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You're never too old to get immunized!
Your need for immunizations does not end when you reach adulthood. The specific shots (injections) you need as an adult depend not only on your age, lifestyle, overall health, pregnancy status, and travel plans but also on whom you are in close contact with and what vaccines you had as a child. Tetanus and diphtheria shots need to be repeated every 10 years throughout adulthood in order to keep your immunity.
Many people don’t realize the important role vaccines can play in keeping adults healthy. But they need to — influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis B, cervical cancer, shingles and whooping cough are all adult diseases that can be prevented by vaccines. Each year, vaccine-preventable diseases kill more Americans than traffic accidents, breast cancer, and HIV/AIDS. Millions of people get sick, leading to missed work, not being able to care for those who depend on them, and passing the illness on to others. Surprisingly, adults are 100 times more likely than children to die of diseases that vaccines can prevent. Each year in the United States, vaccine-preventable diseases claim the lives of 500 children and approximately 50,000 adults.
What’s the Cost?
Please call for the most up to date cost as vaccine prices change. We suggest you verify the cost when you make your appointment.
We accept cash, checks, money orders, debit or credit cards as well as most insurance plans for payment.
Make checks and money orders payable to the Knox County Health Department.
To ensure you are up-to-date with all of your destination's required vaccinations, please visit the CDC "Travelers' Health" page.
The information below is provided directly from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. | <urn:uuid:0e13b3ea-2641-4fa4-8873-a5e16209be74> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.knoxhealth.com/index.php/adult-immunizations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100724.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208045320-20231208075320-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.941208 | 373 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Database of Neo-Sumerian Texts (or BDTNS, its acronym in Spanish) is a searchable electronic corpus of Neo-Sumerian administrative cuneiform tablets dated to the 21st century B.C. During this period, the kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur built an empire in Mesopotamia managed by a complex bureaucracy that produced an unprecedented volume of written documentation. It is estimated that museums and private collections all over the world hold at least 120,000 cuneiform tablets from this period, to which should be added an indeterminate number of documents kept in the Iraq Museum.
Consequently, BDTNS was conceived by Manuel Molina (CSIC) in order to manage this enormous amount of documentation. The project initially rested on two fundamental pillars. First, the boost given by Marcel Sigrist, who in 1996 put at M. Molina’s disposal his Ur III catalogue of more than 30,000 texts. Second, the bulk of Ur III transliterations prepared in 1993 by Remco de Maaijer and Bram Jagersma (Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden), made freely available on their website; over the years this material grew considerably and was made accessible to M. Molina in 2001 via the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. All the transliterations in BDTNS based on that work are properly credited on their respective catalogue records.
The work on BDTNS began, therefore, in 1996 at the Instituto de Filología (now Instituto de Lenguas y Culturas del Mediterráneo y Oriente Próximo) of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Six years later, in 2002, it appeared online. In the same year, it began to be officially supported, thanks to two three-year research projects funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología:
BFF2001-2319. “Digitization of the Neo-Sumerian corpus of administrative cuneiform tablets (c. 2100-2000 BC)”. PI: M. Molina. Host institution: CSIC. Funding: €84,909. Duration: From 2002/01/01 to 2004/12/31.
HUM2004-1516. “Digitization of the Neo-Sumerian corpus of administrative cuneiform tablets (c. 2100-2000 BC). Second part”. PI: M. Molina. Host institution: CSIC. Funding: €71,600. Duration: From 2005/01/01 to 2008/03/31.
During all those years, and up to the present, BDTNS has collaborated closely with the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI), led by Robert K. Englund (UCLA). It has also benefited from the material generously provided by several other scholars, particularly Marcel Sigrist (École Biblique et Archéologique Française, Jerusalem) and David I. Owen (Cornell University, Ithaca NY). Likewise, authors of new publications of Neo-Sumerian texts have regularly supplied digitized versions of their works that have greatly facilitated the update of BDTNS.
BDTNS currently provides searchable cataloguing data, transliterations, images, bibliography, collections, seal inscriptions and geotagged locations for more than 97,000 Neo-Sumerian administrative cuneiform documents. Part of this material remains unpublished, and access to it is strictly at its editor’s discretion.
More specifically, the texts in BDTNS can be classified as follows (September, 2017):
|Published in handcopy and/or transliteration||63,835|
|Published only in catalogue or in photographic form||22,663|
|Total of texts in BDTNS||97,397|
Transliterations for most of the published texts, images, a catalogue of seal inscriptions, collections, a complete bibliography, and geotagged data about their provenience are also provided by BDTNS:
|Texts in transliteration||63,125 (98.9% of published and auctioned texts) + 4,742 (unpubl. texts)|
|Lines in transliteration||1,185,561|
|Texts with handcopy||31,398 (62.2% via CDLI)|
|Texts with photograph||33,529 (87.6% by CDLI)|
|Collections||779 collections in
39 different countries
|Provenience of the texts|
Palmiro Notizia, Madrid
Jesús M. Arrojería, Zarautz
Juan Carlos Martínez Torres (2002/01/01 to 2008/03/31)
Jonatan Ortiz Salas (2010/30/09 to 2012/09/29)
Ángel Díaz del Castillo (2015/04) | <urn:uuid:aa67fedb-bd53-4f5a-9dd5-4e85f1098b1d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://bdts.filol.csic.es/index.php?p=about&anc=project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510754.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016134654-20181016160154-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.843239 | 1,047 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Ralph Waldo Emerson is quoted as saying, “What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us.” We believe firmly in the precious resource that exists in our community: the people. Our target audience is youth; and current enrollment in our local schools is over 3,400 students, not including preschool-age youth. What potential lies ahead!
Talents-2-Strengths seeks to increase each student’s awareness of their talents and encourage them to utilize them in their home, at school, and in the community. One of the best ways to help children succeed - not just during their school years, but throughout their lives - is to help them develop their unique talents and learn how to turn them into strengths.
Here's what the Ashmore 4th graders have done so far!
Discovering Your Talents
The Ashmore 4th graders discovered their talents after taking an assessment. They went through the short description of their top three talents & highlighted words they related to or stuck out to them.
They wrote about things they are good at & things they like to do. Once they were finished, we collected their papers & handed them back out randomly. The students wrote about what they think their classmate is good at & what they think they like to do.
Sharing Your Talents
The students wrote down their talents on a notecard along with how they have used one of them. They participated in a speed chat with their classmates. They had 15 seconds to share with each other what they wrote down before the line shifted.
The students received T2S journals to write down any compliments, ways they used their talents, etc. They also created a class chart of all their talents combined.
Bridging Your Talents
The Ashmore 4th graders worked together as a team to stack their cups into a pyramid while 'observers' took notes on the individual 'talents' used to create success as a team.
Students have been CONNECTING to their top 3 talents & OBSERVING those talents in action.
They've also been observing as others use their talents.
Discovering Your Values
The Ashmore 4th graders learned that understanding who they are & what they care about will help them THRIVE in life.
The students participated in an activity where they got to read over 21 values cards, then select their top 10, their top 5, & eventually their top 3.
Once they had figured out their top 3 values, their homework was to talk with someone outside of their classroom about what kind of changes they'd like to make to be more successful at using their talents & or values.
Appreciating Your Talents & Others'
The students learned what it means to appreciate something or someone. More specifically, they learned to appreciate their talents & others'!
They split into discussion groups & got to dig deeper into one of their top three talents. During the discussions they talked about what that talent means, & how they can use it at home, school, etc.
The students created their own Lego community block & celebrated our last class together!
The students wrote their talents on their Legos & had to connect them with each others. The point of this activity was so the students could get a more clear picture of what a community is.
We have had the pleasure of presenting our Talents-2-Strengths program to the students in the Mattoon High School leadership courses.
It is our goal to help the students maximize their full potential by understanding who they are, embracing their talents, & turning them into strengths!
Later in the year, these students will get the opportunity to LEAD & facilitate Talents-2-Strengths for the Mattoon 4th graders!
The students took an assessment, & discovered their top 5 talents. These talents are naturally recurring patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
We discussed the importance of knowing who you are & what you 'bring to the table'. Knowing this can help you learn, improve & become the best version of yourself!
The end in mind is to go beyond surviving, & to start THRIVING.
The students read each of their talent descriptions & highlighted what they related to, what stood out or what they learned about themselves.
The students learned that every talent has value, importance & can be used in a productive way. It is GOOD that everyone is different, because they may have new ideas & perspectives that can better the collective!
We discussed that in order to develop your talents into strengths, you must be intentional & choose to invest in yourself.
The students took a deep dive into connecting with their talents, & appreciating others' talents.
They split into groups, got to know each other & shared their talents. They also shared one thing they have learned about themselves & the impact of this activity.
The students were challenged to create a mnemonic to help them memorize their top 5 talents!
The students have been connecting to their individual talents. During session #3 we connected individual talents to create a TEAM talent community. Then each TEAM community worked together to build a CLASSROOM COMMUNITY!
It was a great opportunity to help understand that everyone brings something 'to the table'; and, when we 'connect', together, we create community!
The students were reminded that our talents naturally occur, while values are something we choose.
The students selected their top 5 values out of the 40 given. They split into groups & had to discuss & answer questions regarding their talents, values, leadership & teamwork.
As we wrapped up our last session, the students were left to think about the end in mind. While our journey together came to an end, their journey is just beginning!
The 2022 Talents-2-Strengths program was not only a pilot program, but it was an opportunity to equip others to lead and serve. The entire Mattoon 4th grade was able to participate in this program. That means were able to serve around 260 4th grade students! What a blessing!
As mentioned above, around 80 high school students also participated in this program, although it was on a more complex scale. Fit-2-Serve, along side of the leadership coordinator for the Mattoon School District, put together a game plan to find people in the community to lead this program, as well as equip them with the necessary tools and resources to be able to deliver the program effectively. It was a success! We had multiple members of the community step up and lead a classroom of 4th graders to not only believe, but understand just how unique and important they are. With the help of the high school students, and community leaders we were able to speak life into our youth and help them see just how awesome they are!
The high school students who helped facilitate the program, actually got the opportunity to lead the last session! It is our hope that the youth in our community find value in who they are and who others are. It is our hope that the youth in our community can maximize their full potential. Finally, it is our hope that all the students in this program realize their worth, their ability to be a leader, and their ability to make a change or difference in the world around them.
Sign up to our newsletter and stay up to date | <urn:uuid:27273aa9-9b36-48e3-a597-0f7488a27982> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://fit-2-serve.net/talents-2-strengths | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662647086.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527112418-20220527142418-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.974967 | 1,610 | 3.078125 | 3 |
24 April 2023
Quantum computers promise to be millions of times faster than today's fastest supercomputers. They could greatly change everything from climate change research to medical development. The wait for these machines, though, has been long, even with the billions of dollars of investment.
But concerns and poor stock performance of some quantum computer companies have not frightened investors. Instead, some are turning to startups that are using powerful chips to run quantum-based programming on traditional computers.
In the past, quantum-based programming algorithms were too big to use in traditional computers. But now, artificial intelligence (AI) chips can make the process possible, industry leaders told Reuters.
QC Ware is a programming startup that has raised more than $33 million. It started by creating programing that could run on quantum computers, but said it needed to change directions and find a solution that works today.
So, QC Ware co-founder Matt Johnson said, the company turned to tech business Nvidia Corp's graphic processing units (GPU). Johnson said the goal is to "build a bridge to quantum processing in the future."
GPUs are microchips that were made to process video for computer games. They have became so powerful that they do most of AI computing today. They are now being used in quantum development as well.
This week, QC Ware is presenting a quantum-based programming called Promethium. It will process how chemical molecules work with other molecules on a traditional computer using GPUs.
Robert Parrish is QC Ware's head of quantum chemistry. He said the programming can cut processing time from hours to minutes for molecules of 100 atoms, and months to hours for molecules of up to 2000 atoms, compared to today's programming.
One billion dollars raised
Big-name investors in quantum computing include Alphabet Inc's former chairman Eric Schmidt, Samsung, and In-Q-Tel, an investor partner of U.S. intelligence agencies.
The startups receiving large amounts of money say they are able to make money as customers wait for quantum computers to arrive. That customer interest, in turn, is bringing in more investors.
Market research firm PitchBook found that in the past 18 months, quantum programming startups including SandBoxAQ, started by Alphabet, raised about $1 billion.
William Hurley is head of Austin-based quantum programming startup Strangeworks. He said in the end, the programming based on quantum physics will not perform well on quantum computers without some changes.
Still, he said companies that start using them will have engineers "learning about quantum and the phenomenon and the process, which will better prepare them to use quantum computers at the point that they do so." That moment could arrive suddenly, he said.
I'm Gregory Stachel.
Jane Lanehee Lee reported this story for Reuters. Gregory Stachel adapted it for VOA Learning English.
Words in This Story
quantum – n. the smallest amount of many forms of energy (such as light)
chip – n. a very small piece of hard material (called silicon) in a computer or other device that contains many electronic circuits
startup – n. a new business
algorithm – n. a set of steps that are followed in order to solve a mathematical problem or to complete a computer process
artificial intelligence – n. an area of computer science that deals with giving machines the ability to seem like they have human intelligence
phenomenon – n. something (such as an interesting fact or event) that can be observed and studied and that typically is unusual or difficult to understand or explain fully | <urn:uuid:045f5b3d-0818-47f6-95d3-8aeb8de5f706> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.51voa.com/VOA_Special_English/companies-use-ai-chips-to-run-quantum-based-programs-90770.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645595.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530095645-20230530125645-00766.warc.gz | en | 0.953785 | 731 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Freedom in the World
Gaza Strip *
Freedom Rating (1 = best, 7 = worst)
Civil Liberties (1 = best, 7 = worst)
Political Rights (1 = best, 7 = worst)
Sporadic fighting between Israeli forces and Gazan militants continued during 2010, but Israel eased its blockade somewhat after a May incident in which several activists attempting to reach the territory by sea were killed by Israeli forces. Also in 2010, Hamas officials pursued their crackdown on independent journalism, perceived public immorality, and suspected Israeli spies. No new election dates were set despite the recent expiration of the terms of the Palestinian Authority’s executive and legislative bodies.
The Gaza Strip was demarcated as part of a 1949 armistice agreement between Israel and Egypt following the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Populated mostly by Palestinian Arab refugees of that war, the territory was occupied by Egypt until 1967. Israel conquered Gaza, along with the West Bank and other territories, in the 1967 Six-Day War, and ruled it thereafter through a military administration.
In 1968, Israel began establishing Jewish settlements in Gaza, a process regarded as illegal by most of the international community. Israel maintained that the settlements were legal since under international law Gaza was a disputed territory. In what became known as the first intifada (uprising), in 1987, Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza staged massive demonstrations, acts of civil disobedience, and attacks against Israeli settlers and Israel Defense Forces (IDF) troops in the territories, as well as attacks within Israel proper. Israel and Yasser Arafat’s Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) reached an agreement in 1993 that provided for a PLO renunciation of terrorism and recognition of Israel, Israeli troop withdrawals, and phased Palestinian autonomy in Gaza and the West Bank. In 1994, the newly formed Palestinian Authority (PA) took control of most of the Gaza Strip; the PA also came to control about 40 percent of the West Bank.
As negotiations on a final settlement and the creation of a Palestinian state headed toward collapse, a second intifada began in September 2000, and the Israeli government responded by staging deadly raids into PA territory.
After Arafat died in November 2004, the PA in January 2005 held its second-ever presidential election, which had been repeatedly postponed; the first voting for president and the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) had taken place in 1996. Mahmoud Abbas of Arafat’s Fatah faction won the 2005 contest with 62 percent of the vote. In subsequent municipal voting in Gaza, the Islamist group Hamas won 77 out of 118 seats in 10 districts, to Fatah’s 26 seats. Each group accused the other of fraud, and there was some election-related violence.
In February 2005, Abbas and Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon agreed on a formal truce that lasted through June 2006. In August 2005, Israel unilaterally “disengaged” from Gaza, withdrawing all settlers and military personnel. However, it retained control of the territory’s airspace, its coastline, and most of its land border, including the passage of goods and people.
Hamas won the January 2006 elections for the PLC, securing 74 of 132 seats, while Fatah took just 45; Hamas was particularly dominant in Gazan districts. Subsequently, Fatah and Hamas formed a unity government headed by Prime Minister Ismail Haniya of Hamas. Israel, the United States, and the European Union (EU) refused to recognize the new government, citing Hamas’s involvement in terrorism and its refusal to recognize Israel or past Israel-PA agreements. The United States and the EU, then the largest donors to the PA, cut off assistance to the government.
In June 2006, in response to the killing of eight Palestinian civilians by an artillery shell, Hamas declared an end to the 2005 truce and accelerated the firing of Qassam rockets at Israel from Gaza. The source of the artillery fire remained in dispute. Hamas and other militant groups subsequently carried out a raid near Gaza, killing two IDF soldiers and capturing a third, Corporal Gilad Shalit. Israel responded by invading Gaza, where the IDF destroyed Qassam launchers and ammunition sites but failed to locate Shalit. The fighting killed dozens of civilians.
Armed clashes between Hamas and Fatah supporters in Gaza escalated in 2007, and in June Hamas militants successfully took over Fatah-controlled institutions in the territory. Some 600 Palestinians were killed in the fighting, and thousands of Gazans fled—along with most Fatah militants—to the West Bank. Abbas accused Hamas of staging a coup in Gaza, dismissed the Hamas-led government, and appointed an emergency cabinet led by former finance minister Salam Fayad. This resulted in a bifurcated PA, with Hamas governing Gaza and Abbas and Fayad governing the roughly 40 percent of the West Bank not directly administered by Israel. Hamas security forces and militants subsequently pursued a major crackdown on Fatah in Gaza, closing down Fatah-affiliated civic organizations and media outlets, and allegedly torturing detainees.
Meanwhile, Israel declared the Gaza Strip a “hostile entity” in response to ongoing rocket attacks, and imposed an economic blockade on the territory, granting passage only to food and certain other humanitarian supplies. However, arms and goods were regularly smuggled through a developing tunnel network between Egypt and Gaza. The blockade was eased after Hamas and Israel declared a six-monthtruce in June 2008.
War erupted between Hamas and Israeli forces in December 2008, after the truce expired and Hamas ramped up its rocket bombardment of Israeli towns near the Gaza border. The IDF launched near-daily air strikes and an almost three-week ground invasion of the Gaza Strip. Israel declared a unilateral ceasefire in late January 2009, and Hamas soon did the same. During the conflict, Israeli forces damaged or destroyed large portions of Gaza’s military, government, and civilian infrastructure. According to the United Nations, some 50,000 homes, 800 industrial properties, 200 schools, and 39 mosques or churches were damaged or destroyed. For its part, Hamas launched over 700 rockets and mortars into Israeli civilian areas, often from civilian areas in Gaza. Tens of thousands of Gazans were left homeless by the fighting, and shortages of water, food, and medicine were acute. While the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights reported that 1,434 Palestinians were killed, including 960 noncombatants, the IDF reported that 1,166 Palestinians were killed, including 295 to 460 noncombatants. Thirteen Israelis were killed, including three noncombatants.
In September 2009, a UN-commissioned investigation into the war led by South African jurist Richard Goldstone accused both Israel and Hamas of war crimes, charges that were echoed by an array of international human rights organizations. Israel subsequently announced investigations into 150 allegations from the report: 36 were transferred to criminal investigations, 48 were closed, and the rest were pending at the end of 2010. In February 2010, two IDF officers were reprimanded for an artillery attack on a UN compound in Gaza that included white phosphorus munitions, and Israel agreed to pay the United Nations $10 million in compensation. In October, an IDF military court found two soldiers guilty of using a young boy as a human shield to check for booby traps in Tel al-Hawa; they were sentenced to two years probation.The UN Human Rights Council and nongovernmental human rights organizations accused Israel of investigating only a portion of the allegations, with a focus on low-ranking officers; Hamas was criticized for failing to launch a serious investigation at all.
Israel tightened its blockade of Gaza during the war, allowing only humanitarian goods into the territory. Following the ceasefire, the restrictions were eased somewhat to allow the transfer of other authorized goods, as well as international aid workers and individuals with specified medical and humanitarian needs. Gaza’s Rafah border crossing with Egypt opened on an ad hoc basis.
In 2010, a series of private ships carrying food and other goods attempted to break Israel’s coastal blockade of Gaza. In May, Israeli soldiers intercepted a six-ship flotilla from Turkey and killed nine activists on one of the ships—the Mavi Marmara—in an ensuing confrontation; a total of 632 activists were arrested and detained in Israel. The Israeli government was widely condemned internationally for the incident, but claimed its soldiers were acting in self-defense. Israel later eased the blockade substantially, allowing in virtually all consumer goods while continuing to ban weapons, fertilizer, gas tanks, drilling equipment, and water disinfectant, as well as all exports and almost all travel; prohibitions on construction materials were also slightly loosened. Nevertheless, in November, a report published by twenty-one aid groups—including Oxfam, Amnesty International, and Save the Children—stated that there had been “little improvement” in economic conditions in Gaza since the easing of the blockade, citing in particular continued restrictions on exports and construction materials.
Sporadic fighting continued between Israel and Gazan militants in 2010. Incidents of rocket and mortar fire into Israel from Gaza prompted a series of Israeli air strikes and artillery bombardments, killing both combatants and civilians. Most severely, in April, Israel staged over a dozen air strikes and a brief ground incursion into Gaza after some 20 rockets and mortar shells were fired from the territory in March, while December saw an increase in cross-border skirmishes, Palestinian rocket fire, and Israel airstrikes. According to the United Nations, 55 Palestinians were killed by the IDF in Gaza in 2010, including 22 civilians.
Residents of Gaza were never granted citizenship by either Egypt or Israel, and are mostly citizens of the Palestinian Authority (PA). The current Hamas-controlled government in the territory claims to be the legitimate leadership of the PA. However, the authority—a quasi-sovereign entity created by the 1993 Oslo Accords—is effectively fractured, and the Hamas government implements PA law selectively.
Whereas previous editions of Freedom in the World featured one report for Israeli-occupied portions of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and another for Palestinian-administered portions, the present edition divides the territories based on geography, with one report for the West Bank and another for the Gaza Strip. As in previous years, Israel is examined in a separate report. | <urn:uuid:54c91889-42b8-4bdd-92fb-d82c8dde25d1> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/gaza-strip | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462313.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00149-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968536 | 2,089 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Lee Berger is standing in a death trap, smiling. It is a hole in the ground about 25 miles northwest of Johannesburg, in a ridged brown valley where herds of giraffes occasionally parade between stands of trees. The red-rock walls of the pit are higher than Berger's head, and steep enough in spots to make a scramble up, or down, rather daunting. Some two million years ago, the hole was a great deal deeper, with no possibility of escape for any creature that fell in. This accounts for the trove of fossils Berger is finding, which in turn accounts for his upbeat mood. He leans over a red boulder near the pit bottom, tracing a white-colored protrusion with his fingers. "It looks like part of an arm," he says. "That means we've found another individual."
The first two skeletons removed from the pit were a young adolescent male, 12 or 13 years old, and an adult female. Berger, a paleoanthropologist at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, and his colleagues made the announcement in April 2010. The site, an eroded limestone cave called Malapa, is in a region already so famous for its ancient human fossils that it is often referred to as the Cradle of Humankind. Much of that reputation rests on finds from the early 1900s, back when South Africa harbored the best evidence for early human evolution, including Australopithecus africanus, at the time our oldest known ancestor. Beginning in the late 1950s, the epochal finds of the Leakey family in Tanzania and Kenya, followed later by Donald Johanson's celebrated discovery of the 3.2-million-year-old Lucy skeleton in Ethiopia, shifted cradle-bragging rights to East Africa, where they have remained ever since.
Lee Berger thinks the cradle is about to rock again. He believes Malapa may hold the key to one of the most significant, least understood chapters in the human evolutionary journey: the origin of the first species enough like us to be called human—a member of the genus Homo.
"This is where that story may have begun," he says, as he starts the climb out of the pit.
At an international gathering of anthropologists in Minneapolis this past April, Berger and his colleagues laid out arguments for why the Malapa species, known as Australopithecus sediba, may represent an intermediate form between the primitive australopiths and our genus, Homo. The evidence they point to includes an australopith's little brain (with some curiously modern features), apelike shoulders, and arms adapted to climbing in trees—attached to a bizarrely modern hand with the precision grip of a toolmaker. According to the researchers, the adult female's foot presents an even odder melange; her mostly modern ankle is connected to a heel bone more primitive than that of A. afarensis—Lucy's species—which is at least a million years older.
In a science known for its contentiousness, such a claim will surely not go unchallenged. But no one disputes that the Malapa fossils are unprecedented.
"It really is a jaw-dropping find," says Carol Ward, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Missouri who studies the evolution of apes and early hominins (a term for humans and other nonape primates; some researchers prefer the older term, hominid). "We have no other collection of fossil skeletons, until the Neanderthals just over 100,000 years ago, that are so articulated, so complete."
The abundance and spectacular condition of the fossils have much to do with the peculiar geography of the place. Malapa, it seems, was both a water source that gave life and a trap that snuffed it out. Two million years ago, a cave-studded aquifer lay beneath an undulating plain of shallow, wooded valleys and rolling hills. Some of the caves were open to the surface through steep entryways or vertical shafts stretching up to 160 feet. In wet periods, when the water table was high, animals could easily drink from seepage ponds near the surface. During drier times they would venture into the darkness of a hole, following the sound or scent of water—and risking a plunge down a hidden shaft. (The boy's upper arm bones show fractures typical of a headfirst fall from a great height.)
"These animals had no choice. They needed water to survive," says Brian Kuhn, a zoologist from the Johannesburg university—called Wits for short—who works at the Malapa site. After death, their bodies would wash down even deeper in the cave system, becoming entombed within days or weeks in a single, thick layer of sand and clay, rather than a succession of thin layers, as would have happened had the sediments accumulated over months or years.
This raises the possibility, says Berger, that all the hominins—at least four are now known from the site—died weeks or even days apart, and therefore may have known each other in life. The rapid burial also caused their flesh to take longer to decompose, packaging the skeletons in death as they were arranged in life, right down to tiny bones of the hands and feet. Indeed, the rapid entombment may have preserved some of the skin itself, on top of the boy's skull and on the woman's jaw near the chin—something never before seen in a hominin fossil.
"Wow!" says Nina Jablonski, an anthropologist at Pennsylvania State University and author of the book, Skin: A Natural History. "The possibility of preserved australopithecine skin is massively cool." What makes it so cool is the possibility of determining how these near humans reacted to heat. She is particularly interested in whether the alleged skin (or a fossilized impression of the skin, if that's what it is) might contain evidence of scalp and facial hair, and a high density of sweat glands.
Jablonski thinks such glands could be a precondition to the bigger brains long seen as a defining attribute of Homo. Chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, spend most of their time sheltered from the sun's heat by forest cover and have a limited ability to sweat. Our earliest ancestors also typically occupied woodland environments. But as the environment became drier around two million years ago, they began to forage in more-open grasslands—a problem for brains, which are notoriously vulnerable to heat. Bigger brains require even more cooling. A marked increase in the number of sweat glands and a reduction in body hair could have provided that, Jablonski speculates, in turn allowing for further brain growth as Homo began to use those bigger brains for toolmaking, planning, and other cognitively challenging activities.
So what about the brain of A. sediba? The question triggers another big grin from Berger. Its size is a chimplike 420 cubic centimeters—not at all unusual for something called Australopithecus. The shape, however, is. Together with Paul Tafforeau at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, Berger's team produced a series of ultrahigh-resolution images to create a virtual endocast: an impression of the boy's skull showing the general contours of the outer brain layer.
"The frontal lobes on the two halves appear to be different sizes," notes Kristian Carlson, a paleoanthropologist at Wits who is reconstructing A. sediba's brain. Pronounced asymmetry between right and left brain hemispheres is a hallmark of humans, because our cerebrum has become specialized, with the left side more involved in language. On that side Carlson sees hints of a protrusion in the region of Broca's area—a part of the brain linked to language processing in modern humans. But Dean Falk from the School for Advanced Research in Santa Fe, an expert on fossil endocasts, adds the caution that Broca's area is defined by specific creases in the brain, and "it would be quite a reach" to identify it based only on a bulge.
A. sediba's greatest promise may lie in its power to illuminate the murky origins of Homo. The birth of our genus has long been a conundrum for paleoanthropologists, to say the least. Only a few scattered and fragmentary fossils older than two million years have been argued to belong to the genus. Then, around 1.8 million years ago, not one but two or possibly even three Homo species appear, mostly in East Africa. The smaller brained, more primitive ones are called Homo habilis, or "handy man," a name given by Louis Leakey and colleagues in 1964 to specimens from Olduvai Gorge because of their association with the first crude stone tools. Some researchers group a few H. habilis specimens into a separate species, Homo rudolfensis. Then there is Homo erectus (the early African forms are sometimes called Homo ergaster)—larger brained, bigger bodied, more advanced, yet contemporaneous with little H. habilis.
Where did all these characters come from? Attempts to look deeper into the past only increase the frustration, says William Kimbel, a paleoanthropologist at Arizona State University and director of the Institute of Human Origins there. "There are only a handful of specimens. You could put them all into a small shoe box and still have room for a good pair of shoes," he says. An upper jaw from Hadar in Ethiopia, found by Kimbel himself, is 2.3 million years old. A lower jaw from Malawi may be 100,000 years older, though the dating is uncertain. Some researchers would include a skull piece from Kenya of about the same age. That's about it.
Enter the skeletons of A. sediba—as resplendently well preserved as those shoe box fossils are not. Anatomically, the species shows a mix of primitive and advanced traits. In addition to its long upper limbs, small brains, and primitive heel bone, its small body size and the shape of its molar cusps and cheekbones hark back to earlier australopiths, such as A. africanus, that lived in southern Africa between two and three million years ago. (Indeed, some researchers suggest that it might be a late form of that species.)
The long legs and that modern ankle are key elements on the human side of the ledger, says Darryl de Ruiter, a paleoanthropologist at Texas A&M University and part of the Malapa team. He also cites the surprisingly humanlike pelvis built for a fully bipedal stride; smaller teeth and chewing muscles; a projecting nose and some other features of the face; and that remarkable, precision-grip hand. These traits are enough for the team to propose it as the australopith species most likely to have given rise to Homo.
But which Homo? The team leans very cautiously toward Homo erectus, the species generally seen as the immediate forerunner of Homo sapiens. If this is so, then the smaller, mostly East African forms now attributed to Homo, including Louis Leakey's original toolmaker H. habilis, would become a branch of the family tree that simply petered out. It is not the first time scientists have suggested these species could be evolutionary dead ends. But the Malapa fossils bring more clout to the debate.
"Sediba casts everything called Homo before erectus into question," says de Ruiter.
The biggest obstacle facing this challenge to the establishment view is the timing. If two-million-year-old A. sediba is indeed the true ancestor of Homo, how could it give rise to those even older fossils assigned to Homo in Bill Kimbel's shoe box? A fossil cannot be ancestral to something older than itself any more than a daughter can give birth to her own mother. One possibility is that the Malapa specimens represent a late stage of an enduring species that gave rise to Homo at an earlier date. But Berger's team questions whether that shoe box really contains any Homo fossils in the first place—after all, they're just fragments. Kimbel doesn't buy it.
"It's nonsensical to dismiss fragments, because fragments do tell you something," he says. He points out that the upper jaw from Hadar has a short, broad, humanlike dental arch and flat snout, placing it firmly in the Homo genus—and it is at least 300,000 years older than A. sediba.
Berger's team, however, insists that Malapa changes the game. Articulated skeletons are far more than the sum of their parts: They prove that parts in isolation can be misleading. Think of the bits of A. sediba that look primitive, and the other bits that look modern, he says. The Hadar jaw, in the same way, might not accurately represent the rest of the creature.
"How can the Hadar jaw be misleading?" says Kimbel. "Either it shares features with later Homo, or it does not. Nothing in sediba can change that."
If the Hadar jaw really is Homo, says Berger, then perhaps its dating is wrong—a contention Kimbel disputes as vigorously as he supports the validity of his fossil.
The truth about A. sediba's place in our ancestry may still be lying in the ground. "The beauty of a place like Malapa is that there are many more bones, and more individuals to come," Berger says. Ultimately the fossils, not the arguments, will carry the day. | <urn:uuid:adf46e1b-69a3-4d83-ad74-a242d0bc34b4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/08/malapa-fossils/fischman-text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959487 | 2,809 | 3.5 | 4 |
Freezing temperatures are an annual event for gardeners living in Central Florida. The area encompasses USDA hardiness zones 8B, 9A and 9B, where temperatures dip to 15 degrees Fahrenheit. Gardeners in Central Florida should be aware most tropical plants will not acclimate to freezing temperatures and will die. Subtropical and temperate plants can acclimate to freezing temperatures and are best suited for ground plantings in this area of the state.
Bring container-grown tropical and subtropical plants inside if the containers are movable. If not, bunch the containers together so the plants will retain heat. Water the containers well and spray the plant's foliage before the freeze. Place a heavy layer of mulch into each container to help the soil retain warmth.
Plant tender plants near a wall, fence or by some type of barrier that will help the area retain heat during a freeze. Planting tender plants under the canopy of large trees will help plants retain heat, as the cold air will rise to the tree's canopy.
Plant tender plants in high areas of your landscape and not in low areas, as the cold air will gather there.
Mulch around the base of in-ground plants with a heavy layer of pine bark, pine needles, dead leaves or cypress mulch, as this will help the soil retain heat, protecting the plant's roots.
Water the plants remaining in the ground well before the first freeze to maintain the soil's heat and protect the root system. Spray the foliage to help it retain its heat.
Cover the plants with outdoor lights, such as holiday lights, to keep the area and the foliage warm during the freeze. String the lights over the entire plant from top to bottom.
Cover the plants with sheets or quilts, being sure to cover the entire plant from top to bottom. If covering with black plastic, be sure to remove the coverings or open them up for ventilation when the sun rises.
Place an outdoor light underneath the covering during the freeze to keep the plant warm. | <urn:uuid:024a6406-d219-4965-b468-f94ceda70b46> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.gardenguides.com/102942-prevent-plants-freezing-central-florida.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928923.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00198-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902644 | 416 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Sharing is Caring
Don’t Follow Health Rules Blindly
The age-old advice of health experts like drinking lots of water, doing heavy work-outs, devouring tons of green salads may not hold true for some people and they may not even know it. For instance, take the case of Elaine Monarch. Her natural affinity for whole wheat bread and other cereal products got a boost, when her physician advised her to consume more of them, after a bout of bloating and diarrhea.
It almost proved fatal. She had celiac disease. Her immune system reacted to the glutens from the grains and in the process; tissues in her small intestine were distressed. Now, she avoids taking grains and instead, gets her share of fiber from nuts, fruits, and food supplements. She has been working as the founder of the Celtic Disease Foundation.
The postulations that every American gets perennially from the health experts are indeed, right for most and the advice to quit smoking or to avoid foods trans-fats should be diligently followed.
The recommendation made by the health experts, may not always hold true in some individual cases.
But some of the other general advice may not be beneficial for everybody, as can be viewed from the fact that even the USDA has not placed a section for celiac disease, in their recommended food pyramid. The devices are based on the results of surveys, which may not always be all-encompassing. Even the success rate of a staggering 94 percent of the sampling studies, still leaves aside 6 percent of people, which may be a sizable population.
Dan Rod, MD, assistant vice chancellor for personalized medicine at Vanderbilt University says in this regard, “The recommendation made by the health experts, may not always hold true in some individual cases.”
Hence, we analyzed some of the established recommendations and sought the advice of the health experts about the precautions, just in case; they may prove to be otherwise.
Your exercise regimen
Recommendation: Excessive exercise is more beneficial than moderate ones
Be cautious, if you are fighting obesity. By indulging in vigorous exercises, you would feel exhausted too soon and as a result, wouldn’t be able to burn sufficient calories to attain weight loss. Studies showed the amount of weight loss was around 15 to 18 pounds in women, who took up a lengthy but moderate exercise regimen as also with those who did strenuous workouts for shorter spells. In fact, a study conducted among 184 women in 2003, revealed that women who walked for two and half hours each week at a moderate speed and those who took up a more elaborate and vigorous exercise regimen achieved the same level of weight loss. So, to fight obesity, take up such exercises that you can do for 30 to 40 minutes without gasping for air.
Recommendation: Walking is the easiest and best exercise
Do it in moderation if you have any cardiac ailment and on smoggy days. The dust particles present in the air on a smoggy day can accentuate the risk of a cardiac attack. So, on such days, it is better to do your workouts indoors, preferably in an air-conditioned room, as it can reduce the level of air pollutants by half.
Recommendation: Routine household activities like gardening can make you healthier
Be cautious, if you are suffering from any cardiac ailment and want to prevent a cardiac attack. While any sort of physical activity helps, the routine household works like cooking and washing may be too light and of short duration in order to prevent the risk of blockage of arteries and cardiac attack. On the other hand, the risks of cardiac attacks can be significantly reduced by doing moderate to heavy exercise 30 minutes every week. A brisk walk for two hours each week can reduce the risk of cardiac ailments by 50 percent, as revealed by a study carried out on around 40,000 women.
Recommendation: Swimming is the perfect aerobic exercise
The chlorine present in the swimming pool can lead to various allergies and disorders. This is more so in the case of children. People with asthma and children under the age of seven with any form of allergy should also avoid getting into the pool and settle for some other form of aerobic exercise. Contrary to popular belief, swimming does not lead to a substantial weight loss, if you are fighting obesity.
Recommendation: Devouring lots of leafy green vegetables
Be careful if you are taking warfarin (Coumadin), the blood thinner drug, which is taken to prevent the harmful blood clots. It restricts the action of vitamin K, the vital component for blood-clotting. But taking a high amount of vitamin K-rich leaf green vegetables like spinach, kale, and Swiss chard can inhibit the effect of the drug. Hence, don’t eat too much of them.
Recommendation: Taking eight glasses of water daily
Be cautious, if you have a bladder control problem. By moderating your fluid intake, you can avoid leaks. Take the advice of your doctor about how much water you should drink every day. If it is less than eight glasses, do not worry, as in any case, around one-fifth of the body’s water requirement is from the food, as per the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. And if you pass light-colored urine every eight hours than in all probability, you are drinking sufficiently.
The drugs you take
Recommendation: Low blood pressure is always better
This may not be true if you have coronary artery disease (CAD). It is advisable to keep your blood pressure at 120/80, so as to prevent a cardiac attack or stroke. But very low blood pressure is risky, as the flow of blood through the narrowed vessels gets restricted. A study conducted among more than 22,000 patients who had CAD, revealed that a diastolic pressure of below 70, have twice the risk of cardiac attacks and deaths.
But, for patients who had angioplasty or bypass surgery to clear blocked vessels or for the passage of the blood via another healthy vessel, having a low blood pressure is not risky.
Recommendation: Use of acetaminophen is safe and ideal for relief from pain like arthritis
Be cautious, if you regularly take wine (alcohol). Acetaminophen, in combination with alcohol, can damage the liver. So, the label of acetaminophen contains a warning to people who take three or more drinks regularly when using them. Donald Jensen, a board member of the American Liver Foundation warns that light drinks can also be damaging. According to him, you should take only 2 mg of acetaminophen on days when you drink; the recommended dose of 4 mg/day notwithstanding.
Recommendation: Whole foods are a better source for nutrients than pills
This may not apply if you eat only vegetarian foods. You have to depend on pills to supplement your needs of vitamin D and B12 if you avoid taking eggs and milk. Recent researches propose that the recommendation for vitamin D should be 1,000 to 2,000 FU to be on the safer side than the presently recommended 200 to 600 IU. Though one can get enough iron from vegetarian foods, it needs sensible planning. You should get your hemoglobin test done if you tire easily.
Recommendation: In the case of chronic pain, anti-inflammatory, non-steroidal medicines like Ibuprofen or a prescription drug like Indocin are the safest and most effective
Be careful if you are above 65 years old. NSAIDs can lead to stomach ulcers and internal bleeding, especially among elderly people. Experts say that deaths due to NSAID-related bleeding mostly occur among the aged persons. The best thing for persons over the age of 65 would be to consult their doctor. You can take other drugs like acetaminophen, corticosteroids, or narcotic-like Demerol, while diligently following the instructions of the doctor to take care of any side-effects or over-dependence. | <urn:uuid:6adbd40c-7e56-4b61-9339-be9fb4cc47c7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://guidetour.in/health-rules-blindly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019202148-20211019232148-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.951692 | 1,631 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Tharston, The Village
by Paul Cattermole
Chapter 1: Introduction
Tharston was a thriving village long before the Normans came; and the earliest organised settlement was probably in Low Tharston, near the now grass-covered mound which was once the site of the manor house of Welholmes. Light, easily tilled ground would be the first to come into cultivation; and it was not until technology was sufficiently advanced that the heavier land further south could be ploughed. Some authorities suggest that individual parishes may first have originated in estates which were parcelled out in Roman times; and in a heavily populated and civilised area such as South Norfolk this is not unlikely. The boundaries were drawn in a way which gave each estate a share of various types of terrain: such as woodland for fuel and building materials, low-lying land suitable for meadow and pasture, and a good water supply. Thus Tharston was an oblong parish, stretching up from the river valleys which form its north and west boundaries, with very light soils and gravels in the north-east corner, and an area of dense woodland on the clay, which forms the southwest part of the parish.
Almost all the inhabitants of mediaeval Tharston relied on agriculture for their livelihood; and there is strong evidence that most of the available land was under cultivation relatively early. Each estate had its own system of open fields, with associated pasture and woodland, so that it was self-sufficient; and much of the original open field system can be reconstructed from the Tithe and Inclosure maps, with a little help from the Court Books, although the pattern is complicated where estates overflow into adjoining parishes.
King William divided Norfolk into a total of 1,392 estates or manors, thus imposing on the resident population an organisation of the kind which had long been in force in Normandy. The manorial system ensured that wealth generated in the villages made its way up the social hierarchy, with each level exacting its dues and demands. The king was at the top of the feudal tree; and each manor was supposed to provide sufficient income to support a knight and his household; who was obliged to attend fully armed with his retinue for a period of forty days service in any one year, at the kings pleasure. Most of Tharston was granted to Roger Bigot along with 186 other manors, making him by far the richest tenant-in-chief in the county; and he in turn put the manor into the hands of Robert de Vaux, a very substantial under-tenant. Parts of the village were rather untidily attached to other manors, reflecting Anglo-Saxon divisions of land; and the Domesday survey shows that some rationalisation had taken place before 1086.
The oldest recorded name for the village was Sterestuna, suggesting that cattle were important in the local economy; and the Normans found an estate where arable farming was well developed. The Domesday survey compares the state of affairs "now" (1086) and in the time of Edward the Confessor, from which it can be discovered that the tax due from the chief manor had doubled, while the number of plough teams had decreased from eight to four. The increased value may have been caused by a change to stock rearing; and Domesday records 80 sheep and 20 pigs on the manor, together with one hive of bees. One of the mills recorded in 1086 must have been on the site of the present watermill, and it is interesting to notice how the parish boundary follows the old course of the river west of the millstream.
Tharston is not a compact village like Hempnall; nor do the houses surround a great common like that at Fritton, although a small settlement eventually grew up around the edges of the High Common. Most of the houses are situated in small hamlets, whose ancient names can be discovered from the manor court books. The area which was settled earliest (certainly before The Street, in view of the need to sink deep wells for water) was along the river valley which forms the northern boundary of the parish. A settlement known as "Welholme Street" in the 14th century, grew up around the site of the old manor house below the Furze Hills; and "Millgate", further west, was the name of a small cluster of houses built along the edge of a small green close to the watermill. There is also a record of "Ulsonnes Street", which probably stretched west of Welholmes Manor; and there were a few houses on the edge of the common at Horsenford Watering.
The first church in Tharston was probably close to the Welholmes manor house, where a parochial chapel dedicated to St Giles remained in use until the 16th century; and it seems most likely that St Mary's church was built in a more central position as the result of Anglo-Saxon expansion of the village economy. The present church occupies the highest ground in the parish; and the rectory and chief manor house were eventually sited a hundred yards south, in the sheltered valley of a stream which ran down from the Great Wood. The important people in mediaeval Tharston lived near the church; and in time a string of reasonably substantial houses grew up along a narrow strip of well-drained soil to form "Westgate Street" (The Street). This was a good arrangement for tenants who had strips of land scattered through the common fields, with grazing for cattle on remote commons at the edges of the parish. Travelling between distant parts of the village was tedious, however; and by the 15th century tenants were exchanging pieces of land to produce more manageable holdings; and some moved from their houses in Westgate Street to new ones nearer their farmland. Between c.1400 and c.1700 over half of the recorded houses in the Street ceased to be lived in, either abandoned completely, or turned over for use as barns and outhouses. Some of the small crofts attached to the original houses survive as well-tilled gardens where modern houses now stand, while others are occupied by substantial timber framed houses such as The Laurels, Chestnut Farm house and Willow Farm house, which are perhaps 16th century buildings. The neat rectangular "home meadows" behind these houses were probably carved out of the top ends of earlier strip fields at about the same time. The Walnuts is a smaller house, owned by Archbishop Tenison in the 18th century; and Ivy Farm house has a 19th-century slated roof replacing much older thatch. The scatter of mediaeval pottery in gardens along The Street, is evidence of long occupation, as is the old name, "Westgate". The names of some of the earliest tenements have an amazing capacity for survival. The messuage called "Coxlands", for example, which was laid waste c.1600, is still named in the deeds for 20th-century houses at the east end of the Street; and tenements such as "Glices" and "Cousins" linger on as ghosts in 19th-century Court Books.
(c) Barbara Cattermole and family, first published in 1993 by Paul Cattermole. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without the prior consent of the author's family.
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Botanical name: Paeonia
Plant type: Flower
Soil type: Loamy
Soil pH: Neutral
Bloom time: Spring
The fattest and most scrumptious of all flowers, a rare fusion of fluff and majesty, the peony is now coming into bloom.
–Henry Mitchell, American writer (1923-93)
Peonies are outrageously beautiful in bloom, with lush foliage all summer long. These perennials may live longer than you do—some have been known to thrive for 100 years. The plants require little maintenance as long as they are planted properly and establish themselves; they do not respond well to transplanting.
Peonies take your breath away every spring. They're hardy to Zone 3 and grow well as far south as Zones 7 and 8. In most of the country, the rules for success are simply full sun and well-drained soil. Peonies even relish cold winters, because they need chilling for bud formation.
Peonies make fine sentinels lining walkways and a lovely low hedge. After its stunning bloom, the peony's bushy clump of handsome glossy green leaves lasts all summer, and then turns purplish or gold in the fall, as stately and dignified as any shrub.
In mixed borders, peonies bloom with columbines, baptisias, and veronicas, and combine well with irises and roses. Plant white peonies with yellow irises and a froth of forget-me-nots; set off pink peonies with blue Nepeta or violets.
- Grow peonies in deep, fertile, humus-rich, moist soil that drains well. Soil pH should be neutral.
- The soil will benefit from the addition of organic material in the planting hole. If the soil is heavy or very sandy, enrich it with compost. Incorporate about 1 cup of bonemeal into the soil. Tamp soil firmly.
- Peonies are not fussy but choose your location wisely as they resent disturbance. Provide shelter from strong winds. Plant away from trees or shrubs as peonies don't like to compete for food and moisture. Space them three to four feet apart for good air circulation.
- Peonies like full sun, and though they can manage with half a day, they bloom best in a sunny spot.
- Peonies are usually sold as bare-root tubers with three to five eyes, divisions of a three- or four-year-old plant.
- Plant peonies in the fall: in late September and October in most of the country, and even later in the South. (If you must move an established plant, this is the time.)
- Peonies should be settled into place before the first hard frost. Spring-planted peonies just don't do as well, experts agree; they generally lag about a year behind those planted in the fall.
- Dig a generous-sized hole, about two feet deep and two feet across in well-drained soil in a sunny spot. If the soil is heavy or very sandy, enrich it with compost. Incorporate about one cup of bonemeal into the soil. Tamp it firmly.
- Set the root so the eyes face upward on top of the firmed soil, placing the root just 2 inches below the soil surface. (In southern states, choose early-blooming varieties, plant them about an inch deep, and provide some shade.)
- Then backfill the hole, taking care that the soil doesn't settle and bury the root deeper than 2 inches.
- Water thoroughly.
Tip: Don't plant too deep! In most of the country, the peony's eyes (buds) should be no deeper than 1-1/2 to 2 inches below the soil line!
Like children, young peonies take time to develop. They usually need a few years to establish themselves, bloom, and grow.
Peonies thrive on benign neglect. Unlike most perennials, they don't need to be dug and divided.
- Spare the fertilizer. Work the soil well before you plant, mixing in a little fertilizer, and that should be enough.
- If your soil is poor, the time to apply fertilizer (bonemeal, compost, or well-rotted manure) is early summer, after the peonies have bloomed and you have deadheaded. Don't fertilizer more than every few years.
- Help the stems. If peonies have any structural weakness, it is their stems, which are sometimes not strong enough to support their gigantic blossoms. Consider three-legged metal peony rings that allow the plant to grow through the center of the rings.
- Deadhead peony blossoms as soon as they begin to fade, cutting to a strong leaf so that the stem doesn't stick out of the foliage. Cut the foliage to the ground in the fall to avoid any overwintering disease.
- Don't smother peonies with mulch. Where cold temperatures are severe, for the first winter after planting you can mulch VERY loosely with pine needles or shredded bark. Remove mulch in the spring.
Peonies are generally very hearty. They are prone to Verticillium wilt, ringspot virus, tip blight, stem rot, Botrytis blight, left blotch, Japanese beetle, and nematodes.
Many gardeners wonder why so many ants crawl on the peony buds. They are eating nectar in exchange for attacking bud-eating pests. Never spray the ants; they're helping you nurture peonies to bloom.
Peonies are spring-bloomers, but you can plan your garden for a successive display of flowers from mid-May to early June. Here are some choices:
- 'Early Scout': very early, red single flowers
- 'Firelight': very early pale-pink single
- 'Karl Rosenfield': midseason double with large crimson blossoms
- 'Norma Volz,' midseason large, white, fully double flower
- 'Elsa Sass': late-season double with pure-white, camellia-like flowers
Wit & Wisdom
Tip: Peonies make wonderful cut flowers, lasting more than a week. For best results, cut long stems when the buds are still fairly tight.
Had I but four square feet of ground at my disposal, I would plant a peony in the corner and proceed to worship.
–Alice Harding, The Book of the Peony
Credit: Catherine Boeckmann
Send a free e-card of a glorious peony. Click here to see more peony images in our e-card gallery. | <urn:uuid:324af547-d252-4ece-a8a5-5fad62e8e5e2> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.almanac.com/plant/peonies?quicktabs_2=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637898119.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025818-00222-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940689 | 1,386 | 2.8125 | 3 |
There are a lot of different reasons someone might feel anxious. You might have a family history of anxiety, or you could be under too much stress. Anxiety does not discriminate; it can happen to anyone.The following will help you can deal with anxiety.
If you suffer from persistent anxiety, don’t be afraid of seeing your doctor. There are many treatment options currently available to help treat anxiety. Set aside time to go to the doctor, so you can get the correct treatment.
When stress levels increase, your level of anxiety tends to rise as well. Try to delegate some jobs to other people and free yourself from some of the pressure you are faced with. Take some time each day to relax and do things you enjoy everyday.
Listening to music can help with anxiety.If you feel anxious, put on your favorite album. Focus on each note in the rhythm and beats. This can distract you from your anxiety, making you less anxious.
Find a person to share with and advise them what your biggest concern is, but make sure you really exaggerate things when you are speaking of it out loud. After telling someone your greatest fear, you can sometimes view it from a much different perspective.
Count your breaths and relax as you breathe to relax.For the best outcome, try to choose a quiet spot in practice controlled breathing.
Tell someone that you trust your fears and worries in exaggerated tones. After sharing this greatly exaggerated story and hearing how preposterous it sounds, often people see their fear from a different perspective.
Think about using amino acids to help cure your anxiety problems. It’s common for people to find that they’re not getting enough of certain nutrients, and that their bodies aren’t producing enough serotonin. Consider reading a book “Mood Cure” to learn over-the-counter treatments that will help to reduce your anxiety.
Limit the time that you spend reading the newspaper or watching the news if current events make you anxious. Give yourself a little while every day to read about current events, but try not to spend too much time on issues that will drain you emotionally.
Getting the correct amount of sleep is important when dealing with anxiety. Sleep deprivation, which can cause mental and physical problems, is a major factor in the cause of anxiety. The professional medical recommendations for adults is averaging between 7 to 8 hours of nightly sleep.
When you’re getting up from bed in the morning, say some positive messages to yourself out loud.Talk about your plan for the day and what you want to do that day.
Investigate amino acids as a treatment when it comes to anxiety. Many people find that they are deficient in some nutrients and their bodies do not produce enough serotonin.
Keep a list of things that stress you out. Separate your list into two columns. One is for stress problems that you can fix or resolve, the other is for those beyond your control. Focus on what you can do, to change what you can, so you don’t have to worry about what you can’t.
Pay attention to your breathing when you feel overcome by anxiety. You will notice that you are not breathing deeply and erratic.It’s all too easy to neglect proper breathing when anxiety has a lot of anxiety. Focus on proper breathing whenever you have an anxiety attack.
Try doing yoga with a group of friends as a way of eliminating anxiety. When you are on a yoga mat, it can erase feelings of frustration and help you to focus on the positives that life has to offer. The exercise can help you feel exuberance by creating physical balance.
Have someone you can talk about your problems. A support system can make a huge difference. Talking about anxiety not only helps you might feel on a day to day basis.
Make a habitual practice of staying present in the moment or focusing on today. A horrible habit formed by those who suffer from anxiety is that they focus on past or future. Reduce anxiety by thinking about the present and suspending other thoughts.
Put a name to each anxiety trigger. This will help you determine the triggers and it will help you in making better decisions in managing them when they come up.
Find someone you can trust when talking about your anxieties. Voicing your thoughts helps to minimize the effect they have on you and diminish their power. The best thing that you could do is to look for someone you can trust that has already dealt with a similar situation.
Cut your intake of nicotine and alcohol you take in. Many people unwittingly turn to these substances for relief, but this is a mistake. They can even make your anxiety than before using them.Try things that are better for you like eating right, relaxing techniques and eating healthy.
Many introverts suffer from social anxiety. Make efforts to find common-ground activities with friends or family. Playing games or physical activities are great options for making this time enjoyable. When you need company, you will have an activity that is both fulfilling and socially bonding.
What is an important thing that can really help you eliminate the anxiety out of your life? Smiling or laughing go a long way to overcome anxiety. Make certain that there is much in your life that you are finding plenty to be happy about and grateful for. When an anxiety attack strikes, have a giggle.
The only way to stop anxiety is by figuring out what starts it. For example, do you feel extremely stressed while you’re at work?If that is the case, try to switch to a different project if your boss allows it. When you know the cause, you can get rid of it.
You are not isolated in the world if you are facing anxiety. There are millions who deal with anxiety on a daily basis. The most important things is to remember that you are not by yourself and anxiety is a treatable condition.
Getting out of bed, drinking a glass of water, eating an apple, or watching TV can be helpful. Keep yourself active and the anxiety will subside more quickly.
Find a helpful support group.People who struggle with anxiety are often feel alone or misunderstood.Being around others who know what you’re going through can help you feel less alone.
A great way to improve your anxiety level is to pay all of your credit card bills on time. Late payments could cause tremendous stress and could worsen the anxiety you are feeling. See to it that your bills are paid for at the right time and you will be comfortable all throughout the week.
Anyone can start to have feelings of anxiety. You need to remember that you are not alone. The powerful strategies in the article above provide a way to deal with your feelings. Breath in deeply and take your life back! | <urn:uuid:57f0e830-4e69-40bf-abe5-c22a7d50bd97> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.hostbiko.com/control-your-anxiety-with-these-useful-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646213.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319023123-20180319043123-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.96006 | 1,373 | 3.046875 | 3 |
WikipediaRead full entry
Eriochloa contracta is a species of grass known by the common name prairie cupgrass. It is native to the central United States and it is naturalized in areas to the east and west, where it is often a weed, especially in moist areas. This annual grass may grow up to a meter tall when erect or it may bend, rooting where nodes on the stem touch the ground. The inflorescence is up to 20 centimeters long and is made up of several branches which stick out to the sides. The branches are lined with purplish spikelets a few millimeters long. | <urn:uuid:18d6137a-8215-400c-8626-f019bcce1ff5> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://eol.org/pages/1114946/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121899763.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175139-00098-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951169 | 126 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Conductive loss is when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear such that sound cannot be conducted to the inner ear effectively. Examples of conductive hearing loss include those caused by wax blockage, a perforation of the ear drum, “glue ear” (fluid in the middle ear space) or damaged or stiffened middle ear bones.
The result of a conductive hearing loss is that sounds are softer, but if amplified adequately, can often be made to sound very clear again, as the nerves can detect the sounds well if they receive enough sound in the first place.
Conductive loss can often be treated using medicine or surgery. When we detect conductive hearing loss, appropriate medical reports and referrals will be made.
Sensorineural loss is where the hair cells or nerve fibres in the inner ear (cochlea) are no longer functioning adequately, causing a breakdown in the conversion of sound energy into neural activity.
Common causes of sensorineural loss include the natural ageing process (presbycusis), excessive noise exposure, head trauma as well as disease processes. Sensorineural hearing loss will often result in reduced clarity of hearing due to there being fewer hair cells to detect the sound, even if the sound is amplified.
With sensorineural loss, since it’s the actual hearing cells that have been damaged, there is no medical or surgical treatment available. This type of hearing loss is usually permanent. When we detect sensorineural loss, hearing aids and good quality audiology are currently the most effective treatment.
Mixed loss is a combination of both conductive and sensorineural loss. The conductive loss is potentially treatable by medicine or surgery, however, even if this treatment is successful, you will still be left with a residual sensorineural loss, which may still require hearing aids to manage effectively. When we detect mixed loss, your GP or and ENT Specialist will be closely involved in the treatment plan along with us. | <urn:uuid:98198802-4545-4d07-a6b9-023e12a77786> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://alphahearing.com.au/types-of-hearing-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423787.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721162430-20170721182430-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.955334 | 408 | 3.71875 | 4 |
CHOKING HAZARD - CHOKING HAZARD - Small parts. Not for children under 3 yrs.
Hit the motherlode of super scientific fun with this Edu Science Wacky Lab Gold Dig Set, a Toys'R'Us exclusive! Young prospectors can have a blast extracting pieces of pyrite (also known as 'fool's gold') from the block of sand, then learn all about gold, pyrite, and how these minerals are mined.
The Edu Science Wacky Lab Gold Dig features:
Includes a sand block with embedded pyrite, a crevicing tool, a wooden mallet, a pair of goggles and a poster with instructions and information Use the crevicing tool and hammer to carefully excavate pieces of 'fool's gold' from the block Block includes 6 pieces of pyrite Poster features detailed instructions and tons of fascinating facts about gold and pyrite Goggles ensure eye safety Package Dimensions: 11.75 x 10.5 x 2.75 inches Package Weight: 1.5 lbs
Sold only at Toys'R'Us,
educates you in the science of saving money by providing quality telescopes, microscopes, chemistry and science kits for kids that are fun! By offering a wide array of value-driven learning and educational science toys, with
you don't need grant money to set up your own science lab. Whether you want to explore all of the natural sciences or focus on Botany, Astronomy, Chemistry or even alternative energy,
has a science kit for you exclusively at Toys'R'Us.
Be sure to visit our
Toys'R'Us Exclusive Brand Store
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Manufacturer #: 5F5EE61
Product Weight:1.9 pounds
Product Dimensions (in inches):11.9 x 10.6 x 2.4
How to Get It
This item can be shipped to the entire United States including Alaska, Hawaii, and all U.S. territories including Puerto Rico This item can also be shipped to APO/FPO addresses and to P.O. Boxes in all 50 states Shipping Methods:
This item may be shipped via Standard Shipping, Expedited Shipping or Express Shipping Please Note: Some addresses are eligible for Standard Shipping only (APO/FPO, P.O. Boxes, U.S. Territories and Puerto Rico) Store Pickup (learn more)
This item is sold in our stores
Orders placed for Store Pickup will receive online pricing and promotions
In-stock status is approximate and may not reflect recent sales
Not all items are carried at all stores. Please click the "Select a store" link to check product availability | <urn:uuid:db60763a-ad46-424d-a609-9c3d7f1c0a72> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.toysrus.com/product/index.jsp?productId=21145486&fromWidget=TRU%3ACategory%3AWhats+New | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00195-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848776 | 561 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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Teacher Resources by Grade
|1st - 2nd||3rd - 4th|
|5th - 6th||7th - 8th|
|9th - 10th||11th - 12th|
An Exploration of The Crucible through Seventeenth-Century Portraits
|Grades||9 – 12|
|Lesson Plan Type||Standard Lesson|
|Estimated Time||Five 50-minute sessions|
Grades 3 – 12 | Student Interactive | Organizing & Summarizing
This tool provides a fun and useful way to explore a variety of topics such as a character in a book, a person or place from history, or even a physical object. An excellent tool to for summarizing or as a prewriting exercise for original stories.
Grades 8 – 12 | Professional Library | Journal
This article discusses the imaginative activities and assignments that teachers often assign that violate the text around which the lesson is focused and that mislead students about its meaning. | <urn:uuid:7173004c-512e-4cb1-89a8-e63d9f3c662e> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/exploration-crucible-through-seventeenth-30513.html?tab=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163996875/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133316-00025-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884512 | 279 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Personal values and the market Business is a game, which requires and de globeds cardinal special strategy and an understanding special ethical motive. It gives of import voice to the profit but in the same guidance the ethics also plays a very important aim in line of merchandise because without ladder we cannot reach the high grammatical construction interchangeable that without ethical thinking business cannot be done. common soldier virtuousity is a respect for truth and that the closer a man of affairs comes to the truth he deserves more respect.
According to enthalpy Taylors Statement he verbalises that Ethics of a business argon game ethics, different from the ethic s of religion so he means that ethics related to business are kindred games and they are different from religion. Ethics means dealings with moral and in that truth plays the important role so he quoted and pointed that Falsehood ceases to be falsehood when it is understood on all in all sides that the truth is not anticipate to be spoken. In a business more businessman feel obligate every day to say yes ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net
If you want to get a full information about our service, visit our page: write my essay | <urn:uuid:f903903e-65f0-484f-b4af-eefa7cb6d3bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://scholarship-essays.blogspot.com/2013/12/personal-values-and-market.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824225.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020135519-20171020155519-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.93706 | 244 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Counseling the Culturally Different: Theory and Practice
Here is the long-awaited revision of this bestselling reference on multicultural counseling, the most widely used and critically acclaimed text ... Show synopsis Here is the long-awaited revision of this bestselling reference on multicultural counseling, the most widely used and critically acclaimed text published on the topic. The first book of its kind, Counseling the Culturally Different changed the thinking in multicultural counseling, setting the tone for a whole generation of psychological counselors across America. It has maintained its status as a classic in the field and is now the standard reference for nearly all courses in minority mental health and treatment. This Third Edition is completely revised and updated, continuing the legacy of scholarly excellence combined with a provocative, practice-oriented approach to the field. Authors Derald Wing Sue and David Sue have reorganized the book to be consistent with new developments in research, theory, and practice. Major additions include a more inclusive definition of multiculturalism, the most recent statistics on the changing complexion of society and the implications for clinical practice, and a discussion of the culture-bound basis of the ACA and APA Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. The authors continue to use a large number of clinical case studies and real-life examples to illustrate the concepts of multicultural counseling and therapy. This vital resource also features: New chapters on white racial identity development; non-Western and indigenous methods of healing; and counseling women, gays/lesbians, the physically challenged, and the elderly Expanded coverage of multicultural family counseling/therapy, racial/cultural identity development, and becoming multiculturally competent Individual chapters on counseling African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino/Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans Combining a sound conceptual framework for multicultural counseling with proven therapeutic methods for specific groups, Counseling the Culturally Different remains the best source of real-world counseling preparation for students and the most enlightened, influential guide for professionals. | <urn:uuid:8699d169-cd46-4713-a585-7ee07e183506> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.alibris.com/booksearch?qwork=1361858&cm_sp=1rec-_-RHS-_-p1-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609524259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005204-00278-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892368 | 385 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Speech writing : Speech writing A guide to speech writing and great speech writers.
Christchurch primary school 2006 Slide2:
Today you will be writing your own speech.
To help you do this we are going to look at two things in this presentation.
Firstly we are going to look at how to structure a good speech.
Then we are going to look at two excellent speech writers from the twentieth century.
We will look at how they made their speeches so effective.
We will try to use what we learn when we write our own speeches. So how do I structure my speech?: So how do I structure my speech? Firstly, introduce yourself – people need to know how is talking to them
Then ask for their attention – you are trying to convince people of something. Be polite!
Then state your position. What do you believe?
Slide4: Now make a point – then ELABORATE on it. Saying what you believe is not enough. You must say WHY you believe it and WHY other people should believe it.
Make as many points as you can. The more points you make the more convincing you become.
In a speech you should try to give COUNTER ARGUMENTS, we will look at this later in the presentation. How should I order my speech?: How should I order my speech? You need to grab your audience. Do this by:
Making your best argument first. This will get people’s attention.
Save your second best argument for last – people will remember this.
Give the rest of your arguments in order; second best to least best. Now lets look at an example!!: Now lets look at an example!! Slide7: Meet Mr William Shakespeare
He lived about 400 years ago
He wrote many many plays
In his plays there were many great speeches
We’ll now look briefly at one to see if it follows our structure
This is the speech given by Mark Anthony after the death of Julius Caesar in the play Julius Caesar Brief outline of the plot: Brief outline of the plot The characters Brutus and Marc Antony were involved in the assassination of the leader of the Holy Roman Empire, Julius Caesar.
Marc Antony is now doing the dirty on Brutus. Marc Antony and Brutus were friends and they had a plan together.
Brutus has just given a speech essentially saying the Julius Caesar had to be killed for the good of Rome.
Marc Antony is now going to try to turn the people against Brutus with his speech. Slide9: Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred with their bones; So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest-- For Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all, all honourable men-- Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. He hath brought many captives home to Rome Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill: Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And, sure, he is an honourable man. I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to speak what I do know. You all did love him once, not without cause: What cause withholds you then, to mourn for him? O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts, And men have lost their reason. Bear with me; My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, And I must pause till it come back to me. ASKING PEOPLE TO LISTEN FIRST POINT _ VERY STRONG LOTS OF COUNTER ARGUMENT. HE IS VERY CLEVERLY AND POLITELY DISAGREEING WITH EVERYTHING BRUTUS SAID THE KEY TO THIS SPEECH IS REPETITION AGAIN AND AGAIN ANTONY SAYS “AND BRUTUS IS AN HONOURABLE MAN”
WHAT EFFECT DOES THIS HAVE? What have we learnt?: What have we learnt? Repetition works well in speeches. (we will look at this more in a bit)
A really good trick to convince people is to sound like you are on the other side of the debate. Have your speech convince yourself. It shows people how they could be convinced. Who shall we look at now?: Who shall we look at now? Martin Luther King Jr. : Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. argued for equal rights for all Americans.
At the time in America black people were treated as second class citizens.
On August 28th 1963 King gave the most famous speech of the 20th century. It changed many people’s lives.
King was a powerful public speaker who lived for his beliefs. He was assassinated on April 4th 1968 as he stood to give a speech. Lets look at a part of his speech: Lets look at a part of his speech I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. What makes it great?: What makes it great? The repetition of a very powerful phrase: “I have a dream”
Use repetition in your speeches
Create a powerful phrase
Repeat it again and again
It makes a speech POWERFUL Who next?: Who next? Harold McMillan was Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom.
He gave a speech in South Africa
about giving African people
the right to govern themselves
The extract we will look at is taken from a speech made on 3rd February 1960.
What effect does this have?: What effect does this have? The wind of change is blowing through this continent, and whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact. We must all accept it as a fact, and our national policies must take account of it. Using metaphors in speeches: Using metaphors in speeches The wind of change is a metaphor
It is used to put a picture in people’s minds
Metaphors are very effective in speeches
Can you think of some metaphors? Now you are going to write a speech about the skate park: Now you are going to write a speech about the skate park Structure, introduce yourself
Ask the audience to listen to you
State your position
Make your best point
Elaborate on it
Make the rest of your points, elaborating on each Slide19: Save your second best point until last
Summarise your position
Give a conclusion
Thank the audience for their attention
And remember: And remember Use repetition
Convince yourself in your speech
Use metaphors Finally: Finally I will now give you a writing frame to help you remember all these points.
And get writing! | <urn:uuid:15f4dd27-0747-4507-abff-19f7f24040e2> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Breezy-50677-speech-writing-So-structure-order-lets-look-example-Brief-ou-Education-ppt-powerpoint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131303523.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172143-00052-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963733 | 1,665 | 3.875 | 4 |
In this activity, students create a model seafloor and create a map of it through taking depth readings.
By the end of this activity, students should be able to:
- understand the concept of underwater mapping of the seafloor
- construct a model to simulate a seafloor and take readings
- plot the results and use these to create a map.
Download the Word file for:
- introduction/background notes
- what you need
- what to do
- student handout. | <urn:uuid:e523c000-119d-411e-b3a8-84cb8e42166f> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1822-multibeam-seafloor-survey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647280.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320033158-20180320053158-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.897405 | 105 | 4.03125 | 4 |
A hundred years have passed since Dr. William Fraser Tolmie - then a young man but recently from his native Scotland - first looked upon the wild but gloriously beautiful region that bordered the shores of Puget Sound. But a few months before - on May 30, 1833 - he had assisted in the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Trading Post known as Fort Nisqually, the first permanent settlement in the Puget Sound area. Thus the name of Tolmie was affixed to this region at the very inception of the white man's settlement here. And as the years rolled by and the country prospered and grew in importance in the eyes of two great nations - England and America - so also the name of Tolmie took on greater significance among the pioneers who had migrated to this region.
"A noble man, honorable in his dealings, courteous in his intercourse and forebearing with his enemies." So wrote Ezra Meeker who, like many others of the early settlers, knew and respected this man who pioneered and worked with them in the development of a new land. And it is highly fitting and proper that this illustrious name is still associated with the Northwest in its continued development. The Honorable Simon Fraser Tolmie, son of the illustrious pioneer to whom this historical issue of Nature Notes is dedicated, is premier of our neighbor, the Canadian province of British Columbia.
Historically, Dr. William Fraser Tolmie occupies a prominent place in the annals of the Puget Sound region. It was he who, late in August and early in September of 1833, penetrated the forest wilderness that surrounded "The Mountain" and finally stood, on September 2, 1833, upon a peak just below the shining, ice clad summit of Mount Rainier. This peak now bears his name for Dr. Tolmie was the first white man to set foot in the region now included in Mount Rainier National Park. The page from his diary as reproduced from a photostat copy of the original tells the story of the climax of this adventure in the words of this man who was destined to precede, by many ears, thousands of others who were to be equally impressed by the regal beauty of the old volcano.
Old Fort Nisqually, the place from which Dr. Tolmie started on his memorable journey to Mount Rainier, was moved about one mile inland in 1843. Two of the buildings of this re-located site are still standing and may be readily seen. One is the factor's residence and the other, which is credited with being the oldest building in the State of Washington, served various uses of a utility nature during the early days at this pioneer trading post. This building was built in 1843.
|<<< Previous||> Cover <||Next >>>| | <urn:uuid:229e46fb-3579-485b-8ad7-3d41c6858a02> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/mora/notes/vol11-7c.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663007.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00295-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976355 | 567 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Future of Border Wall in Doubt After Agency Declares Milkweed an Endangered Species
Texas’s AG called the possibility of adding prostrate milkweed to the endangered species list an ‘absurd effort to paralyze Texas’ border control.’
The addition of milkweed to a federally protected list of endangered species is set to hinder the construction of a wall along the southern border.
On Monday, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declared prostrate milkweed an endangered species. Under federal law, that means the land it grows on would be designated as “a critical habitat,” with environmental protections that make public projects considerably more cumbersome to undertake.
Environmentalists say the designation will protect the monarch butterfly, whose caterpillars feed exclusively on the plant. According to a 2015 study by the Department of the Interior, the monarch population decreased by a billion between 1990 and 2014. The agency attributed the decline in population to the eradication of natural habitats and to insecticides being sprayed on milkweed.
The move, though, has drawn the ire of Texas’s attorney general, Warren “Ken” Paxton. Along with Governor Abbott, Mr. Paxton is a proponent of sealing the southern border to prevent migrants from crossing into Texas from Mexico.
President Trump famously staked his 2016 campaign on a promise to “build the wall and make Mexico pay for it.” The Trump administration constructed and fortified more than 450 miles of wall — about 50 miles of which was newly constructed.
President Biden put a moratorium on the wall’s construction his first day in office, and offered only lukewarm support for plugging existing gaps in it. Since then, Mr. Abbott has taken it upon himself to finish the work that Mr. Trump started.
The Lone Star State has so far completed about 2 miles worth of wall and has contracts for the construction of 35 more miles, according to the Texas Tribune. The state recently returned to building after a pause to negotiate with private landowners along the border.
The prostrate milkweed is found only within nine miles of the southern border — meaning much of the land on which a border wall would be built now finds itself as part of its critical habitat. Federal law prohibits any public projects that could “destroy or adversely modify” the species’ existence in the designated lot of land.
Texas Republicans have expressed concern that the designation would prevent the construction of the border wall, but the Fish and Wildlife Service has rejected the notion that it would hinder border protection.
In a letter to the agency, Mr. Paxton called the possibility of adding prostrate milkweed to the endangered species list an “absurd effort to paralyze Texas’s border control.” Mr. Paxton warned about the consequences for “putting a plant before the lives of Texans.”
The attorney general also questioned the soundness of the rule as an environmental protection measure, suggesting that unmitigated migration could prove worse for milkweed. More than 150,000 migrants were apprehended by Border Patrol agents at the southern border in January.
“The prospect of thousands of migrants and undocumented immigrants trampling the vegetation and plant life while journeying north through Zapata and Starr Counties each year is no doubt potentially harmful to the sensitive environment surrounding prostrate milkweed,” Mr. Paxton wrote then — to no avail.
The Fish and Wildlife Service, however, contends that the designation of land as critical habitat “will not preclude border wall construction or security operations.”
“We will continue to collaborate with DHS and CBP to ensure border security operations can still occur in areas designated as critical habitat for prostrate milkweed,” the agency said on Monday. | <urn:uuid:ba0731eb-fc88-4f22-ade0-724e4aa15698> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dev.nysun.com/article/future-of-border-wall-in-doubt-after-agency-declares-milkweed-an-endangered-species | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.945225 | 772 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What is Amebic Liver Abscess?
Amoebic liver abscess is a purulent inflammation of the liver tissue as a result of the necrotizing action of the dysenteric amoeba brought by the portal blood flow from the large intestine.
Amoebic liver abscess is a complication of acute or recurrent intestinal amebiasis. Amoebic abscesses occur mainly in middle age, more often in men. Amebic abscess is usually single, large, located more often in the right lobe. The contents of the abscess are liquid, of a characteristic red-brown color (the so-called anchovy paste).
Causes of Amebic Liver Abscess
The pathogenic agent is Entamaeba histolytica. There are three forms of liver damage to enameba: cyst as a stable form, a weakly pathogenic regressive form, and a histolytic form that causes both dysentery and liver abscess.
Pathogenesis during Amebic liver abscess
Parasitic (amoebic) abscesses are caused by the penetration of the simplest microorganisms into the liver tissue. Human infection occurs enterally. Amoebas are introduced into the submucosal layer of the small intestine, from where they later migrate to the venous vessels of the portal system. With blood flow, they reach the liver, where they cause necrosis of a limited area of tissue, followed by its melting and the formation of solitary or (more rarely) multiple abscesses.
The amoeba that has entered the liver causes necrosis of the restricted area of the liver tissue, then the latter disintegrates with the formation of a cavity in which the presence of the parasite can be detected. Over time, the abscess can self-sterilize, then the contents of the cavity have the consistency of chocolate-colored mastic. Up to 40% of amebic abscesses are infected with E. coli, then the contents become yellow-green and have a fecal odor.
It must be emphasized that in some patients microbial flora are sown from the contents of the parasitic abscess (most often colibacillary), while amoebas are found in the contents of the abscess only in individual patients. Most often, parasites are detected in the wall of the abscess.
The frequency of liver amebic abscesses in intestinal amoebiasis varies widely – from 1 to 25%. The disease usually occurs in people aged 20–40 years; men suffer 5–7 times more often than women.
Symptoms of Amebic Liver Abscess
The clinical picture of amebic liver abscess is almost similar to pyogenic abscesses, but the temperature is usually somewhat lower than with pyogenic abscesses, until a secondary infection joins. There is usually a history of past dysentery.
The clinic of amoebic liver abscess develops against the background of dysenteric bowel disease, in some cases it is masked. Amoebic abscess may occur not immediately, but after a few months or even years after bowel damage.
Amoebic liver abscess is acute and chronic.
Although the clinical picture of liver amebiasis differs by polymorphism, the most common typical symptoms are fever, abdominal pain and hepatomegaly.
The acute form is characterized by high (sometimes hectic) temperature, accompanied by chills, severe weakness, and profuse sweating.
In chronic form, body temperature is subfebrile, the disease proceeds without chills and sweating.
Pain is the earliest symptom. Initially, there is a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, turning into a sharp pain, which decreases with a change in posture. With the defeat of the right lobe of the liver, pain is noted in the upper right abdomen and radiates to the right shoulder, neck and back. With an abscess in the left lobe, the pain is localized in the epigastric region and the upper left half of the abdomen, radiating to the back and left shoulder blade.
Hepatomegaly in liver amebiasis is the most important diagnostic sign. Depending on the location and size of the abscess, the nature of the liver enlargement is different. An increase in the whole organ, an increase in the right or left lobe, an increase in the lower and upper direction, which causes compression of the diaphragm, is possible. In such a situation, breathing is difficult. In case of large-sized abscesses, a bulging in the right hypochondrium or in the epigastric region is noticed, the abscess of the left lobe is detected by palpation.
In addition to these most common symptoms, jaundice (54%), vomiting (43%), diarrhea (35%), weight loss (30%), etc. are noted.
Possible complications of amebic liver abscesses.
Complications of amoebic abscesses of the liver are similar to those of pyogenic. The breakthrough of an abscess into the pleural cavity leads to the development of amoebic pleural empyema, into the lung tissue – to the formation of an abscess of the lung or bronchopleural fistula. Pericardial lesion occurs in 1-2% of patients and is associated with amebic abscesses located in the left lobe of the liver. Serous effusion in the pericardial cavity may indicate a threatening abscess breakthrough. The result of purulent amebic pericarditis often becomes compressive pericarditis. There are also reports of the development of brain abscesses in a patient with amebic liver abscesses as a result of hematogenous dissemination of the pathogen.
Diagnosis of Amebic Liver Abscess
The best methods for the differential diagnosis of amebic and pyogenic liver abscesses are serological tests, namely:
- hemagglutination reaction (DA);
- the reaction of indirect immunofluorescence (RNIF);
- countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (PIEF);
- immunoelectrophoresis (IEF);
- gel precipitation reaction (RPG);
- complement fixation reaction (RAC);
- latex agglutination reaction (RLA);
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Positive results of serological tests are possible only in patients with invasive amebiasis (for example, with amoebic abscesses of the liver or amoebic colitis). In asymptomatic carriers, these reactions are negative. All tests, with the exception of RSK, have high sensitivity (up to 95-99%). The highest sensitivity is characteristic of DA; a negative result eliminates the diagnosis of amoebic lesions; in patients with invasive amebiasis, the titer is almost always> 1: 512. In addition, the DSA remains positive for several years and may indicate a previous infection. RPG becomes negative 6 months after the disease; This serological reaction is most preferable for the examination of patients arriving from endemic regions and with amebiasis in history. If a patient with a liver abscess reveals high titers in RPGs, this makes it possible to diagnose amoebic abscess (even if the patient has already had amoebiasis in the past). The choice of serological tests for the diagnosis of amoebic abscesses of the liver is determined by their availability and epidemiological situation.
Treatment of Amebic Liver Abscess
Surgical treatment of amoebic liver abscess is not indicated until the intestinal phase of the disease is eliminated.
Metronidazole 30 mg / kg 3 times a day for 10 days, then 10 days give it a half dose. At the same time, rezokhin is prescribed for 2 days, 2-3 g per day, then for 3 weeks 0.5 g 1 time per day, followed by treatment with tetracycline.
However, even in such a dose, metronidazole may not be sufficiently effective. In this case, the patient is prescribed an amebocide preparation acting in the intestinal lumen, for example, iodoquinol (diiodo-hydroxyquin), 650 mg 3 times a day for 20 days, which will allow to cure the intestinal infection and prevent the recurrence of the disease.
If, despite treatment with amebicides, the clinical or radiological picture of liver asbestos persists, its puncture is indicated, and if there is insufficient drainage and signs of secondary infection appear, external drainage is shown.
Forecast. Mortality in amebic abscess is 6-17%; it is caused by the development of complications – a breakthrough into the free abdominal or pleural cavity, pericardium, etc.
Prevention of Liver Amebic Abscess
Measures for the prevention of amebiasis are aimed at identifying infected with histolytic amoeba among risk groups, their rehabilitation or treatment, as well as to break the transmission mechanism.
Risk groups for amebiasis infection include patients with gastrointestinal pathology, residents of non-canalized settlements, employees of food enterprises and food trade, greenhouses, greenhouses, sewage treatment plants, people returning from amebiasis-endemic countries, homosexuals.
Persons entering work for food and similar enterprises (child care centers, sanatoriums, water supply facilities, etc.) are subject to a scatological (for helminth eggs and intestinal protozoa) examination. At revealing of a dysenteric amoeba they are subjected to sanitation. Among the risk groups, planned protozoological studies are carried out once a year by parasitological laboratories of territorial sanitary and epidemiological stations. Patients with acute and chronic intestinal diseases are protozoologically examined by the clinical and diagnostic laboratories of the relevant medical institution.
Dispensary observation of the patients is carried out for 12 months. Medical observation and laboratory tests are carried out once a quarter, as well as with the appearance of intestinal dysfunctions. Employees of food and equivalent institutions, infested with dysenteric amoeba are kept at the dispensary until complete sanation from the amebiasis pathogen.
Measures aimed at breaking the transmission mechanism include the protection of environmental objects from contamination with invasive material through sewage of populated areas, providing the population with good-quality drinking water and food, disinfecting items exposed to contamination from the patient’s discharges in treatment-and-prophylactic and other institutions means and boiling. An important place in the prevention of amebiasis belongs sanitary and educational work. | <urn:uuid:bfb76700-939d-4963-9fd5-3c7ba0f6f196> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://anti-fungal-med.com/blog/2019/02/02/amebic-liver-abscess/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529175.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723085031-20190723111031-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.919445 | 2,240 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Ask Professor Pedagogy: Tips for Engaging Lectures in Large Classes
Ask Professor Pedagogy is a twice monthly advice column written by Center for Teaching staff. One aspect of our mission is to cultivate dialogue about teaching and learning, so we welcome questions and concerns that arise in the classroom; particularly those from Vanderbilt faculty, students, and staff. If you have a question that you’d like Professor P to address, please send it to us.
Dear Professor P:
I’m TAing a large lecture class (about 150). Most of the time my fellow TAs and I grade and lead discussion groups, but in a couple of weeks, my professor is out of town and I will be giving one of the large group lectures. I haven’t lectured before and am really nervous. Also, I sometimes see students falling asleep or playing games on their computers when the professor lectures and I suspect they’re not always getting much out of the lectures. What can I do to keep the students awake and engaged in my lecture? They’ll be tested over the material and I want to make sure they understand it. I haven’t done much public speaking before and am getting anxious about this lecture.
Learning to Lecture
Dear Learning to Lecture:
You are not alone! A lot of people get nervous speaking in front of large groups of people. It’s great that you’re already trying to think of ways to encourage student learning in your lecture. The good news is there are many ways to alleviate those fears, to assess what students are learning during a lecture, and to take some pressure off yourself. Here are few things to keep in mind:
No matter how well intentioned, students often lose focus about 15-20 minutes into the lecture and again 10-15 minutes after that. When you plan your classes, add an activity that shifts attention. Use the 20 minute attention span as a rule of thumb: in a 50 minute lecture, use one change up in the middle; in a 75 minute lecture, use two. You can use a variety of techniques as this “change-up” to help up assess what the students understand, what needs more clarification, give the students a change to practice, or to help drive home a particular point. (The “Change-Up” in Lectures, by Joan Middendorf & Alan Kalish)
Be confident in your knowledge, but don’t make stuff up.
As the TA, you know more about this material than the students do. Be sure to make your content clear, but do not “dumb it down.” If a student asks a question you can’t answer, don’t panic. If you can, ask them to speculate on the answer given the material you’ve just presented (or other course material). This gives them a chance to think through the answer while applying course material. Even if they do not come up with an answer, they’re still practicing course material. You could also speculate in the same way, but make it clear that you’re speculating: “Well, given that we know X, and Y happens in this type of situation, I suspect that Z is the answer.” If you don’t feel comfortable speculating (and even if you do), be sure to admit that you do not know the answer and that you can look it up and get back to them. Students can almost always tell when you’re making up your answer and will appreciate your honesty. Also, by telling them that you’ll get back to them with an answer, you demonstrate your interest in the material and in their education.
You might also be interested in our upcoming events on Teaching Large Classes:
Reinforce student engagement.
Studies have shown that teachers who engage their students are both more comfortable in their role and more effective at communicating course content. This engagement, or lack thereof, can be seen in small positive and negative visual messages. Positive visual messages include: maintaining eye contact with class, scanning the class constantly, moving around the room, teaching to the back row, animating their presentation, using pauses and silence, using podium only as “home base,” and smiling. Negative visual messages include: indicating too much interest in the clock, reading notes, eye contact only with first row, gestures close to the body, hiding behind the podium, frowning or scowling. Additionally non-verbal communication is more reliable and believable than verbal communication (when at odds, non-verbal messages take precedence). (Arnold & Roach, “Teaching: A Nonverbal Communication Event”)
There a lot of ways you can engage your students in your lecture (see even more in the CFT’s guide to lecturing), but here are a few common ones:
- Minute Papers
At the end of a class or a section of material, ask your students to write for a minute or three. Questions such as “What was the most important point of today’s class?” or “What question do you still have about this material?” give you important feedback about the students’ comprehension and a useful starting point for the next class. (Schwartz as described in Wilson, 1986; see also Angelo & Cross, 1993)
- Think (or Write)—Pair—Share
Pose a question which requires analysis, evaluation, or synthesis. Each student thinks or writes on this question for one minute, then turns to the person next to him to compare ideas. Then the pairs share their ideas with some larger group (pairs of pairs, section of the class, or whole group). (Wright, 1994)
- What If?
A what-if? exercise asks students to move beyond what they know about a subject and apply a method or concept. This technique can be a good way to assess whether or not students understand a concept while allowing them to think through its implications. These can be realistic or fantastic. The intent is to generate speculation and analysis. For example: What if the Revolutionary War had failed? What if the polar ice caps melted? (Tauber & Mester, 1994)
Remember, have fun! I believe that your students want you to succeed. Be confident in your knowledge, and admit your limitations. Break up the class period and give the students time to reflect and respond to the material. This allows them to process the information and gives you time to breathe. | <urn:uuid:fb53088c-62a4-4c2f-bc42-2953b81aca36> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/2013/02/ask-professor-pedagogy-tips-for-engaging-lectures-in-large-classes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350846.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225065836-20210225095836-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.943343 | 1,353 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The function "gplotdc.m" is for plotting a single link, given x and y coordinates for its starting node and ending node, and its occupancy. To plot the whole network, you need to use "gplotdc.m" inside a for loop, with the for loop over the number of links in the network, with the number of links equal to 1570 for the given network.
When using "gplotdc.m", you can fix the adjacency matrix A as A=[0 1;0 0] (and use this A for all 1570 links). What you need to be careful about is that, each link has a specific link ID, starting node ID, and ending node ID (all given in the matrix "links"). Furthermore, each node ID has an associated x and y coordinate (given in the matrix "nodes"). The occupancy of a link is given in the matrix "occupancy", where each column is associated with an individual link with the link ID contained in the first row.
For "time = 75 minutes", you should get a figure similar to the one attached. Note that you are being asked about the snapshots at times 60, 90, and 120 minutes. | <urn:uuid:6ec7c512-5555-4d2f-835d-28fae05b04d8> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://moodlearchive.epfl.ch/2018-2019/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=10044 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400249545.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926231818-20200927021818-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.922288 | 248 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What is Chicory? Should You Try It?
You've heard of chicory. Often it is seen as a filler in inexpensive coffees found in hospitality and foodservice applications. Because of this, many people may think chicory is a substandard substitute, but that couldn't be farther from the truth. Let's learn more about what chicory is and how to enjoy it.
What is Chicory?
Chicory is an herbal plant from the dandelion family. It has a woody, hairy stem, light purple flowers, and lance-like leaves. Other names for chicory include wild endive, wild bachelor's buttons, blue dandelion, blue daisy, succory, and cornflower. The plant can grow to almost five feet tall with leaves that are four to twelve inches long and one to three inches wide. The flowers are around one to one and a half inches wide.
History of Chicory
In Europe and Asia, chicory was used as a beverage before coffee was introduced to the areas. Even after coffee came to the Europeans, France used chicory during the early 19th century while Napoleon's blockade kept coffee from reaching the country. Napoleon even encouraged France to grow and consume chicory locally rather than importing coffee.
Up until the mid-1800s France was able to produce enough chicory to meet demand. In the late 1800s, chicory had to be imported from Belgium as production couldn't be met locally. This was exacerbated by the rest of Europe consuming chicory in the face of the expensive coffee. This was when chicory began being used as a filler in coffee by unscrupulous coffee importers.
How is Chicory Used?
Much like the coffee bean, chicory is roasted and ground before being brewed into a beverage. Unlike coffee beans, the root of the chicory is the portion that is used. Though the flavor and effects may be similar to coffee, the main difference is the lack of caffeine.
Not only is chicory used as a beverage, but you can also find chicory leaves and flowers in salads and other foods.
Chicory in the New World
During the American Revolution, chicory was used as a coffee substitute by the Confederates. While the Union blockaded the port of New Orleans, the people of Louisiana added chicory to their coffee to stretch it out and make it last longer.
Chicory in New Orleans
You might know chicory as a New Orleans coffee substitute or as a blend with coffee. Since the American Revolution and the difficulty accessing coffee, along with the history of the French using chicory to replace or bulk up the coffee they did have, it made sense that the primarily French city of New Orleans would adopt the same practice.
Health Benefits of Chicory
In addition to chicory being naturally caffeine-free, chicory root is also a source of the prebiotic fiber inulin which has been linked to gut health and weight loss. It is also a great source of vitamin B6 and manganese, both linked to brain health. Also, chicory may be known to lower blood sugar, reduce inflammation, and aid digestion.
Caution with Chicory
For those who experience ragweed or birch allergies, chicory can affect them negatively by triggering their allergies. For women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, they may wish to check with their doctor prior to consuming chicory in case it may cause a negative effect.
If you're interested in trying chicory in your coffee you're in luck! Our New Orleans Style Chicory coffee blend is a delicate blend of our pure arabica Colombian beans, our dark French Roast, and chicory. This creates a true New Orleans traditional blend with a heavy body, smoky overtones, and a surprising brightness. Reach for our New Orleans Style Chicory coffee blend for a unique coffee drinking experience that will transport you to the French Quarter with the first sip. | <urn:uuid:7136077f-1f97-45ac-b724-26ce2684bae5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.coffeeam.com/blogs/blog/what-is-chicory-should-you-try-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039398307.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420122023-20210420152023-00387.warc.gz | en | 0.964908 | 806 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Nearly everyone has had headache pain, and most of us have had it many times. A minor headache is little more than a nuisance that’s relieved by an over-the-counter pain reliever, some food or coffee, or a short rest. But if your headache is severe or unusual, you might worry about stroke, a tumor, or a blood clot. Fortunately, such problems are rare. Still, you should know when a headache needs urgent care and how to control the vast majority of headaches that are not threatening to your health.
What causes headaches?
Doctors don’t fully understand what causes most headaches. They do know that the brain tissue and the skull are never responsible since they don’t have nerves that register pain. But the blood vessels in the head and neck can signal pain, as can the tissues that surround the brain and some major nerves that originate in the brain. The scalp, sinuses, teeth, and muscles and joints of the neck can also cause head pain.
Pain in the Back of the Head, Headache Treatment
Types of headaches
There are more than 300 types of headaches, but only about 10% of headaches have a known cause. The others are called primary headaches. Here is a rundown on some major primary headaches.
Occurring in about three of every four adults, tension headaches are the most common of all headaches. In most cases, they are mild to moderate in severity and occur infrequently. But a few people get severe tension headaches, and some are troubled by them for three or four times a week.
The typical tension headache produces a dull, squeezing pain on both sides of the head. People with strong tension headaches may feel like their head is in a vise. The shoulders and neck can also ache. Some tension headaches are triggered by fatigue, emotional stress, or problems involving the muscles or joints of the neck or jaw. Most last for 20 minutes to two hours.
If you get occasional tension-type headaches, you can take care of them yourself. Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, other brands) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, naproxen (Aleve, other brands), or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, other brands) often do the trick, but follow the directions on the label, and never take more than you should. A heating pad or warm shower may help; some people feel better with a short nap or light snack.
If you get frequent tension-type headaches, try to identify triggers so you can avoid them. Don’t get overtired or skip meals. Learn relaxation techniques; yoga is particularly helpful because it can relax both your mind and your neck muscles. If you clench your jaw or grind your teeth at night, a bite plate may help.
If you need more help, your doctor may prescribe a stronger pain medication or a muscle relaxant to control headache pain. Many people with recurrent tension-type headaches can prevent attacks by taking a tricyclic antidepressant such as amitriptyline (Elavil, generic). Fortunately, most people with tension-type headaches will do very well with simpler programs.
Migraines occur less often than tension headaches, but they are usually much more severe. They are two to three times more common in women than men, but that’s small consolation if you are among the 6% to 8% of all men who have migraines. And since a Harvard study of 20,084 men age 40 to 84 reported that having migraines boosts the risk of heart attacks by 42%, men with migraines should take their headaches to heart.
Neurologists believe that migraines are caused by changes in the brain’s blood flow and nerve cell activity. Genetics play a role since 70% of migraine victims have at least one close relative with the problem.
Migraine triggers. Although a migraine can come on without warning, it is often set off by a trigger. The things that set off a migraine vary from person to person, but a migraine sufferer usually remains sensitive to the same triggers. The table lists some of the most common ones. (health.harvard.edu) | <urn:uuid:fda8fe7d-96d0-48c5-9459-95dd4da6d7f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://healthnewspk.com/pain-in-the-back-of-the-head-headache-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324210143-20190324232143-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.951852 | 879 | 3 | 3 |
Planting herbs is a great way to enrich your garden. Here are some tips that will help you make the best of your herb garden.
Want more gardening tips? Try:
- Plant more parsley, dill, and fennel than you think you will use to attract swallowtail butterflies. The beauty of the butterflies and fun of watching the caterpillars develop can be worth the foliage that they eat.
- Harvest perennial herbs as they develop flower buds. This is the time when the fragrant and flavorful oils in the plants are at their peak of intensity, providing a gourmet experience. Because fresh herbs taste so good, even at other times of the growing season, it's perfectly acceptable to continue harvesting whenever you feel the urge. In cold climates, however, hardy perennial herbs need a break from heavy harvesting beginning 45 days before the first frost in order to prepare for winter.
Removing bricks in a garden path
makes way for low-growing herbs.
- Restrain rampant herbs like mint and bee balm so they can't take over the garden. These plants need firm limits to keep them in their proper place.
- Plant rampant herbs in large plastic pots with the bottom removed and the top rim emerging an inch or two above the soil surface. The container will slow down spreading growth enough so you can see trouble before it spills over the edge. Cut back any errant sprouts and use them for tea or to garnish a fruit salad. Divide to renew the chastised plant every year or two.
- Pinch back annual herbs, such as basil, to keep them from blooming. If allowed to channel energy into seed production, the foliage will grow skimpy and so will your harvest. Pinching off the shoot tips from time to time provides sprigs for herbal vinegars and pestos and inspires the plant to grow back bushier than ever.
- Remove a few bricks in a garden path to make places for low-growing thyme or oregano. Either herb will thrive in this warm, well-drained location and will give a charming natural look and wonderful fragrance to the walkway.
- Plant a collection of commonly used culinary herbs in a clay planter by a sunny kitchen window. They will be right at hand when you need them.
- Culinary herbs are a mainstay of most herb gardens. The garden-fresh flavors of thyme, basil, savory, oregano, and marjoram are incomparable. You can also grow gourmet varieties of these classics -- lemon thyme, cinnamon basil, and Sicilian oregano, for example -- to add to your cooking pleasure. You can also include herbal teas, such as stomach-soothing peppermint and calming chamomile.
- Gardening Tips: Learn great helpful hints for all of your gardening needs.
- Annuals: Plant these beauties in your garden.
- Perennials: Choose great plants that will return year after year.
- Gardening: Discover how to garden. | <urn:uuid:2e6c9aa1-e621-40f0-a73c-e826b6c13964> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://home.howstuffworks.com/herb-growing-tips2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670729.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121023525-20191121051525-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.900119 | 625 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Venomous Lizard Found In Carlsbad, CA Yard Sent To San Diego Zoo
A Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) that was found in a yard in San Diego, CA last week has been sent to the San Diego Zoo. The venomous lizard was initially thought to be a Gila monster after the people who found it did a google search on the lizard and thought it resembled a Gila monster. A herp expert from the San Diego Zoo determined the lizard was a Mexican beaded lizard and the zoo agreed to take the reptile and house it, most likely at the zoo's herp exhibits. The lizard, native to Mexico, is about 2 feet long, and San Diego county officials speculate the lizard was at one point someone's pet, though venomous reptiles are illegal to keep as pets in San Diego county.
Mexican beaded lizard
The Mexican beaded lizard grows to about 2 1/2 feet with some growing up to four feet in length. It is native to the West coast of Mexico from southern Sonora to an isolated population found in central Guatemala. While the lizard can be seemingly tame they are capable of administering a lightning fast and powerful bite. They are active when temperatures reach the 80s and eat a variety of food, including rodents, other lizards, snakes, bird eggs as well as young chicks. It is a relative of the Gila monster, which is found in the deserts and foothills of mountains of Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Mexico. | <urn:uuid:22224d76-b6e4-4967-8da9-c92227baafbb> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Wild-Lizards/Beaded-Lizard-Found-In-Sandiego-Yard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064517.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00146-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967486 | 311 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The effect of biochar amendments on phenanthrene sorption, desorption and mineralisation in different soils
- Subject Areas
- Soil Science, Environmental Contamination and Remediation
- phenathrene, soil, 14C–labelling, sorption, biochar, mineralisation
- © 2018 Moreno Jiménez et al.
- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
- Cite this article
- 2018. The effect of biochar amendments on phenanthrene sorption, desorption and mineralisation in different soils. PeerJ Preprints 6:e26984v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.26984v1
The contamination of soils and waters with organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), affect a large number of sites worldwide that need remediation. In this context soils amendments can be used to immobilise PAHs while maintaining soil functioning, with biochar being a promising amendment. In this experiment phenantrene (Phe) was used as a frequent PAH contaminating soils and we studied the effect of three biochars at 1% applications to three different substrates, two agricultural topsoils and pure sand. We evaluated the changes in soil properties, sorption-desorption of Phe, and mineralisation of Phe in all treatments. Phe in pure sand was effectively sorbed to olive pruning (OBC) and rice husk (RBC) biochars, but pine biochar (PBC) was not as effective. In the soils, OBC and RBC only increased sorption of Phe in the silty soil. Desorption was affected by biochar application, RBC and OBC decreased water soluble Phe independently of the soil, which may be useful in preventing leaching of Phe into natural waters. Contrastingly, OBC and RBC slightly decreased the mineralisation of Phe in the soils, thus indicating lower bioavailability of the contaminant. Overall, biochar effects in the two tested soils were low, most likely due to the rather high soil organic C (SOC) contents of 2.2 and 2.8% with Koc values in the same range as those of the biochars. However, OBC and RBC additions can substantially increase adsorption of Phe in soils poor in SOC.
This is a submission to PeerJ for review. | <urn:uuid:0fb4ec19-06fd-4bc3-8bbe-84d344d4ceb7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://peerj.com/preprints/26984/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.900772 | 604 | 2.6875 | 3 |
ICC President Chile Eboe-Osuji spoke at the United Nations General Assembly this week. This is the second part of the two part edited essay:By Chile Eboe-OsujiPresident of the International Criminal Court History shows the crimes in the Rome Statute as events that disturb international peace and security. Eventually, leaders of other nations would inevitably intervene with military force and halt the on-going atrocities: rightly compelled by the pangs of their own conscience, or of fear or concern as to the dangers posed by the events (somehow, somewhere) to their own national interests. It is difficult to put it more eloquently than Mr Justice Robert H Jackson of the US Supreme Court put it at the end of World War II. We will recall that he was both the Chief US Representative at the London Conference of 1945 and, later, the Chief US Prosecutor at Nuremberg. In a speech he gave to the American Society of International Law in April 1945, he said as follows: “We have been a freedom-loving people. Our Constitution and our philosophy of law have been characterized by a regard for the broadest possible liberty of the individual. But the dullest mind must now see that our national society cannot be so self-sufficient and so isolated that freedom, security, and opportunity of our own citizens can be assured by good domestic laws alone. Forces originating outside of our borders and not subject to our laws have twice in my lifetime disrupted our way of living, demoralized our economy, and menaced the security of life, liberty, and property within our country.” Justice Jackson was testifying from the perspective of a person who lived through two world wars, unlike any of us in this room. We must listen to him. In those very words, Justice Jackson was bearing living witness in 1945 to precisely the same phenomenon expressed in the preamble of the Rome Statute in 1998 that ‘all peoples are united by common bonds, their cultures pieced together in a shared heritage’ and that ‘this delicate mosaic may be shattered at any time’. But, the way in which the man-made turmoil of a foreign land affects us at home need not involve the drama of our own military intervention that involves sacrificing the lives and limbs of the young men and women that are sent to engage in that military intervention as soldiers. It is enough that such turmoil would generate refugee crises, from which no nation can truly isolate itself as a physical or moral proposition. It is for that reason that Justice Jackson rightly concluded as follows: ‘Awareness of the effect of war on our fundamental law should bring home to our people the imperative and practical nature of our striving for a rule of law among the nations.’ This august body and the ICC, as multilateral institutions, stand precisely for such ‘rule of law among nations.’ In many an international armed conflict involving interventions to halt ‘mass atrocities that have already commenced, as was the case in the First and Second World Wars and many other international armed conflicts since, we are bound to acknowledge the salutary role that military intervention can play – to the extent that it is consistent with accepted principles of international law, at least, if not structures of international security. But, it is a grave mistake to dismantle existing international structures of human rights and the rule of law, on the uncertain hope that military intervention alone is all that we must rely upon and nothing else. Military intervention has limitations in obvious ways – even when it manages to stop aggression and atrocities already in progress. As noted earlier, they cost human lives of the soldiers sent to stop them. Another obvious limitation is this: to the victims of all the episodes of genocides mentioned above – the millions of European Jews, the hundreds of thousands of Rwandan Tutsis, and thousands of Bosnian Muslim men – military intervention came far too late, where it came at all. That also is the case for the victims of the variegated episodes of crimes against humanity too numerous to mention – from Sierra Leone to South Africa and in a great many places between and beyond. It is also axiomatic that the administration of post-conflict justice is not quite the bailiwick of military intervention.
After the guns have gone silent, the victims’ cries for justice and reparation will still fill the air to vex our conscience. For that, we need a strong international structure of justice to ensure that justice is administered according to law. The subject of administration of post-conflict justice brings me to the matter of a certain misunderstanding that is often expressed as a worry in relation to the jurisdiction of the ICC. That worry takes the shape of the mistaken claim that the ICC is a usurper of national sovereignty. Justice Jackson spoke about this sort of worry in 1945. In his words: ‘Governments in emotional times are particularly susceptible to passionate attack in which this emotion is appealed to, sometimes crudely and sometimes by more sophisticated formulae such as “impairment of sovereignty,” “submission to foreign control,” and like shibboleths.’ Any fear that the ICC is a usurper of national sovereignty proceeds from a clear misunderstanding of the nature of the ICC’s jurisdiction. That fear may indeed be implicated in the reluctance of some States to ratify the Rome Statute, as has been expressed around the world, where ratification has not yet taken hold. Please, allow me to restate and emphasise here the message that the ICC does not usurp or undermine national sovereignty. Quite the contrary, the nature of the ICC’s jurisdiction does the very opposite. It underscores national sovereignty. Yes, the ICC is unusually deferential to national sovereignty: far more so than any other known order of alternative jurisdiction for the administration of criminal justice. And, here, I must underscore the doctrine of complementarity as the modulating feature of the ICC’s jurisdiction. In substance, the idea of complementarity means what the word says. It means that the ICC is a court of last resort. As such, it only steps in to assist national jurisdictions in their needful role of making justice as full as possible for purposes of accountability, when serious atrocities have been committed in a way that concerns the ICC. Notably, the jurisdictions of the other international criminal tribunals were or are primary, relative to national jurisdictions. The statutes of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon gave them all primacy of jurisdiction in relation to national courts. In contrast, the jurisdiction of the ICC is not primary in relation to national jurisdiction. Indeed, it is important also to keep in mind that the ICC’s jurisdiction is nowhere near as assertive as the ordinary jurisdiction of the courts of a foreign country in the territory of which a citizen of another State commits a crime. It may be noted, in this regard, that even in status of forces agreements (SOFAs) of all nations, it is a generally accepted norm – expressed in a standard clause – that the courts of the country where foreign troops are stationed enjoy primacy of general criminal jurisdiction when a foreign soldier commits a crime within that territory.
The ICC does not have that kind of primacy of claim to jurisdiction. Quite the contrary, under the Rome Statute, the primary jurisdiction belongs to the State with the closest sovereign connection to the situation under consideration. It is only when that State proves unable or unwilling to do justice in the exercise of that primary jurisdiction that the ICC is legally entitled to intervene. The essence of the doctrine of complementarity, then, is that justice must not suffer the fate of the neglected orphan in the province of sovereignty of nations.Beyond the elegant terminology of ‘complementarity’, what is this thing really all about – in practical terms? That is an important question. The answer is quite simple, really. First of all, we will all accept that anyone can violate human rights, but not everyone can do justice. That is to say, criminal justice systems are not all equally able everywhere in the world to administer justice for the purposes of accountability and reparation, according to the generally accepted international standards. Here, you may think of the average failed State where humanity is hostage to daily fear of rampant lawlessness and violent tyranny. Here is a classic case. Somewhere in our world, an inferno of human-to-human violence engulfed a beautiful country in April 1994. But, it had not occurred without warning. Indeed, the internal circumstances of that country had been brooding toward the direction of that event long before April 1994. There had been prior series of episodic violence and other manner of systematic persecution, in which human beings were killed with impunity, on account of their ethnicity. Precisely one year before April 1994, the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions conducted a mission to that country and duly submitted his report to the Commission on Human Rights (as it was then called). Concerning that country’s pre-conflict judicial system, he wrote as follows: “It is the serious failings of [the judicial] system that have made possible the impunity enjoyed by the persons responsible for the killings. The system’s failure to function has been noted on many occasions, notably by [a] national commission … which reached the conclusion that many courts were in a state of paralysis. This state of affairs is partly attributable to the lack of resources available for the administration of justice, but chiefly to the lack of political will shown by the authorities in bringing guilty parties to justice …” To varying degrees, that is the story of many countries with chronic histories of human rights violations. For States like those, the value of the ICC as a viable back-up system of justice is all too apparent. And, here, we need not also consider that in the country indicated above, the number of legal professionals – including judges and lawyers – was reduced to less than 300 in the killings of the many hundreds of thousands that occurred in 1994. Now, how could such a country be expected to administer justice meaningfully soon after the conflict? The example of that country underscores the importance of ICC’s complementary jurisdiction, in the most practical terms, in most cases. In that regard, we have in the ICC a permanent institution of its kind, which is in place and readily available to be engaged without delay: thus obviating the need for ad hoc solutions, which, for a great many reasons, may never materialise. But, even for the more able States, the ICC remains valuable – not as a usurper of sovereignty – but as a mirror of conscience. Such is the case where political will appears a little shy to address the needs of justice, behind the veil of sovereignty. It is noted in this connection that war crimes do occur in almost every war. And the culprits can come from the rank and file of the most disciplined and professional armed forces in the world, in spite of the best efforts of their commanders acting with unimpeachable good faith. In his war memoirs, a famed American General of Second World War stated that axiom in terms, in a conversation he had with the Grand Vizier of Morocco during the Second World War. “As I told him,” recalled the General, “in spite of my most diligent efforts, there would unquestionably be some [soldiers who would commit rape], and I should like to have the details as early as possible so that the offenders could be properly hanged.” The Rome Statute does not require States to ‘hang’ their soldiers at all – let alone to do so ‘properly’ – when they commit rape or other war crimes during armed conflicts. The Rome Statute’s requirements are more modest – and far more humane. It requires only that suspects of war crimes be prosecuted and punished – ‘properly’. And the ICC would remind able States to do just that – because they can. Failing that, the ICC would exercise jurisdiction – as a matter of last resort. Here the ability of States engages their duty to do justice – not impunity/immunity for their citizens. There is no usurpation of sovereignty in that. In this connection, I call in aid again the very thoughtful observations of Justice Jackson, in the following words: “It is futile to think … that we can have an international law that is always working on our side. And it is futile to think that we can have international courts that will always render the decisions we want to promote our interests. We cannot successfully cooperate with the rest of the world in establishing a reign of law unless we are prepared to have that law sometimes operate against what would be our national advantage.” Those are wise words. The only revision that may be necessary is to say that when international law operates to make our world a better place for humanity in the long run, it would have worked to ‘our national advantage’; though it may not seem like it in the short run. In addition to the many situations and cases at the phases of preliminary reviews, investigations, pre-trial, trial and appeal, the Court is now increasingly engaged in the reparations phase of proceedings, involving also the important role of the Court’s Trust Fund for Victims. This additionally underlines the prominent position that victims hold in the system created by the Rome Statute. The cooperation of States as well as the United Nations and other organisations remains of critical importance for the Court’s ability to carry out its mandate effectively. Earlier on, I had recalled that a primary moral impetus to the Rome Statute’s adoption 20 years ago was the horrifying history of the 20th century: The Holocaust, the Rwandan Genocide and the Srebrenica Massacre are examples of such ‘unimaginable atrocities’. The ICC is one real structure that we now have to try those who would commit such crimes, in hopes of preventing their repeat in future. In this regard, I cannot but invoke the following words of Nigeria’s President Buhari on the occasion of the 20th anniversay of the Rome Statute: ‘The Rome Statute created more than a court; it created the outline for a system of justice for horrific crimes rooted first in national courts doing their job, and where they fail to do so, the ICC stepping in only as the “court of the last resort”.’ I urge you to make it stronger in every way that you can. Do not allow it to be weakened. Here, again, I quote President Buhari one more time: “I urge all States that have not yet done so to, as a matter of deliberate State policy, accede to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court so that it can become a universal treaty.” Before concluding, I must recall the famous words of Edmund Burke: to the effect that ‘all that is necessary for evil to prevail is for good men to do nothing.’ But, I must revise it to say this: All that is necessary for evil to prevail is for good men and women to refrain from doing all that is possible and necessary for them to do to prevent such evil. It is both necessary and possible to strengthen the ICC. For, that is to strengthen the wall of conscience and of international law against ‘unimaginable atrocities that deeply shock the conscience of humanity’. And whenever we think of human history as being also a history of ‘unimaginable atrocities that shock the conscience’ of humankind, let us also always remember the following wise words of Eleanor Roosevelt: ‘It is better to light a single candle than to curse the darkness.’ The ICC was such a candle, lit 20 years ago. It behoves all of us to keep it alight. | <urn:uuid:ad65fa1e-a0ad-408d-831c-5ff36e954116> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://jfjustice.net/eboe-osuji-icc-does-not-usurp-or-undermine-national-sovereignty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446709929.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126212945-20221127002945-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.961606 | 3,256 | 2.640625 | 3 |
An article on USA Today cites a study of Dr. Anthony Fauci and medical historian Dr. David Morens, both of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, about the emerging pandemic diseases leading to the COVID-19.
The study explains how pathogens transfer from an animal host to humans and the dynamics and interactions between human, animals, and the environment that gives rise to deadly infectious diseases and its eventual spread.
Researchers looked at past epidemics and pandemics as early as 430 BCE up to the present day COVID-19 that has plagued humans and which part of the globe these diseases have come from historically.
COVID-19 will not be the last infectious diseases that will afflict us humans, and threats will continue to come from emerging diseases, re-emerging, deliberately and accidentally emerging contagious diseases, according to the study. “Established diseases may also re-emerge, for example by extending geographically or by becoming more transmissible or more pathogenic,” it says.
The emergence of diseases reflects the dynamic balances or imbalances of our ecosystems that includes humans, animals, pathogens, and environment, and understanding these variables is a step towards controlling the emergence of devastating diseases the study says.
Human’s manipulation of nature that started around 12 thousand years ago when human-gatherers domesticated animals for food was the time when deadly diseases like smallpox, measles, bubonic/pneumonic plague, Justinian plague emerged killing a significant number of the population, the study says.
Fast forward to the present day, the anthropogenic climate change and the continuous degradation of the environment will again affect the dynamics and movements of humans and animals that can trigger the emergence or re-emergence of deadly diseases.
Dr. Morens said that we have an entered a pandemic era and the causes include deforestation, urban crowding, and wet markets for wild game (Rice, 2020).
Climate change’s role in the spread of diseases is a bit complicated as viruses tends to survive in cold temperatures. However, with a warming climate, people tend to stay indoors in airconditioned rooms, thus making the spread of diseases easier, according to a meteorologist, Jeff Masters (Rice, 2020).
Rice (2020) says that warming also creates opportunities for pathogens to spread. As some parts of the globe heat up, animals both in the land and sea will move towards the poles to get away from the heat towards the poles and will get into contact with new animals that otherwise they would not so this would create pathogens to jump into new hosts.
The way to limit the spread of infectious diseases is to “vastly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming to 1.5 degrees” says Dr Arron Bernstein, director of Harvard University’s T.H. Chan C-CHANGE program (Rice, 2020).
The study concludes that while science will eventually provide the cure for endemics and pandemics and come up with lifesaving diagnostics and systems to prevent the spread of diseases, evidence shows that SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 are just the beginning of the many deadly viruses that will come.
We are living in a human-dominated world and our actions that damage nature and our environment will have a fatal consequence which would hopefully force us to think about how we can change our behaviour, it adds.
To read the entire study, click on the button below: | <urn:uuid:48072f06-1289-4a97-a544-d68fa16545e9> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://climateadaptationplatform.com/will-climate-change-give-rise-to-more-pandemics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141182794.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125125427-20201125155427-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.942207 | 716 | 3.234375 | 3 |
McNabs History: Section 11-12
Brian Kinsman / Parks and Recreation Division, NS Dept of Natural Resources: April '95
11.0 LAWLOR ISLANDOn September 30, 1750, Thomas Bloss was granted an island in Halifax Harbour which later bore his name. Bloss Island was one of many names which referred to the island up until the latter part of the 19th century when it became widely known as Lawlor Island. In 1750, Governor Cornwallis wrote of Bloss:
Captain Bloss, a half-pay captain of a man- of-war is come here. He has brought with him 16 negroes - has built a very good house at his own expense, and is a sensible, worthy man. He is going home to pass some accounts that is necessary, being abroad many years.Bloss went to England and was never seen again in Halifax. A man named Scott next obtained ownership of the island.
In 1758, the island bore the name Webb's Island. In 1792, it was referred to as Carroll's Island. In 1821, James Lawlor, into whose hands the island had passed, offered a reward for the conviction of persons who had stolen his sheep from the island. In this notice the island is referred to as McNamara's Island.
Haliburton, in 1829, refers to the island as Duggan's Island. He records that nine people lived there with six acres of land under cultivation. Shortly afterwards the island was referred to as Warren's Island.
In 1866, after an estimated 200 passengers and crew died of cholera on McNabs Island, the Provincial Government constructed a building for quarantine purposes near Green Hill, at the southern end of McNabs Island. Shortly afterward, however, the Imperial government acquired the southern half of McNabs Island from Lyttleton for military purposes, thus necessitating the purchase of a new site for the quarantine station.
In 1866, the Province acquired Lawlor Island for use a quarantine station. A central figure in providing these new facilities was Sir Charles Tupper who served as both city health officer and Premier of Nova Scotia at this time. He later became Prime Minister of Canada.
The quarantine building on McNabs island was dismantled in 1866 and re-erected on Lawlor Island. The threat of another cholera epidemic in 1871 prompted the construction of three quarantine hospitals on Lawlor Island capable of accommodating at least 500 people. In 1893, a disinfection building was added to the quarantine station. A small cemetery located at the extreme northern tip of the island was used as the final resting spot for those who died while at the quarantine station.
One of the most interesting episodes in the island's history occurred in 1899 when 2,000 Doukhobor immigrants were quarantined there. Persecuted in their native Russia, the Doukhobors were enroute to new homes in Western Canada with support from Leo Tolstoy and under the leadership of his son Count Sergius Tolstoy when their ship arrived at Halifax on January 28 with a possible outbreak of smallpox.
The Doukhobors were immediately removed to Lawlor Island where they were initially housed in building designed for only 1,400 people. Within days the hard working Doukhobors had constructed additional accommodations for themselves, along with a kitchen and enlarged bath house. After several weeks of fumigation, disinfection and vaccination, no cases of smallpox were reported. Shortly before departure, Count Tolstoy was interviewed by The Halifax Herald. Of his stay on Lawlor Island Tolstoy noted that it "was not at all to be compared with the rigors of Siberian banishment but still the three weeks spent there had been dull exceedingly."
The quarantine station on Lawlor Island was used occasionally in this century, but a better understanding of preventative health care and improved communications between ports greatly reduced the spread of infectious diseases. By 1938, the quarantine station was no longer needed on Lawlor Island. The island was subsequently purchased by the Canadian government for use as a medical facility during the Second World War. Today only the foundations and a few gravestones of the once busy quarantine station remain.
In 1864, during the American Civil War, McNabs and Lawlor islands played a small but important role in an incident involving several ships from the Confederate and Union navies. In the summer of 1864 the confederate raider Tallahassee sailed from Wilmington, South Carolina, and over the next several months attacked many ships destined for northern ports. On August 17 the Tallahassee entered Halifax Harbour to stock up on coal for the return trip to the Confederate port of Wilmington, Delaware. Under British neutrality laws, the Tallahassee had forty-eight hours to replenish her supplies and repair any damage before leaving harbour. With two Union ships thought to be guarding the main harbour channel, it seemed inevitable that the Tallahassee would be captured or destroyed soon after leaving the sanctuary of Halifax Harbour.
Neither the captain of the Tallahassee, John T. Wood, or his crew, though, were willing to admit defeat so easily. In the dead of night the Tallahassee prepared to escape from the harbour by passing through the shallow and dangerous Eastern Passage. Hidden from the awaiting Union vessels by McNabs and Lawlor Islands, the Tallahassee managed to slip out of Halifax Harbour unnoticed. In fact, the Tallahassee need not have worried about slipping out unnoticed as logs show the nearest Union ship was eight hours behind the Tallahassee arriving in Halifax.
Perhaps the most famous blockade runner of the war, the Tallahassee destroyed 35 ships during the war. Her captain, a grandson of Zachary Taylor, 12th president of the United States, settled in Halifax after the war and became a member of the city's business establishment. Interestingly, Captain Wood's son, Charles, was one of the first Canadians killed in South Africa during the Boer War. The community of Chaswood, Halifax County, is named in his honour.
12.0 DEVILS ISLANDWhen the French engineer DeLabat visited Chibouquetou in 1711 he prepared a map of the entrance to Halifax Harbour. This map (Figure 3) shows a small island at the harbour entrance which DeLabat called "Isle Verte" (Green Island) and which later became Devils Island. The name Devils Island originates from a Frenchman named Deval or Devol who at one time owned the island. Over the years the pronunciation was changed to Devils.
In 1752, a grant of "a small island on the eastern side of the [Halifax] harbour" was made to Captain John Rous. This was Devils Island. In early years the island was referred to as Wood Island, apparently because it was forested. Hewitt believed that many years ago someone had set fire to the woods and the island was "robbed of its heavy growth of trees."
About 1830, the first permanent settlement was made on Devils Island. Andrew Henneberry, whose lease on McNabs Island had expired, moved to Devils Island, taking with him a large family. Henneberry, his wife, and a son, were later drowned off Devils Island.
After the Henneberrys came Thomas Edwards who was later joined by several brothers. About 1850 there were three houses and a school on the island. In 1901, eighteen houses stood on the island.
Prior to 1848, a beacon or some distinguishing mark on the island was used for navigational purposes. About 1848, a catoptric light was erected on the southwest side of the island. This was replaced in 1877 by a new lighthouse. A life boat station was established on the island about 1883 to rescue ships' crews that had wandered too close to the island or surrounding shores. Some of the recorded shipwrecks on Devils Island included the following:
Ship Date Deaths
Southampton(brig) 1849 1
unknown 1864 all hands
unknown 1864 none
Breamish (barge) 1871 2
Union (schooner) 1874 -
John Wesley (schooner) 1884 -
Henry Fenwick - -
Over the years the inhabitants of Devils Island gradually moved elsewhere. An automatic lighthouse on the uninhabited island presently guides ships into the safety of Halifax Harbour.
This Internet version of McNabs Island: An Historical Overview is provided by the Federation of Nova Scotia Naturalists (FNSN) as a contribution to the park planning process.
|Thanks to Chebucto Community Net for providing our Web hosting!|
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Conventional Farming that uses lots of pesticides and chemical fertilizers erodes the soil and contaminates the water. The chemicals involved penetrate into our living through the food chain. We believe "Organic" is not limited to farming or other production method, its existence reminds us to respect the nature and life, pay attention to ecological conservation, reduce waste through our lifestyle and pay emphasis on the harmonic existence of human being, other living organisms and the nature.
The city life which is hectic and demands efficiency makes human life mechanic. We pursue a quality materialistic life but neglect the hidden crisis behind. Have you care for the health and environmental responsibility while consumption? Have our ever increasing consumption increase the burden to the environment？We need a health, balanced and sustainable life style. Organic Living values the nature. It's high time for us to take action in protecting our already harmed planet。
Organic life is not difficult to commence. No need to have a 180 degree conversion to organic food, but we can go organic step by step. When you think of organic, then go buy it. Buy some organic replacements for the chemical cleanser at home when you need to buy. The power of consumption is greater than you can imagine! Every purchase decision is affecting production method of the goods producers and affecting our environment at the same time. To be a responsible consumer, we should actualize green consumption . Let's use our consumption right in a wise way.
YOUR DECISION IS AFFECTING THE FATE OF THE EARTH.
- Buy less. Buy the clothing that you really need.
- Refuse fur to prevent the slaughter of wild animals.
- Choose natural fiber (like cotton, jute and wool) for clothing.
- Choose unbleached, undye or organic cotton fabrics. Buy clothes that durable and will not go out of fashion.
- Don't buy "crease-resistant" or "non-iron" clothing as it is processed using mostly toxic chemicals.
- Donate your unwanted clothes to those who need them.
- Refuse disposable eating utensils and prepare your own durable one.
- Buy food with organic certification labels.
- Refuse over packaged food.
- Visit those restaurants that are environmentally responsible.
- Buy food grown in local or neighboring area to reduce the pollution caused by traffic.
- Buy less processed or prickled food.
- Buy Air conditioning facilities that use refrigerant without CFCs.
- Reduce the purchase or replacement furniture. Donate to others instead of disposal.
- Choose used wood and wood from sustainable managed forest when possible.
- Don't make unnecessary refurbishment.
- Avoid using furniture and decoration materials with adhesives and paints contain VOC.
- Use energy-saving bulb as it saves 75% of electricity more than the normal
- Use your own shopping bag and reuse plastic bags.
- Walk more or use bicycle, or go out by public transport can save energy and reduce the emission of toxic gases.
- Avoid traveling by private vehicle when you are alone. Keep regular checking of vehicles to allow the best performance.
- Join green activities and deliver the environmental protection messages to friends.
- Go the countryside and experience the goodness of the nature. | <urn:uuid:956f5221-a711-4d76-b52e-946a25d952ba> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.hkorc.org/en/consumer06.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697380733/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094300-00096-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.832751 | 669 | 2.796875 | 3 |
World Space Week 2022:
World Space Week (WSW) is observed every year from October 4 to 10, to celebrate science and technology, and their contribution towards the betterment of the human condition. World Space Week aims to help people gain a wider knowledge about space outreach and education. This helps people around the globe understand what benefits they can receive from space and how they can use space for sustainable economic development. It also aims to celebrate and show public support for space programs.
World Space Week 2022: Theme
The World Space Week 2022 theme is “Space and Sustainability” focusing on achieving sustainability in space and achieving sustainability from space. The theme is inspired by how sustainability in space relates to how humanity uses space, most pressingly, the orbital area surrounding Earth.
Space exploration and remote Earth observation can help drive change for our home planet. This includes measuring climate change, identifying pollution on land and at sea, and supporting agriculture in developing nations.
History of World Space Week:
In 1999, the United Nations General Assembly declared October 4-10 to be celebrated as World Space Week. These dates were not randomly selected. October 4 marks the launch of the first human-made Earth satellite, Sputnik 1. When Sputnik 1 was launched into orbit in 1957, it opened the scope for space exploration. A decade later, on October 10, 1967, the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, was signed.
The first time this event was celebrated was in 2000. It focused on the theme – “Launching the Space Millennium.” In 2021, this event achieved a record scale. The week consisted of more than 6,418 events in 96 nations. | <urn:uuid:a2f6a175-5f0c-4ee8-a0e5-af475a8ddc92> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/world-space-week-2022-observed-on-4-10-october/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00863.warc.gz | en | 0.946504 | 363 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Diabetes is characterized by constant high levels of blood glucose (sugar) in body. When a person is detected with Diabetes, one need to work and monitor to keep sugar levels in normal range as uncontrolleddiabetes can cause the development of various complications, which includes heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, circulation problems, nerve damage and damage to the kidneys and eyes. With advancements in treatment options one can do many things to stay well and live a healthy life without complications. A few changes in one’s lifestyle and food habits along with proper medication and monitoring can help a person with diabetes lead a normal healthy life. Many people with diabetes lead long, active and full lives that include marriage, intimacy, family, careers, sports and vacations.
10 resolutions which can help to live a healthy life with diabetes are–
- I will take regular medications as directed by doctor.I will notdrop, miss or change drugs without consulting him/her.
- I will monitor my sugar levels regularly as suggested by doctor. Along with self monitoring of blood glucose level, I will get my HbA1c(test gives average blood glucose levels of last 2-3 months) test done every 3 month. I willaim my HbA1c less than 7 percent. If HbA1c >7.5 in spite of all efforts, will visit doctor immediately for proper advice on my current treatment plan.
- I will get my blood pressure checked regularly. Along with that at least once in a year, I will haveLipid Profile, Urine Microalbuminurea, Serum Creatinine, Eye fundus examination andFoot Examination by the doctor done to prevent complications of diabetes.
- I willinclude more vegetables in my meal. Eating more vegetables can make us fell satiated in fewer calories. So, look in your meal for ingredients that can be substituted with vegetables. Having a colorful plate is the best way to ensure that you are eating plenty of fruits, vegetables and greens.
- I willinclude whole grains and fiber in my diet. I will have whole wheat flour rather than Maida, Brown rice instead of white rice and other whole grain cereals. Oatmeal, Nuts, dried beans and peas, fruits, and vegetables are all good sources of fiber.
- I willpractice portion control. I will have small portions of my favorite foods when I have temptations. If you control the portion sizes of the food you eat, you will be able to eat a wider variety of foods including your favorite sweets. A small portion is less likely to upset blood sugar levels.
- I will stop smoking and drinking alcohol.Stopping smoking is of major benefit in the prevention of major diabetes complications such as coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Your doctor or healthcare team can help you in quitting smoking.If you want to drink, then don’t drink empty stomach. (No more than 1 drinks for women and 2 drinks for men.
- I will be active and exercise regularly. I willwalk or jog when going somewhere, will climb stairs instead of taking an escalator. I will try to do something active for a total of 30 minutes every day. Choose an activity that you enjoy and do it regularly. It can mean many kinds of physical activities like dancing, skipping, cycling, playing badminton and swimming.
- I will loose weight. It is ideal to have BMI less than 23 but even if you can loose up to 5-10% of your body weight, it can help in controlling diabetes.Losing weight will help your body use insulin better.Slow weight loss is healthier, easier and more beneficial.
- I will not take stress of living with diabetes. I will control diabetes before it controls me. | <urn:uuid:c4010a0e-1620-4804-883d-eb10bfa17e24> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://pediatricendocrinologist.com/faqs/how-to-remain-healthy-with-diabetes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589757.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717164437-20180717184437-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.939832 | 770 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Effects of low pH and raised temperature on egg production, hatching and metabolic rates of a Mediterranean copepod species (Acartia clausi) under oligotrophic conditions
This study includes the first information on the combined effect of low pH and raised temperature on egg production rate (EP), hatching success (HS), excretion and respiration of the Mediterranean copepod Acartia clausi. Adult individuals of A. clausi and fresh surface seawater were collected at a coastal station in Saronikos Gulf during April 2012. Four different conditions were applied: two different pH levels (present: 8.09 and future: 7.83) at two temperature values (present: 16°C and present+4 °C= 20°C). EP and HS success decreased significantly over the duration of exposure at future pH at both temperature conditions. However, the analysis of the combined effect of pH, T, chlorophyll α and the duration of the experiments on EP and HS revealed that ocean acidification had no discernible effect, whereas warming; food and the duration of exposure were more significant for the reproductive output of A. clausi. Temperature appeared to have a positive effect on respiration and excretion. Acidification had no clear effect on respiration, but a negative effect on the A. clausi excretion was observed. Acidification and warming resulted in the increase of the excretion rate and the increase was higher than that observed by warming only. Our findings showed that a direct effect of ocean acidification on copepod’s vital rates was not obvious, except maybe in the case of excretion. Therefore, the combination of acidification with the ambient oligotrophic conditions and the warming could result in species being less able to allocate resources for coping with multiple stressors. | <urn:uuid:2120d970-f6d7-4e32-ab83-7e5d2730280e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.openarchives.gr/aggregator-openarchives/edm/hcmr_med_mar_sc/000072-hcmr-med-mar-sc_article_view_12496 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209040.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814131141-20180814151141-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.931438 | 369 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Posts Tagged ‘Leonard Pitts’
It’s likely you’ll see a LOT of stories about the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington. Every single one will marvel about how much progress has been made in America in the area of race, since 1963. Almost all will point to a black President, the current Attorney General, and two recent Secretaries of State as examples. The divergence in opinions come on this point: some will claim that we have “reached the promised land,” making sure to paraphrase Martin Luther King, Jr. from that day a half century ago – as though he were the only speaker there – while others will suggest that we haven’t quite gotten there yet.
When President Obama suggested that we look at race again in light of the Trayvon Martin case, that Obama could have been Trayvon 35 years ago, some, such as Touré at TIME, thought it was a brave personal observation. He wrote: “The assertion that blacks are hallucinating or excuse-making or lying when we talk about the many very real ways white privilege and racial bias and the lingering impact of history impact our lives is painful. It adds insult to injury to attack all assertions of racism and deny its continued impact or existence.”
Others labelled Obama “racist-in-chief”, playing the “race card” and worse. Read the rest of this entry »
Leonard Pitts wrote a tremendous article, Dumbest idea in history? Race. You should read the whole piece.
Among other things, He explains that race became “that which would allow one person in rags to feel superior to another person in rags.” In the United States, “Whiteness was something that had to be learned and earned, particularly for those — Jews, Poles, southern Italians, Hungarians, the Irish — who were regarded as congenitally inferior. They were seen as white, says [Nell Irwin] Painter, but it was a sort of defective whiteness. They were ‘off white’ for want of a better term, and as such, a threat to American values and traditions. And they were mistreated accordingly until, over the passage of generations of assimilation, they achieved full whiteness.”
“As whiteness was invented, so was blackness. Read the rest of this entry » | <urn:uuid:f9be5663-13cb-4364-bdf9-62c0cd876789> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.rogerogreen.com/tag/leonard-pitts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115865010.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161105-00052-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98025 | 495 | 2.71875 | 3 |
noun | \ ˈi-dē-ət \ | id·i·ot
: a person with especially a profound intellectual disability
Note: While the terms idiot, imbecile, and moron survive in many state codes and statutes, they are generally no longer used in both medical and legal contexts. The modern terminology distinguishes between mild, moderate, severe, and profound levels of disability. Historically persons with intellectual disabilities have been deprived of certain rights (as in not being allowed to vote). Generally today, an adult with an intellectual disability who is his or her own guardian is not deprived of these rights. | <urn:uuid:cf1cb75b-e230-4143-b908-16a695316b11> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.legalauthority.in/dictionary/idiot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363337.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207075308-20211207105308-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.940456 | 132 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Seattlepi.com's focus on experimental and groundbreaking science in technology, the biosciences and the plain ol’ weird from around the world with a Northwest bias.
Monthly Archive for December, 2013
About the video (from a news release): PBS Digital Studios’ documentary web series created by filmmaker Joey Shanks, “Shanks FX”, has been educating viewers on the art of DIY special effects for 24 gorgeous episodes. These effects have come together in a stunning new way in Shanks’ last episode, “SCI-FLY,” a compilation film that served […] [Read More]
Spying on Jupiter’s moon Europa with the Hubble Space Telescope, NASA scientists have spotted water vapors above the moon’s south polar region. They couldn’t spot any alien life forms playing with The Soaker or squirting water out of strange orifices, so they’re pretty sure the water came from a geyser shooting up through a crack in […] [Read More]
From NASA: In honor of the anti-apartheid icon Nelson Mandela, who passed away today at the age of 95, here is an image of Cape Town, South Africa, from space. This photo was taken on May 9, 2013, by Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield while living and working aboard the International Space Station. Hadfield tweeted this […] [Read More]
Five exoplanets — planets trillions of miles away, orbiting distant stars — have water in their atmosphere, a study using the Hubble Space Telescope has determined. It’s not the first time a distant planet has shown signs of water in its atmosphere, NASA says, but it’s the first time a study has conclusively measured and […] [Read More]
The scientists at NASA have known for awhile that just above Titan’s north pole hovered a hood or vortex - ”an area of denser, high altitude haze compared to the rest of the moon’s atmosphere.” Then the seasons changed and the hood dissipated off the north pole and a similar one appeared over the south pole. […] [Read More] | <urn:uuid:c8bcb8d1-73c0-46db-8400-a7b58f57ba3f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://blog.seattlepi.com/bigscience/2013/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447549691.120/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185909-00048-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932669 | 443 | 2.640625 | 3 |
|MLOCK(2)||System Calls Manual||MLOCK(2)|
— lock (unlock) physical pages in memory
void *addr, size_t
void *addr, size_t
mlock() system call locks into memory
the physical pages associated with the virtual address range starting at
addr for len bytes. The
munlock() call unlocks pages previously locked by
one or more
mlock() calls. For both, the
addr parameter should be aligned to a multiple of the
page size. If the len parameter is not a multiple of
the page size, it will be rounded up to be so. The entire range must be
mlock() call, the indicated pages
will cause neither a non-resident page nor address-translation fault until
they are unlocked. They may still cause protection-violation faults or
TLB-miss faults on architectures with software-managed TLBs. The physical
pages remain in memory until all locked mappings for the pages are removed.
Multiple processes may have the same physical pages locked via their own
virtual address mappings. A single process may likewise have pages multiply
locked via different virtual mappings of the same pages or via nested
mlock() calls on the same address range. Unlocking
is performed explicitly by
munlock() or implicitly
by a call to munmap(2) which deallocates
the unmapped address range. Locked mappings are not inherited by the child
process after a fork(2).
Since physical memory is a potentially scarce resource, processes
are limited in how much they can lock down. A single process can
mlock() the minimum of a system-wide “wired
pages” limit and the per-process
RLIMIT_MEMLOCK resource limit.
munlock() functions return the value 0 if
successful; otherwise the value -1 is returned and the global
variable errno is set to indicate the error.
mlock() will fail if:
munlock() will fail if:
munlock() functions first appeared in
Unlike Sun's implementation, multiple
mlock() calls on the same address range require the
corresponding number of
munlock() calls to actually
unlock the pages, i.e.,
mlock() nests. This should
be considered a consequence of the implementation and not a feature.
The per-process resource limit is a limit on the amount of virtual memory locked, while the system-wide limit is for the number of locked physical pages. Hence a process with two distinct locked mappings of the same physical page counts as 2 pages against the per-process limit and as only a single page in the system limit.
|January 11, 2019||OpenBSD-current| | <urn:uuid:a8e35423-a930-4993-acb8-58d852788f67> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://man.openbsd.org/mlock.2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668416.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114104329-20191114132329-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.786088 | 575 | 3 | 3 |
|My file is too large to upload.|
If your file is too large to upload, these optimizing file tips should help reduce the file size:
When using a scanner, the scanning resolution determines the size of the scanned image. Use a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi) to get a life-size image when displayed on the screens of most computers. Since computer screens display only about 72 pixels per inch, using a resolution higher than this will make your file size unnecessarily large.
Use digital imaging software to crop unnecessary parts of the image.
Use .gif format when you do not need a lot of colors. For example, simple line drawings, shapes, and small icons work well in this format. You can optimize .gif images by reducing the number of colors. The fewer colors you use, the smaller the file size. Start with 256 colors, and reduce the number of colors until just before you notice a difference in the image.
Use .jpg format, when you are working with photographs. When prompted, you can optimize .jpg images by using a lower quality choice. The default save for a .jpg in most programs is set to 10, the highest quality. You can try reducing it to a smaller number, depending on the necessity of a sharp image for your project. The lower the quality, the smaller the file size. Start with the maximum quality and reduce the image quality until just before you notice a difference in the image.
Reduce image size using a graphics-editing program (such as Adobe Photoshop, or Microsoft Photo Editor). The smaller the dimensions of the image, the smaller the file size.
Cropping an image in PowerPoint WILL NOT reduce the file size.
When you resize the image in a program such as PowerPoint, you are only making the picture appear smaller on the screen - the actual file size of the image has not been reduced at all.
Individual images should be no larger than 200 kb, whenever possible. Maximum size of all the images in the presentation should be no more than 4 MB, whenever possible.
Include a blank slide at the beginning of the presentation. It would seem as though adding a blank slide at the beginning of a presentation would increase file size; however, the opposite is true. The blank slide serves as the preview image -- the image PowerPoint displays when you select a file in the Open dialog box. Since a blank slide is far less complex than the real first slide, the preview image is much smaller, thereby reducing the size of the presentation file.
In order to upload your video to TaskStream, you will need to compress it to a file size of 100MB or less.
Change the resolution. 320x240 and 640x480 are common resolution settings for uploading video to the web.
Change the frame rate (number of frames per second). Lowering the frame rate will reduce the size of the file. Please note this can reduce video quality if overused.
Change the audio quality. Slightly reducing the quality of the audio track will help reduce file size
You may also wish to separate your video into multiple sections. Each piece can then be uploaded to TaskStream separately and listed in chronological order by naming the files appropriately. It is possible to upload multiple video files to TaskStream as long as the total file storage space of your account is not exceeded and as long as each video file is 100MB or smaller. However, please note that depending on the quality of your video, each section may still need additional compression to reduce it under the 100MB limit.
Please note that, because video compression and manipulation occur outside of TaskStream, we are only able to provide limited support and do not endorse or support any specific video program. | <urn:uuid:8ea7fa07-f32e-4f2c-9dcb-8c39ee9a8d96> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.csuohio.edu/cehs/my-file-too-large-upload-scanner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188914.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00103-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904308 | 755 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Whereas child personality, IQ, and family factors have been identified as enabling a resilient response to psychosocial adversity, more direct biological resilience factors have been less well delineated. This is particularly so for child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which has received less attention from a resilience perspective than have associated externalizing disorders. Children from two independent samples were classified as resilient if they avoided developing ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), or conduct disorder (CD) in the face of family adversity. Two protective factors were examined for their potential relevance to prefrontal brain development: neuropsychological response inhibition, as assessed by the Stop task, and a composite catecholamine genotype risk score. Resilient children were characterized in both samples by more effective response inhibition, although the effect in the second sample was very small. Genotype was measured in Sample 1, and a composite high risk genotype index was developed by summing presence of risk across markers on three genes expressed in prefrontal cortex: dopamine transporter, dopamine D4 receptor, and noradrenergic alpha-2 receptor. Genotype was a reliable resilience indicator against development of ADHD and CD, but not ODD, in the face of psychosocial adversity. Results illustrate potential neurobiological protective factors related to development of prefrontal cortex that may enable children to avoid developing ADHD and CD in the presence of psychosocial adversity.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Developmental and Educational Psychology
- Psychiatry and Mental health | <urn:uuid:efe40f5a-3179-490c-9822-40c3a0d77003> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/genotype-and-neuropsychological-response-inhibition-as-resilience-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991288.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518160705-20210518190705-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.96042 | 303 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Public Health News Roundup: September 10
Today is World Suicide Prevention Day
Worldwide, suicide is the third leading cause of death among adults ages 18 to 45. In observance of World Suicide Prevention Day, the World Health Organization has released the Public Health Action Plan for Prevention of Suicide, and later today The National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention will release the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention, a report from the U.S. Surgeon General and the Alliance. The report will identify community-based approaches to help curb the incidence of suicide, new ways to identify people at risk for suicide, and outline national priorities for suicide prevention. Follow NewPublicHealth for coverage of the release. Read more on mental health.
USDA Diet Tracker Reaches 1 Million Users
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) SuperTracker diet planning and tracking tool has reached one million registered users. According to the USDA, the tool helps people make healthy lifestyle choices to improve their dietary pattern, maintain a healthy weight, track their level of physical activity, and reduce their risk of chronic disease. Read more on obesity.
Multistate Salmonella Outbreak Linked to Turtles
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration and public health officials in several states are investigating multistate outbreaks of human Salmonella infections linked to exposure to turtles or their environments (such as water from a turtle habitat). More than 160 illnesses have been reported from 30 states; 64 percent of ill persons are children age 10 or younger, and 27 percent of ill persons are children age one year or younger. Fifty-six percent of ill persons are Hispanic.
The CDC reminds households:
- Don’t buy small turtles from street vendors, websites, pet stores or other sources.
- Keep reptiles out of homes with young children or people with weakened immune systems.
- Reptiles should not be kept in child care centers, nursery schools, or other facilities with young children.
- Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water immediately after touching a reptile or anything in the area where they live and roam. Use hand sanitizer if soap and water are not readily available. Adults should always supervise hand washing for young children.
Read more on infectious disease. | <urn:uuid:fa5df493-d501-4e0b-9158-ee3a666415e7> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.rwjf.org/en/blogs/new-public-health/2012/09/public_health_newsr11.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164574548/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134254-00025-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917054 | 465 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A discussion on where the effects of the Cuban crisis on the relationship between east and west. (7 out of 7).If you plan to use someone else's ideas or information that you got from another source, you will need to credit the source of your information. This is true whether you're quoting another source directly or simply summarizing or paraphrasing their words or ideas.An Essay about William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily." Focuses on Emily's reasons for needing to be in control.Academic books and journals tend to be good sources of information. In addition to print sources, you may be able to find reliable information in scholarly databases such as JSTOR and Google Scholar. mistakes can be.As you're researching your topic, keep detailed notes about relevant information, ideas that interest you, and questions that you need to explore further. If you plan to use any of the information that you find in your paper, write down detailed citation information. This will allow you to find the information again and cite it properly.Teaching high school history requires a love for facts and making history come alive. By going through the process of becoming a credentialed or certified history teacher, one will be authorized to teach history and other social sciences in a departmentalized class in grades seven to twelve. Here are the requirements to teach high school history. Bachelor's Degree a four-year bachelor degree is necessary for going….The School is a wonderful place where a student feels, understand and experiences best ever memories and wonderful life lessons.Common subjects taught include science, arts such as music and humanities, like geography and history, and languages.Essay about a girl in old Egypt who tells about life there. Used at Gimle School in Bergen. Got a M+ in 9. grade.A essay on "The Catcher in1b. Caracteristic of the different types of schools in UKDear friends! we all are having very wonderful days of learning and experiencing things at school. Every year many of our friends leave this school by completing their education here. We all will be replaced by the other students here.The teachers of my school are very sincere and cooperative with the students. They know how to keep a balance between study and other activities.We need to try our best to maximize our learning and understanding from this wonderful institute The time always flies, dear friends.up, but also the fact that I am able to work alone and not communicate with others is both bad and good. (3) One of the hardest things to do is to stay focused, with all of the possible distractions. [During the transition between public school and virtual school, I have had to adapt to change in many ways.]If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices.In a similar way, we are all like Edison in our own way. Whenever we learn a new skill - be it riding a bike,for a high school class, you’ll probably spend the most time on the writing stage; for a college-level.After drafting your essay, it's a good idea to take some time away from it. That way, you can come back to it and look at it again with a fresh perspective.Is John Guilty of Causing Ann to what it is today by his great leadership qualities.CaesarThe first sentence of the introduction should pique your reader’s interest and curiosity. This sentence is sometimes called the hook. It might be an intriguing question, a surprising fact, or a bold statement emphasizing the relevance of the topic.The Manhattan Project was the code name for the US effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. to see them as the written equivalent of the kinds of spoken cues used in formal speeches that signal the end of oneIn general, Wikipedia articles are not considered appropriate sources for academic writing. However, you may be able to find useful sources in the “References” section at the end of the article.Once you have done your brainstorming and chosen your topic, you may need to do some research to write a good essay. Go to the library or search online for information about your topic. Interview people who might be experts in the subject. Commit Adultery? It is evident that John is guilty ofOne way to think of the conclusion is, paradoxically, as a second introduction because it does in fact contain manyChristopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. about the same time".Is John Guilty of Causing Ann toOnce you have an outline, it’s time to start writing. Write based on the outline itself, fleshing out your basic skeleton to create a whole, cohesive and clear essay.Effective conclusions open with a concluding transition ("in conclusion," "in the end," etc.) and an allusion to theDear friends! we all are having very wonderful days of learning and experiencing things at school. Every year many of our friends leave this school by completing their education here. We all will be replaced by the other students here. the beginning of your essay. get to this thesis statement, for example, the essay should begin with a "hook" that grabs the reader’s attention Rome. Caesar helped Rome and the present day world becomeNow that you’ve learned how to write an effective essay, check out our Sample Essays so you can see how they are whole phrases word for word. Instead, try to use this last paragraph to really show your skills as a writer throughout this article as one big example of sentence structure variety.Broadly speaking, school life is not only for learning, reading books or playing, but also a period during which all the good habits are acquired, bad habits are shunned and good conduct, fair play, and sound thinking are developed. Further, the healthy ideas of patriotism and nationalism are imbibed by the students during this period.is the central point or argument that you want to make. A clear thesis is essential for a focused essay—you should keep referring back to it as you write.When I was young I always saw myself as a teacher I think because most of my role models, mom, several aunt, high school teachers, were all in that profession. I never though of anything else until I received what I believe was a true calling from God. In high school I was suppose to do my senior project with my friends mother in a second grade classroom, but at the last minute she couldn’t take me. I was so upset and nervous about where I would go. My counselor at Beaumont was able to find me…. | <urn:uuid:93cb676d-e973-4290-b33c-93eecfb10d14> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://cuzimbored.com/writing-assistance-online | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039379601.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420060507-20210420090507-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.963786 | 1,383 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Guru Purnima (Sanskrit: गुरु पूर्णिमा, Telugu: గురుపూర్ణిమ) is an Indian festival dedicated to spiritual and academic teachers. This festival is traditionally celebrated by Hindus and Buddhists, to thank their teachers and is marked by ritualistic respect to the guru – the “Guru Puja”. The Guru Principle is said to be a thousand times more active on the day of Gurupurnima than on any other day. In addition to having religious importance, this festival has great importance for Indian academics and scholars. Indian academics celebrate this day by thanking their teachers as well as remembering past teachers and scholars. This day is also seen as an occasion for fellow devotees to express their solidarity to one another on their spiritual journey.
In the yogic tradition, the day is celebrated as the occasion when Shiva became the first guru, as he began the transmission of yoga to the Saptarishis. Many Hindus celebrate the day in honor of the great sage Vyasa, who is seen as one of the greatest gurus in ancient Hindu traditions and a symbol of the “Guru-shishya” (Guru-Disciple) tradition. The festival is common to all spiritual traditions in Hinduism, where it is an expression of gratitude toward the teacher by his/her disciple. The Hindu spiritual Gurus are revered on this day by remembering their life and teachings.
As a day of remembrance towards all gurus, through whom God grants the grace of knowledge (Jnana) to the disciples, special recitations of the Hindu scriptures, especially the Guru Gita – a 216 verse ode to Guru authored by the sage Vyasa himself – are held all day; devotees from all over the world gather for the singing of bhajans and hymns or organising of special kirtan session at many ashrams, mathas or other places where the seat of the Guru exists.
This day also sees the ritual of padapuja, the worships of the Guru’s sandals, which represent his holy feet and is seen as a way of rededicating to all that a Guru stands for. Disciples recommit themselves on this day, towards following their teacher’s guidance and teachings, for the coming year. A mantra that is particularly used on this day is:
“ఓం గురు బ్రహ్మా గురు విష్ణు గురు దేవో మహేశ్వరః
ōṁ guru brahmā guru viṣṇu guru dēvō mahēśvaraḥ
Guru is Brahma, Guru is Vishnu Guru is Lord Maheshwara
గురు సాక్షాత్ పర బ్రహ్మాం తస్మై శ్రీ గురవేన నమః
guru sākṣāt para brahmāṁ tasmai śrī guravēna namaha
Guru is verily the supreme reality Sublime prostrations to Him.” | <urn:uuid:572ce905-da6a-4465-927d-dba1dc000c8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://telugubasha.net/en/guru-purnima | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689752.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923160736-20170923180736-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.946931 | 883 | 3.015625 | 3 |
HTML, which stands for "HyperText Markup Language", is the de-facto standard for making webpages. Unlike other languages, keywords are enclosed in tags, and can have many attributes. For example, <p align="center">My text</p>, which displays the text "My text" centered on the page. HTML standards are managed by the W3C, and the language is constantly evolving as web browsers become more and more advanced. Also unlike other languages, one doesn't need a compiler to make webpages; at the bare minimum, one just needs Notepad and a browser. Despite that fact, there are many programs called validators which can check the syntax of web pages.
|FeedDemon||The #1 RSS aggregator for Windows!|
|RSS Radio||A very popular RSS aggregator tailored for podcasts|
|CSE HTML Validator||A high quality HTML validator, that is very reputable|
|PageBreeze||A Wysiwyg website creator|
|EzThumbnails||A useful utility that intelligently resizes images for thumbnails|
many other information for other related internet languages
|HTML tutorial||Another simple tutorial that teaches you the basics of HTML.|
A world-famous site that has a catalog of ALL HTML commands, past and present.
It also gives you the syntax of these commands and for which browsers they work
|Public Domain pictures||Simply said, a site that has copyright-free pictures that you could use in your sites.| | <urn:uuid:36555633-4747-4741-ae00-e243e7c859cb> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://tamkis.tripod.com/ProgLog/HTMLJava.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891808539.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180217224905-20180218004905-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.884201 | 315 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Learning new things requires both a broad overview of the subject-to-be-studied, and intensive drilling-down in specific areas. Educator and designer Matt Baker found a deficiency in the first area, where more visual aids would be helpful.
“I’m what you’d call a visual learner,” Baker writes. “I have found that in early grades, visual materials tend to be incorporated often. However, once a person reaches the higher grades, learning becomes almost exclusively based on reading texts and listening to lectures. There is often very little visually-based material available on more advanced subjects, particularly in the humanities.”
With this in mind, Baker began filling that void, designing helpful charts on topics that interest him. Interest in Baker’s charts grew; they’ve been published by the BBC and NASA, among others, and Baker now sells them on UsefulCharts.com. As an example, here’s a cool chart he did on the Evolution of the Alphabet:
8-6-2021 (August 6, 2021) is the Snakiest day of the year and it’s also this year’s CircuitPython Day! The day highlights all things CircuitPython and Python on Hardware. See you there!
Stop breadboarding and soldering – start making immediately! Adafruit’s Circuit Playground is jam-packed with LEDs, sensors, buttons, alligator clip pads and more. Build projects with Circuit Playground in a few minutes with the drag-and-drop MakeCode programming site, learn computer science using the CS Discoveries class on code.org, jump into CircuitPython to learn Python and hardware together, TinyGO, or even use the Arduino IDE. Circuit Playground Express is the newest and best Circuit Playground board, with support for CircuitPython, MakeCode, and Arduino. It has a powerful processor, 10 NeoPixels, mini speaker, InfraRed receive and transmit, two buttons, a switch, 14 alligator clip pads, and lots of sensors: capacitive touch, IR proximity, temperature, light, motion and sound. A whole wide world of electronics and coding is waiting for you, and it fits in the palm of your hand. | <urn:uuid:890b3c70-5562-4ebd-a138-12e2829e58e5> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://blog.adafruit.com/2019/01/29/cool-charts-depicting-the-evolution-of-the-alphabet-and-the-writing-systems-of-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153803.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728220634-20210729010634-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.906374 | 464 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Which Planet’s Days Are Longer Than Its Years?
In the family of planets that make up our solar system, Venus is a peculiarity among peculiarities. The roughly Earth-sized but scorching planet has a mean surface temperature of 863°F (462°C) and a dense atmosphere that is 96.5 percent carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5 percent being nitrogen.
As far as planetary extremes go, those things aren’t particularly peculiar. What is rather peculiar is that if you were to somehow, in spite of the harsh conditions, set up camp on Venus, you’d be treated to days that run longer than years. Venus rotates on its axis only once every 243 Earth days, but orbits the sun once every 224.7 Earth days—you’d wait longer between sun rises than you would to completely orbit the sun.
The Government Spokesman “I Can Neither Confirm Nor Deny …” Statement Is Known As The?
Which State Has The Highest Accuracy In Predicting Presidential Winners?
What Information Sharing System Was Briefly More Popular Than The World Wide Web?
ABC Interrupted Regularly Scheduled Programming To Announce The Reintroduction Of What?
Which Country Has The Most Vending Machines Per Capita?
A 1980s Urban Legend Claimed CD Sound Improved By Coating The Edges With What?
Which Of These Countries Has The Safest Electrical Plug Design?
Which Of These Groups Was Most Influential In The Early Adoption Of Paved Roads? | <urn:uuid:f60aeb06-c4c6-4eac-a648-07d55eabcd3c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.mindbounce.com/trivia/which-planets-days-are-longer-than-its-years/?answer=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360881.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201173718-20211201203718-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.844557 | 353 | 3.5 | 4 |
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Our elegant Georgian Courthouse remains virtually unchanged since it was built in 1830. Following closure of the Magistrates Court in 1998 it was opened as a museum a year later. In 2005 its interiors were redecorated in the original colour scheme used when the building opened at Michelmas 1830. The permanent display offers an illustrated history of the use of the Courthouse, suitable for all ages.
The museum is housed in the former Quarter Sessions Courthouse built in 1830 to replace its mediaeval predecessor and the interior of the courtroom has not changed much since then. After Quarter Sessions ceased in 1953 the court continued as a Magistrates Court until it closed in 1998. The building is an important part of the museum.
The Liberty of Ripon was a territory which had, since Saxon times, enjoyed its own independence as a county, although within the West Riding of Yorkshire. In the Middle Ages the Liberty was the feudal possession of the Archbishop of York.
The museum consists of three rooms: the Jury Room, where there are a pair of Halberds displayed on the wall. These were carried during a ceremony to open each Quarter Sessions in a procession of Magistrates with the Gaoler and Master of the House of Correction. Also on display are books containing not only the statutes which the court had to follow, but a host of Justices' Manuals and Guides from the 18th and 19th Centuries. These contained advice for the Justices about criminal matters and also their duties as supervisors of the Poor Law, taxation, public health and all aspects of local government.
In the Justices' Retiring Room there are portraits of many past magistrates including Charles Oxley who served as a Justice from 1811 to 1873. He was the first Chairman of Petty Sessions, supervised the Poor Law as first Chairman of the Poor Law Guardians and was a member of the committee responsible for building the Prison in 1816 together with this building in 1830.
In the Court Room are the seats for the Justices raised in a high position over the rest of the court. In the well sat the Clerk to the Court and any advocates representing the defendants. The three boxes facing the Justices are, left to right, two docks and the witness box. Imagine having to stand so close to an accused person while giving evidence for the prosecution. From these boxes men and women were fined, sentenced to hard labour and transported to Australia. An audio visual presentation (approx. running time 10 mins.) gives examples of actual cases.
Behind the dock are the benches which were occupied by the township or parish officers in attendance - Constables, Surveyors of the Highways and Overseers of the Poor. The strange box in the centre is where defendants in custody awaited their appearance before the bench, having been brought up from a cell below. The roof over this holding box was placed there to protect prisoners from missiles thrown down from the public gallery behind!
Suitably attired model figures enable visitors to see what a typical 19th Century scene would have been like inside the Court Room. Feel what it was like to be sentenced to be transported thousands of miles across the oceans to a strange land where survival was not guaranteed.
All three museums are open today. Workhouse Museum 11am-4pm. Prison & Police Museum 1pm-4pm and Courthouse Museum 1pm-4pm.
|Child ( 5yrs and under)||FREE|
|* Admissions are inclusive of a donation. If you are not a UK taxpayer or do not wish to make a charitable donation the admission prices are as follows: Adult £2.50, Conc £1.50, Child £1.00|
Transportation sentences began on arrival in Australia (often 2 years after the sentence was passed!)
"Visitors from North Wales
Second visit to all three museums and still a very interesting day out for all the family. | <urn:uuid:4e170d8c-2615-476b-9217-5c62f0f78e94> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://riponmuseums.co.uk/museums/courthouse_museum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137145.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00298-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966326 | 834 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Pride is a problem even for Christians. Knowing that God resists the proud, how can we remain humble and as a child before God in a world that thrives on self-esteem and pride?
Pride, the Reason for Satan’s Fall
How did Satan fall? It was pride and his fall indirectly caused the fall of man. The first sin ever committed was that of pride and it was committed by Satan. In Isaiah 14:12-14 we see why Satan fell;
“How you are fallen from heaven, O Day Star, son of Dawn! How you are cut down to the ground, you who laid the nations low! You said in your heart, ‘I will ascend to heaven; above the stars of God. I will set my throne on high; I will sit on the mount of assembly in the far reaches of the north; I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High.”
Notice that Satan said in his heart “I will ascend to heaven, above the stars (angels) of God. I will set MY throne on high (where God sits presently); I will sit on the mount of the assembly in the far reaches of the north (where heaven is said to be, Psalm 48:1-2)…I will make myself like the Most High.” Really this means that He wanted to BE the Most High and sit on the throne where God is now. We also see the pride in the many “I will” statements. What is in the middle of all pride? The letter “I” is in the middle of pride just as “i” is in the middle of sin. When it’s all about me or I, then it’s not about God. If we are proud or lifted up, God will resist you as He did Satan because pride robs God of glory. Our pride, just like Satan’s, will come just before a great fall (Prov 16:18). Our fall will be the effect of our pride. Our pride will be the cause of our fall.
Pride, the Reason for Mankind’s Fall
In the Garden, Satan tempted Eve and He used human pride to cause her to sin. We read of this in Genesis 3:6-7;
“So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit and ate, and she also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he ate. Then the eyes of both were opened, and they knew that they were naked. And they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves loincloths.”
The first thing Eve saw was that the tree was a “delight to the eyes” (desires of the eyes), that it was “good for food” (desires of the flesh), and that “the tree was to be desired to make one wise” (pride of life). It was all about the “I” again. Adam cannot blame Eve. Eve was deceived but Adam had no excuse because Adam was right with her when she ate of the fruit. Immediately after, he also took it and ate of this forbidden fruit (Gen 3:6). Adam was not off somewhere tending the Garden, he was right there with Eve. He should have stepped up and said “No!” It wasn’t the fruit that was bad, it was that they disobeyed God and their decision was based on pride. At that very moment, mankind’s fate was sealed because they chose for themselves to do what was right in their own eyes and since then all of us have all been living with the results of the fall. Since there was no humility, pride resulted in the fall of mankind in the Garden of Eden. This caused God to separate Himself from mankind until the day that the veil of separation would be rent by Jesus’ own body (Matt 27:51, Heb 6:18-20).
The Proud, the Few, the Fallen
The Marines take pride in their service and rightly so but pride in the wrong sense can destroy. God says that He is opposed or resists the proud but He gives grace to the humble (James 4:6). The literal wording in the Greek for “opposed” or some translations say “resists” is “at war.” If we use the actual Greek wording of James 4:6 it reads “God [is at war with] the proud, but gives grace to the humble.” The Old Testament is full of stories where God humbled the proud. The pagan nations that sought to destroy Israel were always full of themselves but so was Israel. Their pride always led to their fall. Pride is at the root of all sin and is listed as number one of the seven things that the Lord detests (Prov 6:16-19).
Staying Humble in a Pride-Filled World
It is difficult to remain humble in a world that prides itself on, well, self. Three of our greatest enemies are me, myself, and I. How can we kill the pride in our life? One way is to always seek to glorify God, in particular, Jesus Christ. We even pray in Jesus’ name because the answers to our prayers are intended to glorify Christ. When we accept credit for something and don’t give glory to God, we are literally robbing Him of what is rightly His. Who wants to rob God? Not me! Someone once complimented me on an article I wrote. I asked, “Who gave me the hands to type? Who gave me the breath of life? Who gave me a job to be able to afford the computer I work on? Who gave me….and so on. The point was that I cannot take glory or credit for what God has provided. I want to be like the moon. I want to reflect the glory from the Son. I stated that the moon would be dark, pitch black in fact, if it were not for the sun. The moon is beautiful only because the sun shines on it. Similarly we are to reflect Jesus and tell others that we are not the light or not responsible for the light; but God is.
Be Humble or Be Humbled
Unless we are willing to remain humble, God cannot use us. Unless we glorify Jesus Christ in all we do with our hands, God will not bless the work of our hands. God is a jealous God. Not in the human way we think of jealousy but God will not share the glory that belongs solely to Him. When we rob God of His due glory, God will humble us. Look at Jesus Who is the Creator and the Supreme God above all His creation, yet He willing humbled Himself to the point of death on a Cross. He bent down and washed the dirty feet of the disciples to show that the greatest will be the servant of all. The least will be the greatest in God’s economy. If a person wants to be first, they will surely be last. Jesus saw the pride in the Pharisee who was praying to be seen and said that “I thank you God that I am not like other man – robbers, evil doers, adulterers” but the “tax collector stood at a distance. He would not even look up to heaven, but beat his breast and said, ‘God, have mercy on me, a sinner’” (Luke 18:11-13). Jesus said that “this man went down to his house justified, rather than the other. For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, but the one who humbles himself will be exalted” (Luke 18:14).
In Luke 14:8-11 Jesus says what happens to those who try to exalt themselves;
“When someone invites you to a wedding feast, do not take the place of honor, for a person more distinguished than you may have been invited. If so, the host who invited both of you will come and say to you, ‘Give this person your seat.’ Then, humiliated, you will have to take the least important place. But when you are invited, take the lowest place, so that when your host comes, he will say to you, ‘Friend, move up to a better place.’ Then you will be honored in the presence of all the other guests. For all those who exalt themselves will be humbled, and those who humble themselves will be exalted.”
How to Humble Yourselves
How can you remain humble in a fallen world? Take a lesson from children. The disciples never understood about true humility until after Jesus death. They all thought the way the world thought. They sought positions of power. Jesus really got their attention though. When “the disciples came to Jesus, saying, “Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven?” And calling to him a child, he put him in the midst of them and said, “Truly, I say to you, unless you turn and become like children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. Whoever humbles himself like this child is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven” (Matt 18:1-4). What is it about children that makes them so humble and keeps them in a state of humility? They stay humble because they are teachable. They are not in a position of power. They stay in lowly positions. They don’t think too highly of themselves. They are in submission to their parents, teachers and other adults. To stay humble we must consider who we are in comparison to Who God is. The more we see the magnificence of God, just how great He is, the more we will see just how insignificant we are in comparison to Him.
God spoke through the prophet Isaiah and thundered out the reason we were created. It was “the people whom I formed for myself that they might declare my praise” (Isaiah 43:21). Peter warned against pride because that this was something that he battled with when he was being discipled by Jesus. Late in his life Peter wrote “Humble yourselves, therefore, under the mighty hand of God so that at the proper time he may exalt you” (1 Pet 5:6). This is because “all those who exalt themselves will be humbled, and those who humble themselves will be exalted” (Luke 14:11). James said to “Humble yourselves before the Lord, and he will lift you up” (James 4:10).
I have learned the hard way to not rob God of any glory because He thunders out from heaven, “I am the Lord; that is my name; my glory I give to no other, nor my praise to carved idols” (Isaiah 42:8) and “My glory I will not give to another” (Isaiah 48:11b). If you want to read about His glory, read the Book of Isaiah. Also, when you read the history of the nation of Israel you will see time and time again about this nation’s fall when they try to win their own battles or make an alliance with another nation instead of relying on God. Why? Because human effort never, ever glorifies God but robs Him of what He is due. See Who God is, give Him the glory, and remain humble. If you do this, He will exalt you someday. Maybe not in this life, but surely in the life to come.
Take a look at this related article:
New International Version Bible (NIV)
THE HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®, NIV® Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide | <urn:uuid:824d8b29-0738-4502-9ab5-1fee1191c640> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.whatchristianswanttoknow.com/how-to-remain-humble-in-a-fallen-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193284.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00087-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970902 | 2,501 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Mosaic depicting an angel. Museum of Ptolemais
(c.370-c.413) was a Neo-Platonic
philosopher who became bishop of Ptolemais
in the Cyrenaica.
He left behind a small corpus of texts that offer much information
about daily life in Late Antiquity, and about the
of the Roman world.
In the long Letter
67, written in 411 almost immediately after Letter 66, Synesius
reports several ecclesiastical matters to the patriarch of Alexandria,
Theophilus. Apparently, Synesius attended a meeting of bishops to
discuss several problems; the two main issues can be summarized as
Several minor issues are discussed as well. Note the role of women in the first part.
a military crisis, two towns have elected a bishop of their own; when
he died, the towns returned to the original bishopric, Erythrum;
patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria urges the townspeople, through
Synesius, to elect a new bishop, but Synesius discovers that the people
simply do not want a bishop of their own and are happy with Paul of
Paul appears to have believed in some sort of Christian magic, as
becomes clear in the second part of this letter; he had also
transgressed some other rules when he built a church in an old fort.
The text is
offered here in the
translation by A.
Letter 67: Paul of Erythrum and Other Matters
I desire, and a divine
necessity urges me, to consider as law all that your sacred throne
ordains. On this account, I have declined a sad duty, I have forced my
body to action, while still under medical treatment, and have just
journeyed through the suspected region as if it were unsuspected. I
have traversed a country infested by the enemy, and have arrived at
Palaebisca and Hydrax. (these are two villages of Pentapolis on the
very frontier of arid Libya). Once there, I called together a meeting
of the inhabitants; I gave them one letter, and I read to them from the
other (one of them was addressed to them, the other, concerning them,
addressed to me). I then delivered a speech suited to an election,
hoping to induce them to propose the resolution concerning a bishop,
or, if the case demanded it, to force them to such a decision; but I
could not overcome this people's devotion to the most holy Paul.
Believe me, my Father, it was no wish of mine to set out upon this
quick and useless journey. I have only offended a people who held me in
Amongst the most prominent citizens some protested with exclamations of
wrath, while others, mounting upon any available pedestal to better be
heard, addressed themselves at length to the gathering. I at once
accused these of bribery and conspiracy, and ordered the ushers to
hustle and to expel them from the meeting. I restrained and pacified
the turbulent excitement of the crowd. I went through every path of
argument; I invoked the sanctity of the Primate's throne, seeking to
convince them that slight or honor to you means slight or honor to God.
After this their lips pronounced the name of your sacred person with
respect. They knelt down, they called upon you with cries and with
groans, even as though you had been present. The emotion of these men,
even though it was greater than I expected, was slight, but the women,
who are proverbially difficult to control, lifted their arms, they
raised their infants towards Heaven, they closed their eyes that they
might not see the bishop's seat bereft of its accustomed occupant.[i.e., Paul]
Indeed, in spite of our policy being the very opposite, they almost
compelled us to the same state of feeling. I feared that I should not
have the power to resist the contagion, for I felt my inner emotions
mastering me; so I dissolved the meeting, and announced that it should
assemble again on the fourth day, not, however, without first
pronouncing vengeful execrations upon any who by their venal conduct
and from motives of purely personal interest, by their complacent
attitude or from any other private motive, should use language in
opposition to the will of the Church.
The appointed day arrived, and the people were again there, hostile and
contentious. They did not even wait for a discussion, but straightway
all was in an uproar, a confused sound impossible to distinguish. At
this moment he heralds of the church proclaimed silence. Their clamor
then ended in a dirge, and there was a sullen sound of men groaning, of
women wailing, and of children sobbing. One said he mourned a father,
another a son, another a brother, each one according to his age divided
the titles of relationship.
I was just about to speak, when a petition was passed up to me from the
midst of the crowd. This someone begged me to read before the assembly.
It was an adjuration to me not to attempt to restrain their violence
any longer, but to postpone my decision until they were enabled to send
to your most blessed presence a decree touching the matter, and an
ambassador. They even begged me to send to you a written statement in
their behalf, explaining all that I had learned here.
Now it was proclaimed in the Synod by the priests and publicly by the
people, and the missive went through these very points in order, that
these churches belonged to that of Erythrum, according to the Apostolic
and patriarchal tradition, but split away under Orion of blessed
memory, then in advanced old age and blamed for weakness of character.
This has always been a reproach in the eyes of those who consider that the priesthood should be a champion of men's affairs,
and versatile in its functions. So when he continued to live on, they
could not bring themselves to wait for the death of the righteous man,
but brought forward Siderius of blessed memory for election, for he
seemed to them a man young and energetic. He had served under the
and had returned from his military career to take over the
administration of a domain which he had claimed, a man able to injure
his enemies and to be useful to his friends.
This was the moment when the influence of heresy was powerful; it had
the masses of the people on it side; cleverness, wisdom's tool, found
its opportunity. This man and this one alone was appointed Bishop of
But the election was positively unlawful, as I have learned from the
older man, inasmuch as he was not duly consecrated either in Alexandria
or by three here, even though the power to ordain had been granted
there. Philo of blessed memory, they say, took upon himself to announce
the election of his fellow-priest entirely upon his own responsibility.
This Philo of Cyrene was the elder, the uncle, and the namesake of the
younger. In other respects he was such as Christ's teachings had made
him, but the moment there was a question of authority on the one hand
and obedience on the other, he was more audacious than law-abiding. (I
ask forgiveness from the sacred soul of the old man for such a remark.)
He arrived on the spot, and took the ordaining of the blessed Siderius
into his own hands, and placed him upon the bishop's throne.
After all, one must relax the severe letter of the law in times when
freedom of speech is impossible. Even the great Athanasius himself has
been known to yield to the force of circumstances; and some little time
after all this, when it was necessary to warm and kindle up the tiny
spark of the orthodox faith that still remained in Ptolemais,
and since Siderius seemed to him fit for so important a mission, he
transferred him to this place, that he might govern the metropolitan
Church. But old age brought back Siderius to the village churches.
There he died, and had no successor in these towns anymore than he had
had a predecessor. Palaebisca and Hydrax were put under the old
arrangement and came back to their dependency upon Erythrum, and this,
they say, was in accordance with the decision of your sacred person.
Now the citizens are very strong upon one point, to wit: that this
consecration of yours should not be annulled. I asked them for the
original document signed by you. They were not able to present it to
me, but they produced as witnesses bishops from the council. These said
that they proposed Paul to the people in obedience to a letter received
from you. As it seemed well to all to make him bishop, they reported
the decision, and others succeeded in placing him on the throne.
Now, if you will allow me to say so, most revered Father, that was
really the moment to look into the matter, for it is more painful to
take away a thing than not to grant it; but let that now prevail which
seems best to your paternal authority. For if what then seemed right to
you was so to them, and they allege this, the fact that it no longer
seems so to you deprives it of any justice in the future. It is only in
this way that your will becomes identical with justice in the eyes of
the people; for obedience is life, and disobedience is death. Therefore
they do not raise their hands against you; on the contrary, they
supplicate you not to make them orphans while their Father yet lives,
for so they declare in their speech.
I hardly know whether I should praise or congratulate the young man [i.e., Paul]
on the goodwill all are showing him. For it is a triumph either of art
and power, or of divine grace, so to win men and so to dominate the
multitude that for them life is not worth living without him.
An important point: the towns were in a war zone.
A common expression.
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Some would say “only a fool would bring a book to a gunfight.” That might be true if the person carried the book in lieu of a firearm, but the fact is many varieties of literature accompany soldiers to war.
When Edward Bulwer-Lytton wrote “the pen is mightier than the sword,” he offered a powerful insight into how ultimate victory hinges more on knowledge and ideas than on direct violence. Of course, he didn’t mean that in a personal conflict between two combatants a quill could best a saber.
Even those who’ve never been to war realize warriors need to have their bodies, minds and spirits renewed in order to be at their best when their lives hang in the balance. Bodies are taken care of by providing healthy sustenance, swift medical attention, and opportunities to remain fit.
Minds and spirits overlap somewhat, but for the latter, most of the world’s militaries send chaplains to accompany the men and women “in harm’s way.” Spiritual encouragement often comes even more readily from their fellow military members.
Wartime is, surprising no one, an optimal time for people to consider their spiritual wellbeing and contemplate their eternal destiny. Still, that does not make true the adage “there are no atheists in foxholes.”
That said, war zones are places where the fields are literally “white unto harvest” (Luke 4).
It is no accident copies of the Bible have accompanied Christians to war since the first printed copies were available.
During the American Civil War, personal Bibles and religious tracts were widely distributed. It was not uncommon for a soldier to send a particularly meaningful tract home to his family. In addition to chaplains, numerous ministries today work to ensure no service member who desires a Bible is without one.
Reading for the Mind
It would be wrong to think religious works dominate the literature available to military members dispatched to war. Most locations offer access to numerous publications, and even the internet. The Department of Defense even provides access to the nonpartisan Stars and Stripes, which offers some of its headline articles here.
And then there are books. Books of all genres, though perhaps, tilted towards thrillers and sports subjects. Soldiers pass their books around, and for many lucky enough to serve in a garrison type of setting, there is often a library.
Yes, a real library—except that the books are typically all available for free. This is due in large part to the generosity of publishers. During the Second World War, the Council on Books in Wartime, founded by publishers and others, provided over 120 million paperbacks in their Armed Services Editions. (The classic titles sold for an average of six cents.) The Council’s slogan was, “books are weapons in the war of ideas.”
So, military folks read lots of books overseas. In fact, here is a photo of yours truly reading one of my favorite authors (David Drake) while I was on a flight between Pakistan and Afghanistan back in 2002.
I was delighted recently when rereading C.S. Lewis’ autobiography to see that I was following in his footsteps. Lewis is discussing how actual books, and not merely periodicals, can accompany us on our journeys. He refers briefly to his war experiences.
Soon too we gave up the magazines; we made the discovery (some people never make it) that real books can be taken on a journey and that hours of golden reading can so be added to its other delights.
(It is important to acquire early in life the power of reading sense wherever you happen to be. I first read Tamburlaine while traveling from Larne to Belfast in a thunderstorm, and first read Browning’s Paracelsus by a candle which went out and had to be relit whenever a big battery fired in a pit below me, which I think it did every four minutes all that night.) (Surprised by Joy)
I would not equate our two situations. After all, a comfortable C-130 (even when making “combat” landings and take-offs) can hardly be compared to a muddy WWI trench.
But, like nearly all of Mere Inkling’s audience, I do share C.S. Lewis’ joy at knowing books need never be far from our hand. Whether it be on holiday, in the hospital, or even in prison (God forbid), we can always find some pleasure and peace in reading.
During Desert Storm, I helped ship thousands of donated books to troops on the front lines. Unfortunately, there was a problem with the clothing worn by most of the women on the covers. We learned the Saudis were destroying some of the books, deeming them pornography.
As a result, our book processors began tearing the cover off of every book featuring a woman. As a compromise, I offered to become an informal “Saudi censor.” With a large black marker, I was able to suitably cover up elements of the female anatomy that would have presumably offended our Middle East allies.
Despite my misgivings about “defacing” the covers, I felt it was less destructive than removing the entire cover. I’ll leave it to you to be the judge. | <urn:uuid:87055e4e-2af0-434c-acb9-0b4a6f2d0c33> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://mereinkling.net/tag/david-drake/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147917.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714020904-20200714050904-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.96831 | 1,105 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Also remember my guidelines about when you should have your first coffee (90 minutes after waking up) from The Power of When . Speaking previously to The Independent, sleep expert Dr Neil Stanley supported the study’s findings, claiming that the idea that drinking coffee before bed will keep you awake at night is a myth. So if you want to feel like you’re getting your share of coffee, use a smaller cup and fill it up. Caffeine acts quickly, and many people notice the effects within minutes. However, for someone who is very sensitive to caffeine, effects may persist for hours or until the next day. It can stay in your system for four to six hours. One study found that regular caffeine consumption by nursing women had little or no consequences on sleep patterns of babies and children aged over 3 months. If you drink coffee every day, your body will develop tolerance. All There is To Know and Our Top Coffee Reviewed, Guatemala Coffee Beans: Facts, History and Best Recommendations, People commonly turn to the caffeine in coffee, caffeine stimulates the central nervous system of the body, to decrease the body's production of melatonin. Darkness cues our bodies to produce a hormone called melatonin, which sends us a "time for bed" signal. If you drink coffee every day, your body will develop tolerance. You have unusual constipation and/or muscle pain. Drinking coffee or tea just before bed does not affect quality of sleep, a new study has found.. U.S. researchers from Florida Atlantic University and Harvard Medical School monitored 785 people for a total of 5,164 days and nights, recording how much caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine they consumed.. Symptoms can include…, © 2004-2021 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. In other words, it interrupts natural cycles of wakefulness and drowsiness in your body and brain by sending its own new message through your nervous system: "Things are happening! Most people won't experience negative side effects unless they are consuming more than 400 milligrams (about four cups) of coffee a day. Check out this table and you will be surprised to see where you can find the caffeine! According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, caffeine’s half-life is up to 5 hours. Are There Side Effects to Drinking Coffee to Keep Awake? How Does Drinking Coffee Affect the Sleep Cycle Long-Term? Nobody wants to be dictated to about their coffee habit, especially if they are relying on it to give them the energy boost they feel they need. You plug in your weight and the amount of sleep you missed and it tells you how much coffee you'll need, as well as where to stop. How long does it take to metabolize caffeine? Drinking a couple cups of coffee to get yourself alert and energized doesn't create health problems for most people, and it is pretty effective. We hope you discovered a few reassuring facts in this article. After that, not even espresso will do the trick. There is no set time limit. To maximize the shelf life of ground coffee after opening, transfer the ground coffee to a canister that blocks out light and has an airtight seal. People who need coffee or tea to wake up every morning may be unwittingly compensating for sleep issues. The caffeine in your demitasse will have peaked in your bloodstream within half an hour to an hour. Once again, gulping down a cup of coffee may seem to temporarily combat some of these symptoms. People commonly turn to the caffeine in coffee and other drinks to keep them awake when driving late at night, to get them energized early in the morning, and to give them a "pick up" throughout the day. The precise answer depends to a large extent on storage conditions - store in cool, dry area and keep package tightly sealed at all times. It blocks the action of a natural brain chemical that is associated with sleep. Most babies older than 3 months can tolerate these relatively small amounts. These feelings of alertness will potentially last up to four to six hours. The overall effects of caffeine can last throughout the day. Yes, black tea does keep you awake. They are then quickly metabolized by the liver. Once again, everyone's sensitivity to caffeine is different. The bad news is that coffee really doesn't rejuvenate your body. The coffee plant, which was discovered in Ethiopia in the 11th Century, has a white blossom that smells like jasmine and a red, cherry-like fruit. Even after you've crashed into bed six hours later, some caffeine still remains in your bloodstream. Relevance. While it is generally considered safe to consume caffeine while breast-feeding, it may be a good idea to cut off consumption 1–2 hours before a feed. If someone suspects that their caffeine intake is causing sleepless nights, they should lower their consumption until they determine the right limit. All rights reserved. But coffee doesn't truly refresh the body by providing the rest and restoration it needs. General medical consensus advises staying within limits of 200-300 milligrams (two to three cups) a day. In asking how long does coffee last, you're probably wondering about safety because you're not using up the coffee very quickly, or you're concerned about how long it has been on the store shelf. It can also lead to trouble developing regular sleep patterns and other negative effects. It’s because of the sugar in your coffee. Be aware that these numbers aren't magic, though. Usually the symptoms last for only a few days. Researchers at Johns Hopkins found that caffeine withdrawal, as well as causing fatigue, sleepiness, headache and concentration problems, can also cause flu-like symptoms, depression and anxiety in some people. If you consume caffeine every day, your body can develop a tolerance. By continuing to drink a sufficient amount of coffee at staggered intervals, you might be able to trick your body into maintaining an unnatural level of alertness for up to three days. When ingested, caffeine stimulates the central nervous system of the body. People are usually warned not to consume caffeine while pregnant, as it can pose risks to the mother and child. Caffeine works by changing the chemistry of the brain. In those cases, caffeinated coffee becomes a tool to use with discretion as well as a satisfying treat to enjoy. Can You Really Become Addicted to Coffee? A dose of 500 mg or 600 mg of caffeine can affect you much like a low dose of an amphetamine. So if you consumed 100 mg at 9 AM, by 3 PM you would still have 50 mg in your body. John Foxx/Getty Images. Develop a regular sleep schedule by going to bed and waking up at around the same times each day. These symptoms tend to go away as the caffeine starts to break down. By Deep Parikh in . Back to coffee and caffeine, depending on the grind and brew of the coffee, the caffeine content can be proportionately varied even for the same amount of coffee. Heavier coffee drinkers may struggle for a week or two with unpleasant side effects if they stop quaffing their usual amount of coffee. Caffeine lingers in the body and may disrupt sleep patterns, even after noticeable effects have worn off. The question is: can drinking coffee to stay awake have negative side effects? However, although it is not possible to remove all traces of naturally-occurring caffeine from coffee products, the few milligrams of caffeine in your cup of decaf are not sufficient to have any real effect upon your nervous system. Well, research continues to show that…, Caffeine is present is some of the most popular drinks worldwide. Back then, the leaves of the so-called ‘magical fruit’ were boiled in water and the resulting concoction was thought to have medicinal properties. Caffeine is often more darkly described as being a "psychoactive drug". Iced coffee. We've all heard about our internal body clocks or circadian rhythms. Before we can go on to discuss exactly how long that evening cup of coffee might continue to affect your body, we must note that not every cup of coffee is created equal. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. You could find black tea with 4% caffeine content, or with 1% caffeine content. If you decide to lower your caffeine intake, unlike me, back in the day, you should do so gradually under the guidance of a medical doctor. More than 500-600 milligrams a day is considered a definite danger zone. All beverages with caffeine keep you awake. Choose wisely when you consume coffee four to six hours before going to bed. Although decaf is a not a culprit for sleepless nights, the same cannot be said for regular coffee. The effects of caffeine typically last for a few hours, unless someone has consumed a high amount or is especially sensitive to the drug. The more you drink, the longer you’ll stay awake. But that's about as far as you can push it. Be aware of the symptoms of caffeine overuse and withdrawal. Caffeine can also be found in foods, such as: Caffeine is also a common ingredient in weight loss pills and over-the-counter headache medicines, including Excedrin. So we'll break it down by beans, grounds, brewed and instant. However, in some people, it triggers an allergic reaction. This follows on from an infographic revealing how Coca-Cola…, Many athletes turn to caffeine as a way of boosting their performance, but a new study suggests that regular caffeine intake may have the opposite…, A-fib is a common type of irregular heart beat. Can you really develop a dependency on coffee or an actual addiction to it through repeatedly using it to allay fatigue and keep awake? You might assume that you'd know if you are not getting enough sleep. This duration depends on several factors. Be Productive During the Day and Get a Good Night’s Rest Coffee is popular for good reason. In some cases, caffeine can make fatigue worse. Caffeine reaches its peak level in the blood within one hour and can remain in your system for four to 6 hours. A scientific study was performed by the Associated Professional Sleep Societies to give us the bottom line. While these risks diminish after birth, caffeine can affect a baby who is breast-fed. Your body builds up a tolerance to it. When a person who regularly consumed high amounts of caffeine stops suddenly, they may experience more severe withdrawal symptoms. If you’re in a warmer area, this is a great refreshing beverage to help you stay awake throughout the holiday season. Your body's demand for sleep will begin to shout even louder than your favorite brew. Once brewed, your cup of joe should be consumed the same day if you’re keeping it at room temperature, preferably within 12 hours. Nonetheless, if you are experiencing some of the above symptoms and feel that they may be linked to your "coffee habit," doctors recommend backing off of your daily coffee intake slowly. (Read This! Favorite Answer. How Do You Know if Your Coffee Is Causing Sleep Deprivation? You're experiencing the infamous caffeine headache. Like a lot of other drinks, it usually has a best before date or a sell by date and not a use by date or expiration date. Drinking coffee can keep you awake for several hours, but the effect of the caffeine will peak within one hour. However, it should be noted that caffeine levels in your blood peak within about fifteen to forty-five minutes after you have consumed it. Only those who have been consuming an extreme amount of caffeine – 1000 milligrams a day, for example – could face a true withdrawal lasting up to a couple months. Higher doses can have much more potent effects. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system a half-life of roughly five hours coffee it., Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, chocolate and containing! '' can heighten the symptoms and leave you feeling much worse than before symptoms and leave you much! To hear about it in the healthiest way specialty vs Commercial coffee: what s... The longer you ’ ve eaten, all caffeine has a half-life roughly! 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Without experiencing any effects white coffee ( what is it & how to make a Caramel Macchiato with an Machine... It may be triggers for A-fib practicing a relaxation technique before resuming activity 15–45 minutes consumption. Provide specific recommendations, but there should generally be a helpful stimulant, but excessive can! Individual caffeine tolerance built-up, you may have begun to feel its energizing within. Up at around the same times each day hours later, some caffeine still in... Disrupt sleep patterns, even after you have consumed it 500 mg or 600 mg of caffeine people quickly... Periods of light and darkness lead to trouble developing regular sleep patterns even... Minutes of consumption tolerate these relatively small amounts of caffeine can block the receptors. Excessive caffeine consumption can mask underlying sleep disorders with a how long does coffee keep you awake decaf is a stimulant common, complaints! 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'' to the American Academy of sleep, have you pulled an all-nighter recently naughty treat their system 5. | <urn:uuid:06b47c68-6e8f-4f96-854b-26fb4164f06a> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://alvaretti.pl/carabao-cup-grxsfds/096898-how-long-does-coffee-keep-you-awake | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989006.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509153220-20210509183220-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.946302 | 4,047 | 2.59375 | 3 |
An objective of organizing a research paper is to allow people to read your work selectively. When I research a topic, I may be interested in just the methods, a specific result, the interpretation, or perhaps I just want to see a summary of the paper to determine if it is relevant to my study.
For most studies, a proper research report includes the following sections, submitted in the order listed, each section to start on a new page. Some journals request a summary to be placed at the end of the discussion. Some techniques articles include an appendix with equations, formulas, calculations, etc. Some journals deviate from the format, such as by combining results and discussion, or combining everything but the title, abstract, and literature as is done in the journal Science. Your reports will adhere to the standard format.
For detailed guidelines with examples, consult a text that is dedicated to scientific communication, such as McMillan, VE. "Writing Papers in the Biological Sciences (2nd edition)." Boston: Bedford Books, 1994.
Common errors in student research reports have been collected and summarized, to help you avoid a number of pitfalls. You may also want to keep in mind how lab reports are usually graded as you prepare your work.
In all sections of your paper, use paragraphs to separate each important point (except for the abstract), and present your points in logical order. Use present tense to report background that is already established. For example, 'the grass is green.' Always use past tense to describe results of a specific experiment, especially your own. For example, 'When weed killer was applied, the grass was brown.' Remember - present tense for background, and past tense for results.
Select an informative title, such as "Role of temperature in determination of the rate of development of Xenopus larvae." A title such as "Biology lab #1" is not informative. Include the name(s) and address(es) of all authors, and date submitted.
Summarize the study, focusing on the results and major conclusions, including relevant quantitative data. It must be a single paragraph, and concise. It should stand on its own, therefore do not refer to any other part of the report, such as a figure or table. Avoid long sections of introductory or explanatory material. As a summary of work done, it is written in past tense.
Introduce the rationale behind the study, including
Include appropriate background information (but please do not write everything you know about the subject).
The purpose of this section is to document all of your procedures so that another scientist could reproduce all or part of your work. It is not designed to be a set of instructions. As awkward as it may seem, it is standard practice to report methods and materials in past tense, third person passive. Your laboratory notebook should contain all of the details of everything you do in lab, plus any additional information needed in order to complete this section.
While it is tempting to report methods in chronological order in a narrative form, it is usually more effective to present them under headings devoted to specific procedures or groups of procedures. Some examples of separate headings are "sources of materials," "assay procedures,"cell fractionation protocol," and "statistical methods." Try to be succinct without sacrificing essential information. Omit any background information or comments. If you must explain why a particular procedure was chosen, do so in the discussion.
Omit information that is irrelevant to a third party. For example, no third
party cares what color ice bucket you used, or which individual logged in the
data. You need not report sources of basic chemicals that would be found in
any supply cabinet, such as sodium chloride or potassium phosphate. Report how
procedures were done, not how they were specifically performed on a particular
day. For example, report "samples were diluted to a final concentration
of 2 mg/ml protein;" don't report that '135 microliters of sample one was
diluted with 330 microliters of buffer to make the proteins concentration 2
Raw data are never included in a research paper. Analyze your data, then present the analyzed (converted) data in the form of a figure (graph), table, or in narrative form. Present the same data only once, in the most effective manner. By presenting converted data, you make your point succinctly and clearly.
Figures are preferable to tables, and tables are preferable to straight text. However, many times a figure is inappropriate, or the data come across more clearly if described in narrative form.
To give your results continuity, describe the relationship of each section of converted data to the overall study. For example, rather than just putting a table in the paper and going on to the discussion, write, 'In order to test the null hypothesis that dust particles are responsible for the blue color of the sky, we observed the results of filtering air through materials of decreasing pore size. Table 1 lists the spectrum of transmitted light at right angles to the light path through air filtered through different pore sizes.' Then present your table, complete with title and headings.
All converted data go into the body of the report, after the methods and before the discussion. Do not stick graphs or other data onto the back of the report just because you printed or prepared them separately.
Do not draw conclusions in the results section. Reserve data interpretation for the discussion.
Interpret your data in the discussion. Decide if each hypothesis is supported, rejected, or if you cannot make a decision with confidence. Do not simply dismiss a study or part of a study as "inconclusive." Make what conclusions you can, then suggest how the experiment must be modified in order to properly test the hypothesis(es).
Explain all of your observations as much as possible, focusing on mechanisms. When you refer to information, distinguish data generated by your own studies from published information or from information obtained from other students. Refer to work done by specific individuals (including yourself) in past tense. Refer to generally accepted facts and principles in present tense. For example, "Doofus, in a 1989 survey, found that anemia in basset hounds was correlated with advanced age. Anemia is a condition in which there is insufficient hemoglobin in the blood."
Decide if the experimental design adequately addressed the hypothesis, and whether or not it was properly controlled. One experiment will not answer an overall question, so keeping the big picture in mind, where do you go next? The best studies open up new avenues of research. What questions remain? Did the study lead you to any new questions? Try to think up a new hypothesis and briefly suggest new experiments to further address the main question. Be creative, and don't be afraid to speculate.
List all literature cited in your report, in alphabetical order, by first author. In a proper research paper, only primary literature is used (original research articles authored by the original investigators). Some of your reports may not require references, and if that is the case simply state "no references were consulted."
Through measurement of steady state transmembrane potentials (Em) using an intracellular microelectrode recording system, we studied the possible direct role of the sodium/potassium pump in maintenance of Em in crayfish extensor muscles. We varied extracellular sodium ([Na+]out) and potassium ion ([K+]out) concentrations in order to test the predictability of the equilibrium potential model (using the Nernst equation for potassium) and the diffusion potential model as described by the Goldman/Hodgkin/Katz equation. Combined Em measurements from four preparations before and after treatment with 6 mM ouabain showed no significant difference (-59.2 +/- 5.8 before treatment, -56.8 +/- 5/3 after treatment, p=0.06). The Nernst equation for potassium failed to predict Em at low [K+]out but was adequate when [K+]out was elevated to five times control values (+100% error at 0.3 x [K+]out, +22% error at 5 x [K+]out). The Goldman equation was off by +20% and +2.5% respectively, for the same conditions. At [Na+]out of 1x, 0.5x, 0.2x, and 0.05x normal the Goldman equation prediction was off -2%, +4%, +11%, and +7%, respectively. Since measured Em was consistently lower than predicted Em part of the error may be due to a slight electrogenic contribution by the pump. Although the diffusion potential model is a better predictor of Em than the equilibrium potential model pump activity is not sufficient to account for all of the deviation of predicted from measured values.
Prior to the development of modern techniques for measurement of transmembrane potentials and accurate quantitation of ion conductances, a model describing the cell membrane as a potassium electrode appeared suitable for prediction of the steady state transmembrane potential under physiological conditions. This equilibrium potential model, developed by J. Bernstein, used the Nernst equation for potassium to predict the transmembrane potential. Failure of this model to predict the positive overshoot or hyperpolarization phases of action potentials led to refinement of the model, in which the transmembrane potential is viewed as a diffusion potential. In the second model the contribution of an ion depends on membrane permeability to that ion, as well as its concentration on both sides of the membrane.
In testing the predictive value of each model for transmembrane potentials of crayfish extensor muscle, one question concerns the direct "electrogenic" contribution of the pump. To what extent is the pump necessary for moment-to-moment maintenance of the membrane potential? How might the direct contribution of the pump affect predictability of either model? To test the suitability of both models in predicting the transmembrane potential for this type of tissue we evaluated the role of the pump by measurement of transmembrane potentials before and after poisoning the preparations with ouabain (a direct inhibitor of the sodium-potassium pump). To further test the predictability of each model we varied extracellular potassium and sodium ion concentrations, measured the response of the steady state transmembrane potentials, and compared them with values predicted by the Nernst and Goldman equations, respectively. The results should help determine if the diffusion potential model must be modified to a more universal form in order to predict membrane potentials from a wide range of tissues from different species.
and Intended Use
Created by David R. Caprette (firstname.lastname@example.org), Rice University 25 Aug 1995
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Next step. Hawaii
Now the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post has, perhaps unwittingly, become identified with this claim. It devotes a whole page of its Dec. 4 edition to explaining to its readers why China regards the barren, uninhabited rocks as of such major importance to China.
It is no coincidence that a primary source for the story is Major General Luo Yuan, a PLA strategist who says that China’s “security and development” are at stake. For sure it helps drum up nationalist support by claiming that that economic potential is vastly greater than is actually the case.
The story accompanies this attempt with a map which appears to show China’s claims extending over the Ryukyu Islands up to the trench which divides them from the deep Pacific. Yet nowhere in the article is there any mention of the Ryukyus, their place on the map being taken up by blobs representing supposed oil and gas fields.
The whole tenor of the article, by the SCMP’s Beijing correspondent Cary Huang, is that the Senkakus are the key to ownership of a vast area that is immensely rich not just in oil and gas and fish but cobalt and manganese nodules. According to the report, “The oil and natural gas reserves of the East China Sea will be enough to meet China’s needs for at least 80 years.” There was also “enough manganese in the waters near the Diaoyus to meet Japan’s needs for 320 years, enough cobalt for 1,300 years, enough nickel for 100 years and enough natural gas for 100 years not to mention other mineral resources and plentiful fish.”
The reporter did not stop to ask why if the East China sea is so rich why neither China nor Japan have done almost nothing to exploit the mineral resources which supposedly lie in the those parts of the sea (by far the majority) which are not in dispute. It is not as though the sea is especially deep or otherwise difficult to explore. Nowhere west of the Okinawa depression is it more than 200 feet deep. As for fish, the reporter is apparently unaware of just how depleted fish stocks are already and cry out for conservation measures.
The importance attached to manganese and nickel nodules is also a bit of nonsense. Sure these exist in this as in various other sea beds. But the cost of extraction is huge compared with land based sources. These are not rare elements on the earth’s surface and China is already the world’s largest producer of manganese. So why make exaggerated for the Senkaku/Diaoyu?
The geographical importance of the Senkaku/Diaoyus is also vastly exaggerated by the article. The fact that the rocks are currently under Japanese control does not in itself validate the whole Japanese seabed claim which rests on a different definition of the continental shelf than that advanced by China. The Senkaku/Diaoyu lie on the continental shelf by any definition but that does not imply the validity of Japan’s seabed claim. These rocks have long been uninhabited so they have scant claim to their own 200-miles EEZ.
If the various claims were put to the International Court in The Hague (where Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore have allowed such conflicts to be settled) it is quite possible that Japan’s claim to the Senkakus would be supported on historical grounds while China’s definition of the continental shelf would be recognized over that of Japan.
But China resists any form of international arbitration on its sea disputes, either with Japan or with the littoral states of the South China sea despite its strong case in respect of the East China sea continental shelf. Indeed, by keeping these issues alive it can leave the issue of the Ryukyus quietly on the table. These islands were once an independent tributary of both China and Japan. So vaguely drawn maps such as that in the South China Morning Post and imaginative stories of seabed riches enable China to use the Senkaku/Diaoyu rocks to broaden the international issue and incite nationalist fervor. Asia Sentinel | <urn:uuid:ec95f7da-7f80-41f5-b018-903da6a19997> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://kerrycollison.blogspot.com/2012/12/do-chinese-now-claim-ryukyus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540928.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00158-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956566 | 858 | 2.65625 | 3 |
THE LEGACY OF BANDHANI ART : BANDHANI DUPATTAS
Bandhani textile art is a gift of tradition from ancestral artisans in the Indian subcontinent. This art form has its pride, culture, and heritage with years of history. Used variedly on cotton or luxurious Gaji Silk, the striking bandhani patterns are emblematic of excellent craftsmanship. The Gaji Silk bandhani dupattas are a trending pick for dressing up at any Indian wedding or event. Also known as Bandhej art, these exuberant dot prints celebrate the folk flair of artisans making their waves from local markets to the ramps of fashion weeks. It is evident from current fashion trends that bandhej dupattas are a versatile element in every wardrobe.
Turning pages of History: Origin and Significance
To appreciate the essence of Bandhani, it is important to understand its notable significance in history. Astonishing evidence has been found of the use of bandhani and dyeing dating back to 4000 B.C at the time of the Indus Valley Civilization. On the walls of Ajanta Caves, there is significant use of Bandhani dots that can be traced in the paintings portraying the life of Buddha.
Another remarkable mention of Bandhani is found in the details of royal marriage described in Harshacharita, a prominent historical text. For centuries Bandhani saree and Bandhani dupattas are believed to be an item of auspicious clothing for a bride.
The Sanskrit word “Bandh” which means to tie leads to the evolution of the term Bandhani. This craft is native to the western parts of India and the most famous Bandhani work is found in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in India.
The Bandhani art is a revered ancestral practice in many communities in India. The Khatri community of Kutch and Saurashtra is one of such artisans keeping this heritage alive and flourishing.
The Making of Bandhani
Our authentic Bandhani dupattas / Bandhej dupattas are made using Tie and dye technique. It involves two major steps that require expertise and experience to create every single masterpiece on a yard of cloth. All types of textiles are used in this art, but the use of Gaji Silk, glossy vegetable-based silk is used for making opulent pieces. Our variety of Gaji Silk bandhani dupattas are procured from verified vendors to ensure best quality.
- The first step is to tie the cloth in minute knots. The fabric is plucked and tied with threads forming little raised structures of Bandhani.
- The craftsmen have to be extremely precise and neat at their job at this stage as these knots hold up the entire essence of the complete design.
- The next step is to dye the fabric with bright colors and shades. Due to the knots, the entire cloth gets colored and little tied spots remain white or whatever the base color of the fabric was while tying them.
- Subsequently, the knots are untied and there is playful magic of contrasting bindis (dots of bandhani) spread all over in figurative patterns. And believe us, it is extremely breath-taking.
These festive prints look phenomenal on every occasion and are extremely versatile. There is an escalating demand for Bandhani Dupattas (a piece of rectangular cloth worn as an extra-long scarf) and Bandhani Sarees (a yard of fabric draped and worn in different styles native to India).
This extraordinary process is a melting pot of skilled craftsmanship and love for art and culture that holds history and marvel of textile art.
Since the very inception of Khatri Jamnadas Bechardas, our vision has been to portray the raw and regal traditions of Indian Textile Art. Our motto is to serve our clients with quality and instil trust and satisfaction as a brand. We at Khatri Jamnadas Bechardas are preserving and promoting this timeless textile art to reach millions of customers globally. Visit Khatri Jamnadas Bechardas and discover the enchanting world of ethnic Indian apparel. | <urn:uuid:cc400001-0e62-4ea9-a7e1-1ebba951d37f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://khatrijamnadas.com/en-gb/collections/bandhani-dupattas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662555558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523041156-20220523071156-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.927397 | 846 | 3 | 3 |
Why is this so?
Most people have not heard of Huntington’s or have only a very vague idea about it. It’s a devastating disease that people, once they see it, would rather not think about because it makes them confront an ugly version of mortality. HD destroys people’s humanity, frequently reducing patients to shaking, emaciated, wheelchair-ridden bodies unable to communicate with others. It’s like looking at death in slow motion.
Indeed, in remembering loved ones lost to HD, family members often refer not to the date of death, but the time of the onset of HD symptoms. I know that I lost my own mother, who died of HD in 2006, many years before that.
But the stigma derives not just from HD’s destructiveness. Different people in different times and places have reacted to the disease according to their circumstances and the beliefs of their communities about disability, science, and human nature. The stigma becomes hard to wipe away because it is part of the way people have learned to think and feel about HD, as taught by their families, doctors, schools, and government.
A new book uncovers prejudices
For the first time, a new book explores the roots of HD’s stigma. Written by historian Alice Wexler, it is titled The Woman Who Walked into the Sea: Huntington’s and the Making of a Genetic Disease (Yale University Press).
Many will recall Alice as the author of Mapping Fate: A Memoir of Family, Risk, and Genetic Research (1995), in which she chronicled her mother’s demise because of HD and her dynamic family’s quest for a cure. Starting in the late 1960s her father, the late Milton Wexler, became a national champion of HD research, and her sister Nancy Wexler, a top scientist, helped pioneer the Genome Project and the discovery of the HD gene in 1993.
Like so many of us, Alice, too, is at risk.
In The Woman Who Walked into the Sea, Alice explores how Americans over the past two centuries dealt with and interpreted HD. Although people in the early 1800s did not know what caused St. Vitus’s dance – as HD was then known – they understood that it ran in families. Some people with HD faced prejudice, but others were tolerated in their communities. Contrary to popular images of the disease, a number of HD-affected individuals achieved local prominence and great respect, as Alice explains.
However, today’s HD-affected families also will be all too familiar with the portraits and struggles depicted. For example, on a summer night in 1806, Phebe Hedges, a 40-year-old woman from East Hampton, New York, walked into the sea in an act of suicide. Remembering doctors’ failure to understand my mother’s condition, I found it painful to read about past families’ experiences with clinicians who were unfamiliar with HD’s symptoms or who refused care and instead urged affected families to avoid marriage and having children.
Instead of following the standard line about heroic researchers, Alice spends much of the book focusing on the challenges faced by the families.
The ambiguous Dr. Huntington
Thus the American physician Dr. George Huntington (1850-1916) appears in the book as a very ambiguous figure. On the one hand, he was the first scientific observer to note that HD involved what would eventually be called “dominant inheritance” – in other words, that a child of an affected parent had a 50-50 chance of inheriting the genetic defect and that the disease disappeared in the branch of a family where a particular parent did not have it. As a result, after the publication of Dr. Huntington’s findings in 1872, St. Vitus’s dance quickly became known as Huntington’s chorea – “chorea,” of course, meaning the shaking produced by the disease. (“Chorea” later gave way to the word “disease” when it became clear that HD also involved cognitive and other problems.)
On the other hand, Dr. Huntington used the concept of “insanity” to describe the depression and difficulties in judgment resulting from HD. That emphasis, Alice asserts, “introduced a term with powerful negative associations” and “may have heightened social fears surrounding the disease.” Scientists classified Huntington’s as a “degenerative disease,” reflecting not only its neurological reality but beliefs in social Darwinism, survival of the fittest, and the concept of a superior race.
Despite the importance of his discovery, Dr. Huntington showed no interest in carrying out further research. The Woman Who Walked into the Sea teaches us that, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, many other scientists were involved in discussions about HD, both positive and negative. Understanding the disease was a collective, international effort.
As the field of medicine modernized in the late 1800s and created the new specialty of neurology, Huntington’s was transformed from a “medical curiosity” into an “interesting” disease, Alice observes. Because of HD’s genetic cause and consistent symptoms, many neurologists came to see it as the “neurological disorder par excellence.” Research on HD broke new ground in the history of medicine. It helped to disprove the widely held belief that acquired – not genetic – influences could be passed on to the next generation. Understanding that a disease could have a specific genetic cause invalidated the belief that a person’s “weakness” or generalized tendency to illness could degenerate into any number of diseases.
Eugenics and sterilization
However, scientific progress, combined with an exaggerated emphasis on survival of the fittest, fostered extreme measures against people with disabilities. Long before Nazi Germany, the United States embraced eugenics, the idea that society should improve its genetic stock by preventing the unfit from having children. In 1907, Indiana passed the first legislation legalizing sterilization of inmates in public institutions. Over the next three decades, our country produced the harshest eugenics laws in the world outside those implemented by the Nazis.
Families with HD bore the brunt of eugenics. Alice describes the work of Dr. Elizabeth Muncey, a federal Eugenics Record Office researcher who compiled information on more than 4,000 people, past and present, who were linked to Huntington’s.
“Muncey was doing science, but also surveillance,” Alice writes. “She was scrutinizing certain families, diagnosing and labeling them, and in this manner, setting them apart from their neighbors. In this environment, her questioning, not only of the affected families but of their neighbors, ministers, and physicians, as well as town officials, inevitably put the families on display in a way that they had never experienced before.”
Charles Davenport, a scientist who worked with Muncey and analyzed her data, concluded that “it would be a work of far-seeing philanthropy to sterilize all those in which chronic chorea has already developed.” It was the government’s job “to investigate every case of Huntington’s chorea that appears and to concern itself with all of the progeny of such.” A government that failed to prevent the spread of Huntington’s was “impotent, stupid” and invited “disaster.” And immigrants with Huntington’s should not be allowed into the country. Davenport called for developing a predictive test for Huntington’s for eugenic purposes.
In the 1930s the Nazis may have forcibly sterilized as many as 3,500 people affected by HD. Tens of thousands of Americans were also involuntarily sterilized between the 1920s and 1960s, some of them perhaps affected by Huntington’s.
A long life for historical fictions
Alice illustrates how the scientific theories of the early 1900s, although eventually rejected, endured in our culture as beliefs held by everyday people. This deepened the stigma of HD. For decades, doctors continued to recommend against marriage for families affected by HD. Sadly, rather than researching ways to alleviate the disease, the scientific and medical communities advocated control of the families.
Fear about Huntington’s reached a crescendo in the 1930s and 1940s. New theories emerged, claiming that the original sufferers of the disease had been accused of witchcraft and had even played a part in the famous Salem witch trials of 1692. Both respected scientific journals and the popular magazine Literary Digest published articles on the alleged witchcraft connection; the Digest referred to HD as “the witchcraft disease.”
Not until 1969 did others debunk these “historical fictions,” as Alice calls them, adding that one perpetrator still clung to them as recently as the 1980s. Alice states unequivocally: “I have found no credible examples of an individual accused of witchcraft who behaved in ways evocative of this disease.” Even some people in the HD community still subscribe to the witchcraft theory as a way of highlighting the status of affected individuals as victims of oppression.
Time for indignation and action
The long history of prejudice and misunderstanding about HD reconstructed in The Woman Who Walked into the Sea will make you indignant, no matter what your relationship to HD. Alice’s book provides important information for scientists, activists, and families involved in the search for treatments and better care for people with neurological diseases. She shows us that disease is not just a question of science and medicine, but also of history and the cultural codes that we all live by.
As a gene-positive individual and activist, I will use The Woman Who Walked into the Sea to explain to our community and to others why the disease has so long been stigmatized and shrouded in mystery.
It also will help combat the stigma today. As Alice so expertly illustrates, substituting “fact” for “superstition” does not always lessen stigma and prejudice: at first, modern science actually increased prejudice via the practice of eugenics.
Recently I read a reader’s comment on a newspaper website asserting that it was wrong for a couple facing HD to have children. It angered and saddened me. Today we have genetic testing for HD, but, thankfully, the decision to go through with it lies solely with the at-risk individual. The information is confidential. We also have pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which permits a couple to select a non-HD-carrying embryo for in vitro fertilization.
My wife and I tested our own daughter, conceived before PGD was available, while still in the womb. She is negative for HD. We wanted a child, even though we knew that my own gene-positive status meant I could soon become disabled. The history of HD as recounted in The Woman Who Walked into the Sea warns us of the need of HD families to assert their rights to have children and to guard against discrimination.
We know that we can shape a better future for ourselves by advocating for better understanding of HD and, as Alice urges, demanding that the medical and scientific communities use new biomedical knowledge to benefit families. This means getting involved in advocacy and politics. Many people may find this distasteful or difficult, but unless we do so, we run the risk of facing new versions of the HD stigma. | <urn:uuid:30a7bb7a-a66b-4296-b2d3-fdf4aa0dbaad> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://curehd.blogspot.com/2008/08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806066.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120130647-20171120150647-00698.warc.gz | en | 0.966822 | 2,385 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Q: I recently had a severe case of sciatica after a long plane trip. Why did this happen and how can I prevent it from happening again?
A: It sounds like you may indeed have sciatica caused by your long plane trip.
Sciatica is a condition in which pain is felt along the path of the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower spinal cord through the buttock and leg to the foot. It is the longest nerve in the body, but sciatic pain is usually caused by pressure over the first few inches.
Sciatica is the result of irritation of or pressure on the sciatic nerve, usually at the point where it leaves the spinal cord.A bulging or herniated disc is the most common cause, but muscle spasms in the same area are also a frequent cause. Bone growths or spurs on the vertebrae sometimes cause irritation.
A herniated disc, but not muscle spasms, can be detected with imaging tests. It's easy to see, especially if a contrasting dye is injected around the spinal cord. Bone spurs can be detected by X-rays, but CT scans or MRIs may be required. But other factors can cause sciatica, even pressure on the nerve from a back-pocket wallet or sitting too long in one place. If this is the first time you've had this pain, it may be due to external pressure. But because it lasted so long, I suspect your problem was caused by something more serious.
If you didn't visit your doctor or a neurologist to have this episode of your pain evaluated, it may be too late to determine the exact underlying cause.
Surgery may be the best option for treating sciatica caused by bone or disc problems. But for these and other causes, the best approach is to first try medicines to ease the severity of the pain and changing behavior to limit the irritation or pressure causing the pain.
Nerve blocks are essentially regional or local anesthetics and effective only in the short term.
Weak lower back muscles and poor posture, whether sitting or standing, can cause sciatica or make it worse. So a regular program of appropriate exercise maintained over time is probably the best way to prevent sciatica in the future.
There are many sources of information about the type of exercises that are most beneficial. Because you have had such a long bout of sciatica, it would probably be prudent for you to get professional help to know what to do and what not to do.
If a herniated disc is in fact the source of your problem, surgery is always a consideration. Many people are understandably anxious about nervous system surgery because of the possibility of irreversible damage. But the procedure is now considered quite safe.
There are several ways to do the surgery, each of which has its own risks and benefits. Before you decide, please make sure you fully explore and understand the benefits and risks of each, as well as the experience of the surgeon.
In the meantime, when you next fly, try to sit up straight, change positions occasionally and get up and stretch from time to time. Plan ahead and get an aisle seat to make this easier.
Write to Dr. Douma in care of the Chicago Tribune, Room 400, 435 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. | <urn:uuid:fb50133d-63ce-4461-8ee3-f2c1e08101ed> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-05-03/news/0005040086_1_sciatica-sciatic-nerve-spinal-cord | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123151.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00116-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959028 | 688 | 2.71875 | 3 |
With all the environmental issues mankind is facing today, a lot of us are leaning more into eco-friendly products and services. We see it happening everywhere – go-green slogans, reminders and innovations. Outdoor furniture is no exception. Over the past few years, many people have been making tremendous efforts to lessen the damage to our Mother Earth. One might think, ‘Can outdoor furniture have negative environmental effects?’ The answer is YES. The production of some types of outdoor furniture can produce excessive carbon dioxide – which causes harmful effects on the environment. This is why we now have ‘green’ outdoor furniture for sale. Let us get to know more about what these outdoor products are made of:
Did you know that trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen? In addition to that, they also act as the habitat to millions and millions of insects, birds and animals – all of which are essential aspects in any ecological area. To put it simply, trees are vital to life’s existence here on Earth. Because our rain forests are slowly but surely depleting, people are looking towards other materials when manufacturing indoor and outdoor furniture. However, it is unfortunate that wood is still the easiest and most comfortable material to use. Sustainable woods are made from managed forests. It means that the process done to acquire these sustainable woods do not involve clear-cutting as well as other harmful deforestation techniques.
If you care about the nature, but at the same time would want to have something that’s close to real wood, you may want to consider reclaimed wood. The technique used for reclaimed woods is using pre-existing woods from existing products. From there, outdoor furniture items are made. This process helps the environment, and at the same time, provides unique items as a result.
Plastic, as we all know, is recyclable. Paper, bottles, and aluminum are, too. There are several companies that have ventured in this industry – turning our trash into something more attractive and durable. Recycled plastic outdoor furniture is designed to last for many years. Not only does it come with minimal maintenance, but it also helps in keeping the environment carbon-free. It also helps you save money as you don’t have to replace them from time-to-time.
For outdoor furniture that are made from recycled plastic, you may want to check out our collection. It’s time to consider this option and let us work together in making our environment better. | <urn:uuid:51ba0d55-5f70-4801-9bd8-3bf2bab303a3> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://palmcasual.com/eco-friendly-patio-furniture-for-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820700.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017033641-20171017053641-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.968826 | 503 | 2.75 | 3 |
“What did you learn in school today?” a mom asks her son after school each day and receives the same nonchalant response, “I don’t know. Nothing.” The conversation is ritually cut off by a dismissive shrug of the boy’s shoulders. We send our kids to school for six hours a day and expect that they are learning what they need to but, what if they are not?
The first reading I assigned to my students this fall was Nicholas Carr’s “Is Google making us Stupid?” This essay became fairly prevalent around the net when it was first published but still continues to be an insightful look at the effect of modern day technology on society. I posed a question to my students as a follow up to this reading, “Are we creating technology or is technology recreating us?” I think this question boggled their minds for a number of reasons, the most shocking of which was the realization that they were complete strangers to be asked to think for themselves and develop their own ideas. At first I received blank stares, then a multitude of similar answers saying that “yes, we are.” This wasn't a yes or no question, it was an either or question so this response simply didn't answer the question at hand. That was when it dawned on me that they really had no clue where to begin. They knew how to write a summary. They knew how to write a compare/contrast of two or more subjects. They didn't know how to develop a thesis based on their own thoughts and ideas rather than what they had read. The answer wasn't
in the text they were reading. It was then that I realized the larger goal I had for these students was to teach them how to think, to develop their own ideas, to provide insight—to use their brains, if you will.
This is one of the overbearing concerns I have for the education provided in the 21st century. This is a dilemma that is not only present in writing but also in math, science, history and nearly every subject area. Students learn a progression of math from counting to addition, to multiplication to algebra and so on, so forth yet they are never taught how it all fits together. Way too often I hear students complain that they’re “never going to need this in real life.” Their brains are filled with formulas, rules, theories and facts to which they have never been taught what to do with. In essence, it has become a useless wealth of knowledge. We, as an entire community need to work to rectify this, to instill a stronger value in education and we at HEROES Academy have begun to strive for this. I aim to not only fill students with a larger base of knowledge but to introduce them to new subject concentrations and to deeper critical thinking. I seek to teach students to educate, to seek out knowledge and to understand the applications of what they are learning so they can continue to use the knowledge outside of a test or class. If we can provide students with all the tools and resources necessary to learn then they can and will truly excel in school and the reality of life after graduation. | <urn:uuid:d2bf79a9-a3bf-4e58-89c8-66ad08b9c038> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://resources.njgifted.org/purely-gifted/digging-deeper-into-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865081.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623132619-20180623152619-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.984324 | 659 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Fungi do not have sexes, just so-called mating types. A new study being published today in the prestigious journal PLoS shows that there are great similarities between the parts of DNA that determine the sex of plants and animals and the parts of DNA that determine mating types in certain fungi. This makes fungi interesting as new model organisms in studies of the evolutionary development of sex chromosomes.
In the plant and animal kingdoms there are individuals of different sexes, that is, bearers of either many tiny sex cells (males) or a few large ones (females). In the third eukaryote kingdom (organisms with DNA gathered in the cell nucleus), the fungi kingdom, there are no sexes but rather a simpler and more primitive system of different so-called mating types. These are distinguished by different variants of a few specific genes.
There are many ways to determine sex. In humans it is done by sex chromosomes. It is thought that this sex difference arose in the plant and animal kingdom from the simpler system of mating types and that this happened several times independently of each other throughout evolution. The change is believed to have happened with the inhibition of a step in the copying process in DNA, which led to two separate chromosomes. These then developed further over a long period of time.
“In humans, sex chromosomes are believed to have developed over the last 300 million years from a common ‘proto-sex chromosome,’” says Hanna Johannesson, who directed the study.
The new study shows for the first time that even though fungi do not have sexes, there are many similarities between the parts of the genome that determine sex in plants and animals and the parts of the genome that control mating types in certain fungi. The research group specifically studied a spore sac fungus (Neurospora tetrasperma) and can show that the similarities are great, regarding both present-day structure and the way in which it arose.
“It’s hard to study the evolution of sex chromosomes, partly because so many different and important sex-specific characters are tied to them. But much of this can be avoided if we use simpler systems, like fungi, as models.”
Source: Uppsala University
Explore further: Yeast's lifestyle couples mating with meiosis | <urn:uuid:4324a57c-3677-4da8-a447-e013555d187e> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://phys.org/news/2008-03-fungi-sex-chromosomes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987127.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00199-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943618 | 470 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Special education needs
Children with special education needs
Schools do all they can to enrol students with disabilities and additional learning needs into mainstream study and school life. This process is generally described as ‘integration’. There are students with special educational needs in both mainstream and specialist schools.
Some mainstream schools have specialist facilities to help students with a particular disability; for example, there are secondary schools with equipment and expertise for hearing impaired students. The federal government has also recently committed funds to specialist professional development training for teachers working with children suffering from autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
In addition to schools with classes for students with special needs, there are also a range of special schools in both the government and independent sectors, which offer a specialised learning environment and higher levels of support.
The Year 7–10 syllabus has been designed to be inclusive of all students, and most students with special education needs participate in the regular learning activities and assessment tasks with additional support if required, such as the adjustment of assessment tasks. The Life Skills program also provides some Year 11 and 12 students, particularly those with intellectual disabilities, with an alternative study program. See the NSW Department of Education and Communities website for more details.
Specialist teachers and support staff are available in Queensland schools to support the needs of students with disabilities from Prep to Year 12. Early Childhood Development programs and services are available to children prior to Prep with suspected or diagnosed disabilities.
The Education Adjustment Program identifies and responds to the educational needs of students with a range of disabilities. Each school may offer different support programs and approaches, such as dedicated special education classrooms, providing support so that students with special education needs can learn alongside other students or providing specialised joint programs between schools. Not all schools provide a special education program; a list is available on the Department of Education and Training website. A school transport assistant scheme is also available to assist parents in getting their children to and from school.
More information on special education needs in Queensland can be found on the Department of Education and Training website.
In government schools, support funding is available through the Department of Education and Training's Program for Students with Disabilities, subject to eligibility and educational need.
Children who have a serious illness or who suffer other disruptions to their lives and schooling may also be in need of special help. Support is provided to these students where appropriate through the department's regional offices.
For students with disabilities and additional learning needs in government schools, the first step is to contact the local school. The school will establish a Student Support Group to complete an application for the Program for Students with Disabilities, after which the Department of Education and Training determines the eligibility of the student and the educational adjustments required. A similar process is applied in Catholic and independent schools.
There are many associations and services that offer support and advice to students with special educational needs. For example, the Office for Disability's DiVine website is run by the Department of Human Services. Another useful point of contact is the Association for Children with a Disability. | <urn:uuid:12977628-5afa-49e3-8625-e60181bd4056> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.goodschools.com.au/choosing-a-school/special-needs/special-education-needs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982964275.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200924-00260-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971139 | 615 | 3.375 | 3 |
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Kant's discussion of the relations between cognition and self-consciousness lie at the heart of the Critique of Pure Reason, in the celebrated transcendental deduction. Although this section of Kant's masterpiece is widely believed to contain important insights into cognition and self-consciousness, it has long been viewed as unusually obscure. Many philosophers have tried to avoid the transcendental psychology that Kant employed. By contrast, Patricia Kitcher follows Kant's careful delineation of the necessary conditions for knowledge and his intricate argument that knowledge requires self-consciousness. She argues that far from being an exercise in armchair psychology, the thesis that thinkers must be aware of the connections among their mental states offers an astute analysis of the requirements of rational thought. The book opens by situating Kant's theories in the then contemporary debates about "apperception," personal identity and the relations between object cognition and self-consciousness.
After laying out Kant's argument that the distinctive kind of knowledge that humans have requires a unified self- consciousness, Kitcher considers the implications of his theory for current problems in the philosophy of mind. If Kant is right that rational cognition requires acts of thought that are at least implicitly conscious, then theories of consciousness face a second "hard problem" beyond the familiar difficulties with the qualities of sensations. How is conscious reasoning to be understood? Kitcher shows that current accounts of the self-ascription of belief have great trouble in explaining the case where subjects know their reasons for the belief. She presents a "new" Kantian approach to handling this problem. In this way, the book reveals Kant as a thinker of great relevance to contemporary philosophy, one whose allegedly obscure achievements provide solutions to problems that are still with us.
Patricia Kitcher is Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University. She is the author of Kant's Transcendental Psychology.
1. Overview ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Interpretive Framework ; 3. Preview ; 4. Current Work on Kant's 'I-Think' ; Part I: Background ; 2. Locke's Internal Sense and Kant's Changing Views ; 1. Locke's Influence ; 2. Locke's Complex Theory of Internal Sense ; 3. Kant's Varied Reactions ; 4. 'Inner Sense' in relation to Kantian 'Apperception' ; 5. Kant's Use of 'Inner Sense' ; 3. Personal Identity and Its Problems ; 1. Locke's Problem ; 2. Leibniz's Criticisms and Additions ; 3. Kant and Hume ; 4. Tetens (and Hume) ; 4. Rationalist Metaphysics of Mind ; 1. The Role of Rationalism ; 2. Leibniz's Elegant 'I-theory' ; 3. Faculties, Powers and Substances ; 4. Rational Psychology ; 5. Consciousness, Self-Consciousness and Cognition ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Locke's 'Reflection' and Leibniz's 'Apperception' ; 3. Self-consciousness and Object cognition ; 4. Self-Consciousness through Self-Feeling ; 5. Summary ; 6. Strands of Argument in the Duisburg Nachla? ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Kant's Objection to the Inaugural Dissertation ; 3. Principles of Appearance and Thought in the Duisburg NachlaB Notion of Apperception? ; 4. What is the Duisburg Nachla?'s Notion of 'Apperception? ; 5. From the Duisburg NachlaB to the Critique ; Part II: Theory ; 7. A Transcendental Deduction for A Priori Concepts ; 1. Kant's Goal ; 2. Clues to the Nature of the Argument ; 3. The First Premise of the Transcendental Deduction ; 4. Apriority and Activity ; 5. A 'Transcendental' Deduction ; 8. Synthesis: Why and How? ; 1. Problems to be Solved ; 2. Kant's Definition ; 3. Synthesis and Objective Reference ; 4. Five Syntheses and Their Relations ; 9. Arguing for Apperception ; 1. Introduction ; 2. 'I-Think' as the 'Cogito'; The One-step Deduction from Judgment ; 3. What Kind of Cognition Is at Issue in the Transcendental Deduction? ; 4. What is the Principle of Apperception? ; 5. The Apperceptive Synthesis of Recognition in a Concept ; 6.Combination and Self-Consciousness in the B Deduction ; 7. Arguing from the Unity of Apperception to the Necessary Applicability of Categories to Intuitions ; 8. Transcendental Apperception, Empirical Apperception and 'Mineness' ; 9. Summary ; 10. The Power of Apperception ; 1. Introduction ; 2. What is the Power/Faculty of Apperception? ; 3. Does the Faculty of Apperception Endure? Is it the 'Inner Principle' of a Substance? ; 4. Does the Power of Apperception Initiate Causal Chains or Provide Impressions of Necessary Connection? ; 5. 'Is it an Experience That I think?' ; 6. Root Powers, Scientific Ideals and the Ground of Appearances ; 11. 'I-Think' as the Destroyer of Rational Psychology ; 1. Understanding Kant's Criticisms ; 2. Kant's Earlier and Later Treatments of Rational Psychology ; 3. 'I-Think' as the Vehicle of the Categories ; 4. 'I-Think' as Analytically Contained in the Concept of Thought ; 5. Does the Analysis of Cognition Imply the Existence of a Thinker? ; 6. Why Can't Thinkers Know Themselves as Such? ; Part III: Evaluation ; 12. Is Kant's Theory Consistent? ; 1. The Old Objection ; 2. The Most Problematic Passage (A251-52) ; 3. The Confusion about the Causes of Sensations ; 4. A Second Look at the Most Problematic Passage ; 5. Criticizing Rationalist Confusions ; 6. What Kant's Epistemology and Metaphysics Imply ; 13. The Normativity Objection ; 1. Psychologism or Noumenalism? ; 2. Scrutinizing Sensations and Adding 'Transcendental Content' ; 3. Forming Concepts and Acquiring the I-Representation ; 4. Making A Priori Principles Explicit and Testing Instances ; 5. Normativity and the I-rule ; Appendix to Chapter 13: Longuenesse on Concept Formation ; 14. Is Kant's Thinker (as Such) a Free and Responsible Agent? ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Texts Linking Theoretical and Practical Reason ; 3. Autonomy and Accountability ; 4. Intellectual Accountability ; 15. Kant our Contemporary ; 1. Supporting and Showing Relevance ; 2. Transcendental Arguments ; 3. Must Rational Cognition involve Self-consciousness? ; 4. A Second Hard Problem of Consciousness? ; 5. Other 'I's
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There’s recently been a huge outpouring of data-rich analyses of studies of the statistics on income differences in the U.S. And one of the best is supplied by Mark Perry over at AEI’s Enterprise Blog. (Be sure also to click on each of the many links that Mark has in this post.)
Note that on a per-household-earner basis, the average income in 2010 for households in the top quintile was only 3.28 times larger than the average income for households in the lowest quintile. That is, if you divide the income earned by each earner in the average household in first the bottom, and then in the top, quintile, you get $11,034/0.42=$26,271 and $169,633/1.97=$86,108.
While $169,633 is 15.37 times larger than $11,034, $86,108 is only 3.28 times larger than $26,271. In other words, while the average household income for households in the top quintile is 15.37 times larger than the average income of households in the bottom quintile, average per-household-earner income for households in the top quintile is only 3.28 times larger than is average per-household-earner income for households in the bottom quintile.
Looked at in this way, the “inequality” is revealed to be much more modest. | <urn:uuid:80748786-f770-4b6c-a4a5-89d4aa3cebd0> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://cafehayek.com/2011/10/mark-perry-on-income-differences.html/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363659.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209030858-20211209060858-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.9559 | 316 | 2.703125 | 3 |
How much can you make and still be middle class if you live in Manhattan?
Sal Albanese, a Democratic former city councilman running to succeed New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, raised eyebrows with his thoughts on the number during a televised forum on March 24, 2013.
Albanese made the claim as he was criticizing a municipal tax proposal offered by one of his rivals, Bill Thompson, the former city comptroller.
"I disagree with Bill's proposal to tax people even more in the city," Albanese said, at times interrupted by cross-talk. "As I said, what's at stake -- in Manhattan, a half a million -- half a million more in Manhattan, believe it or not, is middle class."
At this point, an off-screen voice shouted, "Half a million or more is not middle class!"
To some laughter, MSNBC’s moderator, Chris Hayes, said that people "are really throwing things at the television when you say that."
We knew that the cost of living in the Big Apple is high. But is it really true that that an annual income of half a million dollars a year in Manhattan only makes you middle class?
Unfortunately, there is no official definition of "middle class." In fact, the phrase has such a mom-and-apple-pie ring to it that politicians have been using the term expansively for generations. But we’ll look at a few methods.
One is to define the upper boundary of the middle class as twice the median income.
Using demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau, we found that for Manhattan, the median income for all households was a little more than $66,000. Using this definition, the upper limit of the middle class would be $132,000 -- well short of $500,000.
The second way is to break the population into three broad categories. The bottom fifth would be lower-income, the middle 60 percent would be middle-income, and the top fifth would be high-income.
Census data shows that the someone who makes $200,000 ranks in the top 16 percent of Manhattan earners. So a household could make it into the top 20 percent with roughly $180,000 -- which once again is well short of $500,000.
Just to be sure that Manhattan wasn’t an unusual case due to its high cost of living, we also tried to factor the Big Apple’s famously high costs. We used a city cost-of-living calculator provided by CNNMoney.com that accounts for the costs of food, housing, utilities, transportation and health care in different cities. The calculator allowed us to determine what income in other cities was equivalent to $500,000 in Manhattan.
We found a handful of cities in which $500,000 in Manhattan money worked out to roughly $200,000 in local income -- Birmingham, Ala.; Tulsa, Okla.; Tampa; Cincinnati; Detroit; Charleston, W.Va.; Salt Lake City; Des Moines, Iowa; and Phoenix. Using Census data, we found that in each of these cities, the percentage of local households earning $200,000 ranged between 1 percent and 5 percent.
This confirms that in this far-flung sampling of cities, earning the local equivalent of $500,000 in "Manhattan money" puts you in the top 5 percent of local earners. Even by the most generous definition, that’s not close to middle-class status.
When we contacted Albanese’s campaign, a spokesman backed off the claim. Todd Brogan said Albanese got carried away during the televised appearance and defined middle class in a way he normally does not. "It was quite frankly, a gaffe," Brogan said. Brogan added that the campaign had not made its backtrack official until PolitiFact asked about it.
Albanese said that an annual income of $500,000 "in Manhattan, believe it or not, is middle class." In reality, the upper boundary of "middle class" in Manhattan is probably between $130,000 and $180,000, which is well short of the level Albanese cited (a level he later backed away from). We rate the claim False. | <urn:uuid:bfa7c281-6061-4649-bdaa-447e4ee45e69> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2013/mar/27/sal-albanese/does-earning-500000-manhattan-make-you-middle-clas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963118 | 873 | 2.53125 | 3 |
If you suffer from excessive sweating, you aren’t alone.
Excessive sweating, or hyperhidrosis, affects about 3 percent of the population in the United States, and there are two major types of the condition, says Dr. James Turek, a family physician with Tidelands Health Family Medicine at Garden City.
Most common is the inherited version, which isn’t caused by a medical condition. This form of excessive sweating, in which a person sweats about five times more than an unaffected person, begins in childhood and continues into adulthood. The sweating is most common when a person is awake.
The second form of hyperhidrosis is caused by one of many medical conditions and is characterized by excessive sweating while asleep, Dr. Turek says. It can be caused by excessive drinking, anxiety, diabetes, spinal cord injury, thyroid disease, heart disease, obesity and other conditions, the doctor says.
Whether due to genetics or a medical condition, hyperhidrosis can be a serious quality-of-life concern among patients, some of whom go to great lengths to avoid embarrassment, Dr. Turek says.
“Everybody is their own worst enemy,” Dr. Turek says. “It’s one of those things where, when you have that problem, it’s in your mind and you think everybody is noticing it.”
Most people find ways to navigate around their overproduction of perspiration. Despite the claim that some shirts are “moisture-wicking,” Dr. Turek says many patients use Kleenex to absorb moisture in their underarms or frequently change clothes to avoid wet armpits.
“They might change their clothes at work because it (the sweat) bleeds through, or they might, if they’re getting their picture taken for formal photos, wait until the last minute to put on a gown, and then take it off right away to avoid ruining it,” Dr. Turek says.
The location of sweat overproduction can vary by person, with some people having wetter feet and underarms and others having moister palms or faces.
Dr. Turek says the most common sites he sees are the underarms and the face, followed by hands and feet.
Some prevailing theories, which still need to be more rigorously tested and researched, posit that people with excessive sweating might have too much of a neurotransmitter involved in perspiration, Dr. Turek says.
People who suffer from hyperhidrosis should discuss the symptoms with his or her primary care provider, who can evaluate the cause and suggest an appropriate course of treatment, Dr. Turek says.
One option to control sweating is prescription-strength antiperspirants, which can be used almost anywhere on your body, including your palms and feet, Dr. Turek says.
Some patients may ultimately be referred to a dermatologist for more specialized treatment, Dr. Turek says, that can inactivate or destroy the glands that produce the sweat.
“The most important thing is for people to realize they aren’t the only ones with this issue, and to discuss it with their physician,” Dr. Turek says. “We’re here to help.”
Dr. James Turek
Family Medicine Physician, Tidelands Health Family Medicine at Garden City
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Dr. James Turek is a family medicine physician who practices at Tidelands Health Family Medicine at Garden City.Learn More
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Dr. James Turek
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Dr. James Turek is a family medicine physician who practices at Tidelands Health Family Medicine at Garden City. | <urn:uuid:166b0cc1-1c70-4398-8f01-a40989c48c72> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.mycarolinalife.com/sweat-much-hyperhidrosis-diagnosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00775.warc.gz | en | 0.950181 | 807 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Celebrate World Animal Day - 4 October
MISSION: TO RAISE THE STATUS OF ANIMALS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE WELFARE STANDARDS AROUND THE GLOBE
To achieve this, we encourage animal welfare organisations, community groups, youth and children’s clubs, businesses and individuals to organise events in celebration of World Animal Day. Involvement is growing at an astonishing rate and it's now widely accepted and celebrated in a variety of different ways in many countries, with no regard to nationality, religion, faith or political ideology.
Throughout history, social movements (mass actions) like World Animal Day, have always been a major vehicle for ordinary people’s participation in politics, and key in fighting for social justice and reform. The lives of animals are profoundly affected by the actions of individuals, businesses, and nations. It’s therefore essential that, as sentient beings, their rightful status as recipients of social justice is established and translated into effective animal protection. Through increased awareness and education, we can help develop a compassionate culture which feeds into legal reform and social progress to make this world a fairer place for all living creatures. A world where animals are recognised as sentient beings and full regard is always paid to their welfare. | <urn:uuid:32db3051-8fb5-4f99-8248-5a4c0b2f3671> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.greatgrounds.co.uk/blog/2016/world-animal-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530527.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421100217-20190421121548-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.932368 | 255 | 2.734375 | 3 |
By Monique Ryan
Filled with fiber, vitamins, minerals, and tongue-twisting disease-fighting phytonutrients, make the most of fresh produce by choosing and storing it properly. Avoid any cut, bruised or wilted produce and wash thoroughly just before consumption.
Let’s take a look at what nutrients fresh fruits and vegetables provide, as well as how guidelines for purchasing these foods and consuming them at their peak.
Apples (fiber, quercetin) — Firm, no soft spots, good color; refrigerate up to six weeks in plastic bag.
Apricots (fiber, vitamin A, carotenoids) — Plump and golden yellow; refrigerate up to two to three days in paper or plastic bag.
Asparagus (folate, glutathione ) — Firm, thick stalks with deep green or purplish tips; wrap bottoms in wet paper towel and store in the crisper for two to three days.
Bananas (potassium, vitamin B6, potassium) — Ripen at room temperature to yellow color; up to two weeks in the refrigerator.
Blueberries (vitamin C, anthocyanidins) — Buy firm, uniform in size; refrigerate three to five days.
Broccoli (folate, vitamin K, A, and C, sulforaphane ) — Dark green, firm stalks, closed florets, store unwashed in perforated bag in crisper for three to five days.
Carrots (beta-carotene) — Deep orange, remove green leafy tops; store in crisper for several days.
Celery (apigenin, luteolin, phthalides) — Buy shiny and light in color; one week stored as bunch in plastic bag in refrigerator.
Corn (fiber, leutin,) — Tight green husks with compact rows of kernels; eat immediately or refrigerate in husk for four days.
Grapefruit (vitamins A and C, potassium, flavonoids, limonoids ) — Glossy, round, smooth and heavy; room temperature for one week, refrigerate for six to eight weeks.
Grapes (resveratrol, quercetin, catechins, anthocyanins, potassium) — Firm, plump, good color; refrigerate up to one week in ventilated plastic bag.
Kiwifruit (potassium, vitamin C, leutin, copper) — Ripen firm fruit at room temperature; refrigerate up to three weeks.
Lettuce (vitamin A, folate ) — Crisp leaves, no dark spots or edges, plastic bag in crisper; endive lasts four days, romaine 10 days, and iceberg lettuce two weeks.
Mushrooms (B vitamins, selenium, copper) — Plump, dry , blemish-free; refrigerate in container or paper bag one week.
Orange (folate, vitamin C, potassium, flavonoids, limonoids, carotenoids) — Firm, bright, heavy, with no wrinkles; refrigerator for up to two weeks.
Peach (beta-carotene, potassium, quercetin, kaempferol ) — Slightly soft and aromatic; refrigerate ripe one week.
Pear (fiber, catechins, potassium ) — Slightly soft at stem; ripen in paper bag, refrigerate in plastic bag for three days.
Plum (phenolic compounds, lutien, zeathanthin, fiber) — Buy firm and ripen in paper bag three days.
Spinach (iron, calcium, potassium, vitamin A ) — Crisp, green leaves; store in plastic bag in refrigerator for three days.
Sweet Potato (vitamin A, beta-carotene) — Firm, dark, smooth; cellar temperature for one month or room temperature one week.
Tomatoes (lycopene, leutin, zeaxanthin, vitamin A) — Firm, plump, smooth skin; store in room temperature out of the sun as refrigeration ruins flavor and texture.
Watermelon (lycopene, potassium, vitamin C and A) — No cracks or soft spots; room temperature four to seven days or refrigerate for five days; once cut cover and refrigerate for three to four days.
Winter Squash (potassium, beta-carotene) — Hard, dull rinds; store unbagged in cool, dry area for several months, refrigerate covered for one week when cut.
Monique Ryan, MS, RD, CSSD, LDN is the leading endurance sports nutritionist. Her nearly 30 years of professional experience working with Olympic (consultant to USAT and USA Cycling), elite and age group endurance athletes and professional sports teams make her one of the most experienced and qualified sports nutritionists in the U.S. Ryan is founder of Chicago-based Personal Nutrition Designs and the best-selling author of Sports Nutrition for Endurance Athletes (3rd edition, VeloPress) and three other sports nutrition books. PND provides detailed nutrition plans for triathletes across North America competing in all race distances, with programs at www.moniqueryan.com. Ryan is a Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics. | <urn:uuid:7c635663-6f7c-4220-92e6-40625731ad48> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.usatriathlon.org/about-multisport/multisport-zone/fuel-station/articles/produce-power-062612.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007510.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00050-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870594 | 1,108 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Pandemic Highlights Urgent Need for Long-Term Vaccine Development
David D. Ho ’00HON, the world-renowned AIDS researcher, had just started to settle into his laboratory at Columbia University Irving Medical Center when news broke of a novel coronavirus spreading across China. He and his team of twenty-five scientists at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC) — a prestigious organization that Ho has led since 1991 and that became a part of Columbia’s medical school in late 2019 — quickly shifted gears. The center’s ongoing efforts to improve HIV treatments and find a cure for AIDS, Ho decided, would temporarily be scaled back so that he and his colleagues could devote most of their energies to developing drugs to treat COVID-19.
“In the past we’ve stepped in to help fight other viruses, such as SARS, bird flu, and Ebola, but we knew that our involvement here was going to be on another level,” says Ho, who in addition to directing ADARC is the Clyde ’56 and Helen Wu Professor of Medicine at Columbia. “This was going to be all hands on deck.”
ADARC, which occupies two floors of laboratory space in the medical campus’s Hammer Health Sciences Center, is at the center of Columbia’s ambitious multipronged effort to study COVID-19 and related coronaviruses. The program, which is supported by more than $10 million in private donations, involves not only ADARC scientists but members of several other Columbia research teams that have experience in developing antiviral therapies against either HIV or hepatitis.
“Viruses tend to share some basic characteristics, so an approach that works against one virus is often a good starting point for fighting another,” says Ho, a pioneer of combination antiretroviral therapy for AIDS, a treatment approach that has dramatically extended patients’ lives through the simultaneous administration of multiple drugs at the first sign of infection.
In many ways, the research is similar to other COVID-19 drug-discovery programs now underway at laboratories around the world. Ho and his collaborators are genetically analyzing the new coronavirus for clues about how it might be susceptible to drugs and then screening chemical compounds that they think might be able to incapacitate it. The Columbia scientists, like others, are proceeding at a breakneck pace, employing an array of experimental new technologies that are designed to reduce the amount of time this work takes.
“We’re trying to condense the initial stages of drug discovery, which would ordinarily take several years, into just a few months,” says Ho. He expects to bring a number of vaccine and drug candidates to clinical trials within a year.
But the Columbia initiative is different from others in one important respect: it is aiming to develop therapies that will work not only against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 but against the wide variety of coronaviruses that could infect people in the future. A diverse group of microbes most frequently found in bats, pigs, birds, and other animal hosts, coronaviruses have in several cases jumped into humans and caused outbreaks of serious disease (four other human coronaviruses cause milder, cold-like illness). These outbreaks have happened three times so far this century — with severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, in 2003; Middle East respiratory syndrome, or MERS, in 2012; and now COVID-19 — and Ho believes that additional coronavirus “spillover” events are destined to occur.
“So while we’re undertaking this effort with a great sense of urgency because of the nature of the current outbreak, we’re also thinking ahead to what we may confront in the future and trying to come up with more permanent solutions,” he says.
To do this work, Ho and his collaborators — who include Columbia faculty members Alejandro Chavez, an assistant professor of pathology and cell biology; Stephen P. Goff, the Higgins Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and a professor of microbiology and immunology; Jingyue Ju, the Samuel Ruben–Peter G. Viele Professor of Engineering; and Yosef Sabo, an assistant professor of clinical medical sciences — are making lists of essential features of the COVID-19 coronavirus that could be targeted with drugs and then looking to see which of those features are also present in other coronaviruses. The scientists will use a new drug-screening technology developed by Chavez to test promising compounds against dozens of strains at once. The technology represents a radical improvement over traditional drug-screening tools, which limit scientists to observing the effects of drug candidates on a single virus at a time.
If Ho and his colleagues are able to create a therapy that one day proves effective against a never-before-seen illness, it will be a first. Nobody has ever developed a treatment for a viral disease that didn’t exist yet. But Ho says that if recent history is any guide, emerging diseases will continue to crop up with regularity, forcing health officials to scramble to contain outbreaks while scientists frantically search for vaccines and treatments — which may come months or years later, if at all. A more forward-looking drug-development strategy could ultimately save lives and money, says Ho.
“What’s happened in the past when new infectious diseases have emerged is there is an initial surge of financial support for creating drugs, but then, once the outbreaks are brought under control, support for the research begins to dry up,” he says.
Ho notes that in 2003, at the height of the SARS epidemic, his laboratory and several others were close to developing treatments. Once the epidemic was contained, though, grant support disappeared and critical work was left unfinished. Ho now regards that venture as a lost opportunity, because the strain of coronavirus that caused SARS is extremely similar to the one that causes COVID-19 — so similar, in fact, that he thinks the treatments his team had started to develop for SARS may very well have protected people against the new disease.
“At the very least, I think we’d be closer to having a treatment for COVID-19 now if we’d have been able to continue the work,” he says.
Given the magnitude of the current pandemic, Ho says that he is cautiously optimistic that governments and private donors will continue to support research on other strains of coronavirus once the outbreak subsides.
“Now it’s the third time we’ve been through this,” he says. “I doubt that the world’s going to drop the ball on this one.”
This article appears in the Spring/Summer 2020 print edition of Columbia Magazine as part of the cover story, "What We Have Learned From the Pandemic (So Far)." | <urn:uuid:d9787a5f-f1ae-4888-9f69-d559b37f2326> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/pandemic-highlights-urgent-need-long-term-vaccine-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648858.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602204755-20230602234755-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.964639 | 1,429 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Antarctic Kunlun Station
It is located 4087 m above sea level, the highest among all research stations, and 7.3 km southwest to Dome A and was officially opened on January 27, 2009. Fully constructed the station is planned to cover an area of 558 m². The main building, covering 236 m², is planned erected in April 2009.
The site is one of the coldest in the world, with temperatures occasionally reaching −80 °C (−112 °F) in the winter. It is indicated from satellite measurements that places nearby could reach a world record −90 °C (−130 °F) temperature.
In April 2012 the first of three Antarctica Schmidt telescopes (AST3) was installed at Kunlun Station. The other two were planned for installation in 2013 and 2014. A bigger optical telescope, Kunlun Dark Universe Survey Telescope (KDUST), is planned to be installed by 2020.
Telescopes at Antarctic Kunlun Station
|Instrument Name||Aperture||Installation Year||Remarks|
|Chinese Small Telescope Array (CSTAR) ||0.145m||2008||CSTAR is an array of four Schmidt telescope with aperture of 14.5cm,equipped with 1Kx1K CCD each.|
|Antarctica Schmidt telescopes (AST3)||0.5m||2012-2014||First of three AST3 telescopes was installed at the Antarctic Kunlun Station in April 2012. |
|Kunlun Dark Universe Survey Telescope (KDUST)||2.5m||2020||KDUST is a 2.5 meter infrared optical telescope designed to detect and observe Earth-like planets in the Milky Way using infrared light. |
|Dome A Terahertz Explorer-5 (DATE5)||5m||2020||DATE5 is a 5 meter telescope designed to detect light with longer wavelengths, which will allow astronomers to detect and observe nascent stars. |
|Infrared optical telescope||6-8m||2020+|
|New terahertz telescope||15m||2020+|
- Antarctic Great Wall Station
- Antarctic Zhongshan Station
- Antarctic Taishan Station
- Arctic Yellow River Station
- Polar Research Institute of China
- Xuě Lóng
- "China sets up 3rd Antarctic research station". 2009-01-28. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
- Minus credibility? Antarctic record low temperature disputed
- Official website Polar Research Institute of China
- Official website Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration
- International Polar Foundation report
- PLATO - Dome A Robotic Observatory
- Photos of inauguration
- PLATO - Dome A webcam | <urn:uuid:9a2af2d1-a99d-4f0e-b90a-42dc709999b6> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Kunlun_Station | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462141.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00057-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.815877 | 573 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Forgetting something is one of the most frustrating experiences in daily life. However, there are many actions you can take to enhance your memories, most of which you can expect to read on this page.
Playing brain teasers is an excellent way of enhancing your memory. This idea is a lot like the way in which athletes exercise to have their muscles fit and healthy. With constant exercise, the brain stays flexible and limber, able to take around the challenges for each day. Games boost your memory and your mind. Popular activities with advantages to memory include word searches, logic puzzles, and crosswords.
Simply paying better attention to the data you intend to remember might help keep it in your memory. You may think you're focusing your attention, however, you mind could actually be wandering instead of focusing efficiently. Clear any distracting thoughts from the mind and replace these with tight mental focus on the information relay on hand. Maintain your goals and topic under consideration and take notes if you must.
If you need to retain a great deal of information, it may seem beneficial to regularly switch up your study locations. This works simply because you will associate the data you might be learning together with the location you learned it in. Basically, varying the spot where you study encourages general retention.
Try increasing the volume of omega-3 fatty acid you obtain in what you eat. In case you have difficulty retaining information, you could be deficient in Omega 3 fatty acids. Attempt to add a supplement should you be not getting enough with your food.
Connecting things that you should memorize, with humorous images or words may help you remember the information as needed. Infusing humor into things that you need to memorize will make them easier to recall later.
Staying socially engaged is a great way to boost the potency of your memory. This helps help keep you inside a good mood, and mindful of your surroundings. Depressed people don't properly stimulate their mind, meaning their brain won't receive the necessary exercise it deserves. Talking and getting together with friends, even if it is online, keeps the mind sharp and better in a position to remember things.
Ginseng has been used for many years to help memory. Studies claim that taking ginseng can help you learn and retain information. In addition, it's good for general health. Green tea leaf could also naturally help your memory loss issues.
When someone offers you information, rephrase it with your own words to memorize it. It may be hard for several to memorize thoughts and words once they don't be aware of the meaning.
An intelligent way to improve memory significantly is so that you can teach others something. For instance, if you are forgetting a story about when you taught your grandson to swim, discuss it to more and more people. This also enables you to properly encode the memory to your brain, rendering it much better to call upon when needed.
Try to find memory improvement books within a library located in your area. There are several pros who have written memory improvement books that draw on scientifically validated techniques that have shown to improve memory.
An excellent tip to create your memory better would be to begin a routine in which you get some exercise regularly. A little daily exercise are capable of doing wonders.
To supplement memory, try rehearsing or relating the information you would like to remember using what you are aware. If you link short-term memory facts with knowledge you may have already acquired, you can speed the process of transforming short-term memories into long term ones.
A great approach to increasing your memory is to listen for some classical music. Soothing, soft music can relax your body and mind, which may better your memory. If you truly desire to heighten the mood, play Chopin while lying from the bath and burning incense.
You may help yourself learn by saying things out loud to help enhance your memory retention. Try to repeat the things you learn out loud straight away. Repeating information aloud allows you to remember it later. Regardless if you are alone or with other people, will not feel embarrassed, and say it a few times.
Remember to set up regular study sessions and break new information into small, manageable chunks. This makes it simpler to absorb and recall. This will provide you with time to think the data over, and retain it. Studying in intervals, rather than seeking to cram everything in at the same time, is a proven method of knowledge retention. Procrastination often contributes to cramming, so make sure you set research agenda for yourself.
A good way to effectively decrease the risk of developing conditions that can cause you to lose your memory is always to cultivate many meaningful relationships. It has become apparent through scientific study that socializing with friends and relations often helps keep the memory functions of the brain working well.
Produce a memory tree. Should you be mastering a complicated subject, find out the general ideas first, forming a trunk. Form branches on your tree with the subject's subdivisions. Readily available limbs will stem the minor details that constitute the leaves of the tree. By visualizing information, you can boost your memory.
To keep in mind something, create a melody by putting it to music. This could be effective, you can see it from kids who learn the alphabet song. Because melodies repeat themselves, it's feasible for your thoughts to keep in mind them. Try singing another thought you may have and try to remember it in certain hours.
Keep a diary or journal. You must discuss five items you enjoy every day. You could also write five positives that occurred on that day. This puts you inside a positive frame or mind, and people have better memories when they are feeling positive emotions.
You could possibly not be able to recover a few of the memories that you no longer have. But, if you apply the advice of the article and commence practicing these memory-improvement techniques, you should be in better shape for staying sharp with future memories. Begin using these tips to make sure you maintain your memory good and powerful. | <urn:uuid:b00c08d1-e174-4f3e-ab87-fa9ac8352b43> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://geniuxbrain-booster.netlify.com/categories/geniux-limitless/geniux-limitless-tips-and-tricks-for-enhancing-your-memory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890823.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121175418-20180121195418-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.954905 | 1,229 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Metball modelling rests on the polygonization of an isosurface. The isosurface is defined as the set of all points in space where the force function is precisely equal to some chosen constant threshold. The polygonization of the surface is a set of polygons which attempt to aproximate the form of the surface to the best of their resolution. The surface is not guaranteed to be accurate; shapes on the surface that fall below the resolution of the polygon mesh will not be represented accurately. But overall, polygonization is an effective way of displaying the isosurface, and so care must be taken to compute the polygon mesh as quickly and accurately as possible.
In the following discussion, a point is hot if the value of the force function at that point is above the system threshold. A point is cold if the value of the force function at that point is below the threshold. An edge or face is hot if it has one or more hot vertices and one or more cold vertices.
The polygon mesh is generated by refining an Octree over the bounding cube of the model. An Octree is a cube of space. Cubes have eight corners; consider an edge between any two. If the edge is hot, then somewhere in between the two F() must be exactly 0.5. This is because F() is a continuous function, because it is the sum of a set of continuous functions. Interpolation techniques can be used to quickly aproximate where along the edge F()=0.5. An effective function has proven to be
where P is now an interpolation between the two vertices. (Obviously, this fails if both vertices are hot or cold.) P is the vertex of a polyon in the polygon mesh.
If only one corner of the cube is hot then we will interpolate three points in space where F()=0.5; these three points uniquely determine an oriented polygon. If only two neighboring corners were hot, we would find a squareish polygon separating those two vertices from the rest of the cube. Any configuration of hot and cold corners gives rise to one or two polygons. So any cube in space in which one or more corners are different temperatures from the rest of the cube can be used to produce polygons whose vertices are on the surface. Eight corners, each either hot or cold, means that there are 2^8=256 possible combinations of hot and cold corners=256 possible polygon cases. Both implementations currently use pre-calculated arrays of constants to find which vertices are applicable to which cases.
A single Octree produces a single polygon. When we refine an Octree, we break it up into eight smaller Octrees, one for each octant. Several of these will not contain any part of the surface; they will not be refined any further. Those which are crossed by the surface (some corners are hot but some are cold) will produce polygons; they can be queued for refinement at a later date. Thus starting from a single seed Octree, we can produce a smooth, finely faceted surface. Parts of this surface can be removed and updated dynamically as changes occur to the underlying model.
The following sequence demonstrates refinement in action.
These images were taken from meshes exported to Data Explorer:
An important consideration in implementing an octree refinement scheme is that sampling the force function F() may be a very expensive operation. Care should be taken to avoid repeating it more often than necessary. If possible, neighboring octrees should share vertex values between them and parent octrees should share vertex values with their children.
More Information on Surface-Fitting Algorithms
An Overview of Metaballs/Blobby Objects by Matthew Ward, WPI CS Department
Example Dinosaur image.
Example animation by John Isidoro created by using the Marching Pyramids algorithm.
Main Modeling Page
HyperGraph Home page. | <urn:uuid:6a4dd17d-2f02-48e7-aad7-b74c5bdda8e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/modeling/metaballs/metaballs.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982290752.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195810-00189-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93012 | 813 | 3.78125 | 4 |
The American Cancer Society estimates that in the 1980s more than 4. 5 million Americans died of cancer. In addition, there were nearly nine million new cases and about 12 million people were under medical care for cancer. With cancer being the second most common cause of death in the United States population, the possibility that readily-available natural substances may be beneficial in the prevention of cancer warrants closer examination. A growing body of research has demonstrated green tea polyphenols to be powerful antioxidants with anticarcinogenic properties. These polyphenolic compounds, specifically the catechins epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), which account for 30-40 percent of the extractable solids of green tea leaves, are believed to mediate many of the cancer chemopreventive effects. Mechanisms of action may include antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity, and stimulation of detoxification systems through selective induction or modification of phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. In addition, green tea may inhibit biochemical markers of tumor initiation and promotion, including the rate of cell replication and thus inhibition of the growth and development of neoplasms. Current studies are hopeful, as they show an inverse association between green tea consumption and cancer risk, supporting a possible chemopreventive effect of green tea. Based on the knowledge that green tea is inexpensive, non-toxic, and is a popular beverage consumed worldwide, clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate the in-vivo effectiveness of green tea polyphenols on the inhibition and chemopreventive treatment of cancer. | <urn:uuid:4b7747d5-d758-46e8-961b-749ae9fb7067> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10559550/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662561747.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523194013-20220523224013-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.939197 | 339 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Specialized compounds from photosynthetic organisms serve as rich resources for drug development. From aspirin to atropine, plant-derived natural products have had a profound impact on human health. Technological advances provide new opportunities to access these natural products in a metabolic context. Here, we describe a database and platform for storing, visualizing and statistically analyzing metabolomics data from fourteen medicinal plant species. The metabolomes and associated transcriptomes (RNAseq) for each plant species, gathered from up to twenty tissue/organ samples that have experienced varied growth conditions and developmental histories, were analyzed in parallel. Three case studies illustrate different ways that the data can be integrally used to generate testable hypotheses concerning the biochemistry, phylogeny and natural product diversity of medicinal plants. Deep metabolomics analysis of Camptotheca acuminata exemplifies how such data can be used to inform metabolic understanding of natural product chemical diversity and begin to formulate hypotheses about their biogenesis. Metabolomics data from Prunella vulgaris, a species that contains a wide range of antioxidant, antiviral, tumoricidal and anti-inflammatory constituents, provide a case study of obtaining biosystematic and developmental fingerprint information from metabolite accumulation data in a little studied species. Digitalis purpurea, well known as a source of cardiac glycosides, is used to illustrate how integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics data can lead to identification of candidate genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes in the cardiac glycoside pathway. Medicinal Plant Metabolomics Resource (MPM) provides a framework for generating experimentally testable hypotheses about the metabolic networks that lead to the generation of specialized compounds, identifying genes that control their biosynthesis and establishing a basis for modeling metabolism in less studied species. The database is publicly available and can be used by researchers in medicine and plant biology.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Wurtele, Eve Syrkin; Chappell, Joe; Jones, A. Daniel; Celiz, Mary Dawn; Ransom, Nick; Hur, Manhoi; Rizshsky, Ludmila; Crispin, Matthew; Dixon, Philip; Liu, Jia; Widrlechner, Mark P.; and Nikolau, Basil J., "Medicinal Plants: A Public Resource for Metabolomics and Hypothesis Development" (2012). Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Faculty Publications. 52. | <urn:uuid:a7703012-9dea-4542-8999-49124e3664b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biochem_facpub/52/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.842797 | 487 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Sensory Storytime for All Ages is a storytime that welcomes everyone while focusing especially on children with special needs and their caregivers. Therapeutic activities springing from picture books should engage children with autism spectrum disorders or sensory integration challenges.
Why is the library offering Sensory Storytime? This program gives freedom to children with special needs within a structured space. It aims to include families who may feel excluded by regular storytime expectations of children such as sitting still, listening quietly, or understanding stories with short glimpses of illustrations when a book is held up.
How Is Sensory Storytime Different from Regular Storytime? Regular children's storytimes may or may not include the following features which distinguish Sensory Storytime: deliberate sensory input, more interaction and freedom of movement, use of visual schedules, and built-in play time (i.e. one story followed by activities and play time). When presenting Sensory Storytime, librarians are sensitive to delayed motor skills and to the possibility of noise or crowd issues. Additionally, caregivers are welcomed and accepted without feeling they have to apologize for their children's behavior beyond basic concerns for safety.
For more about libraries and autism, click here. Click here for The Autism Consortium.
Pete the Cat: I Love My White Shoes will be shared at Carver School Road Branch Library on Saturday, March 7, at 11 am. Librarians plan to stimulate the senses of sight, sound, and touch by using a flannelboard along with the book and singing parts of the story together. Families are welcome to stay awhile after storytime to meet new friends while children play with bubbles.
This March 7 Sensory Storytime will be held five miles from Walkertown at the Carver School Road Branch Library. Join the fun on Saturday, March 7, starting at 11am. | <urn:uuid:8d675fa7-1751-4803-b693-9d9914513a99> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.helpourbabies.org/article.aspx?NewsID=20074 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654031.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608003500-20230608033500-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.938281 | 373 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer among children, adolescents and young adults. It usually occurs in the long bones of the arms or legs, but it can also occur in the pelvis and spine or, in rare cases, the jaw or other locations in the body.
Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s provides comprehensive medical and surgical care for children and adolescents with bone tumors, such as osteosarcoma. Our multidisciplinary approach through our Bone and Soft Tissue Program ensures in-depth discussion of each case and personalized treatment plans for every patient. Continue reading to learn more about osteosarcoma, or visit the Bone and Soft Tissue Program homepage to learn about our expertise and treatment options for this condition.
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer among children, adolescents and young adults. It usually begins in the marrow cavity of the long bones, such as the arms and legs. It also can occur in the pelvis and spine, and in rare cases, in the jaw or other locations in the body.
While osteosarcoma occurs most commonly in teenagers, when the rate of bone growth is the fastest, it can affect young children and adults as well. There are about 600 new cases of osteosarcoma diagnosed each year in the United States.
Types of osteosarcoma
Some types of osteosarcoma can start just outside or at the surface of the bone, instead of in the marrow cavity. These include:
Osteosarcoma cancer cells can spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body. If this happens, it most often spreads to the lungs. It also can spread to other bones, and much less commonly, to the kidneys, the adrenal gland, the brain and the heart.
In most cases, there is no clear cause for osteosarcoma. Genetics, abnormal bone metabolism or environmental exposures play an important role in some people.
The symptoms of osteosarcoma can vary depending on the size and location of the tumor and whether it has spread. Often, an injury brings your child into a medical facility, where an x-ray may indicate suspicious bone lesions. Usually, your child does not appear to be ill. While each child may experience symptoms differently, the most common include:
Keep in mind that the symptoms of osteosarcoma may resemble other, more common conditions or medical problems, so if you suspect that your child has osteosarcoma, always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.
Diagnostic procedures for osteosarcoma are used to determine the exact type of tumor your child has and whether the tumor has spread. Your child’s doctor will perform a complete medical and physical examination. In addition, your child’s physician may order some of the following diagnostic tests for osteosarcoma:
Treatments for osteocarcoma may involve a combination of therapies including surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy. In most cases, children receive chemotherapy before surgery (neoadjuvant), a surgical procedure to remove the tumor and additional chemotherapy after surgery (adjuvant). Treatment options will vary greatly, depending on your child's situation. Your child's doctor and other members of your care team will discuss the options with you in-depth. Prompt medical attention and aggressive therapy are important for the best prognosis.
Children with osteosarcoma are treated through the Bone and Soft Tissue Program at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center.
Surgery for Osteosarcoma
Depending on the size and location of the tumor and whether the tumor has spread, your child may receive one of the following surgical treatments:
Surgery at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s is personalized to help your child achieve the best functional and cosmetic outcome and to allow them to remain active and healthy. Depending on the type of surgery your child receives, your child may have to avoid certain physical activities following treatment. Limb-salvage surgery can leave an arm or leg fragile and increase the risk of fracture. As a result, patients will need to avoid high-stress physical activities, such as skiing, skate-boarding or bike riding. Children who require partial or complete limb amputations will be fitted with a prosthesis and need to undergo physical therapy to adapt to using it.
Talk to your child’s pediatric oncologist or orthopedic surgeon for more information on these procedures.
If the osteosarcoma has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, additional surgery may be required, and our oncologic surgeons will remove any metastases that may have formed.
Chemotherapy for Osteosarcoma
Chemotherapy is a group of drugs that interfere with the cancer cell’s ability to grow or reproduce.
While chemotherapy can be quite effective in treating certain cancers, the drugs cannot tell the difference between normal healthy cells and cancer cells. Because of this, your child may experience adverse side effects during treatment. Understanding these side effects can help you, your child and your care team prepare for, and, in some cases, prevent these symptoms from occurring.
Chemotherapy is systemic treatment, meaning it is introduced to the bloodstream and travels throughout the body to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be given:
Rehabilitation is an extremely important part of your child’s osteosarcoma care. This includes physical and occupational therapy, as well as help adapting to social situations. Your child’s physician will discuss what types of lifestyle changes may be necessary, and our experienced physical and occupational therapists will work to optimize his mobility after surgery.
Some cases of osteosarcoma require partial or complete amputation of an arm or leg. The NOPCO (National Orthotics and Prosthetics Company) Brace Shop at Boston Children's Hospital provides each patient with an expertly made, customized prosthesis, and our physical therapists help children adjust to using them.
Supportive care is treatment to prevent and treat infections, side effects of treatments and complications. The goal is to keep your child comfortable during treatment. It also is an important part of preventing short- and long-term complications of the disease and treatment.
Your child’s prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on a number of different factors, including:
In general, osteosarcomas in the limbs tend to be more treatable. Osteosarcomas in other locations are more difficult to treat and require more aggressive therapy. Prompt medical attention and appropriate therapy are important for the best prognosis.
Unfortunately, about 40 percent of children treated for osteosarcoma will experience relapse, or a return of the disease.
Our pediatric oncologists and surgeons are experienced in treating relapsed osteosarcoma. For children with relapsed osteosarcoma, we offer the highest standard of care including additional surgery and chemotherapy. We also provide access to newly developed treatments through phase I and phase II clinical trials at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s and the Children’s Oncology Group.
Childhood cancer was once considered to always be fatal, but today, the majority of pediatric cancer patients can expect to be long-term survivors.
Survivorship comes with numerous complex issues: the long-term effects of treatment and the risk of second cancers, as well as social and psychological concerns. Children treated for osteosarcoma may require long-term physical and occupational therapy and in some cases may need a brace or prosthesis to help them remain mobile and active.
In addition, children treated for osteosarcoma should visit a survivorship clinic every year to:
A typical follow-up visit may include some or all of the following:
Since 1993, physicians, nurses, researchers and psychologists in our survivorship clinic at the David B. Perini, Jr. Quality of Life Clinic at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute have helped thousands of survivors of pediatric cancers, treated at the institute and at other hospitals, to manage these long-term consequences.
Here are some services that you will encounter at the Perini Clinic:
Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s was one of the first centers in the United States to use adjuvant chemotherapy and perform limb salvage surgery for patients with osteosarcoma.
Apart from our very active basic research program on osteosarcoma and phase I and phase II clinical trials at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s, we also have available all Children’s Oncology Group clinical trials for newly diagnosed, non-metastatic and metastatic osteosarcoma.
Here is some of the investigations that our researchers are currently working on:
For many children with rare or hard-to-treat conditions, clinical trials provide new options. | <urn:uuid:18114885-a1bc-44c3-a28e-a0d9ffa7d9af> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.danafarberbostonchildrens.org/conditions/solid-tumors/osteosarcoma.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302428.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00074-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928635 | 1,853 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Andrew Hamilton looks at some recent and fascinating research on how menthol could help athletes beat the heat - and combat the cold! MORE
Cold weather training: what your mother forgot to tell you!
Why does getting chilled to the bone or soaking wet during a winter workout seem to increase your risk of catching a cold, even though you know logically that colds result from exposure to viruses, not cold, damp air? Why does exercising in the cold increase your risk of having a heart attack compared with exerting yourself under temperate conditions? Why does cold weather exercise tend to clip corpulence from your body which might not fall during the summer?
To answer these questions correctly, you have to understand that your physiological responses to exercising in cold air are different from those that prevail under more moderate conditions. For example, researchers at Japan’s National Defence Medical College have shown that exposure to cold air enhances the activity of ‘suppressor macrophages’ – large white blood cells which actually depress immune system functioning. The mechanism underlying this negative change may involve hydrocortisone (cortisol), a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to cold stress which tends to ‘turn down’ immune system activity. This somewhat perverse macrophage behaviour may explain, at least in part, why ‘getting chilled’ during a workout seems to increase your risk of getting ill; by contrast, overheating per se does not augment your chances of coming down with a viral infection.
Fortunately, the Japanese research mentioned above also suggests that continued training under cold conditions tends to blunt this suppressor-macrophage response (1): in other words, athletes who train regularly in cooler air (or in cold water) are less likely to experience downturns in their immune systems after workouts than those who are exposed to the cold only sporadically.
Although you may have known that exercising while exposed to wintry winds slightly increases your chances of catching a cold, you probably didn’t know that it raises your risk of cardiovascular problems. But, in fact, various epidemiological studies have shown an increase in both fatal and non-fatal exercise-related myocardial infarctions (heart attacks) during periods of colder weather. Researchers aren’t exactly sure why cold air is worse from this point of view than Bermuda breezes, but cold-air exposure is known to raise both the heart rate and arterial blood pressure, so increasing the stress on the heart. Human blood also clots more easily in cold weather, which might increase the risk of a coronary artery blockage. These changes are modified by frequent exposure to the cold, so it is probably sudden and unexpected or sporadic interactions with cold which carry the most risk (2).
How cold empties glycogen stores
A unique aspect of exercising in the cold is that it can – somewhat paradoxically – produce both glycogen depletion and high rates of fat metabolism. The glycogen depletion is caused by two factors: first shivering, which causes muscles to empty their glycogen stores at 5-6 times the normal rate; secondly, increased blood levels of epinephrine (adrenaline), a hormone which stimulates glycogen breakdown.
This high rate of glycogen usage tends to empty out muscle glycogen depots, forcing muscles to turn to fat as a source of energy. Epinephrine can also enhance fat metabolism, and there is some evidence that insulin levels are lower during the winter time, an effect which could also spur fat breakdown. Thus, colder portions of the year can be an excellent time to lose weight and improve body composition, especially since the cold also tends to raise one’s resting metabolic rate. Additionally, exercising in the cold is often associated with an increased energetic cost of movement which can help push you into a ‘negative energy balance’ (3).
There is some evidence, albeit controversial, that winter exercise not only makes a sizable dent in your fat stores, but also helps to shed your most dangerous fat – the lard which is inside your body cavities, clinging to your internal organs. It is this deep, internal fat, not the tallow perched under your skin, which is most closely linked to high blood-fat levels and depressed concentrations of the protective high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Why is deep fat so hazardous? When fat cells inside your abdominal cavity release fat into the blood, the fat moves directly to your liver, where it can be transformed quickly into VLDLs and LDLs – the ‘bad’ fats which are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. On the other hand, the fats inside your muscles and under your skin have a decent chance of being broken down by your muscles before they reach the liver. As athletes’ muscles gobble up this fat, blood concentrations of HDL cholesterol tend to rise.
Are there special workouts which can enhance fat breakdown during the cooler part of the year? Basically, 60-minute bouts of exercise in nippy air, during which you attempt to push up the intensity a little rather than just poking lethargically along, are fantastic for breaking down fat, and slight adjustments in your workout schedule can also force the fat-burning fires to kindle with particular intensity. One useful strategy is to exercise for about an hour in the evening after dinner, refrain from eating afterwards, then complete another 60-minute bout of strenuous exercise on the following morning before breakfast. Your muscles will be quite glycogen-depleted during the sunrise session, causing fat to be metabolised at a higher rate than usual. This strategy also works during warmer parts of the year, but the unique nature of cold weather running may tend to magnify fat utilisation. Don’t try this night-morning combo unless you are well-rested and feeling good, however.
Of course, one of the dangers of cold weather workouts is that you can sometimes get too cold. The danger does not arise from the frosty air per se but from the combination of frigid air and sweat. Cold air doesn’t shut down the sweating process, and you begin to lose heat at an accelerated rate as your clothing becomes saturated with moisture. Water is a terrible insulator (it conducts heat away from the body about 25 times faster than air), so sweat-soaked clothes can transform an initially comfortable run into what feels like an arctic expedition. This can be especially dangerous if fatigue or injury produces a sudden downturn in running velocity.
I learned this the hard way last winter. During a long run, I was cruising along deserted country roads about six miles from my home in mid-Michigan when I suddenly heard ripping noises in one of my calf muscles. Within moments, I was transformed from a wet-yet-warm-as-toast runner into a shivering, hobbling walker, and I barely made it back to the house before becoming hypothermic. After a three-hour de-icing period, I emerged from beneath several layers of woollen blankets resolving to tie an extra-thick sweatshirt around my waist during all subsequent wintry excursions. It is true that English weather tends to be milder than our Michiganian (yes, that’s a real word!) climate, but it is still possible to get into trouble with the cold on your ‘fair isle’. How cold do you have to get before significant health problems occur? Well, I’m not fond of taking rectal temperature, but it’s important to note that you’ll die if your rectal temperature dips to around 75deg F, and putting on an extra pair of shorts or a layer of wool on your bottom won’t protect you, since rectal temperature is simply a good indicator of overall body temp, not a precious commodity in its own right. In fact, once your body temperature falls below just 94deg F, your hypothalamus (a small part of your brain directly above your pituitary gland) loses its ability to regulate your body temperature and your problems really begin to accelerate. For each 10deg C drop in body temperature, metabolic reaction rates dip by about 50%, and drowsiness and coma result.
our best protection against this sort of problem is to tie an extra sweatshirt around your waist and keep a couple of quid in your pocket to pay for transport home!
Wind speed is a major factor
Do bear in mind that the actual coldness of a particular winter day depends not just on temperature but on wind speed, too. A moderately pleasant 5deg C temperature will suddenly feel like 0deg C if a 9 mile-per-hour wind develops, and the perceived coldness will plummet to about minus -5deg C with a 19 mph wind. It’s important to remember that running itself can amplify or minimise this ‘wind-chill’ effect. For example, running at 10 mph into a 9 mph wind provides the same chill as standing still in a 19 mph gale. For that reason, on windy winter days it is important to complete the first half of all your runs into the wind. The second half of the run – when fatigue is slowing you down, your body is generating less heat and your clothes are wet with sweat – should be completed with the wind at your back. Running at 8 mph with an 8 mph wind behind you totally eliminates any wind-chill effect, whereas running at the same speed into an 8mph wind produces the chilling effects of a 16-mph squall.
Athletes sometimes ask whether breathing in large amounts of cold air could ‘freeze’ the respiratory tract. The answer is not entirely clear, but the risk appears to be quite low if you are able to pull most of the incoming air through your nose rather than your mouth. Bear in mind that even when the outside air is about 13deg F, inward-moving air is warmed to about 59deg F by the time it has moved just two inches into your nasal passages. By the time it reaches your larynx, it is close to 70, and the news is even better at the entry to your lungs, where the temperature of the in-rushing air is up to 86.
Does your body make an effort to acclimatise to the cold? As we’ve already seen, it does make adjustments so that immune system function doesn’t fall off too much, blood pressure doesn’t soar too high, and fuel availability is ample. However, research in this area has been somewhat limited, so the whole process is not completely understood, and reactions to cold exposure can be quite variable. For example, although exercise in cold air seems to help get rid of fat, daily exposure to cold water seems to enhance the production of subcutaneous body fat, an effect which would not only decrease bodily heat loss but also make the body more buoyant. Outside the water, much of our knowledge of cold acclimatisation has come from the study of Australian aborigines, many of whom can sleep quite comfortably outside on frigid nights without protection – and without a drop in body temperature. Research shows that Europeans reposing under similar conditions tend to experience extreme distress and lose body warmth readily. The mechanism underlying the aboriginal adaptation is not exactly clear but seems to involve an increased production of metabolic heat.
The bottom line? Cold weather exercise can be tough, but it can do great things for you. Winter is a perfect time to carry out lots of endurance-building, fat-burning, body composition-improving prolonged workouts. Your cold weather training will eventually lead to some really sizzling efforts when warmer weather arrives.
Cold weather coping tips
* Don’t reduce your fluid consumption. It’s true that sweating rates are lower in the cold than in the heat, but cold weather exercise can still be dehydrating. For one thing, water is lost from the respiratory system at an augmented rate on chilly days, and exposure to cold air can also increase urine production. Since feelings of thirst are diminished in cool air, the end result can be a dehydrated state which damages your performance and makes it harder to stay warm. The solution? Take in a glass of fluid immediately before a wintry workout and sip hot beverages immediately afterwards. Additionally, drink at least 8-10 glasses of water each day.
* Do consume extra carbohydrate. Cold exposure increases the rate at which muscles use up their carbohydrate stores, so glycogen depletion can become a problem. Winter also increases fat oxidation, but extra dietary fat is unnecessary. Even very lean athletes usually have enough fat stored in their bodies to support an increased utilisation of fat for fuel.
* Don’t overeat. Amplifying the fat under your skin offers no special advantages. It’s true that a fat person will feel more comfortable than a skinny individual when both are standing still in cold air, but the situation is reversed during exercise. Lean people can usually exercise more intensely than heftier folk and can therefore generate more internal heat. If your goal is to stay warm while exercising, being fit is definitely better than being fat! The exception to this rule is swimming, where a bit of suet under the skin prevents heat from being lost too rapidly to the water.
* If you are a runner, use at least two different pairs of running shoes. The running-shoe companies are very happy with this tip, which arises from the fact that winter’s slushy conditions often leave running-shoe midsoles saturated with moisture. Wet midsoles absorb shock less well than dry soles, so leave water-logged shoes to dry out for 48 hours and use your second pair for the next day’s run.
* Wear adaptable clothes during runs. Clothes with zippers are great, because you can open them up if you get too hot midway through a workout. Unzipping garments also gets rid of excess moisture which builds up as you move around. In general, wear enough clothing to stay warm as you exercise but not so much that you begin to sweat heavily. On the other hand, be prepared for the possibility of chilling: wear a sweatshirt with a hood which can be pulled up over your head if needed, and keep a spare item of clothing tied around your waist or at a pick-up point midway through your training session.
* During extremely cold weather, find sheltered exercise locations which are at least partly out of the wind. This will allow you to exercise more efficiently and reduce your risk of getting excessively cold. | <urn:uuid:937af80c-7368-4d90-8a8c-c6d99be5caed> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.peakendurancesport.com/endurance-training/environmental-training/cold-weather-affects-sports-performance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482284.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205213531-20191206001531-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.949433 | 2,980 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The crocodile is found in some of the rivers.
Among the animals are the puma, manatee (sea cow), alligator and crocodile, but the number of these has been greatly diminished by hunting.
The Ombos in question is not the distant Ombos south of Edfu, where the crocodile was worshipped; Petrie has shown that opposite Coptos, only about 15 m.
The great crocodile of Queensland has been known to attain a length of 30 ft.; there is a smaller one about 6 ft.
Readers of Dante know the idea that the dead have no shadows; this was no invention of the poet's but a piece of traditionary lore; at the present day among the Basutos it is held that a man walking by the brink of a river may lose his life if his shadow falls on the water, for a crocodile may seize it and draw him in; in Tasmania, North and South America and classical Europe is found the conception that the soul - o-tab., umbra - is somehow identical with the shadow of a man.
The other reptiles include two species of crocodile (C. porosus and C. palustris) and the ghariyal (Gavialis gangeticus).
Auditory ment in the crocodile, and with the ", chain " of Chicken, X 6 processus folii of the mammalian diameters; lateral and basal malleus, it follows that the whole views.
The area in Florida is too small for characteristic tropical mammals, but it has the true crocodile (Crocodilus americanus) and is the home of a few tropical birds.
This word is, however, artificial, although now widely used; Spanish and Portuguesespeaking people in America universally call the crocodile and the alligator simply lagarto, which is never intended for lizard.
It differs from the true crocodile principally in having the head broader and shorter, and the snout more obtuse; in having the fourth, enlarged tooth of the under jaw received, not into an external notch, but into a pit formed for it within the upper one; in wanting a jagged fringe which appears on the hind legs and feet of the crocodile; and in having the toes of the hind feet webbed not more than half way to the tips.
The crocodile and cayman occur in the swampy littoral of the south.
The command of the high road to the Mediterranean was secured by the possession of the Hittite town of Pethor at the junction of the Euphrates and Sajur, and at Arvad he received presents, including a crocodile, from the Egyptian king, and, embarking in a ship, killed a dolphin in the sea.
CROCODILE, a name for certain reptiles, taken from ancient Gr.
C. palustris, the " mugger " or " marsh crocodile " of India and Ceylon, extends westwards into Baluchistan, eastwards into the Malay islands.
TpoxiXos), the small bird that according to Herodotus waits or attends on the crocodile and picks insects out of his teeth.
The crocodile is common in many of the rivers and estuaries of Siam, and there are many lizards.
Whenever the crocodile is out of the water the spur-winged plover is its invariable companion.
The hippopotamus and crocodile inhabit the larger rivers flowing west, but are not found in the Hawash, in which, however, otters of large size are plentiful.
A true crocodile, Notochampsa, has been discovered in the Red Beds and Cave Sandstone.
The hippopotamus and crocodile abound in the swamp regions, which also shelter many kinds of water-fowl.
15 it would seem to represent the crocodile, in Isaiah xxvii.
Among the perennial streams may be mentioned the Na'aman, south of Acre; the Mukatta` Kishon, at Haifa; the Nahr ez-Zerka, sometimes called the Crocodile River - so named from the crocodiles still occasionally to be seen in it; the Nahr el-Falik; the `Aujeh a few miles north of Jaffa and the Nahr Rubin.
The reptiles include certain lizards and snakes; the crocodile, once common, has been exterminated.
The crocodile is seen (but now very rarely) in the Nahr ez-Zerka.
ALLIGATOR (Spanish el lagarto, " the lizard"), an animal so closely allied to the crocodile that some naturalists have classed them together as forming one genus.
The characteristic Chinese mode of dividing the "yellow road " of the sun was, however, by the twelve "cyclical animals " - Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon or Crocodile, Serpent, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Hen, Dog, Pig.
The Hare (or Rabbit), Monkey, Dog and Serpent reappeared without change; for the Tiger, Crocodile and Hen, unknown in America, the Ocelot, Lizard and Eagle were substituted as analogous.6 The Aztec calendar dated from the 7th century; but the zodiacal tradition embodied by it was doubtless much more ancient.
The Nile crocodile makes a hole in white sand, which is then filled up and smoothed over; the mother sleeps upon the nest, and keeps watch over her eggs, and when these are near hatching - af ter about twelve weeks - she removes the 18 in.
Mounds north of the town mark the site of Arsinoe, earlier Crocodilopolis, where was worshipped the sacred crocodile kept in the Lake of Moeris.
If the crocodile moves its upper, not its lower, jaw, we may not say that all animals move the lower jaw.
The hippopotamus, manatee, crocodile and beaver are found in the rivers, and both land and fresh-water tortoises are common.
The names "alligator" and "crocodile" are often confounded in popular speech; and the structure and habits of the two animals are so similar that both are most conveniently considered under the heading Crocodile.
A crocodile would be a terrible insect; I should have no difficulty, however, in giving it that name.
There are three species of crocodile, at least two chameleons (probably more when the forest is further explored), the large West African python (P. sebae) and a rare Boine snake (Calabaria).
In these forests are found the two-horned rhinoceros, the elephant, lion, panther, numerous apes and antelopes, while the crocodile and hippopotamus frequent the rivers.
The Reptilia include II species of the crocodile, alligator and lizard, including the savage jacare of the Amazon, several species of turtle, 4 species of batrachians, and 29 species of serpents, including the striped rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus), Lachesis mutus, and a rather rare species of Cophias.
Conquerors of Assyria, who carried his arms towards Armenia on the north and Cappadocia on the west; he hunted wild bulls in the Lebanon and was presented with a crocodile by the Egyptian king.
Crocodile stories, not all fabulous, are plentiful, and begin with one of the oldest writings in the world, the book of Job.
C. cataphractus is the common crocodile of West Africa, easily recognised by the slender snout which resembles that of the gavial, but the mandibular symphysis does not reach beyond the eighth tooth.
The grey column is surmounted by a fine bronze lion of Byzantine style, cast in Venice for Doge Ziani about 1178 (this was carried off to Paris by Napoleon in 1797, and sent back in pieces in 1816; but in 1893 it was put together again); and in 1329 a marble statue of St Theodore, standing upon a crocodile, was placed on the other column.
The skill displayed by the Tentyrites in capturing the crocodile is referred to by Strabo and other Greek writers.
The elephant, giraffe, lion, leopard, hyena, zebra, buffalo, gnu, quagga, kudu, eland and many other kinds of antelope roamed the plains; the rhinoceros, hippopotamus and crocodile lived in or frequented the rivers, and ostriches and baboons were numerous.
When first entered by white men the Transvaal abounded in big game, the lion, leopard, elephant, giraffe, zebra and rhinoceros being very numerous, while the hippopotamus and crocodile were found in all the rivers.
The crocodile is found in the Mekong, and there are many varieties of reptiles, some of them venomous.
It is also repeatedly mentioned (Kpkos) by Homer, Hippocrates and other Greek writers; and the word "crocodile" was long supposed to have been derived from Kancos and whence we have such stories as that "the crocodile's tears are never true save when he is forced where saffron groweth" (Fuller's Worthies).
- Gold Breast Ornament from the graveof achief, in the form of a crocodile with three reptiles on each side. | <urn:uuid:bca0b248-8dea-439c-a60b-0eb8c7c76239> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/crocodile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489729.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219081639-20190219103639-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.947529 | 2,002 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Alternative healthcare is becoming popular in the United States. Many physicians are convinced so that it is an essential part of your patient’s all around health maintenance. Yet quite a few people are reluctant to take alternative treatment and in most cases panic what health professionals might not caused by them. There is a belief that medical doctors are usually more thinking about the surgical treatments and the likely unwanted side effects compared to what they are about curing the origin on the difficulty.
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You will find a few general colleges of taken into consideration alternative medicine. The first institution is termed integrative medication. Integrative treatments understands that numerous diseases can come coming from a frequent induce. It is convinced that by dealing with the root cause, the signs or symptoms will decrease along with the trigger may go out. The signs and symptoms can disappear altogether or even be lowered in severeness, which makes this method of cure somewhat self-explanatory.
The next college of contemplated alternative healthcare is referred to as the mind-system practices or moxibustion, by managing the reason. Mind-human body routines are derived from the healthy understanding that the body is attached to the head and this the mind regulates your body. Mind-system approaches are actually employed along with standard healthcare techniques. As an example, strain control classes are generally explained in conjunction with Chinese herbal treatment methods. Treatments are most beneficial when combined with same or possibly a equivalent modality of treatment.
The 3rd institution of contemplated alternative healthcare is called Ayurveda. Ayurveda is usually a medically validated purely natural, alternative method to disorder prevention as well as handling of wellness. It functions an improved take a look at the body, including the information about how every one of the solutions communicate and ways to deliver each strategy into harmony to promote general health. Ayurvedic medication was made in India more than several thousand years back. It employs a combination of whole health-related systems, like Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), natural treatment options, life style counselling, and therapeutic massage, and features them to a in depth process for those therapy, prognosis and elimination and cure of ailment.
The fourth college of contemplated alternative medicine is termed Holistic Counseling. This kind of therapy is not depending on any sort of belief process on the other hand, it does oppose using standard treatments including surgical procedure,rays and chemotherapy, and other interventions. Also, additionally, it opposes the utilization of modern day pharmaceuticals in treating individuals. Some common varieties of holistic guidance consist of mind and body aromatherapy, procedures and yoga exercises and nutritious guidance. Many solution health professionals are people in the National Health Association, which stand for a community of specialized counselors in america.
Alternative medical treatments are typically highly recommended to individuals who are disappointed while using standard options available in their eyes. Strenuous tests are even now found it necessary to help and support these promises, however some alternative medicine strategies have shown to be very effective in treating diseases. Many of these substitute treatments contain deep breathing, acupressure, naturopathy, chiropractors, homeopathy and homeopathy standard Chinese remedies, Ayurveda, and hydrotherapy.
The very last alternative medicine kind is termed complementary therapy treatment. This particular type of remedy will depend on the perception that supporting remedies present complementary consequences on the body. These effects can be quite a decline in suffering, arousal of particular neural system, enhancement from the immune system, betterment in frame of mind, as well as other adjustments that occur in your body. An excellent type of a complementary treatments are traditional chinese medicine. Acupuncture was primarily included in China and has been seen to always be successful in alleviating discomfort and strengthening the standard of life of patients that have experienced this technique.
Although the aforementioned five alternative medicine sorts have different types of methods, all of them write about the belief that we have a connection between your head and the entire body. To ensure that this idea to always be totally evaluated, strenuous technological study have to be undertaken, and trials have to be completed on these routines to discover their success. There are numerous advantages linked to these techniques, on the other hand. Some added benefits incorporate diminished health issues with an improved upon total well being.
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Ethnography of Fiddle/Ethnography
Ethnography - (from Greek language|Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφω grapho = to write) is "the science of contextualization" often used in the field of social sciences—particularly in anthropology, in some branches of sociology, and in historical science—that studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their ethnogenesis, composition, resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture. It is often employed for gathering empirical data on human Society|societies and cultures. Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc. Ethnography aims to describe the nature of those who are studied (i.e. to describe a people, an ethnos) through writing. In the biological sciences, this type of study might be called a "field study" or a "case report," both of which are used as common synonyms for "ethnography".
- 1 Data collection methods
- 2 Differences across disciplines
- 3 Evaluating ethnography
- 4 Ethics
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Suggested Reading
- 8 External links
- 9 References
Data collection methods
One of the most common methods for collecting data in an ethnographic study is direct, first-hand observation of daily participation. This can include participant observation. Another common method is interviewing, which may include conversation with different levels of form and can involve small talk to long interviews. A particular approach to transcribing interview data might be genealogical method. This is a set of procedures by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent and marriage using diagrams and symbols. Questionnaires can be used to aid the discovery of local beliefs and perceptions and in the case of longitudinal research, where there is continuous long-term study of an area or site, they can act as valid instrument for measuring changes in the individuals or groups studied. Traditionally, the ethnographer focuses attention on a community, selecting knowledgeable informants who know well the activities of the community. These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community, often using chain sampling. This process is often effective in revealing common cultural common denominators connected to the topic being studied. Ethnography relies greatly on up-close, personal experience. Participation, rather than just observation, is one of the keys to this process.
Differences across disciplines
The ethnographic method is used across a range of different disciplines, primarily by anthropologists but also frequently by sociologists. Cultural studies, economics, social work, education, ethnomusicology, folklore, geography, history, linguistics, communication studies, performance studies, psychology, usability and criminology are other fields which have made use of ethnography.
Cultural anthropology and social anthropology were developed around ethnographic research and their canonical texts which are mostly ethnographies: e.g. Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) by Bronisław Malinowski, Ethnologische Excursion in Johore by famous Russian ethnographer and naturalist ( "The moon man") (1875) Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay, Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) by Margaret Mead, The Nuer (1940) by E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Naven (1936, 1958) by Gregory Bateson or "The Lele of the Kasai" (1963) by Mary Douglas. Cultural and social anthropologists today place such a high value on actually doing ethnographic research that ethnology—the comparative synthesis of ethnographic information—is rarely the foundation for a career. The typical ethnography is a document written about a particular people, almost always based at least in part on emic views of where the culture begins and ends. Using language or community boundaries to bound the ethnography is common. Ethnographies are also sometimes called "case studies." Ethnographers study and interpret culture, its universalities and its variations through ethnographic study based on fieldwork. An ethnography is a specific kind of written observational science which provides an account of a particular culture, society, or community. The fieldwork usually involves spending a year or more in another society, living with the local people and learning about their ways of life. Ethnographers are participant observers. They take part in events they study because it helps with understanding local behavior and thought. Classic examples are Carol Stack's All Our Kin, Jean Briggs' "Never in Anger", Richard Lee's "Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers," Victor Turner's "Forest of Symbols," David Maybry-Lewis' "Akew-Shavante Society," E.E. Evans-Pritchard's "The Nuer" and Claude Lévi-Strauss' "Tristes Tropiques". Iterations of ethnographic representations in the classic, modernist camp include Bartholomew Dean’s recent (2009) contribution, Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia.
File:Bronisław Malinowski among Trobriand tribe.jpg|thumb|right|Bronisław Malinowski among Trobriand Islands|Trobriand tribe A typical ethnography attempts to be holistic and typically follows an outline to include a brief history of the culture in question, an analysis of the physical geography or terrain inhabited by the people under study, including climate, and often including what biological anthropologists call habitat. Folk notions of botany and zoology are presented as ethnobotany and ethnozoology alongside references from the formal sciences. Material culture, technology and means of subsistence are usually treated next, as they are typically bound up in physical geography and include descriptions of infrastructure. Kinship and social structure (including age grading, peer groups, gender, voluntary associations, clans, moieties, and so forth, if they exist) are typically included. Languages spoken, dialects and the history of language change are another group of standard topics. Practices of childrearing, acculturation and emic views on personality and values usually follow after sections on social structure. Rites, rituals, and other evidence of religion have long been an interest and are sometimes central to ethnographies, especially when conducted in public where visiting anthropologists can see them.
As ethnography developed, anthropologists grew more interested in less tangible aspects of culture, such as values, worldview and what Clifford Geertz termed the "ethos" of the culture. Clifford Geertz's own fieldwork used elements of a phenomenology (science)|phenomenological approach to fieldwork, tracing not just the doings of people, but the cultural elements themselves. For example, if within a group of people, winking was a communicative gesture, he sought to first determine what kinds of things a wink might mean (it might mean several things). Then, he sought to determine in what contexts winks were used, and whether, as one moved about a region, winks remained meaningful in the same way. In this way, cultural boundaries of communication could be explored, as opposed to using linguistic boundaries or notions about residence. Geertz, while still following something of a traditional ethnographic outline, moved outside that outline to talk about "webs" instead of "outlines" of culture.
Within cultural anthropology, there are several sub-genres of ethnography. Beginning in the 1950s and early 1960s, anthropologists began writing "bio-confessional" ethnographies that intentionally exposed the nature of ethnographic research. Famous examples include Tristes Tropiques (1955) by Claude Lévi-Strauss, The High Valley by Kenneth Read, and The Savage and the Innocent by David Maybury-Lewis, as well as the mildly fictionalized Return to Laughter by Elenore Smith Bowen (Laura Bohannan). Later "reflexive" ethnographies refined the technique to translate cultural differences by representing their effects on the ethnographer. Famous examples include "Deep Play: Notes on a Balinese Cockfight" by Clifford Geertz, Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco by Paul Rabinow, The Headman and I by Jean-Paul Dumont, and Tuhami by Vincent Crapanzano. In the 1980s, the rhetoric of ethnography was subjected to intense scrutiny within the discipline, under the general influence of literary theory and postcolonial|post-colonial/post-structuralist thought. "Experimental" ethnographies that reveal the ferment of the discipline include Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man by Michael Taussig, Debating Muslims by Michael F. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, A Space on the Side of the Road by Kathleen Stewart, and Advocacy after Bhopal by Kim Fortun.
Sociology is another field which prominently features ethnographies. Urban sociology and the Chicago school (sociology)|Chicago School in particular are associated with ethnographic research, with some well-known early examples being Street Corner Society by William Foote Whyte and Black Metropolis by St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Jr.. Some of the influence for this can be traced to the anthropologist Lloyd Warner who was on the Chicago sociology faculty, and to Robert Park's experience as a journalist. Symbolic interactionism developed from the same tradition and yielded several excellent sociological ethnographies, including Shared Fantasy by Gary Alan Fine, which documents the early history of fantasy role-playing games. Other important ethnographies in the discipline of sociology include Pierre Bourdieu's work on Algeria and France, Paul Willis (cultural theorist)|Paul Willis's Learning To Labour on working class youth, and the work of Elijah Anderson, Mitchell Duneier, Loic Wacquant on black America and Glimpses of Madrasa From Africa, 2010 Lai Olurode. But even though many sub-fields and theoretical perspectives within sociology use ethnographic methods, ethnography is not the sine qua non of the discipline, as it is in cultural anthropology.
Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, ethnographic research methods began to be widely employed by communication scholars. Studies such as Gerry Philipsen's analysis of cultural communication strategies in a blue-collar, working class neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, Speaking 'Like a Man' in Teamsterville, paved the way for the expansion of ethnographic research in the study of communication.
Scholars of communication studies use ethnographic research methods to analyze communication behaviors, seeking to answer the "why" and "how come" questions of human communication. Often this type of research results in a case study or field study such as an analysis of speech patterns at a protest rally or the way firemen communicate during "down time" at a fire station. Like anthropology scholars, communication scholars often immerse themselves, participate in and/or directly observe the particular social group being studied.
The American anthropologist George Spindler was a pioneer in applying ethnographic methodology to the classroom.
Anthropologists like Daniel Miller (anthropologist)|Daniel Miller and Mary Douglas have used ethnographic data to answer academic questions about consumers and consumption. In this sense, Tony Salvador, Genevieve Bell, and Ken Anderson describe design ethnography as being "a way of understanding the particulars of daily life in such a way as to increase the success probability of a new product or service or, more appropriately, to reduce the probability of failure specifically due to a lack of understanding of the basic behaviors and frameworks of consumers."
Businesses, too, have found ethnographers helpful for understanding how people use products and services, as indicated in the increasing use of ethnographic methods to understand consumers and consumption, or for new product development (such as video ethnography). Naked Eye Research is a UK based company that specialises in video ethnography, which involves participating, observing and describing how people from particular cultural groups respond to the situations they find themselves in. The recent Ethnographic Praxis in Industry (EPIC) conference is evidence of this. Ethnographers' systematic and holistic approach to real-life experience is valued by product developers, who use the method to understand unstated desires or cultural practices that surround products. Where focus groups fail to inform marketers about what people really do, ethnography links what people say to what they actually do—avoiding the pitfalls that come from relying only on self-reported, focus-group data.
Ethnographic methodology is not usually evaluated in terms of philosophical standpoint (such as positivism and emotionalism). Ethnographic studies nonetheless need to be evaluated in some manner. While there is no consensus on evaluation standards, Richardson (2000, p. 254) provides 5 criteria that ethnographers might find helpful.
- Substantive Contribution: "Does the piece contribute to our understanding of social-life?"
- Aesthetic Merit: "Does this piece succeed aesthetically?"
- Reflexivity: "How did the author come to write this text…Is there adequate self-awareness and self-exposure for the reader to make judgments about the point of view?"
- Impact: "Does this affect me? Emotionally? Intellectually?" Does it move me?
- Expresses a Reality: "Does it seem 'true'—a credible account of a cultural, social, individual, or communal sense of the 'real'?"
Gary Alan Fine argues that the nature of ethnographic inquiry demands that researchers deviate from formal and idealistic rules or ethics that have come to be widely accepted in qualitative and quantitative approaches in research. Many of these ethical assumptions are rooted in positivist and post-positivist epistemology|epistemologies that have adapted over time, but nonetheless are apparent and must be accounted for in all research paradigms. These ethical dilemmas are evident throughout the entire process of conducting ethnographies, including the design, implementation, and reporting of an ethnographic study. Essentially, Fine maintains that researchers are typically not as ethical as they claim or assume to be — and that “each job includes ways of doing things that would be inappropriate for others to know”.
Fine is not necessarily casting blame or pointing his finger at ethnographic researchers, but rather is attempting to show that researchers often make idealized ethical claims and standards which in actuality are inherently based on partial truths and self-deceptions. Fine also acknowledges that many of these partial truths and self-deceptions are unavoidable. He maintains that “illusions” are essential to maintain an occupational reputation and avoid potentially more caustic consequences. He claims, “Ethnographers cannot help but lie, but in lying, we reveal truths that escape those who are not so bold”. Based on these assertions, Fine establishes three conceptual clusters in which ethnographic ethical dilemmas can be situated: “Classic Virtues,” “Technical Skills,” and “Ethnographic Self.”
Much debate surrounding the issue of ethics arose after the ethnographer Napoleon Chagnon conducted his ethnographic fieldwork with the Yanomamo people of South America.
- “The kindly ethnographer” – Most ethnographers present themselves as being more sympathetic than they actually are, which aids in the research process, but is also deceptive. The identity that we present to subjects is different from who we are in other circumstances.
- “The friendly ethnographer” – Ethnographers operate under the assumption that they should not dislike anyone. In actuality, when hated individuals are found within research, ethnographers often crop them out of the findings.
- “The honest ethnographer” – If research participants know the research goals, their responses will likely be skewed. Therefore, ethnographers often conceal what they know in order to increase the likelihood of acceptance.
- “The Precise Ethnographer” – Ethnographers often create the illusion that field notes are data and reflect what “really” happened. They engage in the opposite of plagiarism, giving credit to those undeserving by not using precise words but rather loose interpretations and paraphrasing. Researchers take near-fictions and turn them into claims of fact. The closest ethnographers can ever really get to reality is an approximate truth.
- “The Observant Ethnographer” – Readers of ethnography are often led to assume the report of a scene is complete – that little of importance was missed. In reality, an ethnographer will always miss some aspect because they are not omniscient. Everything is open to multiple interpretations and misunderstandings. The ability of the ethnographer to take notes and observe varies, and therefore, what is depicted in ethnography is not the whole picture.
- “The Unobtrusive Ethnographer” – As a “participant” in the scene, the researcher will always have an effect on the communication that occurs within the research site. The degree to which one is an “active member” affects the extent to which sympathetic understanding is possible.
The ethnographic self
The following appellations are commonly misconceived conceptions of ethnographers:
- “The Candid Ethnographer” – Where the researcher situates themselves within the ethnography is ethically problematic. There is an illusion that everything reported has actually happened because the researcher has been directly exposed to it.
- “The Chaste Ethnographer” – When ethnographers participate within the field, they invariably develop relationships with research subjects/participants. These relationships are sometimes not accounted for within the reporting of the ethnography despite the fact that they seemingly would influence the research findings.
- “The Fair Ethnographer” – Fine claims that objectivity is an illusion and that everything in ethnography is known from a perspective. Therefore, it is unethical for a researcher to report fairness in their findings.
- “The Literary Ethnographer” – Representation is a balancing act of determining what to “show” through poetic/prosaic language and style versus what to “tell” via straightforward, ‘factual’ reporting. The idiosyncratic skill of the ethnographer influences the face-value of the research.
eight principles should be considered for observing, recording and sampling data according to Denzin:
- The groups should combine symbolic meanings with patterns of interaction.
- Observe the world from the point of view of the subject, while maintaining the distinction between everyday and scientific perceptions of reality.
- Link the group’s symbols and their meanings with the social relationships.
- Record all behaviour.
- Methodology should highlight phases of process, change and stability.
- The act should be a type of symbolic interactionism.
- Use concepts that would avoid casual explanations.
- Area studies
- Critical ethnography
- Ethnography of communication
- Realist ethnography
- Online ethnography: a form of ethnography that involves conducting ethnographic studies on the Internet
- Participant observation
- Video ethnography
- Living lab
- Franz Boas
- Raymond Firth
- Bronisław Malinowski
- Claude Lévi-Strauss
- Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay
- Mary Douglas
- Gregory Bateson
- Zalpa Bersanova
- Napoleon Chagnon
- Diamond Jenness
- Ruth Landes
- Edmund Leach
- José Leite de Vasconcelos
- David Maybury-Lewis
- Margaret Mead
- Nikolai Nadezhdin
- Lubor Niederle
- Dositej Obradovic
- Alexey Okladnikov
- Sergey Oldenburg
- Richard Price (American historian)|Richard Price
- Edward Sapir
- August Ludwig von Schlözer
- Marilyn Strathern
- Ronald Takaki
- Lila Abu-Lughod
- Sudhir Venkatesh
- Ian Collins
- Leni Riefenstahl
- Paul Willis
- Greenhouse, Carol (2009). Ethnographies of Neoliberalism. Philidelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 2. ISBN 9780812241921. http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14663.html.
- "Ethnology" at dictionary.com.
- Токарев, Сергей Александрович (1978) (in Russian). История зарубежной этнографии. Наука. http://historia-site.narod.ru/library/ethnology/tokarev_main.htm.
- Maynard, M. & Purvis, J. (1994). Researching women's loves from a feminist perspective. London: Taylor & Frances. p. 76
- Boaz. N.T. & Wolfe, L.D. (1997). Biological anthropology. Published by International Institute for Human Evolutionary Research. Page 150.
- G. David Garson (2008). "Ethnographic Research: Statnotes, from North Carolina State University, Public Administration Program". Faculty.chass.ncsu.edu. http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/ethno.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
- Genzuk, Michael, PH.D., A Synthesis of Ethnographic, Center for Multilingual, Multicultural Research, University of Southern California
- Naroll, Raoul. Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology.
- Chavez, Leo. "Shadowed Lives: Undocumented workers in American society (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology). 1997 Prentice Hall.
- "University Press of Florida: Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia". Upf.com. 2009-11-15. http://www.upf.com/book.asp?id=DEANXS07. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
- Ember, Carol and Melvin Ember. Cultural Anthropology. 2006. Prentice Hall, Chapter One
- Heider, Karl. Seeing Anthropology. 2001. Prentice Hall, Chapters One and Two.
- cf. Ember and Ember 2006, Heider 2001 op cit.
- Ember and Ember 2006, op cit., Chapters 7 and 8
- Truner, Victor. The Forest of Symbols. remainder of citation forthcoming
- Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Culture Chapter one.
- Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., and Piele, L. J. (2005). Communication research: Strategies and sources. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadworth. pp. 229.
- Bentz, V. M., and Shapiro, J. J. (1998). Mindful inquiry in social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 117.
- Icon Eye
- Richardson,L. (2000). Evaluating ethnography. Qualitative Inquiry, 6(2), 253-255
- For postcolonial critiques of ethnography from various locations, see essays in Prem Poddar et al , Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures--Continental Europe and its Empires, Edinburgh University Press, 2008.
- Fine, p. 267
- Fine, p. 291
- Fine, p. 270-77
- Fine, p. 277-81
- Fine, p. 282-89
- Agar, Michael (1996) The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography. Academic Press.
- Douglas, Mary and Baron Isherwood (1996) The World of Goods: Toward and Anthropology of Consumption. Routledge, London.
- Erickson, Ken C. and Donald D. Stull (1997) Doing Team Ethnography : Warnings and Advice. Sage, Beverly Hills.
- Fine, G. A. (1993). Ten lies of ethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22(3), p. 267-294.
- Hymes, Dell. (1974). Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Kottak, Conrad Phillip (2005) Window on Humanity : A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology, (pages 2–3, 16-17, 34-44). McGraw Hill, New York.
- Miller, Daniel (1987) Material Culture and Mass Consumption. Blackwell, London.
- Spradley, James P. (1979) The Ethnographic Interview. Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning.
- Salvador, Tony; Genevieve Bell; and Ken Anderson (1999) Design Ethnography. Design Management Journal.
- "On Ethnography" by Shirley Brice Heath & Brian Street, with Molly Mills.
- The Interpretation of Cultures by Clifford Geertz.
- Van Maanen, John. 1988. Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- 100 of the Most Influential Ethnographies and Anthropology Texts
- Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference
- Genzuk, Michael (2003) A Synthesis of Ethnographic Research
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History - Over 160,000 objects from Pacific, North American, African, Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description, linked to the original catalogue pages, field notebooks, and photographs are available online.
- Ethnographic material collection from Northern Anatolia and Caucasus -Photo Gallery
- Ethnography.com A community based Ethnography website for academic and professional ethnographers and interested parties
- New Zealand Museum Images of objects from Pacific cultures.
- University of Pennsylvania's "What is Ethnography?" Penn's Public Interest Anthropology Web Site
- American Ethnography -- Definitions: What is Ethnography? A collection of quotes about ethnography (Malinowski, Lévi-Strauss, Geertz, ...)
- Doing ethnographies (Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography)
- Cornell University Library Southeast Asia Visions
- Ethnography for the masses 2CV's Practical Application of Ethnography in Market Research
- Scott Polar Research Institute Arctic Material Culture Collection | <urn:uuid:d1bc8786-4981-47a3-bda3-a9d9aaf31080> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ethnography_of_Fiddle/Ethnography | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769685.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00020-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896087 | 5,496 | 3.265625 | 3 |
WikipediaRead full entry
Pygmy three-toed sloth
The pygmy three-toed sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus), also known as a monk sloth or dwarf sloth, is a small three-toed sloth, endemic to Isla Escudo de Veraguas, a small island off the coast of Panama, which separated from the mainland nearly 8900 years ago. Only described as a separate species in 2001, they are thought to have originated from isolation of individuals of the mainland population of brown-throated three-toed sloths. The population became a distinct species through insular dwarfism on the island.
Studies suggest an inverse, linear relationship between mean body sizes and age of the island for island populations of sloths in this region.
Pygmy three-toed sloths have a tan face with a dark brown band across the brow and orange eye patches. The back can exhibit either uniform or blotchy color distribution, but is usually dark brown with an obvious dorsal stripe. Pygmy sloths are unique in that they have long hairs on the crown and the sides of the head, giving the distinct impression of a hood. Compared to the related brown-throated three-toed sloth, the pygmy species is, on average 40% smaller in body mass, weighing 2.5 to 3.5 kilograms (5.5 to 7.7 lb), and 15% smaller in body length. Adults measure 48 to 53 centimetres (19 to 21 in), with a 4.5 to 6.0 centimetres (1.8 to 2.4 in) tail.
They have a relatively small skull, with a large external auditory meatus, narrow squamosal and mandibular processes, no foramina in the anterodorsal nasopharynx, a minuscule stylomastoid foramen, and they usually lack foramina for the external carotid artery. They have eighteen teeth, ten in the upper jaw and eight in the lower. Two of the teeth in each jaw are incisor-like, although those in the upper jaw are small or may be absent. The incisor-like teeth in the lower jaw are compressed anteroposteriorly. Many of the features found in pygmy sloths are thought to be indicative of a relatively rapid evolution of a new species in an isolated, island, habitat.
Pygmy sloths are also 12–16% smaller in cranial dimensions than the mainland species (length: 67.5 to 72.2 millimetres (2.66 to 2.84 in); width: 38.8 to 45.7 millimetres (1.53 to 1.80 in).
All three-toed sloths are arboreal mammals that feed on leaves; the pygmy sloth is unique in that it is found exclusively in the red mangroves, and feeds on coarse leaves. Red mangrove leaves are a relatively poor source of nutrients, in comparison with the tender leaves of the Cecropia tree eaten by brown-throated sloths on the mainland.
The smaller size of pygmy sloths reduces their energy requirements for survival and reproduction, making them an apparent example of insular dwarfism. No predators of pygmy three-toed sloths have been documented.
Mating, gestation, birth and post-birth dynamics have not been observed for pygmy sloths, but these features may be inferred from studies of other species in the genus.
Individuals of other species reach sexual maturity around three years of age and typically give birth after twelve months gestation, although captive bred sloths can give birth as early as six months after mating. Mammary glands are found near the armpits of the female and infants cling to the mothers’ underside. Captive-bred young of other species are independent of their mothers around six months of age. Some reports suggest that female sloths give birth to a single offspring, but observations of a female brown-throated sloth in the wild with two infants suggest that they are capable of producing twins.
The behavior of pygmy three-toed sloths has not been reported, but can be inferred from the behavior of its close relative, the brown-throated sloth.
Two male brown-throated sloths were observed fighting in the wild by striking one another using their forefeet. This observed dispute probably took place over access to new greenery and fruits in a Cecropia tree. In other cases, disputes between male sloths may be for rights to mate. Captive females will fight for resources. Like other sloths, the pygmy sloth is a good swimmer.
Population and threats
A 2011 study found only 79 pygmy three-toed sloths on Escudo de Veraguas. While their population has presumably always been low due to their restricted range, this census found far lower population numbers than had been estimated (around 300). Although the island has no human population, the World Conservation Union stated in 2006 that visiting fishermen poach the sloth, which is an easy target because it lives in the mangrove forests by the sea. However, this claim has not been substantiated. Although protected as a wildlife refuge, the enforcement is lax.
|Wikispecies has information related to: Bradypus pygmaeus|
- Gardner, A. L. (2005). "Order Pilosa". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- Voirin, B., Smith, D., Chiarello, A. & Moraes-Barros, N. (2014). "Bradypus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
- Hayssen, V. (2008). "Bradypus pygmaeus (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)". Mammalian Species: Number 812: pp. 1–4. doi:10.1644/812.1.
- Anderson, R. P.; Handley, C. O., Jr. (2001-04-19). "A new species of three-toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 (1): 1–33. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- Anderson, R. P.; Handley, C. O., Jr. (May 2002). "Dwarfism in insular sloths: biogeography, selection, and evolutionary rate". Evolution 56 (5): 1045–1058. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01415.x.
- Martins Bezerra, B., A. da Silva Souto, et al. (2008), "Observation of brown-throated three-toed sloths: mating behaviour and the simultaneous nurturing of two young", Journal of Ethology 26 (1): 175–178, doi:10.1007/s10164-007-0038-z
- Soares, C. and R. Carneiro (2002), "Social behavior between mothers' young of sloths Bradypus variegatus SCHINZ, 1825 (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae)", Brazilian Journal of Biology 62: 249–252, doi:10.1590/S1519-69842002000200008
- Green, H. (1989). "Agonistic behavior by three-toed sloths, Bradypus variegatus". Biotropica 21 (4): 369–372. JSTOR 2388289.
- "Portraits in Red". IUCN Red List. Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
- EDGE of Existence Saving the World's most Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species | <urn:uuid:a06d91ce-e331-4c02-8a4f-b08f4ff93777> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://eol.org/pages/323582/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114285.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00070-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883725 | 1,732 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Even if fires are relatively uncommon on boats, their rapid spread makes them particularly dangerous.
Many factors can cause fires inside boats, specifically oil or gas leaks, short circuits or even grease catching fire on the top of stoves. To make sure you and your passengers are safe, the Canadian law states that most maritime vessels need to have a boat fire extinguisher on board at all times.
In this article, our National Boating Safety School experts explain the different fire extinguisher regulations and which types are required on pleasure crafts.
Fire extinguishers are an essential item on our required boating safety equipment list. There are three different classes of fire extinguishers, each designed to control a specific type of fire.
Class A: effective against fires connected to regular combustible products: paper, wood, fabrics, rubber and plastics.
Class B: effective against fires connected to flammable liquids: oils, paints, gas, grease, varnishes and petrol.
Class C: effective against fires connected to electrically powered equipment: engines, devices, electric tools.
The numbers on the fire extinguishers indicate their extinguishing performance (also known as their rating). The higher their rating, the more capable the fire extinguisher is at putting out a larger fire. For example, a 40BC extinguisher is supposed to control a larger fire than a 10BC extinguisher.
The criteria for determining the number of fire extinguishers on a pleasure craft in Canada is listed on the Justice Laws Website. The regulations may differ according to the type of boat and its length.
A class 5BC fire extinguisher must be present if the conditions below apply:
You should install a class 5BC fire extinguisher if:
A class 10BC fire extinguisher should be present on board if your boat:
A 10BC fire extinguisher should be present in the following places:
A class 10BC fire extinguisher must be present in the following areas:
In addition, a mechanical fire pump must be installed outside the engine room. This must be accompanied by a fire hose and a hose nozzle to direct water to different parts of the boat.
To ensure everyone’s safety, it is vital to inspect a boat’s fire extinguishers regularly to make sure that they work properly. It is also necessary to turn them over and shake them thoroughly once a month to prevent the chemical agent inside them from hardening.
It is important to be safe when driving a boat. Therefore, it’s important to be aware of all the relevant safety information.
To be more accustomed with the current boating safety regulations, and to learn more about navigation in general, the National Boating Safety School has everything you need to know.
To get yourself ready for our online Canada boating exam, make sure you sign up to our official boating safety course today! | <urn:uuid:29bfcfe7-24a3-4f0b-aa68-84d625cd5824> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://safeboatingcourse.ca/boat-fire-extinguisher-regulations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945315.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325033306-20230325063306-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.93721 | 581 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Acourse plan for children with autism may include a variety of therapies and interventions to help the child develop skills and improve communication, social interaction, and behavior. Some common therapies and interventions that may be included in a course plan for a child with autism include:
Applied behavior analysis (ABA): ABA is a therapy that uses positive reinforcement to encourage the child to learn new skills and improve behavior.
Speech and language therapy: Children with autism may have difficulty with communication and language, so speech therapy can help them learn to express themselves and improve their communication skills.
Occupational therapy: Occupational therapy can help children with autism improve their fine motor skills, such as writing and cutting with scissors, as well as their sensory processing and social skills.
Social skills training: Children with autism may have difficulty interacting with others and making friends, so social skills training can help them learn how to initiate and maintain social interactions. | <urn:uuid:23df441c-e9cd-4f7e-8556-2787ea1ecace> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://hotmart.com/en/marketplace/products/the-wai-method/Q78068642R | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500076.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203221113-20230204011113-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.954988 | 186 | 3.984375 | 4 |
12 Days of Christmas Road Safety
’Tis the season for holiday shopping and festive celebrations. While you’re driving around town crossing things off your holiday checklist, it’s important to keep road safety top of mind. Here are 12 days of Christmas road safety tips to remember when you’re on the road this holiday season.
- Install winter tires. Your winter tires can go on as soon as temperatures hit 7 C. The pressure in your tires tends to drop significantly in the winter due to the cold air, so do routine checks throughout the winter.
- Check your batteries. Battery faults are the most common cause of breakdown during the year, but especially in the winter due to the colder temperatures. Batteries are good for three to five years. If your battery is more than five years old, replace it.
- Check your wiper blades. Blowing snow and ice can make it extremely difficult to drive. Checking your wiper blades in advance can help you be better prepared for the journey ahead of you. Consider getting special winter wiper blades with protective rubber boot to prevent snow and ice buildup.
- Pack an emergency roadside safety kit. This is the season for on-the-road emergencies. That’s why it’s important to pack an emergency kit and keep it in your trunk at all times. Items to include: a first-aid kit, band-aids, bottled water, energy bars, roadmaps, gloves, a flashlight, matches, and a blanket.
- Carry an extra tire. With unsafe road conditions in the winter, you never know when you’ll need a spare tire. Make sure to keep one in your trunk and check the air pressure on it daily to ensure it’s ready to use.
- Double the two-second rule. It takes longer to stop on a slippery road. Under normal driving conditions, a guide to safe spacing between you and the vehicle ahead is the two-second rule. In winter, especially during poor weather conditions, double the two-second rule.
- Keep your fuel tank full. It will take you longer to get to where you need to go in the winter. Make sure your fuel tank is sufficiently full (at least half a tank is recommended). Also, it’s one less thing to worry about if you happen to get stranded on the road.
- Signal well. It’s hard to see in extreme weather conditions. Make sure your signal lights are working and signal well ahead of time to give the vehicle behind you enough notice to prevent any accidents on the road.
- Clear all snow and ice off your car. When heavy snow and slush slides down the windshield during braking, it can disfigure your front and rear wiper blades, arms, and damage the linkage and motor. Make it a daily to-do to wipe off any snow or ice buildup on your car. This will also help you see better on the road.
- Keep a full-size shovel in your trunk. A shovel will come in handy when you’re stuck in deep snow, or when there’s an excess of ice buildup on your windshield.
- Plan your route. Driving in the winter can put you at even greater risk. Factor in road closures and be prepared for delays. Consider rescheduling your trip if the weather is bad.
- Drive slowly. Weather conditions can be unpredictable, placing additional demands on your driving skills. Always adjust your driving speed to road and weather conditions. Stay alert, slow down, and remain in control. | <urn:uuid:3966333c-1ca8-4e04-b073-870f4c887c70> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.nbins.com/blog/transportation-trucking/12-days-of-christmas-road-safety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946256.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423223408-20180424003408-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.933518 | 732 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sample Laboratory Proficiency Exam Questions for Facility Operators
1. Determine the Total suspended solids from the following:
Weight of crucible 27.82l6 gr
Weight of crucible plus dry solids 28.0003 gr
Weight of crucible plus ash 27.9673 gr
Weight of crucible plus wet solids 32.6l05 gr
Sample Volume 50 ml
a) 660 mg/L
b) 2394 mg/L
c) 2914 mg/L
d) 3570 mg/L
2. If one of the samples for which you must determine B.O.D. is a chlorinated effluent, you must remember to add ___________ to the dilution water.
b) the four "buffers"
3. All of the following pieces of laboratory equipment are required to determine total suspended solids.
a) Balance, muffle furnace, oven
b) Oven, desiccator, muffle furnace
c) Balance, oven, desiccator
d) Desiccator, muffle furnace, balance
4. Fecal coliform counts should be reported as monthly
a) Arithmetic means
b) Geological averages
c) Geometric means
Hopefully you scored well. The answers are D, C, C, and C. | <urn:uuid:4354bc4d-7352-417f-86a6-97e52c8fe08f> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/23810.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462331.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00000-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.758727 | 275 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Mycobacterial culture is a test to look for the bacteria that cause
Culture - mycobacterial
How the Test is Performed
A sample of body fluid or tissue is needed. This sample may be taken from the lungs, liver, or bone marrow.
Most often, a
The sample is sent to a laboratory. There it is placed in a special dish (culture). It is then watched for up to 6 weeks to see if the bacteria grow.
How to Prepare for the Test
Preparation depends on how the test is done. Follow your health care provider's instructions.
How the Test will Feel
How the test will feel depends on the specific procedure. Your provider can discuss this with you before the test.
Why the Test is Performed
Your doctor may order this test if you have signs of tuberculosis or a related infection.
If there is no disease present, there will be no growth of bacteria in the culture medium.
What Abnormal Results Mean
Mycobacterium tuberculosis or similar bacteria is present in the culture.
Risks depend on the specific biopsy or aspiration being performed.
Chernecky CC, Berger BJ. Culture - routine. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:409-411.
Fitzgerald DW, Sterling TR, Haas DW. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Updated Edition. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 251.
Review Date: 12/13/2017
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Information developed by A.D.A.M., Inc. regarding tests and test results may not directly correspond with information provided by UCSF Health. Please discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have. | <urn:uuid:afa7d6fd-5dbb-46f1-9709-1e345091183b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/mycobacterial-culture- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711077.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206092907-20221206122907-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.834243 | 537 | 2.875 | 3 |
When I have a class discussion, it seems to be dominated by a few students or else no one raises a hand. How can I encourage more students to participate?
—Brenda, Warren, Michigan
I suspect every teacher has had class “discussions” turn into seminars with a few students while the others merely watch. Class discussion has a place as a strategy: debriefing after a lab investigation, reviewing, summarizing a lesson, elaborating on content, and assessing what students understand about a topic. A well-crafted discussion involves student-to-student as well as teacher-to-student conversations. However, students have learned that if they don’t raise their hands, the teacher probably won’t call on them or that some students will raise their hands immediately and monopolize the teacher’s attention.
At first, students may rebel against changing these traditions, so explain the reasons for using new strategies. While students may certainly raise their hands, you reserve the right to call on others, too, because you’re interested in what everyone has to say on the topic. You want to encourage more in-depth thinking, get a variety of viewpoints, assess student learning informally, and create a classroom environment where everyone’s questions and contributions are valued.
To call on students randomly or equitably, some teachers use cards or craft sticks with students’ names on them. A chemistry teacher I know uses a random number generator to select students. It is certainly acceptable to call on students who raise their hands, too. Asking a student to be the class scribe and write on the board/interactive board/overhead during the discussion can be another form of participation.
For questions requiring short answers, some teachers ask students to hold up individual white boards or pieces of paper with their response. Signals such as thumbs-up/down/sideways or “clap once if you agree” can provide an opportunity for all students to respond, and this can also be a formative assessment technique. Electronic response systems are an excellent way to get all students participating. You’ll also have a record of the responses. But I’m assuming by “discussion” you mean more than a question-and-answer drill, so you may also want to look at the type of questions or discussion prompts you are using and the type of feedback and comments you provide.
Another effective way to encourage participation is to use wait time. After you ask a question or pose a topic, wait four or five seconds before calling on a student. Some students (including those for whom English is their second language) may need time to compose their thoughts. The first time I tried this, I was astounded at the additional hands raised during those few seconds! Waiting is hard for teachers to do, but the “dead air” is actually thinking time, and research has shown that the students’ responses are often at a higher level of complexity. After a student’s response, use more wait time. During these few seconds the student may elaborate on the response, or another student may contribute. Before you respond, call on other students to follow up: “Do you have anything to add?” or “Do you agree/disagree?” To acknowledge those who did raise their hands, you can say “I noticed your hand was up, too. What were you going to say?”
How should you respond if you call on someone involuntarily who answers incorrectly or with “I don’t know”? Ask a few probing questions for clarification (perhaps the student did not hear the question). Rephrasing the question with different vocabulary may work or smile and say “OK, I’ll come back to you later.” Be sure to do so.
Encourage students to interact with each other by asking questions, elaborating, or disagreeing. The classroom arrangement may contribute to this type of engagement. If students are sitting in rows with their backs to each other, it may be hard to engage them in a lively discussion. For large group discussions, consider arranging the seats in a circle so that students can see each other. If you sit in the circle with them, it sends the message that all voices are valued. Another strategy is Think-Pair-Share, in which students think individually, then discuss the topic with a partner, and summarize or share their thoughts with the class.
It may take a little time for you and the students to adapt to a different kind of class discussion, so give yourself time to try new strategies and model the type of conversations you expect from the students.
Here are some additional resources:
Using “Think-Time” and “Wait-Time” Skillfully in the Classroom | <urn:uuid:0902ddbd-2439-4823-a4b8-a22644ea7bf7> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://nstacommunities.org/blog/2009/12/17/encouraging-class-participation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535924501.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909013108-00209-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960943 | 995 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Like something out of your nightmares, the fangtooth (Anoplogaster cornuta, Anoplogaster brachycera) lurks in the darkest depths of the ocean. Wielding huge, saberlike teeth, the fangtooth has the largest teeth in the ocean relative to body size. The phrase “relative to body size” is important to remember here, however: the larger of the two species of fangtooth reaches a maximum length of just 6 inches, rendering these tiny balls of ferociousness harmless to humans.
To its prey -- like other fish and squid -- however, the fangtooth is a fearsome predator. An aggressive hunter, the fish uses its talon-like teeth to snag its prey. Fangtooth teeth cannot cut or chew, however, so the fangtooth swallows its prey whole, much like a snake does. In adult fangtooths, the largest two fangs of the lower jaw are so long that fangtooths have actually evolved a pair of opposing sockets on either side of the brain to accommodate these massive teeth when the mouth is closed.
Fangtooths have relatively small eyes, set high on the head, and have reduced eyesight. To compensate for this, the fangtooth has an unusually prominent lateral line (a system of sense organs used to detect movement and vibrations in the surrounding waters).
Although the fangtooth has a face only a mother (fangtooth) could love, juvenile fangtooths look very different from adults. While adult fangtooths are uniformly black or dark brown in color and feature those ferocious chompers, the light gray juveniles have larger eyes, long spines on the head, a functional gas bladder, smallers and depressible teeth, and long slender gill rakers which the juveniles use to filter zooplankton from the water. These morphological differences are so dramatic, in fact, that juvenile fangtooths were mistakenly classified as a separate species until 1955!
The comparatively innocent-looking juvenile fangtooth
Commonly seen between 600 and 6,500 feet below sea level, fangtooths have also been observed at depths as low as 16,000 feet below sea level, making them among the deepest-living fish ever found, and also making them unlikely for you to be encountering any time soon. Except in your nightmares, of course (sorry about that!).
See you tonight!
To learn about more of the incredible creatures that call our oceans home, peruse our Marine Wildlife Encyclopedia!
- Ignoring Climate Change Puts Our Way of Life in Jeopardy Posted Wed, April 9, 2014
- Coast Guard Report Raises More Questions for Shell and Government Posted Wed, April 9, 2014
- A Big Day for Little Fish Posted Fri, April 11, 2014
- Reducing Bycatch Casualties, One Whale at a Time Posted Mon, April 14, 2014
- New York, the New Windy City? Posted Mon, April 14, 2014 | <urn:uuid:0993bbc3-0969-4642-a4d5-b4934dbf843d> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://oceana.org/es/blog/2013/08/creature-feature-meet-the-fangtooth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523429.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00150-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920506 | 627 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Nearly seven decades have passed since the publication of Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means "The Modern Corporation and Private Property."
Yet the question of firm ownership and control still generates an enormous amount of public debate.
In 1932, Berle and Means warned that the separation of ownership and control would destroy the economic foundation on which capitalism was built.
Berle and Means believed that the increasing separation of ownership and control was inherent in capitalist development.
Others expressed concern that a wide variety of tax incentives, antitrust policies, regulations and political pressures, rather than anything inherent in capitalism, would result in strong managers and weak owners.
Managerial ownership of publicly traded firms is higher now than in 1932. (see "Were the Good Old Days that Good?" by Randall Kroszner) Insiders holdings today are on average four times higher, and this increase is true across all firm sizes.
Managerial ownership is only one of many mechanisms that can be used to address the problem of aligning management's incentives with those of the owners.
Therefore, greater managerial ownership has been accompanied by less reliance on other methods of corporate control, such as i.e. incentive-based pay.
There is a link between firm performance and the level of managerial ownership. The relationship between insider ownership levels and performance has significantly changed over time.
Shareholders have greater incentives to induce managers to change the amount of stock they hold based on the idea that increased ownership would result in improved performance.
As managerial ownership increases, there is more pressure on management to enhance performance.
Good managers will reap even greater rewards from their efforts, resulting in increased productivity, lower costs and new innovations.
While it might be easy to decide that increased managerial ownership may be the right course, this is not always the case ...
More insider ownership of the company is not always necessarily better ...
There are many costs and benefits that need to be weighed and considered! | <urn:uuid:2f11837c-5783-40eb-bfd7-db4bf1ac66bb> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.greekshares.com/investing-education/stock-ownership-by-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027331485.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826085356-20190826111356-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.969879 | 390 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Guidelines for Reporting & Writing About People with Disabilities
When considering an upcoming article or report about an individual with Down syndrome, or any other developmental delay, it’s important to chose your words carefully. Please review the following guidelines as a tool in making sure you make the best impression by using words that do not hurt or offend individuals with Down syndrome, or their family and friends. Click here to download this file.
21 Ideas for Raising Awareness About Down Syndrome
Click here, for 21 Ideas for Raising Awareness about Down syndrome!
Providing opportunities for one-to-one friendships and integrated employment for people with disabilitiesBest Buddies Indiana
The Buddy Walk is a one-mile walk in which anyone can participate without special training. Buddy Walk was established in 1995 by the National Down Syndrome Society to celebrate Down Syndrome Awareness Month in October and to promote acceptance and inclusion
|The Global Down Syndrome Foundation
The Global Down Syndrome Founcation is a public non-profit 501(c)(3) dedicated to significantly improving the lives of people with Down syndrome through Research, Medical Care, Education and Advocacy. Formally established in 2009, Global’s primary focus is to support the Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, the first academic home in the United States committed solely to research and medical care for people with Down syndrome. Since Down syndrome is the least-funded genetic condition in the United States, fundraising and government advocacy to correct the alarming disparity of national funding for people with Down syndrome is a major goal.
The goal of the Affiliates in Action (AIA) conference is to provide parent group leaders across the country tangible resources they can use to improve their service delivery. Whether you represent a small parent group run out of your home or a large group with office space and paid staff, there is sure to be something valuable for everyone who attends.
|Mosaic Down Syndrome
Site for Mosaic Down syndrome, a chromosomal variant of Down syndrome
|National Association for Down Syndrome
NADS is the oldest organization in the country serving individuals with Down syndrome and their families.
|National Down Syndrome Congress
It is the purpose of the National Down Syndrome Congress to create a national climate in which all people will recognize and embrace the value and dignity of people with Down syndrome.
National Down Syndrome Society
Spread the word to end the word! Act Now! Pledge your support to eliminate the demeaning use of the r-word.
Add the badge to your website or blog by clicking here.
|The Arc of Indiana
The Arc of Indiana was established in 1956 by parents of children with intellectual and other developmental disabilities who joined together to build a better and more accepting world for their children.
|About Special Kids
The place for families and professionals in Indiana to go to “ASK” questions about children with special needs and to access information and resources about a variety of topics such as health insurance, special education, community resources and medical homes.
IN*SOURCE is a parent organization. Through the work and dedication of the Board of Directors, the staff and many volunteers, virtually all of whom are parents of persons with disabilities, IN*SOURCE, utilizing a proven parent to parent model, has provided quality assistance and support services and educational resources to the community of individuals and organizations that serve and support persons with disabilities. We have worked to help countless families onfront the complexities and what are often the challenges of having a loved one with special needs.
|Special Olympics Indiana|
|The Indiana Governor’s Council for People with Disabilities
The Indiana Governor’s Council is an independent state agency that facilitates change. Their mission is to advance independence, productivity, and inclusion of people with disabilities in all aspect of society. This mission is accomplished through planning, evaluation, collaboration, education, research and advocacy.
Medical and Cash Assistance
Indiana Children’s Special Health Care Services
Indiana Children’s Special Health Care Services (CSHCS) provides supplemental medical coverage to help families of children who have serious, chronic medical conditions, age birth to 21 years of age, who meet the program’s financial and medical criteria, pay for treatment related to their child’s condition. Click here to learn more.
Indiana Home and Community Based Waiver Services
Indiana’s Medicaid Home and Community-Based Waiver Program as well as a variety of other home and community services funded by various programs in Indiana. A guide for consumers can be found here.
Supplemental Security Income
Down syndrome is considered to be a presumptive condition by the Social Security Administration. This means that if your family meets a certain income guideline (low-income families) your child could receive cash assistance and Medicaid through Supplemental Security Income also known as SSI.
It is important that you apply as soon as your child is born if you feel you may qualify, if you are not sure if you qualify we encourage you to apply to find out. If your baby is still hospitalized most hospital social service departments will assist in completion of this application.
You can also apply in person by visiting:
575 N PENNSYLVANIA ST
INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46204
SSA offers a SSI Child Disability Starter Kit (for children under age 18) online. You can view her by clicking here. | <urn:uuid:ffc27122-5647-4809-95ae-0a69084b9c09> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://dsindiana.org/important-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141723602.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203062440-20201203092440-00499.warc.gz | en | 0.938483 | 1,089 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A study on the revolutionary and political role of clans in Eastern Syria, before and during the Syrian Revolution. Focus will be on the following issues:
- The concept of clan and its social and political role
- Role of clan in the peaceful mobility
- Role of clans in the military episode of the Syrian Revolution
- Effect of civil society on the tribal culture
- Clan torn between law and tribal conventions
- Future role of clans
The eastern region of Syria, which includes many governorates such as Der Al- Zour, Al-Raqa and Al- Hasaka, is considered to be one of the rich pieces of Syrian land regarding irrigated water and rain-fed agriculture especially growing field’s crops like cotton, corn, wheat and barley, and rearing animals and stockbreeding. So, this area takes advantage of Euphrates and Khabur rivers; with a little interest regarding Tigris river that pervades the area near Al-Malekia. As for Al-Khabur river, it rises in Ra’as Al-Een, which is situated at the Syrian-Turkish border, and it pours in Euphrates, particularly at Al-Busaira in Der Al-Zour. However, its water basin has been subjected to a harsh overuse; that is the reason why it has not sprung any more. The eastern region is classified as the richest area in the country in oil and gas because the majority of these resources’ wells are found over there.
As for its size, the eastern region of Syria is about 76.1 thousand kilometers; thus, it forms totally 41.1 percent out of the total size of Syria, and this area is inhabited by 4 million citizens; which means that its population forms 17.1 percent out of the whole population of Syria.
The eastern region is characterized by being tribal communities, regarding its people, coexisting with each other over the deep course of time. These tribes, particularly the Arabian ones, have got regional echoes and extention which involve their historical residential areas that were submitted to division as a result of Sikes-Picot Accords.
Whenever we want to define the concept of “clan”, we can say that it is ” a group of people who gather because they are relatives, or they gather because they share an actual or supposed ancestor even if that ancestor’s relation was not detailed enough to be known”. The members of the tribe might recognize the founding member or the primitive ancestor, and those considerations might be built on symbolic relation; since the tribe shares a certain ancestor who is deemed as a symbol for the uniformity of the tribe.
To understand the structure of tribe or clan, we need to shed light on the development of the human communities throughout the patterns of their agricultural and nomadic production. These two patterns unify the human crowds who belong to one single origin within a social style saving their ancestors’ attributions and their economic interests, as much as, it provides for them protection in case of danger.
To make it clearer and easy to understand, it could be said that “The tribe captures a primitive image of the human crowd; and it, as a concept, is attributed to a group of people sharing either relatives’ links, or the so-called solo- origin set. These two illustrations are usually linked into their individuals belonging to the same rituals, their same ownership, submitting themselves with the communal cooperation and solidarity at many occasions like; celebrations, taking revenge against their enemies, and military unit which is represented by composing a compact tough military team.
A tribe is smaller than a clan, in terms of numbers and individuals, in which the latter usually consists of a group of tribes sharing ancestors and relatives. In other words, the tribe, which is the singular form of tribes, means certain persons who belong to one father or one grandfather.
It is mentioned in the Jame’h Al- Ma’any dictionary that the man’s tribe means the relatives who come from his father relatives and tribe closely. Moreover, the tribe is a small human community that shares one ownership and cooperates to take revenge against its enemies. however, it is of a little interest comparing with the tribe.
The Concept of Clan and Its Existence
The clans of the eastern region of Syria is considered to be the social mixture that captures the societies over there. Over the history of the region, particularly ever since the Ottoman rule, the successive governments made much effort, respectively, to find a certain relation with tribes and clans in order to spread their authority over tribes and clans and conduct collection of taxes.
As tribe and clan are important because they both constitute the frames of social organization for their individuals. So, they both create the personal faithfulness before the emergence of the national state, so to speak. Throughout those periods of time, a person has always admitted his Shammi (Damascus) or Hijazi (Mecca) attributions, or he said that he came from Tay or Shummer tribes or any other Arabian one. So, this attribution is not only social one, yet it is declaring for a political identity that is derived from those human communities. Throughout the Ottoman rule over the Arabian Orient, the tribe kept strict relationships with the civic centers of the Ottoman authority and it kept its relationships with its supporters in the countryside too.
Principally, the clan’s economic production paradigm standardizes its presence at one place. So, it could be assumed that a human group who are characterized by being relatives socially inhabits in one area only for the sake of protection. Also, that human group is organized by an economic and dynamic axis which is linked either by stockbreeding which relies on looking after pastoral land that is called nomadic code, or the agricultural production that conducts all the nomads’ relationships. That is to say, the land becomes distributed among the clan’s and tribe’s individuals, as much as, there is a person who regulates the relation inside this social composition. besides, a family out of the tribe’s or clan’s families occupies the leadership position in this tiny community in accordance with formulation of the dominant social scale towards each and every person of them. A clan is a human group that is constituted by the relation which is built on blood tie descended from a primitive grandfather. The clan is composed of several families who settle usually in one home embracing them all. Moreover, those families have got one accent, culture, habits and traditions. The clans of eastern region of Syria exist in Deir Ezor, Hasakeh and Al-Raqqa near the banks of Euphrates, Al-Khabur, Tigris and rainy areas.
The main clans of Deir Ezor are composed of Al-Ekedat Clan, which involves a huge mixture of cooperated tribes, Al-Bakkarh tribe, Al-Busaraya clans and other clans inhabit in cities’ centers. The majority of Al-Ekedat clans inhabits in Euphrates’ banks to east of Deir Ezor towards Iraqi border. As for Al-Bakkarh, it exists in series of villages located in the left bank of Euphrates up to west of Deir Ezor.
In Hasaka, there are many tribes; such as, Tay and Shammar and some clans of Al-Bakkarh and Al-Ekedat. Whereas the majority of Kurdish clans settles in the border strip next to Turkey starting from Al-Malkia “Deryek”. In Al-Raqqa, Al-Bushaban Al-Zubeidia is the main clan from which most of the Arabic tribes in Al-Raqqa come from. These clans formalize the utmost majority of people who settle in Al-Raqqa. As we have mentioned earlier. These clans’ presence is systemized either by economic production which captures the dearly nomadic mode, or the agricultural production as it was later adopted.
Pre-revolutionary Tribalism; politically and socially
The conditions of the clan’s manner or position in the eastern region of Syria could be understood throughout the comprehension of the political, economic and social development in the country. It can never ever neglect the impact of such a change in the tribe and the clan structure; concerning the tribes’ communities and the nomadic ones in this pivotal region. So, after the French invasion of Syria in 1920, a clan fragmentation occurred and this incident was accompanied with a decreasing role of the biggest clan and increasing the role of tribes and sheikhs who had been less influential.
Thus, we are able to figure out the relationship between the clan’s and tribe’s manner, and the extent of political, economic and social development. Whenever the economic structures advance and so their productive styles do, there will be political powers that air the new economic dimensions, to some extent. Then, this advanced movement will pervade the social structures already existing in the society. So, when the industrial and agricultural production grew in the country, the social structures that indulged in the process of production was under the effect of that development in the industrial and agricultural fields. Consequently, all of these structures have been changed and their coordinating relations have been modified.
Before the independence in 1946, clans were the systematic political frame of the social structure in the eastern region and the clan’s individuals considered that their political identity is the identity of their clans. After the independence and formulation of political parties, the role of clans was weakened, politically, in favor of these structures (represented by political parties). Hence, the political ideologies passed over the social structures provided by a double drug of education; besides, one can easily see different political visions and several political attributions within the same clan. After that, when Hafez Al-Assad came to power in 1970, he re-put the highest consideration of the tribal standards regarding the tribal leaders. As a result, many tribal individuals who immigrated to Iraq and Saudi Arabia were being re-settled in their original country, Syria, and were being granted high positions in the state and the Syrian parliament. So, Hafez Al-Assad re-coordinated with tribes after they had been fought by the national governments after the independence and the early years of Al-Ba’ath party’s government.
The relationship between the clans’ leaders in the eastern region of Syria and the regime during presidency of Hafez Al-Assad was built on awarding those leaders positions in the state and, facilitations and many privileges. Simultaneously, the system of the regime supported powers within these clans in order to create a particular political relationship decreasing the role of clans’ leadership through an indirect way and putting their authority under risk in case of necessity. So, the political tyranny in Syria and the regime of one single party weakened the clan’s political role, so that the clans lost their previous impact as much as they have, conversely, looked like the pivotal basis supporting the structure of the current political regime. Having said that, those who refused to capture or play this role in favor of government got satisfied with the political silence; yet they still played a certain role in the economic and social activity within clans. This unsteady progression in the structure of clans that resulting from the political and economic developments made the clan’s individuals realize the state’s power and its political authority in comparison with the clan’s weakness and its political downturn.
The tribal system has not, then, been fit and untied enough as a result of spreading the knowledge within its spheres as much as the plenty of mental capabilities in each and every clan. Moreover, the clan’s region has been under the urban impact, and the region has been globalized with human variety, the presence of the current strong state which is governed by both of the constitution and the law of the clan’s mentality. In short, the civic traditions and the new relevance have been placed instead of those other old ones.
Yet, a few relationships were kept between the clans’ and tribes’ leadership and the political authority. Such relationships preserved for those leaders, to some extent, their social role within their clans or tribes. This status is clarified; for example, in the tongue of Al-Bou Faraj clan’s sheikh, who descended from Al-Ekedat tribe, saying that the relationship between the authority and the tribe in Syria before the Syrian uprising in 2011 was a very good one; nevertheless, even when the clans’ sheikhs’ positions missed their interest; so to speak, the state kept the clan’s sheikh’s dignity and his presence, too.
Having discussed the political changes in the country over one hundred year, it could be said that the political and social status of clans became of a little interest to play a primary political role. And this clan-based status had got, still, a little social influence compared with its influence before. At any rate, the clan has got, currently, expressed any same political vision for its individuals. Hence, this uncertain vision is captured by the changeable political and economic profits for the individuals who belong to the clan, who have never linked with the previous two paradigms of production (the agricultural production and the nomadic lifestyle). Consequently, as long as the profits change, attitudes and loyalties change.
The Clan-based Role in the Peaceful Mobility
The peaceful movement in the eastern region was more activated by political elites than clan- based political activity, therefore city centers in the eastern region were the arena of the political movement in the uprising in 2011. The peaceful mobility in the eastern region was captured with particular demands addressing the issues of releasing political freedom and ceasing all discrimination formula; whether it is political or non-political discrimination. Yet, this movement was remote enough to be outside the villages and rural towns which did not engage in the movement’s mechanism. So, the peaceful protests were the way with which the powers which guided these protests airing their manifestations. Reactively, the regime resorted to activating the role of clans’ sheikhs in order to confront this movement in an attempt to prevent these clans’ engagement in the current uprising. However, Assad’s Regime, over decades ago and within its totalitarian concepts across the two phases of the first and the second Al-Assad (Hafez and Bashar), seemed to forget about its policy which aimed to destroy and shatter the social and political role of the Syrian tribes and clans; and it also prevented the tribes and clans from expressing their own tribal privacy. Apart from that, it finalized the social leadership of the Arabian clans and melted the latter into the frame security-related subordination.
Given that the peaceful movement is civil one characterized with having much national nature than clan-based structure, we find, clearly, the peaceful movement in cities’ centers of the eastern region much more than these cities’ countryside or towns which still belong to clan-based structure, largely, without political identity. As a result of the uprising of 2011, the Syrian regime has lost its own control over a huge eastern part of Syria; the part that is inhabited, principally, by the tribes. Such a loss has resulted from the regime’s dependence on weak clan-based leaderships among their environment. Besides, those leaderships could not represent their clans in terms of political respect since they linked their private interests (familial and personal) with the regime’s dimension instead of linking them with their clans’ own interests. Thus, it could be said that the time with which the tribe’s sheikhs had the ability to conclude the convention with external powers on behalf of each and every person of his tribe evaporated and vanished, so to speak.
The Clan-based role in the Military Stage of the Revolution
The clan-based impulses in the eastern region towards arming and constituting their own squads could be understood in terms of self- defense because of the withdrawal of the ruling regime which became a military target for the uprising. The conflict with the regime woke up the clan-based communities to care for their own safety and security-related necessity. That is the reason why the clans focused on the necessity of protecting for their local communities. Thus, several military brigades and squads have been created in most of the eastern areas aiming to defend their areas depending on the support received from the regional powers. Moreover, these regional powers have rushed out to support these brigades and squads for those powers’ own goals. The external powers have done their best to polarize the tribal support to achieve their political and military aims since the beginning of the Syrian uprising in 2011. So, these powers have allied with the sheikhs of tribes and have invested the tribal entity to compose fighting units. Furthermore, the fragmentations of clans’ loyalties and their little interests in the eastern region have led to a total absence of the united military action to submit the oil wealth, particularly in Deir Ezor, under the clan’s authority. The militarism of clan captures a kind of defense of economic interests, especially those interests that relate to oil wealth in the region.
The clans, that have been structurally ruptured throughout their history, did not do any further serious steps for constituting a local army in both Al-Raqqa and Deir Ezor governorates to replace the regime’s army which had already withdrawn from these two governorates. Hence, the clan-based military brigades became so frail target and easy prey for much organized military powers whose aims seemed to be much clearer and accurate just like Islamic State in Iraq and Sham, ISIS, or “Daa’ash”. Meanwhile, the Kurdish Democratic Union Party in Hasaka managed to found its military arm which was not, from the very beginning, founded or submitted to clan-based basis.
A number of parties and entities involved in the Syrian conflict; including Assad Regime, extremist Islamic groups, Kurds and regional powers, have tried to merge the clans’ leaderships with those parties’ political agenda assuming that the clans would follow their sheikhs and leaderships. Yet, these parties seemed to forget that these sheikhs have not, currently, owned any kind of authority which was once theirs. The current conflict has shown that the clans changed their compass towards their own private stuff and interests; that is the reason why their entity was weakened or decomposed.
Thus, the clan has not got any one single decision since the visions and considerations inside the clan’s spheres varied and contrasted as a result of the political and regional interferences utilizing their agenda and interests. Therefore, those interjected sides have got followers and supporters at most of the clans. Then, after the stage of the Free Syrian Army, Al-Nusra Front or “Jabhet Al-Nusra”, which is descended from the internationally well-known, Al-Qaida Body, has controlled over a wide range of the countryside’s squads in the eastern region. When “ISIS” appeared in the region, fought against Al-Nusra Front and what were left over of the Free Syrian Army. So, the majority of the countryside’s squads realized that they were obliged to withdraw from the region or pledge allegiance to ISIS and admit its authority over them all.
This This change of allegiance shows the actual belonging to the private limited interests, that are, extremely pre-national ones, that largely pervade the Syrian countryside, particularly the eastern one. Actually, those private limited interests led to the destruction of the primitive tribal background and basis, and divided the latter into smaller entities; and, then, caused dichotomies inside these entities using the political and economic discriminations in order to decompose the primitive tribal basis. Such a situation provided a plenty of interchangeable loyalties in favor of different powers whose political agendas are paradoxical. As for this case, one can say that the clan, which is considered to be social, political, economic, and pre-national ingredient, missed its political and economic role throughout many phases. Also, its social standard has been recently, still, fought with dissociation and erode that coincided with creating vanguards of a new civil society.
The clans’ changeable loyalty among Al-Nusra Front, “ISIS” and “Kassad” have shown that this loyalty is circumscribed by achieving certain conditions. For example, firstly, the politically controlling entity should accept leaving a few profits and interests for these clans. Secondly, there should be common and shared points between the two sides serve them both; even if that service is at its lowest level. However, this changeable loyalty is governed by national horizon; and it shows internal rupture in such a basis which was once reliable social principle in the periods of pre-national state in 1946.
The effect of civil society and its culture on the tribal culture
The origin of Syrian civil society with its modern form is not new or Independence-borne and developments that came after. At the end of the Othman Empire, Syrian civil political, social and cultural societies appeared in the Syrian society. The following is list of these societies that emerged before 1908:
- Syrian Scientific Society which was founded in Beirut in 1847.
- Beirut Secret Society which later gave birth to the Arab Nationalists Movement. This society was founded in 1875. Most of its members are graduates of American University in Beirut.
- Damascus Conference in 1877 which called for independence of Syria from the Othman Empire
- “Preservation of the rights of the Arab Nation” is a society which was founded in 1881 with an Arabic credo.
- Damascus Charity Society. It is an Islamic charity society that worked in politics. It was founded by Taher Al Jaza’eri end of the 19th century.
- Arab-Othman Fraternity Society
- Literary Forum which was founded in 1909
Independent social commissions and societies can be considered as a means for serving its members. They used to be some kind of cooperative and charity institutions or civil societies like syndicates, literary clubs, etc. A civil society is based on the people having different economic lifestyles. It has a deep root in the concept of citizenship, unified constitution and unified law. Social expressions are usually formulated on the basis of a constitution that allows the establishment of such societies like political parties, syndicates, cultural, scientific and social societies interested in children, women and the young. Such social expressions are usually exploited in a way that serves the political system in stead of serving the basic objectives of these societies.
Using their cultural structure, Civil societies usually invade different social structures that are less developed like the tribal structures. These societies affect the existing culture and push members of these traditional structures to get involved in a larger and more national commissions which have got a wider base. These new-born commissions are protected by the national law. The relationship that connects the individual to his/her tribe or clan retreats in the face of his or her relationship with larger national entities which are more capable of meeting his or her increasing needs. We are in front of an economic change that leads to change in the political, social and culture structures. This makes the tribal allegiance retreat as civil societies develop. To make this clearer, we can say that civil society in Syria started as an influential power with the advent of civil demonstrations and protests like what happened in Al Maydeen whether in an organized way or a random one.
Prevalence of Law and Tribal Conventions
The complete formation of citizenship state depends on building all its social, political and economic pillars on the basis of one integrated law that regulates its existence. Such law constitutes a common basis that composes all the components of the state including tribal historic composition. Prevalence of law can be defined as a principle of governance where all citizens, institutions, public and private entities and sectors, including the state itself, are held accountable by virtue of law which is publicly issued, enacted and respected by all individuals and public entities. All stakeholders refer to an independent judicial system, and they accord with international rules and standards of human rights. When the law is whole, comprehensive and public, all other previous private and local conventions retreat. This includes tribal and sectarian loyalties or any other pre-state conventions.
Prevalence of law is a constitutional principle. This entails that no existing public authority can rule or act the law without having written laws made according to constitutional procedures that comply with the constitution of the country. The aim of these limitations is to anticipate any arbitrary judgements that are individually determined. On the contrary, tribal conventions are principles that are agreed by members of the same clan and other clans including habits, conventions and traditions they are used to in their everyday life. Such conventions are considered to be the reference for all members of the clan. They consider these conventions as the principal credo that they depend on for solving their problems, help their dreams come true and settle their disputes through reconciliation, arbitration or conventional litigation.
Tribal convention is a verbal law memorized by nominated tribal judges who are committed to conventions of the clan to solve disputes and conflicts of all the clans and tribes living in the governorate. As a result of the development of the society and the empowerment of authority of the central government and its domination of the economic, social and political aspects of life, and the existence of a set of laws to which all citizens are subjugated, tribal conventions retreat and the tribal structure is dismantled. Its role is nearly obliterated. This allows the general, but not ultimate domination of laws. Tribal conventions are still vigorous in some cases whose judicial procedures are deemed to be prolongated and take long time for members of the clan, so they resort to tribal conventions which they all agree on.
Clans of the Eastern Area and their Future Role
No political authority whatsoever can obliterate the role of a historical component of the Syrian society. The Eastern area of Syria is an assembly of clans. The sustainability of tribal concepts in this area has caused an economic, social and political negligence on part of the central government. Hafez Assad played a role in reinforcing competition and dichotomy within each clan to weaken the authority of Head of the clan. Hafez Assad didn’t want to obliterate this major component of the Syrian society. Instead, he wanted to make the best use of these clans for the sake of domination of this major social component.
If war stops and peace prevails, the eastern area of Syria needs persistent efforts to heal up war-associated wounds, and anticipate any internal conflicts. Clans are considered a safety valve for the peace process and political transition. This doesn’t mean the reproduction of these tribes and clans as an inevitable historical necessity. Society should smoothly move from tribal protection towards the protection of law, and tribal culture should be substituted with a unifying national culture. Allegiance should change from tribe to homeland in which all citizens are equal under the umbrella of national constitution and laws.
For the sake of this evolution in an environment of stability, new ties will be enhanced in the new civil society; societies for women, the young and laborers. This should be accompanied with the retreat of tribal thought in favor of national political thought with all its different political programs and ideologies. This is what happened after the independence of Syria in 1946 before Al Ba’ath Party took over and started a new era of tyranny and the rule of one party which inhibited any diversity of thought and political trends. Al Ba’ath Party crushed any attempt to terminate its permanent rule. This made all components of the Syrian society pre-nationalistic in the form of tribes and clans, and favored limited interests at the expense of public interests.
The upcoming stage will be time for Syrian civil society where all components melt in a national crucible as a result of the development of life with all its aspects including the tribal one.
Copyright © 2019 The Middle East and North Africa Media Monitor. | <urn:uuid:bb77b9cd-a571-44b5-9131-5c7973486962> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://mena-studies.org/clans-of-eastern-syria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710890.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202014312-20221202044312-00790.warc.gz | en | 0.966299 | 5,737 | 3 | 3 |
Throughout the 20-odd years of its existence, Microsoft Windows has always exhibited a fairly high degree of backward compatibility. With relatively few examples, programs written for one version of Windows continue to run on the next.
Windows Vista continues this trend: It runs programs written for the Win32 API, for the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), for Visual Basic, and for the Windows Forms library of .NET 1.0 and 2.0.
Vista also implements a new application programming interface called the "Windows Presentation Foundation" (WPF), previously known under the codename "Avalon." The WPF is also available under Windows XP with the .NET Framework 3.0 installed. (Alternatively, you can think of WPF as part of .NET 3.0, which can be installed under XP but which is built into Vista.)
Compared with the previous mainstream APIs for Windows, the WPF breaks new ground by implementing two complementary programming interfaces. You can write entire WPF applications in your favorite .NET-compliant programming language such as C# or Visual Basic .NET, but you can also write at least parts of the application using the XML-based Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML, pronounced "zammel").
Although XAML has been classified as a declarative programming language, it is mostly restricted to instantiation and initialization of visual objects. In simple scenarios, you use XAML to define the layout of controls on your windows, and you use code to implement event handlers for these controls. You compile the XAML and code together into an executable.
However, several features of the WPFsuch as data binding and animationlet you write interesting XAML files that stand by themselves. These standalone XAML files can be launched under Vista or .NET 3.0 just like other executables, and they run in the web browser. | <urn:uuid:ea8fdaa9-28b5-4890-bdd2-d2fe1caddd42> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/properties-dependency-properties-and-wpf/198000276 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705310619/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115510-00017-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929998 | 387 | 2.8125 | 3 |
On November 30, 1799, 34 cardinals from across Europe gathered in a conclave to elect a successor to Pope Pius VI. The papal election, however, was not held in the Sistine Chapel, not in Vatican City, and not even in Rome. Less than two years before, in February 1798, French troops had marched into Rome and taken Pope Pius VI prisoner. They placed the sickly pontiff in the citadel of Valence where he died on August 29, 1799.
While secularists asked how long the Church could survive in the new age of the Revolution, the members of the College prepared for the future. Rome was occupied, so the cardinals assembled at the Benedictine Monastery of San Giorgio near Venice. On March 14, 1800, they chose the holy Benedictine Cardinal Barnaba Luigi Count Chiaramonti, the bishop of Imola. He took the name Pius VII, but there were little means for crowning the new pope. Indeed, without a papal tiara available for the coronation, the noblewomen of Venice paid for a papier-mâché papal tiara and adorned it with jewels from their own rings and necklaces.
Few in the conclave that elected Pius VII could have anticipated the severity of the struggle that awaited the pope and the Church in the coming decades, for the new Vicar of Christ spent the next 15 years in battle with the dictator openly cursed as an Antichrist and an enemy of civilization: Napoleon Bonaparte. The relationship between the emperor and the pontiff is one worth remembering, for it is a powerful lesson to Catholics that the Church has always been blessed by successors to Peter whose gifts have been provided at the moment when they are most needed. Indeed, through the determined holiness, fortitude, and prudence of Pius VII, the Church survived the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, and the would-be master of Europe came in the end to lament, “Alexander the great declared himself the son of Jupiter. And in my time I have met a priest more powerful than I.”
Read more at Catholic.com | <urn:uuid:590b94c4-9a49-4475-9932-533484b166a4> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://avemariaradio.net/the-pope-who-outlasted-a-tyrant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488559139.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624202437-20210624232437-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.965245 | 446 | 2.828125 | 3 |
From clause can be used to specify a sub-query expression in SQL. The relation produced by the sub-query is then used as a new relation on which the outer query is applied.
- Sub queries in the from clause are supported by most of the SQL implementations.
- The correlation variables from the relations in from clause cannot be used in the sub-queries in the from clause.
SELECT column1, column2 FROM (SELECT column_x as C1, column_y FROM table WHERE PREDICATE_X) as table2 WHERE PREDICATE;
Note: The sub-query in the from clause is evaluated first and then the results of evaluation are stored in a new temporary relation.
Next, the outer query is evaluated, selecting only those tuples from the temporary relation that satisfies the predicate in the where clause of the outer query.
Example 1: Find all professors whose salary is greater than the average budget of all the departments.
select I.ID, I.NAME, I.DEPARTMENT, I.SALARY from (select avg(BUDGET) as averageBudget from DEPARTMENT) as BUDGET, Instructor as I where I.SALARY > BUDGET.averageBudget;
Explanation: The average budget of all departments from the department relation is 70000. Erik and Smith are the only instructors in the instructor relation whose salary is more than 70000 and thereofre are present in the output relation.
- Mitigation of SQL Injection Attack using Prepared Statements (Parameterized Queries)
- SQL | Distinct Clause
- SQL | WHERE Clause
- SQL | SELECT TOP Clause
- SQL | Union Clause
- SQL | WITH clause
- SQL | Except Clause
- SQL | OFFSET-FETCH Clause
- SQL | LIMIT Clause
- SQL | SUB Queries
- SQL | Top-N Queries
- PHP | MySQL ORDER BY Clause
- PHP | MySQL WHERE Clause
- PHP | MySQL LIMIT Clause
- SQL | Intersect & Except clause
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Please Improve this article if you find anything incorrect by clicking on the "Improve Article" button below. | <urn:uuid:0c139598-cda5-4967-952c-e1e0f921f725> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-sub-queries-clause/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493818.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329045008-20200329075008-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.781271 | 515 | 2.90625 | 3 |
MONUMENT AT 100: Tree researchers discover that old age is relative
This is the sixth in a series of weekly columns about Colorado National Monument in honor of the park’s centennial anniversary on May 24.
It’s never been a secret that most of the Utah junipers and pinyon pines at Colorado National Monument are old trees. With their gnarly, twisted gray trunks, junipers look positively ancient. (Some pinyons remind me of a wise old lady in a new green dress.)
But until recently, actual age of both species has been a mystery. Not anymore.
To answer this question (“Just how old is old?”), Deborah Kennard, a Mesa State College researcher, and a team of her environmental sciences students spent four years tediously examining 3,500 individual trees at the monument.
It was a daunting task covering two-thirds of the monument’s 20,000 acres. Her young investigators used dendrochronology, a scientific method of dating trees based on the analysis of patterns of growth rings. And they took all kinds of measurements, including girth and diameter to estimate their ages. Her office is wallpapered with yellow and brown maps that show, among other things, how a vast integrated neighborhood of senior citizens — the junipers — get along with younger whippersnappers — the pinyons.
While chopping down a few trees here and there would help to answer an investigator’s curiosity, it would result in the deaths of many old, beautiful trees. Alas, luck intervened.
Monument crews sometimes cut down trees near buildings as part of a fuel reduction program. The intent, to prevent a lightning-struck tree from burning a picnic shelter or visitor center, had the additional benefit of providing Kennard with cookies, the scientific term for sawed slabs of tree trunk.
Each cookie exposed rings. All researchers had to do was get out their magnifying glasses and start counting. Sounds simple enough except for the idiosyncrasies of the trees themselves. Unlike an oak or elm, in which a tree’s pith or first year’s ring lies near dead center of the trunk, a juniper’s pith may occur way off-center.
Imagine if the bull’s-eye were situated at a shooting target’s edge instead of its center. That would throw surrounding rings off-kilter. To confuse matters further, junipers may have as many as three, four or five trunks instead of just one.
“They are notorious for putting out false rings,” said Kennard, an associate professor of environmental science and technology at Mesa State.
The project took longer than expected, but yielded fascinating results:
The monument’s oldest pinyons are at least 350 years old — and probably much older.
The monument’s oldest junipers are at least 1,000 years — and probably much older.
No major wildfires have occurred at the monument for at least 700 years.
To put such ages in perspective, the elderly pinyons were already 100 years old when the U.S. declared its independence from England. As for the junipers, these old-timers had sprouted about the same time Norse explorer Leif Ericson became the first European to set foot in North America. That was 1003 A.D.
Kennard’s discovery that the monument hasn’t sustained large wildfires for seven centuries was a surprise.
As a fire ecologist, she expected to find “fire scars” across the monument’s landscape, similar to charred vegetation left by wildfires elsewhere in the Grand Valley. That’s because there are frequent lightning strikes every year into the highly flammable pinyon-juniper woodland. Yet no such evidence of a fire history exists.
“Which is very unusual,” she says, because fire, whether every 10 years or every 300 years, is a naturally occurring event for most forests in the West.
One wildfire broke out recently near Boulder. It was at least the third in that area since last year. Mesa Verde National Park near Durango, which has a similar climate as the monument’s, has sustained a dozen major wildfires since 1934. Those fires, all sparked by lightning, have burned 37,000 acres of pinyon-juniper woodland, nearly twice the acreage of the entire monument.
Although one or two trees may catch fire and burn every summer, they fail to ignite many of their neighbors. The most plausible reason is the absence of sufficient ground cover, particularly invasive species like cheat grass, to carry a blaze from tree to tree and across the landscape.
“That’s the nice thing about the monument,” she said. “It’s relatively pristine.”
Kennard still has to write up her study results for publication in a scientific journal, and adds, “I never would have been able to do this (project) without an army of students.”
For more information, check out this video on Kennard’s research: http://www.myfirevideos.net/Default.aspx?VideoID=414
Eric Sandstrom teaches at Mesa State College and is a seasonal park ranger at Colorado National Monument. | <urn:uuid:ea6339de-546e-4a37-a283-02b97d455311> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.gjsentinel.com/lifestyle/articles/monument_at_100_tree_researche | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00320-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954406 | 1,108 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Algebra for All
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ne nel ("knee," berekh; Aramaic 'arekhubbah; gonu; "kneel"; barakh; Aramaic berakh; gonupeto):
Most of the uses are obvious, and the figurative use of "knees" as the symbol of strength (Job 4:4; Hebrews 12:12, etc.) needs no explanation. The disease of the knees mentioned in Deuteronomy 28:35 is perhaps some form of leprosy. In Job 3:12 the "knees" seem to be used for the lap, as the place where a child receives its first care. Three times in Ge the knees appear in connection with primitive adoption customs. In 30:3 a fiction is enacted that purports to represent Rachel as the actual mother of Bilhah's children. By a somewhat similar rite in 48:12, Jacob (the "knees" here are Jacob's, not Joseph's) adopts Ephraim and Manasseh, so that they are counted as two of the twelve patriarchs and not as members of a single Joseph tribe. In the same way Machir's children are adopted by Joseph in 50:23, and this is certainly connected with the counting of Machir (instead of Manasseh) as one of the tribes in Judges 5:14. See TRIBE; and for the idea underlying this paternal adoption, compare THIGH. From among classical instances of the same customs compare Homer, Odyssey, xix. 401, where Autolukos, grandfather of Ulysses, receives the newborn grandchild on his knees and gives him his name. Thus also we have to understand the numerous representations in Egyptian sculpture, showing the king as an infant on the knees or the lap of a goddess.
Kneeling was less commonly an attitude of prayer among the Jews than was standing, but references to kneeling are of course abundant. For kneeling (or prostrating one's self) before a superior, see ATTITUDES, 2; SALUTATION.
Burton Scott Easton
These files are public domain. | <urn:uuid:68b33c79-9594-4f19-a7e2-90dc50530012> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/knee-kneel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708766848/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125246-00069-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954423 | 434 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Habermann, Ted (The HDF Group)
Jelenak, Aleksandar (The HDF Group)
The NetCDF SWG has laid an important foundation for understanding how data models for Earth Science data and related encodings should be standardized in the context of OGC. The CF-netCDF Core and Extensions Primer (OGC 10-091r3) provides an overview of the many possible components of the CF-netCDF suite and shows how those components fit together into a coherent whole.
The netCDF SWG has focused on netCDF data models, encodings, and conventions that are implemented in Version 3 of the netCDF software libraries and related tools (OGC 10-092r3). During 2008, Version 4 of the netCDF libraries introduced a new binary encoding using the HDF5 format. This encoding is included in OGC 10-091r3 Figure 1 as a binary encoding for the netCDF-3 Classic Data Model. OGC 11-165r2 identifies work related to netCDF-4 in Section viii Future Work: "This standard is written for netCDF version 3, but netCDF-4 is now being released. Currently the plan is to submit a separate extension standard for CF-netCDF version 4 as it becomes more heavily used in the community." Since the publication of that document, netCDF-4 has become the de facto version of netCDF for many new projects. This suggests that the time has come for standardization of netCDF-4.
The netCDF-4 Enhanced Data Model is an extension of the HDF5 data model and the binary encoding is HDF5. The HDF5 ecosystem includes many elements that go significantly beyond the binary encoding for netCDF shown in OGC 10-091r3. That ecosystem includes a general data container model (that netCDF specializes), libraries in multiple languages for writing and reading data in HDF5 files, tools for accessing, analyzing, and visualizing those data, and tools for serving those data using web services. Also, OGC members are starting to use HDF5 as a standard format for more complex data types. In particular, HDF5 has been proposed as at least two standards for point cloud data in the OGC Point Cloud DWG, has been demonstrated as a GDAL compliant format for images (KEA), and is also used as an open standard for other geographic data, e.g. the Bathymetric Attributed Grid (BAG) format that is the basis for IHO standards. Given this situation, it is appropriate to consider the standardization of other elements of the HDF ecosystem in addition to the binary encoding of the netCDF enhanced data model shown in Figure 1 of OGC 10-091r3.
The purpose of this Standards Working Group is to:
· Standardize the HDF5 data model, its binary encodings, related extensions, and other appropriate items, and
· Support other OGC working groups (SWG and DWG) in understanding the HDF5 data model and applying it in their domains of interest (e.g. point clouds, global grids, …). | <urn:uuid:735b7f92-ab42-4463-bf04-cf8278e6f450> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/hdfswg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891980.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123151545-20180123171545-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.903415 | 675 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In our previous studies, we have watched and learned from Nehemiah as he encountered opposition in his God-given task of rebuilding Jerusalem’s walls. So far, he has encountered opposition from without in the form of ridicule and threatened violence (Chapter 4). Having addressed those threats, more opposition arose from within the ranks of Israel. People of wealth became greedy and sought to exploit the poor causing internal disunity, which threatened to halt construction of the wall.
No sooner had Nehemiah settled these conflicts than a new category of opposition began to unfold – that of personal attack. This sort of testing can be the most difficult because it is often subtle and difficult to diagnose the real intent. Cyril Barber says, “When Sanballat and his co-conspirators realize that they have been outmaneuvered, outgeneraled, and outwitted by Nehemiah, they decide to attack him personally…Their wounded pride will not be appeased until Nehemiah has been humiliated.” 1 Satan’s design was to discredit Nehemiah as a leader of God’s people and again attempt to stop the completion of the wall.
Throughout the Scriptures, we read about people in trying situations who undergo personal attacks to discredit them. Even Jesus was tested directly by Satan (Matthew 4:1). Leaders such as Abraham, Moses, David, Esther, and others were put to the test to determine the strength of their faith and character.
If you think about it, all testing situations are two-sided. On one side, God puts His child to the test to develop character and spiritual maturity. An example of this kind of testing is found in Deuteronomy 8: 2, 16: “Remember how the LORD your God led you all the way in the desert these forty years, to humble you and to test you in order to know what was in your heart, whether or not you would keep his commands…He gave you manna to eat in the desert…to humble and to test you so that in the end it might go well with you.”
On the other hand, Satan is allowed to test the child but his purpose is always to destroy faith and ruin one’s testimony. Hence, Paul’s concern for the Thessalonian Christians: “I sent to find out about your faith. I was afraid that in some way the tempter might have tempted you and our efforts might have been useless.” (I Thessalonians 3:1-5). In every trial, we are pulled in one of two directions: either upward by God or downward by the devil. Satan’s pull is always to destroy. God’s tug is always to build, develop and strengthen us in our inward man.
DAYS ONE and TWO: The First Personal Attack: Intrigue (6:1-4)
A. Sanballat, Tobiah, and Geshem are almost desperate. All of their efforts to thwart the work of God have failed. Their only recourse is to bring down the leader of the project – Nehemiah.
1. What was the condition of the wall when the personal attacks began?
2. Why was this a critical time?
3. In what way can you relate to the timing of this attack? In other words, how have you experienced increased opposition just as you were about to complete some major task?
B. Dr. Boice observes that the invitation seemed like a concession speech in a political campaign: “Nehemiah, it is no use pretending that we have not been opposed to your project. We have been…But you have succeeded in spite of us, and now there is no use to carry on our opposition. For better or worse, we are going to have to live together, you as governor of Jerusalem and ourselves as governors of our own provinces. So let’s be friends.”
1. How did the enemy employ the use of flattery to tempt Nehemiah to meet with them?
2. Have you ever been sidetracked into a useless enterprise because someone flattered you into accepting the job?
3. What did Nehemiah suspect was their motivation? How would he have known this?
4. On a map entitled “Canaan as Divided Among the Twelve Tribes”, try to locate the plain of Ono. Approximately how far was it from Jerusalem? Consider the fact the journey would require two days travel time plus one day to meet. How would that time frame effect Nehemiah’s decision?
5. Those of you who live and work in areas of the world where intrigue and coups are standard fare can easily relate to how dangerous it would have been for Nehemiah to accept the invitation. At any moment his caravan could have been hijacked and he and his entourage taken captive or assassinated.
C. Nehemiah responded to the invitation with great wisdom. Carefully he chose his words so as not to accuse the enemy of his suspicions about their true motives and intent.
1. Summarize in your own words Nehemiah’s response.
2. What part did Nehemiah’s awareness of his priorities play in his refusal to meet with the enemy?
3. Nehemiah’s ability to focus on his priorities has been for me one of the significant lessons in this study. J.I. Packer comments on Nehemiah’s ability to say “No” to distractions:
Though his ability to concentrate was partly at least, no doubt, an endowment of nature, this God-centered, goal oriented single-mindedness was certainly sustained by grace…no amount of wisdom will make one a leader if one cannot keep one’s priorities steadily in view…And it is evident that his single-minded refusal ever to be distracted was throughout his years in Jerusalem a source of enormous strength.2
How does Packer’s comment challenge you in your ministry endeavor?
4. Take some time to record your thoughts in your journal. If you struggle in the area of priorities and focus, ask God to sustain you with His grace as He did Nehemiah. Be sure to write down your prayers. Later when you review your journal, you may find this a great source of encouragement as you note how God has answered.
DAYS THREE and FOUR: The Second Personal Attack: Innuendo (6:5-9)
A. After four attempts to distract Nehemiah, the tactic changes a bit. The fifth time the courier arrived it was with an open letter in his hand.
1. Summarize the contents of the letter in your own words.
2. What is the significance of the open or unsealed letter?
B. Verse 6 specifically uses the word “rumor” (NLT). Pastor Chuck Swindoll notes that a rumor is a rumor
(1.) because the source is never declared,
(2.) because it contains exaggerations and inaccuracies and/or
(3.) when its purpose is to hurt.3
1. Apply the above three points to the rumors contained in the open letter.
2. The sin of gossip: Read Proverbs 6:16-19. Of the seven things listed in the passage, how many relate to the use of one’s tongue and what are those things?
3. Pastor Swindoll comments, “People who spread rumors invariably display a lack of wisdom. Wisdom forces a person to ask such searching questions as, ‘Is it necessary to say this? Is this confidential information? Do I have any right to pass this on?’ Wisdom prompts the reply, ‘Don’t open your mouth because God hates those who sow discord among His family.’”4
C. No one knew the source of this gossip. There were no witnesses to determine what was true. They were just rumors designed to ruin Nehemiah’s reputation and possibly cause him to be recalled to the Persian court. Again, we can learn a lesson from Nehemiah on how to handle gossip.
1. How did Nehemiah respond to the accusation in the letter (vs.8-9)? In your opinion is this the best way to handle gossip?
2. Read Ephesians 4:29-32. According to this text, what questions should you ask yourself before responding to or repeating any information that might be considered gossip?
3. The Bible is replete with admonishments concerning the proper use of words and speech. Review the following references and choose one to memorize and record in your journal for meditation. In a time of temptation, the Holy Spirit will bring to our remembrance that which we have hidden in our hearts (Psalm 119:11): Psalm 101:5; Proverbs 13:3; 21:23; Titus 3:1-2; James1:26; 3:1-12; 4:11-12.
4. When we have issues with someone in our church, ministries, or family, it is vitally important to take the situation to those in leadership who have the authority to do something about the problem. (Matthew18:15-20). Spreading discontent shows a serious lack of spiritual maturity and is certainly unbecoming in a leader.
5. However, there are times when situations are beyond our control. Nehemiah could not control the spread of the rumor nor what King Artaxerxes might do when he heard it. Therefore, he chose to leave the problem in the hands of God and get on with the job. So must we. We must commit our cause to God and get on with the business of the day – trusting that we will be vindicated at some point in the future. I often refer to Psalm 37 when I find myself in one of these difficult and frustrating situations. Read it through slowly and prayerfully, meditating on those parts that speak to your heart.
DAY FIVE: The Third Personal Attack: Intimidation (6:10-14)
A. The third tactic employed by Sanballat and Tobiah was to induce fear in Nehemiah. Their intent was to arouse the instinct of self-preservation and hopefully cause him to break God’s law and thereby discredit himself.
1. Shemaiah was a prophet whose message to Nehemiah was presented as an oracle from God. What was his proposal?
2. It seems that Nehemiah realized that the message was not from God because of the proposal itself. Pagans believed that one could find security and exemption from punishment for a crime in the temple of a god. Jews did not hold this belief about their temple. Read the following texts and record the similar but distinctly different practice provided by Jewish law: Deuteronomy 19:1-13; Joshua 20:1-9.
3. In addition, the term used by Shemaiah means “Holy Place”. What Shemaiah was suggesting was in direct contradiction to the law. Read Numbers 18:7 and II Chronicles 26:16-21. If Nehemiah had been lacking in his knowledge of God’s Word he might have succumbed to the intimidation. However, because he valued God’s Word enough to read and study it, he understood that this tactic was nothing more than a threat from the enemy. He knew God’s character; what God considers wrong is always wrong. God is utterly consistent; His rules do not change. Therefore Nehemiah answered boldly.
4. Imagine how terrifying this threat was. This is not unlike the situations many people living and working overseas find themselves facing. For example, as they are accomplishing a work for God, some of the locals inform the workers that the leaders are really angry because of the good things that are being accomplished in their village. Those who have absolute power are beginning to lose it. A message is sent, “We’ve heard that they plan to kill you. Perhaps you should think about leaving the area.”
5. Nehemiah’s response (v.11) may seem a bit arrogant on the surface but we need to take a closer look. What does Nehemiah say about himself in response to the attempt at intimidation? In your opinion, is courage to withstand such an attack a natural ability or God-given?
6. About courage, John White has said, “The words [Should a man like me run away…] echo across the centuries to us. Like Nehemiah we live in days when we must let our courage be seen by the way we act and speak. It will help us, perhaps, to realize that true courage does not consist in the absence of fear but in doing what God wants even when we are afraid, disturbed and hurt.”5 Early on in his career Nehemiah established the habit of taking the initiative in spite of fear (2:2). Through this exercise of faith, he enhanced his ability to lead with courage. He may have been naturally gifted with courage but acting courageously by trusting God certainly grew that giftedness.
B. Application is where the “rubber meets the road” in our daily walk. Therefore, we must ask ourselves how we might be tempted like Nehemiah to take some wrong action because we’re afraid and there just doesn’t seem to be any other suitable recourse. Or we might need to think of our present difficulty as a personal challenge to courageously stand firm against the schemes of the enemy. Will you stand firm because you know the unchanging character of God and the standard of His Word? Or perhaps you are simply reminded of the importance of daily Bible study as a source of strength for the future battles that are sure to come.
1. Cyril J. Barber, Nehemiah and the Dynamics of Effective Leadership (Ross-shire, Scotland: Geanies House, 2004), p. 136.
2. J.I. Packer, A Passion for Faithfulness (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 2001), p. 129.
3. Charles R. Swindoll, Hand Me Another Brick (Nashville, TN.: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1978), pp. 130-131.
4. Ibid., pp 132, 133.
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