unstructured problems. Moreover, DSS includes a knowledge-based approach. It collects useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, business examples and personal knowledge to discern and solve problems and arrive at determinations. It has a robust reporting facility that contains ad hoc reporting capabilities, pre-built analysis functions, and multidimensional analysis. DSS does not supervise the decision and never replaces human decision makers, but it supports users and helps them make better and consistent decisions. So, presently, HR managers depend on DSSs for making the best decisions in the shortest possible time.
When it comes to HRIS, every detail needs to be accurate. To overcome the trivial drawbacks of DSS, IDSS is used as a decision support technology. It is a new type of DSS, integrated with AI techniques. This system is a mix of the basic function models of DSS and the knowledge reasoning techniques of Artificial Intelligence. It solves intricate, imprecise and ill-structured problems. IDSS also uses human judgment and preferences for uncertainty or incomplete data in the decision-making process. So, it gives a push to the HR’s brain for resolving decision-making problems.
IDSS for HR
In recent times, HRIS is integrated with analysing the ability to create different types of reports for HR professionals. They can make better decisions related to semi- structured and unstructured problems in respect to accuracy and uncertainty. There are a few studies where IDSS is applied to HRIS software for HR management such as for staffing, training and development, performance appraisal and HR administration.
Intelligence is a significant attribute of the brain. The intelligence-based HRIS model consists of 3 basic segments: Input Subsystem, Decision Making Subsystem, and Output Subsystems to provide any HR related report and to suggest solutions of structured, semi structured and unstructured HR problems and making it available to the users.
Until now, working professionals had a little idea about HRIS. All they knew was that it is an amalgamation of HR and Information Technology and manages information related to HR operations such as:
- Personnel Tracking
- Absence Management
- Training & Development
- Benefits & Compensation Administration
- Workflows Management
- Self-Service Portal, etc.
The key takeaway of this blog is to give readers a deep dive into the technicalities of an HRIS software and explain how each part of it is activated as an HR’s brain. | <urn:uuid:6ee23517-0d4e-4b59-b6bd-0f1e2c25b7a3> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://hrone.cloud/hris-software-the-hrs-brain-at-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152236.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727041254-20210727071254-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.920119 | 940 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Ground Water, continued
Utilization of WaterMost of the wells in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties supply or have supplied water for domestic and stock use. Much of time water pumped from wells in this area is used for irrigation, although only a small percentage of the wells are used for this purpose. Many wells have been drilled to supply water for use in drilling gas wells, but these generally are abandoned as soon as the gas well has been completed. A few wells are used for public-water supplies and for railroads.
Domestic and Stock SuppliesDomestic wells supply water in homes for drinking, cooking, and washing, and in schools other than those supplied by municipal wells. Stock wells supply water for livestock, principally cattle and sheep that are pastured on winter wheat. Most of the domestic and stock wells are small-diameter drilled wells equipped with lift or force pumps operated by windmills or by hand. In the valleys where the water table is shallow, a few domestic and stock wells are dug or driven. The water used for domestic and stock supplies is moderately hard but generally is satisfactory. Much of the ground water in northern Stevens County and in western Grant County contains sufficient fluoride to be injurious to children's teeth during the period of their formation (see Quality of Water).
Public SuppliesThe cities of Ulysses, Sublette, Satanta, Hugoton, and Moscow have municipal water supplies derived from wells.
Ulysses--Ulysses (population, 824, according to 1940 census) is supplied by two wells (52 and 53) which obtain water from the Rexroad (?) and Meade formations. The wells are said to be 290 feet deep and are cased with 12-inch wrought-iron casing. Each well is equipped with a turbine pump powered by a natural-gas engine. Well 52 is reported to yield 200 gallons a minute with a drawdown of 28 feet; well 53 is reported to yield 150 gallons a minute, but there is no record of the drawdown. Water is pumped from the wells directly into the mains, the excess water going into the 75,000-gallon elevated steel storage tank in the city park. No data on the consumption of water were available. The water is moderately hard and contains 1.7 parts per million of fluoride which is considered sufficient to cause very slight mottling of children's teeth. (See analysis 52, Table 11.)
Sublette--The water supply of Sublette (population, 582) is obtained from two wells (183 and 184) within the city limits. Well 183, which is near the depot of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company, is 290 feet deep and is reported to have a static water level 201 feet below land surface. The well is cased with 6-inch wrought-iron casing and is equipped with a turbine pump powered by an electric motor. The yield of the well is reported to be 100 gallons a minute. Well 184, which is near the elevated reservoir, is 275 feet deep and has a static water level of about 202 feet.
It is a 24-inch gravel-walled well cased with wrought-iron casing and is equipped with a turbine pump powered by an electric motor. The reported yield of this well is 175 gallons a minute on open flow at land surface and 150 gallons when the water is pumped into the mains.
Water is pumped from the wells directly into the 4-inch mains, the excess water going into an elevated steel storage tank having a capacity of 20,000 gallons. The water is moderately hard but is suitable for most domestic uses. (See analysis 183, Table 12.)
Satanta--Satanta (population, 345) is supplied by two wells (218, 219) which obtain water from the Rexroad (?) formation and perhaps in part from the Laverne formation. The wells are near the municipal swimming pool in the northern part of town; they are reported to be 280 feet deep and to have a static water level of 200 feet. Each well is cased with 8-inch wrought-iron casing and is equipped with a turbine pump powered by an electric motor. Well 218 is reported to yield 150 gallons a minute. Well 219 is reported to yield 325 gallons a minute when the water is discharged at land surface and 250 gallons a minute when the water is discharged into the mains. The drawdown of this well is reported to be 40 feet when it is being pumped at the rate of 325 gallons a minute.
Water is pumped from the wells directly into the 4- and 6-inch mains, the excess water going into an elevated steel storage tank having a capacity of 50,000 gallons. The water is moderately hard, but otherwise is of good quality. (See analysis 218, Table 12.)
Hugoton--The water supply of Hugoton (population, 1,349) is obtained from two wells (296 and 297) which penetrate Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. Well 296 is a gravel-walled well drilled to a depth of 308 feet (log 52) and has a static water level of 80 feet. It is cased with 12-inch wrought-iron casing and has 40 feet of screen set opposite the coarser water-bearing materials. The coarsest water-bearing materials were found between the depths of 248 and 267 feet. The well is equipped with a turbine pump powered by an electric motor, and is reported to yield 130 gallons a minute with a drawdown of 80 feet after 30 hours of pumping.
Well 297 (log 53), which is in the city park, is a gravel-walled well drilled to a depth of 300 feet and has a static water level of 85 feet. It is cased with 18-inch wrought-iron casing and has 80 feet of slotted screen set at various intervals between the depths of 88 and 300 feet. The well is equipped with a turbine pump powered by an electric motor, and it yields 230 gallons a minute with a drawdown of 160 feet after 28 hours of pumping.
Water is pumped from the wells directly into the mains, which range in diameter from 4 to 6 inches. The excess water is stored in two reservoirs, one underground and the other elevated, the aggregate capacity of which is 285,000 gallons. The average daily consumption of water in Hugoton in 1941 was 126,847 gallons. The water is moderately hard but otherwise is of good quality. The fluoride content is within the safe limit discussed under Quality of Water. (See analysis 296, Table 13.)
Moscow--Moscow (population, 177) is supplied by a well (239) which penetrates Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. The well is reported to be 290 feet deep and to have a static water level of 140 feet. It is cased with 6-inch oil-well casing and is equipped with a 3-inch lift pump powered by a 5-horsepower electric motor. The reported yield of the well is 10 gallons a minute.
Water is pumped from the well directly into the 2-inch mains, the excess water going into a steel storage tank having a capacity of 27,500 gallons. The water contains 1.2 parts per million of fluoride which is considered sufficient to cause very slight mottling of some children's teeth. (See analysis 239, Table 13.)
Railroad SuppliesThe Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company has four wells in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties that are used for railroad supplies (54, 182, 216, and 295). In addition, they have one well at Moscow (238), which was formerly used for railroad supply. (See logs 47, 48, 49, 50, and 51.) The wells range in depth from 182 to 334 feet and the depths to water level range from 50 feet at Ulysses to 220 feet at Satanta. The wells are cased with wrought-iron casing and most of them are equipped with lift pumps. The well at Hugoton is equipped with a deep-well turbine pump.
Industrial SuppliesMany wells have been drilled in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties to supply water for use in drilling gas wells. Most of these wells are abandoned after completion of the gas well, but a few have been sold to farmers who now use them for watering stock. These wells generally penetrated much of the Tertiary and Quaternary water-bearing materials and ranged in depth from about 200 feet to more than 400 feet. They were cased with 8- or 10-inch wrought-iron casing and generally were equipped with cylinder or with air-lift, pumps. Data concerning their yields and drawdowns were not available, but it was reported that a few of these wells yielded as much as 500 gallons a minute.
Possibilities of Further Development of Industrial Supplies from WellsAbundant supplies of natural gas and ground water are available in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties for the development of industries. This area is underlain by thick deposits of saturated material that would yield moderate to large quantities of water to wells (Pl. 3). Industrial wells could be developed in almost any part of the area provided preliminary test holes penetrated an adequate thickness of coarse water-bearing material. The area in which industrial supplies could be developed is much larger than the area in which irrigation supplies could be developed, because industry would not be as limited as irrigation by the type of soil and by pumping lift (Fig. 16). There are large areas in Stevens County, for example, where sandy soil and irregular topography prevent the development of irrigation but where industrial wells could be constructed. This is also true in the dune-sand area in northern Grant and Haskell Counties.
Irrigation SuppliesPrior to the extended drought between 1931 and 1940 there was little or no irrigation with water from wells in this area except from one shallow well (46) in Lakin Draw northeast of Ulysses. The repeated crop failures after 1931 stimulated interest in irrigation in this area so that in 1943 there were 20 irrigation wells, 14 of which were in Grant County. Although the precipitation has been above normal since 1940, the interest in irrigation has continued, particularly in the area of shallow water northwest of Ulysses where experiments have been made in the irrigation of potatoes, onions, and melons.
The records of all the irrigation wells in this area visited during the field investigation are given in Tables 18, 19, and 20 and the locations of the wells are shown on Plate 2. The area that was reported to have been irrigated in 1942 comprised 1,744 acres from 13 wells in Grant County, 61 acres from two wells in Haskell County, and 472 acres from four wells in Stevens County. This survey of irrigated acreage was made by Woodrow W. Wilson in April 1943. Data on the quantity of water pumped for irrigation in 1942 are not available; however, six of the wells were reported to have pumped 1,030 acre-feet of water to irrigate 668 acres of land. This is equivalent to about 1.5 acre-feet of water for each acre of land. Similarly, according to the U.S. Census, the average quantity of water used in western Kansas in 1939 to irrigate one acre of land was 1.5 acre-feet. If it is assumed that 1.5 acre-feet of water was used for each irrigated acre of land in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties in 1942, then the quantity of water pumped for irrigation during that year would be about 3,500 acre-feet.
The annual pumpage for irrigation in this area varies with the precipitation, but prior to the end of 1943 the pumpage increased each year because of the increase in number of pumping plants and in irrigated acreage. In 1944, however, the pumpage decreased because of abundant precipitation and the scarcity of farm labor.
Yields of irrigation wells--The yields of 10 irrigation wells in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties were determined by pumping tests, the results of which are given in Table 8.
Table 8--Pumping tests of irrigation plants in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties (1).
2. No drawdown measurement available.
The wells that were tested were deep wells equipped with turbine pumps powered by gasoline, diesel, or natural-gas engines. Measurements of yield were made using a Collins flow gage (Pl. 8). An electrical contact device and a steel tape or both were used for measuring the drawdowns in the wells while pumping, and a steel tape was used for all water-level measurements after pumping stopped. The yields of the wells ranged from 452 to 1,435 gallons a minute; the drawdowns in nine of the wells ranged from 11.73 to 94.64 feet, and the specific capacities ranged from 5.5 to 101.8. Well 145, for which no discharge measurements are available, was reported to yield 800 gallons a minute with a measured drawdown of 6.26 feet. If the reported yield is correct, the specific capacity of the well is 128, which is the highest that has been reported or measured in this area.
Construction of irrigation wells--The irrigation wells in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties are of one type. They are deep wells that penetrate all or most of the water-bearing materials above the Dakota formation. Most of the wells are gravel-wailed wells cased with 16-inch wrought-iron casing and equipped with deep-well turbine pumps powered by natural-gas engines. Some of the wells penetrate water-bearing formations so fine-grained that the wells should be gravel-packed in order to keep out the sand and obtain larger yields (see p. 68). In order to obtain an efficient well, it is essential to use proper size gravel and proper size screens or perforations. Gravel-packing adds to the cost of construction and should be used only where water in satisfactory quantities can be obtained in no other way and then only after a thorough study of the water-bearing material to determine the proper size of gravel to be used and, therefore, the proper slot size of screen or perforation of casing. For detailed descriptions of gravel-packing, the reader is referred to Rohwer (1940), Bennison (1943), and Davison (1939).
Depth and diameter of irrigation wells--The irrigation wells in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties, except well 46 which is abandoned, range in depth from 112 feet to 375 feet, and the diameters range from 12 to 18 inches (Table 9).
Table 9--Depths and diameters of irrigation wells in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties.
Types of irrigation pumps--All the irrigation wells in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties are equipped with deep-well turbine pumps, most of which have 6-inch or 8-inch discharge pipes. Well 46 in Lakin Draw is equipped with a centrifugal pump, but this well has been abandoned.
Irrigation pump power--Engines using natural gas for fuel operate about half of the pumps on irrigation wells in this area. The remainder are operated by gasoline or diesel engines (Table 10). There are very few electric power lines near irrigation wells in this area, but all the wells except 134 and 145 are within the limits of the Hugoton gas field; hence there is an abundance of low-priced fuel available to irrigation plants. Data on the consumption of natural gas (determined by pumping tests conducted by Kenneth D. McCall, Melvin Scanlan, and Woodrow W. Wilson) by four pumping plants in Grant and Stevens Counties (30, 56, 244, and 247) indicate a cost of fuel of 0.28 cent per acre-foot of water per foot of lift. The average lift in the four wells was 95 feet, the average discharge was 1,100 gallons a minute, and the average cost of fuel per acre-foot of water was $0.27. Most of the power units on irrigation wells in this area are belted to the pump pulleys, but a few are direct-connected to the shafts.
Table 10--Type of power used for operating irrigation pumps in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties.
Possibilities of Further Development of Irrigation Supplies from WellsThe feasibility of further development of irrigation supplies from wells is dependent upon the safe yield of the ground-water reservoir (the amount of water that can be withdrawn annually over a long period of years without depletion), the cost of drilling and pumping, the types of soil, the quality of water, the kinds of crops raised, the market and price conditions, and perhaps other factors. The ability of an underground reservoir to yield water over a long period of years is limited, as is that of a surface reservoir. If water is withdrawn from an underground reservoir by pumping and by other means (seeps, springs, evaporation, and transpiration) faster than water enters it, the supply will be depleted and the water levels in wells will decline. The amount of water that can be withdrawn annually over a long period of years without depletion of the ground-water reservoir is dependent upon the capacity of the underground reservoir and upon the amount of water that is added annually to the reservoir by recharge.
The cost of drilling and pumping is determined in part by the depth to water level. In areas where the water level is relatively deep the wells must be deep and the pumping lift is great. The cost of a well is also determined in part by the permeability and the thickness of the water-bearing materials. Wells may encounter relatively fine-grained materials that cause the yield of the well to be relatively small. Gravel-packing may increase the yield, but it also adds to the cost. The character of the soil and the contour of the land surface also are important factors. The soil may be too sandy, as it is in many parts of Stevens County, or the land may be poorly drained, as it is in parts of northwestern Grant County and in much of the dune-sand area in Stevens County.
Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties are underlain by thick deposits of water-bearing silt, clay, sand, and gravel. An irrigation well could be developed in almost any part of the area provided preliminary test drilling indicated an adequate thickness of water-bearing sand and gravel. Among the chief factors limiting the development of irrigation in this area are depth to water, condition of soil, and surface slope. The depth to water level in much of Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties is so great that irrigation from wells is not economically feasible. The depth to water level beyond which pumping from wells for irrigation is too costly is difficult to determine and is variable. The limit may be influenced by type of crop grown, quality of the soil, price of crops, climate, cost of fuel, and drawdown of the well. Well 299, for example, has a pumping lift of more than 177 feet, although the static water level is only 82.8 feet. Well 145, however, has a static water level of 161.4 feet but the pumping lift is only 167.7 feet. (For a discussion of cost of pumping, the reader is referred to McCall and Davison, 1939, and McCall, 1944.) In the discussion of the possibilities of further development of irrigation, only those areas are considered where the depth to water level is less than 100 feet. This is an arbitrary limit and may be altered by various conditions as stated above. In addition, as pumping equipment is improved the economic limit of pumping lifts may increase. In 1943, there were six irrigation wells in this area having a static water level greater than 100 feet and seven irrigation wells having a pumping lift greater than 100 feet.
The shallow-water areas in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties are very similar to the irrigation area near Plainview and Hereford in the panhandle of Texas. Both areas are a part of the High Plains, are underlain by thick deposits of Tertiary or Quaternary sediments or both, have a similar climate, and have almost equal depths to water level. According to White, Broadhurst, and Lang (1940) there were approximately 1,700 irrigation wells in the High Plains of Texas in 1939 which were used to irrigate about 230,000 acres of land. In 1940, there were about 2,100 irrigation wells in the area. It is believed that irrigation could be developed profitably in the areas of shallow water in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties. Many irrigation wells in the High Plains of Texas have static water levels greater than 100 feet; hence it is believed that water could be pumped economically in the areas in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties where the depth to water is less than 100 feet. Inasmuch as all the potential irrigation areas in Grant and Stevens Counties are within the limits of the Hugoton gas field where there is an abundance of low-priced fuel, it is believed that water could be pumped more economically here than in the High Plains of Texas.
The Grant-Haskell-Stevens area also is very similar to the large irrigation area in Scott County, Kansas. The areas have similar climate and geology except that the water-bearing materials generally are much thicker in the Grant-Haskell-Stevens area. The cost of fuel per acre-foot of water per foot of lift in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties is much less than it is in Scott County because of the low cost of natural gas in the Hugoton gas field. The average cost of natural gas per acre-foot of water per foot of lift in four irrigation plants tested in Grant and Stevens Counties was 0.28 cent. The average cost of fuel per acre-foot of water per foot of lift in 27 plants tested in Scott County was 0.96 cent for 12 plants using natural gas and 2.7 cents for 15 plants using electricity (McCall, 1944, pp. 25-30). The average lift in the four wells in Grant and Stevens Counties was 95 feet, whereas the average lift in the 27 plants in Scott County was 83 feet.
The cost of fuel for pumping water for irrigation also seems to be less in the vicinity of the Hugoton gas field than in any other upland area in southwestern Kansas. The Division of Water Resources of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture tested 22 deep-well pumping plants in southwestern Kansas in 1938 (Anon., 1938) and found that the average cost of fuel per acre-foot of water per foot of lift was 1.07 cents in plants using natural gas, 2.90 cents in plants using gasoline, 2.18 cents in plants using distillate, and 2.69 cents in plants using electricity. The average lift in these wells was 98.7 feet. As stated above, the average cost of fuel per acre-foot of water per foot of lift in four plants that were tested in Grant and Stevens Counties was 0.28 cent. It must be remembered, however, that this represents only the cost of fuel and does not include the initial cost of the plant or the cost of lubrication and maintenance.
For the purpose of more detailed description, Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties may be divided into five areas based upon possibilities of further development of irrigation from wells: (1) Stanton-Grant area, (2) Moscow area, (3) Feterita area, (4) Woods area, and (5) northeastern Haskell area (Fig. 16).
Stanton-Grant area--The shallow-water area in western Grant, eastern Stanton, and northwestern Stevens Counties is one of the largest potential areas of irrigation in western Kansas (Fig. 16). The area in which the depth to water level is less than 100 feet is more than 500 square miles, of which about 280 square miles are in Grant County and 15 square miles are in Stevens County. (See Plate 2 of a report by Latta, 1941, and Plate 2 of this report.) Much of this land is not suitable for irrigation, but no attempt was made during this investigation to classify land according to its suitability for irrigation. Part of the land is underlain by dune sand, part is poorly drained, and part is unsuitable for other reasons. Nevertheless, there are many thousand acres of land in this area that could be irrigated with water from wells. The thickness of the saturated material is between 250 and 350 feet in most of the area but is only 200 feet in northwestern Grant County on the southeastern flank of the Syracuse anticline (Pl. 3).
It is not possible at present to estimate the quantity of water that could be pumped annually from wells in this area without depleting the supply of ground water. The water levels in all of the observation wells in this area fluctuate somewhat in accordance with precipitation, indicating that there is recharge from precipitation in this area. Theis, Burleigh, and Waite (1935, pp. 2, 3) believe that the average annual recharge from precipitation in the High Plains is about one-half inch of water. The recharge in the Stanton-Grant area probably exceeds the average recharge in the High Plains, inasmuch as the depth to water level probably is less than the average depth to water level in the High Plains. One-half inch of recharge annually would amount to more than 8.5 million gallons or 26.7 acre-feet for each square mile.
The heaviest pumping in this area is in northwestern Grant County, where there are several wells in a relatively small area. The pumpage of water in that area has not as yet caused appreciable lowering of the water table. In August 1944, the Division of Water Resources of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture installed an automatic water-level recorder on a well in the SE cor. NE 1/4 sec. 6, T. 28 S., R. 38 W., in the most heavily pumped area, so that a continuous record of the water level in this well will be available. If further development of irrigation in this area causes the water table to decline, steps can be taken to prevent overdevelopment. If the wells are properly spaced, several thousand acres could be irrigated without depleting the supply of ground water. Properly constructed wells in this area probably would yield 500 to 1,500 gallons of water a minute. In the valleys, where the water table generally is shallow, a battery of several wells connected to a centrifugal pump could be constructed. The yield of these wells generally is greater than the yield of single deep wells.
Moscow area--Additional land could be irrigated in the small area northwest of Moscow in northern Stevens and southern Grant Counties (Fig. 16). The land is relatively flat and the depth to water level is between 80 and 100 feet. The thickness of the saturated material ranges from about 150 feet in the eastern part of the area to about 280 feet in the northwestern part of the area. Test hole 33, in the NE cor. sec. 9, T. 31 S., R. 37 W., penetrated 280 feet of saturated material above the Dakota formation, and this test hole and the irrigation wells in this area encountered much coarse sand and gravel. The specific capacities of the irrigation wells in this area are relatively large. (Table 7, wells 244 and 247.)
Periodic measurements of water level have been made in one well (245) in this area, and were begun during the summer of 1942, which was a year of above-normal precipitation. Because of the below-normal precipitation in 1943 the water level declined, but because of above-normal precipitation in 1944 the water level reached its highest stage since, periodic measurements were begun. This indicates that the pumpage has had little or no effect on the water table and that there is recharge from precipitation. If there were excessive pumping in this, area and the water table declined, the Cimarron River in this area would become a losing stream instead of a gaining stream; and instead of ground water being lost by discharge into the river, the ground-water reservoir would be recharged by the downward movement of runoff water of the Cimarron River through the broad sandy stream channel.
Feterita area--The Feterita area extends from Hugoton through Feterita to Rolla in Morton County (Fig. 16). This area consists of all the land in which the depth to water level is less than 100 feet, except those areas covered by relatively young sand dunes which cause the land to be very sandy and irregular (Pl. 1). All this area is covered by mature and old-age sand dunes, but there are many parts of the area in which a good soil has developed and in which the land is relatively flat.
There is one irrigation well (299) in this area in Stevens County, but several have been drilled in the Morton County part of the area. The thickness of saturated material ranges from about 300 feet at the Morton-Stevens line to more than 400 feet in the eastern part of the area. There is little danger of overdevelopment of irrigation in this area because irrigation will necessarily be restricted to small areas where the soil and surface slopes are favorable.
This area is underlain by dune sand and the drainage is poorly developed; hence practically all the precipitation in this area moves downward toward the zone of saturation or evaporates, and little or no water is lost by runoff. Because the soil and topography of the area limit the development of irrigation, the recharge from precipitation in this area probably will be adequate to supply all the irrigation wells that may be constructed.
Woods area--The area of shallow water in the vicinity of Woods in eastern Stevens County is underlain by dune sand, much of which has an irregular surface slope and a very sandy soil (Fig. 16). The area most favorable for the development of irrigation is that in which the depth to water level is less than 100 feet and in which the dune sand has reached the mature or old-age stage of the dune-sand cycle (note pages 134, 135).
The depth to water level in this area ranges from about 75 feet to 100 feet and the thickness of saturated material is greater than in any other part of the Grant-Haskell-Stevens area. Test holes 38 and 39 encountered approximately 600 feet of saturated material above the Permian redbeds. This area is similar to the Feterita area in that irrigation can be developed only where the land is relatively flat and where the soil is not too sandy. This area and adjacent areas are underlain by dune sand containing many undrained basins. The recharge here is relatively large and probably would supply all the irrigation wells that will be constructed in the limited areas where both the soil and topography are suitable for the development of irrigation.
Northeastern Haskell area--The area of shallow water in northeastern Haskell County comprises about 25 square miles bounded on the north and west by sand dunes and on the south by the 100-foot isobath line (Fig. 16). The area extends into southeastern Finney County and west-central Gray County (Latta, 1944, pp. 122, 123). There are no irrigation wells in this area in Haskell County but there are two irrigation wells (134 and 145) south of the area where the depth to water exceeds 100 feet (Pl. 2). These wells penetrate thick deposits of sand and gravel and have relatively high specific capacities. There were six irrigation wells in the Gray County part of the shallow-water area in 1940. These wells are 110 to 165 feet deep and the depth to water level in them ranges from about 64 feet to about 110 feet. The yields of the wells range from about 800 to 1,100 gallons a minute (Latta, 1944, p. 122).
The depth to water in the Haskell County part of the area ranges from about 65 feet to 100 feet. The thickness of saturated material ranges from about 200 feet at the northeast corner of Haskell County to more than 300 feet in the southern and western parts of the area. Test hole 6 at the northeast corner of the area penetrated 207 feet of saturated material, of which 118 feet consisted primarily of sand or gravel or both (Pl. 3). A test hole (log 5) drilled at the NE corner sec. 31, T. 27 S., R. 30 W., Gray County, penetrated almost 300 feet of saturated material above the Dakota formation, nearly 200 feet of which was sand and gravel.
Inasmuch as the northeastern Haskell area is isolated and almost completely surrounded by large areas of sand dunes or areas in which the depth to water level exceeds 100 feet, it is believed that almost every suitable acre in the area could be irrigated with water from wells. Ground water moves into the area from the sand hills northwest of the area in southern Finney County. The large area of sand dunes serves as a catchment area for precipitation so that recharge of the ground-water reservoir probably greatly exceeds the average recharge in the High Plains. Because of this movement of water from the northwest and because very little irrigation can be developed in adjacent areas it is believed that many irrigation wells can be constructed in this area. A reasonable lowering of the water table in this area by pumping would increase the gradient of the water table and, therefore, would increase the movement of water from the sand-dune area.
Summary--The irrigation areas discussed in the preceding pages are limited to places in which the depth to water level is less than 100 feet, but, as stated above, there are six irrigation wells in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties having a static water level of more than 100 feet. In addition, there are many irrigation wells in southwestern Kansas and the panhandle of Texas in which the static water level is more than 100 feet. Whether or not irrigation wells having a pumping lift of more than 100 feet can be operated economically is questionable. Because of the abundance of low-priced fuel in the Hugoton gas field the economic limit of pumping lift probably is as great or greater in this area than in any other part of the High Plains.
There are large areas in Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Counties where the depth to water level is slightly more than 100 feet and where irrigation could be developed if the cost of pumping is not too great. The Stanton-Grant area has been divided into two parts in Figure 15, the two parts being separated by an area in which the depth to water level ranges from 100 to 115 feet (Pl. 2). Similarly, in most of the area east of U.S. highway 270 between the Cimarron River and North Fork Cimarron River the depth to water level does not exceed 120 feet. Also there are many areas in Stevens County where the depth to water level is a little more than 100 feet and where the soil and topography are suitable for irrigation. Finally, the depth to water in most of that part of northeastern Haskell County lying between the 100-foot and 150-foot isobath lines is less than 110 feet (Pl. 2). The static water level in the areas mentioned above are more than 100 feet, but if a well penetrates an adequate thickness of coarse sand and gravel the drawdown will not be great and hence the pumping lift may be less than the lift in some wells having a static water level less than 100 feet. As irrigation with water from wells is increased in this area the economic limit of pumping lifts for various types of crops and for various climatic conditions probably will be determined.
Kansas Geological Survey, Grant, Haskell, and Stevens Geohydrology|
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EARLY LEARNING MATTERS WEEK
From 26 to 30 July, early childhood educators, parents, carers and community leaders around Australia come together to raise awareness and understanding of the importance of early learning.
Organised by Early Childhood Australia, Early Learning Matters Week is a great opportunity to celebrate our wonderful early childhood educators who support children every day to be confident, enthusiastic learners, building the foundations for wellbeing and achievement throughout their lives.
Annmarie Riddiford is a bestchance Early Childhood Educator at Noble Park Community Child Care and Kindergarten and has been working there for the past 35 years. Growing up in the area and living there her whole life, Ann has loved watching the community grow and change over time. “I am now teaching children at the same place I taught their parents, so I am involved with three generations of families and no matter where I go in the area I am always bumping into families that I know,” Ann says, “I have built up a good rapport with a lot of the families in the area.”
Experienced educators like Ann are crucial to create and facilitate new learning experiences to encourage constructive learning, imaginative play and the development of resilience and social skills. Ann says early learning matters because it “sets children up for life”. It will help them learn skills that they will build on throughout their lives, develop language and listening skills, confidence and independence, physical and creative skills, support their desire to learn and discover, and the ability to work cooperatively with other children and adults.
According to research from Harvard University on brain development, the early years (1 to 5 years of age) are a crucial time for “building blocks” for future educational achievement, lifelong health, and wellbeing throughout the lifespan; therefore, attending early childhood care and kindergarten are important steps in a child’s development.
Ann is dedicated to making the experience for children in her area the best it can be. “I really do this for the children and I just love it,” she says, “As a team, we reflect at the end of every session and discuss how we can improve for the next day. We are constantly assessing what we are doing to make sure we provide the best experience to our young learners.”
bestchance child care and kindergarten programs are responsive to the needs and interests of each child and our high-quality educators are always looking for ways to make the programs better and more relevant to the individual needs of each child every step of the way. Early learning programs will help your child to develop language and listening skills, confidence and independence, physical and creative skills, and support their desire to learn and discover.
Thank you to all our early childhood educators for the work that you do every day.
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World is Unprepared as Climate Change Starvation 'Disaster' Lies Ahead: Report
Millions of people will die of starvation across the world as agricultural yields are expected to tank and the price of food is expected to double by 2050 scientists warned in a new report released this week.
The culprit? Extreme temperatures, floods and droughts brought on by climate change, the scientists warned in this year's US National Climate Assessment.
Lead researches of the study told the Observer that food insecurity risks turning parts of Africa into permanent disaster areas.
Frank Rijsberman, head of the world's 15 international CGIAR crop research centers, stated:
Food production will have to rise 60% by 2050 just to keep pace with expected global population increase and changing demand. Climate change comes on top of that. The annual production gains we have come to expect … will be taken away by climate change. We are not so worried about the total amount of food produced so much as the vulnerability of the one billion people who are without food already and who will be hit hardest by climate change. They have no capacity to adapt.
The Observer reports:
America's agricultural economy is set to undergo dramatic changes over the next three decades, as warmer temperatures devastate crops, according to a US government report. The draft US National Climate Assessment report predicts that a gradually warming climate and unpredictable severe weather, such as the drought that last year spread across two-thirds of the continental United States, will have serious consequences for farmers.
The research by 60 scientists predicts that all crops will be affected by the temperature shift as well as livestock and fruit harvests. The changing climate, it says, is likely to lead to more pests and less effective herbicides. The $50bn Californian wine industry could shrink as much as 70% by 2050.
The report lays bare the stark consequences for the $300bn US farm industry, stating: "Many agricultural regions will experience declines in crop and livestock production. The rising incidence of weather extremes will have increasingly negative impacts on crop and livestock production. Climate disruptions have increased in the recent past and are projected to increase further over the next 25 years.
"Critical thresholds are already being exceeded. Many regions will experience declines in crop and livestock production from increased stress due to weeds, diseases, insect pests and other climate change-induced stresses. Climate disruptions to agricultural production have increased in the recent past and are projected to increase further". | <urn:uuid:518a3724-4aaa-4197-abe6-eee814e48b1f> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.commondreams.org/news/2013/04/14/world-unprepared-climate-change-starvation-disaster-lies-ahead-report | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007501.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00095-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952042 | 496 | 2.765625 | 3 |
1. A four-wheeled vehicle for the transportation of goods, produce, etc.; a wagon. The wardens see nothing but a wain of hay. (Jeffrey) Driving in ponderous wains their household goods to the seashore. (Longfellow)
2. A chariot. The Wain.
(Science: astronomy) See Charles's Wain, in the vocabulary. Wain rope, a cart rope.
Origin: OE. Wain, AS. Waegn; akin to D. & G. Wagen, OHG. Wagan, Icel. & Sw. Vagn, Dan. Vogn, and E. Way. See Way, Weigh, and cf. Wagon. | <urn:uuid:77cd3823-40c8-4a73-8067-4594b824d662> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Wain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982905736.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200825-00018-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85029 | 154 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Owe A Ball - Billiard Term Definition
Welcome to the billiard, pool, and snooker glossary of terms. This is the definition of Owe A Ball as it relates to cue sports. You can also view the entire billiard dictionary
Definition of Owe A Ball
Owe A Ball is a billiards term that is a part of Scoring Terminology.
A player is said to owe a ball, or owe balls, when they scratch or foul but do not at the time have a ball available to be spotted. Typically players mark such owed balls by placing one coin on the rail near their pocket for each ball owed.
Owe A Ball - Usage
It looks like we are even from what is on the table, but I actually owe a ball.
Billiards - Owe A Ball
- Title: Owe A Ball
- Author: billiardsforum (Billiards Forum)
- Published: 4/16/2006
- Last Updated: 10/24/2007 9:49:43 AM
- Last Updated By: billiardsforum
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Submit New Billiard Term or Suggest a Correction
You can suggest a new billiard term and it's definition here. If you are suggesting a correction for an existing term, enter the entire definition as with your corrections incorporated. | <urn:uuid:26062640-8ce6-4d7e-9a5c-f559a55a4e42> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.billiardsforum.com/billiard-terms-definition/owe-a-ball | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057787.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925232725-20210926022725-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.934838 | 299 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The history of the cat is a long and complicated one. Cats have been worshipped, used in scientific experiments, and have been one of the most popular pets in the world. But where did cats come from?
This question has been debated for many years. Some believe that cats evolved from wild animals, such as lions or tigers. Others believe that cats were domesticated from a different animal, such as a weasel or a raccoon.
However, the most likely theory is that cats evolved from a species of small, predatory animals known as hyenas. Hyenas are closely related to cats and share many of the same characteristics. Over time, the hyenas began to lose their fur and developed smaller brains. They also became more reliant on humans for food and shelter.
Eventually, the hyenas evolved into the modern day cat. This evolution process took thousands of years and involved many different species. But the result is a creature that is
- Cat Evolution: Merge Animals are Total Install on Mobile 3529844+
- Cat Evolution: Merge Animals are Devolop By Tapps Games
- Install Cat Evolution: Merge Animals Your PC Using Bluestacks Android Emulator
- This Apps Last Update On Jun 25, 2022
Cat Evolution: Merge Animals Andorid App Summary
Tapps Games is the developer of this Cat Evolution: Merge Animals application. It is listed under the Casual category in the Play Store. There are currently more than 3529844+ users of this app. The Cat Evolution: Merge Animals app rating is currently 1.0.27. It was last updated on Jun 25, 2022. Since the app cannot be used directly on PC, you must use any Android emulator such as BlueStacks Emulator, Memu Emulator, Nox Player Emulator, etc. We have discussed how to run this app on your PC, mac, or Windows with this emulator in this article.
How To Install Cat Evolution: Merge Animals For PC
Follow the simple instructions below to easily install and download Cat Evolution: Merge Animals on your PC:
- Download the Bluestacks Android emulator from the link above
- Once the download is complete, run the .exe file to begin the installation
- Bluestacks can be successfully installed by following the on-screen instructions
- Launch Bluestacks once it has been installed
- Bluestacks will ask you to sign in; you can use your Gmail ID to sign in
- Now, look for the search bar and in the dialog box, type Cat Evolution: Merge Animals and press Enter
- Click on the most appropriate app from the search results to expand it
- Start the installation process by clicking the Install button
- Wait for the installation to complete
- Now launch the Cat Evolution: Merge Animals andorid App within the emulator and enjoy
Features of Cat Evolution: Merge Animals for PC
for real money. If you don’t want to use this feature, please disable in-app purchases in your device’s settings.
|App Name||Cat Evolution: Merge Animals|
|Updated on||Jun 25, 2022|
|Get it On||https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=br.com.tapps.catevolution|
Cat Evolution: Merge Animals App Overview and Details
As the climate changes, so does the environment in which cats live. To survive, cats must evolve and change with their surroundings. This is why cats have gradually merged with other animals over time, forming new, more efficient species.
The first merger was between cats and small rodents. This new species was very effective at hunting and surviving in the new environment. They were able to quickly adapt to the changing climate and find new food sources.
The next merger was between cats and larger prey. This new species was able to take down larger prey, and survive in harsher climates. They were also able to cover more ground, allowing them to find new food sources.
The final merger was between cats and dogs. This new species was able to survive in even the harshest climates, and was very effective at hunting prey. They were also able to communicate with each other, allowing them to work together more effectively.
While each of these species have their own unique advantages, the ultimate goal is to merge with even more animals, creating an even more efficient species of cat.
Whats New In this Cat Evolution: Merge Animals?
Bug Fixes & Improvements
The Cat Evolution: Merge Animals application is a fun and educational way to learn about the evolution of cats. Users can merge different cats to create new breeds, and learn about the different characteristics of each cat. The application is a great way to learn about genetics, and how different traits are passed down from one generation to the next. | <urn:uuid:6357d50a-9cd6-468d-8e3a-151e409a4994> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://theforpc.com/cat-evolution-merge-animals-for-pc-how-to-download-windows-mac/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647639.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601074606-20230601104606-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.938284 | 1,063 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Infant Infection May Impair Adult Memory
Rat study found poor recall in animals infected after birth
HealthDay News — Infections in early childhood may affect memory function in later life, suggests a study in rats.
The study from researchers at the University of Colorado at Boulder found that rats with a history of infections as newborns displayed memory problems as adults whenever their immune systems were under stress, as happens during illness.
Rats infected with the E. coli bacteria as pups displayed memory lapses in special behavioral experiments, researchers say. These memory lapses only appeared when the adult rats were sick. The memories of adult rats with no history of post-natal infection remained strong, however, regardless of whether they were sick or not.
Researchers say the study, published in the February issue of Behavioral Neuroscience, adds to a growing body of evidence that even a single infection can permanently alter physiological systems.
Gaining a better idea of how infection in newborns can impair memory in immune-challenged adults may help researchers grasp how exposure to environmental stressors or germs before or just after birth may make people more prone to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, they said.
The study authors pointed out that prenatal viral infection has been linked to autism, cerebral palsy and schizophrenia. Bacterial infection is also a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease.
It’s estimated that complications involving infections of the uterus and its contents occur in up to 20 percent of pregnancies.
The American Society for Microbiology has more about viruses and bacteria. | <urn:uuid:ec7a6d2b-5ea8-4eb9-8726-67ecaeab4fc5> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/125744/infant_infection_may_impair_adult_memory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834258.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00061-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950287 | 317 | 2.703125 | 3 |
ARM processors are used in low-powered devices, such as hand-held terminals. Battery-life is a key property to protect. Consequently, some sacrifices were accepted by ARM in order to save a lot of transistors, translating into less power usage.
As a general requirement, program for low-powered devices must also keep in mind the battery-life requirement, and designed in a power-conscious manner. Hence, trade-off will almost always favor memory savings and speed over raw precision.
It's possible to use high-level languages for ARM, such as LUA, or Java. Obviously, these languages will try to mask ARM shortcoming, providing a universal interface to programmer. But that's also why it's so difficult to optimize them.
So we'll settle on C programming language, which is much closer to metal.
The most critical restriction to consider when designing an ARM-compatible program is the strong requirement on aligned data. What does that mean ?
The smallest memory element that can be manipulated is a byte, like most other processors of these last 30 years (Saturn being a very rare exception). Reading and writing a byte can be done anywhere in memory.
However, things change when dealing with Short types (16 bits, 2 bytes).
Such data must be read or written on even addresses only (0x60h is okay, 0x61h is not).
Same restriction apply when dealing with Long types (32 bits, 4 bytes). These data must be written or read from a memory address which is a multiple of 4 (0x60h is okay, 0x61h 0x62h 0x63h are not).
Failing this condition will almost certainly result in a crash, since most OS don't want to handle these exceptions for performance consideration.As long as you are dealing with Structured data, there is no issue : the compiler will take care of this for you.
Now, when dealing with a data stream, this is no longer a compiler job : you have to make sure that any read or write operation respects this restriction.
Guess what ? A file is such a giant data stream.
As a consequence, making your file format ARM friendly may require to change it. PC-ARM format compatibility is not guaranteed without this.
Forget about float
Programming with float is indeed supported by ARM compiler. But this is just a trick : hardware does not really support it, so a little program will take care of the calculation adaptation for you.
This has an obvious drawback : performance will suffer greatly.
Therefore, favor your own "fixed point" calculation instead, using a 32bit long as a container for your format. 16/16 is quite easy to come up with, but you may need another distribution, such as 22/10 for example. Don't hesitate to select the most suitable format for your program.
To give an example, i made a simple DCT implementation several months ago, using float (or double), as a "reference" starting point. It resulted in a speed of one frame per second.
I then simply replaced the "float" type with a fixed point implementation. This new version would only need 20ms to achieve the same job. Now, 50x is a huge enough performance delta to be seriously considered.
Cache is your (little) friend
Ensuring that data you need is fetched from cache rather than main memory is key to the performance of your application, and therefore to its impact on battery life.
Compared with PC, cache is a scarce resource for ARM. While modern x86 CPU tend to have multi-megabytes Level 2 caches on top of Level 1 caches, you end up with just a Level 1 cache with ARM, and generally a small one (size vary depending on implementations ; look at the technical doc of your model, 8KB or 16KB being very common).
Making sure your frequently accessed data stay in this cache will provide terrific performance boost.
As a consequence, a real difficulty is that your set of data has to remain small to match the cache size. This can change dramatically your algorithm trade-off compared with a PC version.
A lot of other performance optimizations advises are also valid, such as "read I/O in 32bits instead of 8bits at a time", but these ones are pretty much the most important ARM specific ones.
I have to thank int13 for providing me the opportunity to have a quick peek into this field. | <urn:uuid:d1ae8ad9-73c2-41a3-94a4-9cde57c0fc9c> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://fastcompression.blogspot.fr/2011_01_23_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049275328.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002115-00044-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942159 | 916 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Importance of routine pelvic exams
The United States lags behind other developed countries when it comes to preventive medicine, yet research has shown that primary care, which includes routine health exams and well-woman exams, improves health outcomes and reduces costs.
Through regular preventive screenings, physicians can discover, treat and help patients to manage health concerns early, before they become serious or chronic conditions which may require specialists and more invasive medical interventions.
Earlier this week, new guidelines were released, which recommend that pelvic exams — a routine health exam for women — no longer be given annually to women who are typically healthy and have no gynecologic or bladder indications or concerns.
Dr. Gloria Bachmann, a women’s health expert and interim chair of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Brunswick, suggests that the pelvic exam should continue to be a part of the annual exam for women. The final decision, she believes, to have it or not to have it during an annual well woman visit should belong to the patient with the input of her physician. Bachmann discusses the importance of routine pelvic exams and the reason for the controversy:
Question: What is a pelvic exam?
Bachmann: A pelvic exam is just one part of a woman’s wellness exam that should happen once each year. It is a comprehensive examination of the uterus and reproductive organs, as well as the bladder, rectum and abdomen. The pelvic exam is often the starting point for a detailed conversation about important issues that affect women, including pre-pregnancy counseling, infertility, and menopause. Many people may believe that it is only a Pap test, which is used to screen for cervical cancers and disorders, but that is only one part of a pelvic exam.
Question: What else does a pelvic exam encompass?
Bachmann: There are many other screening procedures that are included in a pelvic exam, in addition to a Pap test. These include cultures for infection, some for which there may not be apparent symptoms by the woman early on, including sexually transmitted infections. Physicians also conduct pelvic exams to determine if a woman has an enlarged or painful uterus or a weakened pelvic floor, with relaxation of the bladder.
Question: Why are the new recommended guidelines controversial?
Bachmann: The American College of Physicians evaluated several studies and concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support annual pelvic exams in women with no symptoms or who are of average health; this is in contradiction to recommendations of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Evidence shows that primary care, of which pelvic exams are one part, reduces overall health-care costs for both patients and institutions. Through annual health exams and screenings, physicians can identify potential health problems in patients. Early identification allows early intervention to treat or manage the condition, therefore reducing the risk of it becoming a serious or chronic condition.
Question: Why do you, as a physician, feel that pelvic exams are important?
Bachmann: According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United States already lags behind other developed countries in providing preventive health care, with primary care visits of four per person annually. In Europe, the average is 6 ½, with France at nearly seven and Germany at more than eight primary-care visits per year. Discouraging pelvic exams removes a preventive health screening, and in so doing, women also may forego their overall annual health check up with their primary care physician, such as their gynecologist. I feel strongly that we should not take away services that can support women’s health. Conditions may be found through pelvic exams that can improve a woman’s reproductive health, sexual health and overall well-being.
Question: When is the pelvic exam not routine?
Bachmann: Any woman who is not pregnant and experiences certain symptoms should have a pelvic exam. They include: pelvic pain or severe pain with menses; menstrual irregularity; abnormal or heavy vaginal bleeding or discharge; any skin lesions on the outer vaginal area; sexual pain; bladder symptoms such as loss of urine or burning with urination; or discomfort, burning, pressure or irritation on the outer vaginal area.
Question: What do you recommend to women who are confused by the new recommendations?
Bachmann: Women should be empowered to make their concerns and desires regarding a pelvic exam known to their clinician. A pelvic exam, like an eye exam or a dental exam, may detect potential or early problems. The pelvic exam can also be the impetus to initiate a conversation with a clinician about vaginal dryness, heavy bleeding or chronic pelvic discomfort from bladder relaxation. If a woman has had pelvic exams regularly and is comfortable with them, or if she chooses not to have a pelvic exam regularly, this is the discussion that she and her clinician should engage in. I want my patients to be empowered and to tell me, as the physician, what they want and what they don’t want. It’s my job to listen to my patients’ concerns and if I believe there is a reason for a screening or preventive measure, such as a pelvic exam, I need to discuss it with my patients and get their consent. Together, we can decide on the best course of care.
Jennifer Forbes is manager of Public Relations, Office of Communication & Public Affairs, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. | <urn:uuid:6db66c04-9ed4-4ee9-97fe-e961d6cfeec6> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/life/wellness/2014/07/29/health/13267893/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896932.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708093606-20200708123606-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.958174 | 1,101 | 2.75 | 3 |
Suppose you have a whole bunch of dominoes that spring back up precisely three seconds after they’ve fallen down. Can you build a computer out of them?
It turns out that you can. But let’s start out by reasoning about the
basics. To keep things simple, assume we have a big flat 2d floor on which
to stand the dominoes. When playing with dominoes, the typical thing you
do is put them in a line on the floor, and knock one over. Let’s call the
line of dominoes a stream, and say that as they fall, a wave of
falling dominoes travels down the stream. We’re supposed to be modeling a
computer, so let’s say that a wave represents a
1 and the lack of a wave
0. Of course we can connect several streams together, so call
a bunch of connected streams with some waves a circuit.
What sorts of circuits can we build? Let’s start simple. The most basic thing we can do with a stream is put a fork in it. Here’s a diagram:
On the left is a picture of what the tops of the dominoes would look like,
and on the right is a more abstract representation. I’m lazy about
drawing, so we’ll use only abstract drawings from now on. I’ve labelled
COPY GATE because if a wave comes down from ‘in’, it will
be duplicated to each ‘out’. Hence we can take a bit sequence – that is,
a sequence of waves and lack of waves – and duplicate it.
Ok, so that’s what a fork does. Well, at least that’s what it does if the
wave is coming towards the fork. If we instead put that circuit upside
down, we get an
OR GATE instead:
There’s a weakness to our circuits so far: they can duplicate
can’t produce any if there are none to start with. Fortunately we can
produce an infinite sequence of
1s with a simple loop. Since the
dominoes stand back up, a wave in a loop (of sufficient circumference)
will circle it forever, and a
COPY gate will emit a
1 each time it
goes around. Adjusting the circumference of the loop controls the timing
of the sequence.
This can easily be extended to implement memory. In the circuit below,
the left input is used to “set” the memory, after which the output is a
1s; and the right input is used to “unset” it, returning the
It’s also possible to build a diode; a circuit that allows “current” (i.e. waves) in one direction but not the other. Here a wave from the left will run into itself and “cancel out”, while an input from the top will continue on to the left unimpeded.
We can use a diode and a
1 input to construct a not gate. To do so, you
have to be very careful about the delays that streams introduce, just like
in a real computer. I’ve labelled parts of this circuit with numbers
indicating how many seconds a wave should take to traverse them. There’s
also two little boxes; these don’t correspond to anything physical, they
just mark interesting locations where waves in opposite directions will
Now we have both OR and NOT gates. It’s well known that these gates
together are universal, meaning that they can be combined to construct
any logic gate. For instance, you can construct AND because
x AND y is
the same as
NOT ((NOT x) OR (NOT y)). (It’s important that we have a ONE
and COPY gate too, though those are usually taken for granted.) Thus we
can build arbitrary logic gates.
Actually, I just lied. Do you see the hidden assumption?
Take a few minutes and think about it: why aren’t the gates I’ve described so far really universal?
When combining various circuits, it’s generally assumed that you can attach any circuit’s output to any other circuit’s input. But can we do that? The floor we’re placing dominoes on is 2-dimensional, and we can’t just have two streams cross because they’d crash into one another.
Fortunately there’s a workaround. There’s a circuit made up of
NOT gates whose outputs are its inputs, but swapped. Below is a
picture. The inputs are labelled
y, and intermediate values are
labelled. Juxtaposition means
OR, and a bar on top of
a letter means
NOT. Streams splitting and joining together mean
OR gates, as you would expect, and each veritcal bar is a
gate. By using this circuit we can swap streams, so with enough of them we
can arrange streams however we need to, and so these circuits really are
Therefore you can make memory and arbitrary logic gates out of stand-up-again dominoes, and, with enough patience, a general-purpose computer. | <urn:uuid:a104ac60-b386-4a7b-b9d6-194f54e0da33> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://justinpombrio.net/random/dominoe-computer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255773.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520061847-20190520083847-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.905833 | 1,129 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The Hualapai and the Flood
by William A. Hoesch, M.S. *
It rained for 45 days, and the whole earth was flooded. All the people were destroyed, except for one old man atop Spirit Mountain. Many days passed and a dove brought him instructions from the Creator to drive a ram's horn into the earth. The old man obeyed and the waters were drained. He sent the dove forth, and when it returned with fresh grass in its beak, he rejoiced for the land had become dry.
When the old man died, the Creator made "a younger brother and an older brother." In obedience to a dream, the two scraped, cleaned, and laid out canes. Before the next dawn the canes turned into a great population, and older-brother's rule over them was good. When he died, younger-brother commanded Cousin Coyote to fetch fire for the funeral pyre from faraway Fire-starter. But Coyote was disobedient and looked back, only to see that the fire had started without him. Dashing back to the pyre, he reached into the blaze, snatched older-brother's heart, and fled with it in his clenched teeth. (To this day, coyotes bear the mark of rebellion in their upturned, disfigured mouths.)
The land became irrevocably "not good" by this act, and younger-brother led the people "across the water" to a new land in the east. Overcrowding soon ensued, and younger-brother chief dispersed the people into three major people groups (Navajo, Mojave, and Hualapai).
This is the Flood story of the Hualapai Indians of northwestern Arizona.1 Like hundreds of Flood traditions, it was apparently handed down orally over the centuries. The Hualapai account corresponds to petroglyphs--one depicting a vessel carrying eight people (including younger-brother chief) across the floodwaters--inscribed on the flanks of Spirit Mountain in the area of Davis Dam, California, near the Colorado River. Some of the finest rock strata evidence we have for a global Flood is found on Hualapai lands in the westernmost Grand Canyon. Research by ICR geologists has been carried out there for the past ten years with the kind cooperation of the Hualapai. On these lands, song, rock, and petroglyphs agree--on a global flood.
Obviously the dove, the 45 days, the eight people aboard a vessel of deliverance, and a fall that marred even the animal kingdom, bear a remarkable resemblance to the biblical account. One might suspect it was a corruption of the Bible story, but this is unlikely for three reasons: 1) it is at least 150 years old, pre-dating all but the earliest Christian influences; 2) the Hualapai are fiercely proud and, for the most part, eschew "white man's" ways, including his religion; and 3) it matches with petroglyphs known to be ancient (though they cannot be absolutely dated). The account appears authentic.
The God who made the world and all things in it....He made from one |blood| every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth, having determined their appointed times and the boundaries of their habitation, that they would seek God, if perhaps they might grope for Him and find Him, though He is not far from each one of us. (Acts 17:24-27, NASB)
Jesus was not white, nor did He found a "white man's religion." God loves the Hualapai and sent His Son to earth to prove it. This is a love story begun in the book of Genesis, and the modern Hualapai retain a memory of the events recorded there.
- Paraphrased by the author, based on the story in the following publication: Talieje, Paul. 1984. Wikahme. In Hinton, Leanne and Lucille Watahomigi (eds.), Spirit Mountain: An Anthology of Yuman Story and Song. Tucson, AZ: Sun Tracks and the University of Arizona Press, 15-42.
* Mr. Hoesch is Research Assistant in Geology.
Cite this article: Hoesch, W. 2008. The Hualapai and the Flood. Acts & Facts. 37 (1): 16. | <urn:uuid:25817ad1-e76b-4c77-8a97-6d39a03b7386> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.icr.org/article/3622/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323895.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629084615-20170629104615-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.958197 | 921 | 2.796875 | 3 |
An interesting study from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute indicates that many of our decisions are influenced by past experiences (which is the leading cause for determinism) but also points out that random choices (or what I might perceive as a bit of free will, otherwise touted as compatibilism) might be benefecial at times.
A couple of notable quotes from the article: “Scientists at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Research Campus have shown that the brain can temporarily disconnect information about past experience from decision-making circuits, thereby triggering random behavior.” and : “in certain circumstances, random behavior may be preferable. An animal might have the best chance of avoiding a predator if it moves unpredictably, for example. And in a new environment, unrestricted exploration might make more sense than relying on an internal model developed elsewhere.”
The article here:
Shows how rats were able to switch between these modes of thought, predictably, by using different ways of presenting food/reward scenarios. There was noted an interesting side effect, notably the possibility of being stuck in the random mode of thought once it was initiated. They did figure out how to reverse that behavior by suppressing a stress hormone in the study animals, which I thought was pretty cool.
Now, admittedly I am extrapolating a bit here, moving this new information to the free will argument realm. But this study seems to show that having the ability to randomize our actions can be beneficial. What is free will if it is not the ability to make a random decision? I contend that yes our past experiences influence our decisions greatly, but that we do have the ability to occaisionally make a random choice if we want to. I don’t feel like EVERY decision we make has to be influenced by our past, and that yes, we do have a modicum of free will. Although it may be a small part of our makeup.
I just cannot buy into the determinist camp as of yet, and yes I’m probably grasping at straws here. But I remain a compatibilist for now. I know it’s not feasable just yet to be doing a happy dance for free will, but in this article I’ll take what I can get. 🙂 | <urn:uuid:2b3457ee-5da1-4d28-ad98-a2cfec97098d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://evidencebasedreality.com/2014/09/27/can-i-keep-my-free-will-now/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.949058 | 469 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Computer-based instruction and educational activities have been a part of high school level curricula for some time, but the primary grades have adopted these techniques a little slower. However, the adoption of technological learning activities will increase sharply over the next few years. Experts disagree on the single most important driving factor, but there are clearly a number of distinct advantages to computer-based learning activities over more traditional educational activities. Here are five of the most important.
The pace of instruction concerns everyone involved in the development of educational activities. Parents often worry about their child being either left behind or held back by the performance of the other students in the classroom. Teachers using traditional learning activities have trouble progressing some of the students in a classroom if not all are ready. Computer-based educational activities assist here by allowing each student to learn at his or her own pace. One student can move onto more demanding educational activities before the rest of the class without disrupting anyone else’s learning. Simultaneously, another student can repeat certain learning activities as often as advisable.
Computer-based instruction can also enhance the relevance and quality of educational activities. This will often register as a prime concern for parents and students. Collaborating with an appropriate site for learning activities will provide the school district or classroom teacher with a wealth of choices. With educational activities organized by grade level and covering a vast array of subject material, a valuable partnering site will empower the instructor with the ability to choose learning activities to target the students’ needs best. Further, if the site includes authoring tools, the teacher or parent may create new educational activities to address any under-served curricular areas. Additionally, a user community, if offered, may enable the sharing of learning activities far more easily than before. Providing instruction on the computer then helps foster increased relevance for the lessons involved.
To compete in today’s society, students need to achieve a much higher level of comfort and ease with technological tools. Today’s primary age students will find computers and technology dominating their workplaces to a greater degree than their parents or perhaps even their older siblings. Another advantage of learning activities on computers for our children then is that it teaches on multiple levels. Our students not only master the curriculum materials embedded in the learning activities, but also become more adept at using computers, which is also of value to them.
Finally, computer-based instruction can help lower the cost of our kids’ educational activities. Instead of buying multiple copies of a textbook for each subject matter area, schools can invest in computers and software to attend to all students. Many sites for learning activities can be accessed for a modest monthly fee. This one fee can then address an entire classroom’s needs across many curriculum areas at once, and therefore provide an economical way to provide educational activities. For these reasons, classrooms will feature computer-based instruction going forward. | <urn:uuid:683384f1-0bc5-4553-aa09-213fdde40c99> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://video-conferencing-systems.us/?p=15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919024323-20180919044323-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.963484 | 579 | 3.5 | 4 |
Widely used wood machining processes involve the employment of electric powered directory chain saws or rotary saws which cut wood inside the required size and shape. Water is used often to cool lower the chain saw along with the wood for permitting smooth. Wooden planks produced during this process are very rough and cannot be used in manufacturing product. Wood machining has acquired great importance in recent times due to the short availability of wood and improving environmental awareness involving users and producers. Wood machining techniques which have been in use, stress within the maximum utilization of wooden logs and assistance in reducing wastage. | <urn:uuid:9e0e4254-d1eb-46de-bf16-7f854ef58af4> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.assignmentpoint.com/business/strategic-management-business/wood-machining.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496694.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220210649-20190220232649-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.960183 | 119 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The speed of your car affects the distance required to stop it. Stopping distance is determined by three factors:
Here's some food for thought. At 55 mph, your vehicle is traveling at about 80 feet per second. Feet-per-second is determined by multiplying speed in miles-per-hour by 1.47 (55 mph x 1.47 = 80 feet per second.) With this in mind, let's add the perception and reaction distance to the formula.
You're traveling at 80 feet per second and you see a hazard in the road ahead. It takes about ¾ of a second for your brain to acknowledge the hazard. During this fraction of a second, you've traveled an additional 60 feet. This is the perception distance.
Now that your brain has acknowledged the hazard ahead, it takes another ¾ of a second for it to tell the foot to move from the gas pedal to the brake pedal and apply pressure. During this reaction time, you've traveled another 60 feet.
So from the time you perceive the hazard until the time your foot is applying pressure to the brake pedal, you've traveled 120 feet but your car still isn't stopped. At 55 mph, on a dry road with good brakes, your vehicle will skid approximately 170 feet more before stopping. This distance, combined with the perception and reaction distances, means you need about 300 feet to stop a car traveling at 55 mph. As a point of reference, Lambeau Field is 360 feet long, end to end. Keep this in mind as you follow that other car on your way home tonight. | <urn:uuid:cb510942-88fe-4f57-bcec-9a0c8e458652> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.thesilverlining.com/safety-resources/tips-to-help-avoid-losses/auto-tips/allow-adequate-following-distance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591543.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720061052-20180720081052-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.954701 | 322 | 3.25 | 3 |
Issue Date: March 16, 2009
EVERY INNOVATIVE pharmaceutical on the market today got there only after an expensive trip through what people in the drug industry call the pipeline. It's a trip that takes years if not decades to complete.
At the start of the journey is a target: a cell, protein, or molecule that scientists believe is implicated in a disease. In small-molecule drug discovery, chemists typically bombard the target with one molecule after another, looking for a chemical that acts on it in a medically useful way.
After chemists hit on a promising molecule, they turn to developing a process with which they can make it at a reasonable cost. Numerous synthetic routes, catalysts, and reaction conditions are considered. Once they have a process—and the molecule has passed successfully through a battery of efficacy and safety trials—the chemists and their engineering colleagues are ready to manufacture the molecule so it can emerge from the pipeline as an approved drug.
There was a time when drug companies would undertake these steps—discovery, process development, and manufacturing—on their own. These days, however, most firms engage an outside partner to help with at least one of them.
In the pages that follow, C&EN presents three case studies of outsourcing relationships along the drug development pipeline. In the first case, a Belgian drug company enlists the aid of a Midwest contract research firm that has a novel technique for discovering potential drug molecules.
In the second case, one of the best-known U.S. drugmakers partners with a California company that uses gene manipulation to create new biocatalysts. Together, they develop an environmentally friendly reaction step that yields a critical drug intermediate.
And in the third case, a French biotech company turns to a Dutch fine chemicals maker for help with a potentially dangerous manufacturing route. Thanks to a pioneering microreactor-based technique, the Dutch company wins a contract to make a drug that could become a blockbuster arthritis medication.
As these case studies show, all kinds of outsourcing is done along the drug pipeline by pharmaceutical companies big and small. But the three stories have one thing in common: More than being just a helping hand, the outsourcing partners all contribute something unique that the drug companies couldn't have done on their own.
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society | <urn:uuid:01551222-fb63-4531-9182-8fc7175f3277> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://cen.acs.org/articles/87/i11/Pharma-Outsourcing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831903.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00190-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95676 | 489 | 2.640625 | 3 |
LPL email addresses are contained in the email address books of thousands, if not millions, of computers worldwide. When a worm infects a random machine in the world, it harvests all of the email addresses stored on that machine and launches email messages to and from those addresses, forging the From: address. Human recipients tend to infer that these messages were sent by the user listed in the From: line, from the forged sender's computer. In reality, these messages could've originated on any computer in the world that has an address book that contains the actual recipient's and forged sender's addresses.
So, whenever a worm infects a computer (anywhere in the world) that contains an address book that contains LPL addresses, someone at LPL might receive forged worm email and might have their address used to forge worm email to other people. Companies, universities, and private parties worldwide are vulnerable to this problem and are contending with it. Given the situation, it's not surprising that experts estimate that millions of Windows computers worldwide are infected with some type of worm. | <urn:uuid:1ec31b99-d091-41e3-8013-4eae2a101b60> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://www.lpl.arizona.edu/faq/computing/sophos-anti-virus/why-do-i-receive-virus-email-people-lpl-whose-computers-are-not | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278385.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00176-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961897 | 217 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Great Lakes are a critical shared waterway, and cooperation between the United States and Canada has been key to the safety and efficiency of waterborne commerce for many decades. Such cooperation will be even more important in the years ahead. Take for example, the regulation of ballast water discharges: Canada is a signatory to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) convention that recently came into effect. The United States is not. The potential for conflict is present and very troubling for U.S.-flag and Canadian-flag operators on the Great Lakes.
While Canadian carriers dominate U.S./Canada trade—they typically haul more than 90 per cent of the cargo between the two countries on the Great Lakes—how Canada implements the IMO convention could stop the movement of cargo on U.S.-flag lakers between U.S. ports. The routes that ships steer (known as course lines) in the St. Marys, Detroit, and St. Clair rivers go back and forth between the United States and Canada numerous times. If Canada imposed the transit standard that has been discussed over the last five years, instead of the IMO prescribed discharge standard, an iron ore cargo loaded in Silver Bay, Minnesota that is bound for Cleveland, Ohio, could not be delivered. The U.S.-flag vessel would have to sail through Canadian waters a number of times, even though this voyage is technically a domestic move. Although domestic travel is governed by taxation, American laws, safety and environmental regulations, etc., Canadian domestic voyages between Thunder Bay and Windsor must also transit American waters in order to remain in the navigation channel.
The U.S. remains intent on protecting the Great Lakes from additional non-native species introduced by oceangoing vessels. The Commercial Vessel Incidental Discharge Act (S. 168), which has been added to the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2017 (S. 1129), sets the highest achievable standard for ballast water discharges—mirroring the IMO numeric discharge standard—and will raise the bar as technology advances. There is no reason for the U.S. and Canada to be at odds over ballast water discharge standards, particularly for vessels merely transiting and not discharging.
Setting a course
I would never question the commitment of either nation’s Coast Guards in Great Lakes icebreaking, but this is yet another area where greater harmonization is needed. The U.S. has nine icebreakers stationed on the Great Lakes, but collectively they are not equal to the task. The U.S. needs to build the heavy icebreaker authorized in 2015 and accelerate the modernization of the 140-foot-long icebreaking tugs.
Canada could also reexamine its icebreaking assets. Only two are permanently assigned to the Great Lakes, and both are nearing the end of their productive lives. Granted, assets are sometimes brought in from other regions, but Canada used to have seven icebreakers stationed on the Great Lakes. We need to share the icebreaking mission more equitably. Just on the U.S. side we lost 6,000 jobs and $1.1 billion in economic activity because the ice conditions of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 were so severe.
Despite the dearth of Canadian icebreakers, Canadian carriers dominate the cross-lakes trade. Is this because our vessels are less efficient? Hardly. The U.S.’s largest vessels can carry 75,000 tons (68,038 tonnes) in a single trip. Thirty-seven thousand tons (33,565 tonnes) is the top load in the new Canadian lakers being built in China and other countries. There are a number of reasons for the Canadian dominance of the cross-lakes trade, and they stem from differences in societal benefits, taxation, exchange rates, and construction costs. For those reasons and more, the original NAFTA treaty did not cover waterborne commerce. Any renegotiation must steer that same true course.
The history of Great Lakes shipping is a shining example of how two nations can work together for the betterment of both. I am confident that this can be the future, as well, with American and Canadian policy-makers continue the pursuit of the priority files highlighted above, ideally in the spirit of collaboration and partnership for economic success. We may not be in the same boat, but we are in this together. | <urn:uuid:48233c06-502f-4d32-9b4b-8855f7d8e683> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.watercanada.net/feature/increased-cooperation-support-great-lakes-transportation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107904039.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029095029-20201029125029-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.943699 | 888 | 3.015625 | 3 |
1. Which of the following categories/methods would be used to account for an investment, where the intent of the investment was primarily for short-term profits?
2. Ace Corporation has a long-term investment in the common stock of another entity. This investment is accounted for as an available-for-sale security. A journal entry to record a $10,000 decline in market value below cost would necessarily involve:
3. Investment in Bonds should be disclosed on the balance sheet.
4. When the contract interest rate for a bond exceeds the effective interest rate of the bond, then:
a. The price of the bond will be equal to the future cash flow associated with the bond.
b. The bond will be issued at a premium.
c. The bond will be issued at a discount.
d. The face value of the bond will fluctuate over its life.
5. On June 1, Pennell Corporation purchased $100,000 of 9%, 5-year bonds. The bonds are dated June 1, 20X1. The bonds were issued at 96, and pay interest on December 1 and June 1. The entry to record the investment in bonds is:
6. On April 1, 20X1, Collinge Corporation purchased $100,000 of 7%, 5-year bonds dated April 1, 20X1, at 101. Interest is paid on March 31 and September 30. Assuming use of the straight-line amortization method, the proper amount of income to record on September 30, 20X1 is:
7. On January 1, 20X2, Miller Corporation purchased $100,000 of 5%, 10-year bonds dated January 1, 20X2, at 98. Interest is paid on June 30 and December 31 of each year. Assuming use of the straight-line amortization method, the proper amount to report for Investment in Bonds at December 31, 20X3 is:
8. Investor Corporation owns 30% of Investee Corporation. Investee had net earnings of $100,000 during the year and paid dividends of $30,000. Investor's Investment in Investee account contained a $70,000 balance at the beginning of the year. What would be the correct balance of this account at the end of the year?
9. Investor Corporation owns 30% of Investee Corporation. Investee had net earnings of $100,000 during the year and paid dividends of $30,000. Investor's Investment in Investee account contained a $70,000 balance at the beginning of the year. How much dividend income will Investor record?
10. Mega Corporation owns 100% of Wolf Corporation's stock. Mega paid $1,000,000 for its investment. At the time of the initial investment, Wolf had total stockholders' equity of $600,000. All of Wolf's assets and liabilities were carried at amounts that equaled their fair value, except for a building that was undervalued by $100,000. How much goodwill would you anticipate finding in the consolidated balance sheet? | <urn:uuid:ffcf9daf-b70f-43f8-880a-3b1ea51f71d4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://mixplateentertainment.blogspot.com/2009/04/accounting-multiple-choice-question_9117.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549429548.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727222533-20170728002533-00703.warc.gz | en | 0.961792 | 626 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a protocol developed by Bluetooth SIG that builds on the lessons learned from building lots of Bluetooth Classic devices. Compared to Bluetooth Classic, BLE consumes less power, requires less time and effort to pair devices, and provides lower connection speeds.
The Bluetooth Protocol Stack is divided into two categories: the controller and the host. Each category has sub-categories, which perform specific roles. The two subcategories we are going to look at is the Generic Access Profile (GAP) and the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT).
How do GAP and GATT differ?
It is important to differentiate between GAP and GATT.
- GAP defines the general topology of the BLE network stack.
- GATT describes in detail how attributes (data) are transferred once devices have a dedicated connection.
GATT specifically focuses on how data is formatted, packaged, and sent according to its described rules. In the BLE network stack, the Attribute Protocol (ATT) is closely aligned with GATT, where GATT sits directly on top of ATT. GATT actually uses ATT to describe how data is exchanged from two connected devices.
Generic Access Profile (GAP)
There are two mechanisms a BLE device can use to communicate to the outside world: broadcasting or connecting. These mechanisms are subjected to the Generic Access Profile (GAP) guidelines. GAP defines how BLE-enabled devices can make themselves available and how two devices can communicate directly with each other.
A device can join a BLE network by adopting these roles specified in GAP:
Broadcasting: These roles don’t have to explicitly connect to one another to transfer data.
- Broadcaster: A device that broadcasts public advertising data packets, such as how long a button has been pressed.
- Observer: A devices that listens to the data in the advertising packets sent by the broadcaster. No connection happens between the broadcaster and observer.
Connecting: These roles must explicitly connect and handshake to transfer data. These roles are more commonly used than the broadcasting roles.
- Peripheral: A device that advertises its presence so central devices can establish a connection. After connecting, peripherals no longer broadcast data to other central devices and stay connected to the device that accepted connection request.
- Peripherals are low-power because they only have to send beacons periodically. Central devices are responsible for starting communication with peripherals.
- Bean is an example of a BLE peripheral.
- Central: A device that initiates a connection with a peripheral device by first listening to the advertising packets. A central device can connect to many other peripheral devices.
- When the central device wants to connect, it sends a request connection data packet to the peripheral device. If the peripheral device accepts the request from the central device, a connection is established.
- Your computer is an example of a BLE Central device when it connects to Bean.
Once You’re Connected
Central Devices Can Update Connection Parameters: The central device typically establishes the connecting parameters between the peripheral device and itself. The central device can only modify the connecting parameters. However, the peripheral device can ask the central device to change the connection parameters.
Peripheral or Central Devices Can Terminate Connections: Connections might end for a variety of reasons: a device’s battery might die or network interference might cause the connection to fail. Devices can also intentionally disconnect from their peers.
Generic Attribute Profile (GATT)
Similar to GAP, there are certain roles that interacting devices can adopt:
- Client: Typically sends a request to the GATT server. The client can read and/or write attributes found in the server.
- Server: One of the main roles of the server is to store attributes. Once the client makes a request, the server must make the attributes available.
One example of a client-server relationship is as follows: I push a button on Bean and I want the computer to read that information. Bean acts as a server and provides information. The computer acts as a client, reading that information.
GAP and GATT roles are essentially independent of one another. Peripheral or central devices can BOTH act as a server or client, depending on how data is flowing. In contrast to the above example, if I wanted to send an update from from the computer to Bean, the computer acts as a server and Bean acts as a client.
Our guide focuses primarily on how GAP and GATT work. If you’re interested on learning more about BLE in general, check out some of the resources below: | <urn:uuid:ee0623d2-e9c4-4ebd-a47a-967ebbcf9acc> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://punchthrough.com/how-gap-and-gatt-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656869.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609233952-20230610023952-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.91659 | 973 | 3.515625 | 4 |
What is Anxiety?
Anxiety is a natural phenomenon of the human body, which is triggered by stress or fear. It is normal to get anxious every now and then; also, it is quite necessary in certain situations. Feelings of anxiety give us an adrenaline rush that activates the ‘fight or flight’ response. This helps us evade danger or effectively cope with a difficult situation. It is normal to feel anxious before an important school exam, first day at a job, public speaking, or meeting up with your crush.
Balancing work and life can be stressful on its own; worrying about deadlines and pivotal events motivates us to strive and perform our best. The sinking feeling in the pit of the stomach, elevated heart rate, nervousness, and cold feet are a few common symptoms of anxiety we experience on a regular basis.
Nonetheless, if feelings of anxiety recur too frequently and irrationally, as well as interfere with your daily regime, your concern is valid. When anxiety gets out of control and reaches extreme levels, it can be called an anxiety disorder. Ordinary anxiety comes and goes, but an anxiety disorder is like a dark cloud that looms over you at all times.
Symptoms of an Anxiety Disorder:
- Never-ending restlessness and jitters
- Insomnia, interrupted sleep cycles
- Inability to concentrate or focus
- Severe irritability
- Throbbing headaches
- Dizziness and Nausea
- Muscular tension
- Shortness of breath
- Numbness or Tingling sensation
- Constantly panicked or afraid
- Always feeling isolated or lonely
Types and Causes of Anxiety Disorders
There is no specific cause for anxiety, as it is just one of many naturally occurring emotions. Nevertheless, medical and science researchers claim that various biotic and abiotic factors can be held responsible for causing anxiety. Typically, anxiety is caused by a combination of brain chemistry, genetics, and environmental dynamics.
Now let us discuss the different kinds of anxiety disorders:
GAD (generalized anxiety disorder) is the most common and subtlest form of anxiety disorders. It involves stressing over many day-to-day small and insignificant matters. People suffering from an OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) are included in this category. These people simply overthink things and experience far too many intrusive thoughts.
2. Specific Phobia
This anxiety disorder refers to being overwhelmed or terrified by a particular object or situation. An individual suffering from this kind of phobia may demonstrate excellent emotional stability in the most gravest of circumstances, though they will lose their mind over an encounter with that that specific thing (no matter how harmless or ridiculous). For instance, many people are scared of travelling by air, taking the escalator, or getting into a lift.
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is a type of anxiety disorder that is fostered after going through a painful or life-threatening situation. Victims of car accident injuries, war, terrorism, kidnapping, and domestic abuse may develop PTSD.
4. Panic Disorder
A person’s genetic makeup/family history paired with an extremely stressful situation may push them into a state of extreme terror, thereby causing a panic attack. Panic attacks can occur unexpectedly and escalate quickly. Uncontrollable shaking, nausea, heart palpitations, and suffocation are some commonly occurring symptoms.
5. Social Anxiety
Many individuals are overpowered by everyday social interactions. They are constantly under the fear of being judged, embarrassed, or ridiculed in public. Some children and adults also suffer from ‘selective mutism’, which deprives them of the ability to speak around unfamiliar or new people.
6. Drug induced Anxiety
Many people who are addicted or dependent on a mind-altering substance feel helpless when the effect wears off or the drug is withdrawn.
7. Separation Anxiety
Both adults and children can be left devastated after losing something or someone they were emotionally attached to. For example, separation anxiety could be the result of a breakup/divorce or leaving a childhood home. The person or object lost granted them a sense of security that they no longer have.
John Adams writes about physiological traumas and personal healing. He encourages readers to fight their fears and overcome obstacles holding them back. He believes that any person can improve the quality of his or her life by incorporating positivity in every thought and action. He loves to share his insight on life experiences, and contributes on various online platform in the same niche. https://www.healthnic.com/ | <urn:uuid:26baa47b-0521-4b53-bab2-df552a1f2693> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://innerwisdomexpressivearts.com/what-is-anxiety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178383355.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308082315-20210308112315-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.938597 | 934 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Write intro paragraph comparison essay
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Write intro paragraph comparison essay
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- The 5-paragraph essay is the universal standard format whether you are writing a persuasive piece or just a story, this is the go-to structure.
- Knowing how to start a compare and contrast essay is the first step to different paragraphs – an introduction on quality paragraph and essay writing.
- This compare and contrast essay introduction example will clarify any doubts you might have about laying down your paper of this genre use this example as your guide.
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Two page research paper on school uniforms how to write a intro paragraph for an essay pay for dissertation proposal master thesis overview. Writing introductory paragraphs for essays 1 writing introductory paragraphs for essays the presentation examines the essential characteristics of introductory. The body paragraphs compare and contrast essay you’re comparing and contrasting each paragraph will also how-to-write-an-essay-introduction. How to write a comparative essay even though you are being asked to write a comparison essay how do i write an introductory paragraph comparing. | <urn:uuid:c9c66230-869a-4aa9-8d2c-ff9b075e97f9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://futermpaperbmze.sgoods4.me/write-intro-paragraph-comparison-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919024323-20180919044323-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.86334 | 922 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Religious scholar and philosopher, Augustine of Hippo (354-430AD) produced works, principally his Confessions and his City of God, that are classics in both the philosophy of religion and Christian doctrine. Born in Algeria, he studied in Carthage, Rome and Milan before returning to North Africa to found a monastery. He was made Bishop of Hippo Regius in 395. At the heart of Augustine’s philosophy is the belief that only through faith can wisdom be attained. He saw both philosophy and religion as quests for the same thing, namely truth, but with the former inferior to the latter in this pursuit. The philosopher without faith could never attain to the ultimate truth, which for Augustine was beatitude, or ‘the enjoying of truth.’ Although reason alone could attain to some truths, Augustine maintained that rational thought was the servant of faith.
One of Augustine’s favourite texts, quoted from [the prophet] Isaiah, held that “unless thou believe thou shalt not understand.” One must believe in order to acquire understanding. This idea of Augustine’s was not mere slavish following of Christian doctrine. Indeed, in his youth he had renounced religion, finding the Scriptures intellectually unsatisfying. It was his aim, after his conversion to Christianity in his early thirties, to show how reason could prove the tenets of faith. This was the idea that informed his philosophy.
Augustine’s use of reason to justify the doctrines of faith is best known, famously or infamously depending on one’s point of view, for putting down the so-called ‘Pelagian heresy.’ Pelagius had questioned the notion of original sin, and further held, in accordance with the notion of free will, that when a person does good they do so from the virtue of their own moral character. As a result they are rewarded in heaven. Augustine found this doctrine subversive and distasteful. He argued, following the Epistle of St Paul, that all men are born in sin. Redemption is only possible by the grace of God regardless of our actions on earth. Adam, in taking the apple [Richard: The Bible doesn’t say ‘an apple’ but ‘the fruit’] had condemned himself and all of mankind to damnation. Our only salvation lies in repentance, but this does not guarantee that we will be chosen to go to heaven and not to hell.
Augustine’s arguments, later revived by John Calvin and eventually abandoned by the Catholic Church, are skilled rationalisations of St Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. But nowhere does he question the assumptions of the Epistle, concentrating instead on drawing out the logical conclusions of the Scripture.
In more recent times, Augustine’s Confessions received attention from Ludwig Wittgenstein, not for its religious or even philosophical pronouncements, but for the way in which Augustine describes the learning of language:
“When they [my elders] named some object, and accordingly moved towards something, I saw this and I grasped that the thing was called by the sound they uttered when they meant to point it out. Their intention was shown by their bodily movements, as it were the natural language of all people: the expression of the face, the play of the eyes…. Thus as I heard words repeatedly used in their proper places in various sentences, I gradually learnt to understand what objects they signified; and… I used these signs to express my own desires” (Confessions, I. 8).
At the beginning of his posthumously published Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein famously called this common-place conception ‘the Augustinian picture of language.’ Much of the rest of the Investigations is a successful repudiation of the Augustinian conception of language. [Summarized from Philosophy 100 Essential Thinkers by Philip Stokes, 2012. Also watch YouTube’s ‘Augustine Documentary (2015)’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nz7C0Kr9OA]
Lord, Give Us Today Our Daily Idea(s) | <urn:uuid:e4b9be65-5a41-451a-9c39-6dac24c43de4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://idea4today.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00352-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969109 | 851 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The Spa Menu
What's on the spa menu? Read a brief history about the origins of spa and massage therapy, then scroll down for introductions to a wide range of spa, massage and other alternative health modalities and techniques.
A Brief History of Spa
Although the proliferation of spas in recent years might lead one to think that they are a recent development of the 20th century, the earliest spas -- or "baths" -- date back several thousand years to various civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Egypt and ancient Greece. But it was during the time of the Roman Empire that baths began making the transformations that would eventually lay the groundwork for the spas we have come to know today.
There are several theories suggesting how the word "spa" came into being, including the Latin word "espa," meaning fountain, or the word "spagere," meaning bubble up, to scatter, sprinkle or moisten. Other possible origins include "Salus Per Aquam," Latin for health by water; "Solus Per Aqua," meaning to enter through water; "Salut Per Aqua," Latin for health or relaxation through water; and "Sanitas Per Aquas," for health through water.
Initially, the Romans used natural hot springs and thermal baths as a means of health and wellness, initially for the benefit of wounded soldiers. Over time, however, thermal and mineral baths evolved into elaborate structures, used for socializing and relaxation, as well as continued medical treatment.
Today, spas fill many of the same needs as they did thousands of years ago, including relaxation, wellness and stress relief by incorporating many of the same methods embraced by the ancients such as a multitude of hydrotherapy treatments, body scrubs and massage therapy, one of the most widely used spa treatments.
Massage therapy is recognized as one of the oldest methods of healing,
with references in medical texts nearly 4,000 years old. In fact, Hippocrates,
known as the "father of medicine," referenced massage when he wrote, in
the 4th century B.C.: "The physician must be acquainted with
many things, and assuredly with rubbing."
days, in addition to "rubbing," massage therapy, often referred
to as bodywork or somatic therapy, refers to the application of various techniques to the muscular structure and soft tissues
of the body that include applying fixed or movable pressure, holding,
vibration, rocking, friction, kneading and compression using primarily
the hands, although massage therapists do use other areas of the body,
such as the forearms, elbows or feet. All of the techniques
are used for the benefit of the musculoskeletal, circulatory-lymphatic,
nervous, and other systems of the body. In fact, massage therapy positively
influences the overall health and well-being of the client. It's physical and mental benefits include:
- Relaxing the whole body
- Loosening and relieving tired, aching and tight muscles
- Increasing flexibility and range of motion
- Diminishing chronic pain
- Calming the nervous system
- Lowering blood pressure and heart rate
- Enhancing skin tone
- Aiding in recovery following injuries and illness
- Strengthening the immune system
- Reducing headaches and mental stress
- Improving relaxation
- Promoting restful sleep
Click on the links in this table to learn more about various spa-related techniques and modalities. New terms are added on
a continuing basis, so check back often.
|For a list of references and sources used to create this page, click here.
Acupressure - Acupressure is an ancient
form of healing believed by some to be even older than acupuncture. It
involves the use of the fingers (and in some cases, the toes) to press
key points on the surface of the skin to stimulate the body's natural
ability to heal itself. Pressing on these points relieves muscle tension,
which promotes the circulation of blood and qi
(pronounced "chee") -- the vital energy or "life force"
-- to aid in the healing process.
Acupressure and acupuncture are somewhat similar.
Acupressure is sometimes referred to as "needleless acupuncture," because
both forms of healing use the same points to achieve the desired results.
The main difference is that an acupuncturist stimulates points by inserting
needles, whereas an acupressurist stimulates the same points using finger
Stimulating specific points on the body can trigger the release of endorphins
(chemicals produced by the body that relieve pain). When endorphins are
released, pain is blocked, and the flow of blood and oxygen to the affected
area is increased. This causes the muscles to relax and promotes healing.
In acupressure, as with most traditional Chinese medicine
concepts, local symptoms are considered an expression of the whole body’s
When performed correctly, acupressure increases circulation, reduces
tension and enables the body to relax. Reducing tension, in turn, strengthens
the immune system and promotes wellness. However, applying acupressure
too abruptly, or using too much force during treatment, can lead to bruising
and discomfort. Great care should be used when applying pressure to points
on or near the abdomen, groin, armpits or throat. Special care should
be when treating pegnant women or those with recently-formed scars, burns,
infections or skin lesions.
- Acupuncture is one of the oldest, most commonly used systems of healing
in the world. Originating in China some 3,500 years ago, only in the last
three decades has it become popular in the United States.
Traditional Chinese medicine asserts that there are
as many as 2,000 acupuncture points on the human body, which are connected
by 20 pathways (12 main, 8 secondary) called meridians. These meridians
conduct energy, or qi (pronounced "chee"), between the surface
of the body and its internal organs. Each point has a different effect
on the qi that passes through it. Qi
is believed to help regulate balance in the body. It is influenced by
the opposing forces of yin and yang, which represent positive and negative
energy and forces in the universe and human body. Acupuncture is believed
to keep the balance between yin and yang, thus allowing for the normal
flow of qi throughout the body and restoring health to the mind
Several theories have been presented as to exactly how acupuncture works.
One theory suggests that pain impulses are blocked from reaching the spinal
cord or brain at various "gates" to these areas. Since a majority of acupuncture
points are either connected to (or are located near) neural structures,
this suggests that acupuncture stimulates the nervous system. Another
theory suggests that acupuncture stimulates the body to produce narcotic-like
substances called endorphins, which reduce pain. Other studies have found
that other pain-relieving substances called opiods may be released into
the body during acupuncture treatment.
Unlike hypodermic needles, acupuncture needles are solid and hair-thin,
and they are not designed to cut the skin. They are also inserted to much
more shallow levels than hypodermic needles, generally no more than a
half-inch to an inch depending on the type of treatment being delivered.
While each person experiences acupuncture differently, most people feel
only a minimal amount of pain as the needles are inserted. Some people
reportedly feel a sensation of excitement, while others feel relaxed.
If you experience significant pain from the needles, it may be a sign
that the procedure is being done improperly.
Alexander Technique - According
to Alexander Technique International, the Alexander Technique "is
a means of consciously attending to how one performs any given activity,
consciously inhibiting one's habitual way of doing that activity, and
then consciously directing oneself in a more coordinated way."*
Developed by Austrailian performer F.M. Alexander in the late 19th Century,
the Alexander Technique is unlike massage or bodywork that is used to
treat specific conditions, illnesses or ailments; rather, it is a form
of education designed to improve one's self-observation in relation to
Instructors of the Alexander Technique, use noninvasive hands-on methods
to assess movement, then educate students on how to become more aware
of their movement and enact specific changes in order to reduce physical
stress on the body and/or improve performance.
* For reference information, visit www.spatherapy.com/spa_menu/aboutspareferences.php
Massage - Like humans, animals are susceptible to injury, debilitating
disease and stress, and can benefit from massage. Massage therapists have
built entire practices around horses (Equine
massage), dogs and cats; some practitioners even work with birds and
In addition to making house calls, therapists that work with animals work
in veterinary offices, and with police departments, animal shelters and
breeders. Working animals -- such as horses, and police and show dogs
-- can benefit from massage on a regular basis; however, massage is also
beneficial for house pets, and can ease arthritis and muscle pain, and
increase flexibility and range of motion. Other benefits include detoxification,
increased mobility, improved performance and decreased anxiety.
- Many essential oils that are derived from plants, herbs, flowers,
and roots have beneficial therapeutic qualities. Aromatherapy involves
the "burning" of essential oils to elicit a desired effect;
for example, lavendar is known to induce calmness and relaxation. When
combined with bodywork, aromatherapy can enrich the massage experience
immensely. A few drops of essential oil can be added to massage cream
or oil and applied to the skin. Professionally trained aromatherapists
also blend oils to treat specific conditions. Only experienced professionals
and/or those knowledable in the properties of aromatherapy should attempt
to blend oils or utilize them in practice, as some oil combinations can
be toxic, while others can burn the skin.
Ashiatsu Oriental Bar Therapy
- Ashiatsu Oriental Bar Therapy was developed in 1995 by massage therapist
Ruthie Hardee. Ashiatsu comes from the Japanese words ashi (foot)
and atsu (pressure), and is an ancient form of bodywork associated
with traditional shiatsu and some dynamics of traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM).
There are distinct differences between Ashiatsu and Ashiatsu Oriental
Bar Therapy. Clients lie on massage tables, while practitioners perform
Swedish massage with their feet by utilizing two
overhead stationary bars to maintain balance and control.
Because therapists can also perform deep-tissue
work using Ashiatsu Oriental Bar Therapy, this technique can help
extend a therapist's career by alleviating hand and extremity pain associated
with performing more demanding forms of bodywork.
Asian Bodywork - Asian bodywork is
a general term that describes multiple forms of bodywork that originated
from Asian countries and/or cultures, including acupressure,
chi nei tsang, Five-Element Shiatsu,
integrative eclectic shiatsu, Japanese shiatsu, medical qigong,
shiatsu, Thai massage, tuina,
zen shiatsu and others.
Ayurvedic Massage - Ayurveda is
a practice that originated in India several thousand years ago. The practice
involves balancing the three life energy forces: vata, pitta,
and kapha. Vata is the energy of movement; pitta,
the energy of digestion; and kapha is the energy of structure.
These energy forms are made up of the componenets and combinations of
the five great elements: Space, Fire, Water, Air and Earth.
massage incorporates the knowledge of ayurveda and uses warm oils and
herbs along the specific energy points to help restore balance to the
body. Massage strokes, oils and herbs are selected based on a client's
specific needs; hence, each treatment is highly customized. Benefits of
ayurvedic massage include vitality, stress reduction, and relaxation.
Proponents of ayurveda also report a renewed sense of spiritual connection
and inner peace.
Balneotherapy - Therapies that use water to help a variety of conditions, including stress reduction, improved circulation and tension relief.
Bonnie Prudden Myotherapy®
- Developed in 1976 by physical fitness expert Bonnie Prudden, this technique
seeks to eliminate pain by applying steady pressure to trigger
points for several seconds using the fingers, knuckles, and elbows,
and then applying specific stretching and exercise techniques to further
facilitate recovery. Among other benefits, this technique helps alleviate
pain, relax muscles, and improve circulation and flexibility.
Bowen Technique - The Bowen technique,
as its name suggests, was developed over 30 years ago by Thomas Bowen.
It involves the application of light touch and "rolling" strokes
using the thumbs and fingers. This technique works to manipulate the soft
tissues to aid in circulation, lymph
drainage, and release energy blockages, among other things.
Breema - Breema is unusual because it is
designed with both the client and practitioner in mind. Clients lie on
a floor mat and remain fully clothed while the practitioner applies gentle
stretching and holding techniques to support the client's vitality, inner
peace and well being.
Chair Massage - Chair massage, also
known as seated massage, is fast becoming one of the most popular ways
in which to practice. Generally, chair massage is administered onsite
at various locations, including health fairs, airports, shopping malls
and in corporate settings. Clients remain fully clothed and treatments
generally last from 15-30 minutes. Chair massage is usually limited to
the back, neck and arms.
Therapy - Color therapy is a form of energy work based on the theory
that light deprivation leads to dysfunction in the body. Since each color
has its own frequency and vibration, specific colors are used to treat
designated parts of the body. The body, in turn, responds to the vibrational
pattern of the color and corrects the dysfunction.
Connective Tissue Massage -
Connective tissue massage is similar to myofascial
release in that it involves working with the body's fascia, or soft
tissue, to relieve pain, tightness, and discomfort. The idea behind connective
tissue massage is that restriction in one area of the body negatively
affects other areas of the body. Practitioners of this technique "hook"
their fingers into the connective tissue and utilize pulling strokes to
lengthen the area. Benefits include pain reduction, tension relief, improved
mobility and stress reduction. See also Soft-tissue
CranioSacral Therapy (CST)
- CranioSacral Therapy was developed over 20 years ago by Dr. John Upledger,
while he served as a researcher and professor at Michigan State University.
This gentle, hands-on technique involves the craniosacral system -- a
system of the body composed of membranes and cerebrospinal fluid that
surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Practitioners utilize CST to loosen
and release restrictions or "blockages" in the body that can contribute
to pain and dysfunction; removing such blockages improves the functioning
of the central nervous system and body as a whole.
CST is effective at treating a number of problems, including pain, headaches,
central nervous system disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, stress, tension
and more. Proponents of CST also claim that it aids in improving mental
clarity and emotional well-being.
- Massage cupping has been used in traditional Chinese
medicine practices for several thousand years. Practitioners light
an alcohol-soaked cotton ball with a match and insert the lit portion
into a bulb-like glass "cup" in order to create a vacuum. The
cup is then placed in a stationary position upon the body or moved using
gliding strokes, depending on the client's needs. Massage cupping is ideal
for performing deep-tissue massage and
helps to drain toxins, loosen adhesions, facilitate blood flow, and stimulate
Dental Spa - A legitimate dental practice that incorporates various spa treatments, including foot massage, reflexology, manicures and pedicures to help reduce patient stress and anxiety during dental procedures.
Deep-Tissue Massage - Deep-tissue
massage utilizes slow strokes, direct pressure or friction applied across
the grain of the muscles with the fingers, thumbs or elbows. Deep-tissue
massage works deeply into the muscles and connective tissue to release
chronic aches and pains; its purpose is to reach the fascia beneath the
Practitioners must have a thorough understanding of the human body and
have been trained to administer deep-tissue massage, as injury can occur
if the technique is not performed properly. This technique is useful in
treating chronic pain, inflammation and injury.
Endermologie - Performed by a specialist, a form of massage that assists in decreasing cellulite and increasing tone and definition.
Equine Massage - This term refers
to the practice of massage therapy on horses. Benefits include increased
flexibility, injury prevention, pain relief, and improved performance,
among others. (See animal massage).
Esthetician - Someone highly trained in the care and healthy management of the skin. In a spa setting, and esthetician provides various skin treatments primarily on the face, neck and back.
Exfoliation - A process whereby dead skin cells are sloughed or "exfoliated" from the surface of the skin, through the use of loofas, scrubs, brushes, or specialized skin care products or techniques.
Feldenkrais - The Feldenkrais
Method®, named for its founder, Moshe Feldenkrais,
DSc, is a form of education related to body movement. Unlike massage,
which is used to treat specific conditions, Feldenkrais is based on the
notion that replacing bad movement habits (usually learned early in life)
with good ones through increased self-awareness, leads to improvements
in flexibility, coordination, range of motion, relaxation, and a range
of other things.
Instructors teach students in groups, known as "awareness
through movement" classes or in private settings, called "functional
integration" sessions, and use gentle hands-on or verbal communication
to draw attention to positive movement patterns.
Shiatsu - In traditional shiatsu, practitioners
apply pressure to specific points on the body to help release energy imbalances.
Five-element shiatsu incorporates the five-element theory of traditional
Chinese medicine in which the meridians on the body correspond to
specific elements -- Wood, Earth, Fire, Water, and Metal -- and are the
foundation for the balance of ying and yang. When one or more of these
elements is out of balance, sickness and/or emotional imbalance can occur.
Practitioners of five-element shiatsu apply pressure along the meridians
in order to release energy blockages and help restore balance to the body
and enhance the body's ability to heal itself.
Geriatric Massage - Geriatric massage
involves treating the elderly, often in resident-care facilities, and
addressing their needs related to aging, depression and illness. Geriatric
massage is usually shorter in duration, and involves the application of
gentle techniques to facilitate pain relief, relaxation, and an overall
feeling of wellness.
Hellerwork - Hellerwork
is concerned with emphasizing the body's structural balance and realignment
through deep-tissue work and movement
therapy techniques. Hellerwork is administered over the course of 11 sessions,
each lasting 90 minutes. Practitioners spend one hour massaging clients
and 30 minutes in movement education. During the treatment, practitioners
help clients reach an elevated state of self-awareness by using verbal
communication. Hellerwork is useful in treating chronic stress and tension,
as well as aiding in relaxation and extended range of motion.
Herbal Wrap - A treatment in which herbal infused, warmed and moist linens are wrapped snugly around the body, followed by platic sheets, then blankets in order to promote circulation, stress relief and aid in detoxification. Generally, a head, neck and face massage accompany this treatment, which lasts on average between 30 and 45 minutes.
Hydrotherapy - Hydrotherapy involves
the use of water in all its forms (internally and externally) to assist
in the healing process. These water therapies can include the use of a
whirlpool, the application of ice or heat packs, colonic irrigation, steambaths,
body wraps and more. Hydrotherapy is commonly practiced in conjunction
with other spa treatments.
Massage - Infant massage has proved beneficial for both infants and
their families on a number of levels. It is used regularly in hospital
neonatal units and has been linked with helping premature infants gain
weight. Infant massage has been shown to help relieve colic, induce sleep,
promote relaxation, improve sensory integration, and enhance neurological
development, among other things; moreover, the practice of massage helps
build the bond between babies and their parents.
Iridology - Iridology is the study and
analysis of the iris, or the colored part of the eye, which practitioners
believe can reveal information about a person's overall health and/or
tendencies toward disease. Iridology is not used to diagnose; however,
practitioners utilize the technique to better determine a client's health,
lifestyle and nutritional needs. Iridology is used to complement other
natural therapies, including massage, acupuncture
and traditional Chinese medicine, homeopathy, naturopathy,
and energy work, to name a few.
Lomi - Lomi Lomi literally translated means "rub." It is
a form of Hawaiian bodywork that developed out of the Hawaiian philosophy
of Huna; that is, a belief in harmony and balance in all areas of physical
and emotional health. Practioners work intuitively with clients using
their hands, elbows, and forearms to apply long, gliding strokes, rhythmic
movements, and pressure. This technique is very nurturing; practitioners
acknowledge that love and a pure heart is important to the process, and
sometimes the session will begin with a chant or prayer. Sometimes more
than one practioner will work on different parts of a client at the same
time to facilitate a feeling of wholeness -- a main component of the practice.
Lymph Drainage Therapy
(LDT) - Developed by French physician Bruno Chikly, this technique
involves the application of light, rhythmic strokes to help alleviate
various conditions related to the body's lymph system. Among other things,
the lymph system is responsible for flushing out toxins and draining fluid,
which supports a healthy immune system. When lymph circulation stagnates,
however, fluid can build up and cause physical problems, such as inflammation,
edemas and neuropathies.
LDT enables practitioners to restore proper lymph flow by using a "mapping"
system to assess congested areas in the body, then apply gentle, pressure
using the fingers and hands on these areas to reactivate proper ciculation.
See also Manual Lymph Drainage.
Lypossage - Lypossage combines several
massage modalities for the purpose of enhancing skin tone and firmness,
and to combat the effects of cellulite. Lypossage is often the preferred
method of treating cellulite, since it provides a noninvasive alternative
to expensive cosmetic surgery. Practitioners of lypossage usually emphasize
the importance of diet and exercise, as well.
Manual Lymph Drainage
(Vodder Technique) - Manual Lymph Drainage was developed in the
1930s by Danish physical therapists, Emil and Estrid Vodder. The technique
consists of light, rhythmic strokes to aid lymph flow and proper fluid
circulation, and help stimulate the lymph vessels to ultimately drain
toxic fluids from the body. See also Lymph
Massotherapy - Massotherapy involves
working primarily with the muscles. Practitioners of massotherapy have
a background in science, but often incorporate other modalities into their
treatments when working with the muscle groups. Benefits of massotherapy
include improved circulation and blood flow, as well as pain management.
Medical Massage - Practitioners of
medical massage have a strong background in pathology, disease, illness
and injury, and the contraindications of specific massage techniques related
to various medical conditions. Medical massage therapists frequently work
under the direction of or at the request of physicians. (See orthopedic
Release (MFR)- Myofascial release deals with the fascia, or
connective tissue, of the body. The fascia is interconnected to every
other part of the body, and actually helps to support the body's very
structure, including the musculoskeletal system. When injury, inflammation,
or physical or emotional trauma occurs, the fascia can become tight and
cause pain and/or restricted range of motion. Myfascial release -- as
its name suggests -- aims to release the fascia and return it to a state
of normalcy by applying gentle pressure to the restricted areas. MFR can
help with a number of conditions, including chronic pain, headaches, and
stress-related illnesses. See also Soft-tissue
massage, connective tissue massage.
Neuromuscular Therapy (NMT) -
NMT is massage applied to specific muscles, often used to increase blood
flow, release knots of muscle tension, or release pain/pressure on nerves.
This therapy is also known as trigger-point
therapy in that concentrated finger pressure is applied to "trigger
points" to alleviate muscular pain.
Orthopedic Massage - Orthopedic
massage combines several massage and medical
massage techniques to treat pain and soft-tissue injury. It focuses
heavily on injury assessment and rehabilitation, emphasizing the importance
of selecting the appropriate modality to treat the injury. Orthopedic
massage is often used in conjuction with sports
Parrafin - Parrafix is a special type of heated wax for the hands and feet, generally used in combination with a manicure or pedicure. Hands and feet are "dipped" into the wax, then set aside for several minutes while the wax cools and solidifies. After a time the wax is peeled off resulting in hydrated and moisturized skin.
Polarity Therapy - According to the American
Polarity Therapy Association, "Polarity therapy is a comprehensive
health system involving energy-based bodywork, diet, exercise and self-awareness.
It works with the Human Energy Field, electromagnetic patterns expressed
in mental, emotional and physical experience. In Polarity Therapy, health
is viewed as a reflection of the conditiion of the energy field, and therapeutic
methods are designed to balance the field for health benefit."* The
technique's pioneer, Dr. Randolph Stone, a strong proponent of the healing
powers of energy, utilized polarity therapy in his pratice until retiring
at the age of 84 in 1974.
* For reference information, visit www.spatherapy.com/spa_menu/aboutspareferences.php
Massage - Prenatal, or pregnancy, massage uses gentle techniques to
help alleviate some of the ailments associated with pregancy, including
lower back, neck and shoulder pain; fatigue; joint tenderness; and stretch
marks. Prenatal massage can help improve circulation, promote stress reduction
and relaxation, and much more. Practitioners should be well-trained in
prenatal massage in order to deliver safe and effective care, and patients
should check with their doctors prior to receiving treatment.
Qi (Pronounced "Chee")
- Also chi, ka and ji. The basis of traditional
Chinese medicine revolves around qi, which is considered a
vital force or energy responsible for controlling the workings of the
human mind and body. Qi flows through the body via channels, or
pathways, which are called meridians. There are a total of 20 meridians:
12 primary meridians, which correspond to specific organs, organ systems
or functions, and eight secondary meridians. Imbalances in the flow of
qi cause illness and correction of this flow restores the body
to balance (See acupuncture, acupressure,
Asian bodywork, shiatsu,
- This technique is based on a system of points on the hands, feet and
ears that correspond, or "reflex," to other areas of the body. Similar
in theory to acupressure, reflexologists believe
that applying appropriate pressure to these points stimulates the flow
of energy, thus helping to relieve pain or blockages throughout the entire
body. A very pleasurable form of bodywork, reflexology is also used to
ease stress and promote relaxation.
Reiki - While not strictly under the auspices
of massage, Reiki (pronounced "ray-key") is often practiced in conjunction
with bodywork. The word Reiki comes from two Japanese words - rei,
meaning higher power or universal force, and ki,
meaning life energy. Loosely translated, Reiki means universal or spiritually-guided
for thousands of years throughout Japan, China, Tibet and other Asian
nations, Reiki was "rediscovered" in the late 19th century by Dr. Mikao
Usui, a Buddhist monk and educator, who used the therapy to heal the sick.
Today, Reiki is used as a method of healing illness and
reducing stress through light touch or, more commonly, by placing the
hands near or above the body in specific positions or patterns. Through
these positions, a Reiki practitioner can correct energetic imbalances
in the body by removing toxic energy, improving health and restoring a
person's energy levels.
Integration) - Developed by Ida P. Rolf in the 1940s, Structural Integration,
or Rolfing, works to correct imbalances in body caused by natural gravitational
forces. This technique utilizes deep pressure to help lengthen and relieve
built up tension in the body's connective
tissues. Benefits of this technique include improved balance, posture,
and range of motion; increased energy; stress reduction; and alleviation
of pain and discomfort.
Rosen Method - This technique utilizes a combination
of light touch, breathing exercises, relaxation techniques and verbal
communication to work in helping clients to connect to themselves emotionally
in order to reduce tension and stress throughout the body.
Salt Glow - A combination of oil and salts, often salt from the Dead Sea, are applied to the skin to aid in exfoliation.
Sauna - Dry heat in a wooden room is used to promote the elimination of toxins through opening the pores. Often, the heat is infused with essential oils or herbs to aid in the detoxification process. Sauna is also beneficial for muscle aches and pains.
Scotch Hose - A hydrotherapy treatment in which a hose "massages" specific pressure points on the body, alternating between hot and cold water.
Seaweed Wrap - A body wrap that follows similar protocol to an herbal wrap of sea water properties, including seaweed. Can also be used in facial masks. Seaweed wraps are thought to help hydrate and eliminate toxins from the skin.
Shiatsu - Shiatsu is a Japanese form of
massage therapy similar to acupressure; in
fact, the word shiatsu literally means "finger pressure." As with acupressure,
the concepts of shiatsu hold that it can promote health and facilitate
healing by correcting energy imbalances in the body. These imbalances
are corrected by applying pressure to specific points along channels in
the body known as meridians. While there is no exact date as to when shiatsu
originated, the technique is believed to be hundreds, if not thousands,
of years old.
is usually delivered with the thumbs. However, some practitioners will
use their fingers, palms, elbows -- and even feet -- to achieve the desired
effect. Typically, a shiatsu practitioner will apply pressure not just
to a few points on the body. The goal here is twofold: to release energy
(qi in Chinese, ki in Japanese - pronounced
"chee") in areas where it may be blocked or stagnating, and
to bring energy back to areas that are depleted.
In addition to applying pressure, shiatsu practitioners may manipulate
the soft tissue over and around meridians, and perform passive and active
stretching exercises as part of treatment. Scientifically speaking, shiatsu
is an excellent form of pain relief. Research has shown that applying
extensive pressure initiates the release of endorphins, natural pain-killing
substances produced by the body. Shiatsu may also lower the levels of
adrenaline and other stress hormones, producing a relaxing effect.
Soft-Tissue Massage - Soft-tissue
massage is a generic term for any modality that is used to treat the soft
tissues in the body, including muscle, fascia, and scar tissue. Common
modalities used include Swedish, myofascial
release, deep-tissue massage, trigger-point
therapy ,connective tissue massage.
Spa Treatments - This term refers
to several types of treatments generally performed in resort and day spas.
Some of these include manicures and pedicures, mud wraps, body scrubs,
sea salt scrubs, parrafin treatments, hydrotherapy
treatments, scalp treatments, facials, and herbal and seaweed body wraps.
Massage - Sports massage therapies are both preventative and therapeutic,
and used for athletes during warm ups, training and competition to treat
and/or aid in the prevention of injuries; help improve flexibility, range
of motion, and performance; and aid in mental clarity. Virtually every
professional sports team employs professional sports massage therapists,
and are often privately employed by professional athletes.
Stone Massage - A massage that utilizes both hot and cold smooth stones usually harvested from natural rivers, springs or volcanos. Stones are used with massage oil, often in conjunction with deep-tissue massage to provide relief from tight or sore muscles. The alternate use of hot and cold stones in a single treatment creates a hydrotherapy effect that also helps to revitalize the body and restore energy.
Swedish Massage - Generally regarded as
the most common form of massage, Swedish massage involves a combination
of five basic strokes and concentrates on the muscles and connective tissues
of the body for improved circulation, relaxation, pain relief, and overall
health maintenance and well-being. Swedish massage is also one of the
less demanding techniques for massage therapists to practice as it usually
does not involve deep-tissue work.
Thai Massage - Practiced in Thailand for over
2,000 years, Thai massage -- also known as yoga massage, Thai yoga massage
and ancient massage -- works to clear energy blockages and restore balance
and harmony to the body. The practice combines typical Westernized massage
therapy practices, including myofascial release
and trigger point therapy, with
light stretching similar to that of yoga. It has even earned the name
"lazy man's yoga." Like yoga, Thai massage helps to strengthen the body
and increase flexibility, while allowing the client to benefit from the
relaxation and healing properties of massage.
than using a massage table, Thai massage is administered to fully clothed
clients on floor mats. Practitioners use their own body weight to position
clients into yoga-like forms while instructing clients on proper breathing
for maximum results.
Thalassotherapy - This hydrotherapy
treatment is often used in day spas and
wellness clinics. It utilizes seawater and sea water products for their
minerals and healing properties. Thalassotherapy treatments can involve
body wraps, or, more commonly, heated seawater baths. Benefits include
relaxation, increased circulation, and treatment of pain and injury.
Therapeutic Touch (TT)- Therapeutic
Touch is a form of bodywork practiced primarily in the nursing profession.
Using light touch, practitioners work with a clients energy to help restore
balance, emotional clarity, and promote relaxation and healing.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) - Traditional
Chinese medicine is one of the oldest continuous systems of medicine in
history, with recorded instances dating as far back as two thousand years
before the birth of Christ. This is in sharp contrast to American or Western
forms of health care, which have been in existence for a much shorter
Chinese medicine is based, at least in part, on the Daoist belief that
we live in a universe in which everything is interconnected. What happens
to one part of the body affects every other part of the body. The mind
and body are not viewed separately, but as part of an energetic system.
Similarly, organs and organ systems are viewed as interconnected structures
that work together to keep the body functioning.
Many of the concepts emphasized in traditional Chinese medicine have
no true counterpart in Western medicine. One of these concepts is qi
(pronounced "chee"), which is considered a vital force or energy responsible
for controlling the workings of the human mind and body. Qi flows
through the body via channels, or pathways, which are called meridians.
There are a total of 20 meridians: 12 primary meridians, which correspond
to specific organs, organ systems or functions, and eight secondary meridians.
Imbalances in the flow of qi cause illness; correction of this
flow restores the body to balance.
Traditional Chinese medicine encompasses several methods designed to
help patients achieve and maintain health. Along with acupuncture,
TCM incorporates adjunctive techniques such as acupressure,
tuina, herbal medicine, diet and lifestyle, meditation,
and other practices.
For more information on TCM, visit www.acupuncturetoday.com/abc/
- The Trager Approach relies on gentle, rhythmic rocking and stretching
techniques to promote easy and free movement and sensation throughout
the body. Clients wear loose-fitting clothing and lay on a table in a
warm treatment room. Sessions can last from either one hour to an hour
and a half.
Following the session, practitioners provide clients with information
on "Mentastics," or mental gymnastics, and "recall".
Mentastics and recall help the client recreate the experiences they felt
during the actual Trager session to help induce the positive feelings
and states of relaxation associated with the session. The effects of the
Trager Approach are cumulative and improve over time; hence, clients are
encouraged to engage in several sessions to reap its full benefits.
Trigger-Point Therapy - Trigger
points are areas of soft tissue in the
body characterized by local pain, tightness, and tenderness. Often trigger
points develop because of referred pain, or pain from another source that
has manifested itself in a trigger point. Trigger points rarely refer
pain to other areas.
Trigger-point therapy seeks first to identify trigger points, then apply
steady, appropriate pressure to the point to "release" it. This
is usually followed by massage to the surrounding area to help treat the
cause of the trigger point. Clients are encouraged to drink a lot of water
following a trigger-point therapy session to flush out any toxins released
when the trigger point is released.
Tuina - Tuina (pronounced "twee nah") is a
form of Asian bodywork that has been used
in China for centuries. A combination of massage, acupressure
and other forms of body manipulation, tuina works by applying pressure
to acupoints, meridians and groups of muscles or nerves to remove blockages
that prevent the free flow of qi (pronounced
"chee"). Removing these blockages restores the balance of qi
in the body, leading to improved health and vitality.
is best suited for alleviating chronic pain, musculoskeletal conditions
and stress-related disorders that affect the digestive and/or respiratory
systems. Among the ailments tuina treats best are neck pain, shoulder
pain, back pain, sciatica and tennis elbow. However, because tuina is
designed to improve and restore the flow of qi, treatment often
ends up causing improvements to the whole body, not just a specific area.
There is anecdotal evidence that headaches, constipation, premenstrual
symptoms and some emotional problems may also be effectively treated through
tuina. Because it tends to be more specific and intense than other types
of bodywork, tuina may not necessarily be used to sedate or relax a patient.
The type of massage delivered by a tuina practitioner can be quite vigorous;
in fact, some people may feel sore after their first session. Some patients
may also experience feelings of sleepiness or euphoria. As with all forms
of care, there are certain instances in which tuina should not be performed.
Patients with osteoporosis or conditions involving fractures, for instance,
should not receive tuina. Neither should patients with infectious diseases,
skin problems or open wounds.
Vichy Shower - A Vichy shower, named after mineral springs in Vichy, France, is a multi-pressure rain-like shower, often used to rinse off herbal wrap, mud and salt glow treatments on a wet table, while simultaneously helping to improve circulation of the skin.
Visceral Manipulation - Visceral
Manipulation seeks to correct pain and dysfunction caused by imbalance
between the organs and structures of the body.
According to the Upledger Institute, "Visceral Manipulation (VM)
is a gentle hands-on therapy that works through the body's visceral system
(the heart, liver, intestines and other internal organs) to locate and
alleviate abnormal points of tension throughout the body. VM employs specifically
placed manual forces that work to encourage the normal mobility, tone
and motion of the viscera and their connective tissues. Trained practitioners
use the rhythmic motions of the visceral system to evaluate how abnormal
forces interplay, overlap and affect the normal body forces at work. These
gentle manipulations can potentially improve the functioning of individual
organs, the systems the organs function within, and the structural integrity
of the entire body." *
*For reference information, visit www.spatherapy.com/spa_menu/aboutspareferences.php
- Watsu is a hydrotherapy treatment quickly
gaining popularity all over the world. Watsu, which combines the words
water and shiatsu, is literally shiatsu
performed on clients who float in warm water. The practitioner carefully
holds the client and applies gentle stretching and shiatsu-like massage
techniques along the back, neck, shoulders, and limbs. This therapy is
useful for a number of reasons: The warm water soothes muscles and promotes
relaxation; the feeling of weightlessness promotes free movement; and
benefits include pain relief, stress reduction and deep relaxation. Watsu
also promotes self-reflection, connection and trust.
Zero Balancing (ZB) - Zero Balancing is concerned
with "bone energy," or the energy of the skeletal system. The
practice seeks to work with both the body's energy and physcial structure
to correct imbalance, restore vitality, and aid in stress relief and pain
reduction. ZB work is performed on fully-clothed clients, and sessions
usually last about 30-45 minutes.
|For a list of references and sources used to create this page, click here. | <urn:uuid:dc3e2351-af4c-49b9-92e5-bbe6b0e24e93> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.spatherapy.com/spa_menu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913228 | 9,413 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Prayas News Analysis
DAILY STATIC MCQs :
Q.1) Which of the following statements regarding the Battle of Buxar are correct?
1. British defeated the combined armies of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, Nawab of
Bengal Siraj ud Daulah and Nawab of Awadh Shuja ud Daulah.
2. British annexed the Awadh state and executed the Nawab.
3. British got the Diwani rights of Bengal after this battle.
Select the code from following:
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 3 only
d) None of the above
Battle of Buxar
Despite Mir Jafar’s gifts and rewards, British were not satisfied with him and replaced him
by Mir Qasim. Mir Qasim was an able administrator and tried to free himself from the
clutches of the Englishmen. This behavior was disliked by the British and the conflict led to
Mir Qasim was defeated and he fled to Awadh to take help of Nawab of Awadh, Shuja ud
Daula. Nawab of Bengal and Nawab of Awadh got into an alliance with the Mughal emperor
Shah Alam II, who despite the deteriorating Mughal empire was perceived as the central
authority of India.
These combined forces met with British force at Buxar.
Result: As expected, the combined army of the three was no match for the disciplined
English army which comprehensively won.
Outcome: It was a morale booster for British and it established British as the super power.
British got the Diwani of Bengal from the Mughal emperor. i.e. now they got the right of
administration and taxation. This battle practically started the British rule in India.
The significant outcomes of this battle were as follows:
It led to the signing of the Allahabad Treaty in 1765 by Lord Robert Clive with Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II.
With the defeat of Mir Kasim, the rule of Nawabs came to an end.
Diwani rights or fiscal rights were secured which meant that the British would administer and manage
revenues of large areas which included the present-day
West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as of Bangladesh. The British became the masters
of the people of these places.
In return of this right, the British would give Rs 26 lakh to the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.
After the Buxar victory, the English armies moved towards Awadh and established their control over Banaras
Shuja-ud-Daulah would pay Rs 50 lakh immediately to the company as expenses of war. He also needed to
pay later Rs 25 lakh in instalments.
The treaty legalised the East India Company’s control over the whole of Bengal. Thus, the British established
their control in the eastern part of the country.
Ghazipur and its adjacent area were handed over to the East India company.
The Allahabad fort became the home of the emperor and he would be protected by few men of the
A vakil of the English would remain in the court of Shah Alam II. But he was not allowed to interfere in the
administration of the country.
Q.2) Consider the following statements with regard to Young Bengal group of students:
1. They posed an intellectual challenge to the religious and social orthodoxy of Hinduism.
2. They had complete faith in everything British and Western learning which alienated them from the masses.
3. They were influenced by Henry Vivian Derozio and were responsible for the establishment of the Society for
Translating European Sciences.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) All of the above
Young Bengal, a controversial group of students, influenced by a Eurasian teacher of Hindu
College in Calcutta (Henry Vivian Derozio), were responsible for the establishment of Society
for Acquisition of General Knowledge.
This group became infamous for their social rebellion. Their rebellion extended to the
religious sphere and posed an intellectual challenge to the religious and social orthodoxy of
Hinduism. Their very radicalism and complete faith in everything British and Western learning
alienated them from the masses.
Q.3) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s work Anandmath, one of the most important novels invthe history of Bengali and Indian literature, was set in the background of
a) Ramosi Uprising
b) Sannyasi-Faqir Rebellion
c) Santhal Rebellion
d) Sawantwadi Revolt
Anandamath is a Bengali novel, written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and publishedvin 1882.
It is considered one of the most important novels in the history of Bengali and Indianvliterature whose work
was set in background of the cause of Faqir-Sannyasis Rebellion.
Its importance is heightened by the fact that it became synonymous with the strugglevfor Indian
independence from the British Empire. The novel was banned by the British.
The ban was lifted later by the Government of India after independence.
Q.4) Match the following (Part I) with (Part II) from the codes given below:
Part I Part II
(Revolt/Movement) (Leader associated with it)
1. Pagal Panthis A. Bhagwat Jawar Mal
2. Kuka Revolt B. Karam Shah
3. Sawantwadi C. Anna Sahib
4. Ramosi D. Chittur Singh
Pagal Panthi Revolt 1825-1850. Pagal Panthis were a mixture of the Hinduism, Sufism and
Animism, which became prominent in Bengal in initial years of 19th century. The sect was
founded by Karam Shah, and his son Tipu Shah led these people to uphold the religion and
rights of the peasants in Bengal.
Initially started as a religious movement with a view to reforming the Sikh religion by
purging it of the degenerate features, Kuka movement, founded in 1840 in the Western
Punjab, turned into a political struggle against the British. The founder of Kuka movement
was Bhagat Jawahar Mal.
The revolt in Sawantwadi region in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra state, was led by Phond
Sawant, a Maratha sardar, who with the help of other sardars and Desais, among whom
Anna Sahib was prominent, captured some forts. When the British troops drove out these
rebels from the forts, they escaped to Goa, leading to great turmoil in the region. A number
of Sawantwadi rebels were tried for treason and sentenced to various terms of
Ultimately, after the imposition of martial law and meting out brutal punishment to the
rebels, order could be restored in Sawantwadi region.
Ramosi Revolt was a tribal revolt by the Ramosi tribe due to the British Rule in 1820 in the
modern age. Though, there is a dispute with Chittur singh and Pratap singh about the leader
of this tribal revolt, justified evidence prove that Chittur Singh was the main tribal leader of
this tribal revolt and Pratap singh was his youngest brother.
Q.5) Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
a) Subsidiary system : : Lord Wellesley
b) Mahalvari settlement in Northern India : : Holt Mackenzie
c) Local Self Government : : Lord Cornwallis
d) Ryotwari settlement : : Thomas Munro
Lord Cornwallis introduced a new revenue system called Permanent Settlement in 1793.
Local Self Government : : Lord Ripon
Lord Ripon is known to have granted the Indians first taste of freedom by introducing the
Local Self Government in 1882. His scheme of local self government developed the
Municipal institutions which had been growing up in the country ever since India was
occupied by the British Crown. He led a series of enactments in which larger powers of the
Local self government were given to the rural and urban bodies and the elective people
received some wider rights. Lord Ripon is known as Father of Local Self Government in India.
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The Prayas India Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/ThePrayasePathshala | <urn:uuid:749b88d0-e043-4b8a-b5f9-03a09696b74f> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://theprayasindia.com/14th-march-static-mcqs-the-prayas-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202635.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322054710-20190322080710-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.928374 | 2,483 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Institution: Pomona College
Instructor: James P. Taylor
Description: This course is a dynamic exploration of theatrical representations of climate change. Our work will begin with an introduction to elementary concepts and principles of both climate change, and the theatre. Once this foundation has been laid, we will examine a wide range of theatrical works from a climate change perspective. The goals of this examination are to promote your skills in critical inquiry: reading, discussion, formal and informal writing, and oral presentation. The course will culminate in each of you imagining a creative theatrical solution to a particular climate change problem or problems. In the end, I hope that the course will give you a much more sophisticated understanding of important and timely climate change issues, and expand your knowledge of a variety of forms of theatrical practice.
Timing: Annually since 2014
Country: United States
Syllabus: Theatre in an Age of Climate Change | <urn:uuid:a9941ec5-efa3-46d3-9cdb-20df6e8ccda9> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://artistsandclimatechange.com/theatre-in-an-age-of-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587655.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025061300-20211025091300-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.921402 | 186 | 2.546875 | 3 |
male animals resort to bright colors or impressive physical displays to
win over the ladies, but a new study shows that a simple sparkle can do
the trick. Male Bicyclus anynana butterflies exhibit small reflective patches on their wings that females find irresistible.
Sitting pretty. The white pupils in the eye patterns of male butterfly wings reflect UV light that attracts females.|
CREDIT: W.H. Piel, © 2005
The wings of Bicyclus anynana
butterflies contain spots that resemble eyes, each with a central white
"pupil." Previous studies have suggested that the eyespots confuse
predators, diverting attention away from the butterfly's vital organs.
However, the insects also display the eyes on their inner dorsal wings,
which are less visible to predators. "We were always puzzled, wondering
what ... are they there for?" says Antónia Monteiro, a biologist at the
University of New York at Buffalo.
To investigate the function of the spots, Monteiro's team, led by
graduate student Kendra Robertson, collected more than 1700 butterflies
from the lab's colony. The researchers found that females tended to
flock to males who had white pupils within their dorsal eyespots, which
are exposed by wing flickering during courtship. "I was so shocked that
they were selectively interested in this one tiny pupil when there are
so many other intricate designs," says Robertson.
Because the pupils are composed of a thin scaly layer of cells that
reflect ultraviolet (UV) light, the team wondered if the UV sparkle
lured the females. To test this, the researchers dabbed the pupils of
over 50 males with a UV-absorbing pigment that did not change their
wing coloration. When introduced to treated and untreated males, female
butterflies were twice as likely to mate with males that reflected
regular levels of UV.
Males with more UV reflectivity probably look younger and healthier and
are thus a bigger draw for females, says Robertson. This may be because
butterflies lose their reflectivity over time as the scales on the
wings get chipped away. The team will report its findings online 6 July
in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
"The results are convincing, and the outcome is amazing," says Ronald
Rutowski, a biologist at Arizona State University in Tempe. But one
wrinkle, he points out, is that the amount of UV light available in the
environment can change from one habitat to the next. "It would be
interesting to see how quality of light affects these experiments," he
Monteiro Lab site, including more pictures of Bicyclus
More about Butterfly Wing Patterns | <urn:uuid:fe33a1ef-b409-4a3a-8923-610f0e63b522> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://lepdata.org/monteiro/Press/Kendras_publicity/ScienceNow/2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647768.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322034041-20180322054041-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.939403 | 568 | 2.828125 | 3 |
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A car is involved in a collision when it is travelling at 24m/s. The driver , of mass 85kg, is brought to rest by the seat belt in a time of 400 ms . Calculate the average force exerted on the driver by the seat belt . Compare this force with his weight , and hence calculate the 'g-force' to which he's subjected by the crash, and comment on the likelihood of his sustaining serious injury. 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution Well, I' use F=m (v-u)/t to find the average force exerted on the driver, am I correct ? Second question , can I use formula of work done to calculate the 'g-force' ? Logically, is it impossible the 'g-force' means the potential energy stored in the car ? Guide me please . | <urn:uuid:c012a8a3-a659-47f7-9d82-7572afbaf0bc> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/calculate-the-average-force-exerted-on-the-driver-by-the-seat-belt.148548/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480472.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216125709-20190216151709-00568.warc.gz | en | 0.9487 | 187 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A group of University of Michigan researchers measured the cortisol levels – a stress induced hormone – in urine samples taken three times weekly for a year from 61 women in a rural Guatemalan community.
According to previous scientific reports, anywhere from 31 percent to 89 percent of all conceptions result in miscarriage. Most studies begin when women notice they are pregnant, about six weeks after conception. Most miscarriages, however, are known to happen during the first three weeks of pregnancy. "The only way to capture the first three weeks of pregnancy is to begin collecting their urine from before they become pregnant. That is extremely labour intensive and expensive," said Pablo Nepomnaschy, who conducted the fieldwork.
In the Guatemalan study, 22 pregnancies occurred in 16 women, and each woman's cortisol levels were measured against their own baseline levels. Researchers found that 90 percent of women, whose ages ranged from 18 to 34, with elevated levels of the stress-induced hormone miscarried during the first three weeks of pregnancy, compared to 33 percent of those with normal levels.
The body may recognize the elevated cortisol levels as an alarm that conditions are unfavourable for pregnancy. "Maybe increased cortisol is understood by the body as a cue that the context is uncertain, changing, or the quality of the environment is deteriorating," Nepomnaschy said. "The body's response is to stop any extra activity and go back to its most basic functions."
Given that previous studies focus on later pregnancy stages did not find an association between elevated cortisol and miscarriage, the researchers speculate that stress may be more likely to lead to loss during the earliest stages of pregnancy, while the embryo is just beginning to develop.
MEDICA.de; Source: University of Michigan | <urn:uuid:1d898fcb-4b73-4cec-afe4-3bae838f39db> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.medica-tradefair.com/cgi-bin/md_medica/lib/pub/tt.cgi/Stress_Can_Lead_to_Early_Miscarrying.html?oid=17901&lang=2&ticket=g_u_e_s_t | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323680.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628120308-20170628140308-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.967529 | 347 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Persuading people to use energy more efficiently has long been heralded as a simple, effective way to help tackle climate change. The problem lies in the persuasion.
Historically, policies and programs to encourage people to save energy have relied largely on technological interventions and decision-making driven by economics: consumers will save energy to save money. However, a growing volume of research shows that energy-consumption behavior is not always rational and can benefit from nudges designed to encourage households to be more energy-efficient.
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the European Union recognize that lifestyle changes – such as setting thermostats higher in summer and lower in winter – can reduce energy use and therefore mitigate climate-warming greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Adding weight to this idea, Richard Thaler’s 2017 Nobel Prize for economics explored the role of nudges in shaping public policy, noting that nudging can prompt people to make better choices if their motivations and biases are understood.
Households display three types of behavior to reduce energy use:
- Curtailment — repetitive efforts like switching off lights, fans and other appliances;
- Maintenance — practices to ensure appliances and equipment are in good running condition, and
- Buying more efficiently — one-shot purchases of energy efficient products and services.
Curtailment behaviors are most common, but savings derived from them are often grossly overestimated, while savings from buying more expensive but more energy-efficient appliances are frequently underestimated the role of behavior and technology are both crucial to delivering the savings consumers want.
Focusing on Behavior
Recognizing this role in the use of energy-related technologies and services, utilities in the U.S. and EU implemented behavior-focused programs in the residential sector. These have been found to be as cost-effective and in most cases cheaper than technology-oriented Demand Side Management (DSM) measures. Broader understanding of consumer behavior can help utilities and planning agencies align public policies that are suited to consumer needs and also complement energy-saving technologies and practices. To realize maximum energy savings, technological interventions must be combined with behavior-changing approaches in a utility’s DSM program.
Behavior-based energy efficiency programs can be classified into two broad categories: (1) education and outreach that give consumers information on energy efficiency and tips to save energy and (2) feedback programs that give direct or indirect feedback to consumers through use of smart meters, home energy reports or comparisons with community, peers or similar households.
Direct feedback offered through devices like smart or prepaid meters that give consumers real-time information have reportedly brought savings of 5 to 20 percent. In India, smart metering initiatives by Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited (TPDDL), Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) and other utilities have been mainly driven by managing inefficiencies and tracking usage of appliances in individual homes. Smart meters with real-time displays would keep consumers informed and could influence long-term changes in their behavior. Communication with consumers about the benefits of these new smart meters is essential during the switch from traditional electricity meters.
To a lesser extent than direct feedback, indirect feedback offered through enhanced electricity bills or home energy reports have contributed to changes in consumer habits. Informative electricity bills containing charts that show households’ electricity use trends, comparisons from previous years or with neighbors or community averages have resulted in savings of 5 to 10 percent.
The extent to which feedback can lead to long-term behavior changes is complex. A review of 38 natural field experiments on nudges leading to lasting energy-saving habits found that 35-55 percent of the decrease in energy use persisted even after nudges were discontinued.
In the developed world, critics of energy efficiency programs say the rebound effect – in which consumers use more of the energy efficient technology, offsetting any cost savings envisaged from investment in energy efficiency – makes these technologies a bad investment. This effect has little applicability at present in India, where millions lack access to electricity and many others, even in large cities, lack reliable access. The impact of energy efficiency interventions must be examined in the larger context of multiple societal, environmental and economic benefits it offers.
In an experiment with a small sample of households in Delhi, nudges in the form of comparison of electricity use with neighbors resulted in 7 percent energy savings. The same study reported an increase in electricity use in households given the same nudge but additional financial rewards. In Vidyut Rakshaka (VR), a joint initiative of WRI India and TIDE in Bangalore and Chennai, launched in 2015, consumers are given customized energy saving reports based on the electricity use information they share voluntarily. VR is an indirect feedback program and reports also show a comparison of the household’s electricity use against neighborhoods’. Each household is given an energy savings goal corresponding to their current and historical consumption patterns and comparison with similar households. Reports contain recommendations to encourage curtailment (for example, switching off appliances when not needed), maintenance (such as regular checks of refrigeration and air conditioners) and efficiency (replacing incandescent bulbs with LEDs, for instance) behaviors for achieving the savings goal. Participants are sent regular feedback on their performance against the goals.
Preliminary findings from VR’s impact evaluation have indicated a total of 17 percent electricity savings from 45 percent of the participants. Going forward, data from VR participants will be analyzed to study the impact of indirect feedback and goal setting on changing behavior. | <urn:uuid:9b7ab171-1766-4c99-b2d9-e21ba289b980> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.wri.org/blog/2018/06/how-behavioral-science-can-boost-household-energy-efficiency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859923.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618012148-20180618032148-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.93084 | 1,112 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Poverty must be eradicated for kids to have a chance
Researchers say that deep poverty places young kids at high risk for poor health and development.
Far too often people who are personally removed from the true facts about the horrible pain and suffering associated with poverty insist the poor are simply lazy and do not deserve any special consideration to help them get ahead in life. This is simply not true. Being caught in poverty is like sinking in deadly quicksand and it takes a lot of outside help to be lifted out of that.
One of the largest promoters of poverty in the United States and elsewhere are the psychiatrists
One of the largest promoters of poverty in the United States and elsewhere are the psychiatrists whose dark ages attitudes and practices steal all potential from people instead of nurturing that potential. Things are so horrible with the psychiatric monopoly on what the psychiatrists insist is mental health care that the United Nations has blasted excessive medicalizing and torture by psychiatrists. This is not a joke. Poverty is associated with increased rates of child abuse and is a number 1 killer.
The National Center for Children in Poverty reports about 15 million kids in the United States, which is 21 percent of all children in the country, live in families who have incomes which is below the federal poverty threshold. About 43 percent of American children in a country known as being a center of great wealth live in families with low incomes.
A child's ability to learn can be hit hard by poverty
The majority of the kids living in poverty have parents who work. However low wages and employment which is unstable leaves their families struggling on the fringes of society. A child's ability to learn can be hit hard by poverty which can contribute to serious social, emotional, and behavioral problems. There is an association between poverty and poor health and mental health. Poverty actually represents the single greatest threat to the well-being of children.
It has been reported by Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health that there is risk for poor health and development for young kids in deep poverty. According to a study which has been released by the National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP) at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, kids caught in deep poverty, wherein their family income is less than 50 percent of the federal poverty line, do even worse on health and development indicators than other kids in poverty.
There are a higher percent of young kids who are in deep poverty who suffer from obesity and increased blood lead levels. It has been determined that the percent of young kids in deep poverty who have increased lead levels is three times higher than the portion which is seen in poor children, and greater than 17 times higher than in non-poor children. This is associated with learning and behavior problems.
The researchers also say they found a higher percentage of young kids in deep poverty in comparison to kids in poverty with parents in poor or fair health or mental health. There is increased parenting stress in these families and a perception of a lack of social support and security in the neighborhoods where they live.
A lower number of kids in deep poverty were judged by their parents as flourishing
A lower number of kids who are living in deep poverty were judged by their parents as flourishing in comparison to other kids in poverty. Flourishing refers to a composite measure which is a reflection of parents’ view of the child’s resilience, affection, curiosity, and positive mood. Sheila Smith, PhD, director, Early Childhood at NCCP, says that deep poverty clearly makes large numbers of American kids vulnerable to health and developmental problems which limit their opportunities in life.
Poverty really is a killer which stops the lives of children from progressing before they ever have a chance to get started. It's a fantastic sociopolitical concept to envision all kids and their families having equal opportunities to get ahead in life with no need for outside assistance. However, this becomes a delusional concept when kids and others are stabbed in the back with poverty.
Acts of omission in dealing with this serious problem of poverty are as serious as acts of commission. The United States has the potential to be a great nation because of its inherent potential to allow individuals to generate great wealth. However, unless unjust roadblocks, such as poverty, to having a chance to become a part of the American dream of being wealthy are lifted the country simply will not be a great country. No country with so many wasted lives from poverty can claim it is actually great. | <urn:uuid:87332957-9c62-4718-be78-f7c390b9c5a2> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.emaxhealth.com/11402/poverty-must-be-eradicated-kids-have-chance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812405.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219052241-20180219072241-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.97162 | 898 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In early version of Word, you could press your insert key on your keyboard to either type over text or insert text. The default was to insert text, but you could quickly toggle that by pressing the insert key.
After Word Version 2003, the inset key no longer seems to work. So, how to toggle between insert and type over without having to first select the text?
That function is available in the newer versions of Word; it just isn’t set up by default.
Follow these steps to turn it on:
- Click on the File tab, then select Options
- Click on the Advanced option from the list
- In the Editing Options section, check the box next to Use the Insert key to control overtype mode
- Click OK to exit the options
- Now you can use the Insert key to toggle the overtype mode on and off
For more tips and tricks, take a Word training course in Denver or Phoenix | <urn:uuid:b8be39fe-5216-4fb5-8aa1-0e4d13d708e1> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.mcstech.net/word-overtype-mode-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400209999.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923050545-20200923080545-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.867546 | 194 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A fluid flowing past the surface of a body exerts a force on it. Lift is the component of this force that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow direction
Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics has
you may search these words to find your document
Warning!This site do not save any files on server.Our site provide pdf files online search and view,all document files from internel and google. | <urn:uuid:0bd5bee6-eb24-41b4-bba4-df04336e7532> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.aijiuyujia.com/fluid-pressure-and-force-calculus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824894.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021190701-20171021210701-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.862624 | 112 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Ever since the chainsaws arrived on the shores of Borneo, in 1946, the island’s ancient rainforest, home to more than 40 distinct Indigenous Peoples, has been routinely burned down, clear cut, and replaced with monoculture tree plantations, agricultural land, vast crops of oil palm and hydro developments.
Sufficed to say, the island has been extensively denuded. According to the World Catastrophe Map, “Today, only half of Borneo’s forest cover remains, down from 75 per cent in the mid 1980s.” And “With a current deforestation rate of 1.3 million hectares per year – an area equivalent to about one third of the size of Switzerland – only peat and mountain forests would survive in the coming years.” That is, unless something changes in the region.
The deforestation rate in Sarawak, which joined the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, far surpasses that of the rest of Borneo–and for that matter, all of Asia combined. A new study by SarVision (PDF) shows that Sarawak’s rainforest is being destroyed more than three times faster than all of Asia. In the last five years alone, the rate of deforestation reached “a staggering 10 percent, compared to 2.8 percent for the rest of Asia,” notes Universiti Kuala Lumpur. According to some estimates, Sarawak has little more than 5 percent of its forest cover left.
It’s as if the Malaysian government–or more specifically, the Sarawak government under the leadership of Chief Minister Abdul Taib Mahmud–is trying to get as much out of the rainforest as it can before there’s nothing left to take.
It gives a whole new meaning to the term “fire sale”, especially in light of the upcoming elections on April 16 and the ever-growing campaign that seeks to end Taib’s 30-year reign of plunder in Sarawak: from the relentless destruction of the rainforest to the illegal land grabs to the casual marginalization of Dayak Peoples and the suppression of their Indigenous Rights.
Up to this point, these pressing concerns have been largely ignored by the international community, particularly when it comes to Indigenous Peoples like the Iban and the Penan (who, in the last 30 years, have organized more blockades than any other Indigenous population in the world).
Thankfully, that’s changing now. The Switzerland-based NGO Bruno Manser Fund (BMF) is leading a campaign against the “Taib Rainforest Mafia” and their alleged criminal activities in several different countries including Canada and the United States. You can find BMF’s campaign website at Stop Timber Corruption!
A veritable information war is also being led against the “Rainforest Mafia” with the help of an Iban activist known as Papa Orang Utan and Clare Rewcastle Brown, sister-in-law of former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown. Both individuals are playing key roles in Sarawak Report and Radio Free Sarawak, two independent media outlets that are very critical of Minister Taib.
As Mongabay recently noted, “both outlets have come under heavy pressure from the government of Sarawak, which, together with logging companies which own publications like the Borneo Post, control much of the state’s print media. Accordingly, Sarawak media has lately become very critical of the former British Prime Minister, who recently described the deforestation of Sarawak as ‘probably the biggest environmental crime of our times’”.
In addition to these three online efforts, a series of international protests were just carried out to mark Taib’s 30th Anniversary in office, which fell on March 26. Some of the messages sent out during the protests included “Freeze Taib’s Assets Now”, “Respect Native Rights”, “Save the Borneo Jungle”, and “Stop Illegal Logging on Native Lands” to name a few.
With the Sarawak rainforest nearly depleted, BMF’s campaign comes none too soon. And thanks to Sarawak Report and Radio Free Sarawak, the overall situation in the Malaysian state is finally getting the attention it deserves.
All that’s left, at least for time being, is for the people of Sawarak to get rid of Minister Taib.
Keep an eye on the upcoming elections at election.sarawakreport.org
Follow the Sarawak Report on Twitter twitter.com/sarawak_report
Sign BMF’s petition: Stop Sarawak Timber Corruption! stop-timber-corruption.org/petition | <urn:uuid:8c146367-a9bb-43ee-86d8-d8dba34535e1> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://intercontinentalcry.org/its-time-for-the-sarawak-governments-reign-of-plunder-to-end/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834663.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00305-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950834 | 990 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Artificial Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico: A Review of Gulf State Programs & Key Considerations
New National Wildlife Federation white paper encourages decision-makers to take environmental considerations into account when developing new artificial reefs.
Over the past few decades the five Gulf States have built artificial reefs both inshore and offshore with the aim of enhancing recreational fishing and diving opportunities. State and local governments on the Gulf Coast have expressed interest in creating additional artificial reefs with some of the money from the federal penalties resulting from the BP oil disaster.
This white paper, Artificial Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico: A Review of Gulf State Programs & Key Considerations, encourages decision-makers to take environmental considerations into account when developing new artificial reefs. The paper provides a review of existing programs and offers key recommendations as governments consider creating additional artificial reefs.
Artificial reefs are materials placed on the sea floor to attract fish or otherwise influence physical or biological processes related to living marine resources. Artificial reefs attract certain species of fish and therefore have high recreational value for both fishing and diving activities.
The Northern Gulf of Mexico has somewhat limited natural reefs; these habitats include rock banks, oyster reefs, and coral reefs. Oyster reefs are a particularly valuable type of natural reef habitat that provide food and habitat for many different species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. Unfortunately, over half of the historic oyster reefs in the estuaries of the Gulf Coast have been lost. Decision-makers should prioritize replacing lost natural habitats such as oyster reefs when considering construction of new reef structures.
The paper provides considerations for maximizing the potential habitat value of any new artificial reefs. More research is needed in order to effectively compare the functionality of artificial reefs and their impacts on fish and wildlife to their natural counterparts. | <urn:uuid:43ade5c4-85e8-4fa0-9cd2-31f9181d99cc> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/Media-Center/Reports/Archive/2013/11-08-13-Review-of-Gulf-of-Mexico-Artificial-Reefs.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049272823.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002112-00011-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908367 | 358 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Cryptocurrencies were in the information lately due to the fact tax authorities agree with they can be used to launder money and evade taxes. Even the ideal courtroom appointed a unique Investigating team on Black cash endorsed that trading in such currency be discouraged. whilst China became reported to have banned a few its biggest Bitcoin tradingoperators, countries such as the united states and Canada have laws in location to restrict stock exchange in cryptocurrency. www.cryptonomi.xyz
Cryptocurrency, as the name suggests, makes use of encrypted codes to impact a transaction. those codes are recognizedwith the aid of other computer systems in the person community. rather than the use of paper money, an internet ledger is up to date by regular bookkeeping entries. The customer‘s account is debited and the seller‘s account is credited with such currency.
How are Transactions Made on Cryptocurrency?
whilst a transaction is initiated by means of one person, her computer sends out a public cipher or public key that interacts with the personal cipher of the man or woman receiving the currency. If the receiver accepts the transaction, the starting up computer attaches a piece of code onto a block of several such encrypted codes this is recognized to every consumerin the community. unique customers known as ‘Miners’ can attach the extra code to the publicly shared block via solvinga cryptographic puzzle and earn more cryptocurrency within the manner. once a miner confirms a transaction, the reportwithin the block can not be changed or deleted.
BitCoin, for example, can be used on mobile devices as well to enact purchases. All you want do is permit the receiver scana QR code from an app to your smartphone or deliver them head to head by way of utilizing near disciplinecommunication (NFC). word that that is very just like everyday on line wallets which includes PayTM or MobiQuick.
Die-hard customers swear via BitCoin for its decentralized nature, global attractiveness, anonymity, permanence of transactions and information security. not like paper forex, no valuable bank controls inflationary pressures on cryptocurrency. Transaction ledgers are saved in a Peer-to-Peer network. meaning each laptop chips in its computing power and copies of databases are saved on each such node in the community. Banks, however, store transaction data in important repositories which are within the palms of personal individuals hired with the aid of the company.
How Can Cryptocurrency be used for money Laundering?
The very fact that there is no control over cryptocurrency transactions through critical Banks or tax government approachthat transactions can not constantly be tagged to a selected individual. which means that we do not know whether or notthe transactor has obtained the store of fee legally or no longer. The transactee’s save is similarly suspect as no one can inform what consideration changed into given for the foreign money acquired.
What does Indian regulation Say approximately such virtual Currencies?
digital Currencies or cryptocurrencies are commonly visible as portions of software program and as a result classify as a good underneath the Sale of products Act, 1930. | <urn:uuid:f045d8c2-f7ac-4d21-bb5d-25c0c3d8ad8c> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.cicloturismo-mtb.com/cryptocurrency-and-taxation-challenges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495001.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220125916-20190220151916-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.948576 | 623 | 2.53125 | 3 |
One way marketers can reach out to consumers, and understand their thought process is through what is called an empathy map. An empathy map is a four step process. The first step is through asking questions that the consumer would be thinking in their demographic. The second step is to describe the feelings that the consumer may be having. The third step is to think about what the consumer would say in their situation. The final step is to imagine what the consumer will try to do based on the other three steps. This map is so marketing teams can put themselves in their target demographics shoes. Web Analytics are also a very important way to understand consumers. They show the habits that people have online for each website. One particular form of these analytics is predictive analytics which helps marketers figure out what route consumers are on. This uses the information gathered from other analytics, and then creates different predictions of what people will do so that companies can strategize on what to do next, according to the peoples trends.
You may not want certain pages of your site crawled because they might not be useful to users if found in a search engine's search results. If you do want to prevent search engines from crawling your pages, Google Search Console has a friendly robots.txt generator to help you create this file. Note that if your site uses subdomains and you wish to have certain pages not crawled on a particular subdomain, you'll have to create a separate robots.txt file for that subdomain. For more information on robots.txt, we suggest this Webmaster Help Center guide on using robots.txt files13.
Small businesses also use social networking sites to develop their own market research on new products and services. By encouraging their customers to give feedback on new product ideas, businesses can gain valuable insights on whether a product may be accepted by their target market enough to merit full production, or not. In addition, customers will feel the company has engaged them in the process of co-creation—the process in which the business uses customer feedback to create or modify a product or service the filling a need of the target market. Such feedback can present in various forms, such as surveys, contests, polls, etc.
This course builds on the theory and foundations of marketing analytics and focuses on practical application by demystifying the use of data in marketing and helping you realize the power of visualizing data with artful use of numbers found in the digital space. This course is part of the iMBA offered by the University of Illinois, a flexible, fully-accredited online MBA at an incredibly competitive price. For more information, please see the Resource page in this course and onlinemba.illinois.edu.
Social media itself is a catch-all term for sites that may provide radically different social actions. For instance, Twitter is a social site designed to let people share short messages or “updates” with others. Facebook, in contrast is a full-blown social networking site that allows for sharing updates, photos, joining events and a variety of other activities.
Popular social media such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and other social networks can provide marketers with a hard number of how large their audience is nevertheless a large audience may not always translate into a large sales volumes. Therefore, an effective SMM cannot be measured by a large audience but rather by vigorous audience activity such as social shares, re-tweets etc.
If your company is business-to-business (B2B), your digital marketing efforts are likely to be centered around online lead generation, with the end goal being for someone to speak to a salesperson. For that reason, the role of your marketing strategy is to attract and convert the highest quality leads for your salespeople via your website and supporting digital channels.
Hello Alex, Thank you for this article. I have a hard time grasping all these technicalities and terminologies around the wide web. I am an early retiree here in our country (PH) and the reason why I decided such because I want to stay home and take care of my old mother and while doing that I need to have an online job. On my search I tried applying tutorial ESL but failed, I have blogs at blogger for fun which I created few years ago just update it lately, I searched about how to become VA, and one online job want to have an experienced SEO marketer. I am a manager by profession on my regular job but dot com era enticed me and I am simply awed by people who shared ideas freely like you. Thank you for your free eBook.
This course examines how digital tools, such as the Internet, smartphones, and 3D printing, are revolutionizing the world of marketing by shifting the balance of power from firms to consumers. Marketing in a Digital World is one of the most popular courses on Coursera with over 150,000 Learners and is rated by Class Central as one of the Top 50 MOOCs of All Time (https://www.class-central.com/report/top-moocs/). This course is part of the iMBA offered by the University of Illinois, a flexible, fully-accredited online MBA at an incredibly competitive price. For more information, please see the Resource page in this course and onlinemba.illinois.edu.
Email Marketing: Email marketing is still one of the most effective digital marketing channels. Many people confuse email marketing with spam email messages we all receive per day, but that’s not what email marketing is all about. Email marketing is the medium to get in touch with your potential customers or the people interested in your brand. Many digital marketers use all other digital marketing channels to add leads to their email lists and then, through email marketing, they create customer acquisition funnels to turn those leads into customers.
Video Marketing: YouTube has become the second most popular search engine and a lot of users are turning to YouTube before they make a buying decision, to learn something or just to relax. There are several video marketing platforms, including Facebook Videos, Instagram, Vimeo to use to run a video marketing campaign. Companies find the most success with video by integrating it with SEO, content marketing, and social media marketing campaigns.
Mix up your official tweets about specials, discounts, and news with fun, brand-building tweets . Be sure to retweet when a customer has something nice to say about you, and don’t forget to answer people’s questions when possible. Using Twitter as a social media marketing tool revolves around dialog and communication, so be sure to interact as much as possible to nurture and build your following.
To create an effective DMP, a business first needs to review the marketplace and set 'SMART' (Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Relevant and Time-Bound) objectives. They can set SMART objectives by reviewing the current benchmarks and key performance indicators (KPIs) of the company and competitors. It is pertinent that the analytics used for the KPIs be customised to the type, objectives, mission and vision of the company.
Website saturation and popularity, or how much presence a website has on search engines, can be analyzed through the number of pages of the site that are indexed by search engines (saturation) and how many backlinks the site has (popularity). It requires pages to contain keywords people are looking for and ensure that they rank high enough in search engine rankings. Most search engines include some form of link popularity in their ranking algorithms. The following are major tools measuring various aspects of saturation and link popularity: Link Popularity, Top 10 Google Analysis, and Marketleap's Link Popularity and Search Engine Saturation.
Thankyou for sharing such a nice article and your knowledge with us. Every business with a Web site should make Search Engine Optimization trying to get your site as high up as possible on Google and Bing search-results pages a part of their growth strategy. At its most basic, “SEO” means finding ways to increase your site’s appearance in web visitors’ search results..
Expertise and authoritativeness of a site increases its quality. Be sure that content on your site is created or edited by people with expertise in the topic. For example, providing expert or experienced sources can help users understand articles’ expertise. Representing well-established consensus in pages on scientific topics is a good practice if such consensus exists.
In order to engage customers, retailers must shift from a linear marketing approach of one-way communication to a value exchange model of mutual dialogue and benefit-sharing between provider and consumer. Exchanges are more non-linear, free flowing, and both one-to-many or one-on-one. The spread of information and awareness can occur across numerous channels, such as the blogosphere, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Pinterest, and a variety of other platforms. Online communities and social networks allow individuals to easily create content and publicly publish their opinions, experiences, and thoughts and feelings about many topics and products, hyper-accelerating the diffusion of information.
Social media can be a useful source of market information and a way to hear customer perspectives. Blogs, content communities, and forums are platforms where individuals share their reviews and recommendations of brands, products, and services. Businesses are able to tap and analyze the customer voices and feedback generated in social media for marketing purposes; in this sense the social media is a relatively inexpensive source of market intelligence which can be used by marketers and managers to track and respond to consumer-identified problems and detect market opportunities. For example, the Internet erupted with videos and pictures of iPhone 6 "bend test" which showed that the coveted phone could be bent by hand pressure. The so-called "bend gate" controversy created confusion amongst customers who had waited months for the launch of the latest rendition of the iPhone. However, Apple promptly issued a statement saying that the problem was extremely rare and that the company had taken several steps to make the mobile device's case stronger and robust. Unlike traditional market research methods such as surveys, focus groups, and data mining which are time-consuming and costly, and which take weeks or even months to analyze, marketers can use social media to obtain 'live' or "real time" information about consumer behavior and viewpoints on a company's brand or products. This can be useful in the highly dynamic, competitive, fast-paced and global marketplace of the 2010s.
In early 2012, Nike introduced its Make It Count social media campaign. The campaign kickoff began YouTubers Casey Neistat and Max Joseph launching a YouTube video, where they traveled 34,000 miles to visit 16 cities in 13 countries. They promoted the #makeitcount hashtag, which millions of consumers shared via Twitter and Instagram by uploading photos and sending tweets. The #MakeItCount YouTube video went viral and Nike saw an 18% increase in profit in 2012, the year this product was released.
A disadvantage of digital advertising is the large amount of competing goods and services that are also using the same digital marketing strategies. For example, when someone searches for a specific product from a specific company online, if a similar company uses targeted advertising online then they can appear on the customer's home page, allowing the customer to look at alternative options for a cheaper price or better quality of the same product or a quicker way of finding what they want online.
This is especially important if you have superiors to which you must report about Internet marketing. Although you may be able to turn data into a strategy easily, reports and graphs are essential in order to communicate that data to people who control the budget. Spend time making comprehensive reports and perhaps making a PowerPoint presentation based on your research.
A breadcrumb is a row of internal links at the top or bottom of the page that allows visitors to quickly navigate back to a previous section or the root page. Many breadcrumbs have the most general page (usually the root page) as the first, leftmost link and list the more specific sections out to the right. We recommend using breadcrumb structured data markup28 when showing breadcrumbs.
Another reason is that if you're using an image as a link, the alt text for that image will be treated similarly to the anchor text of a text link. However, we don't recommend using too many images for links in your site's navigation when text links could serve the same purpose. Lastly, optimizing your image filenames and alt text makes it easier for image search projects like Google Image Search to better understand your images.
The world is mobile today. Most people are searching on Google using a mobile device. The desktop version of a site might be difficult to view and use on a mobile device. As a result, having a mobile ready site is critical to your online presence. In fact, starting in late 2016, Google has begun experiments to primarily use the mobile version of a site's content42 for ranking, parsing structured data, and generating snippets.
YouTube is another popular avenue; advertisements are done in a way to suit the target audience. The type of language used in the commercials and the ideas used to promote the product reflect the audience's style and taste. Also, the ads on this platform are usually in sync with the content of the video requested, this is another advantage YouTube brings for advertisers. Certain ads are presented with certain videos since the content is relevant. Promotional opportunities such as sponsoring a video is also possible on YouTube, "for example, a user who searches for a YouTube video on dog training may be presented with a sponsored video from a dog toy company in results along with other videos." YouTube also enable publishers to earn money through its YouTube Partner Program. Companies can pay YouTube for a special "channel" which promotes the companies products or services.
It’s hard to believe that the Internet is now multiple decades old. Affiliate marketing has been around since the earliest days of online marketing. It’s a great solution for businesses that are risk-averse or don’t have the budget to spend on upfront marketing costs. Use affiliate marketing to build a new revenue stream for your ecommerce or B2B business. Get Started
Creating high quality content takes a significant amount of at least one of the following: time, effort, expertise, and talent/skill. Content should be factually accurate, clearly written, and comprehensive. So, for example, if you describe your page as a recipe, provide a complete recipe that is easy to follow, rather than just a set of ingredients or a basic description of the dish.
There are a number of ways brands can use digital marketing to benefit their marketing efforts. The use of digital marketing in the digital era not only allows for brands to market their products and services, but also allows for online customer support through 24/7 services to make customers feel supported and valued. The use of social media interaction allows brands to receive both positive and negative feedback from their customers as well as determining what media platforms work well for them. As such, digital marketing has become an increased advantage for brands and businesses. It is now common for consumers to post feedback online through social media sources, blogs and websites on their experience with a product or brand. It has become increasingly popular for businesses to use and encourage these conversations through their social media channels to have direct contact with the customers and manage the feedback they receive appropriately.
Facebook had an estimated 144.27 million views in 2016, approximately 12.9 million per month. Despite this high volume of traffic, very little has been done to protect the millions of users who log on to Facebook and other social media platforms each month. President Barack Obama tried to work with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to attempt to regulate data mining. He proposed the Privacy Bill of Rights, which would protect the average user from having their private information downloaded and shared with third party companies. The proposed laws would give the consumer more control over what information companies can collect. President Obama was unable to pass most of these laws through congress, and it is unsure what President Trump will do with regards to social media marketing ethics.
Although online marketing creates many opportunities for businesses to grow their presence via the internet and build their audiences, there are also inherent challenges with these methods of marketing. First, the marketing can become impersonal, due to the virtual nature of message and content delivery to a desired audience. Marketers must inform their strategy for online marketing with a strong understanding of their customer’s needs and preferences. Techniques like surveys, user testing, and in-person conversations can be used to understand the overall user experience. | <urn:uuid:b159dda9-3101-4759-9ec4-abd081abbdd6> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.websitepromotionaltools.com/seo-engine-list.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482284.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205213531-20191206001531-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.946412 | 3,387 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Point of View: We need a March on Tallahassee
We need a March on Tallahassee just like we need a March on Washington, D.C.
On August 28, 1963, approximately a quarter-million people marched on Washington, D.C. demanding justice and equality and an end to discrimination. Marchers assembled near the Lincoln Memorial where the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered one of the most important speeches in the history of our nation: I Have a Dream.
The 1963 March on Washington arose in response to pervasive racism that manifested itself both structurally and in countless individual incidents. At that time, President John F. Kennedy and his brother, Robert F. Kennedy, the Attorney General leading the U.S. Department of Justice, were allied with the civil rights movement and the government made some progress removing structural barriers and responding to incidents.
The Rev. Al Sharpton recently announced a new March on Washington will be held this coming August 28, 57 years after the first March on Washington. Once again, demands for justice and equality and an end to discrimination will be made. Dr. King’s words from 1963 undoubtedly will be invoked but with heavy-hearted tragedy: In 2020, those words remain an inspiring dream in the face of an insidious reality.
Like the 1963 March, the 2020 March on Washington arises in response to racism manifest structurally and in countless individual incidents.
Unlike in 1963, however, this time, the person in the White House and the person leading the U.S. Department of Justice — President Donald Trump and Attorney General Bill Barr —oppose civil rights and use the power of the government to erect new structural barriers and cement others in place, having relied on racism to obtain power and wielding racism to consolidate power.
Here in Florida, Gov. Ron DeSantis and the Republican-dominated Florida Legislature have done the same.
– DeSantis won the gubernatorial primary by campaigning on a single issue: embracing and defending Trump even though by 2018 Trump had been using the power of government to advance his racist agenda—discriminatory travel ban, pardoning Sheriff Joe Arpaio, children in cages, and so much more—for two years, using his family to get the unmistakable point across.
– The morning after DeSantis and Democractic gubernatorial nominee Andrew Gillum won their parties’ primaries in the race for governor, DeSantis said to Floridians, “Don’t monkey this up” by electing Gillum, an African-American man.
– DeSantis and the Republican-controlled legislature oppose Amendment 4, which was intended to restore voting rights to felons, who are disproportionately black, even though this Jim Crow-era legal vestige has been abolished in nearly all other states. So passionate is their desire to perpetuate a racist legal relic that they enacted a new law intended to undermine Amendment 4 and defend it despite its unconstitutionality.
– The Republican legislature can get away with sending such unconstitutional legislation to the Republican governor thanks to the structural electoral advantage bequeathed by their predecessors in the form of gerrymandered state legislative districts, resulting in a Republican stranglehold on the legislative branch of government even though Florida has more registered Democrats than registered Republicans.
– DeSantis deployed the Florida National Guard to Washington, D.C. to support the shocking and unlawful tactics of Trump’s and Barr’s race-baiting response to civil rights protests.
When our nation’s chief executive has the mindset of George Wallace, our nation’s chief law enforcement officer that of Bull Connor, and our state’s governor and ruling legislative leaders support them both, it’s time to march.
It’s time to march on Washington and Tallahassee August 28, and to the polls every single election until every single complicit politician is held accountable and turned out of office to await history’s harsh judgment.
CHRISTOPHER J. HUNTER, TAMPA
Editor’s note: Hunter, a former federal prosecutor in both Democratic and Republican administrations, is a nonresident senior fellow with the Atlantic Council, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security. | <urn:uuid:007e210f-a5c5-4855-8ef4-1720da00561d> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/opinion/columns/guest/2020/07/11/point-of-view-we-need-march-on-tallahassee/112135578/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304134.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123045449-20220123075449-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.950087 | 870 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Please note: This calendar is no longer being updated. For information on library events, please bookmark our new events calendar.
- This event has passed.
Climate Change: What Can We Do?
March 18, 2019 @ 6:00 pm - 7:30 pm
An event every week that begins at 6:00 pm on Monday, repeating until March 25, 2019
Hosted by Professor Paul Loubere, this four-part series takes place Monday evenings in March and explores the ways we can reduce global warming at personal, local and national levels.
March 4 – Find out where CO2 comes from and where it goes, sources of CO2 emissions, discretionary vs. structural emissions, and our own carbon footprints.
March 11 – This week, we’ll talk about the carbon emissions from our homes and lifestyles, and the impacts of the choices in what we buy. We’ll also discuss Jefferson County’s Climate Action Plan and climate change preparedness in the Pacific Northwest.
March 18 – Learn about the national power grid – how it works and its relation to green energy. We’ll look at various ways of limiting carbon emissions on a national scale, and introduce you to DrawDown, the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming.
March 25 – This week we’ll discuss DrawDown’s paths to reducing carbon emissions, what actions will have the biggest impact, and what avenues you can pursue to lead a “carbon-aware” life. | <urn:uuid:6e0f8a8c-1d84-41a4-abfa-5eb203ec0319> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://jclibrary.info/event/global-warming-what-can-we-do/2019-03-18/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145676.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222115524-20200222145524-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.920306 | 309 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Research for Women in the Media:
In 1918, the first major accomplishment of women’s suffrage occurred when women in Canada were granted franchise by the federal authorities.
Since then, women have continued their struggled to gain equality and respect for themselves, as well as their bodies...
At a quick glance, it could be said that this fight is over, after all, according to the research conducted by Kasey Farris Windel, in her dissertation on Proportional Representation and Regulatory Focus: The Case for Cohorts Among Female Creatives:
"women’s roles in [the] workforce is larger than ever before with women earning 57.3% of all Bachelor’s degrees (Catalyst 2004) and representing 47% of the American workforce (Census 2003), in addition to their having comparable representation in today’s advertising industry, in which there is a 50.6% female average across positions (Endicott and Morrison 2005)"
However, Windel goes on in her dissertation to investigate the way in which women are represented within creative and advertising positions, an area of representation that is especially significant when considering that “advertising, even the most liberal and rationalistic, is ideological in at least the formal sense that it seeks to dispose interpellated individuals favorably towards what is for sale” (Andrew Wernick), thereby supporting if not directly influencing the ideologies that structure the society in which the advertisements are being presented to.
In consideration of the significance and effects of advertising, it becomes important to know that "in the creative department, women are underrepresented by a ratio of 2.3 to 1" (Endicott 2002).
The situation only intensifies at higher levels, where only four of the 33 nationally ranked agencies have women running their creative departments. In addition, females are scarce among advertising’s creative elite, representing only 12% of One Club Hall of Fame members and 2% of those in the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame (Iezzi 2005; Sampey & O’Leary 2005).
Since equality is so drastically lagging in the creative and advertising department, it becomes integral to the feminist movement for equality to ask what effect this inequality has on women, as well as how women are viewed in a North American society that still has a very much male-centric view, since it is males who dominate the advertising industries which are inform “the cultural reproduction of the current order of our society.”
The answer to the question of how men are choosing to represent women is made clear by Courtney Carpenter and Aimee Edison in Sex in Advertising, in which the doctoral students explore the “preliminary data analysis [which] shows [that] across all magazine genres, in 2004, males appeared demurely dressed 83.5 percent of the time, while women are only shown as demurely dressed a third of the time (33.33333%)” (Carpenter 2), which demonstrates a gap in the sexual objectification of women over men.
But why does that matter?
In an era in which mainstream society is being exposed to, as well as consuming media faster than ever, a danger lies in the cultivation effect, that “can be explained through models of construct accessibility (Shrum, 1996, 2002). [By which, the using of] more of a specific media genre can subtly influence perceptions and interpretations of the world and the people encountered in it by making mediated constructs/behaviors more accessible from memory than experiential realities”
These constructs shaped by our media not only create “life scripts” (Carpenter 7) that some women become convinced of in order to ‘do’ their gender correctly, but additionally effect how men view women in comparison to other men.
If women are being portrayed and interpreted within society as submissive sex objects, while men are being portrayed as complex and powerful, it is hardly a surprise to learn that rates of police-reported sexual violence against women is significantly higher for women than men across Canadian provinces, amounting to “a rate of 34 sexual assault incidents for every 1,000 women” (Marie Sinha).
However, this statistic does not represent the number of women who have been victims of sexual violence. In a study that “involved 114 interviews with [female] survivors of sexual violence in urban centres of three Canadian provinces…less than [30% of survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse (who made up a third of the survivors) and roughly 36% of survivors of Adult Sexual Abuse had reported the abuse] to the police, or otherwise had another person report the assault” (Melissa Lindsay 6) for them.
Furthermore, in the “Findings from the 2009 General Social Survey on Victimization (GSS) revealed that an estimated 88% of incidents of sexual assault were not reported to the police (Perreault and Brennan 2010); 67,000 Canadians reported experiencing sexual assault in the 12 months preceding the survey, with females representing 70% of survivors of sexual assault. Females also represented the majority (87%) of survivors of police-reported sexual assault (Levels 1, 2 and 3) in 2012.”
So, were do men fit into all of this? Well, police recorded data has shown that not only are “women more likely than men to be victims of a sexual offence, while men [are] more likely to be robbed… [but they are] eleven times more likely than men to be sexually victimized, three times as likely to be stalked (criminally harassed), and twice as likely to be the victim of indecent and harassing phone calls” (Sinha).
This trend of women being abusively sexualized becomes only more prevalent in situations of closeness between the genders, where “intimate partners, including spouses and dating partners, were the most common perpetrators in violent crime against women…[representing] 45% of all those accused of victimizing women, followed by acquaintances or friends (27%), strangers (16%) and non-spousal family members (12%)” while the “reverse was true for male victims, where strangers accounted for the largest share of perpetrators (55%)” (Sinha).
Not only are men “[ responsible for 83% of police-reported] violence against women, [but men are also responsible for the majority of violence] directed at [other] men…[representing a total of] 76% of all perpetrators]” (Sinha)
There is not significant enough evidence to suggest, however, that these statistics relating to the sexualization and abuse of women by men, in addition to higher occurrences of men displaying violent behavior over women, is in any way a reflection of what could be mistaken for masculine nature. On the contrary, this is evidence that the mental models being prescribed by a male dominated industry, in which women are most frequently being portrayed as sexual objects, is an incredibly unhealthy model for all genders to be exposed to.
In other words, these statistics are convincingly birthed from the ideological gender stereotypes that are being propagated by the representational images of women being produced and distributed on a massive scale, which have also influenced the way that our societies view and treat these crimes.
The criminal justice system in Canada addresses crimes involving sexual violence, such as a “sexual assault against a young person under 16 years of age (hybrid offence)” with a minimum penalty of 3 months on a summary conviction, and just 1 year on indictment (Department of Justice, Canada), while survivors of sexual violence “describe such long term effects as depression, anxiety, PTSD-related symptoms and behavior problems” (Statistics Division Department of Justice Canada).
The apparent effects of such subtle ideological views are impacting the treatment of women, as well as the behaviors and views of men in North American society on a large scale, so it is my goal to create a sculpture that will draw attention to the issue of how small inequalities can have large consequences.
As a woman, and a creative individual, such impacts as those created by negative gender representations, are significant to me.
So, for my sculpture I will be aiming to create a visualization of the impacts of gender inequality within the media, as well as the repercussions of mass objectification, sexualization and gender stereotyping of women. To do this, I would like to make my sculpture as vulgar and upsetting as those realities that I have gone over.
¹ Stokstad, Marilyn, and Michael W. Cothren. “1.” Art History, 5th ed., vol. 1, Laurence King, London, pp. 10–11.
Carpenter, Courtney, and Aimee Edison. "Sex in Advertising." Taking It Off All Over Again: The Portrayal of Women in Advertising Over The Past Forty Years. pag. University of Alabama. Web. 4 Mar. 2017.
Department of Justice, Canada “6.4 Mandatory Minimum Penalties under the Criminal Code.” Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications, 23 July 2015, www.ppsc-sppc.gc.ca/eng/pub/fpsd-sfpg/fps- sfp/tpd/p6/ch04.html.
Lindsay, Melissa. “A SURVEY OF SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THREE CANADIAN CITIES.” Http://Www.justice.gc.ca/Eng/RpPr/CjJp/Victim/rr13_19/rr13_1 9.Pdf, Research and Statistics Division Department of Justice Canada, 2014, , Research and Statistics Division Department of Justice Canada, 2014, www.bing.com/cr?IG=22B86CC4BE5C4A208B4B2DCF864210A D&CID=1440CED74C6D6D2B32C8C4CD4D5C6C64&rd=1&h=X8 dp4zAjtVwtBPTj8gHktbqLtvlTquOP1Ka6jGAGk5M&v=1&r=http% 3a%2f%2fwww.justice.gc.ca%2feng%2frppr%2fcjjp%2fvictim%2fr r13_19%2frr13_19.pdf&p=DevEx,5077.1.
Peterson, Susan. The Craft and Art of Clay. London: King, 1995. Print.
Sinha, Maire. "Section 1: Prevalence and Severity of Violence against Women."Statcan.gc.ca. N.p., 30 Nov. 2015. Web. 05 Mar. 2017.
Strong-Boag, Veronica. “Women's Suffrage in Canada.” The Canadian Encyclopedia, , www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/suffra ge/.
Wernick, Andrew. “Advertising and Ideology: An Interpretive Framework.”Journals.sagepub, SAGE Social Science Collections, 1 Nov. 1983, journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/026327648300 2001004.
Windels, Kasey Farris. “Proportional Representation and Regulatory Focus: The Case for Cohorts Among Female Creatives.” Https://Repositories.lib.utexas.edu/Handle/2152/1782, The University of Texas at Austin , University of Texas Libraries, 2008, hdl.handle.net/2152/17824. | <urn:uuid:707a9f0f-2ed5-4652-93d6-d161638f87db> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.vanaerobertson.com/reseach-for-women-in-the-media | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656963.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610030340-20230610060340-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.927647 | 2,488 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Consider a universe which arose from nothing. The catalyst for such an event can only be speculated upon as there were no witnesses. There would be many who would insert a god as a catalyst, others who might guess it spontaneous or caused by something unknown. There is no proof of any nature to substantiate that it was a god or that it was spontaneous. It must remain unknown.
If you started with nothing then the balance of what might be created would have to equal nothing. There would have to be equal quantities of matter and anti-matter so that the balance of the universe would equal nothing. Matter and anti-matter cancel each other out.
Presently we have a universe where there is a preponderance of matter and a much less quantity of anti-matter. With this discrepancy considered then the universe would have had to start with something. Convention is that this something was energy squeezed into an unimaginably dense point which exploded. Perhaps this is the case.
Suppose instead that the universe did start from nothing. Suppose there is antimatter equal to matter. We can see the universe only to a finite horizon with our limited means. Is it possible that the balancing quantity of the antimatter which need exist is coagulated in a sphere at the edge of the universe, surrounding it? Pluses and minuses it is said attract. Being opposites it is easy to speculate that they must attract. If antimatter attracts matter then this might explain the acceleration of the galaxies from one another. Surrounded by an enormous globe of concentrated antimatter the universe we know would surely rush toward the outer edge and soon become nothing once more. This sphere of antimatter may be in the form of an antimatter universe that is accelerating in as fast as our universe is accelerating out. In the beginning there may have been more of each, matter and antimatter, but that antimatter that remained within reach of matter, cancelled some of both out.
Of course this is just imagination at work. As non-provable as any god or big bang. | <urn:uuid:fddc6e8e-09b9-41bf-a1f7-31a124ccd7fd> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://drenn1077.com/2013/11/06/ravings-of-a-non-scientist-november-6-2013/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861641.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619002120-20180619022120-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.979257 | 413 | 2.8125 | 3 |
THE IMPACTS OF SINGLE USE DISPOSABLE PLASTICS
Globally, 95% of all plastic packaging is used once and then wasted, often as litter. In its 2014 Marine Debris Report in Australia, the CSIRO reported that, ‘two thirds of the marine debris found along our coastline is plastic, most from local sources.’
It's clear we have a plastic litter and waste problem. Reducing our use of disposable plastic will reduce both litter and waste, as well our reliance on fossil fuels.
Many individuals, governments and businesses have become aware of the problem and are changing practices. However, what has been lacking are whole communities taking a systematic approach to addressing disposable plastic use, with a focus on long lasting solutions. | <urn:uuid:5db29308-addd-4279-b40f-05bebc22791e> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.plasticfreesunraysia.com.au/about-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545326.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522094818-20220522124818-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.957797 | 155 | 3.15625 | 3 |
This free author's purpose worksheet contains passages related to the days of the week. Students read each passage, and determine the author's purpose for writing the passage. The worksheet includes 5 reading passages. The author's purposes include persuade, inform, entertain, explain, and describe.
When I first started teaching “Author’s Purpose” to my elementary students, I taught the PIE method - “persuade”, “entertain”, and “inform”. We read books and passages, and then determined which of those three categories best matched what we had just read. We read books and passages, and then determined which of those three categories best matched what we had just read. However, I soon became frustrated when I didn’t see improvement in this area in my students’ performance on standardized tests. I dug into it to try to figure out why this was the case, and ultimately realized that standardized test answer choices are usually not limited to “persuade”, “entertain”, and “inform”. Instead, they include words like “describe”, “explain”, and “narrate”. Furthermore, the answer choices might have, for example, “inform” in two of the options, so students need to take it a step further to determine exactly what the author is attempting to inform the reader.
As a result of my findings, I decided to make my own author’s purpose materials - worksheets, games, activities, and task cards - that I felt better prepared my students for the types of questions they would find on standardized tests, and that matched the lesser known “PIE’ED method.” I now feel that my students are better prepared for those questions regarding author’s purpose on standardized tests. That said, I encourage you to try the PIE'ED method for teaching Author's Purpose as well!
With this resource, students read five passages related in some way to the days of the week. They must determine whether the author's purpose is to persuade, entertain, inform, explain, or describe.
ALL of my Author's Purpose Resources are available in a single BUNDLED product! A purchase of the bundle would save you a significant amount of money compared to if you were to buy the items separately.
Author’s Purpose PIE’ED Bundle: Includes lesson plans, games, task cards, ppt, worksheets and more
Click on the links below to take a peek at my other PIE'ED products!
Author’s Purpose Craftivity
** MY BEST SELLER!
Author’s Purpose Powerpoint
PIE’ED Concentration Game
Author’s Purpose Earth Day Craftivity (including five passages!)
By Deb Hanson 2016
**Check out my blog! Crafting Connections | <urn:uuid:592761a4-9261-4128-9fae-dfbdf358caf4> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Authors-Purpose-PIEED-Worksheet-869099 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948581033.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216010725-20171216032725-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.934719 | 612 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Sunday, March 24, 2013
Christopher Columbus’s True Identity Unmasked
Will the National Lithuanian American Hall of Fame have Christopher Columbus as a new candidate for induction? The answer looks to be yes, according to a new theory that Columbus was the Portuguese-born son to the King of Poland, Hungary and Lithuania, Wladyslaw III.
How could this be true? The hypothesis supporting Columbus’s royal origins was first published in 2009 in the Spanish book “COLON: La Historia Nunca Contada,” and then in 2012 in the best-selling Polish book, “KOLUMB: Historia Nieznana,” both written by Manuel Rosa, a Portuguese-American historian and author who has been recasting the Columbus biography in the light of recently uncovered evidence.
The fact that Columbus used some 80 Portuguese toponyms to name the New World, and that he never wrote in Italian, but did write in Portuguese flavored Spanish, and referred to Portugal as his homeland constitute clues to his Portuguese identity. To substantiate the noble birth, Rosa points out that Columbus and his two brothers had easy access to four courts in Europe, and one brother even lived as a guest of the King of France, all of this long before 1492. Among the more intriguing new pieces of evidence, Rosa shows that the Last Will of 1498 (Mayorazgo or deed of primogeniture), where Columbus supposedly claimed to be “born in Genoa,” is a forgery written by a Genoese interloper long after Columbus died. Henry Harrisse had considered the 1498 Last Will a forgery from a later period, but Rosa was the first to prove that the document was falsified.
After reading the known biographies of Columbus, one realizes that there are enough bits and pieces to support the idea that Columbus, his biographer son Fernando, and the court of Spain made herculean efforts to obscure his true identity and origins. Columbus even changed his name in Spain to that of Cristóbal Colón in order to distance himself from his true lineage. Cristóbal Colón is the only name he ever used during his public life and there is no record in Spain of what his original name was. That by itself does not prove Columbus was royalty, but it appears that, if the identity was successfully obscured during his lifetime, it is almost impossible at this point in history to definitively prove Columbus’s true identity without forensic research. All that remains is the evidence that the obscuring was done and a few clues pointing to his true identity.
Over the centuries, many respected historians came up with different opinions about the true birthplace of Columbus. They had to speculate about what the truth might be since little evidence remains. The majority of scholars came to a conviction that Cristóbal Colón, discoverer, was the same person as Cristoforo Colombo, Genoese wool-weaver, while other historians supported their own convictions that the wool-weaver and the discoverer could not be the same person.
The Italian historian, Paolo Emilio Taviani, fierce proponent of the Genoese Colombo wrote: “What wild imaginings could have generated a Greek Columbus, an English Columbus, three French Columbuses, and, as if that were not enough, a Corsican Columbus, a Swiss Columbus, and three Portuguese Columbuses? For an explanation, we can look only to the immeasurable greatness of Columbus’s achievement and to its profound consequences on the course of human history.”
Antonio Ballesteros Beretta wrote: “One person is responsible for the polemics about the birthplace of Christopher Columbus, and that person is his own son Ferdinand, who, in his biography of his father, displayed ignorance and doubts on a subject which, on the contrary, he should have known well. His dubious attitude” continues Ballesteros, “about the Discoverer’s origins has given rise to an endless series of hypotheses, some of which are farfetched and fantastic.” Ballesteros adamantly stuck to the belief that Christopher and his son Ferdinand were peasants who wanted to conceal, with a “claim of noble ancestry, their humble wool-weaving origins.”
These Genoese documents were proudly published by the City of Genoa in 1892 and 1896 in a collection of books known by its short tile of Raccolta Colombiana. There one can clearly see that the Cristoforo Colombo of Genoa was by trade nothing more than a lanaiolo: a lowly wool-weaver, son of another wool-weaver.
Mr. Taviani and the other supporters of the Genoese Columbus, however, completely downplayed the fact that the discoverer was a man with extensive schooling who moved within noble circles and that, in Spain, Columbus’s origins were maintained secret from the public. Thus, the Genoese theory discarded many inconvenient truths and invented details to mesh the weaver’s life with the discoverer’s life.
One of the questions we asked Mr. Rosa was how could these accepted documents be contested?
“In actuality there should not even be a need to contest them, because anyone who spends a few hours looking at them will realize that the documents from Genoa are related to a completely different person and have nothing to do with the life of the discoverer. However, since those documents have been accepted for over a century as being related to the discoverer, one is forced to explain them,” Mr. Rosa stated.
When pressed for more specifics, he advises reading his books carefully as they cover 22 years of scientific research that tackle each issue step by step. “However”, he cautioned, “keep in mind that most of the documents in the Raccolta Colombiana are fodder and irrelevant to the solution of Columbus’s identity. Some of the documents do not even exist from the date they were supposedly created but are only referenced in other documents centuries later. Other documents are forged to add information that was not there initially.”
In fact, copies of documents that made it out of Genoa prior to the start of the Columbus controversy, such as Antonio Gallo’s chronicle, do not even mention Columbus, while Gallo’s copy found in Genoa today does. Of the four manuscripts that are attributed to Gallo, where the “Columbus brothers” are mentioned, (British Codex, Torino Codex, Civica Genoa Codex and Federici Codex) NOT ONE is from 1506, when Gallo wrote his chronicle. They are copies done in the 17th and 18th Centuries. Interestingly the Codex stored in the Library of Copenhagen “Ms. Reale antico fondo n. 2205″ the oldest writing from the sixteenth century – therefore written long before the British, Torino, Civica and Federici codexes – has nothing in it about “Columbus brothers”! Clearly Gallo had not written this additional text about Columbus before he died, someone added it later. The famous Asseretto Document was doctored in the Italian publications to remove several blank pages, fraudulently making it look like the text was continuous.
These are only some examples that show how unreliable the Genoese documents and the Raccolta Colombiana are to solving the mystery of Columbus’s identity. “What the Raccolta Colombiana did was help to cover up the truth for yet another 100 years” claims Rosa.
Considered one of today’s leading scholars on the life of Columbus, Mr. Rosa points out that Ferdinand Colón, the discoverer’s son, claimed that his father descended not only from Italian aristocracy, but from the legendary Roman General Colonius and that people were wrong to call him “Christopher Columbus” in Latin, warning that the correct Latin form is “Christopher Colonus.” While historians widely inferred that Christopher Columbus used this noble persona to ingratiate himself to the good graces of the Spanish court in an elaborate illusion to mask a humble weaver background, Rosa thinks Ferdinand was telling the truth. The historians, going against solid evidence in Spain and Portugal, came up with the wrong solution swapping “Cristobal Colón” for a “genovés Cristoforo Colombo.”
The particulars were not always obvious, but because of his familiarity with the Portuguese history of the discoveries and fluency in several languages, Rosa was able to see that something was not right in the official narrative. His biggest clue came when he learned that Columbus had married a Portuguese noblewoman in 1479, a full 14 years before becoming famous in Spain. Knowing that peasants and wool-weavers could never marry nobility, it was apparent something was not correct. By examining more carefully Columbus’s assumed identity, he was able to show how historians had made several simple mistakes that completely changed the course of their research.
First, they mistranslated the name Colón to Columbus, even though Ferdinand alerted us that Colón is not the same as Columbus. Colombo is Italian, Colombe is French, Colom is Catalan, Palomo is Spanish, Pombo is Portuguese and Columbus is Latin. All these names are the same for they mean Pigeon. However, the discoverer’s name was Colón, as in the English colon, and semi-colon, coming from the Greek κωλον (kólon) meaning Member, just as Ferdinand also informed us.
Second, although many contemporary Spanish writers referred to Cristobal Colón as “ginovés” historians missed the important point that in 15th Century Spain, ginovés was slang for “foreigner” and not necessarily confirmation that Columbus was from Genoa. These are two honest mistakes that have led historians in a wild-goose chase to Genoa.
Instead of relying on previous published biographies, Rosa went directly to the medieval sources from multiple kingdoms, plus ancient genealogy and heraldry, in order to cross-reference the historical events with the personalities. In addition, Rosa’s mastery of Spanish and Portuguese, allowed him a more accurate interpretation of these primary source documents, so often prone to errors of translation into English.
By reviewing the ancient documents, chronicles and manuscripts, and taking an active involvement in the DNA studies of Columbus’s bones at the University of Granada, Spain, Mr. Rosa was able to disprove the official narrative as nothing more than a fairytale which was based on repeated misinterpretations of the original facts. Nevertheless, the fact remains that Columbus married Filipa Moniz Perestrelo. Filipa was not only daughter of a high noble and Captain of the Portuguese Island of Porto Santo, but a member of the elite Portuguese Military Order of Santiago, as the newly presented documents show. This makes it impossible for her husband to be a wool-weaver from anywhere. Filipa required the approval of the King of Portugal, Master of the Order of Santiago, in order to marry anyone. Such a granting was a procedure reserved only for someone of high noble standing in Portugal.
It becomes irrelevant what the writers of the last Century, such as Tavianni and Morison concocted about the noble Filipa Moniz. Today we have valid documentation that Filipa Moniz was one of the twelve elite “donnas” of the Portuguese Military Order of Santiago. This new Portuguese document alone, according to Rosa, makes the entirety of the history about an Italian wool-weaver’s son named Colombo a false account.
Aside from the Order of Santiago document, Rosa was also the first to show Columbus’s original coat of arms and to publish the similarities that exist between it and that of the Polish king. The evidence appears irrefutable that Columbus, who had been housed in the palaces of the nobility, had access to royal courts, and married into nobility, could not be, as our history books tell us, the illiterate son of a poor weaver from Genoa.
Columbus never wrote in Italian or Genoese, not even to his two brothers, and the scholars who have dedicated themselves to in-depth research of Christopher Columbus’s language have declared it to be a rough Castilian punctuated by noteworthy and frequent Portuguese words. This is clearly a clue to his Portuguese birth as are Columbus’s own words written to the Spanish court in March 4, 1493 saying that he “left wife and homeland” (Portugal) to go serve the court of Spain.
Now, 21st Century science is shedding more light on the Centuries-old Italian invention of a Genoese Colombo. Prof. José Lorente’s DNA studies prove that the discoverer Cristóbal Colón’s DNA did not match 477 Colombo families from the Genoa area. This constitutes 477 proofs that Colón was not a Colombo.
So, who was Christopher Columbus, or better Cristóbal Colón, if not a poor weaver’s son from Genoa? With so much uncertainty, how can we be sure of what is the truth?
When pressed to further expound on his theory, pointing to his extensive research, Rosa confidently, and with source documents to verify his assertions, claims “Colón was a royal prince, son of a Portuguese noblewoman from the Italian Colonna family and a man named Henrique Alemão (Henry the German) resident on the Portuguese island of Madeira.”
Turns out that Henrique Alemão was the false name of none other than King Wladyslaw III (a direct descendent of one of Europe’s greatest ruling dynasties, Lithuania’s Gedimin dynasty). After disappearing in the Battle of Varna in 1444, King Wladyslaw III went into self-exile at the Island of Madeira and hid his identity from the public at large. Ferdinand Colón also claimed that his father was a resident of Madeira.
Rosa has pieced together many previously missed clues, including the fact that Prince Georges Paleologue de Bissipat, an exiled Byzantine nobleman living in France nicknamed “Colombo the Younger”, said to be a relative of Christopher Columbus was also a relative of King Wladyslaw III and that Wladyslaw III descended from the “Kings of Jerusalem” just as Ferdinand states Columbus did.
According to Rosa’s book, documents show that some of Europe’s courts knew exactly who Henrique Alemão was and who Cristóbal Colón was. Their high connections explain why the mystery was perpetrated to hide the famous discoverer’s true identity.
Rosa theorizes that Columbus’s original name was Prince Segismundo Henriques, born on Madeira and son of King Władysław III and his wife Senhorinha Annes, a noblewoman from the Portuguese Sá and Italian Colonna families. Thus the navigator descended from Italian aristocracy as Ferdinand claimed and shortened his mother’s last name Colonna to end up with his new Spanish identity of Colón. The last name, Colón, was mistakenly changed to Colom (Catalan for Pigeon) by the publisher Pedro Posa in April, 1493, and picked up by may other printers over Europe. But all who utilized the names Colom/Colombo/Columbus, were referencing the wrong person.
Is this just another run-of-the-mill conspiracy theory? Not according to historians from University of Lisbon and St. Joseph’s University, and most recently renowned Greek historian, Miltiades Varvounis, who wrote that Rosa’s book “is a magnum opus and by no means should be considered a work of pseudo history or just another source of nutty conspiracy theories. Rosa’s numerous reliable findings and solid theories would make Sherlock Holmes jealous. The History of Columbus has many mixed-up facts and personalities, and maybe the time has come for the discoverer’s life to be finally rewritten.”
Although in Portugal and Poland academics have taken to debating and supporting the new findings, it is lamentable that, up until now, there is little or no debate in America or Lithuania to either accept or contradict Rosa’s findings. It is hoped that Lithuanian publishers, historians and researchers will take an interest in this history altering evidence, as this book deserves an audience not only in Lithuania, but worldwide, since Columbus is a world renowned figure who changed the course of our human history.
Prof. D. Félix Martínez Llorente, of University of Valladolid affirmed “the book is an extensive and well-documented work on the still-enigmatic figure of Christopher Columbus, with evocative and notorious contributions that will, with absolute certainty, be talked about for a long time.”
Based on the extensive research, one can now be assured that the discoverer of America was not the poor wool-weaver’s son from Genoa. Hopefully, in the near future, forensic DNA evidence can be obtained to prove that Christopher Columbus descended from Lithuania’s Royal House but hid his royal lineage to protect a paramount secret. The secret that his father, King Wladyslaw III, did not die at the Battle of Varna in 1444, but survived, and rejecting the crown of Poland, Lithuania and Hungary, went to live out his days in secret exile in Portugal, was the reason for the whole mystery surrounding his identity.
Will Lithuanians now be able to add another page to their already epic history to include the discovery or America? | <urn:uuid:dd4f02f3-0094-4b61-be59-294b354d1a66> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://christo-colon.blogspot.com/2013/03/christopher-columbuss-true-identity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812556.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219072328-20180219092328-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.967794 | 3,712 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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XML lets you make up names for your own element types. If you think tags and elements are the same thing you are already in considerable trouble: read the rest of this question carefully.
The same applies if you are thinking in terms of ‘fields’ (see How do I get XML into or out of my database?). Wrong paradigm, wrong language.
Bob DuCharme writes:
Don't confuse the term ‘tag’ with the term ‘element’. They are not interchangeable. An element usually contains two different kinds of tag: a start-tag and an end-tag, with text or more markup between them.
XML lets you decide which elements you want in your document and then indicate your element boundaries using the appropriate start- and end-tags for those elements. Each <!ELEMENT... declaration defines a type of element that may be used in a document conforming to that DTD. We call this type of element an ‘element type’. Just as the HTML DTD includes the H1 and P element types, your document can have color or price element types, or anything else you want.
Normal (non-empty) elements are made up of a start-tag, the element's content, and an end-tag. <color>red</color> is a complete instance of the color element. <color> is only the start-tag of the element, showing where it begins; it is not the element itself.
Empty elements are a special case that may be represented either as a pair of start- and end-tags with nothing between them (eg <price retail="123"></price>) or as a single empty element start-tag that has a closing slash to tell the parser ‘don't go looking for an end-tag to match this’ (eg <price retail="123"/>). | <urn:uuid:ad75ca5f-509a-4f0f-97fa-f82bee6b147f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://xml.silmaril.ie/makeup.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103355949.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628050721-20220628080721-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.886358 | 406 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Everyone fights, or are prepared to say they do. As I noted in my last post, Fighting words, a major charge against Trump was that he exhorted his followers to “fight like hell.” His defence lawyers countered with a lengthy sound montage instancing peace-loving politicians (I think all Democrats) invoking the word “fight” in their own speeches. To assert you are “fighting” for something is common parlance in heated rhetoric: fight for justice, fight for rights, fight for fairness, fight for truth.
Trump’s defenders assert that no single particular declaration to fight can be taken as incitement for someone to actually fight (wrestle, punch, restrain, shoot, etc).
One counter-defence appeals to the literal-figurative distinction. Peace-loving politicians and demonstrators mean it figuratively (“fight” as metaphor). But people we want to accuse of inciting violent rioters mean it literally. I observed one online commentator during the Senate trial say that while these other politicians are speaking figuratively, Trump is being literal. See posts tagged Metaphor for arguments challenging the literal-metaphoric distinction.
Careful critics of the Trumpian defence go another route, which is to state that whether or not fighting words incite violence depends on the wider context in which those words appear: the surrounding words, previous speeches and audience responses, past events, and what happened after the supposed fighting words were uttered.
Incitement can also appear in coded form, with or without a nod and a wink. The right trigger will set an audience primed for violence on a course that overwhelms rhetorical nuances, caveats, disclaimers, and directives to be peaceful. Following Aristotle, effective orators cultivate and exploit the mood of their audience to invoke action. Now we say that particular words in the right context serve as triggers.
I’ve now learned about the so-called “Brandenburg Test” (named after a famous US court case against the KKK). The test rests on two criteria for recognising speech that incites misbehaviour: (1) the person speaking really wants to induce others to do the unlawful thing (e.g. storm the Capitol), (2) unlawful action is likely to follow the speech. The second criterion allows that something may have stopped the action, but otherwise it was highly likely.
A signature article by legal scholar David Crump elaborating on the incitement test begins by referencing Mark Antony’s speech after the murder of Julius Caesar. After Antony said “I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him” he called Caesar’s assassins “honourable men,” which was apparently enough to incite a riot in which the audience drove the assassins (“honourable men”) out of town. That’s a subtle case of delivering apparent praise (perhaps sarcastically) that then delivers not respect but incitement to violence. Crump says
“in spite of our recognition that there are prohibited utterances that cross the line, a borderland remains in which clever speakers can hide, with form, the substance of what they say. In short, Mark Antony’s speech is an example of the phenomenon that this Article refers to as camouflaged incitement” (1-2).
- The Express Words or Symbols Uttered.
- The Pattern of the Utterance, Including Any Parts That Both the Speaker and the Audience Could Be Expected to Understand in a Sense Different from the Ordinary
- The Context, Including the Medium, the Audience, and the Surrounding Communications
- The Predictability and Anticipated Seriousness of Unlawful Results, and Whether They Actually Occurred
- The Extent of the Speaker’s Knowledge or Reckless Disregard of the Likelihood of Violent Results
- The Availability of Alternate Means of Expressing a Similar Message, Without Encouragement of Violence
- The Inclusion of Disclaimers.
- Whether the Utterance Has “Serious Literary, Artistic, Political, or Scientific Value” (or, Alternatively, Whether It Is “Speech on a Matter of Public Concern”). (54-69)
The third point reinforces the importance of the context of the putative incitement. The eighth is even more interesting as it opens the debate to a consideration of performance art and acting. Adjudicators need to assess whether violent and inciting words in a play, rap, standup, cartoon or performance art piece really are incitements. Crump illustrates this brand of “camouflaged” incitement with an amusing counter-example of faux-performances.
“A crime boss who speaks in iambic pentameter while ordering an underworld rub-out, for example, still is a party to a homicide, and ‘serious artistic value’ in the language does not legitimize his solicitation of murder. Nor would the crime boss decrease his criminal responsibility by following his order to kill by a ‘literary’ allusion to Hamlet’s death soliloquy, or a denunciation of the victim’s ‘political’ beliefs, or even a ‘scientific’ dissertation on the anatomical effects that will occur when the unfortunate individual’s heart stops” (68).
As illustrated in the Senate impeachment “trial,” delivering a political speech, defending a client and other modes of advocacy are theatre in any case. See post: The great debate debate and Rogue fan fiction: the peculiar case of QAnon.
- Crump, David. 1994. Camouflaged incitement: Freedom of speech, communicative torts, and the borderland of the Brandenburg test. Georgia Law Review, (29) 1, 1-80.
- I’m interested in camouflaged incitement not least as it pertains to coded messaging.
- Fighting and acting are closely related. I remember as a child watching World Championship Wrestling. That was in Australia on channel 9. The show aired midday on weekends. As a child I had to be reminded that it was fake, but then I recognised the posturing, the repeated moves, the banter, and the arbitrary victories. Fighting was an act. | <urn:uuid:e7bfda8a-4b5d-42c1-a185-f18a99fa5ce3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://richardcoyne.com/2021/02/13/camouflaged-incitement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057421.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923104706-20210923134706-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.930975 | 1,307 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Colon cancer is a disease caused by abnormal growth in the colon or rectum. In America, it is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men and women. One in 23 or 4.3% of men and one in 25 or 4.0% of women are at risk of developing colon cancer. Factors such as diet and lifestyle can affect your chances of getting colon cancer over your lifetime. However, colon cancer prevention methods like regular screening and lifestyle changes can help lower the risk.
What Is Colon Cancer?
Colon cancer starts developing in your colon or rectum as abnormal growths called precancerous polyps. Polyps are noncancerous and don’t show any symptoms. If polyps are left untreated in the colon, they can become invasive and grow cancerous.
Colon cancer usually occurs in people above the age of 50 and is more common among black people. Other risk factors of colon cancer include:
- Genetics and family history of colon cancer
- Medical history of colon cancer or ovarian cancer
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Cigarette smoking
Colon Cancer Prevention: Ways To Reduce Your Risk
Prevention is always better than cure. Here are some ways to help you lower your risk of colon cancer:
1. Get Screened Regularly
Screening involves tests like colonoscopy to check for cancer or precancerous polyps in your colon. It allows doctors to detect polyps in the noncancerous stage and remove them before they become cancerous. It also enables cancer detection in people who don’t have any symptoms. Regular screening is one of the best methods for colon cancer prevention.
If you’re over 45 years or have a family history of polyps or cancer, talk to your doctor and start regular screening for colon cancer.
2. Stay Physically Active
People who are overweight or obese are at a higher risk of colon cancer. Even a sedentary lifestyle involving sitting or lying down for long hours can increase your chances of developing polyps and colon cancer. Stay physically active and include moderate to vigorous exercise in your daily routine to maintain a healthy weight and lower your risk of colon cancer.
3. Eat a Healthy Diet
High-fiber diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains keep your gut healthy and prevent colon cancer. Also, adequate intake of vitamin D, folic acid, and minerals like calcium and magnesium lowers your risk of colon cancer. By contrast, diets high in red meat and processed meats like sausages, salami, and corned beef have no fiber and can increase your chances of developing colon cancer.
4. Limit Alcohol
Evidence suggests that increased alcohol intake is associated with a higher colon cancer risk, especially among men. If you drink alcohol, then you must limit your consumption. Experts recommend one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. However, avoiding alcohol altogether lowers your risk of colon cancer still further.
5. Avoid Smoking
Smoking can increase your risk of health problems like lung and colon cancers. If you smoke, quitting can help lower your cancer risk.
Cancer Screening at NVSCC
Regular screening can help you detect and treat colon cancer before it worsens. However, choosing the right team of healthcare providers is essential for proper care. At NVSCC, we value the importance of colon cancer prevention. Through regular screening and expert guidance, we ensure your health and well-being. If you wish to start screening immediately, schedule an appointment today and keep colon cancer at bay. | <urn:uuid:fe8b45ae-e31d-46e1-8790-9cb18a5951f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://nvscc.com/cancer-prevention/colon-cancer-prevention-5-ways-to-reduce-your-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506420.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922134342-20230922164342-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.92568 | 736 | 3.203125 | 3 |
There are lots of possible explanations for why humans became bipedal, including changing ecosystems and food resources. But what if it was just so it was easier for early humans to beat the crap out of each other?
That's the theory put forward by researchers at the University of Utah, who also believe their experiments into the link between bipedalism and fighting can explain why women prefer tall men. Oh yes - as evolutionary psychology papers go, this one is a real doozy...and yet if you can get past some of the more fanciful conclusions, it still might have some very useful things to tell us about why we walk upright.
Let's start with the basic science before we jump to some of the more colorful ideas. The fundamental premise is that men can hit harder when they're standing on two legs than when they're on all fours (I know, I was shocked too), and that they have more power hitting downward than upward. This means that taller men have a fighting advantage over shorter men, which seems reasonable enough. But it also means bipedal humans had an advantage over their quadrupedal counterparts, and that's where things start to get just a little weird.
Biologist David Carrier, who led the study, explains what this could mean:
"The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that our ancestors adopted bipedal posture so that males would be better at beating and killing each other when competing for females. Standing up on their hind legs allowed our ancestors to fight with the strength of their forelimbs, making punching much more dangerous."
That's all well and good, but what about how this explains why women are attracted to tall men? Carrier has that covered too:
"It also provides a functional explanation for why women find tall men attractive. Early in human evolution, an enhanced capacity to strike downward on an opponent may have given tall males a greater capacity to compete for mates and to defend their resources and offspring. If this were true, females who chose to mate with tall males would have had greater fitness for survival."
Again, the basic finding of all this - that a human (or indeed any primate) has more power when fighting upright - is quite a reasonable one, and it's important to provide experimental support for that idea. After all, we can see support for that in the behavior of our primate cousins, which often shift off their normal quadrupedal posture to a more upright stance whenever they are preparing to fight.
And, to be fair, there are some issues with other leading explanations for why humans are bipedal. One popular explanation is that, as the African forests receded and turned into savannas, our ancestors needed to travel far on foot and no longer needed to be able to climb trees, which would explain a shift towards being bipedal. The problem with that, says Carrier, is that it's actually harder to walk upright than on all fours, no matter how you slice it:
"If you're a chimpanzee- or gorilla-type ancestor that is moving on the ground, walking bipedally has a cost. It's energetically more expensive, it's harder to speed up and slow down, and there are costs in terms of agility. In every way, going from four legs to two is a disadvantage for locomotion. So the selective advantage for becoming bipedal, whatever it was, must have been important."
This is where fighting comes into the picture. It isn't just primates that stand upright when it comes time to fight - tons of mammals, from anteaters and rabbits to lions and bears, will stand up on their hind legs and use their front legs in combat.
Of course, humans are the only ones who actually became fully bipedal. If fighting really was what fueled the shift towards walking upright, then our ancestors must have been extraordinarily violent, far more so than pretty much any other mammal, as all other species apparently evolved to favor locomotion over fighting. If Carrier is correct, then humans (and our evolutionary ancestors) have been choosing to fight for a long, long time.
Honestly, none of that seems too crazy. It's when we get into the idea that all this can explain why women prefer tall men that I start to feel skeptical. But here's the argument - multiple studies have shown that women prefer tall men, and there are any number of correlations between height and positive traits in both men and women. And that, Carrier says, is the problem - if women are attracted to tall men because of all their positive traits, than why aren't men attracted to tall women, which has been proven repeatedly to not be the case?
As far as Carrier is concerned, it's because tall males had a fighting advantage, and women have evolved to prize that in potential mates:
"From the perspective of sexual selection theory, women are attracted to powerful males, not because powerful males can beat them up, but because powerful males can protect them and their children from other males. In a world of automatic weapons and guided missiles, male physical strength has little relevance to most conflicts between males. But guns have been common weapons for less than 15 human generations. So maybe we shouldn't be surprised that modern females are still attracted to physical traits that predict how their mates would fare in a fight."
Carrier stresses that he is in no way suggesting that women prefer violent or even physically abusive men - rather, they might tend to be attracted to males that, from an evolutionary perspective, would likely be more able to protect their resources. I'm not sure I'd go even that far, but there is a distinct possibility that all of human evolutionary history runs on beating the crap out of each other. | <urn:uuid:78dda262-812c-4b2c-85b7-6bd5bdfcd1e7> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://io9.com/5802921/did-early-humans-start-standing-upright-because-it-was-easier-to-beat-each-other-up?tag=primate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869264.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00248-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974533 | 1,166 | 3.078125 | 3 |
National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program
More Information about Urbanization
Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems | Nutrients National Synthesis Project | Pesticide National Synthesis Project | Volatile Organic Compounds National Synthesis Project
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Cuffney, T.F., Zappia, Humbert, Giddings, E.M.P., and Coles, J.R., 2005, Effects of urbanization on benthic macroinvertebrated assemblages in contrasting environmental settings: Boston, Massachusetts; Birmingham, Alabama; and Salt Lake City, Utah: in Brown, L.R., Gray, R.H., Hughes, R.M., and Meador, M.R., eds., Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems: AFS Symposium 47, American Fisheries Society, p. 361-407. Available Online
Burton, Carmen A., 2002, Effects of urbanization and long-term rainfall on the occurrence of organic compounds and trace elements in reservoir-sediment core, streambed sediment, and fish tissue from the Santa Ana Basin, California, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4175, 73 p. Available Online
Coles, J.F., McMahon, Gerard, Bell, A.H., Brown, L.R., Fitzpatrick, F.A., Scudder Eikenberry, B.C., Woodside, M.D., Cuffney, T.F., Bryant, W.L., Cappiella, Karen, Fraley-McNeal, Lisa, and Stack, W.P., 2012, Effects of urban development on stream ecosystems in nine metropolitan study areas across the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1373, 138 p. Available Online
Sprague, L.A., Zuellig, R.E., and Dupree, J.A., 2006, Effects of urban development on stream ecosystems along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3083, 4 p. Available Online
Calhoun, Daniel L., Frick, Elizabeth A., and Buell, Gary R., 2003, Effects of urban development on nutrient loads and streamflow, upper Chattahoochee River Basin, Georgia, 1976-2001: in Hatcher, K.J., ed., Proceedings of the 2003 Georgia Water Resources Conference, April 23-24, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 5 p.
Kauffman, Leon J., Baehr, Arthur L., Ayers, Mark A., and Stackelberg, Paul E., 2001, Effects of land use and travel time on the distribution of nitrate in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4117, 49 p. Available Online
Savoca, Mark E., Sadorf, Eric M., Linhart, S. Mike, and Akers, Kymm K.B., 2000, Effects of land use and hydrogeology on the water quality of alluvial aquifers in eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4246, 38 p. Available Online
Paul, Angela P., Seiler, Ralph L., Rowe, Timothy G., and Rosen, Michael R., 2007, Effects of Agriculture and Urbanization on Quality of Shallow Ground Water in the Arid to Semiarid Western United States, 1993-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5179, 56 p. Available Online
Ourso, Robert T., 2001, Effect of urbanization on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams, Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4278, 38 p. Available Online
Berndt, Marian P., and Hatzell, Hilda H., 2001, Does diazinon pose a threat to a neighborhood stream in Tallahassee, Florida?: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-143-00, 4 p. Available Online
Steuer, J.J. Stensvold, K.A., and Gregory, M.B., 2010, Determination of biologically significant hydrologic condition metrics in urbanizing watersheds: an empirical analysis over a range of environmental settings: Hydrobiologia, vol. 654, no. 1, 34 p., online only. doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0362-0 Available Online
Baehr. Arthur L., Stackelberg, Paul E., Baker, Ronald J., Kauffman, Leon J., Hopple, Jessica A., and Ayers, Mark A., 1997, Design of a sampling network to determine the occurrence and movement of MTBE and other organics through the urban hydrologic cycle: American Chemical Society Division of Environmental Chemistry Preprints of Papers, 213th ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, California, April 13-17,1997, vol. 37, no. 1, p 400-401.
Ivahnenko, Tamara, Grady, Stephen J., and Delzer, Gregory C., 2001, Design of a national survey of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking-water sources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-271, 42 p. Available Online
Cuffney, Thomas F., and Falcone, James A., 2009, Derivation of nationally consistent indices representing urban intensity within and across nine metropolitan areas of the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5095, 37 p. Available Online
Bruce, B.W., 1995, Denver's urban ground-water quality: Nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 106-95, 2 p. Available Online
Neal, Edward G., and Schuster Paul F., 1996, Data on quality of shallow ground water, Las Vegas urban area, Nevada, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 96-552, 1 p. Available Online
Mahler, B.J., and Van Metre, P.C., 2001, Contaminants associated with suspended sediment in urban streams in Austin, Texas: Proceedings of the Seventh Interagency Sedimentation Conference, vol. 2, VII, p. 41-48.
McMahon, G., 2007, Consequences of land-cover misclassification in models of impervious surface: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, vol. 73, no. 12, p. 1343-1353. Available Online
Mahler, B.J., Van Metre, P.C., Wilson, J.T., Guilfoyle, A.L., and Sunvison, M.W., 2006, Concentrations, loads, and yields of particle-associated contaminants in urban creeks, Austin, Texas, 1999-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5262, 107 p. Available Online
Pankow, James F., Luo, Wentai, Bender, David A., Isabelle, Lorene M., Hollingsworth, Jay S., Chen, Cai, Asher, William E., and Zogorski, John S., 2003, Concentrations and co-occurrence correlations of 88 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air of 13 semi-rural to urban locations in the United States: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 37, p. 5023-5046. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.006 Available Online
Hoffman, Ryan S., Capel, Paul D., and Larson, Steven J., 2000, Comparison of pesticides in eight U.S. urban streams: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 19, no. 9, p. 2249-2258. doi: 10.1897/1551-5028(2000)019<2249:COPIEU>2.3.CO;2 Available Online
Robinson, James L., 2003, Comparison between agricultural and urban ground-water quality in the Mobile River Basin, 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4182, 38 p. Available Online
Stackelberg, Paul E., Kauffman, Leon J., Baehr, Arthur L., and Ayers, Mark A., 2000, Comparability of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in samples from monitoring and public-supply wells, Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4123, 78 p. Available Online
Katz, Brian G., Crandall, Christy A., Metz, Patricia A., McBride, William S., and Berndt, Marian P., 2007, Chemical characteristics, water sources and pathways, and age distribution of ground water in the contributing recharge area of a public-supply well near Tampa, Florida, 2002-05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5139, 85 p. Available Online
Williams, E.S., Mahler, B.J., and Van Metre, P.C., 2013, Cancer risk from incedential ingestion exposures to PAHs associated with coal-tar-sealed pavement: Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 47(2), p. 1101-1109. DOI: 10.1021/es303371t Available Online
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The History of Michetta Bread
For this month’s bread, we’re going way up North for a bread that originates from Milan. The bread variety is called ‘michetta’ and has become one of the most common rolls enjoyed in Italy today.
The bread is said to have been created during the time of the Austrian rule over Lombardy, the region of Milan, in 1713 when they brought over an Austrian bread called ‘kaisersemmel’, which resembles the shape of a rose. From this bread, michetta was developed by eliminating some of the density of the bread to create a light and fragrant panini that can be enjoyed in endless ways. The name itself derives from the Latin word ‘mica’ which means crumb.
The bread has a star form which resembles that of a rose and it is for this reason that the bread also has another popular name ‘rosetta’. The popularity of the bread is thanks to its lightness and versatility that means it can be enjoyed with endless varieties of fillings, or simply on its own!
Create a panino with simple fillings such as our Salame Milano, finding the perfect balance between the flavors without the bread overpowering the salami, or experience the ease of our antipasto packs which provides you with a ready-to-go varieties such as speck and fontina cheese. | <urn:uuid:4b7bed96-2331-49df-92ed-c374fa817c65> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.veroni.com/the-history-of-michetta-bread/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510707.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930181852-20230930211852-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.969849 | 297 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Ffynnon Ddeier: cultus
WELLS IN DEPTH – Tristan Gray Hulse
|Ffynnon Ddeier: cultus Outside the Medieval legends, almost all of what is otherwise known of Ffynnon Ddeier is conveniently summarised by the authors of The Lives of the British Saints.
Edward Lhuyd, in his Itinerary, 1699, after stating that the Gwyl Mabsant, or Wake (i.e., the patronal festival), was observed on St Stephen’s Day [Bodfari church is presently dedicated to Stephen], goes on to say of the well:
‘It is a Custom for ye poorest person in the parish to offer Chickens after going [with them] nine times round ye well. A Cockrell for a boy, & a Pullet for a girl. The child is dipt up to his neck at three of ye corners of ye Well. This is to prevent their crying in ye night.’
(this particular text is printed in the Parochialia: Lhuyd 1909, p.70).
Bishop Maddox (1736-43), in MS. Z, in the Episcopal Library at St Asaph, says:
‘About 300 yards from [the church] there is Diers or Deifers Well, to w’ch they go in procession on Acs[ension] Day and read the Litany, 10 Com[mandments], Ep[ist]le, and Gospel.’
The ritual recorded by Edward Lhuyd had a close parallel in that recorded for another North Welsh holy well, commemorating St Caffo.
‘Near Llangaffo [Anglesey] was his holy well, called Crochan or Ffynnon Gaffo, ‘at which it was customary to offer young cocks to the saint to prevent children from crying (or being peevish). The family derived no benefit by the offering unless the priest ate the sacrifice’. It was called Crochan, or Cauldron, from the bubbling of its water.’
Of the Bodfari ritual, Archdeacon Thomas sniffily noted:
‘[The] well long continued famous, not only for its annual processional service on Ascension Day, but also for a less laudable custom derived, there need be little doubt, from the heathen rites with which the Roman soldiers worshipped Æsculapius, their god of health.’
(Thomas 1911, p.2).
Sounding almost as prim, Francis Jones, writing of the curative ritual at Ffynnon Degla, only a few miles from Bodfari, in Denbighshire, where fowls were offered for the cure of epilepsy, suggested that ‘it is clear that at Ffynnon Degla we are in the presence of stark paganism’ (Jones 1954, p.104; also pp.72, 95, 101, 173; the majority of texts relevant to Ffynnon Degla are assembled in Baring-Gould and Fisher 1913, pp.219-23; at this well too Archdeacon Thomas detected ‘a Romano-pre-Christian origin and the worship of Æsculapius’). Jones, and many others, have made far too much of the ritual offering of fowls at Ffynhonnau Ddeier, Degla, and Gaffo, and of parallel usages elsewhere in North Wales, suggesting that these ‘sacrifices’ at the wells were somehow a direct survival from pre-Christian religious practice (e.g. Hartwell Jones 1912, pp.394-5: ‘survival of a pagan custom under Christian auspices’; Bord 1986, p.55 – here, with specific reference to the horse-’sacrifice’ at St George’s Well – ‘sounds like a pagan rather than a Christian procedure’). Such an idea, with specific respect to these examples at least, is untenable. To begin with, the earliest record of such a practice is comparatively very late (as already indicated, the Medieval notice of Ffynnon Ddeier, in Robert of Shrewsbury, makes no mention of the offering of fowls, nor for that matter of the cure specifically of children at the well, and there are no surviving pre-Reformation notices of the other wells; however, it should be noticed that the circumambulation of the well does argue for a much earlier origin of at least parts of the rite, as this was a widespread ritual practice of Celtic Christians throughout the middle ages – cf., however briefly, Gray Hulse 1998, pp.8-9, for a notice of this particular Celtic cultic practice), being found in the Parochialia, circa 1698 (Bodfari: Lhuyd 1909, p.70; Llandegla: Ibid. p.146; Lhuyd is also our only witness to the occasional ‘offering’ of a horse at Ffynnon San Siôr from among the horses taken there for cure, but as the offering is specifically described as being made to the parson, offrymu kyffyle ag hevyd un i’r person – Ibid. p.46 -we can be certain that this refers to payment rather than to sacrifice). Secondly – and though we can be cynically certain that the birds ended up in the pot, as priests’ or sextons’ perks (though Lhuyd’s mention of ‘ye poorest person in the Parish’ of Bodfari offering the fowls on behalf of the sufferers perhaps suggests an original eleemosynary element) – it is clear that the birds were not sacrificed, indeed, that their continuing alive at the time of offering was essential to the rite. As Lhuyd’s correspondent wrote of Llandegla, where circumambulation of the saint’s well and of the church itself always preceded the nocturnal sleep beneath the altar:
‘A man has always a cock with him under ye Altar [a form of sacred incubation or sleep was practised as an essential part of the Llandegla rite], a woman a hen, a boy a cockrel & a girl a Pullet. These are given the Clerk who says yt ye flesh appears black, and that sometimes…these Fowls, if ye Party recover, catch ye Disease viz. The falling sickness.’
(Lhuyd 1909, p.146).
Jones noted that ‘about 1850 a man said he had seen cocks ‘staggering’ about after such a visitation’ (Jones 1954, p.104). It is perfectly clear that here we have to do, not with ‘sacrifice’, but with a rite calculated to effect the ‘transferrence of evil’, a folk-religious performance which in itself is morally neutral, without specific reference to any one particular religious system; that is, a ritual which can occur among the practitioners of any religion (with or without the explicit or implicit sanction of the formal representatives or professional élite of that religion), without detriment to their formal faith, and without the necessity of cross-religious contamination, simply as an expression of what may loosely be termed the folk mentality (space unfortunately precludes a more detailed examination of these concepts and their implications for our reading of the evidence for such folk-religious behaviour).
Lastly, Jones noted the widespread and age-old association of the cock with epilepsy (Jones 1954, p.104 – this would in any case fail to account for the bird’s cultic use at Ffynhonnau Ddeier and Gaffo). The identity of the Welsh saint Tegla was so far forgotten at Llandegla by the high middle ages that she was apparently identified, at least liturgically, with the possibly apocryphal but certainly far more famous first-century saint Thecla of Iconium (that a dark age Welsh woman should bear her name is testimony to the early and widespread nature of her cultus). Thecla was renowned for the cure of epilepsy, among other illnesses, and birds of all sorts were offered at her sanctuary at Seleucia, where they lived out their lives in a kind of sacred aviary, in association with the practice of sacred incubation and the cultic use of her holy well (cf. Delehaye 1925, pp.49-57; Hamilton 1906, pp.135-8 – for a further notice of sacred incubation in Wales, see below). The Seleucian cult was fully articulated centuries before the time of St Tegla; and even assuming an undemonstrable occurrence of fowl-offerings at Llandegla in the pre-Reformation period, and noticing that Celtic Christians had received the cult of saints from the older Churches already fully formed, it is inherently more probable that the Llandegla cult was modelled, either deliberately or unconsciously, upon the antecedent cult of the Seleucian saint, than that it represents a survival of Classical paganism in a North Wales which exhibits singularly little evidence of any such. All in all, and in view of the nature of the actual evidence, it has to be wildly unsound for anyone to cite the offering of poultry at Ffynnon Ddeier or at any other Welsh holy well (in total, only three – all in North Wales) as evidence for the long-term survival of ‘pagan’ theory and practice.
Ffynnon Ddeier: legend
Ffynnon Ddeier: cultus
How do wells become holy?
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Written & maintained by Katy Jordan & Rich Pederick
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Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Anguilliformes
(Eels and morays) > Ophichthidae
(Snake eels) > Myrophinae
Etymology: Ahlia: Because of Dr. Ernest Ahli, born in Berlin, 1898 (Ref. 45335).
Environment / Climate / Range
Marine; reef-associated. Tropical
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 38.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251)
Morphology | Morphometrics
Pale tan with scattered tiny spots. Mature individuals darker, with red-brown band at back of head. Dorsal fin origin above or behind anus (Ref. 26938).
Western Atlantic: Florida (USA), Bahamas, and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil. Northwest Atlantic: Canada.
Inhabits seagrass beds from bays and mangroves to offshore reefs. Adults move to open sea to spawn.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 96402)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Threat to humans
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00076 (0.00028 - 0.00202), b=3.06 (2.83 - 3.29), based on LWR estimates for this Subfamily-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 4.1 ±0.7 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low to moderate vulnerability (25 of 100) . | <urn:uuid:2092eed4-061c-479c-9d90-96aa98d1ffd4> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/2633 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115863063.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161103-00150-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.686379 | 569 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Australian National University
A unique voluntary agri-environment scheme in southeastern Australia is not only benefiting farmers, but is also yielding greater restoration outcomes at half the cost of the prevailing restoration approach.
In their recent paper investigating the Whole of Paddock Rehabilitation Scheme (WoPR), Dean Ansell (Australian National University) and colleagues point out that by incorporating broader economic and social benefits into the design of restoration projects, those working to protect biodiversity on farms have been allowed access to parts of the landscape that traditionally been off-limits to conservation.
“The beauty of this new approach is that it balances the needs of the farmer with the benefits to biodiversity conservation,” Says Ansell. “By integrating private benefits in the design of the restoration you not only get access to land that is of greater priority for biodiversity conservation, but it also keeps the overall cost down – it lowers the price at which a farmer will willingly enter into the scheme,” says Ansell. “This is one of the scheme’s key success factors.”
WoPR is working with farmers to plant native vegetation in the middle of pastures to restore biodiversity in the productive parts of the agricultural landscape where more conventional restoration approaches have previously failed. By planting vegetation in rows with broad spaces between, the farmer receives benefits through improved pasture quality and increased livestock shelter (livestock are allowed back into the pasture after the five year period) with potential benefits for overall farm production.
“Most habitat restoration in agricultural landscapes is limited to fencing small patches of remnant vegetation in poorer quality parts of the farm, or creation of narrow, windbreak-style plantings,” Ansell notes. “These approaches represent the smallest impact on agricultural production, but also have limited biodiversity benefit."
WoPR is a voluntary agri-environment scheme. While such programs are popular across Europe and the USA, they are less common in Australia. WoPR involves payments to farmers in return for ‘renting’ the land for five years while a mix of native trees and shrubs are allowed to establish. The scheme was developed by farmers working with the not-for-profit organisation Greening Australia.
“Our research has shown that WoPR is vastly more cost-effective than alternative approaches to getting habitat back into the rural landscape. We compared the costs and benefits of different restoration scenarios and found that the scheme achieved greater restoration outcomes at half the cost of the prevailing restoration approach. Even when we factor in the payments to farmers, this is clearly a more cost-effective strategy for restoring habitat to farmland,” says Ansell.
Reference: Dean Ansell, Graham Fifield, Nicola Munro, David Freudenberger and Philip Gibbons. Restoration Ecology March 2016. Softening the agricultural matrix: a novel agri-environment scheme that balances habitat restoration and livestock grazing. DOI: 10.1111/rec.12304 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.12304/abstract
About Restoration Ecology
Restoration Ecology is the Society’s bi-monthly scientific and technical peer-reviewed journal published Edited by a distinguished international panel, the journal addresses global concerns and communicates them to researchers and practitioners throughout the world
The Society for Ecological Restoration is an international non-profit organization dedicated to promoting ecological restoration as a means of sustaining the diversity of life on Earth and re-establishing an ecologically healthy relationship between nature and culture.
Membership and Communications Director
Society for Ecological Restoration
202.299.9518 / firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:30aeb144-176e-43e1-b728-68714f281500> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ser.org/news/305444/Australian-Farmland-Restoration-Scheme-a-Cost-Effective-Win-Win-for-Biodiversity-and-Farmers.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.921744 | 736 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Yang, Beverly and Garcia-Molina, Hector (2003) Designing a Super-peer Network. In: IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, (ICDE 2003), March 5-8, 2003, Bangalore, India.
A super-peer is a node in a peer-to-peer network that operates both as a server to a set of clients, and as an equal in a network of super-peers. Super-peer networks strike a balance between the efficiency of centralized search, and the autonomy, load balancing and robustness to attacks provided by distributed search. Furthermore, they take advantage of the heterogeneity of capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, processing power) across peers, which recent studies have shown to be enormous. Hence, new and old P2P systems like KaZaA and Gnutella are adopting super-peers in their design. Despite their growing popularity, the behavior of super-peer networks is not well understood. For example, what are the potential drawbacks of super-peer networks? How can super-peers be made more reliable? How many clients should a super-peer take on to maximize efficiency? In this paper we examine super-peer networks in detail, gaining an understanding of their fundamental characteristics and performance tradeoffs. We also present practical guidelines and a general procedure for the design of an efficient super-peer network.
|Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||peer-to-peer; search|
|Related URLs:||Project Homepage||http://infolab.stanford.edu/peers/|
|Deposited By:||Import Account|
|Deposited On:||15 Jun 2003 17:00|
|Last Modified:||24 Dec 2008 11:22|
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:8d47639a-d7ef-4476-b9b1-ec5fe4128534> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/594/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578675477.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424234327-20190425020327-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.847364 | 380 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Vaccine Action Letter: Expanded Research
Potential Vaccination Risks:
1. The proposed swine flu squalene adjuvant live virus vaccination is neither adequately or sufficiently tested, nor proven effective or safe; is uninsurable, can stimulate the onset of a variety of debilitating auto-immune diseases, and is a serious assault on the immune system.
At issue is what we consider to be the serious deception and general misinformation about the safety of the impending live virus swine flu vaccine, which is neither adequately tested nor safe, although the so-called “researchers” have publicly declared it safer than the regular flu vaccine before even beginning the testing process. They may be right in that the regular flu vaccine was anything but safe. There were an average of 8,364 adverse reactions to the flu vaccine reported to the federal government in 2007 and 2008. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a passive reporting system, notorious for under-representing true reaction rates. Passive reporting systems may capture just 1 percent or less of true damage to recipients of pharmaceutical drugs (as noted by David Kessler, former head of the FDA). Based on the VAERS data, calculations suggest an average of 850,000 life threatening, life crippling side effects, or deaths associated with all vaccinations given per year based on an extrapolation of the CDC data. Dr. Marie-Paule Kieny, Director of the Initiative for Vaccine Research at the World Health Organization (WHO) Headquarters, even stated herself that vaccines “do induce adverse reactions and this can be the case as well for adjuvanted vaccines and non-adjuvanted vaccines.” She also said the vaccine safety data is, for certain populations, significantly lacking; and for quite a few populations, there is no data at all to verify the safety of vaccines—including children, those over 65, pregnant mothers, and asthmatics.
Dr. Kieny actually says that she doesn’t even know what the proportions of the ingredients are in the 4.9 billion vaccines they are about to inject into people. There have been no complete clinical trials for a medical product that is about to be administered on mass to pregnant women and children. There literally is no data for this vaccine as per its use in children, pregnant women, and asthmatics. There is a considerable amount of data with squalene in Gulf War vets receiving both an experimental anthrax vaccine and experimental HIV vaccine. It is highly associated with at least 300,000 vets who have made permanent claims for total disability. Animal research also supports these findings.
As reported in the Irish Times, the Lancet recently stated: “Countries need to assess carefully the risks and benefits of the rapid approval of a human swine flu vaccine to avoid repeat of past problems with mass-vaccination.” According to the London Evening Standard, WHO officials have warned that H1N1 vaccines may be unsafe. The Institute of Science and Society has said that the vaccines will be far more deadly than the swine flu, and that mass vaccinations are a recipe for disaster.
The new swine flu live virus vaccine could be more dangerous than "seasonal" flu vaccines because some of them are using new technologies, and all of them are being fast-tracked, reducing testing periods and safety requirements before licensing occurs. As mentioned earlier, the doctor responsible for overseeing the trials has already claimed the shot is "really as safe, actually if not safer," than previous flu vaccines. That's a curious statement considering he is still recruiting test subjects and the trials have not yet begun. This is anything but a scientific attitude and certainly does not inspire confidence in the found results—especially if they are already predetermined.
2. The swine flu vaccine contains dangerous & life-threatening fillers, including adjuvants such as squalene, animal tissues, which may include pig tissue, viral and bacterial proteins, and live viruses—all of which contain pig DNA.
The contents of this live swine flu virus vaccine injection are cause for concern. One of the most dangerous substances contained in this injection is squalene. There are over two-dozen animal studies that show squalene’s ability to induce severe autoimmunity. Research at this point suggests squalene is heavily associated with the debilitating and life-destroying Gulf War Syndrome. Because of this, there is a serious risk of a Gulf War Syndrome outbreak amongst the vaccinated general public. Of course, this autoimmune syndrome will not show up after one week of human vaccine trials, nor will autism, Guillain–Barre syndrome (a demyelization of the nervous system that can paralyze a person from the neck down), or an assortment of autoimmune disorders including type 1 diabetes. In one study of over 100,000 vaccinated children in Finland, there was a 147% increase in the rate of type 1 diabetes in those vaccinated. The lack of sufficient testing on this experimental live virus vaccine raises many concerns. There are no criteria on its efficacy or valid statistics to speak of. During the 1976 swine flu scare, the swine flu vaccine itself killed hundreds & sickened countless others, and had an unusually high rate of Guillain-Barre Syndrome associated with it.
Dr. Leonard Horowitz, author of Emerging Viruses: AIDS And Ebola: Nature, Accident or Intentional? says the swine-bird-human flu strain, reported to be found first in Mexico in late-March 2009, most likely came from Dr. James S. Robertson and his colleagues in association with the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) and vaccine manufacturer Novavax, Inc., which was ready to profit from the release. Nobody else takes H5N1 Asian-flu infected chickens, takes them to Europe, extracts their DNA, combines their proteins with H1N1 viruses from the 1918 Spanish flu isolate, additionally mixes in some swine-flu genes from pigs, then reverse engineers them to infect humans, he said. True Ott, PhD., N.D. also gives evidence of this being a laboratory generated virus, and associates the origin of this lab-generated flu with Novartis International AG, which happens to be the world’s largest multinational pharmaceutical company. He feels the key figure in making this lab-generated virus is Dr. Jeffrey Taubenberger. What is key to this understanding is that two researchers have made a very strong case for this being a laboratory-created virus. http://uncensored.co.nz/2009/04/30/dr-horowitz-mexicanswine-flu-made-in-lab/
Some of the new H1N1 (swine flu) vaccines are going to be made by Novartis. These shots will probably be made in PER.C6 cells (human retina cells) and contain MF59, a potentially debilitating adjuvant. MF-59 is an oil-based adjuvant primarily composed of squalene. All rats injected with squalene (oil) adjuvants developed a disease that left them crippled, dragging their paralyzed hindquarters across their cages. Injected squalene can cause severe arthritis and severe immune responses, such as autoimmune arthritis and lupus.
Reference (1): Kenney, RT. Edleman, R. "Survey of human-use adjuvants." Expert Review of Vaccines. 2 (2003) p171.
Reference (2): Matsumoto, Gary. Vaccine A: The Covert Government Experiment That’s Killing Our Soldiers and Why GI’s Are Only the First Victims of this Vaccine. New York: Basic Books. P54.
LIST OF VACCINE FILLERS & ADJUVENTS: This list, officially administered by design with every vaccine provided to the public, in addition to the squalene that appears to be in this upcoming swine flu vaccine, is of great concern to many parents and grandparents, with the announcement that they will start vaccinating children and pregnant women first and then “wait to see if there are too many adverse events” (including seizures, neurological problems, and death).
In addition to the viral and bacterial RNA or DNA that is part of the vaccines, here are the fillers:
• Aluminum hydroxide - directly linked to causing Alzheimer's disease
• Aluminum phosphate - directly linked to causing Alzheimer's disease
• Ammonium sulfate - an inorganic chemical compound used as fertilizer and "protein purifier"; known to cause kidney & liver damage, gastrointestinal dysfunctions
• Amphotericin B - an "antifungal disinfectant" and anti-biotic, which damages the urinary tract, bowels, and heart functions
• Animal tissues (a causal element for all the various auto-immune diseases associated with vaccination): horse blood, rabbit brain, dog kidney, monkey kidney, chick embryo, chicken egg, duck egg, pig blood, Porcine (pig) pancreatic hydrolysate of casein (the pig protein/tissue is an additional objectionable issue for Jewish and Muslim people)
• Calf (bovine) serum & fetal bovine serum (cow blood is recognized as a significant transmitter of Mad Cow Disease)
• Formaldehyde - used as "a preservative & disinfectant", known to cause cancer, chronic bronchitis, eye irritation when exposed to the body's immune system
• Human diploid cells (originating from human aborted fetal tissue)
• Hydrolyzed gelatin
• Monosodium glutamate (MSG) - now known to cause cancer in humans, also linked to obesity
• Neomycin (anti-biotic)
• Neomycin sulfate (anti-biotic)
• Phenol red indicator - a highly toxic disinfectant dye, attributed to liver, kidney, heart & respiratory damage
• Phenoxyethanol (antifreeze) - proven to have extreme neurotoxic side effects
• Potassium diphosphate
• Potassium monophosphate
• Polymyxin B
• Polysorbate 20
• Polysorbate 80 – associated with infertility when injected
• Residual MRC5 proteins
• Thimerosal (mercury) - a neurotoxin linked to psychological, neurological, & immunological problems—especially autism. Nervous system damage (such as sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), brachial plexitis, post-vaccinal encephalitis, transverse myelitis and peripheral neuropathies), kidney disease, birth defects, dental problems, mood swings, mental changes, hallucinations, memory loss, and inability to concentrate can occur. Symptoms also include tremors, loss of dermal sensitivity, slurred speech, and—in rare cases—even death and paralysis. This additive alone was the catalyst for another recent Class Action Lawsuit organized by mothers of children born with autism & the many related behavioral disorders associated with it. Autism is now occurring at levels never seen before in history; depending on the state, its rate is now 1 in 67 to 1 in 150. The autism rates used to be 1 in 20,000. Mercury may also be associated with the significantly increased rates of senility and Alzheimer’s, which is associated with five or more successive flu vaccinations. Although most mercury (thimerosal) has been removed from children’s vaccines, it is still in all flu vaccines at toxic doses.
• VERO cells, a continuous line of monkey kidney cells - linked to the SV-40 virus known to cause leukemia
• Washed sheep red blood cells
*This data is available via: www.mercola.com
THESE ADDITIVES ARE GIVEN TO OUR CHILDREN WITHOUT PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OR CONSENT.
What’s the problem with this horrendous looking list? The problem is two-fold: (1) the adjuvants are added to increase inflammation and immune response in the system, and (2) the adjuvants are significantly detrimental to the overall welfare of the organisms, according to the neurosurgeon Russell Blaylock, M.D., an expert in this field. His research suggests the vaccinations may cause brain swelling and inflammation for up to two years. This alone would be enough to significantly disrupt the immune and endocrine systems, as well as increase senility, activate Alzheimer’s, and other brain dysfunctions. For example, Hugh Fudenberg, MD, Founder and Director of the Neuro lmmuno Therapeutic Research Foundation, reported at the NVIC International Vaccine Conference in Arlington, Virginia in September 1997, that five consecutive seasonal (yearly) flu shots increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease ten fold. Other devastating side effects of vaccines involve neurological damage, including encephalitis, transverse myelitis, peripheral nerve damage, autism, seizures, mental retardation, language delays, behavioral problems, multiple sclerosis, and SSPE (sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis). There is also significant animal research that supports Blaylock’s findings.
The veterinary research has shown that vaccines can cause a wide range of brain and nervous system damage. In the Merck Manual it states, in regard to its own product, that vaccines can cause encephalitis: brain inflammation and damage. Merck states, “Examples are the encephalitis following measles, chicken pox, rubella, small pox, vaccinia, and many other less well-defined viral infections.”
Although dog and cat research doesn’t necessarily mean it will be the same for humans, it is highly probable this animal research is revealing what is really happening with human vaccines. Because of this, there is much to learn by looking at the animal vaccine research. The following is a summary of some of this research.
In the Canine Health Concerns (CHC) study, reports show that 73.1% of the dogs developed short attention spans within three months of being vaccinated. 72% of the dogs were considered to be nervous and worrying within three months post vaccination. It is interesting that dogs can develop paralyzed rear legs and death shortly after a vaccine shot and that paresis is listed as a symptom of encephalitis in the Merck Manual. The Science of Vaccine Damage by Catherine O’Driscoll outlines results from several animal studies regarding the effects of vaccinations on dogs and cats as collaborated by a team at Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine.
Vaccinated dogs in the produced study developed autoantibodies to their own bio-chemical protein structures, which included antibodies against fibronectin, laminin, DNA, albumin, cytochrome C, cardiolipin, and collagen. The fibronectin is involved in tissue repair, cell multiplication and growth, and the differentiation between tissues and organs. The vaccinated dogs also developed autoantibodies to laminin affecting adhesion, differentiation, spreading, and proliferation and moving of cells. What the vaccines are doing is disrupting the natural intelligence of the cells. The vaccinated dogs also developed autoantibodies to their own collagen, which is about one quarter of all the protein in the body and thus, in the CHC 1997 study of 4,000 dogs there was a much higher number of dogs developing mobility problems shortly after they were vaccinated. The dogs also developed autoantibodies to their own DNA.
The AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) Vaccine-Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force conducted several studies to determine why 160,000 cats each year in the USA developed terminal cancer at their injection sites. Veterinarians around the world, as well as the British Government, have acknowledged the fact that cats do get vaccine-induced cancer. In August 2003 the Journal of Veterinary Medicine reported an Italian study that showed dogs also developed vaccine-induced cancer at their injection sites. It is no coincidence that vaccine-site cancer is a possible sequel to human vaccines. For example, Dr. Berniece Eddy, a microbiologist at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has proven that both dead and live vaccines carry a monkey retrovirus (SV-40) that produces an inheritable cancer in experimental animals. It is unfortunate to note that this monkey retrovirus (SV-40), which is spread from human to human and from mother to child, also appears frequently in human cancer sites. In 1987, Dr. Hilleman, head of all vaccine production of Merck Pharmaceuticals, stunned the world with his public admissions that mass vaccination campaigns of the 1950s and ‘60s likely caused thousands of cancer deaths each year. This was due to the presence of SV-40. Doctors estimate that the virus was injected into tens of millions during the vaccination campaigns, including several million in Canada. It is also widely acknowledged that vaccines can cause a fast acting, usually fatal, disease called autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA). People may die from this in days. In the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, even though Merck is a multinational vaccine manufacturer, it states that AIHA may be caused by modified live virus vaccines (MLV). The British Government’s Working Group also acknowledged this.
The veterinary research also showed a connection between vaccine events and arthritis. Again, it is no accident that the New England Journal of Medicine reported it is possible to isolate the rubella virus from affected joints in children vaccinated against rubella. It also reported isolating viruses from the blood of women with prolonged arthritis following vaccination. In 2000, the CHC’s 1997 findings indicated that polyarthritis and other diseases like amyloidosis, which affects organs in dogs, were linked to the combined vaccines given to dogs. The dog research also confirms our explanation of human autoimmune responses to vaccination because they also found that dogs produced antibodies against their own DNA and their own tissues, such as found in heart cells. When we look at this picture from a broader perspective, it is not too hard to show scientifically that vaccines can put people into an allergic state, which may range from mild to anaphylactic shock and death. There are also some individuals who have an inherited faulty B and T cell functioning and therefore are very susceptible to abnormal immune reactions to vaccinations. The Merck Manual warns that patients with or from families with genetically altered B and or T cell immune cell deficiency history should not receive live virus vaccines due to the severe rate and risk of infection. How is this going to work when vaccinations are mandated with no medical or religious exceptions? In other words, some of these B and T cells will manifest as food allergies, neurological deterioration, eczema and heart disease. A deranged immune response may lead to inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, colitis, pancreatitis, and a number of autoimmune diseases as well as cancer and leukemia. The more serious meaning of this is that people with these conditions can die if they receive these live virus vaccinations because their immune systems are not strong enough to handle viral assault from modified live virus vaccinations. Some veterinarians have actually said, “I think that vaccines… are leading
killers of dogs and cats in America today.”
A major mechanism, which is the explanation for these life-threatening autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, severe rheumatism, Guillain-Barre, SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), other autoimmune diseases, and death, is that all the foreign animal tissues in a vaccine can set off an autoimmune response, which is the cause of all of these “diseases”, which attack various organs and tissues according to one’s genetic pre-disposition toward a particular inflammatory disease. What that means is these animal tissues are foreign antigens that the body responds to as antigens in an attempt to eliminate the foreign invaders. In essence, the immune system in essence creates an attack against these unhealthy invaders with its own antibodies. However, in the case of an autoimmune response, these foreign tissues create a cross reaction that ends up attacking our own organ tissues, which are similar to the animal tissues that were injected, such as attacking the beta cells of the pancreas, the brain cells, and the myelin sheaths. These two factors combined with the danger of a live virus create a potentially lethal effect.
SO WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH LIVE VIRUSES?
3. Live viruses have a history of lethal danger, disease, and are contagious. Secondary Spread of live viruses from those vaccinated with a live virus lasting up to three weeks is a well-known fact.
We have to understand that live virus vaccines have a history of danger and disease, especially of the disease that is targeted. For example, the live polio flu vaccine virus that was used from 1979 – 2000 was pulled off the market because the vaccine itself was considered to be the major cause of polio and as such, Dr. Salk, the inventor of the vaccine, admitted this to be the case.
The contagious power of a live virus vaccine is no longer new information. It is scientifically recognized that an attenuated live virus vaccine can be contagious. The scientific term for this is called Secondary Transmission. Translated into common language, it means if all the children are vaccinated with a live virus, the adults who haven’t been vaccinated are significantly more likely to pick up the live virus from being in contact with children. The current science has found those who are injected with a live virus vaccine are releasing the live virus from their bodies for up to three weeks, contrary to the inaccurate theory that everyone needs to be vaccinated to stop an epidemic, which is a false and unproven justification. The real danger is the opposite. The live virus vaccinated people can infect everyone else.
There is also significant research to show that in populations that are 95% fully vaccinated, viral infection outbreaks still occur. This is extremely well documented with major communicable diseases such as measles and pertussis. For further information please see:
Another piece of important information regarding the danger of live viruses was an “informal” clinical trial of the avian flu live virus vaccine on about 200 Polish vagrants, which resulted in 11 immediate deaths and 20 subsequent deaths. This amounted to about 15% of the test population that died. The doctors and nurses involved were charged with murder. This happened in 2008. It obviously makes the point that it is not an exaggeration to say that live virus vaccinations may be extremely dangerous and lethal.
We also saw this lethal effect in the 1960s and 1970s when Australian Aborigine infants began to mysteriously die at astonishing rates—1 of every 2 babies after being vaccinated. Archie Kalokerinos, M.D. eventually made the connection when he realized the babies were dying after being vaccinated against pertussis and other diseases. Heath officials had recently initiated a mass vaccination program to “protect” Aboriginie babies; their deaths corresponded with the program. He wrote a book called “Every Other One” documenting this tragic and preventable event in detail.
Although this is not an analysis of vaccinations in general, it obviously leaks over into this discussion. This however, is a specific exploration of the potential dangers verses the minimal health benefits of live virus vaccines.
4. The swine flu appears to have been laboratory generated and designed to have its dangerous effects amplified by the use of all the available swine flu vaccines.
Although there are some valid humanitarian concerns, based on the pattern of the 1918 swine flu in which the flu came lightly in spring/summer and came back heavily in the fall, which may be fueling this push to vaccinate or go to prison consciousness, there are some very incriminating and questionable facts regarding the intentions behind this massive push. For example, Baxter International Incorporated was in the application process for supplying avian flu vaccinations to European countries in the event of an epidemic when they “accidentally” shipped live avian flu vaccines to 18 countries in Europe. A laboratory technician tested the Baxter Seasonal Flu vaccines sent to the Czech Republic and discovered that they were contaminated with a highly pathogenic version of the avian flu, which could have launched a global pandemic. The total amount of the pathogenic avian flu virus sent to these 18 countries was 72 kilograms (over 150 pounds), which is a lot. Because Level 3 precautions were in place, such contamination “could not have happened accidentally” according to experts in the field. In spite of this so-called “accident”, Baxter was rewarded with a lead role in developing, producing, and disseminating the swine flu vaccine for the labeled “Level 6 pandemic”.
It normally takes a minimum of 12-18 months to create a vaccine after a virus has been identified. How is it that Baxter Laboratories, after receiving the seed culture of the swine flu virus that was provided in May 2009, announced that they would have the vaccine ready by July of 2009. One can’t help but question how they were able to do this in 2 months rather than the usual 12-18 months until we understand the reality of the situation. True Ott, PhD, ND points out that the patent for the Swine Flu vaccine on November 4th, 2005 by Novartis International AG was granted on February 19, 2009 before the Swine Flu “pandemic” even began. The US patent office granted US patent number 20090047353A for a “Split Influenza Vaccine with Adjuvants”. The so-called “Swine Flu” grabbing headlines today is actually a recombinant, or “splitinfluenza” virus consisting of A-strain Bird-Flu (H5N1), Swine Flu (H1N1) and multiple strains of human flu (H3N2)—the 1918 Killer Flu that killed untold millions of people.
According to True Ott, PhD, N.D., Dr. Jeffrey Taubenberger was quite likely the primary author of the Novartis’ Nov. 6, 2005 “provisional” patent application. On page 2, paragraph 32 of the patent publication it says, “The influenza virus [that the ‘invention vaccine’ is designed to protect against] may be a reassortant strain, and may have been obtained by reverse genetics techniques. Reverse genetics techniques allow influenza viruses with desired genome segments to be prepared in vitro using plasmids.” The remnant of the paragraph then goes into very specific detail as to the actual mechanics of how the pandemic virus was actually created by Taubenberger’s Ft. Detrick team. At the very least, the author of the patent application had to have studied Taubenberger’s various published reports on his work at Detrick, for the wording and science is virtually verbatim. As Dr. True Ott points out, this paragraph is even more incriminating by the words “may have been obtained”. Who “obtained” this virus and for what reason was it “obtained”? With this detailed information as it’s explained here, it appears that Novartis then sold the vaccine prototype to its subsidiary—Baxter Laboratories—and possibly other vaccine companies so they could have it ready for the fall. Great timing and a great financial move—create a lab-generated virus and have the vaccines ready to go for phase 2 demands for a vaccine. The more serious issue for the health of the public may be, as Dr. Ott’s evidence shows (http://www.pandemicfluonline.com) that the Novartis vaccine material with the live virus and squalene adjuvant is designed to facilitate the further mutation of the pandemic into more lethal waves of increasingly virulent and deadly diseases, rather than curtail and limit the existing outbreak.
Other virus experts are aware that this Swine Flu is a laboratory-generated virus. This current swine flu is at best between 4-8% a match in terms of genetic material to its closest genetic relatives and there is no remotely close match in the public NIH databases. This implies that between 92-96% of the viral genetic code is from spliced laboratory genetic material from previous swine, avian, and 1918 human flu viruses. Aware of these insider facts, a significant number of virologists and other health professionals and scientists stated that this had to be produced in a laboratory and could not occur naturally. This includes Adrian Gibbs, the inventor of Tamiflu who has gone on record stating that the very metrics (nucleic acid ratios) as well as genetic history indicates that this virus is passed through eggs, i.e.: it was created in a laboratory situation. Other whistle blowers include world famous virologist, author, and masters in public health, Dr. Leonard Horowitz who has actually identified the highly probable laboratory location and the highly likely scientists who created it. Former NIH employee Alexander S. Jones has done a genetic analysis using data from Andrew Rambaut at the University of Edinberg, which indicates that this virus is mutating approximately 2.3 times faster than any natural swine or avian flu virus has ever done. Although we do not have 100% evidence, for obvious reasons, the overwhelming proof is that this was a laboratory created virus. It is important to note that once a virus undergoes a significant mutation, the vaccine that was made for it is no longer designed for the mutated virus, assuming any clinical effect from the vaccine.
5. The United States government classifies the bird flu virus as a biological weapon.
According to the United States government, in its own export regulations, the bird flu virus has been classified as a biological weapon. Given the evidence, this so called swine flu is a bioengineered virus and therefore a component of a biological weapons system as defined by Section 175(a) of the BWATA (Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989). It is designed like the “bird flu” to “deliver toxins and microorganisms so to deliberately inflict disease and death on people, while being disguised as injections for prophylactic, protective, or other peaceful purposes.” In other words, by their own definition the US accurately views live virus vaccines as potential tools for biological warfare, and in this context, restricts the export of untested, untried, and potentially lethal “experimental vaccines” as biological weapons to rogue nations. The obvious question is why would we attempt to force the same untested and untried potentially lethal live vaccine onto American citizens and particularly our children?
6. If the government intent is to make the live virus squalene adjuvant swine flu vaccination mandatory for all Americans, it is a violation of the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States.
The push behind mandatory vaccinations for the live virus swine flu has reached the highest level in our nation. Although this plan did not start with President Obama, for whatever good or bad intentions, he announced to the public that every man, woman and child should receive the vaccine this fall along with seasonal flu shots. For the record, Obama said he believes vaccinations should be mandatory. Upping this pressure to recklessly vaccinate with an untested live virus vaccine is at best irresponsible as even the statistical scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of flu vaccines suggests all flu vaccinations have had negligible success up until this time. In a scientific review of the data titled: Are US Flu Death Figures More PR Than Science?, it says: “CDC states that the historic 1968-9 “Hong Kong Flu” pandemic killed 34,000 Americans. At the same time, the CDC claims 36,000 Americans annually die from flu.” As of August 2009, the swine flu has killed approximately 1,000 people worldwide, according to CNN, which is a lot less than 36,000. This is hardly a traditionally defined pandemic in terms of numbers, yet there has been a major media fear/panic, which preps the people to take this untested and potentially lethal flu vaccine without even a freedom of choice. An uninformed public without adequate compensation for damages, loss of property, life, liberty, or the pursuit of happiness required under the US Constitution, is not really acting with choice.
The U.S. Constitutional Amendment I states: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” Amendment IV secures the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures; Amendment V states that “No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law” and Amendment VIII states, “cruel and unusual punishment [shall not be] inflicted.” In context of the U.S. Constitution, the health and natural immunological adequacy of the human body represents private property and is not to be taken or compromised for “public use, without just compensation.”
At this point live virus flu vaccinations are seen to be mandatory for children and most likely will become mandatory for all Americans with refusal possibly resulting in being put in internment camps. Federal health officials are starting to recommend that most Americans get three flu shots this fall: one regular flu shot and two doses of the live vaccine made against the new swine flu strain. School children who have never had a flu shot are targeted for four shots in the fall—twice for seasonal flu, twice for pandemic swine flu. (July 15, 2009 news). This unprecedented Department of Health’s 2009 flu response plan calls for people—especially children—to receive three or four different live flu virus vaccines simultaneously, which is especially dangerous considering the combining of laboratory-engineered live flu viruses in these vaccines with other viruses resident in the human body (such as seasonal influenza) have the potential be lethal, undermine natural immunity, and/or produce more auto-immune and other diseases in people locally and globally.
The question when considering any medical treatment is what are the risks versus the benefits? We need to look at potential benefits to this or any other flu vaccine to make a reasonable riskbenefit analysis. It is already clear the risks are too high…are they balanced, or a secondary concern as compared to the benefits?
7. Analysis from the British Medical Journal article titled, Influenza Vaccination: Policy Versus Evidence, presents evidence from a systematic review based on a meta-analysis of all the research that shows inactivated vaccines have little or no effect on preventing or minimizing the flu.
The science by our own CDC (Center of Disease Control) shows that flu vaccines are somewhere between 0-14% effective. Research in Israel shows they are 1% effective with a general lowering of the immune system. In general, the most thorough analysis on all the flu vaccine data was reported in the British Medical Journal article entitled Influenza Vaccination: Policy Versus Evidence, which gives evidence from a systematic review based on a metaanalysis of all the research showing that, “inactivated vaccines have little or no effect on the effects measured.” The paper states most studies are of poor methodological quality and little comparative evidence exists on the safety of these vaccines. It shows that in children under 2 years, inactivated vaccines had the same field efficacy as placebo. Similar results were found in an article from The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2 (2008), titled, Vaccines for Preventing Influenza in Healthy Children where review of 51 studies involving more than 294,000 children, found there was “no evidence that injecting children 6-24 months of age with a flu shot was any more effective than placebo.” In children over 2 yrs, it was effective 33% of the time in preventing the flu.
In a study of 800 children with asthma, half were vaccinated and the other half did not receive the influenza vaccine. The two groups were compared with respect to clinic visits, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations for asthma. This study failed to provide evidence that the influenza vaccine prevents pediatric asthma exacerbations. (Effectiveness of influenza vaccine for the prevention of asthma exacerbations. Christly, C. et al. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Aug; 89(8): 734-5). The American Thoracic Society’s 105th International Conference, May 15-20, 2009, San Diego quotes: “The inactivated flu vaccine does not prevent influenza-related hospitalizations in children, especially the ones with asthma…In fact, children who get the flu vaccine are three times more at risk for hospitalization than children who do not get the vaccine.”
Vaccines are also minimally effective for adults and the elderly. In a review of 48 reports (more than 66,000 adults), titled: Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults from The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (2006), it quotes, “Vaccination of healthy adults only reduced risk of influenza by 6% and reduced the number of missed work days by less than one day (0.16) days. It did not change the number of people needing to go to hospital or take time off work.” In a review of 64 studies over 98 flu seasons of elderly living in nursing homes, flu shots were non-significant for preventing the flu. For elderly living in the community, vaccines were not (significantly) effective against influenza or pneumonia according to Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3(2006).
Efficacy is a difficult word because it can simply mean the stimulation of antibody production, but we are defining it in terms of protecting you against the flu, which is a practical clinical approach. We have ample clinical evidence and hundreds of testimonies which show that adequate vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, as well as the use of medicinal herbs and mushrooms, can significantly reduce the occurrence of colds and flus far more effectively than a vaccine without all the potential serious side effects these vaccines can cause—including death, Guillain-Barre syndrome (a demyelization of the nervous system that can paralyze a person from the neck down), rheumatoid arthritis, a variety of autoimmune diseases, type 1 diabetes, and autism. In other words, the risk/benefit analysis, which is how we normally assess these kinds of medical decisions, is horrendous. The risks are very high and the benefits are minimal—and we have several options that are more safe and effective.
“FIRST DO NO HARM.” —HIPPOCRATES
If you feel the risks are high and the actual scientific proof of benefits are low…and therefore do not want to take the risk…and prefer others around you do not take the risk (and increase the likelihood of spreading the live virus to you)…there is another obstacle in the path to sovereignty over our own body and mind:
8. Those who refuse the live virus squalene adjuvant swine flu and regular flu vaccinations may be jailed or held indefinitely in internment camps established by states or FEMA because the so-called swine flu pandemic has been, as far as we are concerned, unnecessarily classified as a Level 6 Pandemic, potentially allowing international law to override the United States Constitution to justify American martial law and detention for vaccine refusers.
The United States Emergency Medical Powers Acts and Federal legislation, including the Patriot Acts I, II and III, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) and others provide for mandatory vaccination or drugging. No exemptions (religious or otherwise) are provided. Those who refuse will be classified as felons at the state level, subject to immediate incarceration and quarantine of indefinite length in jails or other facilities reserved for such "vaccine refusers." In a frightening "Big Lie" propaganda move, those who doubt the effectiveness of unproven, uninsurable vaccines are being called " Vaccine Resisters" and being equated to a new form of "terrorism." Fortunately this desperate attempt to quash reasonable and scientific disagreement and alarm has not been successful so far. Parents and grandparents still have some power to protect their children, grandchildren, and themselves from possible harm. However, by defining this situation as a level 6 pandemic, it allows martial law to potentially take this right of sovereignty away.
Those who refuse at the Federal level may be subject to immediate incarceration and quarantine of indefinite length, probably in FEMA camps already set up across the US.
This means that untested, potentially lethal vaccines and dangerous drugs like Tamiflu could be forced upon people who do not wish them and who would face incarceration or worse if they choose not to accept them. The CDC has said there would be no exemptions and has admitted there would be "a certain amount of human wastage".
We are urging you to write your local and state representatives communicating the importance of allowing philosophical, religious, and medical exemptions. We are also urging you to pay particular attention to your diet and are urging you to take immune enhancing medicinal mushrooms, herbs, and nano-silver combinations, which are effective immune builders and antivirals.
Such protocols are available at: http://www.treeoflife.nu/whybirdflu.html and in Mike Adams’ book: How to Beat the Bird Flu.
Councilwoman Emily Naeole, of the County of Hawaii, has directed her chief administrators to advance the outlined RESOLUTION to sustain the right to exercise religious freedom to decline this fall’s flu vaccines. This RESOLUTION supports religious families (and philosophical objectors), by their choice and declaration of religious (or philosophical) conviction, from the 2009 flu vaccination program, as per the Hawaii Revised Statutes, Title 19, Department of Health, Chapter 321, Section 11 health rules, that provides such exemptions in non-epidemic periods. This RESOLUTION may apply to anyone in the County of Hawaii, and delivers a message to state and federal health officials to remain in compliance with state, federal, and constitutional laws granting this freedom to choose.
This drafted RESOLUTION can be modified, custom tailored, to serve people in every county and township in the United States.
What this practically means is that “We the People” are issuing notice to preserve a CRITICAL US Constitution Law, according to the Fifth Amendment in Bill of Rights, that says, “No person shall be…deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Our bodies and our immune systems are our sovereign properties according to Supreme Court decisions, the US Constitution, and international law. Presently there is no form of compensation for the property loss (of natural immune system function) and injury that may result from this live virus vaccination program. Therefore, such action as mandatory vaccination, compromising or utilizing by intoxication a person’s immune system to allegedly protect the “public’s health,” is illegal according to the US Constitution.
THIS RESOLUTION and grass roots action plan can help everyone bring greater awareness and urgent dialogue to our communities and legislative officials, “from the bottom up.” We are strongly recommending this action plan be advanced in every township or county, in every state of America, and involve a local attorney as a volunteer. We are encouraging activists everywhere to advance this urgent and compelling RESOLUTION as a positive action, advancing this novel and compelling legal argument that has been neglected thus far.
Please remember there are more parents, grandparents, alternative, complementary, and natural health professionals, and clergy concerned about these matters, including basic human rights, than there are politicians and drug-makers concerned about making money off vaccinations, and/or depleting world populations. If you want to know more about these two prevalent theories of why this genocidal behavior is being attempted and tolerated please see the websites of Dr. Leonard Horowitz, Mike Adams, pandemicfluonline.com, and/or Conscious-MediaNetwork.com.
At this point in our discussion, it may be useful to consider the wise teachings of Thomas Jefferson:
“WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS TO BE SELF-EVIDENT: THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL; THAT THEY ARE ENDOWED BY THEIR CREATOR WITH CERTAIN UNALIENABLE RIGHTS; THAT AMONG THESE ARE LIFE, LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS.”
Pursuit of happiness includes health. A person who is not healthy is less likely to be happy and when they are not healthy they have less willpower against slavery. As Thomas Jefferson said,
“THE CARE OF HUMAN LIFE AND HAPPINESS, AND NOT THEIR DESTRUCTION, IS THE FIRST AND ONLY OBJECT OF GOOD GOVERNMENT.”
9. Attempts by the United States government to increase the demand for flu vaccinations through fear are explicitly revealed in a classified, private CDC (Center for Disease Control) sponsor conference for vaccine manufacturer executives entitled “7-step Recipes to Increase Demand for Flu Vaccination”.
It appears as though the will of the US government and the WHO are trying to create a world health government that simply doesn’t acknowledge the sovereign rights of an individual over their own body. There was even a clandestine CDC sponsor conference for vaccine company executives that actually taught a “7-step Recipes to Increase Demand for Flu Vaccination”, which specifically documents techniques designed to frighten people about influenza and increase vaccination rates. Because this attempt to undermine our consciousness and ability to thoughtfully make healthy sovereignty choices over our body is so blatant, it highlights the contradiction between what they say and what is happening. They are attempting to override our right to individual health by creating a bogus definition of pandemic and therefore using this classification as an international justification to use potentially lethal, untested, uninsurable, ineffective, life-destroying vaccines on the public in what appears to be a highly unethical way. This live virus vaccine may actually be the key to setting off a real pandemic.
We know quite well that by building a healthy immune system using herbs, nano-silver, medicinal immune building mushrooms, eating healthy food, focused prayer, and using aromatherapies (which were the only things successful during the black plague), people will have a much higher chance of surviving. As in all disease exposures, a healthy immune system, a sovereign healthy body, and a happy person are the keys to health and the prevention of disease. As one should be able to see from this whole discussion, the activity of the WHO (World Health Organization) with its Codex plan supported by the highest levels of the US government is for the weakening of our health. Attempts by Codex to outlaw supplements, organic foods, and even organic farming (recent attempts stopped by the public action of American citizens of bills HR475 and S825 and in Canada bill 251), are concerted efforts to undermine our immune systems and the quality of our lives.
10. The best way to be protected from any flu including the H1N1 live virus swine flu is to have a healthy immune system by living a natural, earth connected way of being, which includes: organic, plant-source-only foods, supplements including nano-silver, vitamin C, A, and D, medicinal immune building mushrooms and herbs, and specific aromatherapy oils. Physicians of the State of Arizona Board of Homeopathic and Integrated Medicine Society have found that usually one to three Vitamin C IV’s of 50,000 milligrams will give 100% relief from this or any flu in the instance one actually gets the flu. Other effective treatments include nano-silvers and Oxygen Treatment Therapy (OTT). This is a safe, less expensive, simple, and more effective treatment as compared to Tamiflu (Tamiflu, although supposedly designed for the antiviral effect, is a psychotropic drug that has significant brain and nervous system side effects, which are toxic and debilitating). These healthy approaches have been historically proven to be far more safe and effective than generated vaccines, which have truly never been scientifically proven to be either safe or effective except for building the economic pockets of the vaccine companies. In other words, there are strong international and national vested interests on many levels backing these inadequately tested, dangerous, and ineffective vaccines. These vested interest groups are not exactly concerned about your health.
In short summary, there are two key points: (1) The scientific research shows that the swine flu live virus vaccine is not sufficiently tested, and is uninsurable, unnecessary, unsafe, with a horrendously poor risk/benefit ratio. As a result, its use is unconscionable. (2) Contrary to the belief that everyone needs to be vaccinated to protect everyone else, just the opposite is true. The use of a live virus vaccine is actually more likely to spread the infection and make the situation worse, contrary to the mythical belief that is being used to justify mandatory vaccinations. Based on these two points, the research suggests that we have a high-risk situation with very little benefit. It is our feeling that it is the right of the individual to choose to be vaccinated or not in the absence of any compelling evidence whatsoever that mass vaccinations will make a positive difference; people’s right to choose for religious, ethical, medical, or self preservation reasons takes precedence over any state, country, or any supposed world safety issues.
11. We have options and we can create more. It is important that we all take a stand while we are still healthy enough to be standing.
• OPTION 1: We have a powerful approach IF EVERYONE CHOOSES TO STAND UP FOR THEIR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING.
We are recommending this be the major action people take: Use the template letter included at the end of this document as a helpful format for sending your input to your state and local representatives. Simply personalize and send this template letter to your state governor, state health representatives, state congress people, and your local representatives. Connect with a lawyer and your local county government people, and then your state government people and strongly urge them to commit to definitively support our right to religious, philosophical, and medical exemption to the vaccination program as well as the right to self-quarantine at a location of their own choice.
• The more people who take this action, the more they may be willing at the local and state level and eventually the federal government level to take actions to realize vaccinations are neither safe or effective, and there is no evidence to support herd vaccinations, therefore there is no evidence to support mandatory vaccinations. In this context we are talking about the right of the public citizens to have choice of whether to vaccinate or not, as it is in many other countries. The County of Hawaii Council is an example of such an action. We are advising all peoples, counties, and townships to make such a resolution and then take it to the state level as a major strategy to make this happen. So we are asking you to advance this resolution and educate your community as to why this resolution is urgent and compelling. This is a novel and compelling legal argument that has never been done before. The County of Hawaii Council is also in the process of advancing a county resolution to sustain the right to exercise religious freedom to exempt religious families by their choice and declaration of religious conviction from the 2009 flu vaccination program, as per the Hawaii Revised Statutes, Title 19, Department of Health, Chapter 321, Section 11 health rules, this is to apply to anyone in the county, and to positively demand the state be in compliance with this county resolution. This tactic can be actively applied to every county and township in the United States. What this practically means is that according to the Fifth Amendment in the Bill of Rights of the US Constitution, “No person shall be…deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Our bodies and our immune systems are our sovereign property according to the law of the US Constitution and international law. Presently there is no form of compensation for the property and injury that may result from this live virus swine flu vaccination.
• Further support of a state-focused campaign comes from Attorney Alan Philips in Chapel Hill, N.C. at vaccinerights.com and pandemicfluonline.com. and also veteran US Constitutional attorney Larry Becraft. Alan has raised a tremendously important point, which is that WHO does not have jurisdiction over the internal affairs of individual member nation states—its jurisdiction concerns the international spread of infectious risk or disease only. That is, the WHO cannot legally mandate vaccines for small town America at the state level. The WHO may exercise strong influence with its recommendations, but ultimately, the final decision for each country lies with the individual country. Similarly, the U.S. federal government lacks authority under the U.S. Constitution to require vaccines of state residents, which is why all vaccine requirements and exemptions for state residents are enacted at the state law level. So, the primary (if not sole) focus for an organized response to the threat of mandatory pandemic flu vaccines should be authorities at the state level.
• It is important to note that non-medical vaccine exemptions available for routine immunizations in most states (i.e., philosophical and/or religious) may not be available if vaccines are mandated in the context of a declared emergency. So it is important to take action now to avoid being forced to choose between an immunization and quarantine, especially since that quarantine could be in a government facility. State laws vary, so be sure to review your state's emergency laws. It is suggested that if your state laws don’t include a religious or philosophical exemption in an emergency, and also the right to self quarantine at a place of your own choosing, then that is also something we strongly suggest you communicate to your state legislators that they implement such changes in the emergency procedures.
• The PandemicFluOnline.com group has designated August 17-23 as “Pandemic Flu Awareness Week.” Some interpret this as a Call to Action, during which week they intend to write letters to the governor, state secretary of health and human services (or equivalent official in their state), state representatives, and possibly other state public health officials who deal directly with immunization matters. We suggest that you join us in this endeavor, and that you use the one-sentence summary, the one paragraph summary, or the eleven point summary in this paper, and that based on this information, you request or demand the implementation of policy that recognizes and protects citizens’ right to make their own informed decisions about whether or not to take an experimental, minimally tested flu vaccine or be select to other emergency medical treatments or protocols. We also strongly urge public health authorities' to give assurance that we will be given the right to self-shield, self-quarantine and self-isolate in our homes or other legal locations of our choosing, should shielding, quarantine or isolation be deemed necessary. In this way, through the enactment of better policy and legislation (draft legislation is being completed by the Legal Group at PandemincFluOnline.com as we speak), we can make our voices heard and encourage public health officials to make more informed choices amidst the ongoing fear-based hype and confusion surrounding the pandemic swine flu phenomenon.
• OPTION 2: Contact congress people and senators with mass emails and direct discussion supporting our constitutional right to choice—as has been validated by the Canadian government. It is our responsibility as parents and grandparents, religious people who are sincerely acting as our “brother’s keepers” to invoke the Biblical teaching to preserve health and life, and secular humanitarians to not take this potentially disastrous, deadly immune disordering squalene adjuvant filler live virus immunization. In this discussion it is important to support our right to build and protect our healthy immune systems with the use of healthy food, supplements, medicinal mushrooms and other immune building herbs, and highly effective and safe treatments for the Swine flu virus such as: nano-silvers, Vitamin C IV’s, and OTT (Oxygen Treatment Therapy) a highly potent and safe remedy for the Swine Flu (available at the Tree of Life and at restandrepair.tv).
• We have a constitutional right to sovereignty over our own bodies and our healing. Thomas Jefferson taught that: sovereignty in a true democracy means having the right to choose our own medicines, herbs, and remedies that we deem necessary for our body and for our children; and when and if the government tries to usurp that power for its own agenda we lose sovereignty, health, and democracy and the government loses its validity.
• OPTION 3: Email or fax this information to local TV and radio stations. Call or fax to your State and National political representatives. Try to create town meetings to inform as many people as possible about these issues because informed people are people who can make intelligent choices for the preservation of health and well-being. This could turn out to be the most successful strategy because in the town meetings political action to protect us against the live swine flu vaccination is created.
• OPTION 4: Write a small article for LOCAL, community newspapers. Watch for samples on http://www.blogger.com/www.PandemicFluOnline.com.
• OPTION 5: Check out http://www.blogger.com/www.oathkeepers.org. Share this with our local law and military folks. A PDF for easy printing is available online at http://www.blogger.com/www.Dr.Tenpenny.com.
• OPTION 6: Have at least 3 weeks of food on hand and be prepared for “Self-Shielding”—asserting the right to self-quarantine in your own home or location of your choice.
• OPTION 7: Leave the country. Note: communities are developing outside of the US that will continue the energy of life, harmony, and peace (COL Nicaragua).
• OPTION 8: Go numb, feel hopeless, and take the shot.
There are two reasonable questions that must be asked: (1) Is the swine flu live virus squalene adjuvant vaccine safe and effective, and if so, (2) will vaccinating 95% or more of the general population provide any more protection for the whole population? If both of these questions were answered in the affirmative, then we would have a reasonable justification for mandatory vaccinations. However, the overwhelming scientific data suggests just the opposite. The live virus swine flu has not been adequately tested, proven safe or effective, is non-insurable, and because of the well-known phenomena of Secondary Transmission of live virus vaccines (meaning it can be contagious), it may actually increase the transmission of the virus. This live virus vaccine has 2.3 times more genetic mutability, and added adjuvant toxicity than a natural virus because it includes squalene. Squalene has significant autoimmune inflammatory effects, and general severe autoimmune effects, which are a significant potential threat to the health of the individual. According to congressional hearings in 2004, squalene was considered the main cause of 300,000 GIs with Gulf War Syndrome who are now applying for complete disability. Aside from the horrendous, misery and ill health created by the Gulf War Syndrome, based on our understanding of the 1918 flu pandemic (which some significant scientific work has suggested was precipitated by the water-oil adjuvant that was part of the typhus vaccine and unknowingly given to the soldiers to protect against typhus), it appears that that water-oil adjuvant in combination with the Spanish Flu was the main precipitator of the millions of deaths that occurred. Research at that time, which was limited because they didn’t even know about viruses, suggests that the high percentage of deaths in soldiers (healthy young men) was connected to the adjuvant, which gave them a hyper-immune, auto-immune response and cytokine storm (strong inflammatory reaction) 3 to 6 months after receiving the vaccine. This explains why so many of them died from hemoragenic pneumonia, activated by the viral flu. The use of squalene as an adjuvant in the vaccine, which causes severe health symptoms on its own, could actually mirror the whole 1918 scenario. The interaction of the flu and the hyperimmune auto-immune imbalance response to the squalene (a water-oil adjuvant) could theoretically pre-dispose people who receive the vaccine with this live virus in it to mimic the actual pandemic called the Spanish Flu of 1918. Please understand that this deadly synergy of squalene and the live virus in a vaccine is theoretical and there is no proof that this is the potential case, except the research on the actual cause of the 1918 Spanish Flu. However, this just adds to the potential risk of a squalene-based live virus swine flu vaccination.
According to the British Medical Journal article titled, Influenza Vaccination: Policy Versus Evidence, evidence from a systematic review based on a meta-analysis of all the research shows vaccines have little or no effect on preventing or minimizing the flu.
In other words, the benefit to risk ratio is extremely poor from a scientific point of view. In answering the second part of the question, all the vaccine studies to date show that vaccinating 95% or more of a population does not make a difference in stopping outbreaks of the particular disease people were vaccinated for. In fact, based on the scientific evidence, mass mandatory vaccinations with a highly mutable live virus could actually activate a real and lethal pandemic rather than prevent it. Therefore, from a purely scientific perspective, there is no valid reason for mandatory vaccinations. For this reason we believe that all people have a constitutional, religious, philosophical, and medical right to the freedom of choice of whether or not to be vaccinated.
In essence, as confirmed by veteran US Constitutional attorney Larry Becraft, there is no basis in statutory law for state official mandates, county cooperation, or public compliance, in-so-far-as forced vaccinations and/or quarantines, even during officially declared epidemics or pandemics. Presidential executive orders lack the legal power to force or enforce vaccination and/or quarantine mandates on the American people. Likewise, state statutes and administrative rules and regulations pertaining to compulsory vaccinations and quarantines advanced by health departments shall be prohibited as violations of fundamental human rights, religious freedoms, and just compensation for personal property secured by the US Constitution. Given these conclusions, it is official malfeasance for state and federal health officials to advance such unconstitutional policies and engage such procedures. Furthermore, health officials may be held accountable for gross criminal negligence: engaging in broadcasting flu warnings, using the news media to relay deadly predictions of pandemic morbidity and mortality, or otherwise sensitizing people to promote compliance with vaccination or forced quarantines while grossly neglecting their mental health and quality of life; increasing anxiety, phobia, and depression, and causing severe economic damages from the medical, psychosocial, and behavioral impacts of these public health malpractices. In other words no one has any constitutional authority at the Federal or State level to enforce mandatory vaccinations. However, waiting until legal suits are filed afterwards is not an option because irreversible damage may be done by then to our global family. The State officials are more vulnerable to official malfeasance. In other words, lawsuits on one level also have the immediate power to veto Federal mandates of forced vaccinations. At the state level we have protection from Federal mandates...and in practical reality we have more personal access to state politicians to get them to vote against any Federal mandates, as they are more directly accountable to the public. For further information, please see: http://www.pandemicfluonline.com/.
ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: The overwhelming scientific studies and research do not in any way support the action of mandatory flu, squalene adjuvant, live virus vaccination; to do so might result in the desecration of a significant amount of God’s creation of humanity on planet earth; the science strongly suggests that mandatory vaccinations are both immoral and ethically illegal (ethics that are core in the Judaic-Christian system) and this mandatory vaccination violates the basic Ten Commandments in at least 6 ways: Thou shall not murder, steal, lie, bear false witness, engage in idol worship (money and power), envy or covet.
“LIBERTY IS TO THE COLLECTIVE BODY, WHAT HEALTH IS TO EVERY INDIVIDUAL BODY. WITHOUT HEALTH NO PLEASURE CAN BE TASTED BY MAN; WITHOUT LIBERTY, NO HAPPINESS CAN BE ENJOYED BY SOCIETY.” –Thomas Jefferson
“NEVER DOUBT THAT A SMALL GROUP OF THOUGHTFUL COMMITTED CITIZENS CAN CHANGE THE WORLD; INDEED IT IS THE ONLY THING THAT EVER HAS.” —Margaret Mead
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"Any survey of American Secondary Education would be incomplete without a reference to the manual training which forms an integral part of the systems in the majority of Secondary Schools in the United States. The connection between mind and hand is recognized there to an extent which preconceived prejudices have hitherto rendered impossible in England. But instead of manual training being confined to those who are to pursue an industrial or engineering career, or to those who are relegated to 'shops' merely as a derniére ressource, because they are incapable of the abstractions of book learning, in the United States it is regarded in many of the best developed Schools as an integral part of a liberal education. ... It is graded on carefully thought-out systems, from the cardboard 'modeling' of the kindergarten to the skilled engineering processes in the Colleges and Universities." The writer goes on to express his appreciation of the value of manual training "as scientifically carried out in the Schools of the United States, leading as it does to the happiest results in promoting that versatility and alertness which is so characteristic of American workers. It is almost impossible to exaggerate it." --Rev. Dr. GrayYou can see that things have changed. The report goes on as follows:
In Dr. Dewey's School at Chicago University The various kinds of work: carpentry, cookery, sewing, and weaving-—are selected as involving different kinds of skill and demanding different types of intellectual aptitude on the part of the child, and because they represent some of the most important activities of the everyday outside world, the question of living under shelter, of daily food and clothing, of the home, of personal movement, and exchange of goods, He secures also the training of sense organs—of touch, of sight, and the ability to co-ordinate eye and hand. He gets healthy exercise, for the child demands a much larger amount of physical activity than the formal programm of the ordinary School permits. There is also a continual appeal to memory, to judgment in adapting ends to means, a training in habits of order, industry, and neatness in the care of tools and utensils, and in doing things in a systematic instead of a haphazard way." Dr. Dewey aims at educating the child through "the interest in conversation or communication; in inquiry or finding out things; in making things or construction; and in artistic expression."There are some advantages to the educational system we have now. By having large class sizes with students emotionally and physically inactive, we have increased the student to teacher ratio and eliminated expense. But we have completely ignored the sound theories of all our most prominent educators. | <urn:uuid:12e4755b-516c-4f47-9a27-f1cddc03f567> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://wisdomofhands.blogspot.com/2008/12/one-time-role-of-manual-training-in.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967544 | 536 | 3 | 3 |
The chemical element rhenium is classed as a transition metal. It was discovered in 1925 by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg.
|Classification:||Rhenium is a transition metal|
|Melting point:||3186 oC, 3459 K|
|Boiling point:||5596 oC, 5869 K|
|Neutrons in most abundant isotope:||112|
|Electron configuration:||[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2|
|Density @ 20oC:||21.0 g/cm3|
Reactions, Compounds, Radii, Conductivities
|Atomic volume:||8.85 cm3/mol|
|Structure:||hcp: hexagonal close pkd|
|Specific heat capacity||0.13 J g-1 K-1|
|Heat of fusion||33.20 kJ mol-1|
|Heat of atomization||776 kJ mol-1|
|Heat of vaporization||715.0 kJ mol-1|
|1st ionization energy||760 kJ mol-1|
|2nd ionization energy||1260 kJ mol-1|
|3rd ionization energy||2510kJ mol-1|
|Electron affinity||14 kJ mol-1|
|Minimum oxidation number||-3|
|Min. common oxidation no.||0|
|Maximum oxidation number||7|
|Max. common oxidation no.||4|
|Electronegativity (Pauling Scale)||1.9|
|Polarizability volume||9.7 Å3|
|Reaction with air||mild, w/ht ⇒ Re2O7 (rhenium heptoxide)|
|Reaction with 15 M HNO3||mild, ⇒ HReO4 (perrhenic acid)|
|Reaction with 6 M HCl||none|
|Reaction with 6 M NaOH||none|
|Oxide(s)||ReO2, ReO3, Re2O3, Re2O5, Re2O7|
|Chloride(s)||Re3Cl9, ReCl4, ReCl5, ReCl6|
|Atomic radius||137 pm|
|Ionic radius (1+ ion)||–|
|Ionic radius (2+ ion)||–|
|Ionic radius (3+ ion)||–|
|Ionic radius (1- ion)||–|
|Ionic radius (2- ion)||–|
|Ionic radius (3- ion)||–|
|Thermal conductivity||48.0 W m-1 K-1|
|Electrical conductivity||5.8 x 106 S m-1|
|Freezing/Melting point:||3186 oC, 3459 K|
Discovery of Rhenium
Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev created the periodic table in 1869. From gaps he saw in the table, Mendeleev predicted the existence of undiscovered elements.
He said two of the elements he had predicted would have similar properties to manganese. He called these eka-manganese, now technetium, and dvi-manganese, now rhenium. (1) (Sanskrit: ‘eka’ means first and ‘dvi’ means second.)
Despite Mendeleev’s prediction, these elements remained undiscovered.
Rhenium’s existence was again predicted in 1913 by English physicist Henry Moseley.
Moseley had found that it made more sense to arrange elements in the periodic table by atomic number, not atomic weight as they had been previously. This led to gaps where undiscovered elements belonged; one of these was element 75.
Scientists now knew an element with atomic number 75 was definitely available for discovery. Another 12 years passed before the discovery was finally made.
In 1925, in Berlin, Germany, Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg found the new element in platinum ores and columbite. The group also announced their discovery of element 43 – now known as technetium – at the same time. They claimed to have found both elements through X-ray analysis.
Their discoveries were disputed by many, but repeated experiments proved element 75 had indeed been discovered. (2) (3)
56 years had passed since Mendeleev had published his periodic table; the periodic table was now complete, at least for stable elements. Rhenium was the final element discovered which had at least one stable isotope.
All future discoveries would be of elements with no stable isotopes; elements that would undergo radioactive decay.
The element name comes from Latin word ‘Rhenus’ meaning Rhine.
Appearance and Characteristics
The toxicity of rhenium and its compounds is not well documented. Elemental rhenium has been described as ‘relatively inert’ in the body.
Rhenium is a rare, silvery-white, lustrous, dense metal.
It resists corrosion and oxidation but slowly tarnishes in moist air.
Rhenium is one of the five major refractory metals (metals with very high resistance to heat and wear).
Rhenium compounds include oxides, halides and sulfides.
Uses of Rhenium
It is widely used as filaments for mass spectrographs.
Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material.
Abundance and Isotopes
Abundance earth’s crust: 7 parts per billion by weight, 0.8 parts per billion by moles
Abundance solar system: 100 parts per trillion by weight, 0.5 parts per trillion by moles
Cost, pure: $1600 per 100g
Cost, bulk: $ per 100g
Isotopes: Rhenium has 33 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers from 160 to 192. Naturally occurring rhenium is a mixture of two isotopes, 185Re and 187Re, with natural abundances of 37.4% and 62.6% respectively.
- Carsten Reinhart, Chemical Sciences in the 20th Century: Bridging Boundaries, 2008, John Wiley & Sons, p132
- Harry Julius Emeléus, Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, 1968, Academic Press, p3
- Loren C. Hurd, The Discovery of Rhenium, Journal of Chemical Education, October 1933, p605
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Short essays for elementary students
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This rubric delineates specific expectations about an essay assignment to students and provides a means of assessing completed student essays. Persuasive writing is a form of how to teach persuasive writing have students listen to or here's a persuasive letter written by an elementary school. Compare contrast essay topics for elementary compare contrast essay topics for elementary students student no elementary for essays, no students at humor to. Short memoirs by famous essay writers tetw essays about life essays about death essays on writing short memoirs essays on growing up essays about politics. 25 great essay topics for students september 11, 2012 should students be allowed to have cell phones in elementary and high schools. | <urn:uuid:46158337-5408-4202-9d10-03f9513e194e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://htpaperjpyk.alexandru.me/short-essays-for-elementary-students.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209216.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814170309-20180814190309-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.940929 | 771 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Why Lesson Planet?
Students examine cartoons drawn by a volunteer serving in the country of Jordan. They draw a cartoon about a time felt different from others around them and share their cartoons with the class. The answer the questions: How can cartoons be serious and funny at the same time? What are features of cartoons you like? | <urn:uuid:3e23f64c-555e-4003-9d9c-d95c44204b21> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/serious-doodling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190134.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00173-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96654 | 66 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Every year, good chicken keepers who love their pet chickens unintentionally kill them, burn down their chicken coops, barns and homes and endanger their own lives with the use of heat lamps trying to keep their chicken coops toasty-warm. But chicken coops do not need to be kept toasty-warm and heat lamps are never safe to use with flying animals. Let’s explore the topic of chicken comfort and winter safety to understand better how to care for chickens in extremely cold climates.
Before even considering heat options for chicken coops, it’s vital to properly winterize the coop- learn how HERE.
Fires like this occur every year in coops and barns due to heat lamps installed with the best of intentions. I’ve been tracking heat lamp fires on this Pinterest board for years and these are only some of the heat lamp fire incidents that made it to media outlets- there are countless additional near-misses and close calls when someone intervened before a tragedy occurred.
Regardless of where you ultimately come down on the issue of heating the chicken coop, please understand that a chicken’s physiology is not the same as a person’s. Our perception of how cold we would be in the coop at night is not the same as a chicken’s perception of their own comfort level.
Chicken Physiology & Anatomy
Chickens are anatomically and physiologically very different from people and have unique attributes that allow them to regulate their body temperatures very well in cold weather. The average body temperature of a chicken ranges between 104°-107°F (daytime rectal temp is even higher at 105-109.4).
How a Chicken Regulates Body Temperature
Without interference from well-meaning caretakers, chickens will naturally acclimate to the changes in temperature from warm weather to cold over time. Additionally, chickens can increase their body temperatures by eating more chicken feed in cold weather. Digestion creates internal heat, that heat radiates through the skin, which warms the air next to it, which is then trapped against its body by feathers. Chickens are tiny, food-fueled furnaces wrapped in down jackets!
A chicken is also able to conserve body heat by restricting blood-flow to its comb, wattles and feet, the very parts of the body that give off excess heat in warm weather. Not only do they have mechanisms to keep themselves comfortable in the cold, they huddle together on the roost at night.
IF you decide to add heat to the chicken coop in the winter, please put safety first in choosing a heat source. NEVER use a heat lamp with chickens!
Radiant, flat panel heaters are a safe alternative to dangerous 250 watt heat lamps. With a zero clearance requirement, it can be mounted on the ceiling or wall without fire danger.
Another safer heat option to raise the temperatures inside the coop a few degrees is an oil filled radiator, BUT the inclination may be to heat the coop instead of just raising the temperatures a few degrees. That temptation should be resisted! The coop should not vary in temperature drastically from outside temps. These units would also need to be carefully monitored and vacuumed regularly due to the dust inherent to chicken coops.
Automatically regulate the use of electric heat sources such as a flat panel heater or cookie tin water heater by utilizing a device like the Thermo Cube TC3, which will turn the power on at 35°F and off at 45°F. (there are other models that turn on at 0, off at 10, on at 20, off at 30)
Plan for power failure. If you do not have a generator to power a heat source to the coop during a blackout, do not heat the coop at all. Chickens have died and will die as a result of sudden drops in temperature from a power outage when the coop is heated. | <urn:uuid:4159dcd3-02a8-4fae-b645-5398e8729edc> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://the-chicken-chick.com/whether-to-heat-chicken-coop-in-cold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711111.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206161009-20221206191009-00708.warc.gz | en | 0.949848 | 806 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Global meat production has increased rapidly over the past 50 years - as seen below, total production has grown 4-5 fold since 1961. The chart below shows global meat production by region, measured in tonnes.
Regionally, Asia is the largest meat producer, accounting for around 40-45 percent of total meat production. This regional distribution has changed significantly in recent decades. In 1961, Europe and North America were the dominant meat producers, accounting for 42 and 25 percent, respectively. In 1961, Asia produced only 12 percent. By 2013, Europe and North America's share had fallen to 19 and 15 percent, respectively.
This reduction in production share was despite a large increase in production in absolute terms: Europe's meat output has approximately doubled over this period, whilst North American output has increase 2.5-fold. Production increases in Asia, however, have been staggering: meat production has increased 15-fold since 1961.
Absolute increases in production in other regions have also been substantial, with output in all regions (with exception to the Caribbean which approximately tripled) growing more than 5-fold over this period.
In the chart below we see how meat production has changed by livestock type over this period.
At a global level we see that the dominant livestock types are poultry, cattle (which includes beef and buffalo meat), pig, and sheep & goat to a lesser extent. However, the distribution of meat types varies significantly across the world; in some countries, other meat types such as wild game, horse, and duck can account for a significant share of total production.
Although production of all major meat types have been increasing in absolute terms, in relative terms the share of global meat types have changed significantly over the last 50 years. In 1961, poultry meat accounted for only 12 percent of global meat production; by 2013 its share has approximately tripled to around 35 percent. In comparison, beef and buffalo meat as a share of total meat production has nearly halved, now accounting for around 22 percent. Pigmeat's share has remained more constant at approximately 35-40 percent.
In the chart below we see the global production of cattle (beef and buffalo) meat. Globally, cattle meat production has more than doubled since 1961 - increasing from 28 million tonnes per year to 68 million tonnes in 2014.
The United States is the world's largest beef and buffalo meat producer, producing 11-12 million tonnes in 2014. Other major producers are Brazil and China, followed by Argentina, Australia and India.
Global production of poultry meat has increased rapidly over the last 50 years, growing more than 12-fold between 1961-2014. Global trends in poultry production are shown in the chart below.
Like cattle production, the United States is the world's largest producer, producing more than 20 million tonnes in 2014. China and Brazil are also large poultry producers at 18 and 13 million tonnes, respectively. Collectively, Europe is also a major poultry producer with an ouput in 2014 of approximately 19 million tonnes - just below output of the United States.
Since 1961, global pigmeat production has grown 4-5 fold to 112 million tonnes in 2014.
China dominates global output, producing just short of half of total pigmeat in 2014. Increases in Chinese pigmeat production have been rapid, growing around 35-fold from 1.5 million tonnes in 1961 to 54 million tonnes in 2014. The other major producers include the United States, Germany and Spain and Brazil.
Global population has underwent rapid growth, especially in the second half of the 20th century; we may therefore also expect the rapid growth in total meat production as explored in the sections above. But how has meat consumption changed on a per capita basis?
In the chart below we see a global map of per capita meat (excluding seafood and fish) consumption, measured in kilograms per person per year. These trends can also be viewed as a time-series in the "chart" tab. As a global average, per capita meat consumption has increased approximately 20 kilograms since 1961; the average person consumed around 43 kilograms of meat in 2014. This increase in per capita meat trends means total meat production has been growing at a much faster than the rate of population growth.
The direction and rate of change across countries has highly variable. Growth in per capita meat consumption has been most marked in countries who have underwent a strong economic transition - per capita consumption in China has grown approximately 15-fold since 1961; rates in Brazil have nearly quadrupled. The major exception to this pattern has been India: dominant lactovegetarian preferences mean per capita meat consumption in 2013 was almost exactly the same as in 1961 at less than 4 kilograms per person.1
Meat consumption is highest across high-income countries (with the largest meat-eaters in Australia, consuming around 116 kilograms per person in 2013). The average European and North American consumes nearly 80 kilograms and more than 110 kilograms, respectively. However, changes in consumption in high-income countries have been much slower - with most stagnating or even decreasing over the last 50 years.
Consumption trends across Africa are varied; some countries consume as low as 10 kilograms per person, around half of the continental average. Higher-income nations such as South Africa consume between 60-70 kilograms per person.
What preferences do we have in terms of the types of meat we eat? As a global average, per capita consumption of pigmeat is the highest of meat commodities; in 2013 the average person consumed around 16 kilograms of pigmeat; followed by 15 kilograms of poultry; 9 kilograms of beef/buffalo meat; 2 kilograms of mutton & goat; and only a fraction of other meat types.
Consumption trends vary significantly across the world. In China, pigmeat accounts for around two-thirds of per capita meat consumption. In Argentina, beef and buffalo meat dominates, accounting for more than half of consumption. New Zealanders have a much stronger preference for mutton & goat meat relative to the global average, consuming nearly 20 kilograms per person in 2013. Whilst other meat types (such as wild game, horse, and rabbit meat) account for a very small fraction of meat consumption at the global level, around one-quarter of meat in Gabon comes from such sources (this has declined from around 70 percent in 1961).
The chart below shows total production from wild fisheries, and aquaculture (fish farming) across all seafood types (including fish, crustaceans and sea plants). As we see, globally catch from wild fisheries has plateaued - and in some cases declined - in recent decades. Aquaculture has, in contrast, grown rapidly particularly over the last 20 years. Global aquaculture production now exceeds that of wild fishery catch.
The figures below are those reported by the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). There have been some suggestions that these figures under-report wild fishery catch, particularly from small-scale fisheries. Below we present these revised trends, although the pattern of global peaking and reduction in wild fishery catch is maintained.
The first chart below presents FAO wild fishery catch data, broken down by region. Here we see a steady increase in fishery catch until the mid-1990s, when this trend typically levels out in the range of 90-95 million tonnes per year.
In the following two charts we present revised data published in Nature by Pauly and Zeller (2016).2 Here, the authors argue that catch from small-scale fisheries is typically under-reported to, and published by the FAO. The authors write:
"This data set, however, may not only underestimate artisanal (that is, small scale, commercial) and subsistence fisheries, but also generally omit the catch of recreational fisheries, discarded bycatch and illegal and otherwise unreported catch, even when some estimates are available. Thus, except for a few obvious cases of over-reporting, the landings data updated and disseminated annually by the FAO on behalf of member countries may considerably underestimate actual fisheries catch."
The authors' revised figures therefore show significantly higher fishery catch which peaks around 1996 at 130 million tonnes, before declining to 109 million tonnes in 2010. Although different in magnitude to that of FAO figures, these revised trends support the trend of a global maximum in wild fishery catch (but now with a significant decline). As shown in the charts below, the majority of this decline has resulted from falling industrial catch; small-scale artisanal catch actually increased over this period.
The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) prepare 'Food Balance Sheets' (FBS) across all food commodities at global, regional and national levels. Food Balance Sheets map the quantity of food commodities (measured as their primary equivalents, for example, "wheat and products" represents the sum of all products derived from wheat) from the production level through to the remaining quantity left for human food. This is measured in mass quantities - such as tonnes or kilograms.
These sheets account for losses and allocations in the food system, including imports, exports, stock variations, seed, animal feed, other (industrial uses), and food losses. The remaining commodities after correction for these diversions is defined as 'food supply'. To derive the average per capita food supply, this total figure is divided by the population size. This figure can be considered to be the average level of food intake however it does not account for food wastage at the consumer level (i.e. in households or restaurants).
Conversion ratios or conversion efficiency are used to measure the ratio of feed inputs (either in the form of food crops, or pasture/grazing land) to output in the form of food product.3 Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is used to measure the mass quantity of feed required to produce one kilogram of animal product (e.g. meat). For example, on average, we have to feed cattle 25 kilograms of feed to produce one kilogram of beef or buffalo meat - this would give us an FCR value of 0.04 (calculated as output (1 kilogram) / input (25 kilograms).
Protein and energy efficiency are calculated as the quantity of protein/energy in animal feed which are effectively converted into protein/energy in the resultant animal products. For example, if we feed a chicken 500 grams of protein and only get 100 grams out in chicken meat, we define this protein conversion efficiency as 20 percent (calculated as output (100 grams) / input (500 grams)). The same calculation process applies for energy conversion efficiency using caloric inputs and outputs.
Environmental footprints, such as those defined as land use requirements or greenhouse gas emissions per unit mass, protein or calorie of food products are calculated using a process called life-cycle analysis (LCA). LCA methods are used to try to fully capture all environmental impacts across the value chain, and can include those up and downstream of production.
Standard food footprints - and those referenced in this entry - often set boundary conditions called 'cradle-to-farmgate' which means that all impacts in terms of pre-farm and on-farm activities are included.4 This includes food chain inputs such as fertilizer production and application, seed production, energy use on-farm, feed production, manure production (if used as fertilizer), manure management, farm infrastructure construction.
Life-cycle analyses (LCAs) attempt to fully quantity all such inputs necessary for the production of a food production. For example, a greenhouse gas emissions LCA for beef can include: emissions from fertilizer production, and application used for the production of animal feed; on-farm energy use associated with tilling, irrigation (if needed), transport of feed from field to livestock area, and enteric fermentation emissions produced from cattle, and barn/housing energy requirements. By deriving then summing the emissions associated with each stage and dividing by the total output (in kilograms of meat, units of protein or kilocalories), we can calculate the total emissions per unit mass/protein/kilocalorie.
UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database
- Data: Covers Production-level data in terms of kilograms of meat & seafood by type; livestock numbers and yields; and per capita food supply of animal products
- Geographical coverage: Global – by country and world region
- Time span: Since 1961
- Available at: Online at FAOSTAT here.
The History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE)
- Data: Livestock counts over the long-term
- Geographical coverage: Global, United States, Canada and continental regions
- Time span: 1890-1998
- Available at: Online here.
UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) FishStat Database
- Data: Capture fishery and aquaculture production and consumption data by country and species
- Geographical coverage: Global, Regional and by country
- Time span: 1961-present
- Available at: Online here. | <urn:uuid:4e530b42-e48b-4f6c-8e66-7a7579a72c6b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://ourworldindata.org/meat-and-seafood-production-consumption | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864848.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623000334-20180623020334-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.93641 | 2,636 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The entertainer Garry Moore used to end his weekly television show asking his audience to “be a little kinder to each other this week.” In the wake of the tragic killings in Connecticut a week ago, it might be worthwhile to consider this old word ‘kind’ and what it means, in a full sense, to be kinder to each other. For surely, what is needed most of all to change a violent society is not to ban weapons or station guards in schools and other places, but to rediscover the reasons why we should act kindly towards each other. And since one of the barriers to deeper insight into kindness is to surround it with a sentimental haze, I propose to examine this word as objectively and dispassionately as I can; for we all know by now, if we didn’t before the 14thDecember, how strongly we feel about it.
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary has this to say about the origin of the word kind:
Middle English kinde, from Old English cynd; akin to Old English cynn kin
First Known Use: before 12th century
If someone was your kin, you owed certain moral obligations towards him or her. The two of you were akin, of one kind. The notion of extending this consideration to people outside the family grew slowly. In ancient China, we find the philosopher Mo Ti advising people to love all others equally. Confucius, a more conservative thinker, taught that our consideration towards others should admit of degrees, with more being shown the sovereign and one’s parents and elder brother, less towards neighbors, and so on, ending in a general benevolence toward humanity in general. In other words, he felt that we should prefer the welfare of those who are closely related to us over that of people more distantly related, or not related at all, so far as we can tell. This was still an improvement over the usual ancient practice, still observable among indigenous peoples 150 years ago, of seeing their own tribe or nation as human beings, while those outside it as simply ‘enemies.’ The idea of ethical obligations towards humanity in general developed slowly in the West, through the Stoics and Cicero and others. The concept of the world as one community gave rise anciently to the word ‘cosmopolis,’ world-city, from which we derive our word ‘cosmopolitan.’
Here and now in the 21st century, we still have a tendency to huddle together in a group and regard those outside it as ‘them.’ Bloody conflicts between different religious sects are still going on daily in the Middle East and other regions. Just the other day a Ukrainian politician was criticized for referring to the actress Mila Kunis as a ‘Jewess.’ When we objectify someone with a label, we reduce them to a puppet following certain instincts, as though controlled by the class we are labeling. Whether or not Ms. Kunis identifies with Judaism, or to what extent, she is first and foremost a person, an individual. She does not go through her days “acting like a Jewess,” whatever that might be. She freely chooses her own course in all her acts, as indeed we all do.
There is an irony here. In America we tend to regard ourselves as different from everybody else. This is a cultural trait common to most of us. We see it in its most extreme form in the mind of a deranged killer like Adam Lanza, who wouldn’t even make eye contact with other people, according to his barber. By separating himself from humanity, he went crazy from his isolation and eventually became capable of killing other people for no apparent reason.
Not all societies inculcate a sense of separation and difference from others. I am living in retirement in Norway, where the customary way of life reinforces a sense of solidarity with others, a fact which made the killing rampage of Anders Breivik in 2011 all the more painful and incomprehensible to Norwegians. Instead of avoiding the topics, ethics and a number of religions are taught in the schools. Adolescents are either confirmed in the state Lutheran church or else go through a secular ceremony, after taking courses in humanistic subjects. Yearly surveys of happy countries select Scandinavian societies again and again. People are happy here because they have a sense of belonging with each other: they are one kind.
We are also one kind, could we but see it. The road away from the Newtown massacre lies before us, and we can take it if we take it together, if we walk together with other people who may look different or believe or disbelieve differently from us, vote differently, or speak with a different accent, or love one another differently. We can walk it together because, in the long run, these things do not matter; what matters is we are all ‘me,’ all persons, all one kind. And being one kind, we can be a little kinder to each other, as Garry Moore asked us to do years ago. | <urn:uuid:f1c91e75-04e4-4c9b-a280-7e4f2eb68f42> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://paganpages.org/emagazine/2013/01/01/we-are-one-kind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886516.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704170556-20200704200556-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.967853 | 1,046 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Tips on Writing a Good 10-Page Term Paper:
An average term paper is supposed to cover no less than 10 pages of the sensible and well-formatted text and students understand that this requirement is quite a strict one and they feel at a loss because of the lack of knowledge and writing experience. Many students do not know what can be written in the full ten pages of text, as they got used to writing short assignments and present their ideas in the brief way.
Below students can look through a few tips about the way of writing a long 10 page text of a term paper:
- The primary step of writing is the choice of the right topic for the research. If one has to prepare a long and detailed term paper, he should understand that a narrow topic can not be written by an inexperienced student in 10 pages. One should generate a bit broader topic which would enable the student to explain something, to argue, to present different points of view, string and weak sides of something, etc.
- The first page of the whole term paper is supposed to be filled by an introduction. This section is believed to inform the reader about the topic, the relevance of the points suggested for the research, the methodology used for writing and the strong sides of the research. One should make the reader interested in writing from the very beginning and persuade him in the quality of the topic and the urgency of the content under discussion.
- The main body of the term paper is the field of the student’s research, argumentation, critics, approval and other actions related with the research of a chosen problem. One should remember that the body of the assignment should occupy no less than 8 pages of high-quality text; otherwise the requirement of the volume of the term paper will be failed.
- The body of the term paper is expected to be constructed logically. Every chapter related with the research, methodology, argumentation, etc should be written in the separate part. Every new idea should be placed into the independent and logical paragraph. Such a composition will demonstrate the student’s ability to organize the text logically and will also solve the problem of space a little bit.
- The conclusion of the term paper should be written on the last 10th page and the student is supposed to summarize the problem in the professional way. One should share the problems he has faced while composing the text and what he has learnt useful for the personal development and outlook. Finally, it is important to convince the reader in the importance of the problem and show that it is really relevant and disturbing.
If you need a custom 10-page term paper written by experts – you can always order it online! | <urn:uuid:a04cfdc8-7b00-4fba-a0bd-dbaa9046ebc8> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://yourtermpapers.com/how-to-write-a-10-page-term-paper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948593526.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217054825-20171217080825-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.951327 | 541 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The cannabis plant offers so much to humanity – high highs, good times, relief from pain, inflammation, and other ailments. But it has also given us insight into the functioning of our own bodies. The endocannabinoid system was discovered thanks to investigations into how cannabinoids, the chemical compounds found in marijuana, affect the human body. Talk about plant wisdom.
There is a lot to learn about the endocannabinoid system, including the ways it affects our mood, ability to sleep, immune system function and more – so let’s jump right in.
What Is the Endocannabinoid System?
The endocannabinoid system, also known as the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS), serves vital functions within human and other animals’ bodies. The main function of the ECS is to maintain equilibrium among the many internal systems which operate continually, without our conscious awareness, fluctuating based on interactions with one another inside our bodies as well as external conditions. At times, the endocannabinoid system functions as a go-between, for the immune system, the nervous system and the body’s organs. Without a properly functioning endocannabinoid system, a whole host of physical and psychological problems can arise.
The main components of the endocannabinoid system are chemical compounds (endocannabinoids), cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes. Together, they help achieve a state of homeostasis that you can augment and influence in certain ways with the use of marijuana.
What Are Cannabinoid Receptors?
Cannabinoid receptors are found throughout the body, including in the skin, nerves, fat, bone, immune cells, and organs such as the liver, pancreas, heart, kidney, and GI tract. In the brain, cannabinoid receptors are concentrated in the cerebral cortex (responsible for cognition), hippocampus (which regulates memory), the basal ganglia and cerebellum (controls movement), the hypothalamus (controls hunger) and the amygdala (regulates emotions).
Cannabinoid receptors come in two types: CB1, found mostly in the brain and the central nervous system but also in the kidneys, liver and lungs; and CB2, which are found in the immune system, lymph cells, and blood cells. Cannabinoid receptors can interact with endocannabinoids – which originate within the human body – and phytocannabinoids, also known simply as cannabinoids, which come from plant sources, namely cannabis sativa.
What Are Endocannabinoids?
Endocannabinoids are one of the main components of the endocannabinoid system. These molecules occur naturally within the human body and are tasked with latching on to cannabinoid receptors in order to activate certain functions. Below are two important endocannabinoids that have been identified so far, as well as the functions they serve.
Anandamide is a mood enhancer – which is one reasons the name is derived from the sanskrit word for “bliss”. Functioning similarly to THC on CB1 and CB2 receptors, anandamide helps promote feelings of happiness while combating anxiety, and may also be helpful in fertility, learning and memory.
2-Arachidonoylglycerol, also known as 2-AG, is the most abundant of the endocannabinoids which naturally occur in the human body. Thought to play a role in pain management, appetite and various immune system functions, 2-AG has been shown to exert effects on the blood vessels and heart, and can possibly even play a role in suppressing seizures.
Metabolic enzymes have an important role in the endocannabinoid system, since they are responsible for the creation of endocannabinoids as well as their degradation once they have fulfilled their purpose.
How Does The Body Produce Endocannabinoids?
The two most-studied endocannabinoids – anandamide and 2-AG – are synthesized in the body within neurons. These molecules are created on-demand based on various physiological stimuli. Neurons creating endocannabinoids tend to be concentrated within the brain.
Why Is The Endocannabinoid System Important?
The endocannabinoid system performs the vital function of achieving and maintaining homeostasis, or balance, within the body. Below are a few examples of the ways this system works:
Many cannabinoid receptor sites exist within the hippocampus – the brain’s memory center. It is believed that the endocannabinoid system is related to long-term memory storage, since it promotes neurogenesis – meaning the creation of neurons – in the hippocampus.
The endocannabinoid system helps promote analgesia, meaning the inability to feel or perceive pain. Within the spinal cord in particular, the ECS helps to modulate the signaling that results in the experience of pain.
The endocannabinoid system delivers messages of hunger to the brain’s hypothalamus region, which then activates your limbic system (which regulates emotions) so that you feel hungry. When you are full, signals are sent back to your endocannabinoid system, allowing it to send signals to indicate you can stop eating.
The endocannabinoid system is integral to regulating stress response in the body. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis, or HPA, helps the body perceive and react to stresses. The ECS plays various roles within the HPA, helping influence the perception of a threat situation, the biochemical reactions that launch the stress response into action, and the regulation of behavior within stress-filled scenarios.
The immune system plays a vital role in maintaining bodily health and fighting off perceived threats. The endocannabinoid system is critical to the functioning of the immune system. The ECS is thought to play a role in regulating cytokine production and other immune responses.
How Does CBD Affect The Endocannabinoid System?
Cannabidiol, or CBD, interacts indirectly with the endocannabinoid system via both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. While scientists aren’t sure of exactly how CBD exerts its influence, some think that CBD doesn’t adhere directly to cannabinoid receptors, and instead inhibits the breakdown in endocannabinoids, allowing these molecules to have a more prolonged effect. CBD is thought to influence the functioning of inflammation, the perception of pain, and body temperature. It can also affect the amount of anandamide, increasing the presence of the molecule responsible for feelings of joy.
Because of CBD’s stimulation of cannabinoid receptors, it may play a useful role in combating a wide range of ailments. Scientists are still exploring ways that CBD can be useful to humans.
How Does THC Interact With The ECS?
THC interacts with the endocannabinoid system more directly than CBD, in that it binds directly to CB1 and CB2 receptor sites, just as endocannabinoids do. THC mimics anandamide as it binds with CB1 receptors in areas of the brain, specifically the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. THC’s interaction with these area’s receptors is what produces psychoactive effects, or the feeling of being “high”.
The psychoactive effects from THC result from the phytocannabinoid overwhelming the endocannabinoid system by providing a sudden influx of signals, thereby disrupting homeostasis. While this produces highs, it can also cause anxiety, loss of short-term memory and disrupted motor control. It is important to be aware of these potential effects. This is why cannabis is best consumed responsibly.
How To Treat Endocannabinoid Deficiency
While science has yet to definitively prove the veracity of these claims, some believe that chronic conditions such as fibromyalgia and migraines could be the result of endocannabinoid deficiencies. It might seem logical to simply load up on cannabinoids from plants (via smoking or edibles), and this may help the endocannabinoid system to achieve homeostasis in small amounts. However, supplementing endocannabinoids with phytocannabinoids or other pharmaceuticals risks forming an artificial dependence.
More effective ways of dealing with an endocannabinoid deficiency are lifestyle modifications. Low-impact aerobic exercise, and consuming a diet rich in probiotics and prebiotics, can form a more solid foundation towards long-term healing.
Cannabinoids In Plants
Cannabis sativa is a powerhouse of cannabinoids, particularly for sought-after THC and CBD. However, cannabis doesn’t have the cannabinoid market cornered. In fact, these compounds are found in a variety of other plants. For example, a South African daisy called helichrysum umbraculigerum contains the cannabinoid cannabigerol.
Other plants contain compounds that mimic cannabinoids or otherwise interact with cannabinoid receptors in the endocannabinoid system. These include liverwort, which can engage with the CB1 receptor in similar ways to THC; chocolate, which contains the endocannabinoid anandamide, and kava, containing kavalactones which also bind to CB1 receptor sites.
In many ways, the endocannabinoid system is an unseen hand directing the endless orchestra of our bodies. Ensuring stability in our bodies and minds is constant work, enabling us to live our best lives. The cannabis sativa plant, in providing cannabinoids which interact seamlessly and in mysterious ways with our endocannabinoid systems can be helpful, healing, and blissful when consumed responsibly. There is so much yet to discover about cannabis and human beings – but the more we understand, the more benefits we can potentially enjoy from this natural partnership. | <urn:uuid:9d99e630-66fd-42e3-80a3-b46a2c0bdfd0> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.weedweek.com/endocannabinoid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363400.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207140255-20211207170255-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.923927 | 2,015 | 3.296875 | 3 |
LuEsther T. Mertz Library, New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY
J’Nese Williams – Imperial Plans and Local Governance: The St. Vincent Botanic Garden, 1765–1822
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British government began funding botanic gardens in its colonies to manage economic and scientific botany projects. Though these gardens were an overall success, the St. Vincent Botanic Garden struggled to fulfill its mission. As an example of failure, the history of the St. Vincent Garden reveals the limitations of government support of science in this period.
Tim Lorek – Plant Breeding and Wild Sugarcane in Colombia’s Cauca Valley, 1927–1967
In the 1930s, the USDA collaborated with Colombian agribusiness and experiment stations to breed a temperate variety of sugarcane. This partnership highlights the use of wild sugarcane (Sacchaum spontaneum) as it traveled from the steppes of central Asia, through initial scientific crossings in Dutch Java, and finally to breeding programs in the greater Caribbean. Several scientists involved in these collection and breeding programs donated specimens housed in the NYBG Herbarium. Their work contributed to significant changes in global sugarcane production and remains relevant for its economic, biological, and social impact in sugar landscapes.
Free and open to the public. Part of the Andrew W. Mellon presentations seminar series. For more information, please visit the New York Botanical Garden website.
Support for the Humanities Institute at The New York Botanical Garden provided by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. | <urn:uuid:73c07741-1ac2-4c3a-a8e1-04f099bc8e85> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://scienceandsociety.columbia.edu/events/seminar-andrew-w-mellon-presentations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492295.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604223445-20200605013445-00283.warc.gz | en | 0.886478 | 337 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Multiple Choice Questions
This section contains 180 multiple choice questions about Journey Through Genius: The Great Theorems of Mathematics. Multiple choice questions test a student's recall and understanding of the text. Use these questions for chapter quizzes, homework assignments or tests. Jump to the quiz/homework section for the multiple choice worksheets.
Multiple Choice - Hippocrates' Quadrature of the Lune
1. Which is a geometric concept that humans have been aware of since the dawn of agriculture?
b) Metric system.
2. That properties of specific shapes were early Egyptians aware of?
b) Pi and the diameter of a circle.
c) Irregular solids.
d) Right triangles.
3. Who was the first of ancient philosophers to consider why geometric properties existed?
4. What does the Pythagorean Theorem state?
a) For any triangle the sqaured sum of the legs...
This section contains 6,309 words|
(approx. 22 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:fd53c09b-0a90-4fcb-9104-0bfb009de618> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/journey-through-genius/multiple.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704986352/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114946-00032-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.760677 | 214 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The Maria Islands were declared a Nature Reserve in 1982 by the Government of Saint Lucia in recognition of their special function as a wildlife habitat and their unique flora and fauna. There are over eighty (80) plant species found on Maria Islands. The island is home to five endemic reptile species such as the world’s rarest snake – the Kouwés snake (Saint Lucia Racer), The Saint Lucia whiptail (Zandou), The Worm Snake (non poisonous), The Pygmy and Rock geckos as well as several species of cacti and undisturbed tropical plants on the vertical cliff.
The islands are set about one half mile from Pointe Sable on the South East coast of Saint Lucia. Maria Major is 10.1 hectares and its little sister Maria Minor is 1.6 hectares. The island is also a major nesting site for migratory birds which travel thousands of miles from the west coast of Africa to nest annually. It is usually closed for the nesting season which runs from May to August. This time frame is adjusted annually by the Saint Lucia Forestry Department of the Ministry of Agriculture depending on the birds’ migratory patterns.
The Saint Lucia National Trust has been conducting special environmental education tours to Maria Islands since the early 1980s. The Maria Island tour is a wonderful outing for the nature lover! It is many tours in one! The knowledgeable guide escorts visitors to Maria Major by a local fishing boat, which pulls ashore on one of the most spectacular white sand beaches. The exciting walk showcases the unique and breathtaking views of the town of Vieux Fort the Pitons and the entire Pointe Sable area.
The waters around islands are surrounded by coral reefs, making them great for snorkeling.
Maria Islands can be your own island in the sun for a day.
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR VISITORS TO MARIA ISLANDS NATURE RESERVE
The Maria Islands were declared a Nature Reserve in 1982 by the Government of Saint Lucia in recognition of its special function as a wildlife habitat and for the unique wildlife which exist there. The Saint Lucia National Trust conducts tours to the islands to share its unique habitat with visitors and to raise awareness of nature’s wonders.
These rules and regulations are established to guide the conduct of visitors and to safeguard the integrity of the Maria Islands Nature Reserve.
- Persons with serious ailments/health complications, particularly heart and respiratory, must inform the attendant Tour Guide or booking agent before commencement of the tour.
- The Trust shall not be held liable in instances where no notification is given in respect of serious ailments or medical complications.
- The tour is limited to persons within the maximum age ceiling of seventy (70) years, except in instances where special written approval is granted by the Trust.
- Visitors are to note that there is a general `close season’ period, which is observed annually to protect nesting migratory birds. This period runs from May to August during which time there will be restricted access. The extent of restriction will be determined on an annual basis and will be influenced by prevailing conditions such as numbers of birds, location of nesting activity etc.
- The following item and activities are strictly prohibited within the confines of the Maria Islands Nature Reserve: use of cigarettes and alcohol, use of sirens and alarms or any form of loud sounds, knives, machetes and matches or lighters, flammable liquids e.g. gasoline. Fires are prohibited.
- Visitors are to note that it is unlawful to remove from Maria Islands any items such as shells, rocks, soil samples, plants, plant parts and any aspect of flora and fauna or natural resources.
- Visitors are expected to respect the integrity of Maria Islands by observing the following: no littering, no breaking of branches and picking of leaves. | <urn:uuid:1edd7217-14d0-4cef-9742-8efee0b7bb4e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://slunatrust.org/sites/maria-island-nature-reserve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.933224 | 781 | 3.265625 | 3 |
During my recent visit to Michigan, San Duanmu told me about some really neat work that he published last year as "Word-length preferences in Chinese: a corpus study", Journal of East Asian Linguistics 21.1: 89-114, 2012.
San starts from the observation that many Chinese words have two forms, a two-syllable form and a one-syllable frorm, whose meanings are more or less the same. For example:
|煤炭 (méi tàn)||煤 (méi)||‘coal’|
|學習 (xué xí)||學 (xué)||‘to learn; study’|
|工人 (gōng rén)||工 (gōng)||‘worker’|
|商店 (shāng diàn)||店 (diàn)||‘store’|
|老虎 (lǎo hǔ)||虎 (hǔ)||‘tiger’|
|印度 (Yìn dù)||印 (Yìn)||‘India’|
In "How many Chinese words have elastic length?", in Feng Shi and Gang Peng, Eds., Festschrift in honor of Prof. William S-Y. Wang's 80th birthday, 2011, San found that that
80%-90% of all Chinese words have elastic length. In addition, the percentage for verbs is higher than the average, and the percentage for nouns is higher still.
And he observes that
The long form may look like a compound, but it is not. For example, the long form of hu ‘tiger’ is laohu, which literally means ‘old tiger’. However, laohu simply means ‘tiger’, not ‘old tiger’, because even a baby tiger can be called laohu. Similarly, the long form of mei ‘coal’ is meitan, which literally means ‘coal-charcoal’ but actually means ‘coal’, not ‘coal and charcoal’.
But the one-syllable and two-syllable versions are not equally likely to be used in all contexts. Specifically, in a closely-associated two-word sequence, there are four logical possibilities:
2+2 2+1 1+2 1+1
Based on a quantitative analysis of the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese, San's study found that
1+2 is overwhelmingly disfavored in [N N] and 2+1 is overwhelmingly disfavored in [V O]. In addition, it is found that apparent exceptions, ranging between 1% and 2%, are limited to certain specific structures, and when these are factored out, both 1+2 [N N] and 2+1 [V O] are well below 1% in either token count or type count.
Others have noted these regularities, though San's paper is the first to support the intuitions with systematic corpus-based counts.
A non-corpus-based illustration: in combining méi (tàn) "coal" with (shāng) diàn "store" to make a noun+noun combination meaning "coal store", we could have méi tàn + shāng diàn = 2+2, or méi tàn + diàn = 2+1, or méi + diàn = 1+1, but NOT méi + shāng diàn = 1+2.
And in combining zhòng (zhí) "to plant" with (dà) suàn "garlic", to make a verb+object combination meaning "to plant garlic", we could have zhòng zhí + dà suàn = 2+2, or zhòng + dà suàn = 1+2, or zhòng + suàn = 1+1, but NOT zhòng zhí + suàn = 2+1.
So to repeat, [N N] can be anything except 1+2, while [V O] can be anything but 2+1.
Some people have argued that this is a prosodic restriction: basically, in an [N N] structure, the first N should be stronger (and hence not smaller than) the second one; but in a [V O] structure, the object should be stronger than the verb. Others have argued for a syntactic or semantic treatment.
San observes that there are several reasons why a careful study of usage is helpful in answering these questions. For example, there are quite a few exceptions, such as 皮手套 pí shǒutào "leather glove" or 喜歡錢 xǐhuan qián "love money". Then there's the question of the relative frequency of the preferred patterns (2+2, 2+1, 1+1 for [N N], 2+2, 1+2, 1+1 for [V N]). And there are cases where different patterns exist for the same phrase, with slightly different meanings. And so on.
Here are a couple of graphs from the paper:
For San's explanation of the exceptions as well as the rules, you should read his paper, which is quite accessible for outsiders.
Corpus-based studies of this kind are becoming more frequent, for theoretical as well as practical reasons. I have a modest suggestion for making them more useful, which is to publish the details of the underlying annotations as well as the summary statistics and the resulting conclusions.
San does something like this in part, by adding an appendix that lists all of the 45 exceptional 1+2 [N N] examples and all of the 56 exceptional 2+1 [V O] examples from the Lancaster corpus. But he doesn't provide their detailed locations in the corpus, nor the identity and locations of the (much larger number of) regular cases.
The annotation of the regular cases is non-trivial, since the Lancaster corpus provides no annotation of syntactic bracketing. San had to find all the instances of noun-noun and verb-noun sequences not separated by punctuation, and then screen (a 10% sample of) these manually to determine the "error" rates for different subcases. His final numbers were determined by applying the resulting proportions to the total string-based counts.
Other researchers may well want to check or extend this annotation, or to look at other aspects of the differentiation among length patterns, in this or other collections of Chinese text. In doing so, they should be able to start from an exact documentation of San's annotations.
Obviously, it wouldn't make sense to offer such data as a traditional "printed" appendix (even if no one ever actually printed it out). But it would be easy to define a form of stand-off annotation that would encode exactly which cases were classified in which way; and the results could be published as "supplementary materials".
If such documentation became common, then it could be interpreted by interactive programs for browsing, annotating, or analysing corpora, just as people now use Praat TextGrids (or other common annotation formats) in the case of audio collections. | <urn:uuid:ca097a35-ace3-4a5c-97f3-5077f9b1e681> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=4616 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931011477.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155651-00239-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93024 | 1,592 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Scientists have many tools at their disposal for looking at preserved tissue under a microscope in incredible detail, or peering into the living body at lower resolution.
What they haven’t had is a way to do both: create a three-dimensional, real-time image of individual cells or even molecules in a living animal—until now.
New research provides the first glimpse under the skin of a living animal, showing intricate real-time details in three dimensions of the lymph and blood vessels.
The technique, called MOZART (for molecular imaging and characterization of tissue noninvasively at cellular resolution), could one day allow scientists to detect tumors in the skin, colon, or esophagus, or even to see the abnormal blood vessels that appear in the earliest stages of macular degeneration—a leading cause of blindness.
“We’ve been trying to look into the living body and see information at the level of the single cell,” says Adam de la Zerda, assistant professor of structural biology at Stanford University and senior author of the paper that is published in Scientific Reports. “Until now there has been no way do that.”
The technique could allow doctors to monitor how an otherwise invisible tumor under the skin is responding to treatment, or to understand how individual cells break free from a tumor and travel to distant sites.
A technique called optical coherence tomography, or OCT, does exists for peeking into a live tissue several millimeters under the skin, revealing a landscape of cells, tissues and vessels. But it isn’t sensitive or specific enough to see individual cells or the molecules that the cells are producing.
A major issue has been finding a way of differentiating between cells or tissues. For example, picking out the cancerous cells beginning to multiply within an overall healthy tissue. In other forms of microscopy, scientists have created tags that latch onto molecules or structures of interest to illuminate those structures and provide a detailed view of where they are in the cell or body.
No such beacons existed for OCT, though researchers knew that tiny particles called gold nanorods had some of the properties he was looking for. The problem was that the commercially available nanorods didn’t produce nearly enough signal to be detected in a tissue.
What the team needed were nanorods, but big ones. Nanorods are analogous to organ pipes, says graduate student Elliott SoRelle, because longer pipes vibrate at lower frequencies, creating a deep, low sound. Likewise, longer nanorods vibrate at lower frequencies, or wavelengths, of light. Those vibrations scatter the light, which the microscope detects.
If all the other tissues are vibrating in a white noise of higher frequencies, longer nanorods would stand out like low organ notes amidst a room of babble.
SoRelle’s challenge was to manufacture longer nanorods that were nontoxic, stable, and very bright, which turned out to be a lot to ask. “My background was biochemistry, and this turned out to be a problem of materials science and surface chemistry,” he says. He can now make nontoxic nanorods in various sizes that all vibrate at unique and identifiable frequencies.
The next challenge was filtering out the nanorods’ frequency from the surrounding tissue.
To do that, electrical engineering graduate student and Orly Liba developed computer algorithms that could separate out the frequencies of light scattered by nanorods of various lengths and differentiate those from surrounding tissue.
With the large nanorods and the sensitive algorithms, de la Zerda solved the initial problem of detecting specific structures in three-dimensional images of living tissues. The resulting three-dimensional, high-resolution images were so big—on the order of gigapixels—that the team needed to develop additional algorithms for analyzing and storing such large images.
The team tested their technology in the ear of a living mouse, where they were able to watch as the nanorods were taken up into the lymph system and transported through a network of valves. They were able to distinguish between two different size nanorods that resonated at different wavelengths in separate lymph vessels, and they could distinguish between those two nanorods in the lymph system and the blood vessels. In one study, they could watch individual valves within the lymph vessels open and close to control the flow of fluid in a single direction.
“Nobody has shown that level of detail before,” Liba says.
Having shown that the gold nanorods can be seen in living tissue, the next step is to show that those nanorods can bind to specific kinds of cells, like skin cancer or abnormal vessels in early stage macular degeneration. Then, the technique could be used to learn more about how those diseases progress at the molecular level and also evaluate treatments in individual patients, something that previously hadn’t been possible.
The US Air Force, the National Institutes of Health Directors Office, the National Science Foundation, the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, the Mary Kay Foundation, the Donald E. and Delia B. Baxter Foundation, the Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence and Translation, the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Initiative for Macular Research, the Pew Charitable Trusts and the Alexander and Margaret Stewart Trust, the Skippy Frank Foundation, the Claire Giannini Fund and Stanford Bio-X funded the work.
Source: Stanford University
This article was originally posted by futurity.org. | <urn:uuid:98636e60-a63a-4ad9-b30a-552811fd9c24> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.labroots.com/trending/cell-and-molecular-biology/2731/mozart-technique-offers-3d-real-time-view-cells | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.948639 | 1,136 | 3.828125 | 4 |
This paper is a position paper, which argues the position that critical thinking is a crucial skill, which needs to be developed in the school curriculum and that the creative arts can do this. The paper explores the states of the Arts in the present curriculum and goes on to argue that knowing how to develop critical thinking is an important pedagogical skill that needs to be developed in our pre-service teachers. This position is supported through data gathered from an innovative project that explored teachers’ and mothers’ perceptions of children’s critical thinking.
Fetherston, C. M.,
& Fetherston, T.
Creative Arts: An Essential Element in the Teacher’s Toolkit When Developing Critical Thinking in Children.
Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 38(7). | <urn:uuid:59a69688-a401-45af-883c-e456119ba1cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/vol38/iss7/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123097.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00097-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865882 | 161 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Study: Renewables rollout must accelerate, as peak oil demand looms. The world needs eight times more renewable power capacity than today along with a massive increase in the rate of battery manufacturing, carbon capture and storage deployment, hydrogen production.
Business Green 12th Sept 2019 read more »
Technical consultancy DNV GL has published its Energy Transition Outlook 2019. While the electric vehicle, storage and renewable energy industries are likely to see significant rises in demand, the sobering conclusion is the world will miss carbon reduction targets by a long shot. Just over a week ahead of the Fridays for Future global climate strike, which will seek to unite voices young and old, technical consultancy DNV GL has published its Energy Transition Outlook 2019. If any further motivation were needed to hit the streets in protest, the report’s sobering conclusion is that on our current path, climate change targets are going to be missed by some distance.
PV Magazine 12th Sept 2019 read more »
Scientists have created a device that harnesses the cold of space to generate electricity at night. The technique offers an alternative to solar power, which works while the sun shines, by taking advantage of “radiative cooling”. During the night a surface that faces the sky will lose energy, in the form of infrared light, and reach a cooler temperature than the surrounding air. “Some of the heat effectively escapes to some place much colder: the upper atmosphere and even outer space,” said Aaswath Raman, of the University of California, Los Angeles, a co-author of a paper published in the journal Joule. The phenomenon explains how frost forms on grass on nights when temperatures do not dip below freezing. It can also be used to generate electricity. At the heart of the new device is a thermoelectric generator. It takes advantage of a property many materials exhibit called the Seebeck effect. Roughly speaking, a difference in temperatures between, say, two ends of a wire can result in a voltage and the movement of electrons from one end to the other – an electric current. Thermoelectric devices have already been used to generate electricity from “waste heat” in power plants. Scientists have also tried to embed them in clothing and watches to harness temperature differences resulting from body heat.
Times 13th Sept 2019 read more » | <urn:uuid:44c4b693-637f-4bc4-8cd3-208c3ff8e697> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.no2nuclearpower.org.uk/news/renewables-13-9-19/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487611445.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614043833-20210614073833-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.942392 | 476 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Common problems with cherry trees include brown rot, black knot, leaf spots, cankers and nutrient deficiencies; these trees are also prone to a number of fungal infections. Common pests include the black cherry aphid.Continue Reading
Brown rot is caused by the monilinia fructicola fungus. The fungus leads to browning and collapsed flowers, cankers on the twigs, browning fruit and shriveling fruit. To combat this fungus, spray the tree with fungicide when it starts to flower and touch up the spray when most of the tree is in bloom.
Black knot describes a condition that results in black or dark brown knots on the branches and twigs, which grow each year. It causes weak and brittle branches and may cause growth to die. To manage the problem, prune the affected area off of the branch. If the black knot affects the trunk, cut the knot out of the trunk. Spray the tree with fungicide before and after flowering to prevent the problem from returning.
A fungus called coccomyces is the culprit behind leaf spots. The spots are usually circular and are purple, brown or red. They usually cause the affected leaves to turn yellow and fall off the tree. To fix the problem, spray the tree with a fungicide when the new leaves emerge.
Large cankers that cause stunted growth or dead branches are often the result of a fungus called leucostoma cincta. Other symptoms of the disease include gum in the inner bark and blackened crusts around cankers. To fix the problem, prune off branches affected with cankers.
Not all cherry tree problems result from diseases. Nutrient deficiencies can cause yellowing leaves, pale leaves, dropped leaves and dead branches. The trees are susceptible to iron and magnesium deficiencies. To fix the problem, test the soil to make sure that the pH levels do not exceed 7.3. If the soil pH levels are not too high, spray the foliage with an iron or magnesium spray or add a soil amendment.
The black cherry aphid is a common pest. It is a small black aphid that can attack leaves and shoots, causing stunted growth and damaged leaves. To get rid of aphids, spray the tree with insecticide.Learn more about Trees & Bushes | <urn:uuid:c52d572c-7e23-4ef0-b85c-534dc82f7853> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.reference.com/home-garden/common-problems-cherry-trees-4c04f1f864fcfd5d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923000827-20180923021227-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.909704 | 466 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Solar Sailing in Space
NASA prepares to test a satellite that can be propelled by light particles from the sun.
For the first time, NASA is preparing to send into orbit a small satellite that can be propelled by solar sails. When light particles from the sun strike the surface of the sail, the energy is transferred to it, providing a propulsive force that moves the satellite through space.
NASA’s goal is to test the complex deployment mechanism of the 10-square-meter sails, says Dean Alhorn, an engineer at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, in Huntsville, AL, and the lead engineer on the project. “A successful flight will not only make for a unique historical event, but will show that we have a reliable mechanism to deploy a solar sail in space for future missions,” says Alhorn.
The satellite, called NanoSail-D, is scheduled to launch from Omelek Island, in the Pacific Ocean, on July 29 onboard the Falcon 1 rocket developed by Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX), of Hawthorn, CA. The NanoSail-D satellite’s main frame is only 30 centimeters long and weighs nine pounds. Its solar sail is made of a custom polymer that is thinner than a piece of paper and coated with aluminum to reflect the photons. “It looks like Saran Wrap with a metalized surface but is stronger and suited for the space environment,” says Alhorn.
In theory, a solar sail could be used as propulsion for round-trip missions in the solar system. In friction-free space, the tiny propulsive force of photons could conceivably get a craft up to about 100 miles per hour in a day and nearly 100,000 miles per hour in three years. Changing the sail’s angle can change the craft’s trajectory. “There is a lot of potential for solar-sail propulsion once we show that this can be deployed in space,” says Alhorn. “Already we are working on ways to maneuver the sails, and we can theorize better designs that are based on proven technology.”
The concept of solar sailing was invented in the 1920s by two Russian scientists, and it has been the subject of a few projects over the years, says Louis Friedman, the executive director of the Planetary Society, a public space organization based in Pasadena, CA. The Russians deployed a large reflective sheet of material outside their Mir space station in 1992, and the Japanese did something similar in 2004, but neither was used for solar-sail propulsion.
The most recent effort was led by Friedman, whose team from the Planetary Society and from Cosmos Studios, a media company based in Ithaca, NY, actually built a solar-sail-powered spacecraft in Russia called Cosmos 1. It did not launch because of rocket failures. Now, Friedman is working on a satellite called Cosmos 2 that is similar to NASA’s design but uses inexpensive Mylar, a basic plastic material. “Mylar is easy to get, is manufactured in large quantities, and is adequate for short flights,” says Friedman. “If you want to do an interplanetary mission, which is part of NASA’s future plans, you would need something longer lasting and more ultraviolet resistant, so you would use a more exotic material.”
But the most complex part may be deploying sails after a spacecraft has been launched out of the earth’s atmosphere. Once the NASA satellite is aloft, a computer will command a heater to burn a high-strength fishing line to open four spring-hinged panels, exposing the solar sail. Fifteen seconds later, another so-called burn-wire system will cause four booms to unfold. The booms will pull the solar sail off a center spindle, unrolling it in four different quadrants, says Alhorn. The satellite will remain in low earth orbit for between five days and two weeks, during which researchers will track and analyze the satellite.
The deployment mechanism is the most interesting part of the spacecraft, says Friedman. His craft will use an inflatable deployment system to expand the sail to a diameter of 30 meters. Unlike with NanoSail-D, his plan is to control the satellite with the sail. | <urn:uuid:7eb4323b-fa4a-478c-9ce9-1aeeb6e661db> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.technologyreview.com/s/410504/solar-sailing-in-space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583829665.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122054634-20190122080634-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.954292 | 881 | 4.1875 | 4 |
The table shows the marks that a class of students received in a mathematics
test. How many students got less than 45 marks?
This question contains a grouped frequency table showing the number of marks that 44
students achieved in a mathematics test. We are asked to calculate the number of students that scored less than 45 marks.
The first column shows those students that achieved 20 to 24 marks. All of these students achieved less than 45 marks. The same is true for the groups 25 to 29, 30 to 34, 35 to 39, and 40 to 44. These five groups contain seven, eight, two, five, and six students,
respectively. This means that the number of students who achieved less than 45 marks is equal to
seven plus eight plus two plus five plus six, which is equal to 28. There are 28 students that scored less than 45 marks in the mathematics test.
Whilst it is not required in this question, we can also see that 16 students achieved
a mark of 45 or greater, giving us a total of 44 students. | <urn:uuid:e4082f92-d2e2-4044-8413-38418ad3f360> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nagwa.com/en/videos/378182464679/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.950158 | 217 | 3.5 | 4 |
Earth’s oxygen-rich atmosphere emerged in whiffs from a kind of blue-green algae in shallow oceans around 2.5 billion years ago, according to new research from Canadian and US scientists.
These whiffs of oxygen likely happened in the following 100 million years, changing the levels of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere until enough accumulated to create a permanently oxygenated atmosphere around 2.4 billion years ago – a transition widely known as the Great Oxidation Event.
“The onset of Earth’s surface oxygenation was likely a complex process characterized by multiple whiffs of oxygen until a tipping point was crossed,” said Brian Kendall, a professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Waterloo. “Until now, we haven’t been able to tell whether oxygen concentrations 2.5 billion years ago were stable or not. These new data provide a much more conclusive answer to that question.”
The findings are presented in a paper published this month in Science Advances from researchers at Waterloo, University of Alberta, Arizona State University, University of California Riverside, and Georgia Institute of Technology. The team presents new isotopic data showing that a burst of oxygen production by photosynthetic cyanobacteria temporarily increased oxygen concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere.
“One of the questions we ask is: ‘did the evolution of photosynthesis lead directly to an oxygen-rich atmosphere? Or did the transition to today’s world happen in fits-and-starts?” said Professor Ariel Anbar of Arizona State University. “How and why Earth developed an oxygenated atmosphere is one of the most profound puzzles in understanding the history of our planet.”
The new data supports a hypothesis proposed by Anbar and his team in 2007. In Western Australia, they found preliminary evidence of these oxygen whiffs in black shales deposited on the seafloor of an ancient ocean.
The black shales contained high concentrations of the elements molybdenum and rhenium, long before the Great Oxidation Event.
These elements are found in land-based sulphide minerals, which are particularly sensitive to the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Once these minerals react with oxygen, the molybdenum and rhenium are released into rivers and eventually end up deposited on the sea floor.
In the new paper, researchers analyzed the same black shales for the relative abundance of an additional element: osmium. Like molybdenum and rhenium, osmium is also present in continental sulfide minerals. The ratio of two osmium isotopes – 187Os to 188Os – can tell us if the source of osmium was continental sulfide minerals or underwater volcanoes in the deep ocean.
The osmium isotope evidence found in black shales correlates with higher continental weathering as a result of oxygen in the atmosphere. By comparison, slightly younger deposits with lower molybdenum and rhenium concentrations had osmium isotope evidence for less continental input, indicating the oxygen in the atmosphere had disappeared.
Transient episodes of mild environmental oxygenation and oxidative continental weathering during the late Archean, Science Advances, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500777 | <urn:uuid:46b81925-72ce-484f-8f6a-3f554fb86bc8> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.geologypage.com/2015/11/a-whiff-from-blue-green-algae-likely-responsible-for-earths-oxygen.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436316.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728002503-20170728022503-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.913602 | 669 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Welcome to Force-Land
This resource contains six activities that link to Forces. This unit is taught through the concept of a theme park, with children investigating a range of rides and rollercoasters. These resources are designed for use with mixed age groups classes of Year 5 and 6. Activities include:
- investigating the forces involved in bungee jumping, rollercoasters, parachutes, canyon water rides, lifting ‘elephants’ and Ferris wheels.
- through real-world scenarios, naming a variety of forces and explaining their actions and effects on objects
- exploring how we can reduce and maximise key forces, such as: gravity, friction, water resistance, and air resistance.
- measuring force, and calculating speed
- understanding the importance of levers, gears and pulleys
These activities have been provided by Hamilton Trust as part of their mixed age group science lessons.
The Hamilton website also hosts a wealth of other free resources.
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INDIVIDUAL FORMS PRACTICE – THE KATA
As skill levels increase, students learn more complicated kata however, more importantly, the relatively simple kata must be performed with improved skill, focus and concentration.
At its basic level kata develops coordination, balance, precision, speed, timing, endurance and power. A kata, performed masterly, embodies all the aesthetic beauty and pure indomitable spirit of a martial art. Ultimately, kata becomes a test against the self to strive for perfection, a perfection that Masters maintain is humanly impossible to attain. Yet in striving for that perfection, practitioners enhance their character by giving their personal best and by conquering his or her self.
A question that is often asked is, “Why should we start and end kata on the same spot?” The design of a kata involves the setting out of a designated number of generally symmetrical steps that intentionally finish at its starting point. Therefore, the obvious expression of technical expertise is the ability to calibrate movements so that they are constant in character and form, ensuring that we finish where we started.
Another question that often arises is, “Why do most kata begin with a block?” Professor Richard Kim, one of the foremost martial arts scholars, suggested, “… most traditional kata begin and end with a block. The reason they begin with a block is that in karate we always wait for the opponent to strike first. Why? There is no advantage to striking first as you only become open or vulnerable when you strike out at someone. Test it for yourself: if you stand in an on-guard position you will notice that you are not really open anywhere. It is only when you strike out at someone that you become open …”
Kata also is historically important. It was the first way in which karate was practised and passed on. There are many different applications of individual techniques (for combat or self-defence) that can be found in the systemised series of movements. Currently there are around sixty kata practised in the various traditional styles of karate, however others exist that are not widely practised.
While kata is largely based on technique, precise control of movement, poise, balance, stance, the three most important aspects of its performance are the application of strength in the correct instances, the control of speed in and between techniques, and the smooth transition of body movements from one technique to the next. However those elements cannot be satisfied without rhythm. Rhythm is an essential element in the performance of all martial arts techniques, and is an integral element of both kata performance and kumite (free sparring).
The attributes of kata are:
- Composure and authority – the expression of a confident, non-tentative manner from the moment you step onto the floor until you finish your performance and leave the mat
- Power, control and focus – the timing, command and release of explosive energy in the execution of techniques, to the focal point, with anchored stillness or flowing accuracy dependent upon the type of technique
- Tension and relaxation – the mastery of breathing and the appropriate utilisation of hard and soft movements and techniques
- Speed and rhythm – control of movements ensuring certainty of balance and confidence in the transitional changes of direction
- Understanding and application – the sequence of moves has been internalised to the extent the kata flows with naturalness and reflex response without the need for conscious thought
- Intent and perfect finish – exhibit a gaze of intent with the calmness of mind and detached concentration (mushin) that continues from the beginning to the end of the form. This concentration and control is reinforced through the final movement of the form in which the performer remains fixed for a few moments upon completion of the form
- Spirit and kiai – demonstrate a sense of calm and humility based upon self-knowledge, but at the same time show a fierce fighting spirit. The kiai should be akin to a war cry; sharp and powerful
- Zanshin – the state of total awareness cultivated in the martial arts. Zanshin is not a state achieved through analysis, but rather through experience and instinct. By an intense and intuitive use of the senses some exponents seem to achieve a state of awareness that almost suggests a sixth sense. It produces an intriguing calmness of mind and an apparent detachment even in threatening situations, when fear or anger might seem to be a more natural reaction
Japan Karate Association (JKA) – the Shotokan kata
The late Soke Funakoshi Gichin, the father of modern karate who founded Shotokan Karate and, in 1949, the Japan Karate Association (JKA), the oldest and most influential Shotokan karate organisation in the world, professed that “kata is at the heart of karate”.
In mainstream JKA Shotokan Karate schools the study of and attaining proficiency in fundamental kata, together with selected basic black belt kata, are mandatory for the award of Shodan (1st Degree Black Belt). Thereafter, progression beyond Shodan is dependent upon personal development, the acquisition of further knowledge (selected from advanced kata), and gaining maturity in one’s own martial arts training.
||Basic Black Belt Kata
Taikyoku (First Cause) Kata
The six Taikyoku kata were developed by Soke Funakoshi’s son, Funakoshi Yoshitaka Sensei, and introduced as a way to further simplify the principles of the already simplified Heian kata series. As is the case in most Shotokan dojos, only the first in the Taikyoku series is taught to students as an introductory kata. In his book ‘Karate-Do Kyohan’, Soke Funakoshi described Taikyoku Shodan thus, “… because of its simplicity, the kata is easily learned by beginners. Nevertheless, as its name implies, this form is of the most profound character and one to which, upon mastery of the art of karate, an expert will return to select it as the ultimate training kata”.
Often simply referred to as ‘kihon’, Taikyoku Shodan (first cause, first level) is the first of the Taikyoku series and involves only two basic moves – gedan barai (low block), and chudan oi zuki (middle lunge punch). All stances, except at the beginning and end, are zenkutsu-dachi (forward stance). There are 20 steps to this kata. All turns are inwards towards the embusen (performance line).
The Heian Kata represent the first five kata in Shotokan Karate. They are supposed to introduce beginners to the basics that they will need to advance.
Heian Shodan – (peaceful mind, first level)
Heian Nidan – (peaceful mind, second level)
Heian Sandan – (peaceful mind, third level)
Heian Yondan – (peaceful mind, fourth level)
Heian Godan – (peaceful mind, fifth level)
Originally known in Okinawa as Naihanchi, as with the Heian katas (which were originally named Pinan), these katas were renamed by Soke Funakoshi upon their introduction to Japan to reflect the strength exhibited with kiba-dachi (horse-riding stance). Rich in fighting techniques, the Tekki family offers a multitude of close quarter combat techniques.
Tekki Shodan – (iron horse riding, first level)
Tekki Nidan – (iron horse riding, second level)
Tekki Sandan – (iron horse riding, third level)
Higher Shotokan Kata
Bassai Dai (to penetrate a fortress – big)
The strong techniques of this kata emphasise hip movement. Some resemble a battering ram being used against fortress walls. Without the understanding and application of composure and agility, strength and change, fast and slow techniques, light and heavy applications of strength, it will not be effective.
Kanku Dai (to view the sky – big)
Most of the elements of the Heian Kata were derived from this kata. The first movement in this kata views the sky, which symbolises the universe and shows your opponent that you are unarmed. Formulated around 1762, but adapted by Soke Funakoshi, this is one of the longest kata in karate and was to become Soke Funakoshi’s preferred kata. Its movements display both Okinawan and Chinese influences based on a variety of attacks from four or even eight directions.
Jitte (ten hands)
The goal of this kata is to teach a student to fight against ten opponents. This is a strong kata, similar to Jion and Ji’in. While it is primarily focused on countering stick attacks, it is also effective for understanding the importance of and mastering tightening of the sides of the chest, and the role of the hips in concentrating power.
Hangetsu (half moon)
This kata received its name from its principal stance, hangetsu-dachi (half-moon stance). It is one of the oldest kata currently taught, dating back to the Okinawan Tode Master, Peichan Takahara, who lived from 1688-1760. Characterised by fast and slow techniques, coordinated breathing is integral to its correct performance. The feet movements are useful for breaching the opponent’s stance, and attacking and destroying his / her balance.
Empi (flying swallow)
Dating back to 1695, Empi is one of the oldest kata in Shotokan. The quick up and down movements of this kata are reminiscent of a flying swallow – light, keen and quick-witted. Its former name was Wanshu.
Gankaku (crane on a rock)
Believed to have been formulated in the early 19th century from Chinese Ch’uan Fa (Kempo) principles, this kata takes its name from the posture (tsuruashi-dachi) of a crane standing on one leg on a rock, ready to pounce on its prey. The movements are supposed to simulate a fight in the narrow alleys of Okinawa. The former name of this kata was Chinto.
Jion (love and goodness)
While Jion is a term in Buddhism, it is also the name of a significant temple in China. Employing basic stances and techniques, it is one of the most traditional kata in Shotokan. There is a perfect harmony in this kata and its calm movements contain a strong spirit. It is designed for mastering rotational movements and shifting directions, and the simultaneous execution of arm and leg movements while changing direction.
Bassai Sho (to penetrate a fortress – small)
Derived from Bassai-Dai, this kata displays calmness through its techniques; techniques that contain an inner strength.
Kanku Sho (to view the sky – small)
Derived from Kanku Dai, the movements and performance line are relatively similar.
Chinte (rare hand)
Chinte has a lot of circular and roundhouse techniques. These are rare and are not typical of the ‘shortest distance between two points’ concept applied in Shotokan. The kata begins in tranquillity, becomes powerful and ends in calmness.
Wankan (king and crown)
Wankan is the shortest kata in Shotokan.
Ji’in (love and shadow)
Ji’in is another term Buddhist term. It has similar techniques and performance line as Jion.
Unsu (cloud hands)
The movements in this kata undergo incessant transformations. Unsu has several techniques that symbolise parting the clouds with open hands. Being one of the most advanced kata of Shotokan, there are high and low jumps, slides, feints and provocations, using all parts of the body as weapons and especially developing lightness and quickness, timing rhythm and strategic skills. The trick in this kata is to avoid looking like a scarecrow trying to dance.
Nijushiho (twenty-four steps)
The movements in this kata resemble waves breaking on a cliff. The former name of this kata was Ni Sei Shi. Performance of this kata is only correct when the movements are smooth and flow unbroken into one another.
Sochin (strength and calm)
In this kata we find grandeur, strength and stable power. The name of this kata comes from its stance (sochin-dachi); a strong, rooted stance. One of the benefits of this kata is the nurturing of a keen sense of timing that allows repeated attacks without giving the opponent an opportunity for counter-attack. Its former name was Hakko.
Gojushiho Dai (fifty-four steps – big)
This kata is one of the most advanced kata of Shotokan. Soke Funakoshi called it hotaku (knocking of a woodpecker) because some of the techniques resemble a woodpecker tapping its beak against a tree. It is characterised by smooth and flowing movements, an emphasis on balance, and its turning movements.
Gojushiho Sho (fifty-four steps – small)
This is a variant of Gojushiho Dai. It is also one of the most advanced kata of Shotokan.
Meikyo (bright mirror)
The first movements of this kata suggest the smoothing of water to make it as calm and even as a mirror. The sankaku tobi (triangle jump) at the end of this kata, correctly executed, enables the karateka to convert disadvantage into advantage in a single swift movement. | <urn:uuid:b9bf10db-3f9c-4e4b-9aa3-3749c3eaec86> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://bujutsumartialarts.com.au/kata/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186761.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126055652-20201126085652-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.936859 | 2,908 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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