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Although reserve-design algorithms have shown promise for increasing the efficiency of conservation planning, recent work casts doubt on the usefulness of some of these approaches in practice. Using three data sets that vary widely in size and complexity, we compared various decision rules for acquiring reserve networks over multiyear periods. We explored three factors that are often important in real-world conservation efforts: uncertain availability of sites for acquisition, degradation of sites, and overall budget constraints. We evaluated the relative strengths and weaknesses of existing optimal and heuristic decision rules and developed a new set of adaptive decision rules that combine the strengths of existing optimal and heuristic approaches. All three of the new adaptive rules performed better than the existing rules we tested under virtually all scenarios of site availability, site degradation, and budget constraints. Moreover, the adaptive rules required no additional data beyond what was readily available and were relatively easy to compute.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Nature and Landscape Conservation
- Dynamic reserve acquisition
- Minimum set
- Reserve-design algorithms
- Systematic conservation planning | <urn:uuid:ad62cbb3-5e1b-416a-a371-fb8cd067e942> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/adaptive-decision-rules-for-the-acquisition-of-nature-reserves | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178367949.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303230849-20210304020849-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.916759 | 223 | 2.859375 | 3 |
One of the great tragedies of the bitter partisan battle over keeping or repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act is that it brings to the mind of the historian that America’s past afforded a lost opportunity a century ago to implement national health care. Indeed, in the early 1900s, reformers advanced prudent legislation dealing with matters of safety and health that drew bipartisan support. Only in the heat of emotion-laden foreign policies were these measures tossed aside.
The story begins with state reformers faced with pressing health issues: first, reducing on-the-job accidents that adversely affected workers and, second, promoting workers’ compensation for such accidents through the states. As early as 1902, Maryland enacted a workers’ comp law, with Montana and New York following eight years later. Although these measures were declared unconstitutional, Illinois in 1911 effected a law that passed constitutional scrutiny. Numerous states followed Illinois’ example, and workers’ comp would become an ingrained part of America’s safety and health structure.
Next, reformers used the state model to call for universal health insurance. Based mostly on German social legislation, the proposals covered all medical costs for workers and their dependents earning less than the average annual income in each state (ranging from $800 to $1,200). The measures were to be funded by a payroll tax on employers and employees, with states picking up 20 percent of the cost. In short, sick workers absent from their jobs would receive all medical care without cost, and two-thirds of wages up to a maximum of 26 weeks.
Starting in 1913, these programs were formally proposed to legislatures in 16 states. They encountered no opposition from the American Medical Association, whose members represented about half of the nation’s doctors. In fact, at its annual meeting in San Francisco, the AMA accepted a favorable report on these state schemes.
What killed universal health insurance was the hysteria over World War I — and anything relating to the prime enemy, Germany, which had the oldest and most advanced social legislation at the time. No state was more progressive about health reform than California, which, in a referendum in 1918, a year after the United States entered the war, saw health insurance soundly defeated 358,324 to 133,858.
Anti-German feeling spread in an irrational manner. German foods were declared unpatriotic, including sauerkraut, beer and pretzels, and one physician even started a campaign to get the name of German measles changed to Victory or Liberty measles.
Little wonder that in California and all other states, universal health care was associated with being pro-German. Or, as the Los Angeles Times put it on November 3, 1918, health insurance was a “device borrowed from the imperial laws of Germany.”
To be sure, in the 1920s reformers worked to restore interest in universal health care, and when Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933, hope was restored. For FDR’s prestige within months suggested he could get anything he wanted. Thus, when Social Security legislation was proposed in 1935, which covered not only old-age insurance but unemployment compensation and aid to the disabled, widows and children, health insurance advocates urged that he add their program to the act.
Roosevelt chose not to do so, nor did he support a national health bill in 1939 that provided federal grants to states for coverage. The reason: German leader Adolf Hitler was firmly entrenched in power, and the specter of health-insurance opponents raising anti-German rhetoric once more was in his mind.
Even when another popular, get-anything-done president, Dwight Eisenhower, came into power in 1953, the quest for health insurance was doomed, with the Soviet Union’s form of government giving rise to opponents reveling in the fear of “socialized medicine” being transported to America.
Say all you want about the imperfections of the Affordable Care Act, President Barack Obama borrowed from German models by moving in the direction of compulsory participation and a heavily regulated system. With President Trump’s “America First” orientation, it’s no wonder that Republicans look only to their own limited knowledge about health care.
Thomas V. DiBacco, a 1959 Rollins College graduate, is professor emeritus at American University in Washington, D. C. | <urn:uuid:32c80592-bf2a-466d-9d7d-5f085ce3b17d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://kilroy100.com/2017/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402127075.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930141310-20200930171310-00364.warc.gz | en | 0.969839 | 885 | 3.328125 | 3 |
We are surrounded by microbes with intriguing functions—they are in the oceans (where they produce 50% of the oxygen we breathe), in the skies (where they can act as seeds for cloud formation and influence climate globally), in the soil (where they can be as diverse as 40,000 species per gram and determine which crops survive), and in our guts (where they not only help with digestion but also influence inflammation, appetite, circadian rhythm, and behaviors)—but the tools to study complex microbial communities (microbiomes) are limited. A growing body of evidence suggests a correlation between changes in a microbiome and onset of diseases in humans, but in most cases, causality is not yet established.
We are developing tools based on nanotechnology, bioengineering, and analytical chemistry to understand causal relationships between microbiomes and their hosts, and to manipulate microbiomes for desirable outcomes, e.g. to shift patients from unhealthy to healthy states. One of these tools uses cationic gold nanoparticles to probe bacterial surfaces. We demonstrate that these nanoparticles can interact electrostatically with the cell walls of bacteria, and aggregate around them to produce a colorimetric response. These gold nanoparticles can potentially be used to separate bacteria within a microbiome and thus, to facilitate their characterization by genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. These separation methods, coupled with other tools such as 3D in vitro cell-based models, will help us in understanding host-microbiome interactions and act as stepping stones for engineering human microbiomes.
Dr. Mohit Verma is a postdoctoral fellow in Professor George Whitesides' laboratory at Harvard University. Dr. Verma received his PhD in Chemical Engineering (Nanotechnology) in 2015 and his BASc in Nanotechnology Engineering in 2012 from the University of Waterloo (Canada). During his PhD, he conducted research on the use of gold nanoparticles for detecting bacteria and on the use of polymeric nanoparticles for delivering drugs, under the supervision of Professor Frank Gu. He received the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship from the Government of Canada and the Endeavour Research Fellowship from the Government of Australia (for spending four months at the University of New South Wales) during his PhD. He currently holds the Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Government of Canada. His research interests include human microbiomes, biosensors, drug delivery, and soft robots.
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
Room 1001, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN | <urn:uuid:c8ec38c1-fdfd-4438-a4f1-d9a98337d14e> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://nanohub.org/resources/26006 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647692.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321195830-20180321215830-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.939374 | 512 | 3.109375 | 3 |
What is a Habit?
Are you aware of how many habits you actually have? Probably not. Because a habit is something that is performed in your subconscious. It is only when you try to form or break a habit that you become aware of your actions. Habits can be seen as both good and bad things. This will depend on how they affect your life.
Examples of Habits
Some of the habits you already have included all your daily routines such as:
- Getting dressed
- Taking a shower
- Brushing your teeth
- Knowing exactly how to get to and from work
- Washing the dishes
- Doing the laundry
- Making your bed after getting dressed?and the list goes on
You don?t even have to think about these things as your mind has become accustomed to your routine. Can you imagine the effort needed to actively remember how to do each step of those chores? You would end up completely exhausted at the end of every day.
Issues with Habits
Problems arise when you try to form a new habit. You may want to lose 10 pounds, or you wish that your kitchen counters would be less cluttered. Both of these take time and effort to change. To keep those counters clear you would need to form a habit of finding homes for those items. This might include filing your bills, getting the kids to not leave their homework there, or even having everyone put their dishes into the dishwasher each night.
These are all small things, but you need to set up a routine so you can keep your kitchen clean and tidy. Research indicates that it takes approximately 3 to 4 weeks to form a good habit. This means for one month you need to make a huge effort into performing these tasks. After this time the effort will seem less, just because your mind is becoming accustomed to your new actions.
If you are trying to form a good habit it can be extremely helpful to have reminders around your home. For example, if you want to lose 10 pounds to fit into your bathing suit. Leave your suit out where it acts as a reminder. Another idea is to write notes and leave them around your home. Maybe on the fridge door, so when you feel like snacking, you are reminded of why you are trying to lose weight.
If exercising is your new habit, remind yourself during the day that when you get home you are going to enjoy a walk. View the task as something enjoyable, not something that has to be done. This way you will look forward to getting home and walking after dinner. Remember that the more you repeat this process the quicker the habit will form.
Photo by Vital Smarts: The Power of Habit Training.?https://www.vitalsmarts.com/the-power-of-habit-training/ | <urn:uuid:4e3f1b56-5041-4c59-b622-3fa97ca13dae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://findyourflow.com/what-is-a-habit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.970546 | 574 | 3.1875 | 3 |
50 years ago, superconductors started feeling the pressure
Superconductivity under stress , Science News, Can 2, 1970 —
Cooling specific metals to temperatures near absolute zero turns them in to superconductors, materials without electric resistance, where currents flow without electricity reduction. In the past few years it’s become evident that in some instances pressure in addition to cooling has something to do with causing superconductivity. Metals are located that aren’t superconducting under ordinary strain but eventually become superconducting under both cooling and pressure.
Intense pressures can create superconductors that operate at higher temperatures compared to any other substances referred to as recent studies reveal. Squeezed to over just a thousand times Earth’s atmospheric pressure, hydrogen sulfide is a superconductor at up to 203 kelvins (−70° Celsius), plus a superconductor of lanthanum and hydrogen allegedly operates in a foul-smelling 260 kelvins (−13° C). Scientists expect to locate a superconductor that does not require cooling or pressure. That could revolutionize digital devices and reduce energy losses in the grid. | <urn:uuid:0730f5c5-9a7e-4dd5-8898-a3d8a50feab2> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://wefoundthis.com/50-years-ago-superconductors-started-feeling-the-pressure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151761.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714212401-20200715002401-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.90913 | 233 | 3.75 | 4 |
1940 Soviets break through Finnish defenses on the Karelian Isthmus.
Britain cracks down on unauthorized slaughterhouses (“steakeasies”) trying to circumvent rationing.
1941 German authorities order all gentiles to leave Amsterdam’s Jewish Quarter.
The British minister to Sofia says in a statement that “If the Germans occupy Bulgaria and make it a base against our ally, obviously we shall have to break off relations with Bulgaria and take whatever measures the situation requires.”
German submarine U-557 was commissioned.
1942 In the early hours of the morning, the Scharnhorst puts into Wilhelmshaven, while the Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen reach Kiel a short while later.
The Russians advance in to White Russia, but meet strong German resistance.
Vidkun Quisling visits Berlin.
US, Dutch, and British ships fail to stop Japanese ships bound for Palembang, Sumatra.
The final ships, including small craft, leave Singapore; Japanese aircraft sink several ships carrying refugees.
The Battle of Palembang begins near Palembang on Sumatra.
The Battle of Pasir Panjang begins in the battle for Singapore.
The Germans complete the Channel Dash successfully.
The British submarine Tempest is depth charged and sunk in the Gulf of Taranto by the Italian torpedo boat Circe.
1943 Tunisian Jews ordered to pay 10 million francs to Germans.
US Marine Corps Women’s Reserve officially established.
1944 The allies halt the German attack around Cassino. The Italians in Cassino Monastery are warned that it will be bombed.
Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff issue Combined Bomber Offensive directive: 1) aircraft production and ball bearings, 2) “Crossbow” (V-weapon) targets, 3) Berlin and industrial targets when weather bad.
Another British counter-offensive begins in Arakan, Burma.
1945 Soviets take Budapest, Hungary, opening the Danube Valley for the drive to Vienna; 110,000 POWs taken.
In Manila, US troops capture Nichols Field and Cavite naval base. US ships enter Manila Bay for first time since 1942.Take a look at these other WWII Posts: WWII Today: October 20 WWII Today: June 27 WWII Today: October 21
1938 Japan refuses to reveal naval data requested by the U.S. and Britain.
1940 First deportation of German Jews into occupied Poland.
Germany and Russia agree new trade pact, that provides for the delivery of vital war materials (grains, oil, strategic minerals) by the Russians, in return for German manufactured goods.
Anthony Eden greets the first Australian and New Zealand troops arriving in Suez.
1941 The British foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden and General Sir John Dill, Chief of the Imperial General Staff leave London for a tour of the Balkan capitals in order to try and establish an anti-axis pact. However, Yugoslavia refuses to see them and Turkey refuses their proposals. Only Greece shows and interest.
Again, the Italians make further breakout attempts, which all fail. Later in the day the Italians surrender 20,000 men, 200 guns and 120 tanks to just 3,000 British troops.
Anthony Eden makes a speech parodying Winston Churchills famous ‘Battle of Britain’ speech. He says “Never has so much been surrendered, by so many, to so few”.
General Gariboldi is the new Italian Army Commander in North Africa.
Erwin Rommel arrives in Tripoli, Libya with a Panzer and Motorized Infantry Division. He assumes command of the Deutsches Africa Korps.
Rommel receives assistance from the Fliegerkorps X and long range aircraft from Sicily.
Churchill congratulates Wavell for his success, and orders him to prepare to help the Greeks.
German planes attack Benghazi, the first action by the Luftwaffe in Africa.
1942 At 11.00 hours, British aircraft spot the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen as they enter the straits of Dover. At 12.00 hours the British launch MTB attacks against Admiral Ciliax’s squadron, but were forced to fire at extreme range and so missed. An hour later at 13.00 hours the British again launch torpedo attacks, this time using six Swordfish aircraft, but five were shot down and all torpedo’s missed. At 14.30 hours the battleship Scharnhorst hits a mine off the Dutch coast. The mine inflicts only minor damage and the Scharnhorst is able to continue towards Germany. A short time later the British again launch attacks against the three German ships, this time using destroyers from the port of Harwich and aircraft from both Bomber and Coastal commands, but without success. At 20.35 hours the battleship Gneisenau hits a mine, while at 20.55 hours the Scharnhorst hits its second mine of the day, although both ships are able to continue towards Kiel.
1943 Rostov is captured by Russians. German troops evacuate Krasnodar and reach the defensive positions in the Kuban bridgehead.
German bombers attacked port of Bari on Adriatic, sinking 16 freighters including an American ship carrying poison mustard gas shells, causing heavy casualties in the port.
Rommel and Von Arnim’s forces launch a counter attack against the American 2nd Corps in central Tunisia, forcing them back in some disarray.
Wingate’s first Chindit guerrilla campaign begins behind the Japanese lines in Burma.
VMF-124 lands on Guadalcanal, becoming the first Corsair squadron deployed for combat.
1944 The Red Army recaptures Luga.
1945 British and Canadians troops advancing from Southeast Holland take Cleve in western Germany.
Simultaneous announcements in Moscow, London and Washington about the Yalta agreement. Agreement is reached about the allied occupation of Germany, the founding of the United Nations, the “resettlement” of the inhabitants of the eastern German territories to be ceded to Poland and the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan.
Thus far, the Kriegsmarine has evacuated 374,00 German refugees by sea from East and West Prussia.
The British 20th Indian Division crosses the river Irrawaddy Southwest of Mandalay.
Peru declares war against Germany.Take a look at these other WWII Posts: WWII Today: December 4 WWII Today: April 13 WWII Today: June 12
1940 Soviet troops finally breach the Mannerheim line, forcing the Finns to withdraw to a secondary defense line.
The Soviet Union and Germany sign a treaty to exchange Soviet raw materials for German manufactured goods.
1941 Former GOP presidential candidate Wendell Willkie testifies in favor of Roosevelt’s Lend-Lease Bill in Congressional hearings.
Hanover is bombed by the RAF.
British forces advance into Italian Somaliland in East Africa.
Three Stirlings of No. 7 Sqn carry out the first RAF four-engined bomber attack against oil depots in Rotterdam.
1942 The Channel Dash (Operation Cerberus). At 23.00 hours, Admiral Ciliax orders his squadron, which includes the battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and the cruiser Prinz Eugen, to leave Brest and dash through the English Channel for the safety of Kiel in Germany.
Japanese troops cross the river Salween in Burma. This caused concern for the commander on the 17th Indian Division, Lieutenant General John Smyth, who felt that his troops might be cut off. He urged Burma Army commander, Lieutenant General Hutton to allow him to withdraw across the river Sittang. However, he was ordered to hold firm on the river Bilin.
The US Army occupies Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao in Dutch West Indies with permission from Free Dutch.
US Army begins construction on Camp Stoneman in Pittsburg, California.
US War Production Board takes DuPont’s supply of nylon.
In Montréal, French-Canadians riot against conscription plans.
1944 German relief forces are now just 10 mile from the Korsun pocket.
Americans troops at Cassino are relieved by Indian and New Zealand forces. The allies are pushed back to final defence line at Anzio.
The Australians take Rooke Island between Huon and New Britain.
1945 The Red Army the encirclement of the fortress city of Kastrin on the Oder.
The meeting of the President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Marshal Joseph Stalin in Yalta, adjourns.
On way home from Yalta, Roosevelt meets with kings Farouk of Egypt, Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, and Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, but is unable to convince them to allow Jewish settlement in Palestine.
Take a look at these other WWII Posts: WWII Today: November 6 WWII Today: September 7 WWII Today: December 20
1939 Japanese occupy island of Hainan in French Indochina.
1940 Over 4000 members of American Youth Congress march in Washington to protest US being drawn into imperialistic war; President Roosevelt angrily confronts them.
1941 London severs diplomatic relations with Romania.
The RAF attacks the oil storage tanks at Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The raid sees the operational debut of the RAF’s first 4-engine heavy bomber, the Short Stirling.
Iceland is attacked by German planes.
The RAF makes its first operational drop of airborne forces (Operation Colossus). Six Whitleys of No. 58 Sqn drop 38 men to attack two aqueducts at Treviso in southern Italy.
1942 The war halts civilian car production at Ford.
The former French liner Normandie capsized in New York Harbor a day after it caught fire while being refitted for the U.S.Navy.
Wavell makes his last visit to Singapore, but by now there was nothing he could do to alter the outcome.
First meeting of Pacific War Council in London with Dutch, New Zealand, Australian and UK representatives.
1944 The Russians begin to lay down a tremendous artillery barrage against the Korsun pocket, in an attempt to force its surrender.
The allies announce that southern Italy is to be handed over to Italian government jurisdiction.
The Japanese combined fleet leaves Truk for Palau.
Australian and Americans troops link at Saidor in New Guinea.
1945 The U.S. First Army captures the seventh and most important Ruhr dam.
Soviet sub S-13 sinks German transport General Steuben, killing 4500 military personnel fleeing East Prussia.
The 2nd Belorussian Fronts attack towards Neustett is halted by desperate German counter-attacks. The 1st Ukrainian front reaches the Neisse encircling Glogau. Liegnitz is captured by the 1st Ukrainian Front. The remaining defenders of Budapest, some 16,000 men, try to break out from Budapest, although most are killed or captured.
B-29s hit the Tokyo area.Take a look at these other WWII Posts: WWII Today: January 7 Words At War: Fair Stood for France WWII Today: December 22
1941 Admiral Darlan becomes Vichy Vice-Premier.
In a radio broadcast, Churchill warns Bulgaria against joining the Tripartite pact.
U-boats and Fw 200 Condor bombers sink 5 of 16 ships in Allied Convoy HG-53 off the Azores (3 more will be lost in the coming days).
British take El Agheila, Libya, but the advance halts.
1942 By dawn the Japanese 5th and 18th Divisions have firmly established themselves and begin to advance south-east towards Singapore city.
French liner Normandie, which had been seized by the US and renamed the troopship USS Lafayette, burns at pier in New York, capsizes next day.
US institutes War Savings Time: year-round daylight savings time.
US Department of Justice requires German, Italian, and Japanese nationals to register for Certificates of Identification by Feb. 28.
Britain begins to ration soap (4 oz/month).
1943 The Red Army captures Belgorod.
US secures Guadalcanal; in the campaign, 1700 Americans killed and 40,000 Japanese.
President Roosevelt orders a 48-hr work week in war plants.
1944 The Germans capture Aprilia in the Anzio beachhead.
1945 British and Canadians troops smash the first of the main Siegfried Line defence zones. The last Rhine bridge is blown in the Colmar Pocket. Half the German Nineteenth Army were evacuated, but General De Lattre’s forces have taken 22,000 German prisoners since the 20th January.
US Seventh & French Armies clear Colmar Pocket and Alsatian Plain and drive Germans over Rhine south of Strasbourg, France.
The Red Army encircles Elbing and Posen.
In rare sub vs. sub combat and the only documented case in naval history where both were submerged, British submarine Venturer sinks U-864 off Norway.Take a look at these other WWII Posts: WWII Today: March 14 WWII Today: March 5 WWII Today: May 1
1941 Laval declines Petain’s offer of Cabinet seat in the Vichy Government.
The first convoy of the newly formed Afrika Korps under the command of Lieutenant General Rommel leaves Naples for Tripoli in Libya.
Force H from Malta bombards Genoa, without hindrance from the Italian Navy or Air force.
The House of Representatives passes H.R. 1776 by a vote of 260 to 165.
1942 The Soviet North West Front finally cut all land communication for 90,000 troops of the German 2nd and 10th Corps at Demyansk, as the 11th and 1st Shock Armies link up on the river Lovat, about 25 miles to the west of Demyansk.
The Japanese land on the western side of Singapore Island, encountering only minimal resistance.
1943 The Russians take Kursk and continue their advance.
Japanese complete their evacuation of Guadalcanal.
1944 The Australians complete the occupation of the Huon Peninsula in New Guinea.
Plans for invasion of France, Operation ‘Overlord’ are confirmed.
The Russians capture of Nikopol. The surrounded German forces in the Korsun pocket are invited to surrender by the Russians.
The RAF uses a massive 12,000b bomb ‘Tall-Boy’, in a raid on the Gnôme-et-Rhône works in Limoges.
The Australians complete the occupation of the Huon Peninsula in New Guinea.
1945 50,000 British and Canadians troops with 500 tanks and 1,034 guns launch a new offensive into the Reichswald, to the Southeast of Nijmegen.
Koniev breaks out of his Oder bridgehead north of Breslau, with six armies.
Generalmajor Karl Marthinsen, the head of the State Police is assassinated in his car at Blindernveien, Oslo by the resistance movement, Milorg. The Germans execute 29 Norwegians in retaliation.
UK civilian war casualties up to September 1944 are reported as 57,468 killed and 89,178 injured.
Paraguay declares war on Germany.Take a look at these other WWII Posts: WWII Today: January 15 WWII Today: December 25 Words At War: Captain Retread
Celebrated British actor David Niven (1910-1983), who played in about a hundred movies including A Matter of Life and Death, Around the World in 80 Days and Separate Tables,was born into a military family. His father served in World War I and died at Gallipoli when David was 5 years old. His maternal grandfather was an officer killed by the Zulus in the Battle of Isandlwana in 1879.
Niven attended a strict private school as a child. Being an incorrigible prankster, he faced frequent corporal punishment and was eventually expelled. He eventually enrolled at the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, where he did well and cultivated the air of an “officer and gentleman” that later became his trademark as an actor. Being of Scottish descent, he had his heart set on joining the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, with the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) as his second choice. When filling in his form, he jokingly wrote “anything but the Highland Light Infantry” as his third, since they wore tartan trews rather than kilts. To his chagrin, he was assigned there.
He was made a lieutenant in 1933 but considered his career to be a dead end in the peacetime army. The last straw for him was mandatory attendance at a lecture on machine guns, which interfered with his plans for dinner with a young lady. When the general holding the lecture asked if there were any questions, Niven asked “Could you tell me the time, sir? I have to catch a train.” The insubordination earned him an immediate arrest, which led to him and the officer guarding him downing a bottle of whisky. This, in turn, allowed him to escape with help from the same guard and Niven boarded a ship headed for America, resigning his commission by telegraph.
After a few false starts as a whisky salesman, a rodeo promoter and cleaning and shining rifles for American hunters in Mexico, he started acting and slowly but surely became a well-known star. When World War II broke out, he returned home to serve. He was the only British actor in Hollywood to do so and ignored the Embassy’s advice to stay.
Once back in Britain, Niven received commando training and became the commander of ‘A’ Squadron in the misleadingly named GHQ Liaison Regiment, better known as Phantom, where he reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel by the war’s end. Before the Invasion of Normandy, he also acted in two films: a war drama and a biopic about the designer of the Supermarine Spitfire fighter. He was also involved in organizing Operation Copperhead, a deception operation in which an actor pretended to be General Montgomery to confuse German intelligence.
Phantom was a unit born as No 3 British Air Mission during the Battle of France. Its job was to stay in forward positions and send back information about the movements of “bomb lines,” areas devoid of Allied troops and thus safe to bomb. The task was later expanded: patrols of up to 11 men stayed at the front (and sometimes behind enemy lines) monitoring troop movements and listening in on Allied tank radio communications. They then used small, specially-made radios to report back to Corps HQ, giving them clear and up-to-date information on the battle faster than the information could filter through any other line of command.
Over the course of the war, Phantom patrols served in Africa, Italy, Southeast Europe and, of course, France. In Normandy, some jumped with the other paratroopers the night before, while the rest landed on D+1 to move around and report back on the location of all British, Canadian and American troops after the chaos of the night jumps and the first day.
Phantom was also present in other significant battles. During Operation Market Garden, Phantom officers were the only line of communication between the trapped British airborne at Arnhem and the XXX Corps unsuccessfully trying to relieve them. It was these same officers who brought Major General Urquhart’s famous, desperate message from the besieged forces: “… unless physical contact is made with us early 25 Sept…consider it unlikely we can hold out long enough …”
Phantom patrols were responsible for giving first news on many other events during the war. They were the first to report on the closing of the Falaise Gap, they provided some of the first information on concentration camps and they tracked the movement of German armor during the Battle of the Bulge. In fact, when American and Soviet troops linked up for the first time at the Elbe River on April 25, 1945, a Phantom patrol attached to the U.S. 1st Army was sent to the planned location in advance, witnessing and reporting on the historic moment.
David Niven’s exploits in Phantom are little-known, as the actor remained tight-lipped about his wartime experience for the rest of his life. He shunned the limelight given to celebrities who served and scorned journalists who covered the war with florid prose. He once said “Anyone who says a bullet sings past, hums past, flies, pings, or whines past, has never heard one – they go crack!” He once explained the reason behind his silence and humility: “I will, however, tell you just one thing about the war, my first story and my last. I was asked by some American friends to search out the grave of their son near Bastogne. I found it where they told me I would, but it was among 27,000 others, and I told myself that here, Niven, were 27,000 reasons why you should keep your mouth shut after the war.”
A few details arose about Niven from other witnesses. It is sometimes said he was “unofficially” present at the disastrous Dieppe Raid, but there is no solid evidence to this claim. What is more certain is that on one occasion, just before a fight that was likely to result in heavy casualties, he cheered up his men with a quip: “Look, you chaps only have to do this once. But I’ll have to do it all over again in Hollywood with Errol Flynn!” Later, during the Battle of the Bulge, he was stopped by an American sentry. Knowing that Otto Skorzeny’s men were in the area masquerading as Allied troops, the guards asked everyone they met questions to which only “a true American” would know the answer – and Niven, of course, wasn’t American. When asked who won the World Series in 1943, he replied “Haven’t the foggiest idea, but I did co-star with Ginger Rogers in Bachelor Mother!” at which moment the American recognized him and let him pass.Take a look at these other WW2 Posts: Words at War: WW2 Radio Program WW2 Slang WW2 Pin Up: Irene Manning
1940 British railroads are nationalized.
1941 The Italian troops stay between Agedabia and El-Agheila.
In Libya, the British are victorious at Beda Fomm; 20,000 troops of the Italian Tenth Army surrender.
General Graziani ask Mussolini for substitution as a commander of the Italian forces at North Africa, and as Libyan Governor.
1942 After just over 2 weeks of frenetic action, Rommel’s counter-offensive comes to a halt in front of the Gazala line, a series of self supporting fortified boxes running south from Gazala for 100 miles to Bir Hacheim. Although not complete, it presents too much of an obstacle for the Afrika Korps who by this time are running low on fuel and reserves.
Lt. General Percival, the commander at Singapore, says city will be held to the last man. The Japanese launch a feint landing on Pulua Ubin Island to the east of Singapore.
“Double V” campaign proposed by Pittsburgh Courier, the leading black newspaper, to fight for victory at home and abroad.
US Navy Atlantic Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare Unit established at Boston, MA, under Capt. Wilder Baker.
1943 Shoe rationing begins in the USA, limiting civilians to three pairs of leather shoes per year.
802nd Medical Air Evacuation Transport Squadron embarks from New York for Algeria on USS Lyon.
1944 The first operational ‘Schnorkel’ U-boat arrives in the Atlantic.
The Germans begin a full-scale counter-attack against the Anzio Beachhead.
1945 Russian attacks north of Konigsberg are blocked with the help of naval gunfire by the cruisers Scheer and Lutzow.
The Germans blow up the floodgates in the Ruhr, flooding the area West of Cologne and preventing the use of assault floating bridges by Allies.
Paraguay declared war on Germany and Japan.
The 2nd Ukrainian Front captured the southern rail station at Buda, Hungary.
Take a look at these other WWII Posts: WWII Today: January 5 WWII Today: November 10 WWII Today: November 2
The Finnish 9th Division finally manages to encircle the Russian 54th Division in Kuhmo.
Finnish pilot Lt. Sarvanto, flying a Fokker, shoots down six out of seven Russian SB-2 bombers in just 5 minutes. The Russian 44th Division’s commander General Vinogradov, authorizes the remainder of his troops to try escape back to Russian lines.
1941 House of Commons vote for war credits of £1,600,000,000.
Hitler makes one last appeal to the Spanish leader, General Franco, to enter the war.
The Bishops of Norway start the Church’s struggle against the occupying German forces.
Australian forces capture Benghazi along with six senior Italian Generals. Italian forces make repeated attempts to break through the weak British blocking forces at Beda Fomm, but cannot.
Adolf Hitler sends Field Marshal Erwin Rommel to North Africa to help the Italian forces.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt asks Congress to support the Lend-lease Bill to help supply the Allies.
In his annual message to Congress, President Roosevelt announces the “Five Freedoms”.
Churchill demands that troops be released from Wavell’s offensive and sent to Greece.
The Luftwaffe launches its first attacks against British convoys bound for Malta in the Mediterranean.
1942 Roosevelt announces that US forces are to be based in UK.
In Moscow, the Russian Foreign Minister denounces German atrocities in occupied Russia, where in Kiev alone 52,000 people have been massacred. ‘The Soviet Union will never forget or forgive’.
Rommel’s battered forces reach the Tripolitanian frontier having evaded all British attempts to cut them off.
The British are pushed back to Gazala. The British Commonwealth forces lose 40 tanks, 40 field guns and 1,400 troops. This was a disaster for the Allies in more ways than one. Now the Allied convoys to Malta must pass between Axis occupied Crete and Axis airfields in Benghazi.
1943 Russians cut off Army Group A by reaching Yeysk on the Sea of Rostov.
The Americans outflank the retreating Japanese on Guadalcanal.
1944 The allies announce that jet-propelled aircraft will soon to be in production.
The Air Ministry says that Bomber Command dropped 157,000 tons of bombs on Germany in 1943, while the Luftwaffe dropped only 2,400 tons on Britain.
The Red Army crosses the 1939 Polish frontier after a 170-mile advance in just two weeks.
The Japanese pressure in Arakan forces the British to retreat.
Kwajalein Island in the Central Pacific falls to U.S. Army troops.
1945 The 1st Belorussian Front makes further advances to reach the Oder between Küstrin and Frankfurt.
General MacArthur announced the imminent recapture of Manila while his staff planned a victory parade. But the battle for Manila had barely begun.
The ban on dancing is lifted in Finland, where it had been illegal to dance during wartime.
Boeing B-29 bombers in the Pacific strike new blows on Tokyo and Nanking.Take a look at these other WWII Posts: WWII Today: August 1 WWII Today: December 14 WWII Today: September 9
1940 British and French governments agree to land an expeditionary force in northern Norway without regard for Norway’s neutrality in order to aide Finland, although it was never carried out.
First sinking of a U-boat by a lone British destroyer: in convoy OA-84 off Land’s End, HMS Antelope sinks U-41.
1941 An advanced column of armoured cars from the 7th Armoured Division intercept the Italian retreat about 70 miles south of Benghazi.
Battle of Beda Fomm begins: British and Australian troops encircle bulk of Italian army in Libya.
US Navy designates new class of ship—the auxiliary aircraft vessel (AVG), later known as escort carriers—able to be constructed quickly on merchant ship hulls.
1942 First US C-47 cargo plane lost in combat, strafed by Zeros on Bathurst Island, Australia.
Japanese begin bombarding Singapore from Malaya.
US National Naval Medical Center is established in Bethesda, MD.
US Far East Air Force renamed Fifth Air Force; Caribbean AF renamed Sixth AF; Hawaiian AF renamed Seventh AF; Alaskan AF renamed Eleventh AF.
1943 Mussolini sacks his son-in-law, Count Ciano from Foreign Ministry and takes control himself.
1944 U.S. troops reach the outskirts of Cassino, but are repulsed.
The ‘Chindits’ begin moving towards Indaw, 100 miles behind the Japanese lines in Burma.
1945 Red Army troops approach Elbing and Marienburg in East Prussia.
RAF balloon command to be disbanded as the air raid threat lessens. 278 V1’s have been claimed by balloons.
US Seventh and French Armies link, splitting the Colmar pocket in France.
MacArthur orders a containment in the northern Philippines, as the main effort is directed to the capture of Manila. The Australians land on the Japanese stronghold of New Britain, East of New Guinea.Take a look at these other WWII Posts: WWII Today: February 17 WWII Today: April 8 WWII Today: April 12 | <urn:uuid:0a3eac89-5742-4e73-a623-65959e3f9f03> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.wwiidogtags.com/blog/page/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039603582.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422100106-20210422130106-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.94991 | 6,285 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Doctor insights on:
Inhaled Foreign Body In Children
Inhaling object.: When a person breathes, only air should enter and exit from the lung. If a person were to take a breath, and inhale an object that is not air, it would be considered a "foreign body." This could be a piece of food or inanimate object such as a toy or coin. Depending on the size, it can get lodged high in the trachea or deeper in the bronchial tubes and usually causes an immediate spasm cough. ...Read more
When a person breathes, only air should enter and exit from the lung. If a person were to take a breath, and inhale an object that is not air, it would be considered a "foreign body." This could be a piece of food or inanimate object such as a toy or coin. Depending on the size, it can get lodged high in the trachea or deeper in the bronchial tubes and usually causes ...Read more
Under anesthesia: People inhale tiny particles every day that never trigger the cough reflex. Things like the particulate of air pollution or smoke will often not trigger much of an effect.The lung eventually cleans these up over time. General anesthesia will remove the cough reflex while under, but you will not inhale a foreign body of any size without triggering cough. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Nasal foreign body: Assuming you have a foreign body in the nose, the foremost strategy would be to remove the foreign body. Your nose will be much happier that way, too. If the foreign body can't be taken out right away, avoid sleeping on your back, breath with your mouth open and expedite getting it out. Removal of nasal foreign bodies is typically not something that should wait...Not even longer than a day. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Something foreighn: Something foreign means it is not supposed to be there and has been somehow come to be there, in any part of body. ...Read more
Corneal foreign body: If an object lodges on the surface of the cornea and cannot be removed with simply irrigation, it (the foreign body) causes pain, irritation redness and if iron or copper can rust and lead to staining of the cornea. Removal can be done under topical anesthesia in your ophthalmologists office and should be done as soon as possible. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Depends: The wound will be evaluated for position of the entry site, risk to underlying structures, risk of infection (you may need to renew your tetanus shot), and size and structures of the wound. This may require flush, antisepsis, sutures and proper bandaging. This can be done in an er or with a plastic surgeon. ...Read more
48 to 72 hrs: Depending on the size, depth and cause of the foreign body injury will determine how long it takes to heal. Some foreign bodies can be removed with a simple cotton tip, others may require a "burr" or small drill to remove the foreign body. I will usually put my patients on antibiotic drops for 3-5 days after removing the foreign body to prevent an infection. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Wound foreign body: Even in a typical wound center seeing hundreds of patients each month, a wound with a foreign body is not a usual occurrence. Foreign bodies can be of three general varieties: human induced, as with stitches and staples left from surgery; accidental, as with gardening maladies; and exotic, as with cutis calcinosis, an abnormal healing process where the base of the wound calcifies. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
A few days typically: After removal, a small corneal foreign body typically leaves behind a simple abrasion of the epithelium, the outer layer of the cornea. That part of the cornea heals quickly, and a small area of injury may heal in a matter of a day. Larger injuries will take longer, of course. ...Read more
Can foreign body aspiration give cough only at night and early morning or it should be all day long ?
Dr. Says I have a foreign body under my conjunctiva. Could it be anything else that can cause similar symptoms?
Unusual: Were you struck in the eye with a fast moving object.. Most objects striking the conjunctiva will embed in his tissue, and if they penetrate, will set up an inflammation. If it was fast enough to penetrate, there is a risk that it might have penetrated the eye. Is you vision OK? You might see an ophthalmologist to have this looked at and straightened out. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
If a foreign body of any sort was trapped under the skin, would I notice? Would there be some kind of response or reaction?
Maybe: Hi, Thank you for your question. Your body would usually create a barrier around the foreign object to prevent it from being absorbed into your body. You might have pain, swelling and redness in that area initially. Hope that helps..contact me if you have any other questions :-) Dr. M ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Removal, antibiotics: The first step is to remove the foreign body. Typically that's easily done in the office at the slit lamp, though if it's deeply embedded it could be more serious and require a trip to the or. After that, antibiotic drops or ointment are used to avoid an infection as the corneal scratch ("abrasion") heals. If an ulcer develops, it can be vision threatening, so followup is important. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Irritation, redness: The #1 symptom is the feeling that you have something in your eye! that can manifest as a persistent irritation or scratching sensation. Foreign body may cause redness where the eye is usually white. Blurred vision is possible if the cornea (the clear front of the eye) is affected, but it isn't guaranteed. Try to wash your eye with sterile eye wash (not tap water). If that fails, go see a pro. ...Read more
Gets removed: Most ocular foreign bodies are actually "on" the eye, not "in" the eye, and are removed in the office with eyedrop anesthesia. More rarely, a rapidly moving foreign object will penetrate the wall of the eye, cornea or sclera, and ends up inside. In almost all cases, this will need to be urgently removed with a surgical procedure. The prognosis for recovery depends on the nature of the injury. ...Read more
Breathing Difficulty: Odd airway noises such as wheezing or high pitched stridors can suggest a foreign body in the airways. If the object is higher these sounds can be heard. If it is in the lower airways, no audible noises may be heard until inflammation occurs at which time one would expect fevers, cough and sputum production to also be present. It is wise to see your doctor get an xray to look. ...Read more
REMOVE FB's: Any foreign body in 'the respiratory tract' probably should be removed. Foreign bodies in the bronchi/trachea of the lungs can cause irritation, cough, infection and bronchoscopy by a pulmonologist is the best way to manage the problem. Foreign bodies in the nasal/sinus areas may be managed by primary care or ENT depending how accessible they are. I have removed tiny objects from toddler noses! ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Heimlich maneuver: Is the person's airway actually obstructed? If he is coughing or talking, he may fix himself without assistance. By trying to help him you may actually do more harm than good. But if he is choking and cannot breathe because of a foreign body, the heimlich maneuver is what is used. See this link for detailed instructions on adults, infants, and oneself: http://heimlichinstitute.Com/page.Php?Id=34. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Please help! what is the emergency first aid measure to take in case of a person choking with a foreign body?
It is called the : Heimlich maneuver.Get a more detailed answer ›
What do current studies conclude about long -term foreign-body reaction to polypropylene mesh in prolapse repair?
Varies: Several studies have demonstrated there is better anatomical repair when mesh is used than when it is not used. The majority of reported complications which are related to mesh are minor although occasionally severe complications can arise. I wish you well with your health! ...Read more
What do current studies conclude about long -term foreign-body reaction to polypropylene mesh in prolapse repair?
Mesh: prolapse: Uterine prolapse is treated surgically and can protect against incontinence if combined with bladder neck support. If mesh is used, there are potential complications with the mesh which can sometimes erode the tissue supporting it. Consult a second opinion gyn provider who may be able to recommend what is called a retroperitoneal suspension of the uterus, and a Marshall-Marchetti for bladder. ...Read more
See an eye doctor: Foreign bodies that do not easily come out after flushing with water or lubricating eye drops need to be removed by a doctor. If you have a regular ophthalmologist and it is during regular office hours, you should call him/her and have the object removed immediately. Alternatively, if you do not have an ophthalmologist, many E.R. Doctors are able to remove the foreign body as well. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Depends: Not necesarily. Small foreign bodies can be pain free, like forgotten tampon, yet effects can be devastating. Any problem in the gyn area should prompt you see a doctor asap. ...Read more
Sand grain like irritation in both my eyes, though there is no foreign body in them. Makes me constantly rub my eyes.
I can see my epiglottis from few days and it is causing a sensation of like foreign body and t is not causing me a swallowing problem!
Time to: Time to see a physician to examine you and discuss your issue. We can't either diagnose or treat you over the internet. Wouldn't that be amazing? ...Read more
How does foreign body cause aortoenteric fistula? FB needs to cause infection first? Would this infection persist & not go away? Even if FB is blunt?
I've read about numerous cases of polypropylene mesh reactions resulting in cancer. Can years of chronic inflammation and foreign body reaction to polypropylene mesh in the body lead to cancer?
I don't believe it: Go to the refereed medical literature and you'll find a single article from 2000 in an obscure german-language journal about the foreign-body reaction and idly conjecturing cancer promotion; i just ran a search of the nih data-base and there are no actual cases. This sort of thing in connective tissue is well-known to us pathologists and doesn't turn malignant. Stop reading internet junk. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
After surgery to remove a portion of mini arc bladder sling, when path report shows chronic inflammation and foreign body reaction to material and mesh, will portion not removed likely cause problems?
Possibly: It is possible.Get a more detailed answer ›
Variety of methods: If object does not absorb water try the direct flush method in the shower. Do not try this with objects that could expand when wet. If object is a bug you may try floating it out with a few drops of oil. If object is visible and you feel safe it is possible to grab it with tweezers. This requires a steady hand and ear. If object is really wedged then visit your local practitioner. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Gynecologist: Or... Emergency room physician.Get a more detailed answer ›
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- Inhaled foreign body | <urn:uuid:80420d8e-1907-4e16-aa98-31544d2c1e6b> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.healthtap.com/topics/inhaled-foreign-body-in-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665575.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112151954-20191112175954-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.930914 | 2,580 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Let's wire up a way for RoboBrrd to tell if it is hot or cold! The TMP36 is a pretty sweet temperature sensor. With the text facing towards you, the leads from left to right are: Vin, Analog out, GND. See the below photos for more details on wiring it up!
1. Need the TMP36, and three long wires
2. Curl in the endings of the TMP36 leads
3. Also curl the wires, and attach them together
4. Solder the connections
5. Add heat shrink tube or electrical tape to the exposed wires, this is what it will look like when done!
6. Labels are handy too
Extra - Step 6
It's not gonna be a bird if it can't make sound! Here is a tiny speaker that we can make the RoboBrrd Brain turn on and off very quickly to make some sounds. We need the piezo speaker and two medium pieces of wire.
1. One piezo, two medium pieces of wire are the parts we need!
2. Hook and loop the ends of the wires together
3. Solder the connections, tug them gently to make sure they are not loose
4. Add some labels and tape. Does not matter which wire is Gnd or +
Extra - Step 7
Maybe you will want your RoboBrrd to have some googely eyes, because googely eyes are the coolest thing ever! The best way to mount them is by adding a drop of hot glue in the middle of the back of the eye. Then, gently push it against the circle bump of the LED. You should see it slightly deform the back of the plastic of the eye, this is okay. Make sure that the eye is on good and that you can't easily flick it off.
1. Need the front face and two googely eyes
2. Test out where the eye should go
3. Add glue to the middle of the back of the googely eye
4. Gently push it onto the LED
5. Let dry, and done!
Extra - Step 8
RoboBrrd Brain Board Mounting
The RoboBrrd Brain Board needs to be mounted to the bottom face of RoboBrrd so that it won't be moving around while inside the robot. In the packet of mechanical parts, there should be 4 flat head screws, 4 rounded head screws, and 4 stand offs. The flat head screws go through the bottom side of the bottom face. From there, the standoff can attach to it. The board gets placed on top of the standoffs, and then the round screws go through the top of the board and into the standoffs.
If you painted your RoboBrrd, you may have to make some adjustments around the holes with a knife to make sure the flathead screws can fit through. Be careful to not make the screws too tight!
1. For the first part, we need 4 of the flat head screws, 4 standoffs, and the base of RoboBrrd
2. Place the flathead screw through the bottom face, and attach the standoffs to them on the other side. This is what it will look like (you can't see the flathead screws in this pic)
3. Same view, but from above
4. Now we need the 4 rounded head screws, and place the RoboBrrd Brain Board aligned with the standoffs
5. Add in the screws and tighten gently, this is what it will look like- Done!
Extra - Step 9
Connecting the WIRES!
Now for the crazy fun part of plugging in all of the wires! Make sure you move RoboBrrd's front face close to or attached to RoboBrrd's body. From there, you will be able to connect the wires via the screw terminals. The pin numbers that we use below are only suggestions, you can use any pin that you want. The wires labeled with Gnd are plugged in to one of the negative terminals, and the ones marked with a + or Vin are plugged in to the positive terminals. See the below photos for more details.
The servos are plugged in corresponding to how they were wired (see Extras Step 1). The above photo shows how they should be positioned. The view is from the left side of the RoboBrrd
1. First component to plug in is the TMP36. The Analog out is plugged in to A2.
2. The speaker is plugged in to D7
3. Adding on the front face to the rest of the RoboBrrd
4. Attach the LEDs to R: D3, G: D5, B: D6
5. A close up, kind of like a birds nest in here!
6. Add the LDRs to A0 and A1 respectively
7. Add the servo wires, and now it's done!
You are done wiring up RoboBrrd with all the extra components. Sweet! Now it is time to program RoboBrrd with all the extra components.Let's get started! | <urn:uuid:3bd4c8c1-7120-4415-8ac5-865d40e302ce> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://robobrrd.com/kit/extra2.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585270.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019140046-20211019170046-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.924923 | 1,059 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Daytime Station Support Program
Membership Campaign Program
Summer of Service Program
Not quite 10 months after Haiti's devastating 2010 earthquake, a more insidious disaster struck: cholera.
Haiti hadn't seen cholera for at least a century. Then suddenly, the first cases appeared in the central highlands near a camp for United Nations peacekeeping forces.
Since then the disease has struck 1 out of every 16 Haitians — nearly 640,000 people. It has killed 8,000.
The disease struck with explosive force. Within two days of the first cases, a hospital 60 miles away was admitting a new cholera patient every 3 1/2 minutes.
"Part of the reason we think the outbreak grew so quickly was the Haitian population had no immunity to cholera," says Daniele Lantagne, an environmental engineer at Tufts University. "Something like when the Europeans brought smallpox to the Americas, and it burned through the native populations."
Lantagne says comparison of the Haitian cholera strain with one circulating in Nepal around the same time shows the two differed in only 1 out of 4 million genetic elements.
"That's considered an exact match, that they're the same strain of cholera," she tells Shots.
Most scientists now think Nepalese soldiers unwittingly brought cholera to Haiti when they joined a U.N. peacekeeping force there in 2010. The outbreak started just downstream from their camp. Sewage from the camp spilled into a nearby river.
Lantagne was one of four scientists appointed by the U.N. to look into the matter. Their report, issued in May 2011, implicated the U.N. camp as a likely origin, but it concluded that the outbreak was caused by "a confluence of circumstances."
She tells Shots that the report would come out different today.
"If we had had the additional scientific evidence that's available now, we definitely would have written the report in 2011 differently, to state the most likely source of introduction was someone associated with the peacekeeping camp," Lantagne says.
That's important because the U.N. insists that whatever way cholera got to Haiti, terrible sanitary conditions and lack of clean water were responsible for its remarkably fast spread.
But lawyer Brian Concannon doesn't buy that.
"It's like lighting a fire in a dry field on a windy day and then blaming the wind or the drought for the fire," says Concannon, who directs a Boston-based group called the Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti.
More than a year ago, the group filed a legal claim against the U.N. demanding that it accept responsibility.
Concannon says the U.N. is supposed to set up a formal mechanism within the Status of Forces Agreements that govern every peacekeeping operation to deal with claims of harm — from traffic accidents and alleged rapes involving peacekeeping soldiers to larger allegations — but it has never done so.
Since the U.N. has not responded to its claim, Concannon's group is pondering whether to sue the agency in a court in the United States, Europe or Haiti.
For its part, the U.N. hasn't admitted anything. But in December, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announced a plan to rid Haiti and the neighboring Dominican Republic of cholera.
Concannon says that's ambitious — but feasible.
"Cholera can certainly be eliminated from Haiti," he tells Shots. "It's been eliminated from the United States, from England, from many countries in South America," he says. "This is basically 19th century technology that needs to be installed in Haiti."
The Haitian government is expected to release a detailed blueprint for the first two years of the effort sometime this month. The entire project is expected to cost $2.2 billion and take at least 10 years.
But so far, the U.N. has identified only 10 percent of the money, most of it redeployed from earlier pledges. Concannon worries the rest may never be found.
Dr. Jon Andrus acknowledges it's getting harder to raise money for Haiti, as the earthquake fades into history. He's the deputy director of the Pan American Health Organization, an arm of the U.N.
Paying for cholera elimination in Hispaniola is the challenge, Andrus tells Shots. "It's a big challenge," he says. "The question is: Can it be done? I believe it can. So we're ramping up efforts to do that."
But even if the money can be found, it's going to take years to bring clean water and sewage treatment to a sizable proportion of Haiti's 10 million people.
Meanwhile, Haitians will still get cholera and many more will die.
One stopgap under discussion is to vaccinate Haitians at highest risk of cholera, such as the 266,000 babies born every year, and those in remote areas who can't get to clinics rapidly.
Andrus, who has a background in vaccination programs, thinks that's a good idea.
"Haiti has done some great things with vaccination," he says. "They've eliminated measles, rubella and polio, and you can't say that in many countries in Europe. We believe they can do it."
Cholera vaccination is 60 to 70 percent effective and lasts about two years. And of course, it also will take money.
If enough cholera vaccines become available, one recent study suggests that vaccinating around half the population would provide enough "herd immunity" to make cholera transmission much less likely.
But, so far, the U.N. says nothing has been decided about launching a cholera vaccination program of any sort in Haiti. | <urn:uuid:be97c899-e88d-47bc-84d5-f2c1e7667b26> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://wamu.org/programs/weekend_edition_saturday/13/01/12/after_bringing_cholera_to_haiti_un_plans_to_get_rid_of_it?width=605&height=485&inline=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430454576828.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501042936-00076-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970907 | 1,198 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Learn More About Mushrooms
Class offerings will periodically include topics like Introduction to Mushrooms and Mushroom Hunting, Mushroom Identification, Microscopy, Mycophagy, Natural Dyes, Photography and Crafts. For a current list of classes and workshops offered, please see the Class and Workshop Registration page.
Introduction to Mushrooms and Mushroom Hunting
The Beginning class covers basics of mushroom hunting, identification, common mushrooms of the PNW, mushroom toxins and toxic mushrooms, and mushrooms as a hobby (cooking, arts and crafts, etc.).
Cost: $50 for the class (either four 2-hour classes or an all-in-one day 8 hour class). Please bring in any mushrooms you can find.
The first class to focus on identification skills and concepts needed to learn to identify and classify mushrooms.
Cost: $50 for a series of four classes (either four 2-hour classes or an all-in-one day 8 hour class). Please bring in any mushrooms you can find.
Persons with all levels of expertise are invited to join us for a Myco-Walk. There are always mushrooms out, even if there are none to eat, so don't worry about not having any photographic subjects! Coffee and snacks will be provided before we start the walk. The day will begin with some technical discussion then we'll break into smaller more intimate groups. The groups will disperse in the park to spend time trying some experiments and exercises to see what we can do with our cameras. We'll reconvene at the end of the day to review and discuss our efforts and even project photos for everyone to see any efforts they are willing to share.
Dyeing with Mushrooms
Alissa Allen will teach participants how to harness the color rich pigments found in local mushrooms.
We will talk about mushroom identification and the use of mineral salts and pH modifiers to alter and
enhance colors. Participants will take home a record of their dye experiments on note cards,
using the wool we provide in class. Wool samples and supplies are included in the cost of the class.
Cost: $45 for Members of PSMS and other Mycological Societies
$60 for the General Public
Other classes include: Microscopy, Natural Dyes, Photography, Crafts, and Mycophagy at varied costs.
If You Suspect
Contact a physician
or Washington Poison
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Our Wild Mushroom Exhibit is one of the largest and most complete in the United States. Over 200 varieties of wild mushrooms will be displayed, identified, and classified.Learn more | <urn:uuid:f87ab554-3b02-419f-bec4-6b57295b4627> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://psms.org/classes.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00243-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887866 | 546 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What are the benefits and dangers of technologies like a DNA technology that bioengineers can use to create organisms with traits never before seen in nature (herbicide-resistant crops, mice with fluorescent organs, yeast cells that smell like wintergreen, etc)?
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The technology being referred to is called genetic engineering and biotechnology is needed to produce genetically modified organisms also known as GMO's. The portion of DNA needed must first be cloned and transferred to the host organism. The genetically modified organism will then produce the protein that the section of DNA codes for. A benefit is the production of the hormone insulin, via genetically modified bacteria. It is identical to insulin produced in the human body because the bacteria have the human DNA sequence to produce it--they were genetically modified. These and other drugs can be produced quickly and inexpensively. Certain crops and livestock are genetically modified to withstand various diseases, or to grow larger, or to even produce vaccines. However, there are critics who argue this technology is unsafe to human health and to the environment. Some are afraid the transgenic crops will quickly spread and replace the natural ones. Or that when insects or birds feed on them, it may affect their health. Each country is governed by different rules and regulations. In the U.S., transgenic crops have been sold for decades. They are deemed no more harmful than regular ones and labels don't necessarily have to state which type of food you are consuming. Critics think more risk assessment studies are needed to protect the health of people and the environment.
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Bullying and Suicide
I was ashamed of what people would think if I talked about it. I felt like I was all on my own. A worker at the youth center helped me realize that I was really in bad shape. I’m glad he was there for me.
What is bullying?
Bullying occurs when a person is frequently subject to aggressive behaviour or hurtful comments at school, at work, or online.
How to recognize aggressive or hurtful behaviour
Aggressive behaviour used to bully people can take various forms:
- Physical: When a person hits, pushes, spits on, or trips up another person;
- Psychological: When a person or group mocks someone with the intent of hurting or threatening them or makes offensive gestures or degrading comments;
- Social: When a person or group of people spreads hurtful rumours about a person or posts embarrassing images or videos of them online.
What are the effects of bullying?
- Severe stress
- Fear of how others will behave towards you
- Fear of crowded spaces
- Panic attacks
- Low self-esteem
- Headaches and stomach aches
- Difficulty sleeping
- Loss of appetite
- Suicidal thoughts
Are you being bullied and having suicidal thoughts?
People who are bullied may have suicidal thoughts. If this is the case for you, consult the following sections:
Taking stock of your mental health
The first step toward taking back control is identifying what’s causing your suicidal thoughts.
Taking care of yourself
There are a number of things you can do to protect yourself and regain your balance when you’re having suicidal thoughts.
Talking about it with your loved ones
Asking for help from your family and friends isn’t always easy. There are different ways of going about it.
Finding support services
Every day, all sorts of people contact support services to get the help they need.
What to do if you’re being bullied
Bullying can be dealt with. First, it’s important to talk to someone you trust. If you wish to discuss your situation with a psychosocial worker and get support, you can also call Info-Social at 811, option 2. | <urn:uuid:dfc6f5a7-b679-4198-b15b-e161afa6c5c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://suicide.ca/en/im-thinking-about-suicide/difficult-situations/bullying | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304217.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123081226-20220123111226-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.951586 | 461 | 3.484375 | 3 |
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Bishop of Mainz, b. at Münster, in Westphalia, 25 Dec., 1811; d. at Burghausen, 13 July, 1877. He was about to enter the Prussian bureaucracy when, in 1837, the persecution conducted by Prussia against Archbishop Droste-Vischering of Cologne touched Ketteler's religious spirit and led him to resign. In 1841 he studied theology at Munich University, and in 1843 he completed his preparation for the priesthood at the Seminary of Münster. In 1844 he became a curate at Beckum and in 1846 rector of Hopsten in Westphalia. Elected by the District of Tecklenburg und Warendorf to the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848, Ketteler distinguished himself by his broad and discerning intelligence of the social movements of his time. In the oration which he delivered, 21 Sept., 1848, at the funeral of General Auerswald and Prince Lichnowsky, victims of a riot, he exonerated the great body of the German people from responsibility for the crime. At the Catholic Congress of Mainz (Oct., 1848), one of the first of the great meetings of German Catholics, he offered a toast to "the plain people" and declared that as religion has need of freedom, so has freedom need of religion. Finally, during the Advent of 1848, he preached at Mainz two sermons, on the Catholic theory of property and on the duties of Christian charity, developing the sociology of St. Thomas Aquinas, and demonstrating the manner in which it answered every social need of the times. He became rector of St. Hedwig in Berlin, Oct., 1849, where Bishop Diepenbrock of Breslau entrusted him with the task of bringing back to Catholicism the famous Protestant novelist, Ida von Hahn-Hahn. He reorganized the large St. Hedwig Hospital, and for the first time since the Reformation led a Corpus Christi procession through the streets of Berlin.
In 1849 the nomination of Professor Schmid as bishop by the canons of Mainz was rejected by Pius IX, to whom Schmid's views were justly an object of suspicion. The chapter after some opposition proposed three names to Pius IX, among them Ketteler's and on 15 March, 1850, the pope named him bishop of that see. The circumstances of his nomination and its acceptance by the grand-ducal Government of Hesse marked a defeat for the Josephist bureaucracy which for twenty-five years had tyrannized over the Church in all the small states of the ecclesiastical province of the Upper Rhine. Ketteler immediately inflicted two more defeats upon this bureaucracy: he re-opened in 1851 the theological seminary of Mainz and thereby freed his clergy from the influence of the theological faculty of Giessen, where the State had hitherto required Catholic seminarians to study; moreover he called a "concursus" for some vacant rectories without asking the permission of the State. Through his institution of diocesan conferences and the introduction of numerous male and female congregations, Mainz became a model diocese. The Brothers of St. Joseph and the Sisters of Providence, two orders founded by Ketteler, were destined to a larger growth. As to the relations between the Church and the State in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, they rested chiefly on the good understanding between Ketteler and Dalwigk, the minister. Their written agreement (1854) was not approved by Rome, which preferred that all the bishops of the ecclesiastical province of the Upper Rhine should act as a unit in their struggle against the legislation which the smaller German states were seeking to impose on all of them. The new agreement, which after a visit to Rome, Ketteler negotiated with Dalwigk (1856), was sent to Rome by the bishop for approval, but was never returned. Until 1870 religious peace was maintained in Hesse through the harmonious relations between the bishop and the minister.
Ketteler played a very active part in the difficulties which broke out between the Baden government and Archbishop Vicari; he published a brochure defending the latter and a visit of Ketteler's to Karlsruhe, in January, 1854, almost brought about an understanding between Vicari and the Prince Regent of Baden. Bismarck, however, then Prussia's plenipotentiary at Frankfurt, exercised such a strong influence over the Baden ministry that the attempted reconciliation failed. In 1865, when the opposition of the Catholics to the Baden school law caused a severe persecution, Ketteler invoked the intervention of Emperor Francis Joseph, and in two pamphlets refuted the formula of Minister Lamey, according to which "law was the public conscience superior to private consciences." After Archbishop Vicari's death (1868) it was again Ketteler who defended against Minister Jolly the electoral right of the Freiburg canons. At Ketteler's suggestion, on the occasion of the eleventh centenary of St. Boniface, were inaugurated the conferences of German bishops; since then they have grown more frequent and are almost annual since 1869. In this way he was the chief promoter of an institution which for the past forty years has greatly aided the cohesion and strength of the German episcopate. During 1864-66 his name was mentioned for the archbishoprics of Posen or Cologne, and Bismarck seemed for a moment to favour the nomination.
Ketteler thought that he was not exceeding his rights as a bishop when he spoke authoritatively on social questions. In 1848 he believed that social reform had to begin with the interior regeneration of the soul. Later he was to enter more deeply into economical problems. When about 1863, the Liberal Schulze-Delitzsch and the Socialist Lassalle made forcible appeals to the German workingmen, Ketteler studied their doctrines and even consulted Lassalle in an anonymous letter on a scheme of founding five small co-operative associations of workingmen.
In a book published in 1864, "The Labour Question and Christianity," he adopted Lassalle's criticism of the modern treatment of labour, and admitted the reality of an insurmountable law. In opposition to Schulze-Delitzsch he pointed out the futility of the remedies proposed by the Liberals; he advocated labour associations, and even accepted the idea of co-operative unions to be established, not as Lassalle wished, by state subvention, but by generous aid from Christian capitalists. In a Socialistic meeting at Rondsdorf, 23 May, 1864, Lassalle paid homage to Ketteler's book. On his side, Ketteler, whom three Catholic workmen had asked in 1866 if they could conscientiously join the "workingmen's association" founded by Lassalle, was disposed to dissuade them from so doing owing to the anti-religious spirit of Lassalle's successors; nevertheless in his reply he duly acknowledged Lassalle's "respectful recognition of the depth and truth of Christianity." At this time he counted particularly upon the initiative of Christian charity for the organization of productive co-operative associations destined to restore social justice on a more equal scale. In 1869 he went still further: in a sermon preached near Offenbach, 25 July of that year, he particularized certain urgent reforms (increase of wages, shorter hours of labour, prohibition of child-labour in factories, prohibition of women's and young girls' labour); these claims, he thought, should be presented to the public authorities. In Sept., 1869, at the Fulda conference of the German bishops, he showed how necessary for the removal of economic evils was the intervention of the Church in the name of faith, morals, and charity. He also made clear the right of workingmen to legal protection and urged that in every diocese some priests should be selected to make a study of economic questions. This Fulda discourse of Ketteler brought the Church of Germany into closer relations with the new social activity; on the other hand, his programme for protection of labour, taken up again in 1873 in his pamphlet on "Catholics in the German Empire," long served the German Centre as a basis for their social claims.
Though not professionally a theologian, Ketteler made his influence felt in the various doctrinal controversies of his time. In his "Liberty, Authority, and Church" (1862) he took a stand on the question of Liberalism and set forth the Christian attitude towards the various meanings of the word liberty. The theological "school" which Ketteler established in his seminary at Mainz, and whose chief representatives were Moufang and Heinrich, was noted for its adherence to Scholastic theology and its hostility to the anti-Roman tendencies of "Germanism" and "German Science" represented by Döllingerer and the Munich School. The former urged with much tenacity the theological seminaries, as preferable to the theological faculties of the universities, for the education of the Catholic clergy, and earnestly strove since 1862, for the establishment of that free Catholic university in Germany which is yet a desideratum. Despite this firm attitude, Ketteler had great intellectual charity, and could understand theological views that differed somewhat from his own, and when necessary could be their advocate; it was doubtless to him that Kuhn of Tübingen was indebted for escaping condemnation at Rome.
On the eve of the Vatican Council, Ketteler was not very favourably inclined towards the dogmatic definition of papal infallibility: "In our time it is not opportune to increase the number of dogmas," he wrote to Bishop Dupanloup. Enemy as he was of political absolutism and centralization, he feared that a declaration of papal infallibility would result in religious absolutism and centralization. He submitted to the episcopal assembly at Fulda (1 Sept., 1869) a series of observations which he had asked from Francis Brentano, professor at Würzburg, and in which the definition of papal infallibility was treated as inopportune; at the same time he rough-drafted the letter in which this assembly urged all Christians to submit to the future council. Though belonging to the minority in the council, he protested more than once against the "Roman Letters" of Döllingerer, published at Munich under the pseudonym of "Quirinus." He circulated in the council a pamphlet of the Jesuit Quarella, which in some respects seemed to militate against the doctrine of infallibility, but he did not personally accept all the theories of this work. It was he who suggested the petition of May, 1870, in which a number of bishops demanded that the eleven charters of the "Schema" on the Church be taken up before entering on the discussion of infallibility. On 23 May he declared in a plenary meeting that he had always believed in papal infallibility, but he asked whether the theological proofs put forward sufficed to justify its dogmatic definition. He was not present at the final vote and left Rome after a written declaration that he submitted beforehand to the decision of the council. In September, 1870, he signed, with other German bishops, the Fulda declaration in favour of the newly defined dogma.
The political changes that now took place in Germany, and the indirect effect they might have upon Catholic interests, were a source of much anxiety to him. When Austria's defeat at Sadowa (1866) filled the Catholics of Germany with consternation, and proved that their dream of an Austrian Germany was quite over, Ketteler tried to revive their courage in his "Germany after the War of 1866." He advised them to meet halfway the coming changes, and to let no one surpass them in their love of the German Fatherland. On the other hand, he besought Prussia not to be misled by those who would make her an instrument of Protestantism or of certain philosophical theories, and urged the respect of all existing political and social autonomies.
After the establishment of German unity (1870-71) Ketteler's chief concern was to obtain for German Catholics in the new empire such liberties and guarantees as the Constitution granted them in Prussia. This much he demanded in a letter to Bismarck (1 Oct., 1870), also during a visit he paid him in the spring of 1871, and in a speech in the Reichstag (3 April, 1871), where he served as a deputy from the Baden constituency of Waldürn-Tauberbischofsheim. The National Liberal party, on the contrary, urged the new empire towards religious persecution. Ketteler conferred once more with Bismarck, on 16 March, 1871, again pleaded with him for the Catholics, and then, on 14 March, 1872, resigned his seat in the German Parliament. He kept in touch, however, with religious polities, and wrote important pamphlets against the Prussian Kulturkampf, also against similar measures which the National Liberals, yet influential with Dalwigk's successors, were inaugurating in Hesse. During the Kulturkampf his share in the Fulda episcopal conferences was often predominant. He and Archbishop Melchers of Cologne were potent in the decision passed in 1873 urging the bishops to oppose the May Laws by absolute passive resistance, and, on the other hand, advocating a conciliatory attitude towards the Prussian law on the administration of church property. In 1873 his views on the rights of Christianity and of a bishop led him to enter the broader political field in his book on "The Catholics in the German Empire" in which he drew up a platform for the Centre Party and offered wise direction to the State. He contrasted frequently the Liberalism of 1848, sincerely respectful of religious belief, with the "National Liberalism" of Bismarckian Germany, the old German idea of local autonomy with the idea of centralization borrowed from France. He hated in Bismarckian Germany the spread of political absolutism quite as in modern industrialism he hated the development of capitalist absolutism. The spirit of initiative which characterized this bishop is well set forth in a letter written, 6 May, 1870, to Haffner, future Bishop of Mainz: "I am heart and soul attached to the new forms which in days to come the old Christian truths will create for all human relations." Of him Windthorst said, in 1890: "We venerate him unanimously as the doctor and leading champion of Catholic social aspirations."
RAICH, Briefe von und an Ketteler (Mainz, 1879); PFUELF, Bischof Ketteler (Ibid., 1899), a three volume work of first-class importance; IDEM, in Stimmen aus Maria Laach (1908), 550-561, an account of Ketteler's ideas on the school question and on ecclesiastical reforms; DE GIRARD, Ketteler et la question ouvriere (Berne, 1896); DECURTINS, preface to Oeuvres choisies de Mgr de Ketteler (Bale, 1892); GOYAU, L'Allemagne religieuse: le catholicisme, 1800-1870, II-IV (Paris, 1905-1909); IDEM, Ketteler (Paris, 1907), treats of the principal social ideas of Ketteler. A complete bibliography of Ketteler's works is given at the end of the third volume of Pfuelf.
APA citation. (1910). Wilhelm Emmanuel, Baron von Ketteler. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08629c.htm
MLA citation. "Wilhelm Emmanuel, Baron von Ketteler." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08629c.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by John Fobian. In memory of Robert John Fobian.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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VICKSBURG, MISS. — At middle elevations in the northern Andes Mountains lives a hummingbird with a bill so spectacularly elongated that it sets its owner apart from all other birds. The Sword-billed Hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera) is the only bird with a bill longer than the rest of its body.
Sword-billed Hummingbirds and plants with long, tubular flowers like this Passiflora (passionflower) have a special relationship. Sword-bills are the only birds that can reach nectar deep inside the corollas, and in the process of doing that, they transfer pollen from flower to flower. (Can anyone identify this Passiflora to species? I gather it’s difficult.)
And of course, the birds’ tongues are even longer!
All this specialized equipment makes sword-bills look awkwardly spectacular at feeders designed for much smaller birds. Sword-billed Hummingbirds can have bills four inches long, but North American Ruby-throated Hummingbirds are only about 3 1/2 inches in total length including bill and tail!
Check out those pink toes and long black claws.
All pictures taken at Yanacocha and Guango Lodge in Ecuador. This is part two of a series on Ecuador. See more: Pululahua 2010.
- Trying something new with images
- Rufous Hummingbird overwintering in Ozark, Mo.
- ¡Voy a Ecuador!
- Sulphur-billed Nuthatch
- One-footed Ring-billed Gull | <urn:uuid:2500e8b1-e1a9-4afb-b10d-b8f67e09508c> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://djringer.com/birding/2010/01/28/sword-billed-hummingbird-ensifera-ensifera/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445208.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00335-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91451 | 339 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Origin of whomMiddle English from Old English hwam, dative of hwa, who
An example of whom is someone asking which person someone is speaking to, "To whom are you speaking?"
Origin of whomMiddle English from Old English hwǣm, hwām ; see kwo- in Indo-European roots.
(the singular and plural objective case of who)
- (formal) What person or people; which person or people, as the object of a verb.
- Whom did you ask?
- (formal) What person or people; which person or people, as the object of a preposition.
- To whom are you referring? With whom were you talking?
- Him; her; them (used as a relative pronoun to refer to a previously mentioned person or people.)
- He's a person with whom I work.; We have ten employees, half of whom are carpenters.
whom is only used as an object, whereas who is always used where a subject is required. In other words, whom may be thought of as being similar to us, them, etc, whereas who may be thought of as being similar to we, they, etc.
However, in both spoken and most written language, who is also often used as an object in place of whom. This makes who similar to you and it which also use the same form for subjects and objects.
Some prescriptivists regard such usage as incorrect, and insist on using whom to maintain a distinction between subjects and objects. This makes the distinction between who and whom comparable to the distinction between we and us, or between they and them.
To some speakers (especially in US English), the use of whom is characteristic of a formal style. To some of these speakers, whom may sound stilted in informal conversation. Whom is more common in UK English, particularly after a preposition (with whom, from whom, etc).
Subject (always who):
Old English hwam
- Actually, she knew very little about the man with whom she had promised to spend the summer.
- At the porch he met two of the landed gentry, one of whom he knew.
- He saw a gentleman whom he presumed to be the director, and told him about Helen.
- How different if must be, he thought, making love with someone for whom you really cared.
- Here in dwells an old man with whom I would like to converse. | <urn:uuid:c47c811f-dfa0-45e4-8d55-66266e8a893a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.yourdictionary.com/whom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584336901.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123172047-20190123194047-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.977402 | 518 | 3.5 | 4 |
More than a movement
October 22, 2020
Ahmaud Arbery. Tamir Rice. Breonna Taylor. George Floyd. For the past few months countless articles have begun in similar fashion. For the past few months, civil unrest has culminated into a nationwide movement of protests and petitions. It has become a movement heedless of race, religion or creed. The months from May until now have left a defining mark on the nation, but the cries for equity across all races has been a song already sung for decades. The names that enumerate this page are a testament to this.
Though the phrase “Black Lives Matter” may bring uncomfortable sighs and head scratches, it is a discussion that must be had. These past few months have shown that this is more than a movement, and it is a conversation that will likely continue beyond our lifetimes. As we navigate a time of numerous changes, it is essential to reflect on the events that have brought us here. Like the African American Culture Club officers that are illustrated below, we must recognize the change happening around us, and decide whether there must also be a change within.
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Instinct vs. learned behavior
Do you have or have had a pet?Describe some funny things they doIs it something learned or instinctive to their species?
Ask students to raise their hand if they have a pet. If they do, have them describe some funny things they do. As they tell their behaviors, ask them to decide if it is something their pet has learned (playing dead, rolling over, coming to their food dish at the sound of a rustling bag) or if it is something instinctive to their species (barking at cats, playing with their tails, pouncing). Tell them that these are obvious behaviors. You can tell if they are learned from their surroundings or if they would act that way no matter where they were. Sometimes it’s not so easy to tell.
Behavior is how an animal responds to the environment that surrounds it and within its body
A stimulus is a change in the animal's environment or a change that occurs inside the body.
Depending on what sense organs an animal has, it may react to temperature, light, sound, touch, taste, and smell. In addition, an animal responds to various stimuli from inside its body. Mating behavior, for example, depends almost entirely on the presence of various hormones in the body. Drives for food, water, and oxygen are triggered largely by events inside the body.(A satiated animal will seldom eat even the most tempting of foods placed before it.)
There are 2 ways that you get your behavior:1. Instinct (born with it)2. Learned from your surroundings
some of these behaviors are instincts, or traits that the animal is born with, and some are learned behaviors, or behaviors that were taught to the animal, often by its parent.
Discuss if time
there are two ways that they get their actions and behaviors. First, and sometimes most obviously, their behaviors come from their environment. Their surroundings are the easiest place for them to attribute their actions. They will be the first ones to say, “Well, I’m pretty hyper, but my house is a fun and crazy place. We’re all pretty quiet at my house because my dad likes the silence. I mess around with art supplies because there’s nothing else to do at my house.” They understand that there is something in their environment that has influenced them to be the way they are. If you ask them if they think they would act differently if they were raised in a different home, they will almost always say yes.
perhaps they play with art supplies because they are genetically (instinctively) inclined to do so. With a little investigation they might find a great grandfather who loved to paint. Their enjoyment of art might be instinctive, not just a matter of finding something to do in the family room. Have them stop and think about their personalities. Is one of their parents like them in more ways than one? A quiet, passive personality can be learned and passed on through inherited traits.
Think about what you do during the day from the time you wake up. Record some of these behaviors on your worksheet.DO NOT mark learned or instinct yet.
Mark your behavior as learned or instinct.
Think…..if they would act that way no matter where they were it is probably INSTINCT. Would that organism have that behavior if it were removed from other organisms of that species at birth? Would it still know to do that?OR It is LEARNED if they must learn from their surroundings or parents.Sometimes it’s not so easy to tell then it is probably BOTH learned and instinct.
Record the following examples on the following slides in your chart on the back of your worksheet.
For example, proboscis monkeys have an instinct for swimming (they never learn how to do it), but they must learn ways to cross a crocodile-infested river safely.
Humans instinctively use their voices to communicate (newborn babies cry when they want something), but in order to speak, they must learn their language.
Dolphins instinctively know how to swim, but trainers at an aquarium can teach them to swim certain ways—or do "tricks"—on command.
Many young animals, such as wolf and dog pups and lion kits, are born with an instinct for rough play with their siblings, but some may learn the hard way not to play rough with a larger adult of the species. | <urn:uuid:f8e5c844-ff0c-4d8d-b25e-045df7778192> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://focusky.com/cvlb/bzvx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.974383 | 913 | 3.703125 | 4 |
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In the early nineteenth century, many “second sons” of slave-holding families (who would not inherit the family plantations) moved west into the Mexican state of Texas, where land was plentiful and well suited for many of the same cash crops as were grown in other parts of the American South. Although these settlers were at first welcomed by the Mexican government, when the country abolished slavery in 1829, they instigated an independence movement that quickly escalated into a war. In 1836, after the Battle of San Jacinto, Mexico recognized Texas as an independent republic; yet tensions remained between the two nations over the disputed territory between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, some 150 miles to the south.
When the United States agreed to the annexation of Texas in 1845, it also adopted the Rio Grande as the border, leading to a break in diplomatic relations with Mexico and, eventually, to Democratic President James K. Polk’s request for a war declaration in 1847. Polk asserted that the Mexican army had attacked on American soil; skeptical Whigs, including the freshman congressman from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, questioned the veracity of Polk’s claim. Lincoln and his political compatriots accused Polk of illegitimately escalating a conflict over disputed territory for the sole purpose of extending slave territory. Indeed, Lincoln presented a series of resolutions on the floor of Congress, challenging Polk to identify the very spot where the alleged Mexican attack had occurred and to prove that it was, in fact, on America soil. The “spot resolutions,” as they became known, showcase Lincoln’s famous wit, but with a degree of acerbity that ultimately proved fatal to Lincoln’s career in the House, as Democrats charged him with being unpatriotic, unsupportive of the Army, and even disloyal.
Lincoln’s senior colleague, Henry Clay, also opposed the war publicly, but since his son fought and died in the battle of Vera Cruz, the Democratic press regularly portrayed Clay as two-faced and his opposition as insincere and politically motivated. In “The Great Speech of Clay,” one political cartoon with this trope, Clay’s anti-war audience (to the right) includes Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, who compares the position of anti-war Whigs with that of the New England Federalists who organized the Hartford Convention. This trope was taken up by at least one member of Congress in a speech haranguing his fellow legislators for their faithlessness to the war effort they had voted to commence only a short time before.
Not all opposition to the war was politically motivated, however: many Northern religious leaders, some of whom were pacifists on principle and some of whom were ardent anti-slavery advocates, freely denounced the war as an act of imperialism and a blatant attempt to increase the territory available to Southern slaveholders. Interestingly, Ulysses S. Grant’s account of the mindset of the troops on the ground in Texas during the conflict supports the latter interpretation (although it is worth noting that the date of Grant’s memoir is significantly after the fact).
Speech of Hon. A[ndrew] Kennedy, of Indiana, on The Mexican War. Delivered in the House of Representatives, December 16, 1846 (Washington: Printed at the Office of Blair and Rives, 1846), 5ff.
What are we, who declared this war, now doing? Here we are in the second week of this short session, denouncing the President for causing an unholy, impious, and vindictive war, and cavilling and carping at the manner in which he has protected the Mexican people who have yielded to the resistless shock of our victorious arms. Oh, shame. The very ashes of our fathers cry out against us! Are we, indeed, so degenerated that we are afraid to meet the responsibility of our own acts, and meanly attempt to throw the responsibility on other shoulders?
There was a time, according to my reading, when a portion of this policy was pursued by those who preceded the gentleman’s school of politics. The Federalists, in 1812, opposed, denounced, and vilified the Government, and those who then administered it, in much the same terms as those used now. But what was their fate? The virtuous indignation of a patriotic people consigned them and their names to the eternal infamy which their conduct so justly merited. And yet their conduct was honorable when compared to the conduct of those who voted for, and now oppose, this war. They opposed the war, from its inception; they voted against its declaration; but you voted for this war – you yourselves voted to plunge your country into what you now call an unholy war: one of infamy, commenced, as you now aver, with a view to conquest. And now you turn round and oppose it, and strain every nerve to convince the world that your own country is wholly in the wrong. Suppose it were possible for you to succeed, what then? Why, you have disgraced your Government, and yourselves with it! Is this the employment of patriots? But do gentlemen believe what they say, in relation to the iniquity of this war? I submit that it is impossible for any well-informed man honestly to take that view of the subject. He must know better. The causes which produced this war, and the justice of our cause, have been so fully and powerfully set forth by the President in his annual message, that shall not be guilty of the egregious folly of trying to render it more plain. But I ask all those who have not read that document, and who entertain any doubt on this subject, to read it. The evidence is clear, powerful, and conclusive. This Government had borne outrages, indignities, and insults, from that Government, longer than she would have done from any other Government upon earth.
Had England or France, or any other respectable Government, treated us with half the indignity, outrage, and insult, manifested by Mexico, long since would the honor of the country have been vindicated. But Mexico was a feeble Government, distracted by internal factions and feuds; beside, it approximated, to some extent, to a republican form, and excited our sympathies. Hence it was that this Government bore with her outrages and insults until forbearance ceased to be a virtue. Mexico took advantage of this forbearance, and repeated her injuries, and, as if for the purpose of filling the cup of outrages to overflowing, she finally crossed our territorial lines, and attacked our armies and citizens upon our own soil. Thus was our Government driven to the wall. National dishonor or a prompt punishment of the offender was the only alternative.
But, I repeat, do the gentlemen on the opposite side doubt the justness of our cause? It is my candid opinion that they do not. The lameness of their assaults upon the President shows that they do not believe their own assertions. First, they complain that the President moved our army to the left bank of the Rio Grande contrary to law, and thereby brought on the war. A moment’s investigation will prove the absurdity of their position. It was not the President, but Congress, which made the Rio Grande our boundary line. By the annexation of Texas we bound the President to defend that as our territory. The State of Texas claimed the territory to that line. Under that claim we annexed her to the Union.
But as we were determined to give to Mexico no just cause of complaint against us, and as she claimed territory on this side of the Rio Grande, we stipulated with Texas that after annexation we should have the right to settle all questions of boundary with the Mexican Government. So soon as Texas was annexed, the President informed Mexico of this power, now resting in the United States, and of his willingness to settle the question by negotiation. She refused to negotiate, but declared she would settle it by the sword. In the meantime, this very Congress passed a law establishing a collection district between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, and directed the President to appoint a custom-house officer to reside in that country. By this act, on our part, we said to the President, in the strongest possible language, “This is our country, and it is your duty to see that our jurisdiction is maintained over it.” The Mexican Government, in the meantime, was concentrating a strong force on the south bank of the Rio Grande, and constantly fulminating her threats of slaughter and reconquest even to the Sabine. What, in the name of all that is sacred, was the President to do but exactly what he did do – move our army to the extreme limit of our boundary, and there await the onslaught, if Mexico chose to make it? If he had done otherwise, he would have been justly censurable; and in that event I make no doubt that the very men who are now denouncing him for having defended our soil, would have clamored in this House for an impeachment against him for having suffered its pollution by the hostile tread of a foreign foe. Foiled at this point, the next complaint is, that the President has conquered a large portion of Mexico and established civil governments therein. Well, where does the shoe pinch here, gentlemen? Are you horrified at the success of the American arms? I verily believe that many of you would have been better pleased if the results of this war had been the defeat of our armies and a loss of American territory, and more especially if it had secured the defeat of the dominant party. Or are your feelings of humanity outraged that the President has restrained the stern mandate of the military law in favor of the civil? Did you desire him to stain his character with cruelty, which the emergencies of the army did not demand, that you might have more cause to denounce the action of your own Government? In this again you are disappointed. All this your actions authorized us to charge, but I will not believe you as unpatriotic as your conduct imports. The truth probably is, that the actions of your Government you would have heartily approved, if the same acts had been performed by a President of your own choice. But such is your rooted and settled hostility to democratic measures, that you are willing to hazard the cause of your country, in the hope that you may render a democratic President unpopular, and thereby secure your own elevation to power. If this be your object – and it is the most charitable one which I can impute to you – I submit it to the country whether your elevation may not cost more than your services may be worth.
Since the commencement of this war there has been, in and out of this House, many and pathetic appeals by those who oppose it to the sympathy of the moral and religious portion of our people against the horrors necessarily resulting from a state of war. I profess to be as much opposed to a useless and unnecessary war as the most devout Christian can be. I believe war should never be resorted to when honor can be preserved without it. And I now arraign before the bar of public opinion those selfsame men, as being the sole cause of this war. I hold them responsible for every drop of blood which has been, or will be, shed in this contest. Does any man in his senses believe that Mexico would have commenced this war, if she had not been induced to believe, by the course of the opponents of the Executive, that this Government would not be suffered to chastise them for their injustice and insolence? . . . . By this have you opened the veins and destroyed the lives of many of our bravest soldiers! And you will deceive them still further. Are they not now publishing in their papers that there is a probability of a revolution in the north of this Republic – that the New England States would secede from the Union – and other such nonsense? Will they ever treat with us whilst they believe this? And what is to be the result? Will you fulfil the hopes which your conduct has inspired? Never! You cannot, if you would, and you would not, if you could, make your Government recede. No, an honorable peace, with indemnity for the past and security for the future, or an utter annihilation of the Mexican Government, will be the end of this war. . . .
There was one allusion made by the gentleman from Tennessee, which rather horrified than surprised me. He, with something like a sneer, referred to what he seemed to hope would be the ultimate result of the acquisition of Mexican territory. He said the Northern Democrats would never suffer any other slave territory to exist in this, country, and that the Southern Democrats would not suffer any free States to exist west of Texas. And he seemed to gloat over the possible dissolution of the Union. Had this come from a northern Abolitionist, I could have accounted for and excused it. But coming from the quarter it did, it seemed like the patricide inviting the onslaught upon the devoted heads of his defenseless parents. . . . This was done avowedly for the purpose of securing, if possible, a bad feeling towards the President. And does the gentleman really think so poorly of our patriotism as to suppose that he could thereby induce us to quarrel with the President whilst he is engaged in the conduct of a foreign war? I feel myself under no obligation to defend the President in all his acts, nor does he need my defense. But if I had any little pique . . . I would wait until my country was extricated from this foreign war before I would wrangle with its Executive.
Such is the course duty points out to me, and I will follow it. And in conclusion, I say to the gentlemen on the other side, go on, if you choose, in this constant denunciation of your country’s cause; the end of it all will be, either you will render your constituents wholly mercenary and unpatriotic, which God in his mercy forefend; or, which is more likely, you will sink yourselves and your very names to that infamy which always overtakes those who are capable of sacrificing their country to self, and sinking the patriot into the partisan. | <urn:uuid:d216305b-2bad-4561-ae9f-b13d9addfead> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/speech-on-the-mexican-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304309.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123202547-20220123232547-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.979716 | 2,945 | 4.125 | 4 |
Physical threats have existed for as long as man has inhabited Earth. In ancient times, a castle simply was not built at any indiscriminate location; careful planning was required. Exterior defenses (such as motes, channels, walls, and barricades) were needed to hold back the marauding hordes. Guards and towers had to be strategically placed to ensure the safety of the castle's inhabitants. As strangers approached, procedures and policies were needed to distinguish between friend or foe and then to pursue the appropriate action with that friend or foe. You had to know when to lower the gate or to boil a pot of hot oil.
In the modern world, a variety of threats to premises security exists. These can be divided into three broad categories: natural disasters, man-made threats, and emergency situations.
Natural disasters can come in many forms. Although natural disasters are not something we can prevent, we can develop plans that detail how we would deal with them. As an example, organizations planning to establish a facility in Houston, Texas, might not need to worry about earthquakes; however, hurricanes are an imminent possibility. Therefore, a good understanding of the region and its associated weather-related issues are an important security consideration. These are some of the natural disasters organizations must deal with:
- Hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones These products of Mother Nature are products of the tropical ocean and atmosphere. They are powered by heat from the sea. As they progress across the ocean, they grow in velocity. When they move ashore, they spawn tornadoes and cause high winds and floods.
- Tidal waves/tsunamis The word tsunami is based on a Japanese word meaning "harbor wave." This natural phenomenon consists of a series of widely dispersed waves that cause massive damage when they come ashore.
- Floods Floods can result when the soil has poor retention properties or when the amount of rainfall exceeds the ground's ability to absorb water. Floods are also caused when creeks and rivers overflow their banks.
- Earthquakes These are caused from movement of the earth along the fault lines. Areas such as California and Alaska are especially vulnerable because they are on top of a major fault line.
- Tornados Tornados are violent storms that form from a thunderstorm. They descend to the ground as a violent rotating column of air. Tornados leave a path of destruction that can extend from the width of a football field to about a mile wide. If you ever see one, steer a wide path around it.
- Fire This one leads the list in damage and potential for loss of life. As an example, statistics show that fires in the United States killed more than 4,500 people in 1993. That's a greater loss of life than all other natural disasters that year, including floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes.
Man-made threats are another big concern when thinking about physical security. Not much can be done to prevent floods, hurricanes, or tornados, but man-made threats can be reduced. Man-made threats include terrorism, vandalism, theft, and destruction of company property.
- Terrorism To many of us, the actions of terrorists might seem like random acts of violence, but that is not the case. Terrorism is a deliberate use of violence against civilians for political or religious means.
- Vandalism Since the Vandals sacked Rome in 455 A.D., the term vandalism has been synonymous with the willful destruction of another's property.
- Theft Theft of company assets can range from annoying to detrimental. Sure, the CEO's stolen laptop can be replaced, but what about the data on the laptop? What happens if the company's competitors end up with that information?
- Destruction A former employee thought he would get even with the company by wiping out an important company database. What will it cost to recover? Did anyone implement that backup policy?
- Criminal activities This includes a wide range of problems. Maybe your company thought it was getting a real tax break by moving into a lower-income area. Now, employees don't feel safe walking to their cars at night. Maybe your web administrator didn't think it would be a problem setting up a music and movie peer-to-peer download site on the company networkafter all, it's just for fun and a little added pocket money.
Unlike natural disasters or man-made threats, these are the events that just seem to happen, often at highly inopportune times. Although they're inconvenient, these situations don't usually lead to loss of life. Emergency situations include communication loss, utility loss, and equipment failure.
- Communication loss Voice and data communication systems play a critical role in today's organizations. Communication loss can be the outage of voice communication systems or data networks. Sure you leased a redundant T1? How were you supposed to know that both were terminated at the same junction point across the street? That was, until someone smashed into that telephone pole on a Saturday night and all WAN access was lost!
- Utility loss Utilities include water, gas, communications systems, and electrical power. The loss of utilities can bring business to a standstill. Generators and backup can prevent these problems if they are used. If you don't think this is a priority, you must not be one of the 50 million people left without power on August 14, 2003, when the United States suffered its largest-ever power outage.
- Equipment failure Equipment will fail over time. That is why maintenance is so important. A Fortune 1000 study found that 65% of all businesses that failed to become operational after 1 week never became operational.
Service-level agreements (SLAs) are one good way to plan for equipment failure. With an SLA in place, the vendor agrees to repair or replace the covered equipment within a given period of time. | <urn:uuid:6109e333-1965-4826-a055-4edec9f7b1b9> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://flylib.com/books/en/1.34.1/physical_security_risks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512014.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018194005-20181018215505-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.965195 | 1,186 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Africa may not be the birthplace of modern man after all.
Israeli archaeologists digging in caves east of Tel Aviv have discovered eight human teeth dating from 400,000 years ago, which may be the earliest traces of the human species.
“The teeth are scattered through the layers of the cave, some in the deeper part, that is to say from 400,000 years and through all kinds of other layers that can be up to 200,000 years,” Avi Gopher, of Tel Aviv University’s Institute of Archaeology, told the AFP.
“It is accepted at the moment that the earliest Homo sapiens that we know is in east Africa and is 200,000 years old, or a little less. We don’t know of anywhere else where anyone claims to have an earlier Homo sapiens,” he said.
Gopher said his team first discovered teeth in 2006 but waited to publish their findings until they had collected several samples and completed years of testing. | <urn:uuid:01a02680-c0c0-44dd-9f7a-f9b81c66fa58> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/12/29/worlds-oldest-human-remains-found-in-israel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246642037.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045722-00094-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967335 | 205 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Blue Book (CD standard)
The Blue Book is a compact disc standard developed in 1995 by Philips and Sony. It defines the Enhanced Music CD format (E-CD, also known as CD-Extra, CD-Plus and CD+), which combines audio tracks and data tracks on the same disc. The format was created as a way to solve the problem of mixed mode CDs, which were not properly supported by many CD players.
E-CDs are created through the "stamped multisession" technology, which creates two sessions on a disc. The first session of an E-CD contains audio tracks according to the Red Book. As a consequence, existing compact disc players can play back this first session as a CD Audio disc. The second session contains CD-ROM data files with content often related to the audio tracks in the first session. The second session will only be used by computer systems equipped with a CD-ROM drive, or by special “Enhanced CD players”.
The second session of a E-CD contains one track in CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1 format. It must contain certain specific files inside an ISO 9660 file system, though an HFS file system may also be included for compatibility with Mac OS computers. The mandatory files and directories include an autorun.inf file compatible with the Windows 95 AutoRun feature; a CDPLUS and a PICTURES directories; and an optional DATA directory. | <urn:uuid:1c826c75-ea37-4dd5-87cd-dedbcca0fab6> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Book_specification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585178.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017144318-20211017174318-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.932123 | 297 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In frustration at irregular verbs, I once asked my French teacher if there was any language in which the verb to be was regular. “Yes,” he replied, “Pleck.” Pleck is a working class neighborhood in Walsall. “I’m, you’m, he’m, we’m you’m, they’m.” I got to hear to old familiar conjugation again yesterday, when we visited the Black Country Living Museum.
The museum is a collection of buildings from all over the Black Country, reassembled brick by brick, to preserve the unique culture and history of the birthplace of the industrial revolution. The Black Country is the area to the West of Birmingham where a thirty foot seam of coal came close to the surface, which along with nearby iron ore and limestone made it a center for steel making and associated trades. The name came either from the coal or more likely the air pollution that turned everything black.
Thomas Newcomen was from Devon and James Watt was from Scotland, but they came from opposite ends of the British Isles to the West Midlands to build their steam engines, because that is where the skilled workers were in those days. The museum has a working replica of the original 1712 Newcomen steam engine, built less than a mile away.
For those wishing to brush up their steampunk credentials should know that the Newcomen engine worked using the vacuum generated by the condensation of steam, so was limited to atmospheric pressure (about 32 psi) on the piston head, while Watt engines used the expansion of boiling water into steam which would generate much higher pressures. Later steam engines ran at over 200 psi and some high pressure ones got up to 1,500 psi. Of course the early Watt engines might be as little as 5 psi, but were simpler and more efficient than the Newcomen engines as you did not have to keep cooling the piston cylinder to condense the steam. Watt’s greatest invention (as far as he was concerned) was the bar linkage that converted the linear motion of a piston into a circular motion without putting sideways force on the piston. It’s actually a much harder problem than making steam push something in a straight line.
The Black Country Living Museum is more than just the buildings and machines, though. You can wander into the shops, factories, and houses and talk to the staff there who playing the roles of the people who lived and worked there. There are two main shopping streets, one set in the Victorian period (above) and one in the late 1930s, just after the start of WWII.
There’s an interesting story behind the hall at the end of the street. It’s the Workers’ Institute of Cradley Heath. It was built by a trade union organizer called Mary Macarthur. She came from a rich Scottish family. The story goes that she was passing through the Black Country on a train, and saw low buildings with glowing furnaces inside and figures moving about, and was reminded of medieval torture chambers. She asked the guard on the train what was going on, and was told it was the chain making. The smaller chains were mostly made by women who were paid five shillings (about a dollar in those days) a week. That was a fraction of what male workers were paid. “Convey to them,” she told the guard, “That I will return to assist them within two weeks.”
She was as good as her word. In 1910 she helped to organize a strike of the women chain makers of Cradley Heath. This might have been broken by lack of funds, but Macarthur was an excellent fundraiser, raising enough money to provided the strikers with pay for the ten weeks they were on strike, but also to build the Workers’ Institute afterwards. When she sent a party of female chain makers down to London to collect money, the police saw the chains they were carrying, assumed they were suffragettes planning to chain themselves to buildings, and arrested them. Mary got on the next train to London and gave the Chief Constable such an earful that the women were released and given a big breakfast, the contents of the police poor box, and a license to ask for funds on the streets of London. The employers eventually capitulated, and pay for women chain makers was doubled, along with better conditions for them and their families.
We didn’t understand this shop on the Victorian street. Cadbury’s Chocolate Veal?
Was this an earlier version of Fruit and Nut, but with meat instead of almonds and raisons, sold alongside the Toffee Pilchards and Candied Pig Arseholes? It turns out that Veal was the name of the store owner. What a disappointment.
Other fun stuff at the museum: The Conway garage…
… the fun fair…
… the funny beehive thing in the corners of the old toll house to stop the carters pissing there…
(The lady who rented that building in the early 20th century said, “I don’t know why you want our house in a museum, we were so poor.”)
… the pigs that we weren’t allowed to feed…
(In far more spacious conditions than they would have been kept in historically, or indeed these days in the typical pig farm.)
… the old Dudley bus…
… a natural gas steam engine…
(It would originally have been town gas. It powered an entire factory making vicious metal traps.)
… the Winston Churchill.
(Of course, to be really authentic it should burn cigars, not coal.)
The Dudley canal runs through the museum, so we took an electric boat trip into the notorious Dudley tunnel. It’s notorious in the canal world because there is not enough ventilation to use a diesel engine in there, so if you want to go through you either book a tow from an electric tug, or leg the boat through. It’s part tunnel and part limestone mine, so in places the tunnel opens up into large man made caverns. Time for a light show!
In places, probably where the roof of the mine fell in, the canal tunnels opens up into wooded craters with other tunnels leading off.
Back in the day canal boats would have taken thousands of tons of limestone a month on the short trip to the local steel works. On the way out our tour guide stopped the engine on the boat and offered us a chance to try legging the boat.
Those are my feet sticking out the side of the boat. It was not as hard as I expected. In fact, it seemed easer than pulling the boat along with a rope. Not that I would want to do it for the whole Dudley tunnel, though, as it’s two miles long. | <urn:uuid:4701db69-6dc7-442b-9b72-982fd3124ab6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://andrewconway.net/index.php/2017/07/12/black-country/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813088.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220185145-20180220205145-00176.warc.gz | en | 0.977903 | 1,416 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Italian Tax mores
Most short case analysis write-ups will be at least 3-5 double spaced pages.
Please use the following format (including headings) for writing up cases (There is also an example write-up provided in the Workbook… but not in the preferred sequence, nor with as much thoroughness as will be expected).
Following is how a case write-up is organized:
I. History, circumstances, possible ethical issues. (I really don’t grade this part of the paper…so feel free to make it short, but it may help you organize your thoughts on what is happening, or has happened, in the case). Be sure to identify the ethical issue(s). In some cases, a decision is left hanging in a case. Your job is to identify the ethical issues and options of every player or position in the case.
The Ethical Model:
II. Absolutes (the first ethical test). This should never include items that are “relatives”, such as “It is wrong to quench the human condition” (what in the world does that mean?). Keep a list of absolutes…the things you view as always right or wrong, such as: Murder, lying, bribery, etc. These are a few of my personal absolutes. By defining them as absolutes, we recognize that they never change. (Note: Absolutes are usually one or two words). Always define your terms. Murder is the taking of an innocent life (thus, self defense is not murder). Be very careful in selecting and defining your absolutes.
III. Legal (the second ethical test). In this situation, you simply ask (and answer the question): Is this act, or my proposed solution, legal?
IV. Moral Philosophies (these are essentially relativistic by definition) (Use all tests applying the philosophies):
A. Teleological (outcome): What are the possible outcomes or what was done or could be done? Are those outcomes good or bad, and for whom?
B. Utilitarian (a subset of the teleological): Is the expected outcome the most good for the most people?
C. Egoistic (not “egotistic”; egoism is a subset of utilitarian ethics): Is the act or proposed action good for the individual actor/decision-maker? This may not apply in all cases, since it is based on personal (selfish) motives. Be careful. Stealing may appear to be good, but in the long run, is not good for an individual who does not get to keep what they stole and spends time in prison.
D. Deontological (Duty or Intent): Rights create duties, which in many cases can point back to absolutes. Under a traditional view of natural law there are three absolute rights that people have:
1. Right to Life (unless they give up that right by trying to murder another)
2. Right to Liberty
3. Right to own property
In some cases, you will find that there are life issues in the cases. For example, if someone takes an action that could disable or kill another, that is a “life issue.” In that case, the Deontological test pushes you back into an absolute.
E. Public Relations: This test simply asks whether or not the act, or your solution would be good for the public image of the firm.
F. Reasonable Person Test: If all of our other tests do not lead us to a solution, we may be required to simply ask, “What would a reasonable person do?”
V. Conclusions – What are your conclusions from your analysis of the case?
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET AN AMAZING DISCOUNT 🙂 | <urn:uuid:cb359603-f050-4a8f-a7b8-d9408dc0df79> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.spss-statistics.com/italian-tax-mores/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.941372 | 812 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Y ou don’t have to be a revolutionary to appreciate the 4th of July in New Haven. Certainly the city did its part to aid the fight for freedom, even withstanding an onslaught by British troops on July 4, 1779 (the Battle of New Haven) three years after the United States was born. But it has enlarged on the theme of revolution in subsequent centuries to the point where it now simply signifies a progressive, innovative spirit.
Connecticut—the first state to join Massachusetts in fomenting the revolt against England in the 1770s—has its fair share of liberty stories (for example, this). New Haven’s first mayor, Roger Sherman, may be best known to some for having a popular downtown movie house named after him some 200 years after his birth. But in the 18th century he was renowned for his ubiquity as the only person whose signature appears on the four most revolutionary documents of his era: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the Continental Association and the Articles of Confederation. More of a writer than a fighter, perhaps, Sherman would have had a special appreciation for fireworks: one of his jobs in New Haven (besides being a lawyer, a mayor, a storekeeper and a benefactor of Yale College) was as a poet who concocted astronomical observations for almanacs.
M. William Phelps, in his 2009 biography Nathan Hale—the Life and Death of America’s First Spy, invokes a different sort
4th of July Celebration & Fireworks Show
East Rock Park, New Haven (map)
Fireworks begin at 9 p.m.
Rain date is Friday, July 6.
of liberty in describing how Hale’s tale has been enhanced and fictionalized over the centuries since the time he probably didn’t really utter the immortal phrase “I regret that I have but one life to give for my country.” Phelps brings up the 1962 Western movie The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and its journalistic justification: “When legend becomes fact, print the legend.” Nathan Hale has stuff all over the state named for him; New Haven has one of the first and largest such monuments, Fort Hale at Black Rock by New Haven Harbor. Phelps shows how the Nathan Hale legend took decades to develop, and took unexpected turns in honoring “a soldier who was, certainly, ill-prepared as a spy, but had a heart that led him to fulfill his duty.” Phelps adds,“When the British strung Nathan Hale up and hanged him, they did so to end his influence on the American effort. And yet, at the moment Nathan died on the end of that rope, the British gave birth to a national icon of liberty and patriotism.”
Richard L. Bushman’s incisive 1967 study of the Nutmeg temperament, From Puritan to Yankee—Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690-1765, ends with a litany of traits—“a defensive independence, cupidity tempered by regard for the public good, and
yearning for the divine underlying hardheaded rationalism” which were “securely embedded in the cultural genes of the generation alive in 1765. No sudden mutation had caused them to appear. Each in its way was the release of an impulse present, but checked in 1690.” Bushman writes of a culture unshackled from its British overlords, experiencing new freedom.
New Haven is remarkable for how it continues to grow, change and progress. The Puritans who founded the city had no tolerance for some of the very things which define it nowadays: arts, nightlife, a wide variety of religious expressions and ethnic traditions.
Look at the array of opportunities available to citizens on this July 4 Wednesday. The Lost Riots (the band performing when the upstarts at the Ideat Village festival were dispersed by New Haven police last Saturday night) headline an Independence Day Punk Rock BBQ at Café Nine (250 State St., New Haven; 203-789-8281), with food from 7-11 p.m. and music from 8 p.m. to 1 a.m. (Other bands include Malcolm Tent, Casting Ships, Eric Hartlett, Karl Bunn and Sean Conlan & Friends.)
SLAPHAPS, which stands for Senior Lesbians at Play Happily, is holding a July 4 cookout at a member’s home. (To learn more about SLAPHAPS, contact the New Haven Pride Center at (203) 387-2252 or firstname.lastname@example.org.)
The big show is, as usual, at East Rock, which is where the city’s annual fireworks display has been held since being moved from its longtime Long Wharf location several years ago. The festive commemoration has gone from one open-air corner of the city to another. In either location, as in greater New Haven, the sky’s the limit.
Written by Christopher Arnott. Photographed by Kathleen Cei. | <urn:uuid:d5156182-8415-4827-85dd-298d20f71b0c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://dailynutmeg.com/2012/07/04/fourth-of-july-fireworks-red-white-and-new-haven/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542112.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00318-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962951 | 1,037 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Amsterdam is a city with rich history and culture. There are a lot of monuments scattered throughout the city that provide the visitors a glimpse into its eventful past. These monuments are a great source for those who like to explore the tremendous history of this wonderful place. Below, we list some important monuments in Amsterdam that you can include in your Amsterdam private tours if you are a fan of history. They will help you to learn more about the impressive Dutch heritage.
The National monument was constructed in 1952 on Dam Square. This stone obelisk looks directly onto the Royal Palace. The base of this monument is supported by many statues that represent the renowned members of the Dutch resistance. Above these figures, there is a statue of a woman who holds a child, which remains as a symbol that signifies victory and peace. This wonderful monument commemorates World War II and other associated armed conflicts.
This monument was unveiled in 1987 after the campaigning and development that lasted for several years. The Homomonument, which is a large pink triangle, was built to pay tribute to the LGBTQ individuals and was the first monument in the world that is dedicated to LGBTQ people. It commemorates those people who are murdered during the Holocaust and remains as a symbol of the struggles that the LGBTQ people faced during the early periods and draws attention to the problems that they still face. Some celebrations and remembrances like Pride or Liberation Day take place around this monument.
Anne Frank House is the place where Anne Frank and her family hid during World War II to escape from the Nazis. But eventually, they were discovered and were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp where they died later. Today, the museum remains as a remembrance of the cruelties that Jewish people had to suffer during the Nazi period. It is a symbol of their pain and tears. Those who want to pay their tribute to Anne Frank, a true legend in history, can visit this museum where her memories still remain as a painful reminder.
During the 16th century, the Netherlands was officially converted in to Protestantism. As a result of this, the Dutch government banned Catholicism to make sure that the Papal States couldn’t reclaim their dominion over the country again. Therefore, the Catholics had to practice their faith in secret and they were forced underground. They constructed several concealed churches during this period, and Ons’ Lieve Heer op Solder was one among them. Fortunately, this small yet ornately decorated chapel still remains intact and is now converted into a great museum.
After Nazis invaded Amsterdam, they ghettoized the main Jewish neighborhood of the city. The city’s theatre was converted into a transportation center, where the Nazis used to round up people to send them to the transit camps on the Dutch-German border. Most of these people were cruelly murdered and later the theatre has been turned into a holocaust memorial.
During the 17th century, many people fleeing from Spanish and Portuguese inquisition took refuge in Amsterdam. This became a great destination for the Jewish refugees, as Amsterdam was among the first cities in Europe that allowed religious freedom. Later, these refugees became wealthy and built a huge synagogue near Jodenbreestraat. This became a significant place of worship for the Jewish community in Amsterdam.
The Oude Kerk is an important historical structure in Amsterdam. It has a history of almost 1000 years, making this church the oldest building in the city. Originally the church was Catholic, but it was taken over by Protestants during the time of Reformation. The church has gone through many reconstructions and renovations over the years which resulted in the significant altering of its structure and look. However, the wooden ceiling of this church remained intact since 1390 and made it the most impressive and admired structure of its kind in the world.
This building, which is now known by the name Royal Palace, originally served as the headquarters of the city’s council. This magnificent structure was constructed in 1655 to represent the booming cultural and economic influence of the Amsterdam city. During the later stages, the Dutch Royal family got the ownership of the building and now uses it for ceremonial purposes. But the building open to the public and hosts different exhibitions based on history regularly.
The monuments listed above hold a significant place in the history of Amsterdam. Your Amsterdam private tours will not be complete without visiting them. All these buildings remain as marvelous structures that portray the prestigious history and culture of Amsterdam city.
Copyright © 2019 touramsterdamprivate.com. All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:fb28a46f-9588-4724-a8cb-1a19f970bde2> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://touramsterdamprivate.com/amsterdam-tours/famous-monuments-in-amsterdam-to-include-in-your-amsterdam-tours/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881984.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703091148-20200703121148-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.977737 | 916 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Two new studies in AGU’s journal Geophysical Research Letters
Two new studies in AGU’s journal Geophysical Research Letters find nitrogen dioxide pollution over northern China, Western Europe and the U.S. decreased by as much as 60 percent in early 2020 as compared to the same time last year. Nitrogen dioxide is a highly reactive gas produced during combustion that has many harmful effects on the lungs. The gas typically enters the atmosphere through emissions from vehicles, power plants and industrial activities.
In addition to nitrogen dioxide, one of the new studies finds particulate matter pollution (particles smaller than 2.5 microns) has decreased by 35 percent in northern China. Particulate matter is composed of solid particles and liquid droplets that are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and cause damage.
The two new papers are part of an ongoing special collection of research in AGU journals related to the current pandemic.
Such a significant drop in emissions is unprecedented since air quality monitoring from satellites began in the 1990s, said Jenny Stavrakou, an atmospheric scientist at the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy in Brussels and co-author of one of the papers. The only other comparable events are short-term reductions in China’s emissions due to strict regulations during events like the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
The improvements in air quality will likely be temporary, but the findings give scientists a glimpse into what air quality could be like in the future as emissions regulations become more stringent, according to the researchers.
“Maybe this unintended experiment could be used to understand better the emission regulations,”Stavrakou said. “It is some positive news among a very tragic situation.”
However, the drop in nitrogen dioxide pollution has caused an increase in surface ozone levels in China, according to one of the new studies. Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed when sunlight and high temperature catalyze chemical reactions in the lower atmosphere. Ozone is harmful to humans at ground-level, causing pulmonary and heart disease. In highly polluted areas, particularly in winter, surface ozone can be destroyed by nitrogen oxides, so ozone levels can increase when nitrogen dioxide pollution goes down. As a result, although air quality has largely improved in many regions, surface ozone can still be a problem, according to Guy “Brasseur said.
Stavrakou and her colleagues used satellite measurements of air quality to estimate the changes in nitrogen dioxide pollution over the major epicenters of the outbreak: China, South Korea, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Iran and the United States.
They found that nitrogen dioxide pollution decreased by an average of 40 percent over Chinese cities and by 20 to 38 percent over Western Europe and the United States during the 2020 lockdown, as compared to the same time in 2019.
However, the study found nitrogen dioxide pollution did not decrease over Iran, one of the earliest and hardest-hit countries. The authors suspect this is because complete lockdowns weren’t in place until late March and before that, stay-at-home orders were largely ignored. The authors did see a dip in emissions during the Iranian New Year holiday after March 20, but this dip is observed during the celebration every year.
Air quality in China
The second study looked at air quality changes in northern China where the virus was first reported and where lockdowns have been most strict.
Brasseur analyzed levels of nitrogen dioxide and several other types of air pollution measured by 800 ground-level air quality monitoring stations in northern China.
Brasseur and his colleague found particulate matter pollution decreased by an average of 35 percent and nitrogen dioxide decreased by an average of 60 percent after the lockdowns began on January 23.
However, they found the average surface ozone concentration increased by a factor of 1.5-2 over the same time period. At ground level, ozone forms from complex reactions involving nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), gases emitted by a variety of household and industrial products, but ozone levels can also be affected by weather conditions and other factors.
Materials provided by American Geophysical Union. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. | <urn:uuid:d5b2c81e-415a-470c-8fa8-82d4c78feeb4> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://inmattersng.com/2020/05/21/pollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655895944.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707204918-20200707234918-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.955389 | 856 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Bitter taste in the mouth, heaviness in the stomach concern a lot of people. There may be many various reasons for discomfort, but first of all, such symptoms indicate chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
In some cases, a sense of bitterness may be caused by malnutrition or taking certain medications. Let’s consider why there appear a strong bitter taste in the mouth.
The content of the article:
Bitterness, poor functioning of the intestine, heaviness in the stomach are the links to one problem and signs of deterioration of the body. Such signals should not be ignored and neglected. It is very important to consult a gastroenterologist, who will appoint the examination and proper treatment.
Unpleasant sensations are accompanied by the following diseases and disorders:
From the time of day when the bitterness is felt in the mouth, it is presumably possible to determine what that means:
As can be seen from the above, there are many causes of bitterness, but most often in the course of a comprehensive survey problems with the gallbladder are found, also with the liver – the most important cleansing organ, and the malfunction of the pancreas.
If a taste discomfort remains for a long time, it is a weighty reason for seeking medical help. Self-treatment should be excluded. Only a doctor, based on diagnostic procedures, may appoint an adequate and consistent treatment: ultrasound examination of the digestive tract, gastroscopy, blood biochemistry.
In any case, it is necessary to keep to a diet, give up smoking and alcohol, to improve eating regime, not to succumb to stress. Protein foods (lean meat of poultry, beef, cheese, fish) are advisable, sharp and spicy dishes, as well as crude vegetable fibers should be excluded.
Therapy is aimed at taking medications, relaxing smooth muscles and stabilizing the amount of bile produced, re-erecting the liver cells and supporting the pancreas:
When gastritis or duodenal ulcer, a specialist may prescribe a comprehensive treatment including antibiotics, sedatives, for example – Afobazol and medications described above. Severe cases, such as gallstone disease, the presence of cysts may require radical treatment.
The majority of young women for the first time experience the unpleasant taste sensation and problems with the gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy. Generally, the symptoms appear in the second half of the pregnancy period and are caused by a whole range of factors – hormonal and physical changes.
The main reason for the hormonal changes is estrogen, which relaxes the smooth muscles of not only the uterus but also the valve that separates the stomach from the esophagus. Thus, there is an uncontrolled throw of stomach acid into the esophagus.
In addition, an increased production of hormones slows down digestion and intestinal motility, leading to dangerous constipation. Also, the occurrence of an aftertaste is due to the growth of the baby, which in the later stages begins to press on digestive organs of a future mom, promoting the penetration of acid into the esophagus.
Unpleasant taste in the mouth while carrying the baby cannot be eliminated completely, but every woman can minimize it by adhering to simple recommendations:
If the given above methods do not give results, and the unpleasant symptoms worsen, you should consult a specialist who will prescribe examination and appropriate for the particular case treatment.
Equally important is food – it has to be healthy, light, but it should also include all necessary elements for the mother’s health and fetal development.
Buckwheat, oatmeal, light vegetable soups, vegetables, not sour fruits, lean meats and fish, steamed in the oven or boiled, herbs and cheese are recommended.
Folk medicine offers many effective methods and recipes, to stabilize the digestive system. A water mixed with a teaspoon of baking soda will help quickly get rid of heartburn and unpleasant taste. You can also chew a small piece of sweet flag root or drink 70 grams of freshly squeezed potato juice.
Very effective are herbal teas and infusions. Here are some recipes:
It is necessary to pay attention to fresh juices, which necessarily have to be diluted with water at a ratio of 1:2. Juices, normalize digestion and enrich the body with essential vitamins. First of all, it is the juice from the potatoes (no need to dilute), a mix of carrot juice, celery juice, and parsley.
In order to help the liver to cleanse the body of toxins, it is very important to drink plenty of fluids. The amount of liquid consumed should be at least two liters a day. Also very helpful are decoction of wild rose, viburnum; fruit drinks of black currant and cranberry.
It can be concluded that the unpleasant taste sensations accompany a wide range of diseases and are caused by multiple factors. Therefore, when the first symptoms and discomfort in the digestive tract you should not engage yourself in self-treatment – entrust your health to an experienced gastroenterologist.
Modern diagnosis and proper treatment will help avoid serious complications. It must be remembered that the success of remedial measures depends not only on medical appointments but also on work on my mistakes.
It is vital to keep to a diet, eliminate stress, maintain a healthy lifestyle by giving up smoking, drinking, and overeating. | <urn:uuid:f4826fdc-4695-40ca-a0ad-ce5f87a2893e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://dentistexpert.org/treatment/oral-diseases/bitterness-in-the-mouth-what-is-it-and-how-to-get-rid-of-it.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576965.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923125729-20190923151729-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.938826 | 1,096 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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Human Rights Council 16th Session
Annual Full-Day Meeting on the Rights of the Child
Statement by Australia
9 March 2011
Australia welcomes the opportunity to participate in this discussion, and regrets that there wasn’t time for us to contribute to the interesting discussion on root causes this morning.
In Australia, the vast majority of young children who are sleeping rough are with a parent and exit rough sleeping relatively quickly. Longer-term unaccompanied young people often transition to sleeping rough after a break down in their family relationship and after a period of transitional living arrangements with relatives and friends. Many homeless children are escaping domestic and sexual violence, while a smaller number are homeless due to financial circumstances.
A significant feature of younger homeless people is the speed with which they establish relationships with other homeless young people. While this provides some security and sense of belonging, it also can separate the young person from the more mainstream social relationships making it more difficult to re-establish them in permanent housing.
Accordingly, Australia particularly focuses on early interventions to prevent young people becoming homeless and to ensure they are provided with appropriate assistance and support as soon as possible.
Prevention Strategies and Responses
The Australian Government, with civil society and other interested stakeholders, has developed the National Framework for Protecting Australia’s Children 2009-2020 – a long term approach to ensuring the safety and wellbeing of Australia’s most vulnerable children.
One of the priorities under the National Framework is the development of National Standards for out-of-home care. Young people leaving out-of-home care are highly vulnerable to poor life outcomes and many do not have the skills and abilities to transition successfully into adulthood and maintain independent living. Australia’s National Framework recognises that developing the skills and abilities to maintain independent living enables young people leaving out-of-home care to take their place in society. Australia would be interested in learning about comparable national out-of-home care standards that might exist.
The National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and their Children is a 12-year commitment by all Australian governments to address the high incidence of domestic and sexual violence experienced by Australian women and their children. The National Plan aims to ensure that women and their children have a safe roof over their heads and access to support and information. Australia is working closely with UN counterparts to share best-practices and lessons learnt while developing this plan. We would also appreciate receiving information on any best practice national plans that have measurably increased the protection of women and children.
Australia is conducting a Longitudinal Study of Australians Vulnerable to Homelessness, as part of Australia’s Homelessness Research Agenda. Results of the study should improve the understanding of, and policy response to, the diverse social, economic and personal factors that are related to homelessness and the risk of becoming homeless. We would appreciate any advice panel members might have on comparable longitudinal surveys or international research into homeless children that could complement Australia’s study. | <urn:uuid:dc9d8386-8dde-4365-9f06-2d78d37bd942> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://geneva.mission.gov.au/gene/Statement182.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678861.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00051-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945984 | 655 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Activity #1: How Sea Otters Thrive
Sea Otter Insulation
The water temperature in Glacier Bay is about 37°-50° F. Sea otters don't have a lot of body fat (blubber) like seals and whales, but they do have very dense fur. In fact their fur is the thickest of any animal in the world and it allows them to maintain their body temperature.
Briefly, ask students to respond to the following questions:
Answer: Answers will vary. Accept all insulating possibilities as long as they can support their suggestion with reasonable data and/or experience.
Experiment: Insulating Properties
Answer: Answers will vary depending upon the material tested, the quantity of insulating materials and the conditions under which the materials are tested.
Next, ask teams to run another experiment to test the insulating ability of air. The directions for the experiment are on Student Handout 2: Air as an Insulator. When they have completed the experiment discuss their findings:
Answer: Students will discover that the balloon that has air will keep their fingers warmer than the balloon without air. The down vest is a good example of other insulators that use air, in this case between the feathers. Also, in many houses air is trapped between two layers of material and becomes a fairly effective insulator.
Sea Otters Fur Background
Share the following information with students:
Otters don't live in the air as we do. The down vest tested in Step 2 would keep them warm as long as it had a waterproof outer layer because down works by trapping air between feathers. The air-filled balloon is both waterproof and uses air as a fairly successful insulator. In Glacier Bay human divers use dry suits made of neoprene that trap a layer of air between their skin and the suit when diving in the Bay's cold waters. Otters also have a unique and very effective "covering" to keep them warm beneath the frigid waters of Glacier Bay.Have students read about sea otter's fur, using the Resources below so that they can explain how otters' fur keeps them warm and dry in the frigid water in which they live. Then ask students to:
Describe the sea otter's fur, both the outer coat and underfur. Include color(s), measurements and density.
Explain the reason why the sea otter’s fur is able to insulate the animal from extreme cold.
Explain why sea otters are constantly grooming their fur.
US Fish and Wildlife Service: Marine Mammals Management: Sea Otters: History of the Sea Otter http://alaska.fws.gov/fisheries/mmm/seaotters/history.htm
Return of the Sea Otter
Sea otters, Kelp and Killer Whales
Wikipedia – Sea Otters
The 2 sites that follow are excellent and very readable sites on sea otters. However, they both fail to state that sea otters are now found in healthy populations in SE Alaska, such as Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve.
Otternet: Species Profile – Sea Otter
Young People's Trust for the Environment: Otter (Sea)
Wise Old Sea Otter Activity
Have students complete this activity by writing a paper or staging a presentation, written by or led by a "wise old sea otter of Glacier Bay," about the science of staying warm below the waters of the bay.
What does a typical cold water drysuit look like?
How does a dry suit keep a person warm?
Why Dive Dry?
Cold Water Diving Wearing A Drysuit is Fun
Wikipedia: Diving Suit
The sea otter, a marine mammal, has adapted to an environment that would be impossible to sustain the human mammal. An even more difficult environment for a marine mammal, perhaps, would be the intertidal zone.
Have students research to discover what animals live within the intertidal zone. Are any of them mammals? What adaptations might a mammal have to make to survive in this constantly changing environment? They should design and illustrate an intertidal mammal that is perfectly adapted to the rigors of the intertidal zone and label or model the necessary adaptations.
Did You Know?
Glacier Bay has a maritime climate, heavily influenced by ocean currents. The result is mild winter and cool summer temperatures at sea level. Summer visitors can expect highs between 50-60F. Winter lows rarely drop into the single digits. | <urn:uuid:a674f7a1-869e-4960-9492-4ccb06939873> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.nps.gov/glba/forteachers/how-sea-otters-thrive-activity.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00398-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941267 | 928 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Design Drafting Technology (D T)
Designers translate the ideas and rough sketches of engineers and architects into drawings to communicate specific details to other engineers, architects, drafters, and technicians. Drawings are used as a basis for further research and design, for manufacturing and construction, and for documenting the engineer's concept. Designers use computers, manual drafting tools, engineering practices, reference materials, and a knowledge of materials and processes, to create complete drawings.
Students selecting this degree program will develop proficiency in board drafting and computer-aided drafting. Students are able to prepare drawings for manufacturing and fabrication. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Drafting and design standards will be taught and reinforced as students prepare drawings in both 2D and 3D using AutoCAD, Autodesk Inventor, Solidworks, Keycreator, and Mastercam applications software. They will also utilize Autodesk 3D Civil and Autodesk Revit for the construction industry.
Throughout this course of study, students will be required to use sketches, notes, technical literature and personal research to complete assignments.
As a designer, you may work for:
- Aircraft companies
- Architectural firms
- Construction companies
- Design companies
- Electronic component manufacturers
- Engineering firms
- Governmental agencies
- Graphics companies
- Machine shops
- Manufacturing companies
- Marine industries
- Nuclear industries
- Van and recreational vehicle repair shops
New students may enroll at the beginning of any quarter. Classes are offered during the day and evening to accommodate students' schedules.
Complete an application to Green River College, complete the COMPASS assessment, and meet with an advisor.
A background in mathematics will be helpful, but courses are available for the student who needs to review or develop the necessary skills in mathematics, reading, English, and study skills.
It depends on you. If you attend Green River full time, the Associate in Applied Science degree can be completed in six quarters. Night classes are also available. Students often find work in their fifth or sixth quarter, and are placed in a Co-op experience where they can receive college credit, work experience, and earn a salary.
Drafting and CADD courses have lab fees. See current class schedule for fee amounts.
- Has the ability to concentrate, conceptualize, organize, and remember details
- Enjoys solving problems, being neat, and paying attention to details
- Has good eye-hand coordination, an ability to visualize, and an interest in mathematics and science; and
- Works well with others in a team
Here’s what Green River’s Design Drafting Technology program offers you:
- A hands-on learning experience
- Credit through high school articulation agreements
- Possible credit for prior work experience
- Participation in Cooperative Education
- Work-oriented skills required by employers
Students should check with an advisor regarding cost of equipment, time for completion, cooperative education, and articulation agreements.
The facilities for the program include a manual drafting lab with 25 work stations, and two computer-aided drafting labs with a total of 45 work stations.
The faculty is composed of two full-time instructors, both with industry experience, and five instructors who work full time in industry and teach part time. This team brings many years of diverse industry experience to the classroom for the benefit of the Green River design student.
What is included in the program?
The Associate in Applied Science degree is divided into three areas: approximately 770 hours of training in required drafting courses; approximately 300 hours of training in required general education courses; and approximately 660 hours of training in specialized related courses.
The specialized related courses permit students to develop their own areas of emphasis in mechanical, architectural, civil or structural drafting. For a more general background, the student may complete courses from each area.
In general, the design drafting classes do not transfer to four-year institutions. However, some design drafting classes have been accepted for transfer in the past. All transferability is at the discretion of the receiving institution. Please see an advisor.
Design drafting is a large and fast-growing occupation; the future of the field is wide open. Computers will assist drafting procedures, but they will not replace the design drafter who has a comprehensive drafting education.
There is an excellent employment outlook. Historically, more than 90% of Green River’s Design Drafting Technology program graduates have been hired in design or design-related positions. –Based on the Design Drafting graduate’s record.
In Washington, the average entry level wage for architectural and civil drafters is $16.63 per hour ($2,882 per month), while for electrical and electronics drafters, the average entry level wage is $22.78 per hour ($3,948 per month), and for mechanical drafters, the average entry level wage is $22.21 per hour ($3,849 per month).
A drafting technician II with two-years of experience earns $15.66 to $20.40 per hour working for the State of Washington.
Wages for drafters vary by the area of specialization.
Drafters who work full time usually receive benefits. Typical benefits include health insurance, a retirement plan, and paid vacations.
Note: Wages for Washington State have been adjusted to reflect projections for 2011. National wage figures are based on 2010 data and have not been adjusted.
For course descriptions, please see the college catalog. | <urn:uuid:081e01a2-c058-4e23-acd8-fc00d4342a11> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.greenriver.edu/academics/areas-of-study/details/design-drafting-technology.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982938776.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200858-00277-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930253 | 1,134 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Figurative language essay prompts
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Figurative language essay prompts
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- Figurative language is language that describes something by comparing it to something else figurative language goes beyond the literal meaning of words to describe.
- For this assignment, you will read an excerpt from emerson's essay self-reliance, and answer the figurative language in argument questions i’ll put the essay at.
- Figurative writing navigation queen bee of figurative language not just for poets figure of speech varies from region to region piece of cake.
Here you'll find a helpful list of 50 narrative essay topics that students can use to develop looking for more essay topics figurative language literature. Learning to use figurative language is an important step in developing a mature and rich writing style from similes and metaphors to hyperbole and personification. Ap literature poetry essay prompts prompt: write an essay in which you discuss how the poem's diction figurative language prepare the reader for the speaker's. Transparency, hyperbole, idioms - examining figurative language my account preview preview essay on examining figurative essay topics plagiarism. Using figurative language in your essays how it may help figurative language makes essay writing more colorful and vivid, but only in small amounts. Topics: the role of figurative language in students will respond to in-class writing prompts and complete a culminating essay incorporating a variety of. | <urn:uuid:1f5dea70-83e8-4b2d-9abe-322689447186> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://ynassignmentcrds.jazmineearlyforcouncil.us/figurative-language-essay-prompts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510867.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016201314-20181016222814-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.879737 | 950 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Posted by Jeff Shaw on February 12, 2011 at 18:18:00:|
CNN) -- In an instance of truth being stranger than fiction, American author Herman Melville turned to a horrifying ordeal as inspiration for his 19th-century classic "Moby-Dick."
In 1820, the Nantucket, Massachusetts, whaling vessel Essex was rammed and sunk in the South Pacific by a sperm whale.
George Pollard Jr. and his surviving crew resorted to cannibalism in order to survive while they drifted in the open ocean for more than a month.
The sea truly must have been Pollard's mistress, for he took command of another whaler. The captain and Two Brothers were off Hawaii on Feb. 11, 1823, when the ship hit a shallow reef. The terrified crew, clinging to small boats, was rescued the next day by a fellow whaler.
Some 188 years later, maritime heritage archaeologists, working with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, found the Two Brothers shipwreck nearly 600 miles northwest of Honolulu, the agency said in a statement Friday.
"This rare archaeological discovery is the first discovery of a wrecked whaling ship from Nantucket, Mass., the birthplace of America's whaling industry," the agency said.
Whaling ships, part of America's expansion into the Pacific Ocean, explored portions of the Indian Ocean and the polar regions.
Expeditions from 2008 to 2010 yielded a large anchor of the Two Brothers, cast-iron pots for melting whale blubber, bricks, whaling lances, harpoon tips, glass, ceramics and remains of the ship's rigging, NOAA said. Research and accounts from crew members helped verify the find.
The shipwreck lies off French Frigate Shoals in the blue waters of Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument in Hawaii.
Melville completed "Moby-Dick" in 1851, drawing on an Essex crew member's account of the remarkable event.
The twice-cursed Pollard retired from whaling, became a watchman and lived to be almost 80. Melville met him in Nantucket shortly after completing "Moby-Dick."
While the Essex story is linked to the novel, Pollard must not have been the inspiration for its mercurial Captain Ahab.
"To the islanders he was a nobody," Melville said of Pollard, according to the Nantucket Historical Association. "To me, the most impressive man, tho' wholly unassuming, even humble -- that I ever encountered." | <urn:uuid:911584af-416c-4b12-a01b-41d042db948a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://diver.net/bbs/posts002/83514.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143365.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713100145-20200713130145-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.948518 | 525 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Hs-sapiens and Hs-neanderthal split keeps getting pushed back. It now appears to have been 750.000+ years ago or more. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencet...-human-species-emerged-700-000-years-ago.html Another article from teeth studies show the same age for pre-denisovan/neanderthal split from sapiens. I'll post it when I copy it from the recent Discover magazine in which the article is printed. Since Hs-sapiens and Hs-neanderthal could successfully interbreed (and boy did they when they got back together!), they (we) are the same species. I would imagine the first humans (people that look like us) arose twice as far back, i.e. about 1.5 million years ago, forming numerous races, most of which races died out, or were assimilated as the neanderthals and denisovans were assimilated. Their footprints show up as well. http://www.everythingselectric.com/happisburgh-footprints/ What is interesting is that we have very little evidence for those billions of people that once lived hundreds of thousands of years ago. During the past million years that they were spreading over the globe, the oceans rose and fell several hundred meters, a half-dozen times or more. Any settlements that were near the moderating influence and good-food of the oceans would have been ground to sand as the ocean rose and the waves pounded, only to recede again at the height of another ice-age. It is only for the last few thousand years that we have evidence of those more recent civilizations, though there are hints of other civilizations that preceded the last ice-age. | <urn:uuid:616fb6a4-d2f5-4741-bdfc-9fea6acbf558> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://sciforums.com/threads/at-what-age-man-become-a-human.152444/page-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823260.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019084246-20171019104246-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.969017 | 370 | 3.046875 | 3 |
He fought his way through Europe to defend the skies over Britain
Piotr Łaguna with 302 Squadron at RAF Leconfield
(Image credit: © Peter Sikora Archive)
Wing Commander Piotr Łaguna
The project’s theme is Polish at heart given the history of both its Spitfire P8331 and the Pilots that flew it. However, we predominantly aim to tell the story of the 18,000 Polish Pilots and Crews, as well as the stories of all Pilots who flew during the wartime years. Piotr’s story would be a familiar tale similar to most of the men who endured those terrible years.
Poland - where it all started
Piotr Łaguna of the Grzymała crest was born on November 11, 1905 in the village of Kędziorowo (Wąsosz parish) in the district of Szczuczyn, province of Bialystok. His parents were, father Piotr and mother Julianna neé Chrudzińska. Piotr and Julianna Łaguna, an estate leaseholder, were both from an old Polish noble family which roots can be traced in XV century. They had three sons (Józef, Henryk Bronisław and Piotr) and 4 daughters (Maria, Stanisława, Konstancja and Aleksandra).
From an early age, their parents shaped their childrens’ characters by making them industrious, conscientious, responsible and disciplined. These qualities made Piotr a Polish patriot and he became a noble and righteous person. Piotr attended the 3rd elementary school in Wąsosz, and then attended the 7th private grammar school in Łomża.
When Poland was invaded by the Bolsheviks in 1919, Junior High School student Piotr immediately volunteered to defend his homeland. Since 233 Infantry Regiment was stationed in Łomża, the volunteer unit established in this area received the number In this regiment, in the period of 15 July 1920 – 15 November 1920 he served as a volunteer even though he was still under the age of 15. For his active participation in the fight against the Bolshevik invaders he was awarded the Commemorative Medal for the War of 1918-1921.
European theatre of the Russian Civil War
Credit – by Hoodinski – Own work, CC BY 3.0 Hoodinski / CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)
On 30 August 1924 Piotr joined the Cadet Officer Infantry School in Warsaw before promotion on 28 November 1924 to corporal cadet officer. In the Officer Cadet School, Piotr passed the matriculation examination receiving at the end of the school year (30 June 1925) the rank of corporal cadet.
On 1 July 1925 he became a cadet student of the newly established Air Force Officers School (Oficerska Szkoła Lotnicza) in Grudziądz. During his studies at O. S. L., Piotr completed training in:
In 1927 the whole school was transferred to Dęblin, where, in the same year, the first promotion of 57 school graduates (all were observers) took place, including Piotr (28th). After completing further training on 13 September 1927, he was assigned to the 31st Light Bomber Squadron in the 3rd Air Regiment in Poznań. On 31 October 1927, he officially received the title and badge of the observer, and on 21 March 1928 he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant. Piotr received praise twice in 1928:
Group of 3rd Air Regiment airmen after Marshal Pilsudski funeral, 1935. Laguna 4 from right
On 1 January 1931 Second Lieutenant observer Piotr was promoted to Lieutenant pilot (daily order No. 278/30 and on 4 December 1930, he was posted to 131st Fighter Squadron and then consequently to 132nd Fighter Squadron. On 15 October 1939 he baled out from Spad 61C1.
Łaguna was posted to the Aerial Shooting and Bombing School in Grudziądz on 2 February 1931. Piotr, by 1931, was an experienced pilot and participated in competitions for fighter pilots organised at Grudziądz. In 1932 he was awarded the first prize for winning the Central Fighter Competition. On 19 June 1932, Polish built PWS-10 fighter aircraft were introduced and Polish fighter squadrons were equipped with them, including units of the 3rd Air Regiment. He was one of three pilots who demonstrated these aircraft to the public, the other two were Major Stefan Pawlikowski and Captain Mieczysław Mümler. He was involved in a crash landing in PWS-10 on 20 May 1933 and was seriously injured. Then on 3 October 1933, while flying a PZL P.7 fighter, he collided in the air with Lt Feliks Gazda and was again hospitalised. This prevented him from participating in an air trip to Romania and representing his regiment.
Lawica airfield, Laguna is centre-left (image credit: © Peter Sikora Archive)
Lawica airfield, Laguna is standing 2nd from right.
In the summer of 1939, Piotr was appointed Deputy Commander of 216 (XV) Bomber Squadron. Following orders 216 Squadron commanded by Cpt Władysław Dukszto left its home base at Okecie airfield on 31 August 1939, moving to the Podlodów advanced airfield near Dęblin. This was a common practice and all the Polish operational units were withdrawn from their peacetime bases to prevent them from being destroyed. Their PZL P.37 Łoś bombers were attached to 215 Bomber Squadron of the Bomber Brigade. Łaguna was appointed Bombing and Navigation Officer of this unit. He flew operational missions with the crew of Lt Przykorski. Since 3 September his squadron operated from Stara Wieś and on 4 September they bombed German armoured divisions near Piotrków and Radomsko. During the following day they attacked German armoured units in the region of Piotrków and Rozprza and then changed their location, landing at Popielewo. On 6 and 7 September 216 Squadron’s aircraft continued attacking German ground forces near Radomsko, Bełchatów, Kamieńsk, Rozprza and Przedbórz. On 7 September they bombed German tanks in the region of Różan, Ostrołęka and Nowa Wieś also reporting the destruction of one Messerschmitt. During a further encounter, three Łoś bombers were shot down by German fighters. Later he commanded at hoc formed fighter flight defending Wielick. This flight consisted of officers as well as Cadets from Dęblin. This unit was formed to protect XV Bomber Squadron aircraft. With both units, he participated in the Polish Campaign in 1939, including defensive missions in a PZL P.11g Kobuz fighter plane.
(image credit: © Peter Sikora Archive)
The majority of Polish flying and ground personnel followed their High Command’s orders to reorganise units of the Polish Military Aviation in France and continue the fight, therefore they were then evacuated through Romania and Hungary to France, where Lyon was designated as the base and Training Centre for Polish Military Aviation. Piotr Łaguna was initially allocated to Le Bourget, and then to Lyon Bron. His wife and children were initially evacuated towards the eastern border of Poland, but when Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union, Łaguna’s family was deported to Siberia, sharing the fate of thousands of other Poles. After almost two years of living in inhumane conditions, they were released after the Sikorski–Mayski agreement was signed. They travelled to India, eventually arriving in Australia.
The battle moves to France
After the creation of the independent Polish Air Force in France, Piotr was posted to III Fighter Squadron, formed from the Polish personnel and was initially planned to be sent to Finland to support this country in their fight against Soviet Russia. The Polish squadron was initially the so-called ‘Finnish Squadron’. After this conflict ended, in the middle of May 1940, with the use of the same personnel, the Polish manned 1/145 ‘Varsovie’ Squadron was formed (or according to French nomenclature GC 1/145). They were equipped with Caudron CR,714 Cyclones. He was appointed a deputy commander. Piotr’s extensive experience in military aviation acquired in Poland was now to be transferred to his younger colleagues. He demanded extensive training of pilots emphasising that victory in the fight gives confidence that a well-trained pilot acquires. He insisted that subordinates achieve excellent training and fostered discipline, which in turn gave them full confidence in their commander. The application of these rules allowed the squadron to be available for full combat readiness in a short time.
Click image to enlarge
Next to him is Kazimierz Wünsche who is playing the accordion. The latter soon after this photo was taken, joined No. 303 Squadron at Northolt and flew during the Battle of Britain. (image credit: © Peter Sikora Archive)
The command of the squadron was assigned as Major Józef Kępiński, former head of flying training at No. 1 Air Force Training Centre in Dęblin. The technical advisor on the French side was Cdt. Alexandre de Marmier. Airplanes were serviced by the Polish ground crew, including mechanics, radio mechanics and gunsmiths. The airmen wore Polish style uniforms sewn in France and Polish badges. The two flights consisted of 17 16 pilots. There were two flights: I, commanded by Cpt. Antoni Wczelik and II, commanded by Cpt. Juliusz Frey. The squadron initially trained on Morane MS – 406 aircraft. Initially based at the Bron airfield in Lyon performing patrols of the Lyon area. After being bombed at dawn on 10 May by the German bombers of Bron, on the same afternoon of that day the 1/145 squadron were moved to Mions, several kilometres south of Lyon. The squadron continued to patrol the area of Lyon. From 17 May the squadron started receiving the new type of aircraft and eventually was equipped with 36 Caudron Cyclone C.714 aircraft, which they trained in until 27 May.
Caudrons arrived straight from the factory and, without tests, were given to the Poles, causing a lot of problems from the beginning. Piotr Łaguna usually flew Caudron No. 8554/22 (I-212) with two white horizontal stripes on its fin, which symbolised deputy commander’s role. This aircraft was allocated to him on 22 May and stayed with 1/145 Squadron until the evacuation from France, being later captured by the Germans at Rochefort aerodrome. On 19 May 1940 the whole squadron was moved to Villacoublay and went under command of 23 Fighter Group Formation. Later, they were transferred to Dreux, 30 kilometres from Paris, arriving there on 2 June 1940. From 6 June 1/145 was assigned to Sous Groupement de Chasse 42, being ordered to defend Paris and the region from Vernon to Meulan. The Poles made their first claim on 3 June after damaging He 111, next one on 8 June, probably after destroying He 111, followed by four others plus one damaged the next day. Piotr Łaguna also flew during this mission. Three Polish pilots were killed, one was wounded, and another made an emergency landing.
In the morning of the 10 of June eleven aircraft from 1/145 Squadron, led by Major Kępiński, while south of Dreux, encountered a group of 15 Dornier Do17 bombers, protected by 12 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters. Capt. Łaguna fired at one of them and later reported:
Major Kępiński was seriously wounded, Lt Łukaszewicz emergency landed. The command of the 1/145 “Varsovie” Squadron was given to Piotr Łaguna.
On 11 June, the squadron moved to Sermaises, located 15km southwest of Etámpes. Piotr Łaguna reported:
The day after Łaguna’s pilots started conversion and training flights on Bloch MB 152s. On 13 June the squadron flew to Châteauroux, from where they flew 7 operational sorties. Some of Łaguna’s pilots were posted to other French squadrons. Four days later they were moved to Rochefort. Despite the fact that the French command left the airfield, Poles continued their duty to the last moment. Łaguna ordered his squadron to organise the defence of the airfield in case of being attacked by the German paratroopers.
As France collapsed, Piotr Łaguna and the rest of 1/145 Squadron left Rochefort at 9 am on 19 June. They left their remaining 11 Caudrons and 2 Blochs and travelled to La Rochelle port. The whole crew boarded a French ship, but very soon they were ordered by the French captain to leave. At 6 pm they embarked a British ship ‘Alerpool’ and in the morning of 20 June they sailed to England. In total, 1/145 Squadron performed 64 operational and combat flights in France. Its pilot claimed 8 enemy aircraft, destroyed with the loss of three pilots killed in action, one in a flying accident and two wounded.
Landing in Britain
302 Squadron at RAF Leconfield, Łaguna sitting 6 from left (image credit: © Peter Sikora Archive)
On 7 December 1940 Piotr was appointed the new commander of the 302 Squadron after Squadron Leader Mieczysław Mümler left. At the end of the year (31 December) all the British officers left the command of the 302 Squadron, hence the squadron became completely Polish. There was a nice, agreeable atmosphere. It was a considerable personal achievement for Piotr for which he enjoyed great trust and respect among its subordinates. He was their authority. He talked to his subordinates about their joint concerns, from the discussions he always made the right conclusions for himself and for others. He was full of humour.
Although he liked to joke, he never allowed any loose discipline and misconduct. He liked the military discipline and demanded it from his subordinates. Piotr was hard during training flights for his pilots. The flight under his command resembled that of the infantry team on the military range. He was one of the best pilots of 302 Squadron. As a Pole, he was an example of patriotism and great courage. This was manifested in the fight as well as in the words that he preached in solemn moments as a commander to his subordinates.
Gpt Cpt Pawlikowski, Polish Liaison Officer with FC, visiting 302 Sqn, Spring 1941.
One of Piotr’s pilots described him:
Duke of Kent with Piotr behind the Duke.
L-R: Laguna, S/L Zdzislaw Krasnodebski (1st commander of 303), S/L Waclaw Lapkowski, commander of 303 when Łaguna was killed, sitting unk, F/Lt Jerzy Jankiewicz (303).
Piotr’s final flight was on June 27, 1941. Pilots from 1 Polish Fighter Wing were ordered to fly over France in the morning as part of Circus 25 (Z.181). Their target supposed to be a steel factory in Lillie and the Poles were ordered to fly at 13 – 16,000 feet as top cover for 24 Blenheims. As the weather worsened, instead Poles were ordered to sweep the area of Le Touquet and Gravelines. The Polish formation was led by Wing Commander John Kent and Wing Commander Piotr Łaguna, both using aircraft from 303 Squadron: P8567 RF-D and P8331 RF-M respectively.
L-R: Krasnodebski, FL Jozef Filipowicz and Łaguna. | <urn:uuid:9208ee52-50c6-4ccb-b427-1fc3233a749a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://lagunasspitfirelegacy.org/about-wing-commander-piotr-laguna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653631.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607074914-20230607104914-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.977904 | 3,494 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Compact vertical flow constructed wetlands (1–2 m2/pe, down-flow, single bed, >500 mm sand depth) were first installed in the UK in 1998, since when over 40 such beds have been implemented. After ten years of experience, this approach to wastewater treatment is reviewed with respect to operation and maintenance, and water quality improvement. Despite considerable accumulation of organic solids on the surface of some beds after several years' operation, effluent distribution over and permeability of the bed surface, as well as oxygen transfer rates within the bed matrix, have remained satisfactory. Six years of data relating to a 432 m2 bed treating combined settled sewage and abattoir effluent have demonstrated consistently high performance. Suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia removal averaged 80, 98 and 91%, respectively, even at a hydraulic loading rate of 340 mm/d. At 12 mm/d, removal was even more thorough. In contrast, accumulation of iron-rich organic solids on the bed's surface, which led to the bed becoming completely flooded, markedly decreased nitrification, although percentage total nitrogen removal was double that of the non-flooded bed. Flow rate analysis through the bed allowed calculation of percentage matrix saturation by effluent during operation, and operational hydraulic residence time (3.83 h), the implications of which are discussed.
Keywords: constructed wetlands, nitrification, nitrogen removal, reed beds, sand filters, vertical flow | <urn:uuid:84db4033-5aa6-4e1a-8f1a-47e8303b623b> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/a-decade-of-compact-vertical-flow-constructed-wetlands-215246 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109893.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822031111-20170822051111-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.956557 | 295 | 2.75 | 3 |
Course details listed below.
Adolescent Psychology PSY-246
Last updated on June 28, 2019, 9:22 a.m.
This course provides an overview of the behavior patterns, life changes, and social issues that accompany the developmental stage of adolescence. Topics include developmental theories; physical, cognitive and psychosocial growth; transitions to young adulthood; and sociocultural factors that influence adolescent roles in home, school and community. Upon completion, students should be able to identify typical and atypical adolescent behavior patterns as well as appropriate strategies for interacting with adolescents. | <urn:uuid:41492b4e-5d69-4d5b-85d4-e99d6058d837> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://catalog.rccc.edu/courses/2019-2020/PSY/246/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703565541.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125092143-20210125122143-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.866761 | 117 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What is tacit knowing? As I pointed out in my last blog post, it’s ”knowing more than we can tell.” One of the best examples comes from oral language. We all learned to speak based on tacit learning experiences. How is it that we can effortlessly put one word right after the other without breaking a sweat? And what an effort it would be to try to explain that process to someone! No one taught us how to speak (at least I hope not!). No one sat us down at the age of two and said ”Now here are a bunch of words that you’re going to need to say quite frequently for the rest of your life: ‘the’ ‘an’ ‘and’ ‘but’ ”to’ ‘he’ ‘she’ now try to say them one at a time very clearly to me.” Imagine how confusing and dysfunctional that would be!
Instead, we learned to talk by listening to the conversations of those around us and by practicing those sounds, putting them together in different ways, improvising, riffing, trying them out in social situations and noticing the reactions from others. In other words, we learned to speak by speaking. Sounds pretty sensible, doesn’t it?
But that’s not how we learn in school. In school, practically all the focus is placed on explicit knowing and learning, not on tacit learning. Teachers teach reading by giving sequential lessons in phonics (e.g. ”say ‘sh’ everyone, and now combine ‘sh’ with ‘ee’ to make, what? yes Susan? no that’s not right, Billy? yes that’s right, ‘she’). In writing, teachers teach the rules of grammar (e.g. ”Bobby, what is a gerund? No, that’s not correct, ”Susan? yes, a gerund is a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing, not like ‘learning” because that’s a participle, but ”flying” would work”). In math, teachers teach algorithms, (”now class, an algorithm for multiplication is simply to add the number over and over again. Any questions?”).
These subjects would be taught with tacit knowing in a very different way. Students would learn reading by being read to, reading, and talking about what they read. All the knowledge of phonics sounds, reading comprehension, and other ”splinter skills” would be learned within the context of the whole reading experience itself. Students would learn writing by writing. Students would learn math by diving right into an everyday problem that has one or more mathematical problems and solutions connected to it.
In other words, tacit learning is learning by doing. That’s the reason why most people who take a foreign language in high school never learn it, because so much of it involves explicit instruction of verb forms, vocabulary words, grammar rules, and the like. But pop a person into a culture where only that language is spoken for a few months or years, and through tacit learning the student will master that language.
Naturally many educators object to this way of characterizing the learning process. They defend explicit learning. For example, there’s been a whole lot of news in the education media lately about how ”research says” that beginning readers need formal systematic sequential lessons in phonics. How do they come to this conclusion? Through the test scores of those who have and have not had this kind of explicit instruction (test results are higher in those groups who had the formal phonics lessons).
But, and here’s a crucial point to keep in mind, the tests themselves are based on explicit instruction and essentially test explicit learning, not tacit learning. The test itself looks like the lessons that prepared them for the test, so naturally those kids in the test-prep groups will do better on the tests than those who haven’t had test-prep background even though these non-test prep kids may be better ”tacit” readers. Employing tests like this is like having a corrupt judge ”uphold” the rule of law. The very structure itself is flawed.
On the other hand, I’ve always felt that the best way to assess reading proficiency is by videotaping a student at the beginning of the year reading a book they select, and then having them engage in a conversation with a teacher or student about the reading material. Then repeat the same video format at the end of the year (or at any interval after the initial video), and compare videos.
In other words, don’t assess reading by having students answer ”reading comprehension” questions and fulfilling other ”skill-based” competencies, but by listening to them read and talk about what they read. It sounds so simple, and it is, but the field of education is so clogged up with pedagogical nonsense and silly concepts, that this plain common sense way of measuring reading progress goes virtually unrecognized.
Imagine how it would threaten the power structure that subsists upon making reading as complicated as possible, in other words: reading specialists, learning disability specialists, formal reading programs created by large corporations, the reading test industry, and so on. A curriculum based on tacit knowing and learning would put all these parties out of business. And what would we be left with? A nation of readers. A nation of learners.
For more information about optimal learning methods and strategies, see my book If Einstein Ran the Schools: Revitalizing U.S. Education
This page was brought to you by Thomas Armstrong, Ph.D. and www.institute4learning.com.
Follow me on Twitter: @Dr_Armstrong | <urn:uuid:a23d4bc1-92be-4b9d-9909-e2e332524fdf> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.institute4learning.com/2020/02/11/we-learn-best-through-tacit-knowing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337889.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006222634-20221007012634-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.957325 | 1,227 | 3.25 | 3 |
The American government has released over 3000 documents relating to the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas in 1963. President Trump, however, has ordered some of the documents with sensitive information to be held back for 6 months after a request from the CIA and FBI. In 1992 President George Bush signed a law that required all documents about the JFK murder to be released within 25 years.
The published documents have not provided any sensational new information on the JFK assassination. The public had hoped that the released documents would bring more light into the former president’s murder. Experts say that the decision to withhold some of the documents suggests that the government wants to keep some things secret .
Many of the documents are incomplete and some are only memos. The files show how disorganised government agencies were during the 1960s and how they dealt with the assassination.
In a series of memos, the FBI reports on Lee Harvey Oswald’s visit to Mexico City, where he met with a Soviet agent shortly before the Kennedy was killed. The material shows that authorities were trying to find out if a foreign government – Cuba or possibly the Soviet Union – was behind Kennedy’s death.
There is still no evidence that there was a conspiracy to kill the president. Nothing suggests that Lee Harvey Oswald worked with a partner. There are, however, FBI documents that warned the Dallas police about a threat against Oswald. Kennedy’s killer was shot dead at the Dallas Police Department two days after the Kennedy assassination.
Among the documents are reports that are only indirectly related to the Kennedy killing, for example CIA plans to murder Cuba’s Fidel Castro .
- agency = organisation or department in the government
- agent = person who works for another government
- assassination = the murder of an important person
- authorities = organisation or department in the government
- conspiracy = a secret plan made by two or more people to do something that is against the law
- deal with = handle
- decision = to do something after you have thought about it
- disorganised = without a plan or system
- evidence = proof that something happened
- files = documents
- foreign = from another country
- former = earlier, in the past
- government = the people who rule a country
- incomplete = not having everything that should be there
- provide = to give; make available
- public = ordinary people in a country
- publish = to make public
- relating to = about
- release = to make public for everyone to see
- request = a formal demand for something
- require = here: the law says you have to do something
- secret = not for everybody to know
- sensitive = something that you have to deal with carefully
- series = a few
- sign = to put your name on a document
- Soviet Union = largest Communist country that existed between 1917 and 1991
- threat = when someone says that they want to harm or trouble you
- withhold = to hold back; not release | <urn:uuid:fab155a8-94cc-4434-9682-7053d2421487> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://news.english-online.at/2017/11/us-government-releases-most-jfk-files/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987763641.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021070341-20191021093841-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.969891 | 612 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs, are compounds used as flame retardants and are added to plastics, polyurethane foam, textiles, and electronic equipment to reduce the likelihood of ignition and to slow the burn rate if the products do catch fire. They can therefore be found in a wide variety of products, eg building materials, cell phones, remote controls, personal computers, computer monitors, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, paint products, adhesives, upholstery and textiles. PBDEs are similar in structure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and do not break down in the environment.
These substances have ended up in food via the environment, which means that people can ingest them through their food. Since PBDEs are soluble in fat, they are mainly found in animal food products such as fish, shellfish, milk, eggs, meat, oils and fats. They are also found in vegetable oils and fats. Depending on the location and number of bromine atoms, a possible 209 PBDEs can be produced, but as of 2016 only eight were detectable in the environment.
The adverse health effects of these chemicals has attracted increasing scrutiny because levels in the environment and humans have increased rapidly since these chemicals came into use. In animal studies, these chemicals have shown some effects on the thyroid and liver, as well as on brain development. These findings raise particular concerns about potential risks to children and recent studies are suggestive of an effect of PBDEs on neurodevelopment in children, including impaired cognitive development (comprehension, memory), impaired motor skills, increased impulsivity, and decreased attention. One study reported that early PBDE exposure was a risk factor for the development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder although another study did not find such a link. One possible explanation for the observed behavioral effects may be related to changes in the thyroid, because development of the nervous system is dependent on thyroid hormones.
Due to their toxicity and persistence in the environment, the industrial production of some PBDEs is restricted under the Stockholm Convention. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, is an international environmental treaty “to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment”. It was first adopted at the United Nations Conference on Persistent Organic Pollutants in Stockholm in 2001. The Convention entered into force on 17 May 2004, ninety days after submission of the fiftieth signature of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. As of April 2019 182 countries had signed the treaty, although it appears that the USA have yet to ratify it.
Since many older consumer products such as televisions, computers, and furniture containing polyurethane foam contain PBDEs, replacing older products with newer ones that do not contain these substances may decrease PBDE exposure in the home.
For more information: | <urn:uuid:d087dd6e-668b-4677-a484-ff2668d71d76> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.lifesciencereview.com/2019/05/05/polybrominated-diphenyl-ether/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506329.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922034112-20230922064112-00731.warc.gz | en | 0.952007 | 644 | 3.5625 | 4 |
The International Organization of Physical Therapy in Mental Health (IOPTMH), is a WCPT subgroup, including 21 member countries, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Colombia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Japan, Latvia, Mexico, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK. The IOPTMH was accepted as a WCPT subgroup at the 17th WCPT General Meeting, in Amsterdam, 2011 and reconfirmed in 2015 and 2019
The subgroup was developed from an international network of physical therapists working in the field of psychiatry and mental health with the origin at Leuven University (Belgium). Several nations have organized subsections of physical therapy in mental health.
Epidemiological studies show that depression, stress-related conditions, long lasting musculoskeletal disorders and anxiety affect millions of people worldwide often having negative consequences for their ability to work and quality of life (WHO 2010). Mental health disorders including psychiatry comprise a broad range of problems with different symptoms. People suffering from mental health problems often have somatic symptoms, representing a major group of patients seeking help from physical therapists over the globe.
Definition of physical therapy in mental health
Physiotherapy in mental health is a specialty within physiotherapy. It is implemented in different health and mental health settings, psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. It is person-centered and provided for children, adolescents, adults and older people with mild, moderate and severe, acute and chronic mental health problems, in primary and community care, inpatients and outpatients. Physiotherapists in mental health provide health promotion, preventive health care, treatment and rehabilitation for individuals, groups and in group therapeutic settings. Physiotherapists in mental health create a therapeutic relationship to provide assessment and services specifically related to the complexity of mental health within a supportive environment applying a model including biological and psycho-social aspects. Physiotherapy in mental health aims to optimize wellbeing and empower the individual by promoting functional movement, movement awareness, physical activity and exercises, bringing together physical and mental aspects. Physiotherapists in mental health contribute to the multidisciplinary team and inter-professional care. Physiotherapy in mental health is based on the available scientific and best clinical evidence.
Probst, Skjaerven, Parker, Gyllensten, IJntema, Catalan Matamoros, (2016). Fisioterapia 38, 49.
The objectives according to the IOPTMHs' Constitution are to:
- Foster co-operation between physical therapists practicing in mental health throughout the world
- Encourage improved standards and consistency of practice in mental health care by physical therapists
- Advance practice by communication and exchange of information
- Encourage scientific research and promote opportunities for the spread of knowledge of new developments in the field of mental health
- Assist WCPT member organisations in the development of recognised sub-sections in mental health
In 2020, the eight International Conference of physiotherapy in psychiatry and mental health will be organised in Helsinki (Finland) from 12 - 14 May 2020. The conference is organized by the “Suomen Psykofyysisen Fysioterapian yhdistys ry, (PSYFY)” the under the auspices of the International Organisation of Physical Therapy in Mental Health (IOPTMH).
Network of interested colleagues
Within IOPTMH, there is a network of individual physical therapists, representing 59 nations from 6 continents. The network includes practitioners, educators and researchers.
To become a member (country) of IOPTMH, the National Physical Therapy Association must be member in WCPT. For further question, take contact with the president.
The Executive Committee, IOPTMH
Professor Michel Probst, PT, PhD, President, University of Leuven University, Belgium. ([email protected])
Adjunct Associate Professor Jo Connaughton, PT, Ph.D, (DPhysioRes, BAppSc Physio, APAM), secretary, School of Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia ([email protected])
Emanuel Brunner, PT, PhD, Treasurer, Kantonspital Winterthur. ([email protected])
Merja Sallinen, PT, PhD, Member, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Finland. ([email protected]) | <urn:uuid:fb05b7c7-86e3-46de-829f-fbb0dbcaa45d> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.wcpt.org/ioptmh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413624.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531182830-20200531212830-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.902673 | 906 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A property owner must keep his property in a reasonably safe condition. He must discover any unsafe conditions and repair, replace or warn of any condition he could expect to harm others.
His reasonableness will be measured by the following factors:
- Location of the property
- Likelihood that someone would come on to the property as the victim did
- Likelihood of harm
- Probable seriousness of such harm
- Whether he knew or should have known of the condition that created the risk of harm
- Difficulty of protecting against the risk of such harm
- Extent of his control over the condition that created the risk of harm.
But if the city, state or the federal government owns the property, then the rules are different and getting compensation for an injury is more difficult. | <urn:uuid:74630328-d357-4fc4-a387-27f8c934b9a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.capersonalinjurycaselawnotes.com/2009/06/making-a-claim/compensation-for-injury-on-anothers-property/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710926.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203075717-20221203105717-00797.warc.gz | en | 0.973729 | 160 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Helping Your Child with Cancer Cope
A cancer diagnosis brings with it not only pain and treatments, but a complete lifestyle change – there are all the appointments, tests, medications, infusions, scans, special diets, and so on to deal with; time in and out of hospital; fatigue, lethargy, boredom and a change in eating habits…
For children things are worse, because they can often not go to school while under treatment due to their impaired immune systems and possibilities of infection; often they can also not even see their friends and need to keep themselves entertained for days, weeks and even months on end. I mean, adult company is OK, but when you are a child you need to play and need other children around…
The sudden move from health to illness and the unwelcome tests and procedures needed to get a diagnosis can be very frightening for a child, and hospital stays can be a scary and overwhelming experience.
It’s very scary for a child to be told their body is not working right, and that they have cancer and it is completely normal for a child or teen to be afraid of new and often painful experiences.
It’s hard to handle being stuck with needles and having biopsies, bone marrow aspirations, lumbar punctures, scans, or other tests. Some children can be afraid that they won’t be able to handle the treatment or what the treatment will do to their body. They may worry about how they will look and feel, and how their friends will react. The thought that they may die can be terrifying.
It is also upsetting for children to see their parents and relatives stressed out.
In between the whirlwind of doctors, clinics, hospitals and illness, children need to learn coping skills to deal with it all, including the depression that is often a side-effect.
There are various methods that YOU can help your child deal with his or her cancer emotions, including Play Therapy.
“Play Therapy is a way of being with the child that honours their unique developmental level and looks for ways of helping in the ‘language’ of the child—play.”
Play Therapy can include Music Therapy, Art Therapy, be used as a supportive therapy to help children work through a range of emotional issues, including fear, anger, confusion and grief that may be associated with their cancer diagnosis, treatment and solitude.
Though play is often regarded simply as a way for individuals, particularly children, to relax, scientific research has proven that play is a crucial factor in healthy child development.
You can find many FREE downloadable books on Play Therapy, such as:
Partners in Play: A Step-by-step Guide to Imaginative Play in Children
Fifteen Effective Play Therapy Techniques: 15 techniques that are
effective, enjoyable, inexpensive, and easy to implement.
Play Therapy: Play Therapy to aid the child in the release of energy and aggression and more
Puppet Therapy: A valuable tool in therapy with children, as it provides a nonthreatening and spontaneous means of communication
One size does not fit all, however, so here are some ideas for helping children with cancer cope – according to their age group.
Infants and Very Young Children (Birth to Age 3)
Infants and very young children (birth to age 3) will benefit from the following:
- Make their bedroom cheerful with good lighting, art, and bright colours and take some of their favourite blankies and toys to their hospital room to make them feel more at ease.
- Cuddle and hug your baby often.
- Distract your baby with toys and colourful things.
- Get ideas from a recreation therapist or child life worker on other ways to help.
- Limit the number of visitors, but let your child’s siblings visit them as often as feels comfortable for the situation (based on the health and the need of each child to socialise).
- Keep a favourite stuffed animal, blanket, or other special object near your child.
- Record lullabies, stories, or messages for when you can’t be with the baby or child.
- Set aside time for play.
- Soothe and comfort by being with your child, holding, touching, rocking, and singing or playing music.
- Stay with your baby or child during tests and procedures.
- Stick to your usual schedule as much as possible, including nap times and meals.
- Talk with other parents of very young children with cancer to see what works for them.
- Talk with the team social worker or nurse about your own emotions in dealing with your child’s distress.
- Try to establish the crib as a safe, treatment-free place. Take your baby out of the crib for any treatment, test, etc., that may cause discomfort or pain.
- Use a stuffed animal to let your baby know when a staff member or visitor entering the room isn’t going to do anything that causes pain. The stuffed animal can be a cue that this person is “safe,” to help the infant stay calm.
- Use video, phone, and other means so your child can see and hear parents in real time.
Toddlers or Pre-Schoolers (Ages 3 To 5)
The toddler or pre-school child with cancer will benefit from the following:
- Give very simple explanations of what’s happening and repeat them often.
- Comfort your child when he or she is upset or scared.
- Check on your child’s understanding of what’s happening.
- Do not try to persuade your child using reason or logic.
- Offer choices when possible.
- Do not tolerate biting, hitting, kicking, or other aggressive behaviour. Teach your child how to express feelings in healthy ways (things that don’t hurt the child or other people).
- Teach acceptable expressions of angry feelings such as talking, drawing, or pounding a pillow.
- Encourage doll play and other play to rehearse or repeat worrisome or painful experiences.
- Create opportunities for physical activities.
- Try to stick to a schedule for meals, naps, and play.
- Teach staff how to get your child’s cooperation.
- Talk with the child life expert or social worker about how to reward good behavior when your child cooperates with tests and procedures.
- Make use of experts on the cancer team to help you with your child or teach you useful strategies.
- Give simple explanations for a parent’s crying and sadness. For example, “I just feel a little sad and a little tired today. It makes me feel better to cry and get it all out of my system. Now I feel better.”
- Don’t forget to have fun; laugh together when possible.
School-Age Children (Ages 6 To 12)
School-age children are especially sensitive to parental feedback during an illness.
The school-age child with cancer will benefit from the following:
- Explain the diagnosis and treatment plan in words your child can understand.
- Include your child as much as possible in talks about diagnosis and treatment.
- Answer all questions honestly and in understandable language, including “Am I going to die?” (Discuss ways to answer these difficult questions with the cancer care team.)
- Listen for unasked questions, and pay attention when your child talks about fears and concerns.
- Offer repeated reassurance that the child did not cause the cancer.
- Encourage and help youngsters to identify and name feelings.
- Teach that sadness, anger, and guilt are normal feelings and that it’s OK to talk about them.
- Teach about feeling and managing anxiety.
- Relieve anxiety about missing school by sharing with your child’s teacher and classmates about what’s happening, and encourage your child to share as well.
- Console your child over missed sports events, parties, and other activities.
- Encourage expressing feelings, especially anger, and safe ways to do it.
- Use cancer team professionals to intervene or suggest strategies for parents to use.
- Allow your child to keep feelings private, if that’s preferred.
- Offer art activities (writing, drawing, painting, collage) that will encourage expression of personal thoughts and feelings Make sure there’s fun and pleasure in each day.
- Arrange for daily physical activity, if possible.
- Help your child stay in touch with siblings, friends, and classmates by using things like cards, phone calls, text messages, video games, social media, and e-mail.
- Make plans with team members and teachers to keep up with schoolwork, which can include classes on speakerphone or the computer, recordings of class discussion, and visits from classmates (if possible).
- Plan your child’s return to school when the cancer care team can estimate a date.
- Use humour to distract.
- Arrange for your child to meet other patients their age to see how they have dealt with cancer.
Teens (Ages 13 to 18)
The teenage years are challenging as teens are learning to separate from their parents and be more independent. Illness forces some of the task of separation to be put on hold.
Teens with cancer will benefit from the following:
- Offer comfort and empathy.
- Include your teen in all discussions about diagnosis and treatment planning.
- Encourage your teen to ask questions (parents should listen for unasked questions).
- Give information on normal emotional reactions to a cancer diagnosis.
- Repeat reassurances that they did not cause the cancer.
- Address spiritual concerns or questions such as “Why me?” (Or encourage others to address them.)
- Encourage your teen to share feelings with someone: parents, family, friends, the cancer team, or other staff.
- Be willing to tolerate some reluctance to share thoughts and feelings.
- Encourage your teen to keep a journal or log.
- Allow time for your teen to talk privately with team professionals.
- Offer assurance that all of you – the patient, parents, and other family members – will be able to manage this crisis and help each other through it.
- Address feelings of anger and frustration (even if they are unspoken).
- Use team professionals to teach new coping strategies.
- Encourage your teen to share news of their diagnosis with friends and classmates, and stay in touch with them.
- Arrange for visits of siblings and friends.
- Develop a plan with team members and teachers at school for keeping up with classes, as well as a plan to return to school and deal with any restrictions that might apply.
- Make sure there’s some fun and pleasure in each day.
- Use humour to deal with frustration.
- Help your child make contact with other teen patients, if desired.
- Take your child to a teen support group and stress the importance of learning from other teens (if available in your area).
Posted on 1 February, 2017, in Advice & Tips, Blog, Parents and tagged cancer, cancer treatment, childhood cancer, Childhood Cancer Awareness, Children with Cancer, Fighting Cancer, LFCT, Little Fighters Cancer Trust, paediatric cancer, Pediatric cancer, pediatric cancer awareness. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment. | <urn:uuid:78560ccb-1ee0-4edf-a760-8e9c6c905621> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://littlefighterscancertrust.wordpress.com/2017/02/01/helping-your-child-with-cancer-cope/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590069.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718060927-20180718080927-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.935452 | 2,351 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|Did you mean to convert||megabyte
How many MB in 1 byte?
The answer is 9.5367431640625E-7.
We assume you are converting between megabyte and byte.
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
MB or byte
The main non-SI unit for computer data storage is the byte.
1 MB is equal to 1048576 byte.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between megabytes and bytes.
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
1 MB to byte = 1048576 byte
2 MB to byte = 2097152 byte
3 MB to byte = 3145728 byte
4 MB to byte = 4194304 byte
5 MB to byte = 5242880 byte
6 MB to byte = 6291456 byte
7 MB to byte = 7340032 byte
8 MB to byte = 8388608 byte
9 MB to byte = 9437184 byte
10 MB to byte = 10485760 byte
You can do the reverse unit conversion from byte to MB, or enter any two units below:
A megabyte is a unit of information or computer storage equal to 1,048,576 bytes. The official SI definition uses the "mebibyte" or MiB unit to represent 220 bytes. However, most people have requested the more common usage, so the non-SI version is used on this site.
A byte is the basic unit of measurement of information storage in computer science. In many computer architectures it is a unit of memory addressing, consisting of 8 bits.
Since computer memory comes in base two rather than 10, a large portion of the software and computer industry use binary estimates of the SI-prefixed quantities, while producers of computer storage devices prefer the SI values. This is why a computer hard drive advertised with a "100 GB" decimal storage capacity actually contains no more than 93 GB of 8-bit (power of 2) addressable storage.
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more! | <urn:uuid:a53b63e2-eecf-4df5-aff8-daee16a3f24e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.convertunits.com/from/MB/to/byte | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573908.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920071824-20190920093824-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.829935 | 539 | 3.125 | 3 |
Shape fills such as solid colors, gradients, pictures, and textures can have a transparency attribute that lets you reduce the opacity of a fill so that the slide object or background behind shows through. Transparency is calculated in percentages and you can change its value all the way from 0 to 100%. Some fill options, such as pattern and slide background have no transparency options. Look at Figure 1 below, and you will see the original shapes on the left with their semi-transparent counterparts on the right, we intentionally placed all these shapes on a patterned background so that you can see the pattern through the semi-transparent shapes towards right.
Figure 1: Original shapes with various fills and their semi-transparent counterparts
To set a transparency value for your shape, follow these steps:
- Select the shape that has a solid color, gradient, pictures or texture fill. Right-click the shape to bring up the contextual menu that you can see in Figure 2. Within this menu, choose the Format Shape option.
Figure 2: Format Shape option selected
- This brings up the Format Shape Task Pane that you see in Figure 3, options may differ depending upon the original fill of your selected shape, in this instance, our shape had a solid fill. You drag the Transparency slider, highlighted in red with Figure 3 to change the transparency value.
Figure 3: Set transparency for solid fill
- The Transparency slider for Picture or texture fill is similarly highlighted in red within Figure 4, below.
Figure 4: Set transparency for picture or texture fill
- Gradient fills work a little differently as far as transparency is concerned, you need to adjust the transparency value of every single color "stop" comprised within the gradient fill you choose. To do that, select each stop of your gradient individually, and change its transparency, as shown highlighted in red within Figure 5, below.
Figure 5: Set transparency for gradient stops
- Save your presentation often.
Fills for Shapes: Transparency for Shape Fills (Glossary Page)
Transparency for Shape Fills in PowerPoint 2016 for Windows
Transparency for Shape Fills in PowerPoint 2016 for Mac
Transparency for Shape Fills in PowerPoint 2011 for Mac
Transparency for Shape Fills in PowerPoint 2010 for Windows | <urn:uuid:65ff4ea9-5c5c-4bc5-a394-29a90042e4f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.indezine.com/products/powerpoint/learn/fillslinesandeffects/2013/transparency-for-shape-fills.amp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103940327.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701095156-20220701125156-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.856589 | 466 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The earth is known as the blue planet, because there are about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water on it. Water covers almost two thirds of the earth’s surface. Someone would say that is is an abundant source of water, but the human population has caused water pollution to an extend that it affects us and our environment including plants, animals, soil, and air.
The amount of freshwater that is suitable for human use comes down to only about 0.8% of all water resources available on our planet. Apart from glaciers, rivers, underground water and lakes are the only sources of fresh water.
It becomes clear that we need to learn to treat our water in a way that will help us to make the best of what we have. Water filter production is just one tiny step into the right direction to create water saving technologies.
Liquid Logic water filters are really helpful when it comes to providing great tasting, safe and healthy drinking water. Our advanced filters are able to remove almost any harmful organism like bacteria or fungi or even a virus, including hazardous minerals like lead. A low carbon footprint makes these filters really efficient in treating water. Using one of our filters, you can feel safe while consuming your tap water that also tastes great.
Water filtration is the most important process in water treatment. We are using high quality materials during the flexible manufacturing process to produce ceramic or carbon water filter that can be applied to various uses. We are doing our best in order to provide our customers with low cost, low tech colloidal silver enhanced ceramic water purifiers and carbon membrane filters.
The aim of water purification
What is the main goal of our water treatment filters? To provide the whole world with an abundant source of fresh drinking water that is necessary for the survival of not only us, but all plants and animals on this planet as well. At this point of time the demand for fresh drinking water is higher than ever before. Water treatment is more than a necessary process that we need to apply with great care in order to make sure that we continue having fresh water that we simply cannot live without. Having clear and pure water will contribute to the protection of natural resources in the most sustainable way and keep our beautiful planet and ourselves healthy. | <urn:uuid:73b5ceee-806f-4218-a6e5-77a71248a448> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.liquid-logic.com/technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727122407-20170727142407-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.950754 | 454 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In 1897, British forces launched a bloody campaign against Afghanistan’s Pashtun tribesmen – forebears of the Taliban – on the North West Frontier. It was the first time Winston Churchill, then 22 and a junior cavalry lieutenant as well as aspiring Telegraph war correspondent, had taken part in military action. The subsequent experience greatly shaped his subsequent career as a politician.
A week into the campaign, Winston Churchill was still a knight of the pen, rather than one of the sword, so he concentrated his energy on finding good copy for his Daily Telegraph dispatches, getting scoops at the expense of Viscount Fincastle of The Times. He kept himself busy by accompanying the daily reconnaissance patrols, and observing their map-making efforts. As he told his friend Reggie Barnes, he spent most days with the 11th Bengal Lancers – “such nice fellows” – and the evenings in the general’s mess.
When out riding with the Lancers, Churchill was always on the lookout for action, but had little luck. “I take every opportunity and have accompanied solitary patrols into virgin valleys and ridden through villages and forts full of armed men – looking furious – but without any adventure occurring. It is a strange war. One moment people are your friends and the next they are shooting. The value of life is so little that they do not bear any grudge for being shot at.”
On September 12 his camp came under sniper fire. Churchill was having dinner with Major-General Sir Bindon Blood when “a bullet hummed by over head”. The incident strengthened Churchill’s view that the Mohmands, a local Pashtun tribe, needed to be dealt with. As he told Barnes: “After today we begin to burn villages. Every one. And all who resist will be killed without quarter. The Mohmands need a lesson, and there is no doubt we are a very cruel people.” Such action was vital, Churchill argued, because the Pashtuns “recognise superiority of race”.
On September 13, Blood dispatched two squadrons from the 11th Bengal Lancers to scout the north of the Mohmand Valley, the focus of the tribes’ anti-British revolt. The Lancers set fire to one village and, as they withdrew, came under fire from tribesmen hidden on the surrounding hillsides. It was a minor skirmish, with no British casualties, but it was a harbinger of the more serious fighting to come.
Churchill was at the camp to welcome the Lancers on their return and noted, with a degree of envy: “They were vastly pleased with themselves. Nothing in life is so exhilarating as to be shot at without result.”
Churchill’s galloping around with the Lancers provided good material for his Telegraph dispatches, for which he was paid £5 each (about £300 today). From Blood’s camp at Ghosam, Churchill sent three articles to London, where they appeared on consecutive days in the editions of October 7-9 under the same heading, The War in the Indian Highlands. All the articles were signed “By A Young Officer”, and Churchill did his best to post “picturesque forcible letters”, as the newspaper’s editor had demanded, even when he had not seen a great deal.
His dispatch of September 5 pays tribute to the bravery of the Pashtuns. “Their swordsmanship, neglecting guards, concerns itself only with cuts and, careless of what injury they may receive, they devote themselves to the destruction of their opponents.”
But he is less well disposed to the mullahs who incited the violence in the first place, and is appalled by their habit of trading their womenfolk to buy rifles. “This degradation of mind is unrelieved by a single elevated sentiment,” he writes. “Their religion is the most miserable fanaticism, in which cruelty, credulity, and immorality are equally represented. Their holy men – the Mullahs – prize as their chief privilege a sort of droit de seigneur. It is impossible to imagine a lower type of beings or a more dreadful state of barbarism.”
Churchill’s next article, written on September 9, opens with the somewhat pitiful observation, “I cannot recall any incident that occurred” – hardly the kind of insightful journalism that wins Pulitzers. He justifies this less-than-compelling remark by reminding his readers that, to obtain a clear idea of a soldier’s life on active service, they “must mentally share the fatigues of the march and the monotony of the camp”.
In the final article written from Ghosam on September 12, Churchill explains the challenge of marching in the heat of an Indian summer: “The soldiers of India naturally feel the effects of the climate less than those from cooler lands. This, of course, the British infantryman will not admit. The dominant race resent the slightest suggestion of inferiority.”
Continuing in this jingoistic vein, he tells how he meets soldiers from the Queen’s Regiment after they have completed a 14-mile march carrying their arms and ammunition. “Not one had fallen by the way. They looked strained and weary, but nothing would induce them to admit it. 'An easy march,’ they said. 'Should have been here long ago if the native troops had not kept halting.’ This is the material for empire‑building.”
Churchill was simply reflecting the view of his imperial contemporaries that British officers such as himself were superior to the Indians who served under them. “Nothing is so remarkable as the ascendancy which the British officer maintains over the native soldier. The dark Sowars [Indian cavalrymen] follow the young English subaltern who commands them with a strange devotion. He is their 'butcha’ – the best in the regiment – as brave as a lion. None ride so straight as he; no one is so confident.”
In this dispatch, Churchill sets aside his rivalry with Viscount Fincastle, and uses a recent incident at Landakai, where The Times correspondent won the Victoria Cross, to support his argument. “It is an excellent instance of the actions by which the ascendancy of the British officer is maintained over the gallant Asiatics he commands,” Churchill writes. “The example of these men calmly endeavouring to rescue their brother officers within fifty yards of a hundred rifles, and surrounded by a ferocious mob of swordsmen, probably does more to preserve the loyalty of the Indian soldier than all the speeches of Westminster.”
On September 14, Churchill moved seven miles west to Nawagai with the 3rd Brigade and Blood’s divisional headquarters, while the 2nd Brigade marched towards the Rambat Pass, aiming to cross it the following day. But as the 2nd Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Patrick Jeffreys, a highly decorated soldier who had fought in the Zulu wars and Burma, established camp at Markhanai, 11 miles south of the pass, it came under sustained attack.
Blood ordered Jeffreys to move against the tribesmen the next day. The following morning Jeffreys began moving up the Mohmand Valley with three columns, but he was met with strong resistance from the local Pashtun tribesmen, forcing him to withdraw.
By nightfall, the general and his small escort had been cut off, and defended themselves with some difficulty until relief arrived. The action resulted in the British sustaining nearly 150 dead and wounded, some of them subalterns no older than Churchill. As Blood later recalled in his memoirs: “As soon as I heard of General Jeffreys’ mishap, I sent for Churchill and suggested his joining the General in order to see a little fighting. He was all for it, so I sent him over at once and he saw more fighting than I expected, and very hard fighting too.”
The knight of the pen had become a knight of the sword.
© Con Coughlin 2013
'Churchill’s First War’ by Con Coughlin (Pan MacMillan) can be purchased from Telegraph Books at £23 + £1.35 p&p. Call 0844 871 1514 or visit books.telegraph.co.uk
Con Coughlin will be appearing at the Hay Festival at 4pm on May 28. For information and tickets, click here | <urn:uuid:6be2b6c8-0291-4025-bfd3-ab93a1d30b4e> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/10022399/How-Winston-Churchill-got-his-taste-for-war.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133568.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00265-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975987 | 1,779 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Almost immediately after GPS technology was developed by the United States Military, Ed Tuck, a pilot at time, became interesting in adopting it for his own use. Tuck had a friend who lived on the West Coast, but there were no navigation systems in the area, making it hard for Tuck to fly in to visit. During the years that Tuck experimented with GPS he co-founded Magellan, which would go on to become one of the most recognized brands associated with the technology.
Tuck’s first handheld GPS units had to be tested in the middle of the night as there were few satellites in orbit and the device needed access to three to four at a time to get a decent reading. Product managers would skulk around Los Angeles parks, where they were routinely questioned by police, with their handheld units to try and find satellites.
The first consumer-ready product was targeted to mariners, who, once they were 20 miles from shore, had only celestial navigation to get them home. In 1992, in conjunction with Jim Whittaker from REI, Magellan began targeting GPS to people who worked and played outdoors. Today, Magellan units read off 28 or more satellites orbiting the earth. | <urn:uuid:4e2e6a40-dfd7-4993-81e0-a158e355340f> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-gear/adventure-electronics/gps-devices/Handheld-GPS-Magellan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539066.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00203-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991454 | 246 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Benefitting country(ies): Togo
Implemented by the National Commission for Cultural Heritage, the project mainly aims to inventory, safeguard and promote knowledge related to the manufacture and practice of traditional musical instruments in Togo. It builds on lessons learned from the first phase of the project, which took place in the Maritime region (south Togo) between January 2016 and February 2017. The last general inventory of intangible cultural heritage, conducted in 2011, revealed that a number of elements and skills are insufficiently documented, and that long-term safeguarding strategies are required. This primarily concerns skills relating to the making and playing of traditional musical instruments and associated dances, whose viability is threatened by several factors including the rural exodus of young people, modern music and the influence of certain churches opposed to such practices. Faced with this situation, the proposed project aims to improve the viability of such instruments and ensure the transmission of associated practices by: drawing up an inventory of the related skills in the remaining five regions of the country; strengthening the capacities of the teams of researchers involved; raising awareness among community members about the need to safeguard this knowledge; revitalizing the intergenerational chain of transmission; and ensuring the revival and sustainable safeguarding of these practices. Training workshops will be organized for young people and musicians in the communities, and exhibitions and cultural events will also be held to sensitize communities in each region.
News and activities:
19/07/2018 - 09/07/2022 – Inventorying oral traditions, expressions, local knowledge and practices of the Korekore of Hurungwe district in Zimbabwe23/06/2022 - 23/06/2022 – Capacity building on traditional Koryo celadon making practice | <urn:uuid:9f5945ef-28b5-4168-bd5c-53542bf7ae8a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ich.unesco.org/en/assistances/inventory-safeguarding-and-promoting-knowledge-of-how-to-manufacture-and-play-togos-traditional-musical-instruments-national-phase-01425 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.946519 | 350 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Knoxville (WVLT) - Computer security experts say 2006 has been the worst so far for viruses and cyber crooks.
And they say 2007 won't likely be much better.
Volunteer TV's Whitney Daniel explains exactly what you need to do to protect your PC from problems.
If you're connected to the internet, chances are, you're going to get something, whether it's a virus or spyware.
But, if you do, and your computer is properly protected... The software will take care of the problem for you.
"Security is important and you can get a lot of threats coming into the computer just by connecting it to the Internet," says Marcus Carrell from Best Buy's Geek Squad.
Experts say anywhere from three to four million compromised computers are online at any given time, even more reason to build up an immune system on your computer. You need three things: anti-virus software, anti-spyware protection and a firewall.
"I don't know that much about it, but I know this stuff takes care of the majority of stuff you need to watch out for," says customer Scott Reed.
That "stuff" to keep an eye out for are:
Viruses, they infest your computer through networks and e-mails and can wipe out important information.
And spyware, it finds you through the Internet, certain pop-ups or downloading programs and can attack your computer in a number of ways.
"It can do anything from stealing and monitoring information from your computer to basically re-directing web search results and web addresses to specific websites that you go to," says Carrell.
"There's pretty much anything and everything on the Internet that can do some sort of damage to your computer and your hard drive," Reed says.
And these impurities are easy to get by accident.
"You can just simply misspell and web address, a popular one, and end up at a site that takes advantage of an exploit within Windows," Carrell says.
But, don't worry, although viruses and spyware are more common and harder to detect, Carrell says "It forces the manufactures of the different protection software, as well as the manufacturer of the different operating systems and software, to be on their toes a little bit more and better safeguard their products and their users from attacks."
Experts say it's also a good idea to put your PC under warranty, to protect the hardware.
Look for one that offers accidental damage coverage, especially if you have a laptop. | <urn:uuid:529c6a79-62c8-4b78-b726-a07fdaf0ec0e> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.local8now.com/home/headlines/5022491.html?site=full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775080.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00099-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961755 | 523 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Researchers based at Glasgow University, UK, have reportedly achieved a breakthrough in three-dimensional printing, making it possible to print items that can initiate chemical reactions — called “reactionware” — using specialized design software and 3D printers ready available on the consumer market.
The reactionware contains polymer gel that houses chemical reactions for “organic and inorganic synthesis”, and within the research this has resulted in commercial 3D printers being able to produce finished vessels in a few hours. The researchers explain:
“This approach constitutes a relatively cheap, automated and reconfigurable chemical discovery platform that makes techniques from chemical engineering accessible to typical synthetic laboratories.”
The printing techniques are in the early stages of development, but the team have already managed to produce anti-cancer drugs using the technology. The scientists hope that eventually the 3D printing methods will be used to produce domestic appliances in the homes of the general public, including medication. The implications of this are wide-ranging, but the technology may be available in the future for personal drug manufacture.
Source: smartplanet.comAdded: 21 May 2012 | <urn:uuid:b5a9ab11-2838-4228-bd01-35caf399f010> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.moreinspiration.com/article/5379/3d-printing-turning-your-home-into-a-drugstore?t=pharmaceutical | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.932363 | 227 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The Vector Cross Product: A JAVA Interactive Tutorial
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|McNamara, Middleton, Schiff; Dept. of Physics, Syracuse University|
|You will see a drawing in which the vector labeled c is calculated according to your specifications for the vectors a and b. You move these by clicking on their tips and dragging them around the plane with the mouse. You can also "spin the plane" by clicking and dragging on other parts of the picture. Suggestions for activities; explanations of what's going on; and an explanation of the mathematics of the vector cross product.|
|Levels:||High School (9-12), College|
|Resource Types:||Tutorials, Web Interactive/Java|
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:c3642c28-ed10-4b0d-a3a6-449ce9fae039> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://mathforum.org/library/view/3914.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323682.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628134734-20170628154734-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.829026 | 178 | 2.75 | 3 |
The rising of a celestial object at the same time as the sun, or its first visible rising after a period of invisibility due to conjunction with the sun. The last setting before such a period is the heliacal setting.
- The result of this was that the dates of the heliacal rising of Sirius and the flooding of the Nile shifted through the months on a cycle that took 1,461 years to complete.
- During the period of the development of the calendar, the heliacal rising of Sirius coincided with the summer solstice, both of which announced the annual inundation of the Nile, the central focus of the agricultural year.
- As Venus moves ahead of the Sun, she eventually becomes visible again in the east, in her heliacal rising shortly before sunrise.
Definition of heliacal rising in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:df3b9653-5af2-4ae5-a929-5d68ccd9ad4f> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/heliacal-rising | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121776.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00216-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939074 | 199 | 3.125 | 3 |
You all know by now that I love saving time and keystrokes and this is a little beauty that you will love!
Follow the steps below to learn how to enter a series of dates in MS Excel in short order:
- Select Cell A1 and click Ctrl + ; (semicolon).
- Select the Fill handle in the bottom right corner of the cell. The cursror will change to a plus sign (+).
- Drag vertically and release the mouse.
- From the shortcut menu, select the series you want to use. | <urn:uuid:42660bb8-380d-4f11-bb3a-72ee5b2c0e52> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.carolscorneroffice.com/use-the-shortcut-menu-to-enter-a-series-of-dates-in-excel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814393.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223035527-20180223055527-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.829038 | 112 | 2.984375 | 3 |
When 0 is used as a placeholder, it allows people to write numbers in shorthand and tell them apart. For example, the number 509 is shorthand for "5 times 100, plus 0 times 10 plus 9 times 1." Since zero adds no value to the 10's place, it can be used as a placeholder there, creating the possibility of the shorter notation.
Without placeholders, there would be no way to write numbers in shorthand notation, and also no way to tell them apart. For example, without 0 as a placeholder, the numbers 59, 5009 and 5090 cannot be written in short form.
When 0 is used as a leading 0, it can safely be removed. For example, in the number 0509, the first 0 can be removed without changing the value of the number while the second 0 cannot because it is a placeholder. | <urn:uuid:e9088692-c619-4e93-8200-46f560e11e4c> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.reference.com/world-view/role-0-placeholder-numbers-e673595887f891ef | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145538.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221203000-20200221233000-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.915098 | 173 | 3.859375 | 4 |
|Jackson, Michael - Mike|
Submitted to: Inform
Publication Type: Popular Publication
Publication Acceptance Date: 5/11/2007
Publication Date: 7/1/2007
Citation: List, G.R., Jackson, M.A. 2007. Giants of the past: The battle over hydrogenation (1903-1920). Inform. 18:403-405.
Technical Abstract: The Journal of Industrial Engineering Chemistry (volume 13, February 1921) carried, in part, the following note, "The United States Supreme Court, on December 6, 1920, handed down an important decision in favor of the defendant in the 'Hydrogenated Oil Case' of Proctor and Gamble vs. The Brown Company (formerly Berlin Mills Co.) reversing the Court of Appeals and holding with the District Court that claims 1 and 2 of the Burchenal patent no. 1,135,351, assigned to Proctor and Gamble Company, are invalid." Some 85 years have passed since this landmark decision. This article will review the chain of events leading up to the aforementioned court decision. Hydrogenation of organic substances in the gas phase was discovered by Sabatier in the latter part of the 19th century and applications to the liquid phase had been patented by Normann both in Britain and Germany in 1903. The British firm of Joseph Crosfield and sons, who acquired the rights to the Normann patent, began an extensive campaign to interest European soap manufacturers in the technology, hoping to sell the patent rights for profit. According to Joseph Wilson (The History of Unilever in two volumes), the struggle over the Normann patents in Europe were equally intense as the litigation in America that followed. By 1907, Crosfield had carried out sufficient research to bring their hydrogenation technology to the United States. By November 1907, Edwin Kayser, a Crosfield chemist, took up residence in Cincinnati, Ohio and, shortly thereafter, contacted John Burchenal, business manager of Proctor and Gamble. By early January 1908, a business arrangement had been made. Kayser then filed two U. S. patents applications; (U.S. 1,004,034, Process for Making Metallic Catalysts and U.S. 1,004,035, Method for Saturating Fatty Acids or their Glycerides with Hydrogen, granted September 11, 1911). Both patents were assigned to Proctor and Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. There can be little doubt that, at this point, the goal was to completely harden oils for the express purpose of producing raw materials for soap making. The work was kept secret except for Burchenal, Kayser and Wallace Macaw, whose company (Georgia Mills and Elevator Company) had been acquired through a merger with Proctor and Gamble. By late 1910, John Burchenal had filed two U.S. patent applications (Food Products 1,135,351 and 1,135,951, both granted April 13, 1915). Note that about five years elapsed from the time that the patents were applied for until their issuance. The former is based on partial hydrogenation of cottonseed while the latter is based on blending completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil with liquid cottonseed oil. Originally, the product was named "Krispo" followed by "Crsyt," but settled for Crisco (an acronym for crystallized cottonseed oil) because of trademark and for obvious religious reasons. "Krispo" was similar to a trademark registered to Schwarzchild and Sulzberger, no. 40,317; Cooking Fats and Lard. By June 1911, Crisco Shortening appeared on grocery store shelves and was the object of a massive advertising promotion. Housewives of this era cooked with lard and butter. Thus, Proctor and Gamble faced the challenge of convincing them that the new product was superior. It was advertised as a healthier alternative to animal fats and more economical than butter. In addition, a cookbook containing 615 Crisco recipes was distributed free of charge to American housewives. Ads taken out in the Ladies Home Journal touted Crisco as better than butter for cooking, as well as lighter and flakier fried foods. In 1911, $180,000 was spent on advertising and about $400,000 per year in the 1912-1915 time frame. Some 3,500 circulars and products were furnished to jobbers and, by the winter of 1911, Proctor and Gamble had shipped cases of 6 1-1/2 lb containers to about 15,000 retailer | <urn:uuid:0d816259-db4c-46de-a0af-0b860f79d48b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=210614 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.965188 | 927 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a relatively new eating disorder that remains much a mystery to physicians and psychotherapists. Although it shares many similarities to anorexia nervosa, it focuses on an obsessive urge to be “healthy” rather than to be thin.
Although eating healthy is highly appealing to many in a world in which junk food is available at every turn and obesity levels are at an all time high, in some instances the desire to eat “clean” can become extreme. When an individual’s urge to eat healthily develops into extreme food restrictions, obsessive thoughts, anxiety, fear of food and malnourishment, they are likely suffering from orthorexia.
Orthorexia (ON) is an eating disorder which causes obsessive behavior around food. Individuals who suffer from the condition become preoccupied with the need to consume only foods which they deem to be healthy, to the point that they will adopt heavily restrictive diets which could lead to them becoming malnourished.
Orthorexia nervosa is not yet recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), perhaps since it is a relatively modern condition, having only first been named in 1996 by American doctor Stephen Bratman. “Ortho” means “right”, “orexia”, means hunger and “nervosa” means “fixation” or “obsession”. Dr. Bratman coined the term as an analogy to anorexia nervosa, a condition which causes people to heavily restrict their food intake until they become dangerously underweight.
Individuals with orthorexia nervosa do not necessarily aim to starve themselves or lose weight as with anorexia, but they do become obsessed with healthy eating to the point that they may not get the adequate nutrition they need and could lose lots of weight and become seriously ill as a result. They also typically struggle with feelings of shame, guilt and self-esteem if they break from their strict dietary plans, and struggle to eat in public or socially due to the restrictions they place on their diets. Many of these feelings and behaviors share similarities with those of anorexia.
Initially, Dr. Bratman coined the term orthorexia (ON) to help a handful of his patients who were struggling with obsessive behavior around healthy eating. He hoped that by defining their behavior with a named disorder, he could help them to focus on a “cure”. He didn’t initially deem the term a serious diagnosis, but after writing about it in Yoga Journal in 1997, it was quickly picked up by other magazines and became a well-known phrase. This demonstrated to Dr. Bratman that the diagnosis resonated with large numbers of people and that further investigation needed to be done to compile a list of common symptoms and establish the prevalence of the condition.
It is still not quite clear how many people suffer from orthorexia in the US, although anecdotal evidence suggests it could be relatively common, particularly in young people. Carol Cottrill, a certified nutritionist, estimates that the condition currently affects one in 10 women and one in 20 men in the US.
Despite not being recognized in the DSM, orthorexia (ON) does have a series of clearly defined symptoms which have been outlined by Dr. Stephen Bratman in his proposed diagnostic criteria.
Individuals with orthorexia focus obsessively on “healthy” eating. Their obsession may be based on a specific diet or set of beliefs about certain food types, but there is no individual dietary theory that all people with subscribe to. Sufferers feel emotional distress when dealing with food choices which are not in line with their “healthy” diet or which they perceive as “unhealthy”.
Weight loss may be caused by orthorexia, although this is typically not the primary goal of sufferers. However, many will see their weight as one of many aspects of their ideal health status.
People with orthorexia will show signs of compulsive behavior in regards to their dietary practices. This could involve extreme restriction or excessive consumption of certain food types and use of food supplements. Exercise is often closely tied in, with sufferers looking to physical performance or body types as an indicator of health.
Individuals might have exaggerated fears of disease and of feeling physically unwell. They may feel impure when faced with “unhealthy” foods, and frequently feel anxious, guilty or shameful if their diet is not as “clean” as they feel it should be. Usually, the self-imposed restrictions become more and more dramatic and severe over time and can result in entire food groups becoming eliminated from their diet.
In many instances, individuals will turn to partial fasts in an attempt to “detox” or purify their bodies, and such fasts will become more and more frequent and severe. Subsequently, sufferers will lose weight without necessarily trying to do so.
The compulsive behavior around food and health can then cause a series of secondary problems. Sufferers may become malnourished or dangerously underweight due to their restricted diet. Their social lives, academic ambitions and careers may be affected due to their obsessive behavior or distress surrounding food. Plus, it’s possible that they may suffer with body image and identity since much of their self-worth is tied intrinsically to their “healthy” eating behavior.
It’s important to note that not all attempts to eat healthily or enjoy a healthy lifestyle are deemed instances of orthorexia. Making conscious choices to consume foods which nourish the body and help to maintain good health is not usually detrimental to a person’s well-being, nor is following a particular type of diet, such as veganism or vegetarianism.
It is only when attempts to eat healthily become obsessive and detrimental to an individual’s physical and mental well-being that one might be deemed orthorexic.
There has not been enough research conducted into orthorexia (ON) to fully understand what causes the condition. However, there are several theories about why individuals may develop it.
Typically, the condition develops from relatively minor dietary restrictions, which an individual might adopt in an attempt to improve their health. This could be because they are suffering from a particular illness or chronic medical condition, or simply because they feel generally unwell.
In some instances, orthorexia develops out of a need to create an identity. By adopting a particular diet, one might feel as though they are part of a community or that they have a sense of purpose. For some, adopting extreme diets is linked with a need for spirituality and they may tie morality in closely with dietary choices.
Some orthorexia sufferers strive to improve their self-esteem with dietary restrictions and feel that eating “healthy” foods will increase their self-worth. For others, dietary restrictions are borne out of a desire to have control due over emotional turmoil that they may be experiencing in other parts of their life. Similarly, adopting a particular diet may serve as a method to escape or distract from certain fears, stresses or anxieties.
The primary treatment for orthorexia (ON) is psychotherapy. Patients might work with counselors or therapists to identify the underlying causes for their orthorexia and work to resolve them. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and behavioral modification therapy are all examples of psychotherapies that may be used to help break harmful orthorexic habits and thought patterns and adopt healthier coping mechanisms.
In some instances, doctors may prescribe medications to aid in recovery from orthorexia, but only in instances where the condition appears to have developed from an underlying mental health issue, or has caused a concurrent mental health issue. An individual who appears to have developed orthorexic behavior as a result of a desire to regain control over feelings of anxiety, for example, might be treated with anti-anxiety medication. However, there is no clear evidence that a particular type of medication is suitable for treating all cases of orthorexia.
Individuals who have been diagnosed with orthorexia may have become physically unwell as a result of the condition. In these instances, doctors may refer them to nutritionists who will formulate a balanced diet to restore their physical health and help them to reach a healthy weight. Working with a nutritionist can also help patients to develop a more accurate understanding of what it means to eat healthfully.
If orthorexia has compromised an individual’s physical health, they may require additional treatments. For example, dangerously malnourished patients may need to be hospitalized in order that nasogastric tube feeding or intravenous infusion can be performed. In other situations, vitamins and mineral supplements may be prescribed to help restore physical health while the patient undergoes therapy and slowly adopts a more balanced, nutritionally sound diet.
Individuals who are striving to improve their overall diet and lifestyle in order to optimize their health should firstly understand the symptoms of orthorexia (ON) in order to recognize signs that their behavior could become extreme. In particular, they should be careful that their dietary habits do not cause them undue anxiety or fear, as these are clear warning signs that their relationship with food has become obsessive. Rapid weight loss is also an indicator that dietary choices have become too restrictive.
It is usually wise to consult a physician before making any dramatic changes to diet and lifestyle. A doctor will be able to advise which “healthy eating” choices may be helpful, and which may be harmful. They will also be able to perform regular blood tests to monitor nutrition levels and discover deficiencies which may have come about as a result of dietary changes.
When considering adopting a new diet regimen, it might be helpful to establish the primary motivator behind the decision. Those who are striving to take control of their diet as a result of feeling out of control in other aspects of their life could be at an increased risk of orthorexia.
Similarly, individuals with a history of low self-esteem, poor body image, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder could be more at risk of developing extreme behaviors and unhealthy thought patterns surrounding food. In these instances, it is particularly important to seek advice from a physician or psychotherapist. | <urn:uuid:85665b4a-fbc9-4ea8-bf79-c8970b41a284> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://healthery.com/health/orthorexia-nervosa-on/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209755.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815004637-20180815024637-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.967956 | 2,123 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Messenger - Vol. 2, No. 1, Page 10 Fall 1992 Time to Close the Math Gap Two University of Delaware economists have just completed a study that suggests summer vacation is holding U.S. math students back. They recommend lengthening the school year by three weeks and assigning required summer math homework similar to summer reading programs. Profs. Kenneth A. Lewis and Laurence S. Seidman, with their research assistants Helen Erickson and Tony Stilt, in the College of Business and Economics, spent the better part of a year compiling data about the classroom and study habits of eighth grade mathematics students from 17 nations. Seidman says he believes it is the only study of its kind. The economists wanted to learn whether there is a direct correlation between high scores and the time spent on math. "When we started the study, we were surprised to find educators who said the amount of time devoted to math doesn't matter," Lewis says. He was referring specifically to The Underachieving Curriculum, a 1987 study based on the results of the 1982 math test given to 13-year-old students in 18 nations by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). Of the 18 nations and 20 school systems IEA tested, students in Japan scored the highest. The United States was 14th. "Even at the top, U.S. students aren't competing with Japanese students," Seidman says. The researchers arrived at this conclusion by computing individual student scores for the whole exam and for each of five subjects: arithmetic, algebra, geometry, descriptive statistics and measurement. They then broke those down into quartiles and into the top 5 and 10 percent. In each case, both for the entire test and in four of the five individual subjects, U.S. students tested behind Japanese students at every level. Only in arithmetic did the gap close. The Underachieving Curriculum dismissed the lack of time spent on math study in the U.S. as a reason for this nation's poor showing. The report ranked Japan number one in achievement but 13th in time devoted to math while the U.S. ranked 14th in test scores but third in math-time. This influential work urges intense concentration on curriculum to close the gap. "The report jolted us. The claim that Japan was a low math-time nation and the U. S. high math-time ran against our information," Seidman says. These influential leaders in their field made a mistake, he says. Lewis explains that these researchers had confined their time calculations to math studied in school during the seventh grade. "It turns out that the Japanese put their seventh graders in math class only three times a week. So, when you measure time that way, the researchers are right." Seidman and Lewis reasoned that the acquisition of math-capital is cumulative. To accurately assess time against test scores, they say, requires an examination of all hours devoted to math over the student's elementary school career, not just the flow in the year of the test. They found that Japanese elementary school children devote more time to the study of math than does any other nation. By the sixth grade, Japanese students had spent as much time studying math as had eighth graders in the U.S. By the end of eighth grade, Japanese students had compiled 1,370 hours of math study compared to U.S. students' 1,054 hours. Even more telling were the figures representing the after-school hours Japanese and American students devote to math. The Japanese devoted 269 hours to math work after school, in sharp contrast to 80 hours for the U.S. Students from both countries spent about the same time in class. Lewis and Seidman found another glaring difference--summer vacation. A study conducted by the New York Board of Regents found that an average of four weeks is needed each new school year to review math forgotten during the 12-week summer break. Japan has a six-week summer, but students are required to do math homework every weekday. When they return to school, Japanese students do not need review. Lewis and Seidman calculate that if U.S. schools add three weeks to the school year and require 10 minutes per day of summer math homework, summer deterioration would decrease by one-third and the U.S. could rise from 13th place to 8th in math scores. "The question is how can we structure summer math to make it work?" Seidman asks. So, to find out, Lewis and Seidman jointly created a summer math pilot project with the University's Center for Economic Education for sixth graders at Bayard Elementary School in the Christina School District of New Castle County, Del. McDonald's offered to reward students who finish weekly assignments with various treats at its restaurants. All Lewis and Seidman are hoping for this first year is that students complete the assignments and that less review time is needed in the fall. They are convinced that the United States will not be competitive in the future unless it increases its accumulation of math-time capital. --Barbara Garrison. | <urn:uuid:9851b122-4c83-4427-a3ba-051466018f91> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.udel.edu/PR/Messenger/93/1/45.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898477.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00045-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96971 | 1,038 | 2.875 | 3 |
- What is the 3 month?
- Is 2020 a Lear year?
- What were the original 10 months of the year?
- How do you play with a 3 month old?
- Who invented months?
- What calendar was used in Jesus time?
- Who Invented days months and years?
- Why does the year have 12 months?
- What baby looks like at 3 months?
- What 2 months were added?
- Are there 13 months?
- Why did Julius Caesar Add 2 months?
- What is the most widely used calendar in the world?
- When did December Become a month?
- When did calendar change to 12 months?
- What happened Year 0?
- What can baby do at 3 months?
- How were the months of the year named?
What is the 3 month?
Months of the Yearmonthshort form1JanuaryJan.2FebruaryFeb.3MarchMar.4AprilApr.8 more rows.
Is 2020 a Lear year?
This year, 2020, is a leap year, and what that means is that we get an extra day this year. We get that extra day because we count time, in part, by the time it takes Earth to go around the sun.
What were the original 10 months of the year?
The 10 months were named Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December. The last six names were taken from the words for five, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten.
How do you play with a 3 month old?
Here are some ideas:Foot Rattles With Towel Roll Under Bottom. By rolling a towel to lift the hips a bit, you may be able to help your little one see his feet with colorful socks or foot rattles on them. … Singing, Talking, and Kissing Baby. … Strategic Toy Placement On Baby’s Activity Gym. … A Toy On Baby’s Chest. … Balloons.
Who invented months?
The calendar of Romulus The Roman year originally had ten months, a calendar which was ascribed to the legendary first king, Romulus. Tradition had it that Romulus named the first month, Martius, after his own father, Mars, the god of war.
What calendar was used in Jesus time?
Hebrew calendarThe Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar, meaning that months are based on lunar months, but years are based on solar years.
Who Invented days months and years?
The old Roman year had 304 days divided into 10 months, beginning with March. However the ancient historian Livy gave credit to the second early Roman king Numa Pompilius for devising a calendar of 12 months. The extra months Ianuarius and Februarius had been invented, supposedly by Numa Pompilius, as stop-gaps.
Why does the year have 12 months?
Why are there 12 months in the year? Julius Caesar’s astronomers explained the need for 12 months in a year and the addition of a leap year to synchronize with the seasons. … These months were both given 31 days to reflect their importance, having been named after Roman leaders.
What baby looks like at 3 months?
Month Three of Pregnancy By the end of the third month of pregnancy, your baby is fully formed. Your baby has arms, hands, fingers, feet, and toes and can open and close its fists and mouth. Fingernails and toenails are beginning to develop and the external ears are formed. The beginnings of teeth are forming.
What 2 months were added?
Two months were added at the end of the year to complete the cycle during winter, January and February, before the intercalary month inserted every two years; the intercalary month was sometimes known as Mercedonius.
Are there 13 months?
The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). … Twelve months are named and ordered the same as those of the Gregorian calendar, except that the extra month is inserted between June and July, and called Sol.
Why did Julius Caesar Add 2 months?
At the time Julius took office, the seasons and the calendar were three months out of alignment due to missing intercalations, so Julius added two extra months to the year 46 B.C., extending that year to 445 days.
What is the most widely used calendar in the world?
Gregorian calendarThe Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most of the world.
When did December Become a month?
750 BCDecember got its name from the Latin word decem (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month.
When did calendar change to 12 months?
In 45 B.C., Julius Caesar ordered a calendar consisting of twelve months based on a solar year. This calendar employed a cycle of three years of 365 days, followed by a year of 366 days (leap year). When first implemented, the “Julian Calendar” also moved the beginning of the year from March 1 to January 1.
What happened Year 0?
Since the years of the Common Era are labeled “AD,” standing for anno Domini or “in the year of the lord” in Latin, one might assume that Jesus was born in the Year 0. Specifically, he is commonly believed to have been born eight days before the New Year on December 25, 1 B.C.E. … For one thing, there is no year 0.
What can baby do at 3 months?
By 3 months, baby should reach the following milestones: While lying on tummy, pushes up on arms. While lying on tummy, lifts and holds head up. Able to move fists from closed to open.
How were the months of the year named?
September, October, November and December are named after Roman numbers 7, 8, 9 and 10 – they were originally the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth months of the Roman year! Before July and August were renamed after Roman rulers, they were called Quintilis and Sextilis, meaning fifth and sixth months. | <urn:uuid:92abec54-a6b4-4af0-a594-32bed048ce84> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://techevar.com/qa/question-when-did-december-become-the-12th-month.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178356140.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226030728-20210226060728-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.972291 | 1,334 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Despite our preoccupation with high purity and controlled specifications we have to accept that there are times when such features really are not needed. For example, for laboratory washing, rinsing and in non-demanding industrial applications.
That's where 'technical grade' comes in. But what, exactly, is 'technical grade'? The name of itself doesn't really describe it.
So in the absence of a defined description here are some examples culled from the internet:
- Chemicals that do not have an established standard set for quality and impurity levels or for products where the purity is <90%. Variation in color and physical form is possible
- Also known as 'industrial grade', used for commercial or industrial purposes
- Technical grade chemicals are less pure than reagent grade chemicals, and are usually used in applications where there are no official standards for impurity levels
- Good quality chemical grade used for commercial and industrial purposes
- Contains small amounts of other chemicals, hence slightly impure, for example 'technical-grade sulphuric acid'
- These products come with a limited specification and are intended for non-critical processes
- These products are suitable for non-critical tasks in the laboratory such as rinsing, dissolving or are used as raw materials in production tasks
- A grade suitable for general industrial use
It isn't really clear where the use of term 'technical' originated. The Cambridge English Dictionary whilst giving a number of definitions for 'technical' doesn't help to shed light on this subject:
- relating to the knowledge, machines, or methods used in science and industry
- relating to the knowledge and methods of a particular subject or job
- relating to practical skills and methods that are used in a particular activity
Maybe the first description listed above points to the answer, where the purity is less than 90%, in that the material is 'technically' the nominal chemical but that there's also an appreciable amount of other constituents present. By the way, since ROMIL technical grade tends to have a higher purity of 98-99% should we even be describing it as 'technical grade'?
However, it's all relative. Compared to our ultra- and super- high purity grades, these products are our lowest purity offering and bear the minimal specifications. In other words, these are our base 'technical grade' products even though they may be better specified than similarly described products available elsewhere. | <urn:uuid:5cd783ff-0132-4821-8ebc-8b87a99f94db> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://romil.com/products/slt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497309.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330212722-20200331002722-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.939204 | 494 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A new form of immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer was approved for a clinical trial last February: the study will involve 64 patients with advanced, untreatable cancer, who will be given infusions of “Natural Killer” (NK) cells obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS).
The research of the University of California San Diego School of Medicine, led by Dr. Dan Kaufman – director of the cell therapy department and professor of medicine at the University’s Division of Regenerative Medicine – was published in the journal Stem Cells Translational Medicine and then approved for the first phase of clinical trial by the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA).
Dr. Kaufman and his team of researchers managed to find the method to develop a significant number of NK cells from human iPS cells for cancer therapy. The iPS are produced in the laboratory from adult stem cells that are “reprogrammed” (induced) so that they return to an embryonic state. In this way, reprogrammed cells can be differentiated into any cell type, property for which they are defined as pluripotent.
For this research, iPS cells have been matured into NK cells, i.e. specialized immune cells that are particularly aggressive against cancer cells. «This is a landmark accomplishment for the field of stem cell-based medicine and cancer immunotherapy. This clinical trial represents the first use of cells produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells to better treat and fight cancer,» says Dr. Kaufman.
The use of iPS allows researchers to produce a never-ending stream of cells, as they only need a robust method to transform iPS into any other cell type. In addition, since they do not need to be matched to a specific patient, the researchers affirm that the FT500 treatment – so called by the team – can be administered in the outpatient setting as an off-the-shelf cell product, significantly reducing the time and resources required for the treatment of patients.
«If this works, patients can be treated “en masse” with these cells, given and administered like other drugs, but are living cellular products,» explains Dr. Sandip Patel, who follows one of the patients enrolled in the trial.
The main objectives of the trial are to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatment; determine the extent to which tumors respond to cell therapy with NK; find out how long cells remain in the body of patients. This clinical trial could pave the way not only for a new generation of immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer, but also for other cell therapies derived from iPS cells.
The umbilical cord stem cells are present in large proportions and have unique biological and immunological characteristics, their collection is carried out at birth thanks to a simple procedure and without any risk for the mother or baby. Find out how to store them with Nescens Swiss Stem Cell Science. | <urn:uuid:9166e3e6-ede4-4c31-bf0c-077e1baf4b9c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sscb-stembiotech.ch/en/immunotherapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475422.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301161412-20240301191412-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.944203 | 597 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Recent research published in the journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy suggests that British scientists have discovered a possible link between the common antimicrobial ingredient and antibiotic resistance.
Triclosan was warned by the FDA
The U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) in 2016 warned consumers to use triclosan soap because it has safety concerns and no evidence that it is better than regular soap. But in fact, in addition to antibacterial soap used by health care agencies通渠, triclosan has been added to products such as toys, furniture and clothing to prevent bacterial contamination.
The FDA warned that triclosan could lead to antibiotic resistance - meaning the drugs are no longer effective when bacteria evolve and exhibit ways to avoid them.
Bacteria or the production of cross - resistance
The new study presents a possible explanation of how the antibiotic resistance is produced.
The researchers focused on a phenomenon known as "cross resistance", when resistance to one type of antibiotic was given another type of resistance.
In particular, the new study found that when certain bacteria developed resistance to a group of drugs called quinolones, they also became resistant to triclosan. Quinolones kill bacteria by killing enzymes that help DNA replicate during replication. (when a cell replicates its DNA, it needs to untangle and separate the two strands of DNA that make up the double helix.) If bacteria can't release DNA, they can't replicate. Examples of antibiotics in quinolones include ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin apartment rental, according to the university of Maryland medical center.
Bacteria can develop resistance to quinolones, however, because of the mutations that make it more difficult to bind to DNA. But the researchers found that, in addition to these changes, quinolone class drug-resistant bacteria also opens the other self defense mechanism, the mechanism of combination, also can make resistant bacteria in chemical production.
Initially, the researchers found that quinolone resistance and triclosan resistance were associated with salmonella detection. But in a new study in the lab, the mechanism can also be found in e. coli.
England Birmingham university institute of microbiology and infection, a senior lecturer company registry hk, Mark Webber (Mark Webber) said in a statement: "we believe that the bacteria are thought to always attack, and then is raised against other threats, including triclosan. Fear is that this situation may be reversed, triclosan exposure may promote the growth of antibiotic resistant strains."
However, the researchers found no evidence of this in the new study. More research is needed to see if triclosan can lead to bacterial resistance to other antimicrobial agents.
"Understanding how antibiotic resistance has occurred and under what conditions is crucial to preventing the emergence of more antibiotic-resistant bacteria," Webber said. | <urn:uuid:9af9fa98-bfe7-45b6-8b6a-81e5fc72e143> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://vlbluesky.hatenablog.com/entry/2017/07/19/182657 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868316.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527131037-20180527151037-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.940873 | 597 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The 1936 Soviet Constitution: The right to secede
I (RH) asked: How exactly did Moscow decide to allow the secession proviso in the constitution to go into effect? From Paris, David Pike rrplies: The answer is simple. In his address in 1936 to the Supreme Praesidium, Stalin said that the draft as presented to him denied the 16 Republics the right to secede. He proposed that the clause be deleted. If the people of Georgia or Ukraine should wish to secede, he explained, they needed only to say so. Stalin added that the draft was remiss in another area, where it proposed to merge the powers of the President of the USSR with the powers of the chief executive. This was equally intolerable, said Stalin, insisting (rightly in my opinion) that unless a clear separation of powers was established between the the President and the Chief Executive, the USSR could finish up as a dictatorship.
RH: I was referring to a much later period. At the San Francisco in 1945, Gromyko said the USSR could not sign the UN Charter because it did not include the right to secede provided for in the Soviet constitution. Everyone assumed that this was just a ploy to allow her USSR to leave the UN if it wished. The idea that in fact a Soviet republic would be allowed to secede was considered grotesque. Given a free choice, some would have. It was much later, when the USSR broke up, that the Kremlin decided to allow that proviso to go into effect, since it could not hang on much longer. It is that decision I referred to.
Your comments are invited. Read te home page of the World Association of International Studies (WAIS) by simply double-clicking on: http://wais.stanford.edu/ E-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org. Mail to Ronald Hilton, Hoover Institution, Stanford, CA 94305-6010. Please inform us of any change of e-mail address. | <urn:uuid:d8ceb599-ee20-4c85-a11b-d6f53530146c> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://wais.stanford.edu/ztopics/week092204/sovietconstittutionsecede093004.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205375.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00191-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972074 | 412 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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Significance and Use
5.1 Gloss is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in some directions than in others. The directions associated with mirror (or specular) reflection normally have the highest reflectances. Gloss is best seen and analyzed when the surfaces studied are illuminated by a light source that provides strong contrasting patterns of light and dark. Such a light source is described in this test method.
5.2 The simplest concept of gloss is that it corresponds to the mirror-like reflectances of surfaces. However, the distributions and intensities of this surface-reflected light are (for real materials) highly variable and affected by a variety of factors: surface smoothness and contour, refractive index, absorptance, angle of incidence, and (to a generally small extent) wavelength. From the great variety of surface-reflection patterns met in materials of commerce, it has been possible to identify seven surface-reflection criteria or “types of gloss” regularly used by skilled technologists for intercomparing and rating their products for gloss. Six of the seven criteria, or “types of gloss,” are identified in the section on definitions. The seventh, luster or contrast gloss, is seldom of concern to the coatings industry.
1.1 This test method covers the visual evaluation of gloss differences of coating surfaces, using special types of lamps for illumination. It identifies six aspects or types of gloss that one may look for when using the lamp to assess gloss differences between surfaces. It describes the conditions for using the lamps to best identify small differences in each of the six types of gloss. Four levels of visual gloss differences are distinguished.
1.2 While this technique is useful for both weathered and unweathered specimens, it has not been applied to metallics.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D3964 Practice for Selection of Coating Specimens for Appearance Measurements
E284 Terminology of Appearance
ICS Number Code 87.040 (Paints and varnishes)
|Link to Active (This link will always route to the current Active version of the standard.)|
ASTM D4449-15, Standard Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015, www.astm.orgBack to Top | <urn:uuid:9b8716c1-aff2-4c15-ae42-ca9b2b13ad58> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.astm.org/Standards/D4449.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122739.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00044-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893245 | 682 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Edmund learns from Curan, a courtier, that there is likely to be war between Albany and Cornwall, and that Regan and Cornwall are to arrive at Gloucester's house that evening.
This power to name is expressed in his offer of Cordelia to the Duke of Burgundy: He then awards to Regan her share as soon as she has spoken. Through this, the Fool blatantly states that Lear had been foolish enough to give his crown away to his daughters and be bought over by their empty compliments to build his egotism, and still he is still in denial.
His loyal servant Kent, who defends her, is also banished. The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between and So here are the facts, folks. Lear's costume, for example, would have changed in the course of the play as his status diminished: The second plot line of the play consists of Gloucester and his sons, Edmund and Edgar.
Therefore the theme of injustice is evident within this scene through the way in which Regan and Goneril have suddenly turned their back on Lear despite the fact they had proclaimed their love for him days before and left him to the storm where he could have easily fallen sick in his old age.
The date originates from words in Edgar's speeches which may derive from Samuel Harsnett 's Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures Winter's not gone yet, if the wild geese fly that way: Lear driven to madness by his daughters was in the words of one spectator, Arthur Murphy "the finest tragic distress ever seen on any stage" and, in contrast, the devotion shown to Lear by Cordelia a mix of Shakespeare's, Tate's and Garrick's contributions to the part moved the audience to tears.
Lear discovers that now that Goneril has power, she no longer respects him. Like the other Medieval characters such as Edgar, Kent is selfless and considered a morally righteous person, but he loses his power while the cunning Renaissance characters rise.
Consequently, this demonstrated irony, insight and complexity to the play, therefore highlighting the significance of the Fool and Lear.
There are two strongly contrasting views of human nature in the play: If you do stir abroad, go armed. Lear discovers much about himself here, as well as what it means to be human.
Kent later follows to protect him. This shows that Lear had lost touch with reality or an ordinary sense of understanding of nature. He disinherits Edgar and proclaims him an outlaw.
Among the people of England there was confusion and worry that Elizabeth would die without naming an heir, resulting in a struggle for power and chaos in the kingdom. Love and be silent" 1: Edmund sends Lear and Cordelia off with secret-joint orders from him representing Regan and her forces and Goneril representing the forces of her estranged husband, Albany for the execution of Cordelia.
The play begins with a framing device, often referred. Moved by her flattery Lear proceeds to grant to Goneril her share as soon as she has finished her declaration, before Regan and Cordelia have a chance to speak.
Q1 contains lines not in F1; F1 contains around lines not in Q1. Soon after Albany sends men to countermand Edmund's orders, Lear enters bearing Cordelia's corpse in his arms, having survived by killing the executioner.
As he is doing so, a servant is overcome with rage by what he is witnessing and attacks Cornwall, mortally wounding him. The wise man or the fool" comes into play.
The fact that Edmund ends his prayer telling the gods to stand up for him shows his faith in his own power.
It is right for man to feel, as Edmund does, that society exists for man, not man for society. The older society, that of the medieval vision, with its doting king, falls into error, and is threatened by the new Machiavellianism ; it is regenerated and saved by a vision of a new order, embodied in the king's rejected daughter.
Why does this seem to have such a profound effect upon his sense of identity? For a brief time, Lear blindly placed his trust in Goneril and Regan, who deceptively returned his kindness with cruelty.King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare.
It depicts the gradual descent into madness of the title character, after he disposes of his kingdom giving bequests to two of his three daughters based on their flattery of him, bringing tragic consequences for all.
Derived from the legend. A summary of Themes in William Shakespeare's King Lear. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of King Lear and what it means. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. King Lear is a tragedy by the big Billy himself, William Shakespeare.
The play's action centers on an aging king who decides to divvy up his kingdom between his three daughters (Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia) in order to avoid any conflict after his death.
STORM SCENE IN “KING LEAR”: The storm scene constitutes the mechanical centre in “King Lear” as in “Julius Caesar” it will be recognized as the dramatic back ground to the tempest of human emotion.
The Gods are just” – Discuss – King Lear The malignant ferocity and human cruelty found in ‘King Lear’ has lead some contemporary critics such as Stephen Greenblatt to deem Shakespeare “a decisively secular dramatist”.
King Lear is based on a Celtic legend, but Shakespeare's play is the example and version that most people know of this tale.
Lear in his dotage decides to divide his kingdom amongst his three dfaduke.coms: 6.Download | <urn:uuid:63453050-3495-4e5a-9075-1433ba7373a2> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://cyrigyp.dfaduke.com/an-analysis-of-the-human-cruelty-in-king-lear-by-william-shakespeare-61497kl.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987823061.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022182744-20191022210244-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.977504 | 1,221 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The latest test-industry standard, the Optical Data Interface and how it might find additional use is explained.
ODI is a new high-speed interface for instrumentation and embedded systems. It breaks speed and distance barriers by relying on optical communication between devices, over a standard pluggable optical fiber. With speeds up to 20 GBytes/s from a single optical port, and speeds up to 80 GBytes/s through port aggregation, ODI is designed to address challenging applications in 5G communications, mil/aero systems, high-speed data acquisition, and communication research.
Figure 1 shows a storage and playback system using ODI, the Optical Data Interface standard. Since ODI is a pluggable interface, any product can become ODI-enabled, regardless of form factor. A test system controller configures each device to enable ODI transmission through its standard interface. In the figure above, data is streamed over the ODI link from the digitizer to the storage unit. Alternately, it could stream to a DSP processor. The recorded data may be played back by sending the recorded data stream to the AWG over the second ODI link.
How ODI works
Let me explain how ODI works. But first, it’s time for full disclosure. I’m not an unbiased observer when it comes to ODI. In fact, I’m the chairman of the AXIe Technical Committee that created the standard. I’m an unapologetic advocate of open systems, and I believe this standard is the right standard at the right time to address a multitude of vexing instrumentation and embedded system challenges.
Here’s the problem.
When you take a look at a number of emerging applications, such as 5G communication or phased-array radar, the aggregate bandwidth needed to transfer IQ data grows very rapidly. Whether you are creating or testing these applications, the solutions require very high data bandwidths between measurement and processing blocks. It is easy to calculate 15 GBytes/s needed, and that’s just for a single channel. At these speeds, electrical communications links can’t extend across a backplane, mush less a racked system. The electrical signals quickly dissipate, and the connectors create large reflections, creating signal-integrity problems that make interoperability difficult. Plus, the speeds are only going to get faster.
With optical links, the interoperability, bandwidth, and distance issues simply disappear. You can connect instruments 100 meters away if needed, so there is no issue of interconnect distance within a rack.
That is what the ODI standard delivers—an open system method of connecting a fiber-optic data link between two devices, regardless of their physical format, regardless of manufacturer. The ODI standard is designed around a standard optical connector, which may be placed anywhere on any device. Therefore, ODI works equally well with all product formats, whether AXIe, PXI, LXI, VPX, or a traditional bench instrument design. It works equally well with instrumentation and embedded systems, such as those found in mil/aero applications. Through the standardized ports, ODI enables high-speed continuous communications between instruments, processors, storage, and embedded devices. Though the standard itself is sponsored by the AXIe Consortium, it is open to all vendors, without license fees or royalties.
Let’s take a look at the technology.
[Continue reading on EDN US.](https://www.edn.com/design/test-and-measurement/4458908/2/New-optical-interface-standard-aims-at-5G) | <urn:uuid:ed827e9d-f486-46eb-94e7-cfac5372f53b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.ednasia.com/new_optical_interface_standard_aims_at_5g/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500904.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208191211-20230208221211-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.899968 | 759 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Politics Of Ireland
On the island of Ireland there are two jurisdictions: Northern Ireland, a province of the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, a sovereign state. Since the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922, these two jurisdictions are governed separately. The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 created a framework of shared political institutions between the two parts of Ireland. The Good Friday Agreement also facilitated the restoration of self-government to Northern Ireland, subject to a number of reserved and excepted matters.
Thus, there are three administrations that govern the island of Ireland:
- Northern Ireland:
- Government of the United Kingdom (reserved and excepted matters)
- Northern Ireland Executive (all other matters)
- Republic of Ireland:
- Government of Ireland (all matters)
In addition to these, both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom are member states of the European Union. | <urn:uuid:972cac48-5212-4a71-8b72-3ad5861a72dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.primidi.com/politics_of_ireland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655878639.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702080623-20200702110623-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.932998 | 179 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Farts – also called flatus (say: flay-tus) or intestinal (say: in-tes-tuh-null) gas – are made of, well, gas!
When you eat, you don’t swallow just your food. You also swallow air, which contains gases like nitrogen (say: ny-truh-jen) and oxygen (say: ahk-sih-jen). Small amounts of these gases travel through your digestive system as you digest your food. Other gases like hydrogen (say: hy-droh-jen), carbon dioxide (say: kar-bon dy-ahk-side, the gas that makes soda fizzy), and methane (say: meth-ain) are made when food is broken down in the large intestine. All of these gases in the digestive system have to escape somehow, so they come out as farts!
Gases are also what can make farts smell bad. Tiny amounts of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane combine with hydrogen sulfide (say: suhl-fide) and ammonia (say: uh-mow-nyuh) in the large intestine to give gas its smell. Phew!
All people fart sometimes, whether they live in France, the Fiji islands, or Fresno, California! If you have a dog, you may have even been unlucky enough to have heard (or smelled) Fido farting. Intestinal gas is totally normal, and it’s very rare for farting to be a sign that something is wrong in the body.
For more on gas visit “Why do I fart? on Kidshealth.org”
Answer provided by KidsHealth.org | <urn:uuid:d7305cdc-187c-4c40-b475-a0e56a2f5822> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://faqkids.com/586-farts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103669266.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630062154-20220630092154-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.924134 | 352 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Sitting is the new smoking, the headlines have blared. But a new analysis finds that most people with adjustable sit-stand desks spend most of their day sitting, anyway, and that other initiatives to get people moving at work don’t have much evidence to support them.
Why it matters:
Previous studies have shown that prolonged sitting increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes, even if you’re otherwise fit. Over the course of three years, people who sit through an eight- to 11-hour workday face a 15 percent increased risk of death compared to people who sit for fewer than 4 hours. Some experts thus recommend that people with sedentary desk jobs aim for four hours of standing and light activity during the workday.
The nitty gritty:
Nepalese researchers reviewed 20 studies of interventions to get people off their butts at work. Those included sit-stand desks, treadmill or cycling desks, counseling to sit less, and work policies that encouraged walking during the day.
The authors found that standing desks, on average, get people upright an additional thirty minutes to two hours each day, falling quite short of the four-hour recommendation. The other interventions inspired no change in sitting time, or yielded inconsistent results. And sit-stand desks have no real impact on work productivity, the analysis found. The results were published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
But keep in mind:
Just because there’s a lack of good evidence doesn’t mean that standing desks, or other interventions, don’t work. It does, however, indicate that the jury is still out on whether you should drop $500 on that fancy hydraulic desk lift. Science says that’s between you and your wallet.
You’ll want to know:
More important than standing desks is just getting moving. Focus, instead, on hitting at least 10,000 steps every day, said Dr. Keith Churchwell, vice president and executive director of Heart and Vascular Services at Yale-New Haven Hospital.
The bottom line:
Consumers may rush to buy trendy sit-stand desks to reduce sitting, but it’s unclear whether they are actually effective at doing that job, said lead investigator Dr. Nipun Shrestha. Until more robust and longer-term studies demonstrate that, researchers recommend more physical activity both at work and home. | <urn:uuid:8ec48c38-b5ce-4394-bbd6-9d538760a073> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.statnews.com/2016/03/16/sit-stand-desk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987813307.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022081307-20191022104807-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.946678 | 495 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The end of the transitional arrangements restricting free movement of European citizens from Bulgaria and Romania on 1 January 2014 has triggered a fierce debate about the aim and purpose of the European Union and has stirred fears of mass ‘poverty’ migration within the EU. Emerging from the debate are various propositions including limiting the number of migrants, repatriating competencies back to national governments, and restricting EU competencies to core areas such as free trade.
The Treaty of Rome, signed by the initial member states in 1957, defined European integration as a political project with the aim of “an ever-closer union among the peoples of Europe”. It was the hope of the founding fathers to overcome Europe’s fragmentation and build an institutional framework that would promote peace on a continent that had been devastated twice by war during the first half of the 20th Century. Hence, since its beginning, EU integration has aimed to achieve the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and workers among member states and was always intended to be more than purely a trade bloc.
With the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, EU citizenship became a constituent part of EU integration. Although the movement of people was initially limited to workers (and later to economically active people), the Maastricht Treaty in principle granted all EU citizens the freedom to move and reside in any EU member state, a right subsequently codified in Directive 2004/38/EC. Although transitional arrangements regarding the freedom to move and reside were applied to workers from the new Member States joining in 2004 (A8) and in 2007 (A2), the decision to expand the EU to countries of the former Eastern Bloc entailed a commitment to accord EU citizenship to all nationals from those countries.
Until the early 2000s intra-EU migration was relatively low, on average accounting for less than two percent of the population, and only after the accession of the A8 countries in 2004 did it increase significantly. According to OECD data, for example, the stock of Polish-born residents in Britain increased from 229.000 in 2006 to 617.000 in 2011and in Germany from 719.000 in 2005 to 1.1 million in 2011 (OECD 2013: 366; 376). Despite these considerable increases after 2004, the ratio of EU migrants to the overall population still remains relatively low in both Britain and Germany. In addition, we should note that the overwhelming majority of migration to the UK is from outside the EU.
Nevertheless, this does not mean that migration from EU member states has been negligible, especially as new migrants tend to cluster in certain sectors of the economy and in geographical areas. Data on National Insurance Number registrations in the UK, for example, indicate that in 2011/12 42 percent of all migrants to the UK including those from the EU initially settled in London (DWP 2012). Similarly, a relatively high proportion of Bulgarians migrating to Germany have moved to Berlin. Undoubtedly, these migration patterns can amplify, or lead to, regional and local shortages of public and social service provision and impact local labour markets. Yet these challenges do not mean that at the macro level migration has fundamentally negative effects or that EU migrant citizens intend to or do exploit the system.
Although integral to the essence of European citizenship, entitlements to social rights across borders are frequently conceptualised as a threat by national citizens (Anderson 2013), as their own options of work and recourse to welfare protections come under perceived pressure. Contemporary political and media debates concerning access to social rights for citizens from other EU member states living in Britain, for example, are heavily peppered with terms such as ‘welfare tourism’ (Bragg and Feldman 2011); ‘welfare state incentives’, and references to the crisis inherent in having created the welfare ‘honey pot’ of Europe.
Former Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown fuelled the debate with respect to work with his infamous slogan “British jobs for British workers”, first articulated at the 2007 Labour Party conference. However, it should be noted that the more populist political debates seem to be largely unrelated to actual migration flows — according to our own preliminary media analysis, the frenzied debate in Britain about European immigration only really came to the fore after the formation of the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government in 2010. Currently, however, the ‘benefit tourism’ rhetoric surrounding European migration, suggesting that a significant number of EU migrants only come to Britain to take advantage of the ‘generous’ British welfare state, spans the political spectrum and is as likely to be heard from the mouth of the leader of the UK Independence Party, Nigel Farage, as it is from Conservative politicians such as Prime Minister David Cameron or their opponents in the Labour Party.
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More recently, the Christian Social Union in Germany (the Bavarian sister party of the Christian Democratic Party of Angela Merkel and a member of the coalition government) has stepped up its rhetoric in the run-up to the Bavarian local and European elections in Spring 2014. Terms such as ‘poverty-driven migration’ and the need to protect welfare provision against ‘abuse’ typify the debate in Germany. In both countries, although rather more restrained in Germany than Britain, political and media discourses feed off each other to generate a rhetoric bordering on hysteria which entices and arguably celebrates xenophobia and which is founded on logic which bears no resemblance to reality.
And it is perhaps the realities and fundamental benefits of EU migration that, as two significant economies at the centre of Europe, Britain and Germany need reminding of. The reality is that intra-EU migration provides a vital labour market adjustment mechanism to economic and social imbalances as well as asymmetric shocks within the EU. The reality is that EU migrants are on average highly skilled young workers and member states can significantly benefit from such migration, as evidenced by the recent increase in the migration of qualified workers from southern European countries, such as Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, to countries of northern Europe. The reality is that in countries faced with skill shortages, as is currently the case in Germany, migrant workers take up jobs in the labour market that could not otherwise be filled. As a case in point, many elite universities and the financial services industry in Britain rely heavily on EU migrant workers. Conversely, emigration reduces unemployment in southern European countries hard hit by the crisis.
The reality is that in Britain EU27 migrants are less likely to be unemployed than British nationals and are less likely to rely on social benefits. According to a study by Dustmann/Frattini (2013: 28) recent EEA immigrants are more than 50% less likely than natives to receive state benefits or tax credits. Moreover, “[b]etween 2001 and 2011 recent EEA immigrants contributed 34% more to the fiscal system than they took out, with a net fiscal contribution of about 22.1 billion GBP” (Dustmann/Frattini 2013: 27). Likewise in Germany, the reality is that until recently, migrants from A2 countries on average had relatively high educational qualifications. This was partly due to the fact that workers with a university education had free access to the German labour market which, along with the public purse, profited from these migrant workers who had their education paid for elsewhere and who filled jobs requiring skilled workers. It is only more recently, with the economic crisis hitting southern Europe hard, that an increasing number of A2 migrants without any qualifications have migrated to Germany where they have been mostly employed as seasonal workers, equally as important an asset to the German economy. Nevertheless, their unemployment rate is somewhat lower than the overall average in Germany.
For 2014, it is estimated that the net migration from Bulgaria and Romania to Germany will be between 100,000 and 180,000. With respect to the receipt of social transfers, it needs to be highlighted that about 48 percent of all Germans without a migration background receive some form of social transfers, and that only about 30 percent of A2 migrants receive any social transfer, including child allowances. Overall, it is very likely that, as migrants from A2 countries on average are much younger than the domestic population, net migration will have a positive impact on the social insurance funds in the long term (Brücker et al. 2013).
EU Citizenship And Migration
EU citizenship entitles people to the freedom of movement and residence within the EU. To limit such freedom to highly skilled workers, as is suggested by some politicians, would completely undermine the concept of citizenship. Emigration to another EU member state, although essentially a political right, is inextricably linked to social rights within the EU, specifically, for example, if the alternative is long-term unemployment in the ‘home’ country.
Yet, whilst EU citizenship entails social rights, it does not provide immediate and automatic eligibility to social assistance transfers, despite all the rhetoric about ‘benefit tourism’. EU law provides for safeguards to protect host member states from unreasonable financial burdens. During the first three months, the host EU country is not obliged by EU law to grant social assistance to economically non-active EU citizens. For the time period after three months and before having been resident for five years, economically non-active EU citizens are in practice unlikely to be eligible for social assistance benefits, since to acquire the right to reside they would have initially needed to show the national authorities that they had sufficient resources (EU Commission 2013). In Germany EU migrants who are neither employees nor self-employed are not entitled to means-tested unemployment benefits (Arbeitslosengeld II) during the first three months after arrival (Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge 2103) and with effect from January 1, 2014 the British government also excludes EU migrants from the receipt of income-based jobseekers allowance during the first three months of residence in the UK. Furthermore, the government has made the ‘habitual residence test’ more stringent and will also apply it to British nationals returning to the UK (DWP 2013).
That said, the habitual residence test is an issue of contention between the EU Commission and the British government. A recent study commissioned by the European Commission claims that in 2011 67% of EU citizens in the UK were refused income-related benefits as a result of the ‘Habitual Residency and ‘Right to Reside’ tests’ (ICF GHK, 2013). The EU contends that the ‘Right to Reside’ test is discriminatory and in breach of EU law and has in 2013 filed a lawsuit against the UK at the European Court of Justice. Following the EU’s argument would suggest that many EU migrant citizens, who are under the general suspicion of being welfare tourists, are in effect disentitled by the UK government of their legitimate social rights!
A further area of contention in relation to migration and social rights is the alleged cost to the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK associated with free movement within the EU. Here, it is the lack of capacity by the state to apply existing regulations which remains an important dimension which is hardly mentioned in political debates. For example, a recent qualitative study commissioned by the Department of Health in England (Creative Research 2013) highlights the lack of knowledge among healthcare professionals within the NHS regarding who is eligible for free treatment. This has significant implications for the public purse, as considerable amounts of money are seemingly not claimed back from EU citizens’ countries of origin as should be the case under reciprocal arrangements for care across borders. Hence, before aiming to change policy for migrants, it would be advisable to train healthcare (management) professionals to more effectively recoup costs of EU patients, who use the NHS while visiting England, from their home countries’ statutory health insurance funds or NHS (Department of Health, 2013).
To be clear: the overwhelming majority of EU citizens migrate to take up work or study abroad. Such freedom of movement has incalculable benefits for sending and receiving countries. To recognise such benefits, requires a conceptual shift by individual country governments to understanding free movement as a ‘collective’ process with mutual and reciprocal benefits. Such benefits may indeed have a temporal component, meaning that the constituent members of Europe reap the benefits at different points in time – but collectively acceptance of these ebbs and flows puts the EU in a position to respond better to the vagaries of national, regional and global economies. Contrary to popular belief and political rhetoric member states are not required by EU regulation to provide social assistance transfers in the first three months after arrival to non-working migrants and they can apply a habitual residence test to avoid the mythical ‘benefit tourism’ that consumes current political debate. However, EU citizenship does bring with it certain social rights to which EU citizens are entitled. As the debate surrounding migration and rights rages on, the actual or de facto experience of exercising social rights for EU citizens residing outside of their country of origin is an important field of enquiry, which so far has not been comprehensively studied.
Together with colleagues from a number of other European institutions the authors are currently involved in a research project investigating the barriers to access social rights by EU migrants as part of the FP7 funded research programme bEUcitizen (beucitizen.eu).
Andersen, Bridget (2013) Us and Them. Oxford: OUP.
Bragg, Rosalind and Feldman, Rayah (2011) “’An Increasingly Uncomfortable Environment’: Access to Health Care for Documented and Undocumented Migrants in the UK”. In R. Sabates-Wheeler and R. Feldman, Social Protection and Migration: Claiming Social Rights Beyond Borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Brücker, Herbert et al. (2013) “Zuwanderer aus Bulgarien und Rumänien Arbeitsmigration oder Armutsmigration?“ IAB-Kurzbericht 2013.
Creative Research (2013) Qualitative Assessment of Visitor and Migrant use of the NHS in England. Observations from the Front Line. London
Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) (2012) Statistical Bulletin: National Insurance Number Allocations to Adult Overseas Nationals Entering the UK – registrations to March 2012. Available here accessed 12/08/2013
Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge (2013) Prüfung der Leistungsberechtigung von Unionsbürger/innen im SGB II. Berlin.
Department of Health (2013) Cross Border Healthcare and Patient Mobility in Europe: Information to accompany the implementation of Directive 2011/24/EU – on patient’s rights in cross-border healthcare.
Dustmann, Christian/Frattini, Tommaso (2013) The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK, Cream Discussion Paper No 22/13, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration Department of Economics, University College London.
DWP (2013) Press Release — Tough new migrant benefit rules come into force tomorrow. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/tough-new-migrant-benefit-rules-come-into-force-tomorrow, last accessed 8 January 2014.
EU Commission (2013) European Commission Memo: European Commission upholds free movement of people. Brussels 25 November 2013.
ICF/GHK (2013) A fact finding analysis on the impact on the Member States’ social security systems of the entitlements of non-active intra-EU migrants to special non-contributory cash benefits and healthcare granted on the basis of residence. DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion via DG Justice Framework Contract. Final report submitted by ICF GHK in association with Milieu Ltd. 14 October 2013 (revised on 16 December 2013), available at http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/andor/headlines/news/2013/10/20131014_en.htm, last accessed 3 January 2014.
OECD (2013) International Migration Outlook 2013. Paris: OECD, available at http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/international-migration-outlook-2013_migr_outlook-2013-en, last accessed 8 January 2014.
Elaine Chase is Research Officer at the Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford. Martin Seeleib-Kaiser is Barnett Professor of Comparative Social Policy and Politics at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy, University of Oxford. | <urn:uuid:fbe34d89-2ccd-4086-84c9-73e661987eb0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.socialeurope.eu/eu-citizenship-social-europe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474412.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223121413-20240223151413-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.944135 | 3,447 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Sleep loss leads to negativity bias, negative mood and impaired emotional regulation.
According to a new study, negative interactions on social media may increase feelings of loneliness and social isolation in young adults.
According to a new study, occasional negative moods could help boost a person's academic success.
A new study reveals a method to help regulate emotions and reassess situations when a person feels they have been treated unjustly.
According to researchers, there is a strong correspondence between positive lifestyle and behavioral traits and a particular set of connections in the brain. | <urn:uuid:ad9c7c53-b14b-483a-b55a-e232c27fddab> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://neurosciencenews.com/neuroscience-terms/negativity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.913527 | 110 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Not a week seems to go by without the announcement of a new technological breakthrough. However, not all technology devices are a hit with the public. This is well demonstrated by the following five examples of technologies, which weren’t the success they were hoped to be.
Released worldwide in January 2007 by the world’s largest software company, Vista was designed to maximise the security of the most popular PC operating system. However, most reviews of the software indicated that the security features were little better than previous editions of Windows. It was also not possible to run Vista on older computers, so the number of people likely to upgrade from XP, the previous version, was limited. There was also suggestion that Vista did not run as quickly on computers as XP. Taking all of this into consideration, it did not set Vista apart from its predecessors, so sales were nowhere near as high as hoped. It was no surprise that Windows 7, Vista’s replacement, was rushed on to the market.
These two wheeled self-balancing electric transport devices were released in 2002. The company that launched the Segway hoped that they would be an instant hit and that this more environmentally friendly mode of transport would start to replace car travel. Segway had expected to make $1 billion in no time, but having spent $100 million on their development and charging up to $7,000 for some models, they struggled to draw in a large enough consumer base to achieve that. Another problem not anticipated by Segway was that in some countries Segways were classed as road vehicles requiring a license and in others they were banned from use on the roads. During the first 6 years, Segway only sold 30,000 products – while popular for tourists to hire for a couple of hours for a bit of holiday fun, they failed to become a main stream mode of transport.
Launched in 1998, the Dreamcast was hoped to turn around Sega’s fortunes after its Saturn console had previously failed. It looked hopeful, as this sixth generation console was released months before the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube and Microsoft Xbox. It had amazing potential – not only was it powerful, but facilitated spectacular graphics, had a modem for play on the internet and sophisticated controls. Although initially sales of the console were excellent and the launch games were very well received, the launch of Sony’s PlayStation 2 in 1999 led to its demise – Sony heavily marketed their console and developed so many games for it that the Dreamcast just couldn’t compete. Sega stopped making the Dreamcast in March 2001 and some of its games never made it to the marketplace.
If you wanted to listen to music on the go at one time you had to rely on a Walkman for cassettes or Discman for CDs. However, in 1992 the development of MiniDisc provided a more compact and reliable way to carry music with you. The quality of the sound was as good as that from CDs and was not affected by movement when on the go; the battery life of the players was also very impressive. However, unfortunately people could not see the benefits of these over their cassette and CD players. In 1998 the arrival of hard disk MP3 players, even though their quality was initially not as good as the MiniDisc and capabilities not much better, they spelled the end of the MiniDisc.
The worldwide satellite phone company Iridium was declared bankrupt in 1999 after spending $5 billion in building and launching its satellites that would provide wireless phone services across the world. The creation of 66 satellites resulted in Iridium defaulting on $1.5 billion of debt. The service only had 10,000 subscribers, thanks in part to technical difficulties with its initial handsets, which were expensive to buy for customers and the cost of calls was also not cheap. The phones could not be used in cars, buildings or many built-up areas due to the line-of-sight needed between the antenna and satellite, so were little use to customers. Cell phones while not available in all areas were far cheaper and more practical, so helped to put the nail in Iridium’s coffin.
Lucy Chester is a freelance writer who specialises in writing about gadgets and technology. It’s always fun to see the technologies that were once taking up column inches, now buried more like six feet under. | <urn:uuid:0786e57d-2c7f-4362-8528-5b410591b12d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://www.prairiesmokepress.com/the-five-biggest-technology-flops-of-this-generation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145316.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220224059-20200221014059-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.988283 | 879 | 2.546875 | 3 |
|The Constitution of the United States of America
Bill of Rights: Amendments 1 through 10
Amendment 2: Right to bear arms.
2-0 A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of
a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms,
shall not be infringed. | <urn:uuid:66c850f2-fe5e-4c97-9cf3-884e1e7ac475> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://illinoisconservative.com/Bill-of-Rights/B2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189130.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00381-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919481 | 66 | 2.875 | 3 |
Dive into the remarkable past that shaped the Hudson River Valley.
The American Revolution and the Hudson River Valley
As the center of the colonies at the time of the American Revolution, the Hudson River Valley provided a nexus for the conflict and hosted many key figures, battles, and political events throughout the eight years of war. The Sons of Liberty, as active in New York as they were in Massachusetts, printed broadsides, encouraged boycotts, rallied, rioted, and dumped British tea into the New York Harbor even as Patriot housewives throughout the Valley threw their own “tea parties” at the expense of merchants and Loyalist neighbors. The social fabric was ripped apart by the struggle first between the powerful coalition of the DeLanceys and Livingstons and then the Loyalists and Whigs or Patriots.
The New York Provincial Congress established itself at the White Plains Courthouse in July 1776, creating the State of New York with its acceptance of the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776. New York adopted its Constitution in Kingston on April 20, 1777 and on February 6, 1778, ratified the Articles of Confederation, tying its fate to the rest of the United States of America.
Throughout the War, battles raged from Manhattan through the Mid-Hudson, including White Plains (1776), Forts Clinton and Montgomery (1777), Kingston (1777), and Stony Point (1779). In October 1777 Patriots watched helplessly as the British burned sites as far north as Clermont before turning back toward New York City. Major General Horatio Gates would right some of the wrongs when he accepted the surrender of Lieutenant General John Burgoyne’s British army at Saratoga on October 17, 1777, marking the turning point in the war. Starting in January 1778 the Americans would follow up on this victory by turning their attention from the ruins of Fort Constitution to building Fortress West Point with its famous chain across the Hudson, a complex that General George Washington called the “key of America.” In the summer of 1781, the French commander, the comte de Rochambeau, marched his 5,000-man army from Rhode Island to Philipsburg, New York, to join the Continental Army, first in the siege of New York and then in the pivotal Yorktown Campaign in Virginia.
Conflict would rage on the frontiers as Native American tribes allied with the British raided settlements and an American army under Major General John Sullivan and New York Brigadier General James Clinton exacted retribution. General Washington and his Main Army would encamp at Newburgh and New Windsor Cantonment in 1782 and 1783 as an Army of Observation for the British army in New York City. Finally on November 25, 1783, Governor George Clinton would lead the Americans into that city after the British evacuation. A War that started in Massachusetts had shifted and remained centered and then ended in New York.
In addition to the prominent roles played by the likes of New York’s first Governor, George Clinton, unsung heroes of the Hudson Valley did their duty as well. Sybil Ludington, New York’s own sixteen-year-old female Paul Revere, rode out of Carmel to raise the militia in defense of the burning Danbury, Connecticut. Chief Daniel Nimham of the Wappingers, a Native American member of the Sons of Liberty and a captain in the American militia lost his life in battle for the cause of liberty.
The American Revolution played out along the Hudson’s banks –from the first riots protesting the British Quartering Act on Golden Hill in Lower Manhattan, to the chaining of the Hudson and Benedict Arnold’s attempted betrayal of West Point in the Highlands in 1780, to the Battle of Saratoga along its northern shores where Arnold played the role not of traitor, but of hero. The Hudson River Valley was essential to the birth of our Nation.
The Great Chain
Major General Alexander McDougall, commander of the Hudson Highlands, wrote cryptically in his diary on April 30, 1778: “chain put aCross.” He was of course referring to the Great Chain at Fortress West Point. As of April 1778 Captain-Lieutenant Thomas Machin with his chain had finally done what Colonel James Clinton and Christopher Tappen had envisioned almost three years before: he had blocked the Hudson River from Fort Constitution to West Point. From spring until fall for the rest of the Revolution, the Great Chain was now a feature of the Highlands. Until at least 1782, soldiers removed the chain each winter and reinstalled it each spring to avoid destruction by the freezing river. General William Heath described the chain as he supervised its removal on November 14, 1780: “The links of this chain were probably 12 inches wide, and 18 inches long; the iron about 2 inches [ 2 ¼] square. This heavy chain was buoyed up by very large logs, of perhaps 16 or more feet long, a little pointed at the ends, to lessen their opposition to the force of the water on flood and ebb. The logs were placed at short distances from each other, the chain carried over them, and made fast to each by staples, to prevent their shifting; and there were a number of anchors dropped at distances, with cables made fast to the chain, to give it a greater stability.” This formidable obstacle of chain and rafts, which may have weighed as much as 100 tons, became the centerpiece of the fortifications at West Point—Washington’s “key of America”–as the supporting batteries, forts, and redoubts rose above it. In that spirit today, the United States Military Academy at West Point each year graduates leaders of character who are keys to the national security of the United States.
A link and swivel bolt from the Second Chain are displayed in Boscobel’s Carriage House visitor center.
General George Washington understood that the Hudson River was the nexus of population, industry, agriculture, commerce, communications, and logistics. As a strategist, he recognized that the Hudson was at once an avenue and a barrier, particularly in the Highlands. It was an invasion route to and from Canada at the one end and New York City on the other. Command of the Hudson influenced the economy and affected the movement of manpower and supplies. In his “Sentiments on a Peace Establishment” in 1783, Washington argued that the defense of the fortifications at West Point on the Hudson River–his major pivot point throughout the war–had been the “key of America.” He probably had first thought about the significance of the Hudson in the French and Indian War, because as early as May 1775 he had joined the other members of a committee of the Continental Congress to recommend fortifying both of its sides in the Hudson Highlands. The Continental Congress accepted the committee’s findings on May 25th and directed the erection of batteries there “in such manner as will most effectually prevent any vessels passing that may be sent to harass the inhabitants on the borders of said river.” The results would be first Fort Constitution on Constitution Island across the Hudson from West Point in 1775 and then Fortress West Point itself beginning in 1778. Washington would never waver in his commitment to the Hudson throughout the war and ventured away from it only when he felt that he had no other choice. He personally spent about one-third of the war in or near the Hudson Highlands. West Point remains the oldest continuously occupied post of the United States Army.
Boscobel possesses a panoramic view across Constitution Marsh and Constitution Island to West Point.
*Special thanks to Col. James M. Johnson for contributing these texts. | <urn:uuid:8aa12987-e416-4f28-811c-ee9778c039ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://boscobel.org/about/local-area-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304810.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125100035-20220125130035-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.966276 | 1,599 | 4.3125 | 4 |
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was an Indian leader who played an important role in making India free from the rule of the British Government. Sardar Patel was well known for his Iron will and principles and so people used to call him the ‘Iron Man of India’. He was given the title of ‘Sardar’ due to his amazing quality of leadership. Since Sardar Patel was from the Gujarat state of India so the love for him among people can be still in Gujarat and also in other parts of the nation.
Ten Lines on Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
1) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was born on 31st October 1875 in Nadiad city of Gujarat.
2) Sardar Patel earned his degree in law from England and returned India to practice in Gujarat.
3) He was against the British Government and so refused all the posts offered by them.
4) Patel married Jhaverben Patel in 1891 and they had two children.
5) Sardar Patel was deeply affected by Mahatma Gandhi and became a follower of Gandhian principles.
6) He led the ‘No Tax Campaign’ for farmers in 1918 which was a peaceful campaign.
7) He was also imprisoned in 1930 for participating in Salt Satyagrah.
8) In 1931, Sardar Patel was elected the president of the Indian National Congress.
9) Patel was the first Deputy Prime Minister of India and served from 15th August 1947 to 15th December 1950.
10) Sardar Patel left the world on 15th December 1950 due to a massive heart attack.
1) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is well known as a freedom fighter, political activist and lawyer.
2) Sardar Patel was the first Home Minister of India serving from 15th August 1947 to 15th December 1950.
3) Sardar Patel was awarded Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1991.
4) At the time of partition of India, Sardar Patel was representing India in the Partition Council.
5) Due to his Iron will, Sardar Patel was called the Iron Man of India.
6) Sardar Patel was the leading personality in Constituent Assembly.
7) Sardar Patel played a lead role in integrating the princely states to India.
8) Sardar Patel is considered to be the father of ‘All India Services’.
9) The tallest statue of Sardar Patel is in Gujarat named ‘Statue of Unity’ and is also the tallest statue in the world.
10) In the memory of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, 31st October is celebrated as ‘National Unity Day’.
1) Sardar Patel, who is known as "Iron Man of India" and Bismarck of India, is one of the most influential politicians and freedom fighters of India.
2) He became the first Deputy Prime Minister of India and the first Home Minister after independence.
3) He was born on 31st October 1875 in Nadiad, a small village in Gujarat.
4) His father Jhaver Bhai was a farmer and mother Ladba was an ordinary housewife.
5) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's biggest contribution was organizing the princely states and incorporating them in the federal structure.
6) For this reason, every year we celebrate 31st October as “National Unity Day ".
7) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna Award in 1991.
8) The "Statue of Unity" of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel has been started from 31st October 2014 and was a dream project of Indian P.M. Sri Narendra Modi.
9) The total cost to build the statue is more than INR 3000 crores.
10) This statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel has been built on an island in the Narmada River near the Sardar Sarovar Dam.
1) Sardar Patel was not only a true patriot by the mind, word and deed but also was a great supporter of Indian culture.
2) Patel initially got an education through Swadhyaya (self-study) and later he went to London to study law.
3) After returning, he practiced law in Ahmedabad for a few days, but being influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's ideas, he jumped into the freedom movement.
4) He was a staunch antagonist of variance and class discrimination.
5) Sardar Patel entered the active politics of the country since 1917.
6) It was the efforts made by Sardar Patel that Indian Civil Services was converted into Indian Administrative Services and the field was open for Indian too.
7) After independence, he had a very important role in merging 562 small and big princely states to make them Indian Union.
8) Sardar Patel was known as "Iron Man" because of his perseverance, self-power, determination, loyalty, unwavering decision making power, conviction, courage, and passion for work.
9) His health was deteriorated gradually and on the morning of 15th December 1950, when he was at Birla House, Mumbai, he died of a heart attack.
10) His funeral was held in Sonapur, Mumbai, in which 10 lakh people paid tribute.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was full of new consciousness and could easily impress the persons around him. India under his ministry was developing constantly and he was versed at making a good decision instantly. We celebrate the National Unity Day to honor him for everything that he has done for India to be an Independent and Republic Nation. The India that we see today is the effort of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and we must always stay united because this is the best homage to him. | <urn:uuid:fabaddff-bfc6-41c7-816c-cdbe007fff83> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.teachingbanyan.com/10-lines/10-lines-on-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949387.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330194843-20230330224843-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.981124 | 1,240 | 2.859375 | 3 |
ROUTING INDICATORS. -Within the AUTODIN network, a message tape is routed through the AUTODIN system to the addressee(s) by a routing indicator. Routing indicators are combinations of not less than four nor more than seven letters.
A routing indicator begins with the letter R or Q. The letter R indicates that the routing indicator is part of the worldwide tape relay system. The letter Q indicates that the routing indicator is within a self-contained network within a command or theater.
The second letter of the routing indicator identifies the nation or international alliance to which the indicator belongs. For example, the letter U refers to the United States. Therefore, RU indicates that the message tape is part of the worldwide network and is destined to a station in the United States.
The third letter of the routing indicator identifies the geographical area in which a particular station is located or from which it is served. This is necessary for relay purposes because the second letter may indicate a large nation within which there are a number of subdivisions or stations. For example, many stations in the United States are designated by the third letter C. Therefore, the first three letters of "RUC" indicate that the tape is part of the worldwide network, destined for the United States, and to a certain geographical area within the United States.
The fourth and subsequent letters of a routing indicator designate relay and tributary stations within the tape relay network. Like the first three letters, the fourth and subsequent letters may vary, depending upon location, area, and other factors.
TRANSMISSION IDENTIFICATION (FORMAT LINE 1). -As a means of maintaining traffic continuity, TTY terminals (modes II, IV, and V) must prefix each message header with a message transmission identification (TI). The ASC validates the elements in the TI. Modes I and III do not require format line 1. The TI is constructed without spaces and must be accurately prepared without corrections. For example, a correctly prepared TI might appear as follows:
VZCZCJTA (FIGS) 123 (LTRS) (2CR 1LF)
The elements of the TI and their meanings are as follows:
l V -Ensures that the first character of intelligence is not lost or garbled;
l ZCZ -Indicates the start of the message;
. JTA -Station/channel designator letters;
. xxx -Three-digit number indicating the sequential number of transmissions.
The station/channel designators vary for each channel and are determined by the status of the originating station. For example, if a minor relay or tributary station originates a TI to a major relay station, the first two characters consist of the fifth and sixth letters of the station routing indicator. The third character identifies the channel. Channel designators start with the letter A, progress alphabetically, and are assigned to all connected channels. For example, a tributary station having the routing indicator
RUWTABA would use the designator "ABA" for the first outgoing channel and "ABB," "ABC," and so on, for additional outgoing channels.
MESSAGE HEADER (FORMAT LINE 2). -The message header is a basic 43-position header (figure 1-2). The message header is the starting point for the operator who is preparing the message tape. When preparing the header, the operator must remember that it must be letter-perfect.
The following paragraphs describe each position of the header:
Position 1 (Precedence) -The prosign Z (FLASH), O (IMMEDIATE), P (PRIORITY), or R
Figure 1-2.-Message header (format line 2).
(ROUTINE) is the first element. The prosign Y (YANKEE) is an emergency command precedence (ECP) and is assigned to emergency action messages (EAMs). The prosign Y indicates that a message has FLASH preemption capability. EAMs are processed ahead of all other traffic and interrupt lower precedence traffic already in processing within the AUTODIN system.
Positions 2 and 3 (Language and Media Format) -The language and media format (LMF) consists of two alphabetical characters. The LMF is the mode used to insert a message into the AUTODIN system. The LMF of the originating station is placed in position 2, and the LMF of the preferred output device of the addressee is placed in position 3. For example, in figure 1-2, positions 2 and 3 have the character T. The character Tin position 2 indicates that the originator's transmitting mode is paper tape (TTY/teleprinter) (five-level ITA2 code). The character T in position 3 indicates that the output device at the receiving end will be paper tape (TTY) (five-level ITA2 code). If the character C was used in position 3, this would indicate that the message was prepared and transmitted on paper tape and the output device at the receiving message center would be magnetic tape. Automated Digital Network (AUTODIN) Operating Procedures, JANAP 128, lists the LMFs used in the AUTODIN system.
Position 4 (Classification) -The letters authorized to indicate the message classification or special handling in this position are:
Positions 5 through 8 (Content Indicator Code [CIC]/Communication Action Identifier [CAI]) -These positions of the header are a combination of either four letters or three letters and one number. These combinations are used to indicate message content and to provide identification for communications handling. For example, in figure 1-2, the CAI in positions 5 through 8 is ZYUW. This identifies the message as a narrative message. A CAI of ZFH2 would mean that the message is being forwarded to the addressee for information only. A CAI of ZYVW would indicate that the message is a service message. A complete listing of these codes is found in JANAP 128.
Position 9 (Separator) -At this point in the header, the operator must press the space bar to insert the TTYcode equivalent for space on the message tape.
Positions 10 through 16 (Originator) -The appropriate routing indicator of the originating station is placed in these positions.
Positions 17 through 20 (Station Serial Number) -The station serial number (SSN) of the sending station is inserted here. The SSN serves two specific purposes. First, when used in combination with the originator's routing indicator, it provides positive identification for each transmission. Second, in the end of message (EOM) validation (discussed later in this section), the SSN appearing in format line 15 provides a means by which the ASCs can check for the existence of straggler messages.
The SSN is expressed in four numeric characters, beginning with 0001 and continuing consecutively through 9999. A new series begins when the number 9999 is reached. Operating stations may use SSNs to identify local activities, channels, or positions within a station by assigning each activity a specific block of numbers. For example, one station may be assigned numbers 0001 to 2000; the next station 2001 to 4000, and so on.
Position 21 (Separator) -This position requires the same information as that for position 9.
Positions 22 through 24 (Julian Date) -The Julian date is the date that the message was received from the originator for transmission by the communications center. The first day of the calendar year is Julian 001, and each day is numbered consecutively thereafter.
Positions 25 through 28 (Time Filed) -The time filed is the time that the message was received from the originator by the communications center for transmission. Each filing time is expressed in Greenwich mean time (GMT) and must contain four numerical characters.
Positions 29 through 33 (Classification Redundancy) -For security reasons, the classification designator used in position 4 is repeated here. Position 29 is filled with a hyphen as a sentinel. The classification designator in position 4 is repeated in positions 30 through 33.
of-routing signal and addressees) -The positions reserved for routing are made up of two sections: start-of-routing signal and the addressees' routing indicators. The start-of-routing signal consists of two consecutive hyphens and will always precede the first addressee routing indicator. Addressee routing indicators are listed immediately following the start-of-routing signal. A message can have a maximum of 500 routing indicators in these positions. If a message contains 501 or more routing indicators, the message will require two separate transmission. In this case, all routing indicators that have the same first four letters should be in one transmission
End-of-Routing Signal -The end-of-routing signal consists of a period (.) and is inserted in the position immediately following the last addressee routing indicator. | <urn:uuid:08152c0f-daf5-4ffe-ae1e-753ccda43404> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.tpub.com/incco/4.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320209.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624013626-20170624033626-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.901568 | 1,875 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Hong Kong’s weather is difficult to adapt to, with tropical summers and cold winters. When seasons change, the skin is affected by the weather, becoming prone to sensitivity. The scalp has the most pores and therefore is the most fragile part of the skin, often becoming itchy and irritated as the seasons change. To prevent irritation from the changing seasons, it’s important to take good care of the skin.
Spring - from dry to humid
Spring is a season filled with life, but with Hong Kong’s humid weather and buildings filling up the streets, the air can feel hot and suffocating. This kind of environment can become a breeding ground for all sorts of bacteria, and it takes a toll on the skin as well.
Some experts believe that in weather like spring, microorganisms, specifically fungus, become particularly active, causing skin problems like eczema and ringworm. When fungus grows on the scalp, the skin may become inflamed and itchy. If the skin is scratched, it can lead to peeling and even wounds that take a long time to heal. To avoid scalp sensitivity, it’s important to change bedsheets often and keep living environments clean to prevent fungus growth. When washing hair, avoid using water that is too hot as it will strip the scalp of natural oils and cause further irritation.
Summer - rising temperatures
Hong Kong is infamous for its hot and humid summers, temperatures that cause excess sebum production, and clogged pores. In weather like this, washing hair daily is a must to avoid the buildup of oil and dirt. Without daily hair washing, bacteria is easily accumulated on the scalp. Certain hair products are effective in removing bacteria and fungus from the scalp, especially products containing selenium, a mineral known to destroy a specific type of fungus called Malassezia. Other ingredients like yarrow also work as an antiseptic and antiperspirant, perfect for summer weather.
Autumn - transition to dry weather
Autumn is the favorite season of many people, with cooler and dryer weather that feels the most comfortable. However, it may take some time for the skin to adjust from the previously hot and humid environment to this dryer, cold weather. During this time, it is common for the scalp to be dry and peeling, so moisturizing the scalp is the main focus. Using deep cleaning products can be too harsh, causing further dryness and irritation.
When it comes to hair care ingredients, products containing iron will be beneficial to address scalp problems, as iron boosts circulation within the body. Better circulation means that more oxygen is carried to the scalp, enabling follicles to produce healthier, stronger hair. Rosemary is another effective ingredient to promote circulation, as well as soothing the scalp of irritation and discomfort caused by autumn’s dry weather.
Winter - irritation caused by dryness
Lately, Hong Kong’s winters haven’t been as cold as it has been in the past, but the dry weather still presents a problem for many people with sensitive skin. Blood circulation and metabolism slow down as the temperature lowers, meaning that less sebum is produced by the skin. The lack of natural oils to protect the scalp makes it easier to cause tears and wounds in the skin if it is scratched. For those with dandruff, it is crucial to avoid using water that is too hot to wash the hair, and to not wash the hair more than once a day. Using a conditioner or hair oil can be helpful, but it is important to read the ingredients beforehand and to make sure not to use the products on the scalp to avoid clogged pores. | <urn:uuid:b3eac174-01d6-4ae3-a2b9-1a2b7d64ebfb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.lavacqua.hk/%E5%A4%8F%E6%B2%B9%E5%86%AC%E4%B9%BE-%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A3%E9%A0%AD%E7%9A%AE%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%A8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662555558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523041156-20220523071156-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.955542 | 744 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Parent’s of Children ages 2,3 & 4 will have received by now an invitation to have a Flu Vaccination.
The children’s flu vaccine is offered as a yearly nasal spray to young children to protect them against flu.
At what age should children have the nasal spray flu vaccine?
In the autumn/winter of 2016-17, the vaccine will be available free on the NHS for eligible children, including:
- children aged two, three and four on August 31 2016 – that is, children born between September 1 2011 and August 31 2014
- children in school years one, two and three
- in some parts of the country, all primary school-aged children will be offered the vaccine as part of a test programme
- children aged 2 to 17 with long-term health conditions
Over the next few years the programme will be extended gradually to include older children.
Who will give the children’s flu vaccination?
Children aged two, three and four years will be given the vaccination at their general practice, usually by the practice nurse.
Children that are 5 years old are also eligible for flu vaccination provided they were 4 on the 31 August 2016. These children will also be offered flu vaccination at their general practice as they will not be offered it in reception year at school. | <urn:uuid:859d431e-877b-4b44-b506-88751faedc6b> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://sowoodpreschool.org/2016/10/26/important-information-childrens-flu-vaccine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738425.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809043422-20200809073422-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.975536 | 268 | 2.859375 | 3 |
It's All About Streetscape
We’re losing our streetscapes, or the consistent scale and features of a block face or subdivision. Changing the facade of a home by raising the roof or removing the historic street-facing features ruins the historic streetscape. Yalecrest is made up of 22 subdivisions, each with its own unique architectural style, for example, the Cottage District on Princeton and Laird Avenues between 15th and 17th East.
People often cite the scenic streetscapes as the reason they moved to Yalecrest; yet, too frequently we’re seeing remodels and newly constructed homes that are not consistent with the existing development patterns and streetscapes.
This map tracks the rising trend of teardowns and rebuilds in Yalecrest since 1998. It's a work in progress, updated frequently.
Yalecrest is Historically Significant
The first subdivision was platted in 1913, with the first home in the Yalecrest neighborhood built in 1911. Nearly 100 years later, the area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (2007).
Yalecrest is a significant area of study and appreciation by the Utah Heritage Foundation, which has featured its annual historic homes tour several times in the area. View the guidebooks:
On Oct. 8, 2011, Salt Lake Modern featured a home designed by one of Utah’s first modernists, Taylor Woolley, who is known as the architect that introduced the Prairie School Style to Utah in 1911. Outside the state, Woolley is known as Frank Lloyd Wright’s trusted draftsman and a prominent figure in the popular book “Loving Frank.” Professor Peter Goss, architectural historian and photographer, gave highlights of Woolley’s career as an architect and his impact on Utah.
Yalecrest has been home to some of Utah's most prominent residents:
Two United States senators
Three Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints presidents and numerous LDS general authorities
Two Utah governors
Many of Utah's most prominent business people
Several of Utah's most prominent architects
Though Yalecrest holds the honor of a National Register District designation, there is nothing involved with it that can save historic structures from demolition. A local historic district designation is the only means of saving homes from destruction.
It's Important to Salt Lake City
The Salt Lake City Council adopted an Historic Preservation Philosophy statement in 2011, resolving to establish “historic preservation as an important tool to protect and preserve historically, architecturally, and culturally significant areas, structures an sites within the city; to foster civic pride in the history of the city; to protect and enhance the attraction of the city’s historic landmarks and districts; and to enhance economic development.”
Historic Neighborhoods Are City Assets
From the former Utah Heritage Foundation, now Preservation Utah:
“Historic neighborhoods are often a city’s strongest asset. They traditionally provide several benefits including: being located near downtown central business districts and other neighborhood nodes; cutting commute times and giving alternative transportation choices; offering walkability to nearby businesses as well as schools, parks and churches; providing fully grown landscaping with a street canopy of trees; and featuring a range of housing styles, types, and sizes that meet the demand for a range of buyers and lifestyles.
Though these neighborhoods may be seeing a resurgence of interest today as people seek quality over quantity and a lifestyle closer to the cultural heart of communities, it hasn’t always been that way. Starting in the 1960s, a nationwide decline in urban areas led to a movement to eradicate blight, slums, and even marginal neighborhoods through urban renewal. The demolition of hundreds of thousands of buildings meant the loss of neighborhood character, and sometimes in its place, the erection of vastly out of scale new buildings that did not foster a livable community for the next generation.
Historic preservation emerged as the solution with the leading set of tools from both the public and private sector, both regulatory and incentive-based, to stabilize and often reverse the trends of neighborhood decline. Local historic districts, found today in over 2,300 zoning ordinances nationwide, provide a level of consistent decision-making that is local, yet based on national standards for design criteria.”
Variety of Housing Stock
Yalecrest has been popular since its founding because of its unique variety of homes for many different household sizes. For instance, there are duplexes and small starter homes and more majestic near-mansions—all in the same neighborhood. This allows for the ability to “move up” or “move down” according to family size and needs. The destruction of smaller homes and homogenization of the housing stock prices many households out of the Yalecrest market. | <urn:uuid:e7a7a06c-98e7-4233-9715-f0e02e3f2be2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.keepyalecrest.org/why-preserve-yalecrest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391277.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526160400-20200526190400-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.959444 | 986 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.
|Boundary line to be re-marked, etc.|
|Title to lands released to United States.|
|Alteration of old boundary.|
|When to take effect.|
A provisional convention entered into and made by brigadier general James Wilkinson, of the state of Maryland, commissioner for holding conferences with the Indians south of the Ohio River, in behalf of the United States, on the one part, and the whole Choctaw nation, by their chiefs, head men, and principal warriors, on the other part.
Preamble. For the mutual accommodation of the parties, and to perpetuate that concord and friendship, which so happily subsists between them, they do hereby freely, voluntarily, and without constraint, covenant and agree,
That the President of the United States may, at his discretion, by a commissioner or commissioners, to be appointed by him, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, retrace, connect, and plainly remark the old line of limits, established by and between his Britannic majesty and the said Choctaw nation, which begins on the left bank of the Chickasawhay river and runs thence in an easterly direction to the right bank of the Tombigby river, terminating on the same, at a bluff well known by the name of Hach-a-Tig-geby, but it is to be clearly understood, that two commissioners, to be appointed by the said nation, from their own body, are to attend the commissioner or commissioners of the United States, who may be appointed to perform this service, for which purpose the said Choctaw nation shall be seasonably advised by the President of the United States, of the particular period at which the operation may be commenced, and the said Choctaw commissioners shall be subsisted by the United States, so long as they may be engaged on this business, and paid for their services, during the said term, at the rate of one dollar per day.
The said line, when thus remarked and re-established, shall form the boundary between the United States and the said Choctaw nation, in that quarter, and the said Choctaw nation, for, and in consideration of one dollar, to them in hand paid by the said United States, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, do hereby release to the said United States, and quit claim for ever, to all that tract of land which is included by the beforenamed line on the north, by the Chickasawhay river on the west, by the Tombigby and the Mobile rivers on the east, and by the boundary of the United States on the south.
The chiefs, head men, and warriors, of the said Choctaw nation, do hereby constitute, authorise and appoint, the chiefs and head men of the upper towns of the said nation, to make such alteration in the old boundary line near the mouth of the Yazou river, as may be found convenient, and may be done without injury to the said nation.
This convention shall take effect and become obligatory on the contracting parties as soon as the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall have ratified the same.
In testimony whereof, the parties have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals, at Fort Confederation, on the Tombigbee, in the Choctaw country, this 17th day of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and two, and of the independence of the United States the twenty-seventh.
James Wilkinson, [L. S.]
In behalf of the lower towns and Chicasawhay:
Tuskona Hoopoio, his x mark, [L. S.]
Mingo Pooskoos, his x mark, [L. S.]
Mingo Pooskoos, 2d his x mark, [L. S.]
Poosha Mattahaw, his x mark, [L. S.]
In behalf of the upper towns:
Oak Chummy, his x mark, [L. S.]
Tuskee Maiaby, his x mark, [L. S.]
In behalf of the six towns and lower town:
Latalahomah, his x mark, [L. S.]
Mooklahoosoopoieh, his x mark, [L. S.]
Mingo Hom Astubby, his x mark, [L. S.]
Tuskahomah, his x mark, [L. S.]
Silas Dinsmoor, Agent to the Choctaws.
Peter H. Naisalis, | <urn:uuid:8d11de9f-4949-4375-84d0-3c18419b66b8> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0063.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464396.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00048-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964093 | 996 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This name is of Germanic and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) origin, composed of two elements: “*mahti- / maht” (might, power, ability) plus “*harduz / *hardu-” (hard, strong, brave, powerful one). In turn the name means “the one who is very powerful”. Bishop of Vermandois who removed the seat of the diocese to Noyon. St Medardus was born at Salency, Oise, in Picardy. His father, Nectaridus, was a noble of Frankish origin, while his mother Protagia was Gallo-Roman. | <urn:uuid:588bf567-704a-4687-851c-c58523ce2c14> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://m.name-doctor.com/medo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986726836.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020210506-20191020234006-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.968131 | 144 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Oranienburg Concentration Camp 1933-1934
Sachsenhausen Memorial Site and Museum
A condensed version of the special exhibition about the Oranienburg Concentration Camp which was shown in 1994 was included in the permanent exhibition in the “New Museum”; an exhibition which was opened in 2002 and deals with this history. The Oranienburg Concentration Camp was located just three kilometres away from today’s Sachsenhausen Memorial Site. The local SA elite guard regiment set up this camp in a former brewery right in the centre of Oranienburg on March 21, 1933, three years before the building of the Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp. Interestingly, March 21, 1933 was the “Day of Potsdam”, a day on which Germany’s conservative elites paid homage to Hitler. It is still often confused with the Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp which was built by prisoners in 1936.
Using the example of the first early Oranienburg concentration camp, the exhibition at this memorial site is designed to remember the beginnings of the system of terror during the time of National Socialism. The impressive exhibits document the rapid transition from street terror to a government-run concentration camp system. As the exhibition will demonstrate, the first concentration camps in Germany were, above all, local “revenge camps”, in which the National Socialists could imprison their political and intellectual opponents from the Weimar Republic’s street battles and wars of words, in order to set an example. Perpetrators and victims often came from the same social circles or were neighbours or family members, as was the case in the Oranienburg Concentration Camp where the communist Willi Ruf was confronted with his father who was an SA guard (SA is an abbreviation for Sturmabteilung, which was a Nazi paramilitary organisation). Up until the disempowerment of the SA in the “Night of the Long Knives” or “Röhm-Putsch” and the closing of the camp in July 1934 by the SS, around a total of 3,000 prisoners out of Berlin, Oranienburg and the surrounding area were imprisoned, humiliated and abused in Oranienburg, the first concentration camp in Prussia. At least 16 prisoners died, among them the writer Erich Mühsam.
One of the focuses of the exhibition, besides the life paths of individual prisoners of different political shades and social origins, is the biographies of the perpetrators, and above all those of the Oranienburg SA. Another topic of interest is how the public dealt with the camp, especially considering its central position, located not far from the castle on the lively Berliner Straße and its close integration into city life. For example, the camp was used to photograph set-up scenes of camp life for propaganda purposes in and out of Germany. One of the things shown was a weekly report about the Oranienburg Concentration Camp which depicted a sugar-coated image of “re-education” achieved through exercise and hard work. Torture and murder weren’t shown in this report. Finally Gerhart Seger, a Social Democrat who was able to escape at the end of 1933, reported on the situation in his book, “Oranienburg. The first authentic report from someone who escaped the concentration camp”. The book was published as early as 1934 and contributed to the Oranienburg Concentration Camp becoming a worldwide symbol of Nazi terror.
In the exhibition designed by Stefan Haslbeck, a multitude of outstanding exhibits line the walls of the exhibition spaces in end-to-end display cases. Among the objects to be seen are drawings by the Austrian painter Rudolph Karl von Ripper, who finished his paintings after his release from the Oranienburg Concentration Camp, as well as widely unknown works by George Grosz about Erich Mühsam’s feigned suicide, or pictures, documents and personal effects from the estates of SPD politicians Ernst Heilmann, Franz Künstler, Otto Scharfschwerdt and Friedrich Ebert the younger, as well as Alfred Braun and Hans Flesch, both Berlin radio personalities, the author Armin T. Wegener, Ehm Welk and Erich Mühsam and lastly Kurt Hintze, Willi Ruf and Wilhelm Schulz, all Oranienburg delegates. However, the overall concept of the exhibition is based on the use of the original stones from the former brewery’s courtyard. They are laid out through the middle of the exhibition like a street and largely determine the impression you get when you walk into the room as well as the general character of the exhibition.
for more information:
Photo: Brandenburg Memorials Foundation, Photo: Volker Kreidler | <urn:uuid:e6517f16-e07f-4441-a9be-6b0e1306dd11> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.orte-der-erinnerung.de/informationen/oranienburg-concentration-camp-1933-1934/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.956936 | 999 | 3.484375 | 3 |
British MPs on the Commons home affairs committee have launched an inquiry into the operation of ‘Sharia courts’ in the UK to ensure their principles are compatible with British law. The announcement follows the establishment of a similar investigation by the Home Office last month.
However, over 200 women’s rights campaigners and organisations recently signed a public letter to Prime Minister Theresa May criticising the government inquiry into Sharia councils.
Whilst a review into Sharia bodies and their impact on gender equality and justice is long overdue, the letter outlined concerns that the review is focusing on “best practice” when the issue is not “moderate” versus “extreme” Sharia law but women’s rights.
The issue has resulted in disputes between various activists and Muslim groups, leading to accusations of racism and Islamophobia.
One Law for All spokesperson Maryam Namazie spoke to Algerian feminist Marieme Helie Lucas on ‘Sharia courts’ and their impact on women’s rights.
Maryam Namazie: Are Sharia councils parallel legal systems?
Marieme Helie Lucas: Before I get into your first question on Sharia laws — a little bit of history. Racism and colonial superiority are what sustain the setting up of separate laws for ‘indigenous people’.
The UK is simply applying, inside the UK today, to former ‘natives’, the rules that were designed for them in colonised countries under the British Empire: in other words, colonised people living under British rule in colonial times were not under British law, rather the British Empire selected and codified a mix of interpretations of religions, customs and cultural traditions in order to create, out of the blue, so-called ‘indigenous laws’ (see: WLUML Occasional Paper 7: Islamic Law and the Colonial Encounter in British India, by Michael R. Anderson , June 1996 Publication).
This clearly points at the fact that British ‘subjects’ did not deserve legal equality with their colonial masters. The condoning of parallel legal systems, rather than equality before the law, is at the heart of the British form of colonisation.
Now as well as in colonial times, one of the main justifications for codifying formal inequality of individuals before the law was/is respect for the native’s ontological difference; the colonial master was not to disrupt in any way colonised people’s mores.
When one thinks of violent conquest wars, of the number of dead and wounded in colonising enterprises, of forcibly seized land and resources, of burnt villages, of famished populations, that all come with colonisation, one may find quite ironical their sudden pretence of ‘respect’.
Today, the British law of the land applies to all citizens, be they Catholics, Protestants, atheists, etc. Not one single citizen is beyond the law. Except for the former ‘natives’, be they actually British citizens or migrants: those – and those only – are, once more, entitled to laws of their own, because, beyond their official citizenship, they are still seen as ‘different’ from – and inferior to – the (former?) colonial master. ‘Let them have their own customs, it is their way’.
‘Proper’ British citizens are ruled by laws they have voted on, that they can change if they come together and press their MPs. How can ‘Sharia laws’ be changed by the will and vote of citizens? A significant proportion of British citizens are now under supposedly religious laws that they have neither voted for, nor can change through a democratic process. Democracy for ‘proper’ British citizens but unchangeable ‘tribal native customs’ for others?
Insofar as the ‘conclusions’ or ‘judgments’ issued by the ‘councils’ or ‘courts’ are automatically transcribed, as a judgment would be, into the official system of justice (unless a dissatisfied party applies against the judgment), ‘Sharia courts’ are indeed part of a parallel legal system in the making. Does one have to apply in court against the conclusion of someone ‘counselling’ you? It is the very fact that the ‘conclusions’ of the so-called counsellors are equated to and transformed into a legal judgment that makes them a parallel legal system.
Several media articles have been pointing to the problem since mid-2000s. See for example: Islamic sharia courts in Britain are now ‘legally binding’ where the aim of creating a parallel legal system was confirmed by some of the initiators of these councils-courts:
Islamic sharia law courts in Britain are exploiting a little-known legal clause to make their verdicts officially binding under UK law in cases including divorce, financial disputes and even domestic violence. A new network of courts in five major cities is hearing cases where Muslims involved agree to be bound by traditional sharia law, and under the 1996 Arbitration Act the court’s decisions can then be enforced by the county courts or the High Court.
Mr Siddiqi , the initiator of Muslim Arbitration Tribunal said: ‘We realised that under the Arbitration Act we can make rulings which can be enforced by county and High Courts. The Act allows disputes to be resolved using alternatives like tribunals. This method is called alternative dispute resolution, which for Muslims is what the sharia courts are.’
In another article:
If individuals or companies are unable to settle their differences and do not wish to begin legal proceedings, they can agree to have their disputes resolved by an arbitrator, a sort of private judge.
Unless there are procedural irregularities, the arbitrator’s decision — known as an award — will be enforced in the same way as a court ruling.
It is the benevolent attitude of the British government that makes ‘private counselling’ legal, even if and when the ‘agreement’ which is reached between parties contradicts, for instance, the legal provision of equality between sexes which are enshrined in the law of the land. Hence private settlements of properties in unilateral divorce initiated by the husband, or unequal share between brothers and sisters in wills, etc… which are unlawful under British law are officially sanctioned through ‘sharia courts’.
What happens in the UK today is the quiet continuation of colonial discriminatory condescension. Unequal citizens may be left to their native uncivilised ways, as demanded by their self-appointed ‘representatives’ . This is what explains British ‘tolerance’.
Maryam Namazie: Are Sharia “courts” part of an Islamist project? Where is the empirical evidence for that?
Marieme Helie Lucas: Yes, they are. Not just in Britain but everywhere in the world, the Muslim fundamentalist project is to bring back patriarchal mores and the legal subjugation of women, among others. First and foremost, this is happening in Muslim-majority countries. One can look at the global trends throughout the Middle East, Africa, South Asia and more recently South East Asia and in the Asian republics of the former Soviet Union.
For instance the Muslim far-right is steadily putting pressure so that the legal age of marriage for girls is reduced to 9 years old and whenever they fail to change the law, they make sure that the practice gets more and more tolerated by the state.
Horrors that Europe contemplates in Daesh’s actions is the implementation of what the Muslim far-right pretend is ‘sharia law’; predecessors of Daesh in Algeria in the 1990s did just the same: domestic and sexual slavery, child marriage, beheading, etc.
Europe is now also on the agenda of the fundamentalist Muslim-right: changing the laws to make it conform to their idea of ‘ sharia laws’ (or promoting a parallel legal system) and controlling education are the main means of their entryism in Europe.
For instance in France in 2008, a Muslim husband sought an annulment of his marriage on the grounds that his bride was not a virgin; she was willing to go for an immediate consensual divorce, but he and his advocates wanted an annulment; through this procedure, they attempted to create jurisprudence in French law so that ‘virginity’ would then be considered – in their words – ‘an essential component of a marriage’. This, of course, is illegal in France.
It is also in this light that one should understand the Muslim fundamentalist efforts to push for an amendment of the secular laws that prohibit any sign of political or religious affiliation inside state – run secular primary and secondary schools (which incidentally are totally free of costs for children, be they citizens or not) — for both pupils under the age of 18 and for school personnel, teachers, administrative staff, etc. French authorities’ refusal to comply was branded a ‘law against Muslims’, despite the fact that the law was enacted in 1906.
France was confronted with other attempts to deeply modify the laws of the land, for instance on polygamy, on sex segregation in public spaces, sex segregation in public services, on control over the content of what is being taught in State-run secular schools, etc.
Let’s also make here a reference to the case of a woman of Moroccan origin who, in 2007, was seeking a divorce in Germany and was denied the right to initiate it, on the grounds that ‘in her country’, only husbands could initiate divorce. The case was also covered in the New York Times and Spiegel. In Serbia, in the Muslim enclave of Sanjak, FGM is being performed, polygamy is practiced, early marriage is creeping in, all of it with no legal interference by the state.
What is happening now in the UK is part of this global move to impose specific (regressive) laws to specific categories of citizens. It seems there is not even awareness in the UK that all those laws and practices which are being promoted by Muslim fundamentalist extreme-Right are not even necessarily religious ones, but that they can have diverse origins, including customary laws.
A very simple cross-examination of the vast diversity of laws across ‘Muslim countries’ immediately demonstrate that, despite various governments’ claims that their laws are all perfectly in conformity with Islam, they grant very different rights to women (See: Knowing Our Rights, WLUML).
It is definitely not true that women everywhere in Muslim-majority countries cannot initiate a divorce; it is not true either that they all have to cover, or that they have unequal share to inheritance, or that there is sex segregation.
A number of Muslim women are and have been heads of state, entrepreneurs, politicians, taxi drivers, bright intellectuals, researchers, etc. in some Muslim-majority countries, while in others, girls are married off at an early age, are denied education, are closeted in four walls.
The agenda promoted by the Muslim fundamentalist extreme-right should be recognised for what it is — the agenda of a conservative political movement which cannot be equated to representing all Muslims at all times and all over the globe.
In other words, the “laws” used by so-called “Sharia courts” are not especially religiously inspired; they are just the choice that fundamentalists implement between contradictory (even antagonistic) customs, mores and conservative religious interpretations.
To make it even clearer: would “Christian law” be the one which prevails in Christian-majority countries that allow divorce or in those that deny access to divorce? In Christian-majority countries which deny access to contraception or in those that criminalise it? Which is the real “Christian law” and “who will cast the first stone?”
By encouraging and giving in to these supposedly religious demands in the name of religious tolerance, the UK promotes in fact a very specific right-wing political agenda, rising under a religious mask. Realising this should help do away with the accusation of ‘Islamophobia’ that attempts to silence women’s opposition to the curtailing of their fundamental rights under this political agenda.
Women’s opposition to changing the laws to the worst, under fundamentalist pressure, exists everywhere, in all Muslim-majority countries and it is very vocal – and of course, it exists too in countries where Muslims are in a minority and in the diaspora in Europe or North America.
Not surprisingly, women’s resistance is more vocal inside Muslim-majority countries than in countries where the fundamentalist extreme-Right can play on “the need to defend ourselves” and pretend that the curtailing of women’s rights will serve the survival of “our oppressed minority community’’.
Fundamentalists are the ones who create, sometimes ex-nihilo, the dilemma “faith versus women’s rights”, while many progressive Muslim theologians state that they see no contradiction between their faith and universal human rights and total equality in rights between men and women.
UK authorities should be made aware that, by setting up – or allowing the setting up of – ‘Sharia courts’, they in actual fact make a political choice that favours the Muslim fundamentalist extreme-Right agenda to the detriment of universal rights that are defended everywhere in Muslim-majority countries by progressive people including believing Muslims, progressive theologians and women’s rights advocates. And that the UK will be held accountable for making such a political choice.
Maryam Namazie: Some Sharia advocates have said that most Muslim women want Sharia “courts” and banning them would increase abuse against women. Is that true?
Marieme Helie Lucas: How could it be detrimental to women to benefit from laws they can vote and help modify according to their will and rights as citizens? How could it be beneficial to women to be held under laws that they cannot vote for or against, that they cannot change and which are subject to the exclusive interpretations of most conservative men who self-appoint themselves as interpreters of god’s will?
It amounts to saying that exercising one’s democratic rights is detrimental to women’s rights. How could it increase abuse?
From the point of view of strict logic, I would be interested in knowing how can it be demonstrated that exercising one’s rights is detrimental to one’s rights.
As for arguing that Muslim women want ‘Sharia courts’, that may be the case for some of them… just as long as they do not realise that, in these courts, they will be denied rights that they would otherwise enjoy in British tribunals under the law of the land. Knowledge is an important, even crucial, component for making a free and informed choice.
Personally, I fail to understand that any democratic country could even think of offering “choice” to women in these terms: “would you rather have less rights or more rights? Having less rights is better for you”. There is something utterly wrong here.
As mentioned earlier, the Muslim fundamentalist extreme-right plays the communal card, and pressures women into considering the need of the community before their own. However, what is proposed to them is not even really the need of the community, it is the political need of the far-right within this community which is being considered.
Let me doubt that this has been exposed clearly to the women who supposedly ‘want’ ‘Sharia courts’.
Maryam Namazie: Is opposition to the “courts” from secular activists Islamophobia and because of an anti-faith agenda?
Marieme Helie Lucas: Secularists cannot be equated to atheists. Secularists may or may not be atheists. Many secularists believe in one or another religious faith. Why should all these believers have an anti-faith agenda? That would go against their own interests.
Many believers in Islam hold strong secular views and think secularism protects their freedom of conscience and their freedom of religion. This was eloquently argued, for instance, by Soheib Bencheikh, a very well known and savvy progressive Muslim theologian in his book about secularism in France: ‘Marianne et le Prophète’.
Separation of religions and state allows citizens to freely believe and practice (it is article 1 of the 1906 law in France); it does not allow religions – these non-elected bodies – to interfere as such in politics. In other words, Christian Catholics have the right to vote and to shape the politics of their governments; but the representatives of Catholicism, or the Vatican itself, cannot step in and tell the government what to do, which laws to pass, which rights to grant, according to their vision of god’s will (this is article 2 of the 1906 French law on separation).
Obviously, the UK (with its Head of State which is also the Head of the Anglican Church) has difficulties with the concept of secularism, to the point that it has distorted its original definition and changed “separation” between religions and state with “equal tolerance, by the state, for all religions”.
Well, the Muslim fundamentalist extreme-Right, pretending it represents Islam and Muslims, is now demanding equal tolerance: what will Anglican Britain do? Legally sanctioning its discriminatory practices against women through so-called ‘Sharia courts’? Hasn’t Britain ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)? Should anyone bring Britain to court for breaching its commitment to CEDAW?
I think that secularists in the UK are and will remain trapped as long as they do not impose a re-definition of secularism as separation between churches/institutionalised religions, and State. The concept of “equal tolerance” is what breeds communalism, the perverse effects of which we now see in the promotion and implementation of so-called “Sharia courts” parallel legal system.
Marieme Helie Lucas is an Algerian sociologist, political theorist and author. She is the founder and former International Coordinator of Women Living Under Muslim Laws, a solidarity network that provides information, support and a collective space for women. She is also the founder of Secularism Is A Women’s Issue, which focuses on the threat of the erosion of secular spaces and of formal secularism, and challenges all forms of fundamentalisms. | <urn:uuid:57464d0d-d9f3-4f39-92d7-d1dada07ff0c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.sedaa.org/2016/12/british-subjects-did-not-deserve-legal-equality-with-their-colonial-masters-interview-with-marieme-helie-lucas-on-sharia-courts-in-britain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510846.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403092656-20200403122656-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.961625 | 3,859 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Your first example shows a couple of confusions.
1) "Los hombres de Doyle le tienen miedo" - Doyle's guys are scared of him. Here "le" is not used in the meaning "him". So why simply not to say like this: "Los hombres de Doyle tiene miedo de él".
It seems here you are trying to translate literally from English, and also mixing up two alternative syntaxes for the idiomatic phrase tener miedo. You'll understand it better with simpler examples using some imaginary characters Alice and Bob:
- Alice tiene miedo de Bob.
- Alice le tiene miedo a Bob.
Both of these mean "Alice fears Bob; Alice is afraid/scared of Bob". In #1 we use a complement headed by de. In #2 we use an indirect object, which (as usual) is preceded by a. In the latter example we also have to use le, even though it looks redundant, because that's a rule (Alice tiene miedo a Bob is ungrammatical). If we replace Bob by a pronoun, we have:
- Alice tiene miedo de él.
- Alice le tiene miedo a él.
In this version of #2, adding a él is emphatic. If the context is such that it's already clear who is being referred to (él), the last part becomes truly redundant and you could leave it out:
- Alice le tiene miedo.
We would only add a él in this case if we want to emphasize that Alice is afraid of "him" and not of somebody else.
As for the second example:
2) Same here, but in plural: "¿No les temes?" - "And are you not scared of them?"
Here we have the verb temer, not the phrase tener miedo. Temer is a somewhat complicated verb because it can be used as transitive or intransitive but with an indirect object. The latter is more common, especially when speaking of fear of people, and that's what's happening here. That's why it's ¿No les temes? and not ¿No los temes?. It works the same as the second pattern that we've seen for tener miedo.
The emphatic version would add a redundant pronoun:
¿No les temes a ellos?
If we wanted to name the people you fear explicitly, we'd have to do it as above:
¿No les temes a los hombres de Doyle?
I hope this clarifies your doubts a bit. If not, just say so in the comments. | <urn:uuid:19cf30d8-f0c3-4654-bf65-f47d51353da0> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://spanish.stackexchange.com/questions/31656/question-regarding-the-use-dative-case-with-indirect-object-pronoun-le/31659 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524270.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121070324-20210121100324-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.842497 | 575 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Machine Learning vs. Artificial Intelligence: What’s the Difference?
Understanding the Difference Between Machine Learning vs. Artificial Intelligence
AI and ML, although related technologies, differ in their functionality, learning capabilities, and various applications
By Leila Kojouri
Remember when concepts like Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) were things found in comic books and movies; strictly concepts, and nothing else?
Actors like Arnold Schwarzenegger would light up the big screen, portraying epic battles between man and machine, on a seemingly never-ending quest to find balance between the two entities.
Yet, as 2020 looms near, AI is no longer just the stuffs of pop culture, rather, it is very much becoming a part of our every day reality. In fact, according to a Global Artificial Intelligence Study conducted by PwC, AI could contribute up to $15.7 trillion to the global economy by 2030.
The realm of AI encompasses a variety of technologies, including machine learning, and the two are often used interchangeably. Chances are, you’ve probably overheard conversations at the water cooler, or taken part in a conversation yourself regarding the marvels of AI and ML.
That’s because these terms are two of the most popular buzzwords in the analytics market today. Whether you realize it or not, they have become a part of everyday life. And although the two terms are often used interchangeably, they are mutually exclusive concepts – so there is a difference.
Machine Learning (ML)
ML is technically a subset of AI. Essentially, ML provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed; focusing on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it learn for themselves.
In other words, ML relies on processing big datasets, while detecting trends and patterns within that data and essentially “learning” about these trends along the way.
Like people, machines have the ability to “learn,” acquiring knowledge and/or skills through their unique experiences. For example, say you have an ML program with lots of images of skin conditions, along with what those conditions mean.
The algorithm examines the images and identifies patterns, allowing it to analyze and predict skin conditions in the future.
When the algorithm is given a new, unknown skin image, it will compare the pattern in the current image to the pattern it learned from analyzing past images. In the instance of a new skin condition, however, or if an existing pattern of skin conditions changes, the algorithm will not predict those conditions correctly.
This is because one must feed in all the new data so that the algorithm can continue to predict skin conditions accurately.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Unlike machine learning, AI learns by acquiring and then applying knowledge. The goal of AI is to find the most optimal solution possible, by training computers a response mechanism equal to or better than that of a human being.
In the instance of adaptation in new scenarios, Artificial Intelligence is perhaps the most ideal.
Let’s take a simple video game, for example, where the goal is to move through a minefield using a self-driving car. Initially, the car does not know which path to take in order to avoid the landmines.
After enough simulated runs, large amounts of data are generated concluding which path works and which paths do not. When we feed this data to the machine learning algorithm, it is able to learn from the past driving experience and navigate the car safely.
But, what if the location of the landmines has changed? Thee ML algorithm does not know these individual landmines exist, rather, it only exclusively knows the all it knows the pattern resulting from the initial data.
Unless we feed the algorithm the new data so it can continue learning, it will continue to guide along that (now incorrect) path.
Enter, AI – capable of analyzing new data in an algorithm to determine multiple factors; answering questions like, why did the paths change? Which direction is most ideal, given the new circumstances, and where are the new hot-spots? It will then codify rules for identificiation of those hot-spots where the land mines exist.
Slowly, AI will begin to avoid them altogether by following te new trails – just like people, learning and adapting to new boundaries and environmental challenges.
The Future is Now with AI and ML
So, by now, you’ve learned the basic differentiating factors between ML and AI. Machine learning uses past experiences to look for learned patterns, while Artificial Intelligence uses the experiences to acquire knowledge and skills, then applies that knowledge to new scenarios.
It’s clear that both AI and machine learning have valuable business applications, empowering companies to respond quickly and accurately to changes in customer behavior and solve critical business problems.
As the adoption of AI and ML become more commonplace, namely predictive analytics and data science will see a massive uptake in virtually all industries across the marketplace. | <urn:uuid:2af847e9-b46a-4a8b-a462-d8ea4f4185d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.charterglobal.com/machine-learning-vs-artificial-intelligence-whats-the-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.942605 | 1,022 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Web Links for Safe Routes to School Resources
The Safe Routes to School National Partnership is pleased to provide this resource of web site links. The Internet offers many great resources for Safe Routes to School programs that exist throughout the United States and internationally. We encourage you to explore these programs so that you can develop the best approach and activities for your school or state.
Find out where your state stands in implementing the federal SRTS program and contact your state’s SRTS program. You may also want to contact the organizations in your state who are on Our Partners list.
Federal Government Resources
Federal Highways Administration is responsible for administering the Safe Routes to School program funds to State Departments of Transportation.
The National Safe Routes to School Clearinghouse is funded by the Federal Highway Administration and includes information on how to start and sustain a Safe Routes to School program, case studies of successful programs, as well as many other resources for training and technical assistance.
The Safe Routes to School Toolkit is a comprehensive guide for creating a local Safe Routes to School program. It includes information on forming a "team," promotions, safe streets, and classroom activities, as well as links to other organizations and was published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Practice and Promise: Safe Routes to School includes information on why Safe Routes is important, gathering data and evaluation, and case studies from seven locations in the USA and two abroad. It was published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services includes many papers and resources on Safe Routes to School.
Sprockids provides curriculum and resources to get kids involved with mountain biking.
Walk and Bike to School promotes International Walk to School Day, held each year in October.
U.S. National Links and Resources
Active Transportation Alliance is a Web resource for making walking and bicycling a part of daily transportation.
Adventure Cycling is working to inspire people of all ages to travel by bike.
Alliance for Biking and Walking is a coalition of state and local bicycle and pedestrian groups throughout the United States. Alliance for Biking and Walking groups will be key partners for implementation of Safe Routes to School programs. Locate a group in your community to find out more information regarding how they are working on Safe Routes to School.
America Bikes is a coalition of national bicyle and pedestrian organizations. America Bikes took the lead on advocating for Safe Routes to School in the federeal transportation bill.
America Walks is a national coalition of walking advocates that includes a list of member groups.
Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals is a professional membership organization for people who specialize in improving conditions for walking and bicycling.
Bikes Belong Coalition is the national coalition of bicycle suppliers and retailers working to put more people on bicycles more often. Bikes Belong Coalition is currently funding the Safe Routes to School National Partnership.
Complete Streets Coalition advocates for streets to be designed and operated to enable safe access for all users. Pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and bus riders of all ages and abilities are able to safely move along and across a complete street.
Healthy Schools Program offers real tools and solutions for schools to become healthier places that promote physical activity and healthy eating. Visit their website for more information on their best-practice program that provides schools with on-site and online technical assistance, resources, and national awards for school-based efforts to create healthier school environments.
International Mountain Bicycling Association is dedicated to preserving and expanding trails for mountain biking. IMBA has programs for kids.
League of American Bicyclists (LAB) is developing education materials and a curriculum for bicycle safety. LAB also has a training program for teaching adults how to ride bicycles safely.
National Center for Bicycling and Walking provides excellent Safe Routes to School resources that include a wide array of materials and links, including technical assistance, vision and goals, sample press releases, and more.
National Center for Safe Routes to School offers a centralized resource of information on how to start and sustain a Safe Routes to School program, case studies of successful programs, as well as other resources for training and technical assistance.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center developed a Safe Routes to School National Course designed to help communities create sound programs that are based on community conditions, best practices, and the responsible use of resources.
Rails-to-Trails Conservancy provides resources for turning abandoned railroad right-of-ways into bicycle and pedestrian trails for community and school use.
Surface Transportation Pilot Project is a diverse, nationwide coalition working to ensure safer communities and smarter transportation choices. This link directs you to a 2002 summary of Safe Routes to School programs throughout the United States.
Walkable Communities helps whole communities become more pedestrian friendly. | <urn:uuid:f3e76b16-bacc-4668-bf29-e8d82ad0ed7a> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://saferoutespartnership.org/resourcecenter/helpful-links | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657141651.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011221-00231-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949412 | 1,009 | 2.953125 | 3 |
NASA has started the production of the Space Launch System's core stage structures in preparation for the agency's Artemis II and III missions on the lunar surface.
Each core stage will house four RS-25 engines, two propellant tanks and cabling for the 5.5M-pound rocket's flight computers and avionics, NASA said Thursday.
Technicians at NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans have begun wiring and testing the deep space rocket's avionics systems. Meanwhile, the core stage structures for the Artemis III mission are being subjected to a friction stir welding process.
The team has also started incorporating feedlines, propulsion systems, electronics and other components into Artemis II's main core stage structures following its development.
NASA noted the rocket's first core stage is undergoing green run tests at the agency's Stennis Space Center in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, while the engine section is currently built and assembled.
The agency seeks to allow human exploration of the Moon and Mars through the Artemis missions. | <urn:uuid:c02c8298-5065-4fcf-8271-d67e03d7f078> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://blog.executivebiz.com/2020/12/nasa-begins-core-stage-production-for-artemis-ii-iii-missions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703521987.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120182259-20210120212259-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.92393 | 206 | 2.875 | 3 |
Max went to a dog show and saw exactly the dog he had in mind.
Sometimes it happens just like that.
However, what Max had in mind wasn’t that dog, but the qualities of the dog to “build a better dog.” More specifically, Max wanted a distinct working dog type, and the dog that Max had seen at the show had the wolf-like appearance he envisioned for his new breed.
Max bought the dog for (at the time), a staggering $200 Deutchmarks.
The dog’s name was Hektor Linksrhein (which Max changed to Horand von Grafrath), and he became the first dog registered in Max’s Society for the German Shepherd Dog, or the Verein für deutsche Schäferhunde, commonly abbreviated to “SV.” The year was 1899. After this point in time, all other herding dogs in Germany would be referred to as Altdeutsche Schäferhunde, or Old German Shepherd Dogs.
Later, Max would buy Horand’s brother, Luchs, and breed them each to suitable females thereby establishing his breeding program. Over time, Horand, himself, was bred to 35 different bitches, and produced 53 litters. One hundred forty of his puppies were registered with the SV, though we should mention as an aside, that the Society was not the first organization that had attempted to standardize a German working breed.
In 1891, the Phylax Society was formed by a group of dog enthusiasts who also shared Max’s vision for a standardized German working breed. It had as a member our very own Max. However, squabbles and disagreements among the members (in dog people, imagine that!) about what traits were most important in their as yet imagined breed resulted in the group’s demise just four years after it had been formed.
Max’s vision never faded, and soon, he would discover Horand.
By now, German Shepherd Dog enthusiasts know that “Max” was German cavalry officer, First Lieutenant Max Emil Friedrich von Stephanitz, creator of the versatile, beautiful German Shepherd. His Verein für deutsche Schäferhunde still thrives, 120 years after its creation. Only commercial dog traders are excluded, and with more than 50,000 members, the SV is the biggest breed kennel club of the world. It held the first annual Sieger dog show the same year as its inception, and today, that same dog show is the largest German Shepherd Dog conformation specialty show in the world with the titles of Sieger and Siegerin still awarded to recognize the male and female Grand Champion.
The VS reports having about 10,000 stud book entries each year, or in total, over 2 million stud book entries. It reports that currently, approximately 250,000 German Shepherds live in Germany alone.
Max’s breed motto was “utility and intelligence,” and we daresay that his vision was wildly successful. | <urn:uuid:10c93e2c-d4ec-4797-bf13-49e711ef9ff6> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://nationalpurebreddogday.com/max-goes-to-a-dog-show-history-is-made/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.977839 | 640 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Classical guitar is often regarded as being the more difficult end of the guitar spectrum, and because of the intricate techniques and traditional music reading involved many players simply disregard this genre completely as being ‘not relevant’ or ‘too complex’. Whilst studying classical guitar can be complex and, if you are used to playing with a plectrum or on an electric will be a struggle at first , there are some fundamental elements of classical guitar that can be applied to any genre and can enhance the sound and feel of your playing and your compositions.
Here are 5 ways studying classical guitar will make your music better.
1. Finger Technique - Classical finger technique (with regard to your picking hand) is by no means a walk in the park for the contemporary player. It can be highly frustrating if this is your first foray into fingerpicking, but the endless possibilities that come with being able to correctly fingerpick and become your own accompaniment will open your playing and compositions to a whole new world of possibilities.
2. Dynamics – Dynamics are an intrinsic element of classical music as a whole. A player that has a good feel for dynamics and knowledge of when and how to apply them, can take the most mundane melody and turn it into something beautiful. Studying classical guitar with its strict direction of when to use dynamics in your playing will help you develop a much better sense of composition to use in your own music.
3. Reading – One of the reasons many guitarists tend to shy away from studying classical music is the use of traditional music score over TAB. Whilst there are now many books by some great arrangers that have tabbed versions of classical guitar music. It cannot be denied that working on your staff reading will only serve to make you a better musician. It offers you a clear understanding of the theory involved in each piece and gives you clear direction with regards to technique, dynamics and tempo that tablature simply does not.
4. Writing – Writers often use a technique called ‘breaking the cycle’ to help them come up with new ideas and think outside the box. This idea is based on the theory that changing the way you regularly go about the writing process will enable you to enhance your ability to think creatively. Classical music composition is radically different to that of say folk music but, the idea of melody, rhythm and harmony is still there. Learning how classical music works, particularly from a guitar point of view can give you valuable insight, inspiration and ideas to apply to your own chosen genre of music.
5. Instrumentation – Looking at how classical music is structured with regards to instrumentation and, understanding the inner workings of how that relates to the guitar will give you invaluable insight into another way of approaching your music. Perhaps you would like to mimic something from a classical piece in a modern piece of music? You may want to utilize some of the more unique feels and time signatures heard in classical music or the use of multiple tunings.
For me, learning classical guitar helped me to think of compositions as being less about the layers (rhythm, chords, melody etc) but more about the overall feel of a piece of music. Studying classical techniques allowed me to think of the guitar as much more of a solo instrument with particular attention to using the bass strings to play counter or submissive melodies to compliment the main melody. It aided my understanding of music theory which in turn helped my composition work and gave me a reason to improve on my reading skills. | <urn:uuid:085efe1d-3309-4eef-9932-1bf9c04e03ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.benmartin-music.com/post/why-studying-classical-guitar-will-make-your-music-better | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347445880.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604161214-20200604191214-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.966642 | 703 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Two thousand years ago the Roman poet Horace wrote, "Force without wisdom falls of its own weight." Nothing that I do as the secretary of defense is more important than my role in advising the president on when and how to use military force in this post-Cold War world.
Today we no longer face the monolithic threat from the Soviet Union. Today the threats to American interests stem from ethnic conflicts, nuclear proliferation and humanitarian crises. Responses to these complex and diverse situations require flexibility, hard choices and sound judgment. In short, they require wisdom.
Wise decisions about the use of force have a political, a military and an ethical element. The political element involves a judgment as to the nature of the interests at stake and whether the use or the threat of use of military force is the most appropriate way to protect those interests.
The military element involves a judgment as to the capability of the U.S. military forces to achieve our goal and the probable losses entailed.
The ethical element involves a judgment as to whether achieving our goals by military force is in keeping with America's fundamental respect for human life -- the lives of our military personnel and the lives of people of other nations.
One of the most profound decisions that a president must make is whether to risk the lives of our people or threaten the lives of the people of another nation. The courage, the loyalty and the willingness of our men and women in uniform to put their lives at risk is a national treasure. That treasure can never be taken for granted, yet neither can it be hoarded like miser's gold.
You and your colleagues are in uniform for a purpose -- to defend our nation and its interests against threats here at home and abroad.
As the secretary of defense, it is my job to help the president decide when and where military forces should be employed. First of all, by making clear what national interests are at stake. Then, by asking what level of force is necessary to effectively advance those interests. And by asking the ethical question -- should force be used for those purposes?
Over 50 years ago President [Franklin D.] Roosevelt faced this awesome decision. He decided to deploy America's fullest military power to help defeat the forces of tyranny and aggression around the globe. That decision was clear-cut. America's interests were not in question. Indeed, our very survival as a nation was at stake.
Some decisions about the level of force in the Second World War have been debated by historians. President [Harry S.] Truman's decision to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima was perhaps the most dramatic. The political element of this decision was sharply focused -- namely, to end the war quickly, once and for all.
The ethical element was more complex. By dropping the bomb, as Truman put it, "The force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed." But by ending the war quickly the bomb would save tens of thousands of American lives and hundreds of thousands of Japanese lives who would have died in the ensuing combat. Truman made the decision, the ethical decision and, I believe, the correct decision, to save those lives.
Today, unlike during World War II, most of the current and foreseeable threats do not threaten the survival of the United States, so we do not face the level of political and ethical questions about using force that FDR and Truman faced. But the problems we face are still very complex and very dangerous, so they still require us to think clearly about the use of military power.
Today I believe there are basically, three different cases in which we may use our armed forces, all of which involve political and ethical questions.
The first category is when our vital national interests are threatened. Our second category is when important, but not vital, national interests are threatened. The third category is when a situation causes us deep humanitarian concern. I want to consider each of these in turn.
A threat falls into this first category of vital interest if it threatens the survival of the United States or key allies, if it threatens our critical economic interests or if it poses a danger of a future nuclear threat. If we determine that we face such a threat, we must be prepared to use military force to end that threat, and we must be prepared to risk a military conflict to protect our vital interests. But we also must be prepared to weigh our political aims with our ethical responsibilities and to do that balance with great wisdom.
Our confrontations with Iraq these past few years involved our vital national interests. Indeed, they involved all three of the threats which I mentioned. They were a threat to key allies; they were a threat to critical economic interests; and a future nuclear danger.
In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait and threatened Saudi Arabia. It verged on controlling all of the gulf's oil, which amounts to two-thirds of the world's proven reserves. Control of that much oil would allow a hostile state to blackmail the industrial world and threaten the health of the world economy, and the revenues from that much oil would allow Iraq to renew -- and to renew with vigor -- its plans for building a nuclear bomb. So in 1990 we knew that our vital interests were at stake. Our political aim was to blunt the threat to those interests quickly, so we marshaled our forces and sent them to the gulf, but it was six months before we actually used military force. Why did we wait the six months?
First of all, we wanted to prepare our forces so that victory could be assured with a minimal loss of life. Also, we had an ethical responsibility to exhaust all possibilities for a peaceful resolution: to make war the last resort and not the first resort. We did exhaust these possibilities.
The decision to start the war was, indeed, a decision of great moment. We as a nation made a political decision that we had to respond, but we also made an ethical decision: that the cost of not stopping Saddam Hussein's aggression outweighed the potential risk to American, allied and, indeed, even Iraqi lives. We also faced a tough ethical decision when victory was near at hand. President [George] Bush decided, for political and for ethical reasons, not to make Baghdad and the capture of Saddam Hussein the goal. There were many reasons, but the paramount one for the president was that the cost in casualties from all sides would have been too high. He has received much criticism for that decision, but it was the ethical and, I believe, the correct decision.
Last October Saddam Hussein posed another threat when Iraqi forces again massed near the Kuwaiti border. We marshaled overwhelming forces in the gulf, deploying troops to augment the troops already there. That decision, I can assure you, was not taken lightly. The president and I fully recognize that sending troops to the gulf under those conditions again risk conflict and risk American lives. But once again the cost of not deterring Iraqi aggression outweighs the potential risk. This time our quick action served as a deterrent, and the Iraqi forces returned to the garrisons without a fight.
The political and the ethical questions are difficult when we have vital interests at stake -- as those cases illustrated -- but they're even more difficult in the second category when we have important, but not vital, interests at stake. These cases are more difficult because we have an obligation to weigh the risks against the interests involved and because the threats are not always clear-cut. But we must be willing to consider the use of some level of force commensurate with our interests. We want to influence the outcome in these cases because some outcomes will advance our interests while others can harm them, but our use of force must, therefore, be selected and limited, reflecting the relative importance of the outcome to our interests.
We have a range of options here, from using U.S. military assets for logistical operations to using U.S. combat forces. The decision of what to use, whether it's a C-130 transport or an Army combat division, will reflect the costs that we are willing to pay to achieve the outcome that we want.
Our military action in Haiti fell into this category. Haiti's elected government was overthrown by a military dictator. This threatened important, but not vital, U.S. national interests. It threatened our interest in protecting democracy in this hemisphere, in preventing the flow of refugees and in our deep concern in putting a halt to a cruel systematic reign of terror over the Haitian people.
We could have used military force to protect those interests, but initially the risks outweighed the benefits. Over time, economic conditions and diplomatic efforts failed to resolve the threat, and indeed, the threat to our interests began to increase. So there came a time, a significant moment, when the president decided that the threat to our interests was great enough that we needed to take action. But we were prepared to call off the invasion up to the moment the first paratrooper left the plane, because we had an obligation to prevent the loss of lives if we could.
As in Iraq last October, the threat -- just the threat -- of military action was sufficient to avoid the use of military force. However, in this case, the threat only became fully credible after the invasion forces were actually launched. The planes were actually in the air with their paratroopers on the way to Haiti when the Haitian government finally agreed to allow the forces in. So when the military junta finally stepped down, at the 11th hour, we did call off the invasion, and we arrived in Haiti then as friends rather than as invaders.
Bosnia is another case where important, but not vital, U.S. interests are threatened. It may be the toughest security question we face today, both from a political and from an ethical standpoint, even though it is clear who the aggressors and who the victims are. Bosnian Serbs are the aggressors. The Bosnian government and its supporters are the victims.
The atrocities perpetrated by the Serbs, in particular the ethnic cleansing, are abhorrent. Therefore, some say that America has an ethical obligation to solve the Bosnian tragedy by entering the war on the side of the Bosnian government.
We have rejected that advice, because America does not have enough at stake to risk the massive American casualties -- and they would be massive -- as well as the casualties to other parties and civilians that would occur if we participated in a wider war. Therefore, that course is unacceptable.
At the other end of the spectrum are those who say that America should do nothing -- that Bosnia is a tragedy, but it is not our tragedy. Doing nothing is unacceptable, too. It's not only unacceptable from an ethical point of view, but it's unacceptable from a national security viewpoint as well, because we do have a security interest in preventing the violence from spreading and stimulating a broader European war. We do have a security interest in limiting the violence. We certainly have a humanitarian interest in mitigating the effects of the violence and the human suffering. We have been able to achieve those goals in Bosnia and achieve them at an acceptable risk to Americans.
It is a tough ethical decision to stand aside when we perceive that evil is being done, but we have decided to not commit U.S. combat troops to Bosnia to end the war. The cost in American lives, not to mention the cost in Bosnian lives, would be too great, especially when weighed against the limited U.S. interests at stake. But we have decided to commit U.S. military forces to the region to prevent the spread of the war, to limit the violence and to mitigate human suffering.
For example, we have placed troops in Macedonia, under U.N. command, to help prevent the spread of the violence. We are enforcing the no-fly zone, which keeps the Serbs from bombarding cities in Bosnia. We are supporting the heavy weapons exclusion zones around cities. We're airlifting food and medical supplies for humanitarian purposes. These actions have been effective.
To date the violence has been contained to Bosnia. We have seen civilian casualties drop from 130,000 in 1992 to around 2,500 in 1994, and thus far in '95 there have been fewer than 100 civilian casualties. That is not to say that we are happy or satisfied with 100 civilian casualties, but it is an enormous difference from the over 100,000 that occurred there in 1992.
We are engaged in the longest humanitarian airlift in history -- three years long, 15,000 sorties, longer than the Berlin airlift. In spite of these efforts, nobody can feel satisfied from an ethical standpoint about Bosnia. The cases where we weigh our interests against our risks are, by their very nature, ethically unsatisfying.
Ironically, this also holds true when America is faced with a call to respond to humanitarian crises, and we in the Defense Department get those calls about once a month. On the surface, deciding whether to respond to earthquakes, starvation, disease or civil wars may seem easy, but it is not, because our forces cannot, and should not, be sent to resolve every humanitarian crisis in the world.
Generally the military is not the right tool to meet humanitarian concerns. There are other organizations -- government and private -- that exist to do this work. We field an army, not a salvation army. But under certain conditions the use of our armed forces is appropriate, and in other conditions it is not appropriate. I'd like to give you a criterion for when we use them and when we don't.
Let me go to Rwanda as a classic example. The civil war in Rwanda was a human catastrophe of massive proportions, yet intervention of U.S. forces would not necessarily have been effective, but certainly would have involved very large casualties. Like many other nations, we decided to concentrate on using diplomatic tools until the military and civil contact exhausted itself. Those diplomatic tools proved to be ineffective. That conflict and the resulting exodus of the more than 2 million refugees created a human tragedy of biblical proportions. The starvation, the disease and the death dwarfed the ability of the normal relief agencies to cope, and the need for relief was urgent.
At that point and under unique conditions we were able to act. In the entire world only the United States military had the capability to jump start a relief effort and begin saving lives in the short term. Only the U.S. military could conduct a massive airlift over long distances on short notice to bring in the specialized equipment needed to relieve its suffering. And we did.
The joint task force quickly set up an airlift hub at Entebbe [Uganda], and the 24-hour airlift operations at Goma [Zaire] and Kigali [Rwanda], and the relief flights surged. American planes delivered nearly 15,000 tons of food, medicine and supplies to the refugees. U.S. troops were called from Europe. At one time we had almost 2,000 troops in Rwanda. Before two nights passed they began making clean water for the refugees at Goma. What had been a cholera epidemic that was taking 5,000 lives a day was stopped overnight.
The lesson learned from Rwanda is that there are times when we can, and we should, intervene in humanitarian crises. But Rwanda also gave us a set of criteria which we use for looking at future humanitarian issues. The first of those is if we face a natural or manmade catastrophe that dwarfs the ability of normal relief agencies to respond. ... The second test is if the need for relief is urgent and only the military has the ability to jump start the effort. Third, if the response requires resources unique to the military. And finally, if there is minimal risk to lives of the American troops.
Rwanda met all of those tests, and so I recommended to the president -- and the president accepted the recommendation -- that we would go in there with humanitarian efforts. We did. We saved probably 50,000 to 100,000 lives with that relief effort. We finished it in three or four weeks, then we pulled out and came home again -- turning the water purification equipment we'd taken in over to the relief agencies.
Choosing the right thing to do in a chaotic world is not as simple as some may think, particularly when it comes to using military force. It's not merely a matter of asking our heart. We also have to ask our head. We have to ask, "Can American interests be protected without resorting to using military force?" We have to ask, "Is it truly worth it to risk the lives of our men and women in uniform?"
There's a painting that hangs outside my wall in the Pentagon. It depicts a poignant scene of a serviceman with his family in church. Clearly he is praying before deployment and a long separation. Below the painting is a wonderful quote from Isaiah in which God says, "Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?" And Isaiah replies, "Here am I. Send me."
When we talk about using military force, we are talking about risking the lives of people who say, "Here am I. Send me." Many times in history we have accepted that offer. We will have to accept it again. But we must never, never misuse it.
Published for internal information use by the American Forces Information Service, a field activity of the Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), Washington, D.C. Parenthetical entries are speaker/author notes; bracketed entries are editorial notes. This material is in the public domain and may be reprinted without permission. Defense Issues is available on the Internet via the World Wide Web at http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/index.html | <urn:uuid:1b058502-4cfb-4203-8ae8-859b299890e6> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.defense.gov/Speeches/Speech.aspx?SpeechID=888 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537754.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00185-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964816 | 3,609 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Click here to read the full text of the legislation.
Civil Partnership Act - the path to equality
The Government's consultation document 'Civil Partnership: A framework for the legal recognition of same-sex couples' proposed to set up a scheme under which same-sex couples would be able to register their partnership.
The consultation period ended on 30th September 2003 and in her speech on 26 November 2003 the Queen announced the Government's proposal for the introduction of the civil registration scheme for same-sex partners. 83% of responses supported the principle of a civil partnership scheme.
On 31 March 2004 the government published the Civil Partnership Bill which had its second reading in the House of Lords on 22 April 2004, the first opportunity for it to be debated.
It then passed through the committee stage in the House of Lords where each clause was discussed on the following dates:
The Bill went through the report stage in the House of Lords on 24 June 2004 and had its third reading in the House of Lords on 1 July 2004.
The Bill passed to the House of Commons and had its second reading on 12 October 2004. The Commons removed the amendment passed during the report stage at the House of Lords which would have extended the provisions of the Bill to family members and carers. This amendment, sponsored by Conservative peer Baroness O’Cathain, would have made the Bill unworkable and undermined hundreds of years of family law. Organisations such as the Law Society and Carers UK agreed that this Bill was the wrong vehicle for such changes. Stonewall had consistently stated that protection for family members and carers should be in a separate Bill.
A further attempt to extend the Bill in this way was made at the third reading in the Commons on 9 November 2004 but a large majority of MPs voted against it.
The Bill returned to the House of Lords on Wednesday 17 November 2004 for the Lords consideration of Commons amendments where another attempt was made to amend the Bill - this was voted down by 251 votes to 136.
The Bill was passed and received Royal Assent on 18 November 2004. It took a year to implement the Civil Partnership Act. This was to allow all the necessary changes to be made and implemented, for example changes to the tax and benefits computer systems, forms that had to be amended and registrars trained in the new procedures.
Changes were made to the tax system in the 2005 Finance Bill, so civil partners would be treated as a married couple for inheritance tax purposes.
Same-sex partners were able to register from 5 December 2005 and the first registrations were in Northern Ireland on 19 December 2005, followed by Scotland on 20 December and then England and Wales on 21 December.
During February 2006, Stonewall and Barclays embarked on a ‘Get Hitched’ road show to inform gay people about what civil partnership meant for them. The seminars were held in Blackpool, Brighton, London, Manchester and Birmingham and Barclays and Stonewall staff were on hand to give people free advice about the financial and legal implications of civil partnership.
In March 2010 the House of Lords supported Lord Alli’s amendment to the Equality Bill to permit civil partnerships to take place in religious premises. Stonewall led calls for a permissive approach to enable the various religious denominations who now wish to perform and bless civil partnerships in their buildings – including the Quakers, Liberal Judaism and the Unitarian Church - to be able to do so. The detail and timing of the changes is to be confirmed by the Government.
Following the general election in 2010 Stonewall is engaged in consultation with supporters and others on the future of civil partnerships. | <urn:uuid:a2fb7522-03ce-4cb5-9563-56a74cce41bf> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.stonewall.org.uk/at_home/9203.asp?fontsize=medium | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131309963.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172149-00243-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977869 | 737 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Back to the list of terrain features
Mount Sinai is a natural wonder in the Civilization V: Gods & Kings expansion. Mt. Sinai is a mountain located in Egypt, considered holy by the Abrahamic religions. It does not count as a mountain for the purpose of constructing Neuschwanstein or Machu Picchu.
Found on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, Mount Sinai is among the most revered holy sites recognized by the followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Mount Sinai is believed to be the location where Moses first received the Ten Commandments from God during the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, making the peak an important site for religious pilgrims from around the world. | <urn:uuid:27410d2f-ec6a-414c-b452-ba2d24eadffe> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://civilization.wikia.com/wiki/Mt._Sinai_(Civ5) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170708.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00231-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946898 | 136 | 2.53125 | 3 |
AP World History- Unit 6: South and Southeast Asia
321 BCE-185 BCE. After Alexander conquered India. Started in Ganges Valley Region and Magadha in the east, then spread throughout all of current day India and Pakistan
Creator of Mauryan Empire
Mauryan Empire. Enforcer of the law book, Arthasahastra
Mauryan Empore. Conquered southern Kalinga, then felt guilty and became Buddhist. Changdragupta's grandson. Built great capital, trade (agriculture), and a central treasury (taxes)
1 CE-300 CE. Revival of Mauryan Empire, but much smaller. Started again in Ganges Valley and Mahadha in the east and spread under 3 key leaders: Chandra Gupta, Samadra Gupta, and Chandra Gupta II. Fell to white Huns
Chandra Gupta, Samadra Gupta, and Chandra Gupta II
Not related to Changragupta, of Mauryan Empire. Built elaborate roads connected to Silk Road, developed military tactics, created trade.
606-648 CE. Tried to bring back centralized imperial rule. Military included: 20,000 cabalry, 50,000 infantry, and 5,000 war elephants.
Scholar, Buddhist, generous to his subjects. Assassinated, and his small empire disintegrated.
Indian Disunity Before 1000 CE
In 550 the Gupta Empire collapsed (last nation). 700's C.E- Muslims started to reach India. 1000 CE- Ready to take it over
Muslim Invasions and Delhi Sultanate
1022- Muslim warlords seized India;s Punjab provincs. 1206- Muslims captured Delhi. 1206-1520's- Muslims established Delhi Sultanate, ruled by Muhammad Ghuri, Then Il Tutmish. Muslims spread Islam, but didn't replace Hinduism and Buddhism. Delhi Sultanate reached its peak under Muhammad Ibn Tughluq (1325-1351). Then south broke up, Timur invaded. Muslim Abbasid Dynasty collapsed in 1528, which led to the independent southern states of India.
Independent Southern States
100 BCE-1900 CE Tamil Kingdoms0 Chola, Pandya, Chera. 1300's breakup of Delhi Sultanate led to more southern states. 1338- Bengal. 1347- Bahmani Kingdom. 1390- Gujarat City. 1336- Vijayanagara empire. Malibar city states formed on Indian Coast
Collapse of Delhi Sultanate
Began to lost territory in 1300's. Ransacked by Timur (Mongol leader) in 1398. Delhi Sultanate steadily weakened during 1400's
Babur the Tiger
Mongol warlord. 1498- Launched full scale invasion of India from the North. With army of 12,000, defeated a force 10 times the size of his own. 1526- After the battle of Panipat, founded his own government (Mughal Empire). 1530- Died
The Mughal Empire
Turkish. Mughal empire continued 200 years after Babur. All Mughal rulers were Muslim.1600's- Lost ground to Europe. 1st capital- Agra (Taj Mahal). 2nd Capital- Delhi. Peacock Thrown. Traded cotton, Hinduism, Buddhism, women aristocrats awarded titles, architecture, painting, poetry, Hindu gods.
Three great Muslim empires. Mughal, Ottoman, Safavid.
Akbar's gread grandson. Leader of Mughal Empire. Militant Muslim, forced people to Islam, which weakened economy and let to empire's decline in 1700's
Akbar the Great
1556-1605. Grandson of Babur. Completed conquest of India. Great commander. Heavy artillery. Gov't with tax code, legal system, religious tolerance
Arrival of Europeans
1498- Portuguese trader Vasco de Gama arrived. 1600's- Spanish, Dutch, French, English. 1661- Bombay ceded to English. Dutch established Colombo, Portuguese extablished Calcutta. 1740's- British and French fought to control India. 1750's- English expelled French.
1900's- Became political activist and father of India to fight off British Imperialism. Hind. Hindu, lived meagerly, protested, fasted. Great Salt March, Muslim/ Hindu Riots
Indian Ocean Trade
Trading network tied together East Africa, Arabian peninsula, Persian Guly, India, Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, China, and Japan. Connected Red Sea, Suez Isthmus, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea
West of Indian Ocean Trade
Controlled by Arab traders. Ivory, animal hides, timber, gold, slaves
Middle East of Indian Ocean Trade
Textiles, carpets, glass, horses.
India of Indian Ocean Trade
Gems, elephants, salt, cotton
Sri Lanka of Indian Ocean Trade
China of Indian Ocean Trade
Silk, porcelain, paper
Japan of Indian Ocean Trade
Major Ports in Indian Ocean
Sofala, Mombasa, Mogadishu
Major Ports in East Africa
Jidda, Mecca, Ormuz
Major Ports in West India
Major Ports in China
Geograhpy of Southeast Asia
Three zones- Mainland (Mekong River flows through). Malay Peninsula. Archipelagoes of the Indian Ocean and South China Sea (volcanis islands). Climate is tropical, terrain mountainous, rainforests. 3000-2000 BCE- Malays and others arrived from China and Indai. Agriculture practiced by 2000 BCE. Early people were also bronze workers and navigators
Southeast Asian States
Funan (200-500 Malay) Chenla (500 Combodia). Burma (500). Thai (500). Vietnamese shates of Champa and Annam. Influenced by China and India. SE Asian states- Key players in Indian Ocean Trade
Khmer empire (500's-1454 CE). Reached its peak during Angkor period (889-1454). Rulers were aggressive expanding to Burma and Malay. Influenced by India- Hinduism, Buddhism. 21,000 temples
Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat
Capitals of Cambodia built during 1100's.
Srivijayan empire (500's-1100's). Capital was on Indonesian Island, Sumatra. 600's- Gained control of Indonesia and Malay trade routes. Influenced by India- Hinduism, Buddhism, Borobudor temple. Tamil Kingdoms attacked in 1000's, led to decline. Kertanagara empire took over in 1200's.
2500 BCE-900 CE, left Philippines and Indonesia and settled throughout thousands of Pacific Islands (Oceania). Root farmers, taro, sweet potatoes. Raised pigs, chickens. Fishers, tribes with chiefs, taboo sailors.
Polynesian Waves of Migration
Mirconesia- Melanesia- New Guinea- Australia- Fiji-Polynesia- Hawaii- Easter Island Society
The establishment, maintenance, acquisition, and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. A process whereby soverignty over the colony is claimed by the metropolitan center and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by colonists.
A set of unequal relationships between the colonists and the colony.
The term Colonialism usually refers to...
A period of history from the late 15th to 20th century, when European nation states established colonies on other continents.
Factors of Colonialism Justification
Profits to be made, expansion of power of the metropolitan center and various religious and political beliefs.
Colonialism and imperialism were ideologically linked with...
The creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination
Imperialism of the last 500 years
Described as a primarily western undertaking that employs "Expansionist-mercantilism and latterly communist- systems"
Imperialized Geographical Domains
Mongolian Empire, Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Portuguese Empire, Spanish Empire, Dutch Empire, Persian Empire, French Empire, Russian Empire, Chinese Empire, British Empire.
The term Imperialism can be applied to...
Domains of knowledge, beliegs, values, and expertise, such as the empires of Christianity and Islam | <urn:uuid:27b47be6-f6ce-4f7c-89bf-bf3ae8eb0aa4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://quizlet.com/3801565/ap-world-history-unit-6-south-and-southeast-asia-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859766.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618105733-20180618125733-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.878747 | 1,736 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The original RD-0120 engines, Russian equivalent to the US Space Shuttle Main Engine, are mothballed at Baikonur. Despite various proposals for their use, future production is unlikely.
Credit: © Mark Wade
Kosberg lox/lh2 rocket engine. 1961 kN. Energia core stage. Design 1987. Isp=455s. First operational Russian cryogenic engine system, built to the same overall performance specifications as America's SSME, but using superior Russian technology.
The result was an engine of similar size, thrust, and specific impulse but lower cost. Feed Method: 35,000 rpm dual-stage turbopump. A single pre-burner burns fuel-rich at 527 Celsius to drive the single-shaft high pressure turbopump. Some of the pre-burner gas drives the oxygen low pressure pump. The fuel low pressure pump is driven by GH2 from the main chamber cooling loop.. Throttle range is 45%. Throat diameter 261 mm, exit diameter 2420 mm. The original RD-0120 engines are mothballed at Baikonur.
Although the SSME may have been the starting point, Soviet engine technology led that of the United States in many other detailed points of liquid rocket design. By the mid-1960's the USA had practically abandoned development of liquid fuel engines, with the sole exception of the SSME. The US military preferred to use solid rocket motors for missile and booster stage applications. Russian rocket engineers had spent their entire lives perfecting military liquid fuel rockets and had never favoured solid fuel. Therefore Russian Liquid Oxygen/Kerosene and N2O4/UDMH engines were of much higher performance than those in the US. On the other hand the Soviet Union had not developed any Lox/LH2 engines over 40 tonnes thrust and none actually been flown in space. The contribution of unique Soviet technology and the inevitable changes that occurred during development resulted in the MKS RD-0120 main engine being different in detail from the SSME while retaining the same performance.
In the first stages of the development of the RD-0120, different basic engine schemes were evaluated before a single-shaft turbo-pump for both liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen was selected (the SSME had separate turbo-pumps for each fuel component). Use of a single pump simplified the engine control system and manufacturing, but also required more detailed and sophisticated methods of design and optimization then were available to the Americans. Another principal difference was the absence of resonance chambers, which were used on the SSME for suppression of high frequency vibrations in combustion chamber. The start sequence developed for the RD-0120 was and remains completely unique.
On the other hand Russian engineers observe that the SSME designers used some technologies that were not used previously in the USA but were common in Russia. The best example was the milled combustion chamber, widely used on Russian engines, but never before on American engines.
By 1999 the US was studying incorporation of more RD-0120 technology into the SSME:
The channel-wall nozzle is a proposed replacement for the current SSME nozzle. Employing a process developed in Russia and used for the Russian RD-0120 rocket engine, flat stock is roll formed into a conical shape, which serves as the nozzle liner. The liner is slotted to form channels for the nozzle's liquid hydrogen coolant to flow through. A jacket is then installed over the liner and welded at the ends. The entire assembly is then furnace brazed. The channels in the liner take the place of the 1,080 tubes that regeneratively cool the current SSME nozzle. The channel-wall nozzle is a relatively simple design that has fewer parts and welds than the current complex SSME nozzle. (The current SSME nozzle takes two-and-one-half years to build, costs $7 million, and is currently flown no more than 12 to 15 times because of safety concerns related to hydrogen leaks.) NASA expects the channel-wall nozzle to be more reusable than the current nozzle and to have less risk of critical failure. The new nozzle is also expected to improve engine performance slightly (although any gain in payload capacity may be canceled by the increased nozzle weight), to cost less and take less time to produce, and to cost less to operate. NASA and Rocketdyne (through Aerojet) have spent $0.8 and $1.2 million respectively to study this upgrade, and development could start at the beginning of 1999. The proposed upgrade would cost an estimated $63 million over four years for development and testing, plus an additional $71 million to build 18 certification and production nozzles.
Drawing on this blend of mature American technology and Soviet innovation, the RD-0120 had a relatively trouble-free development program. The final engine represented for the Soviet Union new technical solutions in engine reliability, control, throttleability, and performance. These were the first fully throttleable Soviet engines, and their first production Lox/LH2 engines.
Application: Energia core stage.
Thrust (sl): 1,517.100 kN (341,058 lbf). Thrust (sl): 154,702 kgf. Engine: 3,450 kg (7,600 lb). Chamber Pressure: 218.00 bar. Area Ratio: 85.7. Thrust to Weight Ratio: 57.97. Oxidizer to Fuel Ratio: 6.
AKA: RO-200; RD-0120; 11D122.
More... - Chronology...
Status: Design 1987.
Unfuelled mass: 3,450 kg (7,600 lb).
Height: 4.55 m (14.92 ft).
Diameter: 2.42 m (7.93 ft).
Thrust: 1,961.00 kN (440,850 lbf).
Specific impulse: 455 s.
Specific impulse sea level: 359 s.
Burn time: 600 s.
First Launch: 1976-90.
Number: 10 .
Associated Launch Vehicles
Albatros Unique Russian space shuttle design of 1974. Hydrofoil-launched, winged recoverable first and second stages. Hydrofoil would have been propelled to launch speed by the launch vehicles rocket engines, using a 200 tonne fuel store in the hydrofoil. Advantages: launch from the Caspian Sea into a variety of orbital inclinations, variations in launch track possible to meet range safety requirements. Proposal of Alexeyev/Sukhoi OKBs. More...
Vulkan Super heavy-lift version of Energia with six strap-on boosters, and in-line upper stages and payloads. The concept was put on the back burner when Energia / Buran development begun. More...
Energia The Energia-Buran Reusable Space System (MKS) began development in 1976 as a Soviet booster that would exceed the capabilities of the US shuttle system. Following extended development, Energia made two successful flights in 1987-1988. But the Soviet Union was crumbling, and the ambitious plans to build an orbiting defense shield, to renew the ozone layer, dispose of nuclear waste, illuminate polar cities, colonize the moon and Mars, were not to be. Funding dried up and the Energia-Buran program completely disappeared from the government's budget after 1993. More...
Interim HOTOL Initiated by a British Aerospace team led by Dr Bob Parkinson in 1991, this was a less ambitious, scaled-back version of the original HOTOL. The single-stage to orbit winged launch vehicle using four Russian rocket engines. It was to have been air-launched from a Ukrainian An-225 Mriya (Dream) aircraft. Interim HOTOL would separate from the carrier aircraft at subsonic speeds, and would then pull up for the ascent to orbit. It would return via a gliding re-entry and landing on gear on a conventional runway. Interim HOTOL suffered from the same aerodynamic design challenges as HOTOL and went through many, many design iterations in the quest for a practical design. More...
Associated Manufacturers and Agencies
Kosberg Russian manufacturer of rocket engines. Kosberg Design Bureau, Russia. More...
Lox/LH2 Liquid oxygen was the earliest, cheapest, safest, and eventually the preferred oxidiser for large space launchers. Its main drawback is that it is moderately cryogenic, and therefore not suitable for military uses where storage of the fuelled missile and quick launch are required. Liquid hydrogen was identified by all the leading rocket visionaries as the theoretically ideal rocket fuel. It had big drawbacks, however - it was highly cryogenic, and it had a very low density, making for large tanks. The United States mastered hydrogen technology for the highly classified Lockheed CL-400 Suntan reconnaissance aircraft in the mid-1950's. The technology was transferred to the Centaur rocket stage program, and by the mid-1960's the United States was flying the Centaur and Saturn upper stages using the fuel. It was adopted for the core of the space shuttle, and Centaur stages still fly today. More...
Haeseler, Dietrich, Information material from Chemical Automatics Design Bureau, Voronezh 1993 via Dietrich Haeseler.
Golubev, A A, KB KhimAvtomatiki - Straniy Istorii, Vol. 1, Voronezh 1995 via Dietrich Haeseler.
Gontcharov, Orlov, Rachuk, Rudis, Shostak, McIllwain, Starke, Hulka, "Tripropellant Liquid Rocket Engine Technology Using a Fuel-Rich Closed Power Cycle", ONERA, June 1995 via Dietrich Haeseler.
Russian Arms Catalogue, Vol 5 and 6, Military Parade, Moscow via Dietrich Haeseler.
Albatros Carrier Aircraft Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 1,250,000/210,000 kg. Thrust 7,840.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 455 seconds. Configuration: delta wing with wingtip vertical stabilizers and canards. Engine type and performance, empty weight estimated. More...
Energia Core Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 905,000/85,000 kg. Thrust 7,848.12 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 453 seconds. More...
Energia EUS Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 77,000/7,000 kg. Thrust 1,962.03 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 455 seconds. More...
Interim HOTOL Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 250,000/33,100 kg. Thrust 7,840.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 455 seconds. More...
Vulkan 1 Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 800,000/80,000 kg. Thrust 7,450.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 452 seconds. Original version of Energia core as used on Vulkan booster, with in-line upper stages and payloads. Developed 1974-1976; cancelled when Energia / Buran development begun. More...
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DIDELPHIDAE: DIDELPHINAE (Opossums)
The Didelphidae is a large (some seventeen genera and eighty-seven species)
family of marsupial
mammals, the only living representatives of the Order Didelphimorphia. Various subfamily groupings
(e.g., Marmosinae, Glironiinae, Didelphinae, and Caluromyinae) have been recognized and often given
their own family status; here, following Gardner (in Wilson and Reeder 2005) only the subfamily
divisions Didelphinae (fourteen genera, eighty-two species) and Caluromyinae are applied,
with each represented by subfamily-level maps, and mapped separately. Members of the subfamily
Didelphinae apparently have reached a number of nearshore islands by natural means (though some
or all of the Lesser Antilles populations may be introductions). Didelphis virginiana has been
widely introduced in western U. S. localities.
Copyright 2012 Charles H. Smith. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:15be3604-f7fb-47c5-9b05-b59ee7a4104d> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/faunmaps/Didelphinae.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115867507.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161107-00112-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886701 | 241 | 3.0625 | 3 |
When asked to say where their sympathies lie in the longstanding Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Americans have historically sided with the Israelis over the Palestinians by a wide margin, and they continue to do so. However, residents of Canada and Great Britain do not share that perspective. Gallup's April 2005 international polling* shows Canadians and Britons are about evenly divided in their Middle East sympathies.
According to Gallup's U.S. World Affairs poll, conducted in February 2005, Americans are much more sympathetic toward the Israelis than the Palestinian Arabs: 52% vs. 18%. Canadians sympathize with the Israelis over the Palestinians by only a four-point margin, 34% vs. 30%. Those in Great Britain side with the Palestinians by a seven-point margin, 31% vs. 24%.
The remainder of respondents in each country do not have a preference, either saying they sympathize with both sides, with neither side, or have no opinion. These neutral views account for 30% of respondents in the United States, 36% in Canada, and 45% in Great Britain.
Opinion of Israel Varies, but Palestinian Authority Gets a Consistent Thumbs Down
In line with the differences in sympathies, Canadians and Britons are, to varying degrees, less likely than Americans to view Israel favorably. Whereas two-thirds of Americans (69%) have a favorable opinion of Israel, this figure is 51% in Canada and only 39% in Great Britain.
At the same time, Canadians and Britons are no more likely than Americans to hold a favorable view of the Palestinian Authority. Only 29% of those in Canada and 31% of those in Britain view the Palestinian Authority favorably -- similar to the 27% who do so in the United States. A majority in each country has an unfavorable view of the Palestinian government.
Similar Demographic Patterns
Apart from the differences among the three countries, there are some important similarities in the way Middle East sympathies and attitudes toward Israel play out among demographic groups within each country.
Given that the modern-day Israeli-Palestinian conflict has its roots in the formation of Israel in 1948, one might expect to see generational differences in attitudes about the two sides. But this generally isn't the case. In all three countries, sympathies for Israelis versus the Palestinians among different age groups are fairly small; the numbers certainly do not suggest any generational pattern in attitudes.
Women in each country are a bit more likely than men to take a neutral position toward the Middle East conflict. But the attitudes of women who do express an opinion tend to be similar to men's, particularly in the United States and Great Britain. In Canada, roughly equal numbers of men and women (34% and 35%) sympathize with Israel, while slightly fewer women than men (26% vs. 35%) sympathize with the Palestinians.
Education is one variable that does make a difference. In each country, adults with advanced education are relatively more sympathetic to the Palestinians than are adults with less formal education. This gap is particularly pronounced in Great Britain and Canada.
- In Great Britain, 44% of those who completed their education at age 19 or later say they sympathize with the Palestinians, compared with only 24% of those who completed their education at a younger age.
- In Canada, 46% of those with postgraduate education sympathize with the Palestinians, compared with only 30% of those with an undergraduate degree, 27% of those with some college education, and 27% of those with no college education.
- In the United States there is more sympathy for Israel than the Palestinians among all education groups, but the net preference for Israel (percentage favoring Israel minus percentage favoring the Palestinians) is a bit smaller among those with postgraduate education (+28) than it is among those with less formal education (+35).
The United States and Great Britain may have a special relationship. Canada and the United States are closely bound by geography and trade. But these connections do not guarantee a common worldview, as perceptions of Israel clearly illustrate.
Americans are widely sympathetic to Israel's position in the Middle East conflict, and have a favorable view of that country. The British are closely divided in their sympathies; also, a majority of Britons have an unfavorable opinion of Israel. The Canadians fall somewhere in between, with roughly even numbers favoring each side in the conflict, but a slim majority viewing Israel favorably.
*Results in the United States are based on telephone interviews with 1,007 national adults, aged 18 and older, conducted Feb. 7-10, 2005. For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error is ±3 percentage points. The survey was conducted by Gallup USA.
Results in Canada are based on telephone interviews with 1,006 national adults, aged 18 and older, conducted April 11-17, 2005. For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error is ±3 percentage points. The survey was conducted by Gallup Canada.
Results in Great Britain are based on telephone interviews with 1,012 national adults, aged 18 and older, conducted April 5-18, 2005. For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error is ±3 percentage points. The survey was conducted by Gallup UK. | <urn:uuid:ed8060bb-0c68-4600-b638-ba9ca72cfc95> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://news.gallup.com/poll/16534/americans-stand-apart-support-israel.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664437.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191111191704-20191111215704-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.950921 | 1,095 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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JOHN W. LAMBERT, originator of the famous Lambert Patented Friction Transmission, and treasurer and general manager of the Buckeye Manufacturing Company. The “Sage of East Aurora” has said: “To achieve fame, seek out an unpopular cause that you kn0w is right; then work for it, live for it, die for it.” There is something reflecting this thought underlying the struggles of those pioneers of industrial progress who have had the hardihood to disagree with established ideas and processes and substitute for them new methods and revolutionary inventions. Through years of discouragement and ridicule, Alexander Bell brought his telephone to final public acceptance, and today many will agree that he is the greatest benefactor of modern business. But a short time ago, Peter Cooper built a locomotive and dreamed of transcontinental traffic. Luxurious trains now take us from New York to San Francisco in five days-a forceful tribute to the far-sightedness of this pioneer who dared work against public sentiment that the wheels of progress might revolve with greater speed. There are those living who laughed at the “impossible” invention of Samuel Morse. We all remember the public skepticism that preceded the epoch-making achievement of Marconi,
The point is that these men, with scores of others like them, believed in their ideas and fought for them through every sort of discouragement until success and approval finally smiled upon them. From their efforts we draw a lesson that, even in our smaller, more prosaic undertakings, cannot fail to leave its impress upon our work. Things worth while seldom come easily or over night. And just as there seems to be something inherent in mankind that scoffs at the attempts of 0ur giant brothers to overturn established practices, just so does it seem to be the habit of the big men of all times to keep on and on, unmindful of discouragements, overcoming barriers, hopeful and confident of making their dreams come true. Big men are attracted to the big problems. Bridge building, canal digging, railroad construction, and, more recently, automobile building, have drawn the daring masters of commerce, the seekers after the romantic in business.
Even in the pioneer days of the automobile business, certain conventions of construction were established. Some of these were uprooted early to be succeeded by the improvements that necessarily follow in the rapid development of a new world-industry. Others, though thought by many to be basically wrong, held on and even to this day few have had the hardihood to attempt the changes that mean so much opposition on the part of those who decry a disturbance of set methods. But the business, since its incepti0n, has attracted many men who have not been content to build on the ideas of others. For the most part they have played “the game for the game’s sake.” They have found no joy or profit in their work except as they might discover faults and remedies for them; except as they might plan innovations and, after a hard struggle, put them ” over the plate.”
Twenty years ago-almost a life-time as things are reckoned in the autom0bile world-a man of this type began building a self-propelled vehicle at Anderson, Indiana, where he was already regarded as one of the successful manufacturers of the town. To be sure, he did not spend his time experimenting with a conventional car. Cut and dried methods did not appeal to him in the least. It was a three-wheeler to which he turned his thoughts and his inventive capacities. And he built a successful three-wheeled car, only to abandon the idea, as a whole, on the grounds that his deeper study of the market failed to show him the necessary commercial possibilities of a vehicle of that type. But that abandoned three-wheel enterprise formed the foundation of a business today grown to sturdy proportions. The present Lambert pleasure cars and power wagons, known wherever automobiles are bought and sold, are its proud successors in the affections and interests of the man wh0se name they bear, John Lambert. Even during the time he was trying to perfect a three-wheeled car that would be practicable and marketable, Mr. Lambert had his attention focused upon certain features of conventional automobile construction that he knew to be sources of certain trouble and confusion, and which he intuitively felt could and should be remedied. Many improvements, now of universal adoption, are products of his thought and industry; but, without doubt, his most important invention is what is now known in the trade as “The Lambert Patented Friction Transmission,”
In his earlier work, Mr. Lambert used in the cars he built the usual type of gear transmission. That he abandoned it is, in itself, a forceful argument in favor of the simpler form of transmitting power from engine to driving mechanism, based on the time-tried principle of friction. His mechanical mind grasped the idea that the tendency in automobile construction should be toward simplicity. He foresaw that a universal use of power-driven vehicles depended upon a reduction of up-keep and maintenance costs, rather than upon a lowered cost of first production of selling prices. He knew that there were thousands of men who could afford to buy a car, but who could not aff0rd to run the gauntlet of expense necessary to maintain one, based on the then tremendous outlay for broken and worn-out parts due to complicated construction and to the lack of mechanical knowledge and skill of those who wished to do their own driving. This amounted to a conviction, and he decided at once to begin the experimental work that has since resulted in the perfecti0n of the simple, powerful, fool-proof and safe Lambert friction transmission. The greatest difficulties encountered in attaining success for his product lay more in convincing the public of its value than in perfecting it mechanically-just a repetition of the difficulties that the pioneers of pr0gress have been up against for all time.
Practically all other builders of automobiles employed the gear type of transmission. Many of them, due to the tremendous popularity of the automobile itself, and the unexpected demand that characterized its earlier history, were highly successful from the standpoint of large output and high profits. People unfamiliar with mechanics and mechanical principles reasoned that if the friction type of transmission had such extraordinary advantages as were claimed for it, why were not these large builders using it?
Naturally, those who had automobiles to sell wanted to sell their own. They laughed at the Lambert form of transmissi0n. Many “knocked” it outright without reason or thought; others damned it with faint praise; all refused to see, or at least to recognize its superior points until there grew up among users, dealers and manufacturers a prejudice against it. But this did not, by any means, discourage the Lamberts. Though theirs was the only concern using this transmission innovation; though they were compelled to fight this commercial battle alone and unaided, they knew the principle of their invention as well as the application was right; and they knew that ultimately a proper and just recognition would come. That correct theory and right judgment will rise to the surface of universal usage is an inexorable law. And so they continued to employ in their pleasure cars their simple friction device. Each year saw an increasing output; each season a growing tendency toward greater public favor. They built into every part of their product an honesty of intent and purpose that gradually won for them an honorable standing, not only am0ng those who used their car, but among competing manufacturers as well. They built strain- bearing parts more heavily; they sought to simplify construction wherever it could be done without sacrifice of strength or efficiency; they used better materials than most of the manufacturers who produced cars of their price-better iron, better steel, better tires, better axles.
Early and late, season after season, they planned to build each car better than its predecessor, to produce a line of models that would, more nearly than any other, meet the needs and requirements of those to whom they sought to sell. Today finds their plant a busy hive of industry, filled with an army 9′ hurrying workmen, behind orders nearly every day in the year, and with plans for expansion and increased output that will satisfy the hundreds of dealers who are clamoring for their line.
Today we find the old prejudice against the friction system of transmission practically laid to rest among the other ghostly impediments of progress, with scores of successful manufacturers of both pleasure and commercial cars adopting it without fear of outcome, and the Lamberts fighting in the courts of the land to retain, under their patents, the fruits of their labors and brains. The very disputing of their claims may be taken as a public recognition of the worth of their invention.
Since Mr. Lambert began the manufacture of automobiles at Anderson, he has seen the town grow into an important center for the production, not only of finished accessories and parts of varied character and large output that have won well merited fame and found their way into the wide markets of the w0rld, but of cars other than his own.
John W. Lambert was born in Champaign County, Ohio, January 29, 1860, son of George and Anna (Liber) Lambert, natives of Pennsylvania and early settlers of the Buckeye State. He received his educati0n in the public schools of his native state, and then went to Union City, where he formed a partnership with his father, and under the firm style of J. W. Lambert & Company, engaged in the manufacture of fork handles and spokes. Subsequently, he moved to Ohio City, where he was for some time. He conducted an agricultural implement store and grain elevator, and in 1893, came to Anderson from Union City, moving a part of the machinery from the plant at that place to Anderson, this being the nucleus for the present plant. This now covers six acres, is brick construction, and equipped with the most modern machinery of every kind, 250 people being employed in the works. In 1893 it was incorporated under the firm name of the Buckeye Manufacturing Company and the Lambert Gas and Gasoline Engine Company, and recently the plant has been equipped for the manufacture of automobiles, a very superi0r car being turned out. The capital stock of this concern is $100,000, and the present officers are as follows: B. F. Lambert, president; George A. Lambert, secretary; John W. Lambert, treasurer and general manager. Among his associates John W. Lambert is known as a man of force of will, possessed of the courage of his convictions. It will be seen from a perusal of the foregoing sketch that faith in self and indomitable perseverance have no small place in his character, qualities that have unlocked for him the portals of success and brought out some of its rich treasures. Aside from his business his chief pleasure is his home, and his handsome city residence, located at No. 705 Hendricks street, and surrounded by beautiful shade trees, is 0ne of the finest in the city.
In 1884 Mr. Lambert was married to Miss Mary F. Kelly, of Ansonia, Ohio, daughter of T. T. Kelly. Two children have been born to this union, namely E. Moe and Roy, who are associated with their father in business. They are manufacturers of gas engines, stationary and portable farm tractors and commercial motor trucks, railroad inspection cars and gasoline street cars. | <urn:uuid:8a3cf592-ec65-4646-8a50-b51b08a82de3> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.accessgenealogy.com/indiana/biography-of-john-w-lambert.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510276353.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011756-00054-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979559 | 2,358 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Make plans to visit Ravenna if you want to see amazing glistening mosaics.
Ravenna is a city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
Mosaics adorn many buildings including:
1. The octagonal Basilica di San Vitale, 2. the 6th-century Basilica di Sant’Apollinare Nuovo
3. The cross-shaped Mausoleo di Galla Placidia
4. The Mausoleo di Teodorico built in the 6th century for King Theodoric the Great. It is a Gothic, circular stone tomb with a monolithic dome.
“It has a unique collection of early Christian mosaics and monuments. All eight buildings – the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the Neonian Baptistery, the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, the Arian Baptistery, the Archiepiscopal Chapel, the Mausoleum of Theodoric, the Church of San Vitale and the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe – were constructed in the 5th and 6th centuries. They show great artistic skill, including a wonderful blend of Graeco-Roman tradition, Christian iconography and oriental and Western styles.” UNESCO
Ravenna was initially the seat of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Visigoth Empire and finally the Byzantine Italian Empire under Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora until the 8th century. Ravenna was the capital of the Western Roman Empire for 150 years.
In 402 A.D., the Roman Emperor Honorius transferred the Western Roman Empire from Milan to Ravenna for security purposes and the city engaged in a imperial face-lift. The Galla Placidia Mausoleum was built in the 5th century as a family tomb by the Empress with magnificent mosaics in gold and peacock blue. When Cole Porter was on his honeymoon in Ravenna, he was so moved by the mosaics that he wrote the legendary song “Night and Day” about the 900 glistening stars in the copula.
Here’s the UNESCO Long Description of each building in Ravenna:
“The early Christian religious monuments in Ravenna are of outstanding significance by virtue of the supreme artistry of the mosaic art that they contain, and also because of the crucial evidence that they provide of artistic and religious relationships and contacts at an important period of European cultural history.
In the reign of Augustus the port of Classis was established at Ravenna. Following the barbarian invasions of the 5th century, Honorius made it his capital. His sister, Galla Placidia, lived in Ravenna during her widowhood in the first half of the 5th century, and made it a centre of Christian art and culture. With the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476, Ravenna entered into a period of prosperity and influence. It was taken by Belisarius in 540 and remained the centre of Byzantine control in Italy until 752. Its subsequent history was one of decline and stagnation. After 1441 it was under Venetian and then papal rule.
The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, built in the second quarter of the 5th century, has a plain bare exterior lightened by pilasters that meet in arches and is crowned by a brick dome concealed by a small quadrangular tower. The interior is lavishly decorated. The lower part is clad in panels of yellow marble and the remainder is entirely covered in mosaics. The building is in the western Roman architectural tradition.
The Neonian Baptistery, built by Bishop Orso in the early 5th century, was decorated with mosaics by his successor, Neone, around 450. The interior consists of four apses, articulated into two orders of arches, rising to the great cupola. The large mosaic medallion at the apex of the dome shows the Baptism of Christ by John the Baptist. This is the finest and most complete surviving example of the early Christian baptistry.
The Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo was built in the early years of the 6th century. Inside the interior is divided by 24 marble columns into a nave and two aisles, with a rounded apse. At the present time mosaics cover the two side walls at the foot of the nave, from the ceiling to the tops of the supporting arches, in three decorated fascias. Those in the upper two fascias are in traditional Roman style whereas those in the third show strong Byzantine influence.
The Arian Baptistery, built by Theodoric next to his cathedral, was reconsecrated with the overthrow of the Arian heresy in 561 and became an oratory dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It is a small brick building, octagonal in plan with four flat sides and four with protruding apses. Only the dome retains its mosaic decoration. The iconography of the mosaics is of importance in that it illustrates the Trinity, a somewhat unexpected element in the art of an Arian building as the Trinity was not accepted in this doctrine.
The Archiepiscopal Chapel, the private oratory of the orthodox bishops, was built around 500. The chapel is in the shape of a Greek cross with an apse on the eastern arm; it is covered by a cross-vault and preceded by a rectangular vestibule. The lower part of the walls is covered with marble, with mosaics above.
The Mausoleum of Theodoric was built by Theodoric shortly before his death in 526. It is in two storeys, the lower 10-sided with a niche and a small window in each side. The significance of the mausoleum lies in its style and decoration, which owe nothing to Roman or Byzantine art, although it makes use of the Roman stone-construction technique of opus quadratum , which had been abandoned four centuries before. It is the unique surviving example of a tomb of a barbarian king of this period.
The Church of San Vitale was completed around 547. It was fronted by a large quadroportico, converted into a cloister when the church became part of a Benedictine monastery. There are two storeys, the upper one encircling the dome. The apse, which is semi-circular on the interior and polygonal on the outside, is flanked by two small rectangular rooms terminating in niches and two semi-circular sacristies.
The Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe was built in the first half of the 6th century, commissioned by Bishop Ursicinus. The narthex is incorporated in the central body of the facade, framed by two pilasters.” UNESCO
I loved the Basilica of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo that was erected by Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel during the 6th century. There are magnificent mosaics, depicting Jesus’ miracles and parables; and the Passion and Resurrection.
When UNESCO inscribed the church on the World Heritage List, its claimed: “both the exterior and interior of the basilica graphically illustrate the fusion between the western and eastern styles characteristic of the late 5th to early 6th century. This is one of the most important buildings from the period of crucial cultural significance in European religious art”.
Ravenna’s proximity to the sea and unique collection of early Christian mosaics and monuments make it an incredibly desirable travel destination. The Torre del Pubblico leans more than the Tower of Pisa. Dante’s tomb is located on Via Dante Alighieri. Beautiful beaches are found in the Punta Marina di Ravenna.
Ravenna flourished under the Byzantine Empire. All eight artistically noteworthy buildings including: the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the Neonian Baptistery, the Basilica of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, the Arian Baptistery, the Archiepiscopal Chapel, the Mausoleum of Theodoric, the Church of San Vitale and the Basilica of Sant’ Apollinare in Classe were constructed in the 5th and 6th centuries.
The octagonal baptistery contains a beautiful mosaic of John the Baptist and Christ.
Ravenna’s mosaics are considered to be the finest in the world outside Istanbul. “The artistry of the mosaics and monuments presents an enlightened blend of Greco-Roman, Christian iconography, oriental and Western genres. Ravenna provides a glimpse into artistic and religious relationships during an important period of European cultural history.” UNESCO
The Basilica of San Vitale is amazing! The church was begun by Bishop Ecclesius in 526, when Ravenna was under the rule of the Ostrogoths. The church has an octagonal plan.
Ravenna offers an array of annual events including the prestigious summer “Ravenna Festival” with opera performances, classical music and ballet. In September, the Basilica of San Francesco conducts Progetto Dante: “La Divina Commedia nel Mondo” with readings from Dante’s Divine Comedy. The Basilica was built in the 5th century and completely re-built between the 10th and 11th centuries. Dante Alighieri’s funeral was held here in 1321.
If you need some nourishment between mosaics, go to Ca de Ven. This enoteca in Romagne was outstanding! Make plans to attend the Giovinbacco Festival in November @ www.giovinbacco.it in the Province of Ravenna when they celebrate the evolution of Sangiovese de Romagna wine.
In the peaceful Piazza dell Popola, or beside the Marina di Ravenna, you can enjoy a pleasant “Vino con Vista.” Have a glass of Rosso Ravenna, Bianco Ravenna or Sangiovese de Romagna Superiore Riserva with your Parmigiano Reggiano. Ravenna is famous for its olive oil from Brisighella, and the vineyards from prestigious Albana.
Think about that Ducati or Ferrari you’ve had your eye on as you watch the Italians enjoy their testosterone infused rides. If you prefer, you can plan your next mosaic tile project as you sip your delicious Lambrusco at one of the charming cafes.
If you dine at Gigiole on Piazza Couvour or Antica Trattoria al Gallo 1909 on via Maggione, try some Tagliatelle Bolognese. In this region, they love cheese and butter; so don’t forget to take your cholesterol medication.
Dine at the Buon Ricordo destination at the Ristorante Hotel Tino in Massa Lombarda @ Via Resistenza, 22 (www.tinomassalombarda.it). The “Ossobuco del Cavaliere” comes with a charming collector plate depicting a knight on horseback. The veal is served with saffron risotto. Dine in the charming courtyard of this hotel.
Dr. EveAnn Lovero writes Travel Guides to Italy.
To learn more about Italy read www.vino-con-vista.com Travel Guides. | <urn:uuid:da3415d0-4e3d-45aa-9d12-e42e73e035a5> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://vinoconvistablog.me/tag/ravenna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145746.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223032129-20200223062129-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.949471 | 2,380 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Home to a number of the poorest countries in the world, Africa is the second most polluted continent on the planet. African Impact has been working here for the past 15 years and has seen the devastating impact that plastic, litter and other waste has on the communities and wildlife initiatives we support.
Facts about plastic pollution and waste in Africa:
Just 10 rivers across Africa and Asia carry 90% of the plastic that ends up in our oceans
Along the South African coast, there are over 3,000 plastic particles every square kilometer
Over 1 million tons of plastic are thrown away in South Africa every year
Approximately 500 shipping containers of waste is dumped in Africa every month
In the last study, only 10% of all trash produced in Africa was recycled
An immeasurable number of towns across the continent have no official waste collection service, meaning there is nowhere for litter to go
How long it takes for plastics and other litter to decompose
Why plastic and litter is such a problem in Africa:
In East and Southern Africa, high population growth rates and increased access to fast-moving-consumer-goods means more and more people are using single-use plastic products. Unfortunately, many destinations, including Zambia, suffer from ineffective (or practically non-existent) waste management or recycling systems. This means litter and waste has to be burned, buried, or in most cases, simply dumped on the side of the road. This, coupled with poor standards of education and the ever-growing trade-off between environmental consciousness and rising costs of living, is having a catastrophic effect on the health of the locals and Africa’s fragile wildlife.
What is being done to reduce plastic pollution in Africa?
Despite the shocking statistics, many African nations are actually at the forefront of the fight against plastic. Countries including Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Morocco have now banned plastic bags entirely, while South Africa enforces high fees for the purchase of a plastic bag in supermarkets. Africa has the potential to leapfrog the traditional cycle of waste-collect-dispose, and create a circular economy with creative solutions to reuse, repurpose and recycle.
We’re excited to be here on the frontline.
How you can get involved in reducing plastic pollution and help clean up the environment in Africa
In line with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals 13, 14 and 15 (Climate Change, Life on Land and Life below Water), African Impact has launched a number of pioneering initiatives that help to reduce the impact of plastic and waste on the people, environment, and wildlife of Africa. Through a holistic approach that includes local communities every step of the way, volunteers and interns are making a real, tangible contribution to the problem of plastic pollution on the African continent.
How African Impact’s plastic and environmental sustainability programs work
African Impact’s Plastic Pollution and Environmental Sustainability volunteering and internship initiatives focus on three key areas; prevention of waste, direct clean-up action, and exploring creative opportunities for reusing, repurposing and recycling plastics.
Prevention of waste
Building awareness around why waste is an issue in Africa is a delicate process, given that many communities live in remote, poverty-stricken areas and are unable to access waste collection services, or even afford refuse bags. However, education on possible alternatives is much-needed and necessary. It is also enthusiastically welcomed by the communities, as proven by the incredible response we’ve had to our plastic and waste initiative so far. As a volunteer or intern in Africa, you’ll help prevent plastic and waste from reaching our oceans by holding educational workshops with local communities, as well as facilitating discussion groups to look at the issues and the possible solutions.
Taking practical action
While education is important to halt the rapidly increasing flow of plastic into our environment, it is also important to practically reduce the amount of waste reaching our natural areas. To achieve this, we facilitate mass volunteer clean-ups on both the land and water, involving local people and community groups. We also research and action reducing, reusing and recycling opportunities for waste that that minimizes people’s need for single-use items.
Finding opportunities for income-generation
For a sustainable change in behavior around litter within areas of extreme poverty, it is important that alternative waste management schemes benefit the local people. Alongside our team, volunteers and interns get involved in income-generating schemes that help turn plastic and waste into profitable and innovative products. Things like creating eco bricks for buildings and infrastructure; providing composting areas for schools and clinics that enhance their community gardens (zero waste living!); and teaching local artisans how to make crafts and jewellery to sell to tourists. This is a real opportunity for volunteers to release their inner creative personality and ideas, providing a source of support that will empower new nations of environmental business owners.
Your choice of plastic and environmental sustainability initiatives in Africa include:
If you are passionate about plastic pollution and the environment and want to volunteer or intern in Africa, check out our projects below: | <urn:uuid:fc06207f-4e13-4f17-a221-adce4ff64c67> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.africanimpact.com/volunteer-impact/plastic-environmental-sustainability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527865.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419161226-20190419183226-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.938918 | 1,029 | 3.3125 | 3 |
This post is part of the Science Tuesday feature series on the USDA blog. Check back each week as we showcase stories and news from USDA’s rich science and research portfolio.
Like a lot of people, I remember being taught when I was young that the brilliant autumn foliage of deciduous trees was caused by the cold temperatures of autumn frosts. I believed this until I became a horticulturist, studying the intricate system that plants use to prepare for winter’s harsh weather. Where I work, at the U.S. National Arboretum, we grow about 10,000 different kinds of trees and shrubs and have an overwhelming variety of fall color right now.
Daylength (or more correctly, the length of nights) is the real cause of trees’ transition to autumn colors. (Read more here about how longer nights translate into the vibrant color of autumn.)
So what role does frost play in the changing color of autumn leaves? Frost actually ruins vivid fall colors by causing cells in the leaf to rupture and die.
The appearance of fall colors shifts each year due to weather. Heavy cloud cover limits ultraviolet light, so the chlorophyll lasts longer, and leaves stay green longer. High night temperatures cause cells to burn accumulated sugars, so less red and purple pigments are formed and yellow and orange are the predominant colors. Drought stress or a windy interlude cause leaves to drop prematurely.
The ideal conditions are warm, sunny days and cool nights with little wind or drought stress.
At the Arboretum, you can watch this process in action through the course of many months this time of year. Dogwoods begin to turn in late September, and Chinese fringetree ends its show of colors in early December.
Even some of our herbaceous plants have great fall color—most notably the willow amsonia, which you will find near the Capital Columns with ‘Raydon’s Favorite’ asters that are in full bloom right now, also in response to the longer nights of autumn. Willow amsonia blooms in late spring.
There’s a lot to enjoy about the changes autumn brings to the plants around us. Come to the Arboretum and see it. If you’d like to learn more about fall color, attend my lecture on the topic at the U.S. National Arboretum from 1-2 pm on Nov. 5, followed by a fall color tour led by Horticulturist Mariya Navazio.
With sunny weather forecast this week, maples, hickories, and oaks will be at or near peak fall color.
Write a Response
could you tell me the predominant leaf color changes to expect in pecan trees in the fall? should I expect to see fall leaf color?
"..the real cause" We shouldn't forget the "first cause" either:) http://www.peterkreeft.com/topics/first-cause.htm
Pecans are in the same genus as the hickories, but in the Washington, DC area, they have no fall color. Generally the leaves are green and shrivel in the first frosts. Further south, they have nice yellow fall color. | <urn:uuid:de03193f-b291-4797-8ce2-069c234e8c66> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2011/11/01/science-autumn-colors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655937797.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711192914-20200711222914-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.931606 | 675 | 3.71875 | 4 |
If shoes could talk, and lift their top away from their base like the soup can in Wet Hot American Summer, what would they say? I’d be worried that they might cry, “‘Shoe’ don’t know me! ‘Shoe’ don’t know anything about me!” To which I’d have to confess, “That’s true.”
To prevent such a frightening event from happening to me or you, I’ve diagrammed the Once Upon a Time Boot in Parable and Yes I Twill Heel, defining each of the terms therein below!
The part of the boot that covers the leg.
The small holes in a shoe through which laces pass. Often reinforced with metal, cord, or fabric eyestays.
Toe box [toh bokd]
Also known as the toe cap, the front tip of the shoe which covers and creates space for the toes.
1. Slim part of shoe under arch, running from heel to ball of foot.
2. The material, often metal, that reinforces this part of the shoe.
Heel counter [heel koun·ter]
Material that forms the back of a shoe. Generally stiff or reinforced to give the foot support.
The interior of a shoe upon which the foot rests. Sometimes, this is covered by a piece of material known as sock lining.
The part of a shoe upper that wraps around the sides and back.
The portion of the shoe upper that covers the top of the foot, from toes to ankle, or just over the top of the toes if shoe doesn’t cover entire foot. | <urn:uuid:a8ea50a5-5c9c-48d0-ad40-3dde580cd569> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://blog.modcloth.com/beauty/wouldnt-shoe-like-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746800.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120211528-20181120233528-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.938197 | 354 | 2.796875 | 3 |
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