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Pages InformationWriter Jogye Date16 Jul 2018 Read7,720 Comment0
‘Sansa, the Buddhist Mountain Monasteries
Listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites
All over the world, people are beginning to recognize the cultural and historical significance of Sansa, the Buddhist mountain monasteries of Korea.
On June 30, 12:30 P.M. local time, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee made the decision to add “Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea” to the World Heritage List at their 42nd session. On that day, Sansa became the third Buddhist cultural heritage site listed, following “Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple” and “Haeinsa Temple’s Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks” in 1995. It also became the thirteenth to be counted among all Korean cultural heritage sites on the World Heritage List created by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, more widely known as UNESCO. The fact that two other cultural heritage sites, “Gyeongju Historic Areas (2000)” and “Baekje Historic Areas (2015),” on the World Heritage List also have close ties with Buddhism once again confirms the religion’s pivotal role in the history and identity of Korea.
“Sansa, the Buddhist Mountain Monasteries” consist of seven temples: Tongdosa Temple (Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do), Buseoksa Temple (Yeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do), Bongjeongsa Temple (Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do), Beopjusa Temple (Boeun, Chungcheongbuk-do), Magoksa Temple (Gongju, Chungcheongnam-do), Seonamsa Temple (Suncheon, Jeollanam-do), and Daeheungsa Temple (Haenam, Jeollanam-do). The World Heritage Committee praised the preservation of the temples, which have been kept carefully since their establishment between the 7th and 9th centuries up until modern times, over hundreds of years of the long, rich history of Korean Buddhism. They applauded “Sansa” for satisfying the criteria of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), earning a new spot on UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
Winning a spot on the list was the fruition of collaboration between the Council for the Inscription of Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea (Chairman, President of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism, Venerable Seoljeong), the Cultural Heritage Administration, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the local governments of the districts surrounding the seven temple sites.
The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), an advisory body to the World Heritage Committee, recognized the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of “Sansa” – the management of the temples by the Sangha, or Buddhist communities, in a self-sustaining manner; the education and life of Buddhist monks; Seon (Chan in Chinese or Zen in Japanese) practice; and the Buddhist academies, which are quite unique in an intangible, historical way. At first, three temples: Bongjeongsa Temple (Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do), Magoksa Temple (Gongju, Chungcheongnam-do), and Seonamsa Temple (Suncheon, Jeollanam-do) were excluded from the recommendations. However, in order to prove their significance as comprehensive monastic complexes, beyond their rich history and sizes, the Jogye Order put forth many diplomatic efforts to encourage the World Heritage Committee to include these temples as well. Several visits were made to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the local governments, and experts, leading a cooperative effort to win the hearts of the member countries of the UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee.
The Jogye Order, in particular, poured all their energy into inscribing the names of all seven temples onto UNESCO’s World Heritage List. To do so, the order carefully went over the proposal for any factual errors and revised them as needed. Also, to draw the support of the 21 members of the World Heritage Committee, they worked diligently to prepare the “diplomatic documents for negotiation.”
Additionally, various agencies from the government came forward to add their support to the cause. The Korean delegation to the 42nd session of the World Heritage Committee, consisting of the Cultural Heritage Administration, the permanent delegation of the Republic of Korea to UNESCO, and the Foreign Ministry, have been directly negotiating with the members of the committee to earn their active support for including all seven of the temples together. Furthermore, the Jogye Order submitted the documents containing the factual errors to be amended, and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), an advisory body to the World Heritage Committee, accepted 11 out of 12 corrections that were requested.
At last, during the nomination discussions that took place on June 30 in China, a member of the committee proposed that all seven of the temples be inscribed on the list. 17 of the 21 members of the World Heritage Committee jointly signed this proposal. Afterwards, 20 members of the committee declared their support. Winning the entire committee’s approval of the inscription led to the movement’s success. After confirming the inscription, the World Heritage Committee made the following four recommendations: first, to come up with a number of measures to ensure the appropriate preservation of Sansa, including a plan to manage the buildings on the premises that have not been designated as cultural assets; second, a comprehensive plan for the proper maintenance of all the facilities; third, a contingency plan for dealing with the increasing number of visitors after the inscription, and fourth, a consultation plan to be made with the World Heritage Center before any new buildings are constructed within the vicinity of the seven temples. They have ordered much stricter preservation and protection maintenance for all the facilities on the Sansa premises, including non-designated cultural properties. The Jogye Order and the Cultural Heritage Administration will faithfully follow these recommendations by the World Heritage Committee; that is, in order to preserve the value of Sansa’s world heritage, they are prepared to put forth laborious efforts.
Venerable Jongmin, the director of the Department of Cultural Affairs of the Jogye Order, participated in the World Heritage meeting and remarked afterwards, “We are extremely joyful that Sansa has been inscribed onto the World Heritage List.” He added his praise, “In particular, the three temples of Bongjeongsa, Magoksa, and Seonamsa, that were originally excluded from the recommendations of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) were nominated, along with Tongdosa, Buseoksa, Beopjusa, and Daeheungsa. The fact that the seven temples in a series are inscribed on the World Heritage List is a significant accomplishment during this session of the World Heritage Committee.” He went on to emphasize, “This inscription is most noteworthy, as it is an opportunity to receive world-wide recognition of how Korean temples have managed to keep their histories alive and thrive as living legacies for so long.” He expressed his appreciation to all the involved governmental agencies of the Foreign Ministry and the Cultural Heritage Administration for their work towards including Sansa on the World Heritage List, on behalf of the seven temples and the Steering Committee for the Nomination of “Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries.” He further stated that the order will work hard to keep Buddhist cultural heritage alive so that others may continue to appreciate these universal treasures.
In return, an official from the Cultural Heritage Administration responded, “We, too, will put forth greater efforts on improving our overall system, dealing with our world heritage in our own country.” He added, “The government is in the process of establishing ‘world heritage laws’ which can regulate the preservation and maintenance of world heritage in a more systematic manner, and attract Category 2 Centres, an international organization dealing specifically with world heritage.” In addition, the official commented that in order to preserve our world heritage more effectively with this recent addition, the administration will push for the expansion of infrastructure, which can strengthen the capabilities of professionals and experts involved in world heritage management. | <urn:uuid:0d243c6a-97f9-45b1-bf20-b46d258d003d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.koreanbuddhism.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=0010&wr_id=650&sst=wr_hit&sod=asc&sop=and&page=8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499801.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130034805-20230130064805-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.935125 | 1,778 | 2.625 | 3 |
Safe Natural Anti-inflammatory
Inflammation is part of our body’s healthy immune response to foreign antigens. However, it may be harmful if there is prolonged inflammation. Astaxanthin’s ability to travel throughout the body allows it to target a number of high stress inflammatory areas by reducing oxidative stress.
Astaxanthin works to support a balanced inflammatory response by suppressing different inflammatory mediators. These compounds are what potentiate inflammation, which include compounds like necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2), interleukin 1B (IL01b), inducible nitric oxide (iNO) and nuclear factor kappa-B.
Astaxanthin has been shown to inhibit formation or action of all of these inflammatory compounds as well as exert additional anti-inflammatory effects14-16.
There are many practical applications of this anti-inflammatory effect. For example, during rigorous exercise, there is often a suppression of the immune response along with inflammation. Astaxanthin has been shown to prevent both17. This effect is useful for people who regularly engage in heavy endurance training, intense activities like weight lifting or cross fit, long-duration of exercise training.
Astaxanthin is also useful in supporting individuals experiencing chronic inflammation. “In double-blind, randomized controlled trials, astaxanthin lowered oxidative stress in overweight and obese subjects as well as in smokers’”, one researcher concluded. “It blocked oxidative DNA damage, lowered C-reactive protein (CRP, inflammation indicator) and other inflammation biomarkers, and boosted immunity” 18. | <urn:uuid:0a79c005-f353-4d92-8410-18be2aa616aa> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.optixanthin.com/blogs/why-optixanthin-astaxanthin/safe-natural-anti-inflammatory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039603582.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422100106-20210422130106-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.927341 | 343 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Founded nearly 800 years ago, Porvoo is the second oldest city in Finland and evidence of its long history can still be seen and felt as you walk its charming streets. For centuries, the city has served as both a home and a source of inspiration for many Finnish artists.
Located about 50 kilometres east from Helsinki, it is possible to travel from the capital to Porvoo by steamboat in the summer. Even though Porvoo is not exactly a coastal town, it is connected to the Gulf of Finland via the Porvoo River. The river flows through the city, passing Porvoo’s most well-known landmarks: its red shore houses. Originally, the shore houses were painted red in honour of the arrival of Gustav III, the king of Sweden.
Historically, Porvoo has been an important centre of trade and the shore houses were once used to store goods and produce, such as exotic delicacies from distant lands. | <urn:uuid:4d3b4ff4-7e28-4f5c-818f-ae1b2e387b59> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.visitfinland.com/article/summertown-porvoo/?pg=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718987.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00165-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977001 | 195 | 2.703125 | 3 |
You have probably heard the expression that a picture is worth a thousand words? In some areas of healthcare pictures can be worth thousands of clinic visits. Three areas of healthcare where this is becoming commonplace in VA are: radiology, dermatology and checking for the effects of diabetes on the retina in the back of the eye.
Store-and-Forward Telehealth involves the acquisition and storing of clinical information (e.g. data, image, sound, video) that is then forwarded to (or retrieved by) another site for clinical evaluation. For many years, local and regional Store-and-Forward Telehealth programs have been providing consultation to VHA sites in need of specialty expertise. VHA's first national Store-and-Forward Telehealth program was a primary care-based model that screens veterans with diabetes for retinopathy using teleretinal imaging that expedite referral for treatment and provide health information.
Dermatology (skin) problems are common and often a source of discomfort and concern to patients. The diagnosis of a skin problem can often be made from a digital picture if it is sent to a skin specialist (dermatologist) to see. A report with recommendations for treatment can then be sent back to a patient's primary care, or other, physician. The recommendation may be for treatment in the form of a medication or may be a referral to a dermatology clinic for more detailed assessment. VA is using TeleDermatology to improve access to skin care for veteran patients who live in remote and other areas to save having to travel to a dermatology clinic.
Diabetes can cause problems with the blood vessels in the back of the eye (retina), especially if the diabetes is poorly controlled. A special camera is now available that can take pictures of the retina of the eye without needing to put drops in the eye to widen the pupil of the eye. The picture that is taken is then sent to an eye care specialist to review and a report is sent back to the patient's primary care physician who then follows-up if treatment to prevent blindness is required. This investigation does not replace a full eye exam and is not suitable for people who already have complications of diabetes but makes it does mean that those at risk of eye problems from diabetes can be assessed easily and conveniently in a local clinic.
The ability to acquire, store and then forward digital images for reporting is a crucial area of care coordination development within VHA. VA's computerized patient record called VistA has a component called VistA Imaging. VistA Imaging. VistA Imaging enables the communication of clinical images throughout VA. Using VistA Imaging VA is able to undertake. | <urn:uuid:9085a44a-f202-4d23-9e7e-9e6f49503d0e> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.telehealth.va.gov/sft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646849.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00210-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938064 | 539 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Phoenix Name Meaning & Origin
Origin of the name Phoenix:
Derived from the Greek phoinix (phoenix, bright red). Var: Phenix.
From A World of Baby Names by Teresa Norman.
Looking for the perfect name? Try the Name MatchMaker to find the perfect baby name for you!
Sister & Brother Names
Know a Phoenix? What are his siblings named?
Name Lists Featuring Phoenix
- Australian Boys Names: Most Popular Names for Boys in Australia (New South Wales) 2014
- New Zealand Boys Names: Most Popular Names for Boys in New Zealand 2014
- Australian Boys Names: Most Popular Names for Boys in Australia (New South Wales), 2010
- New Zealand Boys Names: Most Popular Names for Boys in New Zealand, 2010
- New Zealand Boys Names: Most Popular Names for Boys in New Zealand for 2012
- New Zealand Boys Names: Most Popular Names for Boys in New Zealand
- Australian Boys Names: Most Popular Names for Boys in Australia (Queensland)
Contribute your knowledge to the name Phoenix
- Comments and insights on the name Phoenix
- Personal experiences with the name Phoenix
- Nicknames for Phoenix
- Meanings and history of the name Phoenix
A phoenix is a mythical bird that is a fire spirit with a colorful plumage and a tail of gold and scarlet (or purple, blue, and green according to some legends). It has a 500 to 1,000 year life-cycle, near the end of which it builds itself a nest of twigs that then ignites; both nest and bird burn fiercely and are reduced to ashes, from which a new, young phoenix or phoenix egg arises, reborn anew to live again. The new phoenix is destined to live as long as its old self. In some stories, the new phoenix embalms the ashes of its old self in an egg made of myrrh and deposits it in the Egyptian city of Heliopolis (Greek for sun-city). It is said that the bird's cry is that of a beautiful song. In very few stories they are able to change into humans.
- Famous real-life people named Phoenix
Joaquin Phoenix - American actor
River Phoenix - American actor
Phoenix Hoyle- LadBaby’s son.
- Phoenix in song, story & screen
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - book by J. K. Rowling
Phoenix Wright, title character from the video game series "Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney". Phoenix is a defense attorney who fights for justice.
Days of Our Lives (soap opera)- Stefano and tony always die and "rise from the ashes of the Phoenix" (a frequent saying in the show) the family ring also has a Phoenix on it
Twilight- In the first book/movie Bella moves from Phoenix, Arizona to Forks, Washington.
"The Phoenix", song by Fall Out Boy | <urn:uuid:3f63bce1-4f68-4b51-be83-ae69db54cc86> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.babynamewizard.com/baby-name/boy/phoenix | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077818.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414125133-20210414155133-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.889855 | 601 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What is public liability?
Public liability is a term to describe who is liable for people’s safety in a public place such as parks, government buildings and so on. These places should be covered by public liability insurance. Usually, a public liability case involves the local council as they maintain such premises. If you are unsure if your accident or injury falls in the public liability category it is best to give us a call.
Public liability is an extension of personal injuries and a broader term to injuries such as slips, trips and falls, differing from Occupiers liability due to the location and the manner it happens. Public liability happens on public property such as your every day street, council owned parks, council run gyms and on roads. If you were driving then please look at our road traffic accident page. | <urn:uuid:01a828a4-bed3-4308-847b-e1fc7c570766> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.scottrees.com/personal-injury/public-liability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202658.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322115048-20190322141048-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.969714 | 163 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Common names: beach sheoak
Casuarina equisetifolia (beach sheoak) is an evergreen tree (family Casuarinaceae) with tiny red flowers and needle-like leaves found in the Sacramento Valley, San Francisco Bay area, south coast ranges and desert ranges of California. It has both female and male flower parts. It is native to northern Australia and Southeast Asia. It occurs in dunes. It freely self-seeds in disturbed areas. Migrating gold finches, parrots and parakeets feed on the seeds and disperse them. Wind also disperses the winged seeds.
Cal-IPC Rating: Watch
Plant Risk Assessment
Plant Risk Assessment- An evaluation of the potential for a plant to be invasive in California.
Weed Management NotesNo Weed RIC Management Notes are available for this species. Check for information on other species in the genus on the Weed RIC site.
Cal-IPC Newsletter Articles
There are no newsletter articles associated with this species yet.
Cal-IPC Symposium Presentations
Presentations are linked where available. Where a presentation is not available, find more information by reading the abstract in the Cal-IPC Symposia Archive.
There are no Symposium presentations associated with this species yet.
Other Casuarina equisetifolia Information
- CalPhotos - Images of plants taken mostly in California.
- Calflora - See the distribution of this species on Calflora's map of California.
- USDA PLANTS Database - Federal database with information on identification and distribution, and links to websites in individual states.
- Bugwood - National database from the Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia. | <urn:uuid:b077ae81-4d8f-45f2-89b2-17d955d5a2db> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/casuarina-equisetifolia-profile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890105.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706042111-20200706072111-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.799969 | 364 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Coarse grains such as corn and soybeans usually thresh relatively easily, but wet field conditions may slow field drying.
Adjusting rotor speed
Rotor speed should not be increased and concave clearance should not be decreased more than necessary for threshing, but spongy corncobs or damp soybean pods may be more difficult to thresh. Greater rotor speed or reduced concave clearance may be necessary in these conditions.
Evaluate the need for combine adjustment by checking for unthreshed corn or soybeans behind the combine and in the grain tank before being overly aggressive with threshing; causing damage to seed coats and increasing the potential for storability problems.
Larger bits of cobs or pods in the cleaning system require more attention to adjustment of airflow and sieve opening sizes in the cleaning shoe. Use an adequate amount of airflow to help fluidize the bed of material and allow pneumatic as well as mechanical separation.
In corn, the head should be operated low enough to gather all ears. Avoid going lower than necessary if a significant amount of soil or sediment is on lower parts of the stalk, as soil adds wear inside the combine and increases cleaning load. If ears hang low, the head will need to be operated low enough for gathering. Soybeans will have to be cut at ground level, regardless. | <urn:uuid:29d10ac6-23d5-47f4-8077-5a7bd6eb0a04> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.cornandsoybeandigest.com/equipment/2-combine-adjustments-make-wet-field-conditions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221208750.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814081835-20180814101835-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.941916 | 274 | 2.640625 | 3 |
|19th century photo of an Arab warrior. The Arabs invading the |
Roman Empire might have looked much like this warrior.
Violent Islam roars in
from the desert
from the desert
In 629 AD the Roman Empire was enjoying a much deserved period of peace. No one in Constantinople had any idea that a fresh invasion from the southern deserts would happen in a matter of months.
For 26 years the Roman and Persian Empires had been in the death grip war of all death grip wars. The 700 years of war between the empires came down to this one life and death conflict. Only one empire would survive the encounter.
The Roman Empire nearly ceased to exist. The Persians conquered massive territories in the east, south and in Africa. Meanwhile the Avars and Slavs overran the Balkans and with the help of the Persians laid siege to Constantinople itself in 626.
Things were so bad that the Emperor Heracilus considered abandoning Constantinople and moving the capital to Carthage in Africa. The Patriarch Sergius convinced the Emperor to stay and put the wealth of the church at the service of the state to finance the wars.
|Roman Emperor Heraclius|
Crowned Caesar in 610. Latin was still the official
language of the military and government. The Emperor
faced invasions by Persians, Avars and Muslim Arabs.
With financing from the church, Emperor Heracilus raised additional armies and hired Khazar Turk allies to invade Persia with him.
By 628 the Persian Empire had been totally crushed, Shah Khosrow II was murdered by his own son and the Persian armies were withdrawn from Egypt, Syria and other Roman provinces.
There may have finally been "peace" between Rome and Persia, but it was a disastrous peace. The Persians sank into dynastic anarchy while the Romans were financially, militarily and politically exhausted.
The two great empires of the world were at their weakest point at just the moment a militant and militaristic Islam appeared.
The 620s saw the birth of Islam deep in Arabia. General Mohammad, or prophet if you like, was simultaneously a military commander, ruler and prophet. The emotional appeal of religion was combined with terrorist methods and assassinations to clear the way for gathering territory for the faith.
As the battles of General Mohammad progressed the base of Arabia was secured for Islam and Muslim eyes started to look north to the Roman Empire for expansion.
In the year 628 Mohammad dispatched messages to the Shah of Persia, the Roman Emperor, the Governor of Egypt and the Prince of Abyssinia asking them to accept Islam.
The Shah was said to have torn up the message with contempt. Emperor Heracilus accepted his letter and simply inquired who the author was. The Governor of Egypt excused himself from changing religions, but sent as gifts a horse, a mule, a riding ass and two Egyptian girls. If the Prince of Abyssinia got the message at all there is no record of a reply.
Heracilus gave orders that he wanted to interview a traveler from the area. One Abu Sofian was brought to Jerusalem and asked about the "disturbances" in Arabia. Sofian told the Emperor that the followers of Mohammad consisted of the poorer classes and of adolescent youth. All men of substance opposed him.
The Emperor gathered intel, but did not act. The internal goings on among poor desert tribes did not require much attention.
|19th century photo of Arab warriors|
The Battle of Mota (Mu'tah)
3,000 Arabs vs 10,000 Romans
In 629 a number of minor raids and expeditions were sent out from Arabia. Some were defeated and others returned with booty.
In September, 629 a more important expedition was organized. Tradition says the raid was to punish a chief of Rome's ally the Arab Ghassanid tribe for killing Muslim emissaries in the area. Revenge rather than conquest appears to be the motive.
A Muslim camp was formed a few miles north of Medina where volunteers were instructed to assemble. Zeid ibn Haritha, the adopted son of Mohammad, was given command. He set out with 3,000 men marching to what is today southern Jordan. It was the first Muslim raid of this size going far from Arabia.
Muslim commanders still relied on religious spirit rather than military skill and had neglected to send out spies to scout the land they were invading.
|Eastern Roman Soldier|
It was not until they reached Maan that they found out there was a large force of Romans gathered to meet them. A halt was called and the Muslim leaders spent two days arguing whether to advance or retreat. The deciding voice came from an early convert who demanded "Victory or martyrdom and paradise." The order was given to advance.
The Muslim army move north with the rocky hills of Moab on their left. When they crossed the lower foothills of the mountains the Muslims suddenly found themselves in the presence of a Roman army several times larger that their own, perhaps about 10,000 men.
A majority of the Roman force appears to have been made up of Christian Arab allies of the Empire. Some proportion of the army (how much?) was reinforced by regular Roman troops, perhaps from a local garrison.
It is likely that the Roman commander was Theodore, the brother or half brother of the Emperor. Theodore had extensive experience as a Kouropalates and leading general in the Persian wars. An army this large would have required a senior office such as Theodore.
There is a small plain near the village of Mota. It was decided to give battle there.
Zeid ibn Haritha seized the white banner given to him by Mohammad. He then a wild charge of his men into Roman ranks until he fell transfixed by their spears. Another Muslim grabbed the banner from the dying Zeid, raised it aloft and cried "Paradise! Paradise!" until he was killed by a Roman soldier.
Fighting in the ranks new Muslim convert Khalid ibn al-Walid came to the rescue at this point. Perhaps a little less anxious for Paradise, he assumed control. The white banner was planted in the ground and the disorganized, battered Muslims gathered to that point. Under Khalid's leadership they retired methodically from the battlefield.
Khalid continued to engage the Romans in skirmishes, but he avoided a pitched battle. One night Khalid completely changed his troop positions. The rearguard was given new banners to give the impression that reinforcements had arrived from Medina.
On another night he had his cavalry retreat behind a hill hiding their movements. He then had the cavalry return during the day when the battle resumed raising as much dust as possible to give the impression of fresh troops arriving.
Information on the battle is minimal. Still we can read between the lines. The Arabs were mauled, but retreated in an orderly manner. On the other side, the Romans did not just call it a day and go home. They continued aggressive contact with the Muslims over several days.
Casualties are unknown, but this first contact was a solid Roman victory.
When the defeated Muslims approached Medina, Mohammad and the people went out to meet them. The citizens began to throw dirt on the defeated soldiers crying, "You runaways, you fled in the way of God." Mohammad said they were not runaways but could fight again for the cause.
In spite of the disaster at Mota, throughout the rest of 629 many Bedouin tribes sent deputations to Mohammad seeking friendship and alliance.
|Mohammad sent a force to the Roman province of Palaestina Salutaris|
to punish the Christian Arabs who killed Muslim emissaries.
|Bedouin, Warriors 1890s|
(John Bagot Glubb) (Bagot-Glubb) (Ghassanids) (Mutah) | <urn:uuid:2134192a-942c-4602-abff-3ca313470d43> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://byzantinemilitary.blogspot.gr/2016/07/roman-empire-vs-islam-first-contact.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948615810.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218102808-20171218124808-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.972698 | 1,608 | 3.484375 | 3 |
By: S. Ashton
Fast growing short rotation woody crops (SRWC), such as hybrid poplars, willows, and other species, are specifically grown to be an energy feedstock. The species of trees are often chosen because they sprout from a cut stump. Properly managed, SRWCs can grow rapidly and be ready for harvest in four to eight years. After harvest, the site can be replanted, or the stumps can be left to regrow. Ideally, the sprouts soon form a few dominant stems, which are then ready for harvesting again within another four to eight years. For some species, this can be repeated several times before replanting becomes necessary. Growing short-rotation energy forests can also be combined with wastewater disposal, as sewage and wastewater from food processing factories and farms can contain nutrients that can accelerate tree growth. Using wastewater to irrigate a SRWC plantation offers an opportunity to mitigate point-source pollution, which is water pollution that comes from a single source such as a pipe or culvert.
Short rotation woody crops have shown promise as an economically viable strategy for producing a sustainable supply of wood biomass. Fast growing species can be planted at relatively low costs and harvested in less time than traditional species. Biotechnology is expected to substantially increase energy crop yields in the future. | <urn:uuid:bbbe451e-7c1c-4a44-bdb8-f2831d0147d4> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://articles.extension.org/pages/26540/short-rotation-woody-crops | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529737.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723215340-20190724001340-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.951548 | 268 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Richard Weikart is a professor of history at California State University, Stanislaus, and a senior fellow for the Center for Science and Culture of the Discovery Institute. He is also at the editorial board of the Access Research Network's Origins & Design Journal, where his work focuses on the impact of evolution on social thought, ethics and morality. Needless to say, his conclusions are not shared by most fellow historians.
His most famous book is “From Darwin to Hitler”, which has been pretty much univocally dismissed by actual experts because it is historically wildly inaccurate and stupid, but it is nevertheless widely touted by creationists (despite the fact that confusing the veracity of a belief with the consequences of holding it is a rather obvious fallacy). Strange that. The sequel, “Hitler's Ethic”, argues that Hitler's “ideology revolved around evolutionary ethics – the idea that whatever promoted evolutionary progress is good and whatever hinders it is bad.” (He is, obviously, less focused on the fact that Hitler’s views have nothing to do with the biological theory of evolution, a theory Hitler – a staunch creationist in fact rejected). Weikart’s central claim is that Darwinism promotes racism whereas “Christian theology taught the universal brotherhood of all races, who descended from common ancestors – Adam and Eve.” Most historians are unconvinced that this claim is accurate either. Of course, Weikart uses his purported connection to issue fair warnings to today’s Darwinists about where their beliefs may take them (as an aside: Dembski gleefully shares this sentiment).
For a note to Weikart’s article “Was Darwin or Spencer the father of laissez-faire social Darwinism?”, this one is fairly interesting.
The late D James Kennedy was a fan (more on that here and here) and Weikart played a prominent role in the insanely dishonest film “Darwin’s Deadly Legacy”.
You can find a good resource concerning creationism and genocide arguments here.
Diagnosis: Apparently the embodiment of the Discovery Institute’s research philosophy, Weikart is enormously influential, and work of his kind continues to swamp the market despite its dishonesty, fact-distortions, ignorance and bias, and covert or overt references pops up again and again, regardless of how often they are refuted. | <urn:uuid:b2b1142c-fc05-4953-9e16-abe5a054e7d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://americanloons.blogspot.com/2013/02/407-richard-weikart.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00532-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94478 | 502 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Oral thrush, also called oral candidiasis, is an infection in the mouth and throat. It is characterized by creamy white lesions on the inner cheeks, gums, tongue, and back of the throat. Some may experience a cottony feeling in the mouth that is similar to having a mouth full of cotton wool. Oral thrush can also cause redness (without the white lesions) in the mouths of denture wearers.
Causes and triggers
Oral thrush is a yeast infection caused by the fungus Candida albicans. While it is a naturally occurring fungus in our mouths, it can at times multiply and cause an infection. The same fungus is also responsible for causing diaper rash in babies and vaginitis in women.
Anyone can develop thrush, but some are more at risk, including:
- The elderly (especially those who wear dentures)
- Those being treated with antibiotics
- Those using inhaled corticosteroids to treat asthma
- Those with compromised immune systems (e.g., due to chemotherapy or HIV)
Thrush is treated with a prescription antifungal medication.
Here are some measures that may help prevent recurrences:
- Keep your mouth clean by brushing teeth 2 to 3 times a day, after each meal.
- Rinse your mouth after using a corticosteroid inhaler.
- Use a spacer with the inhaler and replace the spacer every 12 to 24 months if used daily.
- Use a new toothbrush once the infection has resolved.
- Avoid foods that are high in sugar since they can promote yeast growth.
Denture wearers should also add the following oral hygiene measures to their daily routine:
- Thoroughly clean dentures daily with a disinfectant (e.g., Polident).
- After cleaning, allow dentures to dry completely.
- Brush dentures after every meal.
When should I see a medical professional?
- If there is intense pain or fever, or if you experience a great deal of difficulty swallowing.
- If the infection persists, or if symptoms worsen. | <urn:uuid:b9467f22-d22b-418b-bd51-8aec757be7d6> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.familiprix.com/en/articles/oral-thrush | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896169.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708000016-20200708030016-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.93799 | 436 | 3.5 | 4 |
Dave Carmean, a 49 year old male from Vancouver asks on November 10, 2006,Why does a digital camera need a shutter- I think it should be able to electronically shunt the image to the processing chip for a specified time.
viewed 17891 times
A quick search at ask.com gave lots of answers. Good old CCD-based (Charge Coupled Device) digital cameras can electronically capture images with no need for a shutter. In that case the shutter is called an electronic shutter because the beginning and ending of the light-capture moment is controlled electronically by software. However, due to the limitations of semiconductor electronics, the fastest they can go is 1/500th of a second. Think: you have to move packets of electronic charge from up to 10 million pixels all at once or risk distortion with a moving subject. In addition the mechanism might need to capture those 10 million pixels three separate times with each of red, green and blue filters. Often photographers need faster shutter speeds than 1/500th second to stop racing cars, raindrops, and other fast-moving objects. So while some low-end digital cameras, such as those found in cell phones, indeed have no mechanical shutter, high-end models have both electronic and electro-mechanical shutters so they can get down to speeds as low as 1/10,000th of a second.
Today, however, most consumer digital cameras employ the cheaper CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technology in their imaging chips, not CCD technology. With CMOS, the fastest you can switch the pixels on and off is about 1/250th of a second. This is because these chips rely on a number of transistors for each pixel and each of these transistors must switch on and off. All of those switchings take time and it adds up when you have millions of them. So these cameras also need mechanical shutters to get to speeds of 1/1000 of a second, which is typical of ordinary consumer cameras.
Ironically, unlike film cameras the shutter in a digital camera is actually *always open*. Otherwise you would not be able to see the image on the back screen to frame the shot. At the instant of exposure, the shutter is closed, then opened for a fraction of a second to expose the image on the chip.
Here are some references:
http://www.dalsa.com/shared/content/Photonics_Spectra_CCDvsCMOS_Litwiller.pdf (page 2)
Note: All submissions are moderated prior to posting.
If you found this answer useful, please consider making a small donation to science.ca. | <urn:uuid:c6345926-44c9-4d12-96b4-9f18a0200371> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.science.ca/askascientist/viewquestion.php?qID=3694 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826759.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00040-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931508 | 554 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Quiney - what does Quiney surname mean?
This most interesting surname has three possible sources, all of Old Gaelic origin. Firstly, there is a strong possibility that the name is a variant of `Quinn`, the Anglicized form of the Gaelic `O Cuinn`, meaning the male descendant of Conn, from the prefix `O`, male descendant of, and the Gaelic personal name Conn, from `conn`, council; this sept were numerous in Tyrone. Secondly, Quiney may have derived as an unusual form of `Mawhinney`, (without Mac), which is the Anglicized form of the Gaelic `MacShuibhne`, composed of `Mac`, son of, and a personal name from `suibhne`, meaning pleasant, which is a County Antrim surname. From the former source one Niall O`Cuinn was killed at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. Finally, the surname may be of Manx origin, found in the Isle of Man, from the Manx `Mac Connaidh`, meaning `son of Connaidh`, the personal name originating as a nickname for `the crafty one`. Marye Queenye married Phillip Davie on October 18th 1569, at St. Mary at Hill`s Church, London, while Bartholomew Quiny married Elizabeth Watts in November 9th 1591, at St. Dunstan in the East, London. Robert Quiney married Jane Urin on October 19th 1619, at St. Bride`s, Fleet Street, London. A Coat of Arms was granted to a Quiney family at Shottery in Warwickshire, which depicts a black bend with three silver trefoils slipped on a gold shield. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of John Quinnye, which was dated 1429, in the `Name Rolls of the Isle of Man`, during the reign of King Henry V1, known as `The Founder of Eton`, 1422 - 1461. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to `develop` often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
Get the Quiney surname meaning widget for your website!
Select and copy the text below in your website's code. | <urn:uuid:8d90d5f2-6c78-498b-b1ba-8ada083427d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://mysurna.me/surname.php?s=Quiney | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661349.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00256-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961686 | 495 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Table of Contents
- 1 How do you make glow sticks with water?
- 2 What liquid makes glow sticks glow?
- 3 Are all glow sticks waterproof?
- 4 Is the stuff inside glow sticks toxic?
- 5 What do you do with dead glow sticks?
- 6 Are glow sticks radioactive?
- 7 Is it safe to throw away glow sticks?
- 8 What will happen if you put glow sticks in water?
- 9 What happens to the glow sticks when it is in water?
How do you make glow sticks with water?
Step-by-Step Instructions with Photos
- Pour two cups of water into your jar.
- Break the glow sticks and shake them up.
- Carefully cut the tops off of the glow sticks and pour them into the jar.
- Enjoy your new lantern!
What liquid makes glow sticks glow?
Hydrogen Peroxide In bleaches and disinfectants, this strong oxidizer rips apart molecules to whiten or clean. Here it’s sealed in a glass capsule that cracks open when you bend the plastic stick. Once it’s unleashed, H2O2 triggers a chemical chain reaction that puts the glow in the stick.
Are all glow sticks waterproof?
All traditional glow sticks are waterproof, most float and are perfectly safe for use in a pool. (Note: This includes traditional chem based glow sticks. LED Light Sticks are not all waterproof, you will have to specifically look for waterproof LED Light Sticks.
Is it safe to put glow sticks in the bathtub?
Yes, the warmer the temperature, the brighter the glow stick will glow. So, for example if you have the glow stick with you in a hot tub, or if you are dancing and you are in a hot room, the glow stick will glow very brightly, but the duration will not be as long as it normally is.
What can I do with old glow sticks?
The only way to discard used glow sticks that don’t have any punctures is to throw them in a landfill. Before discarding them, but the glow sticks in a sturdy disposable plastic bottle or bag. Then, you can proceed to throw the bag or bottle in your trash.
Is the stuff inside glow sticks toxic?
The ingredients in glow sticks are generally non-toxic, and most cases will not require medical attention. However, if glow stick fluid is swallowed, it may cause an upset stomach and some mouth irritation.
What do you do with dead glow sticks?
Are glow sticks radioactive?
are glow sticks radioactive? A Glow stick is a plastic tube filled with hydrogen peroxide and containing another sealed tube filled with another chemical called a fluorophore. There is nothing radioactive involved in this chemical reaction.
Can you reuse a glow stick?
A glowstick cannot be turned off or reused once activated. Once you start the chemical reaction it can only be slowed be placing in extreme cold but will not stop entirely. A glowstick will glow until the chemical reaction is complete.
What color glow stick lasts the longest?
For a really long-lasting glow, choose a green or yellow glow stick. The fluorescent dyes used in these glow sticks tend to have the most staying power. Blue and purple glow sticks will also glow brightly, but they will not last as long as the chemical reaction takes place more quickly.
Is it safe to throw away glow sticks?
Most glow sticks can be disposed of straight in the garbage, but if there is a leak, special caution should be taken to reduce the likelihood of irritation. Because of the chemicals, the plastic casing cannot be recycled. Throw the glow stick in the garbage can if no leaks are found.
What will happen if you put glow sticks in water?
If you place a glowstick in warm water it’ll speed up the chemical reaction increasing the intensity of the glow. Whilst doing this the glowstick will burn much brighter, but the life of the glowstick will be greatly diminished as the chemical reaction ends much quicker.
What happens to the glow sticks when it is in water?
Chemical reactions occur slower at lower temperatures and faster at higher temperatures. When you put a glow stick in cold water, the chemical reaction slows down but will last for a longer period of time. When you put a glow stick in hot water, the reaction speeds up but will be over quicker .
Can you put a glow stick in water?
All traditional glow sticks are waterproof , most float and are perfectly safe for use in a pool. ( Note: This includes traditional chem based glow sticks. LED Light Sticks are not all waterproof, you will have to specifically look for waterproof LED Light Sticks.
What is in glow sticks that make them glow?
The chemicals used to create this reaction in glow sticks usually are hydrogen peroxide and a mixture of phenyl oxalate ester and the fluorescent dye, or fluorophore, that gives the glow stick its color. Common colors of glow sticks include yellow, green, pink, blue and orange. | <urn:uuid:15c893a0-4744-469d-b53c-63f561a37e30> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://witty-question.com/how-do-you-make-glow-sticks-with-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100304.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201183432-20231201213432-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.901486 | 1,038 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Botanical.com Home Page
Botanical: Acacia decurrens, Acacia arabica
Family: N.O. Leguminosae
Acacia Bark, known as Wattle Bark, is obtained from the chief of the Australian Wattles, A. decurrens (Willd.), the Black Wattle, and, more recently, A. arabica has been similarly used in East Africa for its astringency.
The bark is collected from wild or cultivated trees, seven years old or more, and must be allowed to mature for a year before being used medicinally.
---Description--- The bark of A. decurrens is usually in curved pieces, externally greyish brown, darkening with age, often with irregular longitudinal ridges and sometimes transverse cracks. Inner surface longitudinally striated, fracture irregular and coarsely fibrous. It has a slight tan-like odour and astringent taste.
The bark of A. arabica is hard and woody, rusty brown and tending to divide into several layers. The outer surface of older pieces is covered with thick blackish periderm, rugged and fissured. The inner surface is red, longitudinally striated and fibrous. Taste, astringent and mucilaginous.
---Constituents---Acacia Bark contains from 24 to 42 per cent. of tannin and also gallic acid.
Its powerful astringency causes it to be extensively employed in tanning.
---Medicinal Action and Uses---Medicinally it is employed as a substitute for Oak Bark. It has special use in diarrhoea, mainly in the form of a decoction, the British Pharmacopoeia preparation being 6 parts in 100 administered in doses of 1/2 to 2 fluid ounces. The decoction also is used as an astringent gargle, lotion, or injection.
A liquid extract is prepared from the bark of A. arabica, administered in India for its astringent properties in doses of 1/2 to 1 fluid drachm, but the use of both gum and bark for industrial purposes is much larger than their use in medicine. The bark, under the name of Babul, is used in Scinde for tanning, and also for dyeing various shades of brown.
Common Name Index
Bear in mind "A Modern Herbal" was written with the conventional wisdom of the early 1900's. This should be taken into account as some of the information may now be considered inaccurate, or not in accordance with modern medicine.
A MODERN HERBAL Home Page
© Copyright Protected 1995-2016 Botanical.com | <urn:uuid:b7b46756-bdfe-46a4-b764-bf65f394aae4> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/acaci003.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461864953696.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428173553-00083-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926347 | 557 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A new water-repellant concrete impregnated with tiny superstrong fibres promises to leave roads and bridges free of major cracks for up to 120 years.
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee civil engineers have developed a concrete mix that is durable and superhydrophobic. They call it Superhydrophobic Engineered Cementitious Composite (SECC). Preventing normally porous concrete from absorbing water means that liquid can’t get inside, freeze, and cause it to crack. The concrete’s unusual characteristics, including being significantly more ductile than traditional concrete, means that cracks that do form do not propagate and cause failure.
“Our architecture allows the material to withstand four times the compression with 200 times the ductility of traditional concrete,” said associate professor Konstantin Sobolev, whose lab created SECC.
A report available on the Government Finance Officers Association lists the useful life of typical concrete roadways as 30 years and concrete bridges and culverts as 40-45 years. The UWM team says their improved material will hold up with little or no maintenance for well over a century.
To impart the characteristics in the material they wanted to see, they doped their mix with superhydrophobic additives based on siloxane, a compound that forms the backbone of silicones, mixed with superfine powders. Together, these form a microscopic spiky surface nearly impermeable to water. They also added unwoven polyvinyl alcohol fibres, each the width of a human hair, which are strong enough to let the concrete bend without breaking.
“The use of polyvinyl alcohol fibres in engineered cementitious composite proves to be a very effective method to not only improve the ductility of concrete, but to drastically improve its durability,” the researchers wrote in a June 2013 report on SECC. “Conventional reinforced concrete is a relatively brittle material which, when loaded, typically causes large cracks. These large cracks allow water to penetrate through the concrete, reaching the reinforcing steel and, in turn, cause the steel to corrode, ultimately leading the failure of the reinforced concrete.”
Last August, the team laid a 4-by-15-foot slab of their improved material as a patch to a university parking structure. They embedded sensors in their concrete to monitor moisture, stress and load. They are still analysing whether the SECC they installed in the structure shows the performance improvement they saw in the lab.
They say the material, which would cost more than typical concrete, would pay for itself with diminished maintenance costs if it performs as they expect. It would also help with the sorry state of civil infrastructure across the country.
“America’s infrastructure is in urgent need of restoration/repair, especially in parts of the country exposed to freezing,” they wrote in 2013. “Freezing and thawing cycles in northern regions lead to loss of performance, demanding urgent repairs and attention or bridge failures… An engineered high-performance and durable material is required for these elements of infrastructure in order to increase the service life of roadways and to minimize the need for repair.”
This post originally appeared on Txchnologist.
Txchnologist is a digital magazine presented by GE that explores the wider world of science, technology and innovation.
Michael Keller is Managing Editor of Txchnologist. His science, technology, and international reporting work has appeared online and in newspapers, magazines and books, including the graphic novel Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species. | <urn:uuid:db10cf6a-3f16-4e1f-88eb-a240f1372b05> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/04/advanced-concrete-could-last-more-than-a-century-without-maintenance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277475.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00096-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948647 | 726 | 3.359375 | 3 |
- source: Family History Library Catalog
Hunsworth was a civil parish, and an urban district until 1937 when it was absorbed by the urban district of Spenborough. Since 1974 it has been part of the Kirklees District of West Yorkshire.
In the 19th century and earlier it was a township in the ecclesiastical parish of Birstall in the Morley Division of Agbrigg and Morley Wapentake. It was within the Bradford Registration District until 1848 and then in the North Bierley Registration District.
A Vision of Britain through Time provides the following description of Hunsworth from John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales of 1870-72:
- "HUNSWORTH, a township in Birstall parish, [West Riding of] Yorkshire; 1½ mile from Cleckheaton and Low Moor [railway] stations, and 3½ SSE of Bradford. Acres: 1,310. Real property: £6,452; of which £270 are in mines, and £2,520 in quarries. Population: 1,199. Houses: 248. The manor belongs to the Trustees of the Savile estates. There are woollen mills and dye works. A church, for the chapelry of Birkenshaw-cum-Hunsworth, is in the adjoining village of Birkenshaw, and was built in 1829; and a wesleyan chapel is at East Bierley." | <urn:uuid:d70acc2d-d491-45ac-a9cd-300de499074a> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Place:Hunsworth,_Yorkshire,_England | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645281325.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031441-00253-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953681 | 301 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Firefighters and numerous studies credit intensive forest thinning projects with helping save communities like those recently threatened near Lake Tahoe in California and Nevada, but dissent from some environmental advocacy groups is roiling the scientific community.
States in the U.S. West and the federal government each year thin thousands of acres of dense timber and carve broad swaths through the forest near remote communities, all designed to slow the spread of massive wildfires.
The projects aim to return overgrown forests to the way they were more than a century ago, when lower-intensity blazes cleared the underbrush regularly and before land managers began reflexively extinguishing every wildfire as soon as possible.
Such so-called fuel reduction efforts also include using fire to fight fire, with fires deliberately set in the cooler, wetter months to burn out dangerous fuels. Forest managers credit such burns with helping protect the Giant Forest in Sequoia National Park. The state of California eased some regulations to increase the use of that tactic.
While most scientific studies find such forest management is a valuable tool, environmental advocates say data from recent gigantic wildfires support their long-running assertion that efforts to slow wildfires have instead accelerated their spread.
The argument is fueling an already passionate debate.
It has led to a flurry of citations of dueling studies and fed competing claims that the science may be skewed by ideology.
The debate came to a head over this year’s giant Bootleg Fire in southern Oregon.
“Not only did tens of thousands of acres of recent thinning, fuel breaks and other forest management fail to stop or slow the fire’s rapid spread, but … the fire often moved fastest through such areas,” Los Padres ForestWatch, a California-based nonprofit, said in an analysis, joined by the John Muir Project and Wild Heritage advocacy groups.
James Johnston, a researcher with Oregon State University’s College of Forestry, called the groups’ conclusions “pretty misleading,” “irresponsible” and “self-contradicting.”
“Claims that modern fuel-reduction thinning makes fire worse are not credible,” Johnston said.
The debate focused on a project where the Klamath Tribes and the Nature Conservancy have spent a decade thinning smaller trees and using planned fires.
They and the U.S. Forest Service said the treatments slowed the fire’s spread and lessened its intensity, while critics said the blaze made its fastest northern run through the same area, spreading 5 miles (8 kilometers) in about 13 hours.
Scientists say climate change has made the American West much warmer and drier and will continue to make weather more extreme and wildfires more frequent and destructive, accelerating the need for more large-scale forest treatments.
Critics say forest thinning operations are essentially logging projects in disguise.
Opening up the forest canopy and leaving more distance between trees reduces the natural humidity and cooling shade of dense forests and allows unimpeded winds to push fire faster, said Chad Hanson, forest and fire ecologist with the John Muir Project.
Such reasoning defies the laws of physics, said other experts: Less fuel means less severe fire. Fewer trees means it’s more difficult for fires to leap from treetop to treetop.
The critics contend recent massive California wildfires also moved quickly through thinned areas that failed to protect communities.
Timothy Ingalsbee, a former federal firefighter who heads Oregon-based Firefighters United for Safety, Ethics and Ecology, said this year’s giant Dixie Fire blew sparks past containment lines, igniting piles of dry branches left by a thinning operation near Paradise. The town was nearly destroyed in 2018 in the nation’s deadliest and most destructive wildfire in modern times.
Thom Porter, director of California’s firefighting agency, said critics miss the point: Fuel breaks are one tool that can help slow and channel wildfires while protecting rural homes and communities.
“The problem is, when you have a head fire that is a mile or miles wide and it’s running through timber like it’s grass, there isn’t a fuel break out there that’s going to stop it,” Porter said.
Each side can point to plenty of competing examples, said John Bailey, professor of silviculture and fire management at Oregon State University. Some forest thinning has indeed been mishandled, yet “anywhere that we’ve done an effective fuels treatment, we have modified fire behavior and reduced the intensity.”
The contrasting views prompted a contentious debate, with one paper suggesting supporters of spotted owl habitat, including Hanson of the John Muir Project, are “selectively using data that support their agendas.” Another paper said such dissenting views have “fostered confusion” and can slow what the authors contend are necessary forest treatments.
Hanson dismissed the criticism as “character assassination” driven by those who benefit from logging or are reluctant to embrace what he insists is the evolving science.
“On average, all things being equal, the thinned areas tend to burn more rapidly and more intensely most of the time,” he said, citing his own research, including a broad 2016 review of three decades of 1,500 fires across the Western U.S. conducted with the Arizona-based Center for Biological Diversity and Oregon-based Geos Institute.
The division “reflects both evidence and understandable emotion” when wildfires destroy homes or ecological treasures, said Erica Fleishman, a professor at Oregon State University’s College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences.
The competing arguments are part of the legitimate policy and scientific debate, according to Char Miller, a professor of environmental analysis at California’s Pomona College who has written extensively about wildfires, including with Hanson.
Forest managers cite examples like where a 400-foot-wide (120-meter) fuel break helped protect rural Sierra Nevada homes.
The U.S. Forest Service produced a video called “Fuels Treatments Work — A Creek Fire Success Story,” and Cal Fire featured it in a fuels reduction guide.
“Clearly it’s a matter of debate in policy arenas and management, but I think in terms of the scientific literature, the evidence is overwhelming,” said John Battles, a professor of forest ecology at the University of California-Berkeley. | <urn:uuid:41ab3145-225e-4c4c-8f67-28b1cd453702> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shtepsell.com/2021/10/impact-of-forest-thinning-on-wildfires-creates-dissent.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573242.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818154820-20220818184820-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.937053 | 1,330 | 3.40625 | 3 |
In industrialized countries, persons infected sexually with HIV now appear to experience mortality rates similar to those of the general population in the first 5 years following infection, though a higher risk of death remains as the duration of HIV infection lengthens, according to a new study.
A number of studies have reported the dramatic decreases in mortality among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since the widespread introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in industrialized countries. "It is important to provide up-to-date and robust estimates of expected mortality as anti-HIV drugs and strategies continue to improve. Such estimates help policy makers and those planning health care to monitor the effectiveness of treatments at a population level and provide an indicator of the ongoing and likely future impact of HIV disease on health care needs," the authors write.
Krishnan Bhaskaran, M.Sc., of the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, and colleagues evaluated changes in the excess mortality of HIV-infected individuals compared with expected mortality in the general uninfected population, adjusting for duration of HIV infection. Mortality following HIV seroconversion (development of antibodies in blood serum as a result of infection) in a large multinational collaboration of HIV seroconverter cohorts (CASCADE) was compared with expected mortality, calculated by applying general population death rates matched on demographic factors. A model was created, adjusted for duration of infection, to assess changes over calendar time in the excess mortality among HIV-infected individuals. Data pooled in September 2007 were analyzed in March 2008, covering years at risk 1981-2006.
Of 16,534 individuals with median (midpoint) duration of follow-up of 6.3 years, a total of 2,571 individuals had died as of December 2006, compared with an estimated 235 deaths that would have been expected in a matched general population cohort. The excess mortality rate per 1,000 person-years (the number of individuals in the study times the number of years of follow-up per person) was 40.8 pre-1996, decreasing in each subsequent calendar period to 6.1 in 2004-2006.
By 2004-2006, there was no evidence of any excess mortality to 5 years from seroconversion among those infected sexually. However, in the longer term, some excess mortality was still evident, with the cumulative excess probability of death in the first 10 years from seroconversion estimated to be 4.8 percent in those 15 to 24 years old, and 4.3 percent in those 45 years or older at seroconversion.
"Considering the first years following the widespread introduction of HAART, we have estimated an 88 percent reduction in excess mortality in 2000-2001 compared with pre-1996, corresponding closely to the 87 percent reduction in the standardized mortality ratio in 1997-2001 compared with pre-1996, as reported by the Swiss HIV cohort. Our more recent data show that reductions have continued to 2004-2006, with excess mortality in this period 94 percent lower than pre-1996 levels.
Corresponding to these reductions, the uptake of HAART increased, and though this leveled off after 2001, there followed an increasing use of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based HAART as the first-line treatment regimen and a substantial increase in the boosting of protease inhibitor-based regimens," the authors write.
Older age at seroconversion was associated with a higher risk of excess mortality (for age 45 years or older compared with age 15-24 years), as was a reported exposure category of injection drug use (compared with sex between males). Females appeared to be at lower risk than males.
"Our results show the progress in reducing mortality among HIV-infected individuals toward the levels experienced by the general uninfected population. However, there is continuing excess mortality, particularly evident in those infected for 10 years or more. Ongoing monitoring of excess mortality will be important as new treatment advances are implemented in an attempt to further reduce mortality rates among HIV-infected individuals," the researchers conclude.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:720638a9-2eca-4354-a89a-fc5c4995cc3c> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080701165100.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187227.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00400-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950336 | 835 | 2.75 | 3 |
Saccharin - Meaning from English-Bangla Dictionary
Pronunciation (উচ্চারন শুনুন)
Saccharin: English to Bangla
Saccharin: English to English
Saccharin(n.) A bitter white crystalline substance obtained from the saccharinates and regarded as the lactone of saccharinic acid; -- so called because formerly supposed to be isomeric with cane sugar (saccharose).
Developed by: Abdullah Ibne Alam, Dhaka, Bangladesh | <urn:uuid:872e8575-7434-417d-b821-928d5552d3b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.ovidhan.org/e2b/Saccharin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738595.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809222112-20200810012112-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.826249 | 126 | 2.625 | 3 |
What if I told you that I can prove, mathematically, that one plus one equals...one, not two? That, in fact, one equals two? Not philosophically, but
literally—mathematically. Wouldn't that shake things up a bit in every field that employs algebra?
a = b
a2 = b2. (That's squared; I don't know how to use the proper "raised to" sign here on the computer...)
Then we can subtract b2 from both sides,
a2 - b2 = b2 - b2
but we know that a2 - b2 = (a+b) x (a-b)
So, we have...
(a+b)(a-b) = b2 - b2.
Now, b2 can be written as ab, as a = b. So...
(a+b)(a-b) = ab - b2.
Take b out common from the RHS...
(a+b)(a-b) = b(a-b)
The term (a-b) is common to both sides, and can be eliminated.
Then we have...
a + b = b.
a = b. So, substitute a by b...
b + b = b; (That is...1 + 1 = 2.)
2b = b.
Or...2 = 1.
Note: I don't claim to "invent" this or anything. I remember reading about this somewhere many years ago, and I'm merely presenting it here.
P.S.: The catch...there is always one....is that the term (a-b) cannot be eliminated from both sides. The reason? Well, a-b is a zero-value term
because a equals b, and division by zero is not acknowledged. So, alas, technically, this was a fail, but for someone who doesn't quite notice this
little thing...it's a very interesting math prank. | <urn:uuid:b0d58d45-78e0-4935-a9c1-f8c4ef678cf0> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread630552/pg1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887832.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119065719-20180119085719-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.939662 | 419 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Black Women’s Health Imperative has represented the voices of mothers, wives, partners, sisters, and daughters for 35 years. Today we stand together against gun violence like the incident that claimed the lives of 17 students and faculty at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida this past week. These deaths and all the mass shootings and gun violence that continue to happen are a major public health crisis.
Parkland fell victim to the third mass school shooting in four months in this country. The school shootings get the headlines and focus our attention on the problem– momentarily. But we also want to remind you that every day in an urban area, gun violence touches the lives of our youth, their families and their communities, According to a report from the CDC, guns kill about 10 times more black children than they do white children each year, via murders, assaults and suicides as well as through accidental shootings and in interactions with the police. Look at the major cities in the nation. Look at the gun violence that is taking our youth away from us in cities such as Chicago.
We know that thoughts and prayers alone are not enough to stem the tide of shootings and gun violence. Enough is enough. We must bond together in strategy and in action to protect our children and our communities.
Here are a few things we can all do to make our voices heard:
- Create a groundswell of voices that weigh in on gun control and gun violence.
- Write OpEds, use your social media, host town meetings and invite legislators.
- Write and call your local, state and national stakeholders.
- Ask what’s going on in your school district to see what is being done to keep all our children and youth safe.
- And let’s keep the conversation going.
- Posted by Linda Goler Blount
- On February 21, 2018
- 0 Comments | <urn:uuid:64f43044-b6fb-4cf7-9943-305393eaa6ab> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.bwhi.org/2018/02/21/bwhi-takes-stand-gun-violence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209980.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815063517-20180815083517-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.960045 | 391 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Dealing with Problems/Difficult Situations
Have you encountered one or several of the following scenarios in your classes: Angry, aggressive, challenging students; attention-seekers and students who dominate discussions; inattentive students, unprepared students; discouraged, ready-to-give up students; students who are struggling; students with excuses; students who want the "truth" and students who believe that everything is relative; students with emotional reactions to sensitive topics? Interpersonal problems involve at least two people, and in many cases the difficulties are not one-sided. We will discuss some of the common problems that occur in and out of the classroom and we will suggest some strategies to resolve them.
- Allaying Students' Anxieties about Tests
- Tough Problems: Difficult Students
- PDF Video Tip Sheet: Dealing with Problems | <urn:uuid:c3791b61-d61e-4251-ab6e-65944e5f3a55> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://cet.usc.edu/resources/teaching_learning/dealing_problems.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930995.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00057-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944442 | 169 | 3.78125 | 4 |
A Long Walk To Water is 2 stories in 1. The stories alternate. One of the stories (1985 southern Sudan) is about a boy named Salva who lives in a small village. He has had a very happy life until a civil war came into his village. He is forced to run away. He walks on and on until he gets to Ethiopia.And then again, he must go to Kenya to reach yet another refugee camp. The other story (2008) is about a girl named Nya. She has to fetch water all day and everyday. She wishes to go to school. She also lives in the village during the wet season but must leave her village for a camp in the dry season. Both of these stories take place in Sudan.
In the book “A Long Walk To Water” there are many qualities of effective leadership. Some of them are shown in this book such as bravery, confidence, perseverance, kindness, loyalty, skills in life, and strength. Salva demonstrates these qualities. He has to be brave with all those questions floating around his mind, and when uncle died, he has to be brave and keep pushing through the pain. He demonstrates perseverance because even when he was starving he still fought through it and preserved through it all. He just wouldn’t stop walking because if he didn’t he wouldn’t survive. Salva has learned how to show all of these qualities of leadership from uncle. When uncle had died, he had felt stronger.
Salva’s philosophy can help me in my life because he makes me think in a different way. His bravery inspires me to be brave. Particular in this story, perseverance is very important. It is important because Salva needs to preserve through tough times. He had to keep going no matter what happened. He pushed through even better when uncle died because Salva carried on that perseverance from uncle. In my life, I can better develop the ability to preserve by keep practicing what I would like to achieve, I can also put in extra time to achieve my goal. | <urn:uuid:18b74000-a5bb-4ef5-8171-1e3caa0930b5> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://blogs.scarsdaleschools.org/jgreco25/2018/02/15/a-long-walk-to-water/comment-page-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668896.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117064703-20191117092703-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.988432 | 425 | 2.84375 | 3 |
An 8-year-old girl presents at Beijing Children's Hospital due to concern about a dark blue band that has appeared on the nail of her right middle finger. Her parents explain that this appeared about 9 days earlier. The child says she has not injured her finger, and says she has not inserted anything under her fingernail. The discoloration is not causing her pain, nor is it tender to the touch.
Clinical examination identifies a blue-black pigmented band with a sharp regular lateral border 0.5-mm wide. The clinician who examines the nail suspects a possible nail matrix nevus.
Dermoscopic assessment reveals a dark blue, longitudinal, homogeneous, linear patch on the nail that extends from the proximal edge in a linear fashion, widening gradually toward the distal edge.
Examination from the free edge of the nail shows that the blue substance is under the nail rather than within it; microscopy shows that the color cuts off sharply at the edge of the nail. The blue-green color noted in the specimen fades over the course of about 30 minutes.
Patient History Leads to Diagnosis
On further discussion with the family, the child recounts playing with the toy known as "green slime" about 11 days earlier. Based on the brief medical history, as well as the findings of the clinical and dermoscopic examinations, clinicians diagnose the longitudinal band as exogenous pigmentation related to the child's contact with the substance, and decide to observe her status for a period of time. At her 2-month follow-up examination, they note that the pigmented band is growing out toward the distal nail edge; over time, it eventually disappears.
Clinicians reporting this case1 note that it may be the first reported instance of longitudinal pigmentation appearing below the nail plate from an exogenous source. They suggest that such an etiology is worthy of consideration in the differential diagnosis of recent-onset longitudinal melanonychia (LM).
The condition is a brown-black pigmented band extending from the matrix up to the distal part of the nail plate, usually induced by melanocyte activation, lentigines, nevi, and malignant melanomas.2 While exogenous pigments can also cause melanonychia, they typically do not form regular linear bands.
Careful assessment of LM is important because most subungual melanomas present as LM.3 While malignant melanoma in situ has been observed in children,4 the most important cause in children is an innocent nail matrix nevus.5
Melanonychia can result from exogenous pigmentation, but often manifests as an irregular stain of the nail surface, which can be scraped away with a blade.
Likewise, the case authors cite reports of indelible ink staining that mimicked acral melanoma, leading dermatologists to suspect subungual melanoma.6,7
The authors note that this finding must be distinguished from nail matrix nevus in children, which usually has a longer history, a brown or black color, gradual parallel widening or a wider width on the proximal end than on the distal end, and does not disappear as the nail grows.
A reported expert analysis8 from a 2018 American Academy of Dermatology meeting notes that in addition to findings from a patient history, discoloration of the proximal nail fold, and/or pigment that does not extend all the way proximally to the lunula also point to an exogenous source of pigment. Some common and less-common sources include tar, tobacco, henna and other hair dyes, potassium permanganate, and newspaper print.
Green slime is composed mainly of polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene, which have non-Newtonian fluid properties. It was presumed that after contact with the toy, some of the slime became embedded in the gap between the distal nail and the hyponychium, the case authors write. Because the non-Newtonian fluid has the property of a tubeless siphon, the slime entered the nail bed along the longitudinal ridge of the nail bed.
Dermoscopy is an important diagnostic tool in helping to identify the etiology of LM and avoid misdiagnosis. Contact dermoscopy with ultrasound gel can be especially helpful in some cases. Because melanomas can bleed, photographs taken by patients or in-office can be used to track a hematoma until it is resolved.8
Clinicians reporting this case concluded that the experience should remind dermatologists of the importance of obtaining a comprehensive history, and of considering exogenous pigmentation in the differential diagnosis in patients with recently developed LM.
1. Liang Y, et al: Exogenous Pigmentation Presenting as Longitudinal Melanonychia in a Child. JAMA Dermatol 2019; doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3114
2. Mannava KA, et al: Longitudinal melanonychia: detection and management of nail melanoma. Hand Surg 2013; 18(1): 133-139
3. Haneke E, Baran R: Longitudinal melanonychia. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27(6): 580-584
4. Tosti A, et al: In situ melanoma of the nail unit in children: report of two cases in fair-skinned Caucasian children. Pediatr Dermatol 2012; 29(1): 79-83
5. Tseng YT, et al: Longitudinal melanonychia: differences in etiology are associated with patient age at diagnosis. Dermatology 2017; 233 (6):446-455
6. Prose NS: The linear nail streak: a lesson in cultural humility. JAMA Dermatol 2017; 153(10): 1064-1065
7. Stashak AB, et al: Exogenous pigmentation mimicking acral melanoma: a case of Talon d'Oyer. JAMA Dermatol 2014; 150 (10): 1117-1118
8. Oakes K: Longitudinal melanonychia: the good, the bad, and the confusing: Expert Analysis from Summer AAD 2018. MDedge Dermatology 2018.
No conflict of interest disclosures were reported. | <urn:uuid:8e263c64-1909-4fdc-ab19-2e030aac86c1> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://amp.medpagetoday.com/casestudies/dermatology/83112 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540495263.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207032404-20191207060404-00329.warc.gz | en | 0.904912 | 1,299 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Use of Using Keyword in C#
We use “Using” keyword as directive in c#. “Using”
keyword can be used for importing namespace to your classes.
Another most useful advantage is it can be used in code
blocks. It is called the “Dispose()” method automatically to release the
resources and also automatically implements the try catch blocks for you. Here it is called a using statement. So
the advantage is that we don’t have to explicitly write a try-catch block and
our code looks small.
Example: Defines a scope,
outside of which an object or objects will be disposed.
The object can be declared in the using statement, as shown
above, or before the using statement as below
Font font = new Font("Times New Roman",
// use font | <urn:uuid:f7d4c115-aaed-4f5f-8dd1-e3b2487c73fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.mindstick.com/blog/431/use-of-using-keyword-in-c-sharp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320570.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625184914-20170625204914-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.835561 | 178 | 3.25 | 3 |
I believe in the annals of history, Australian Prime Ministers will be remembered ultimately for what they did or didn’t do for First Nations people. The development of this country came after the unjust deaths of tens of thousands of Aboriginal people. We can’t mature as a country until we fix the injustices perpetrated as a result of colonisation.
Above all, Aboriginal people remember the failure of governments to deliver national land rights. Land has spiritual, economic and social significance to Aboriginal nations, and the absence of true land justice has compounded the deep disadvantage felt in Aboriginal communities.
Out of our recent Prime Ministers, there is only one who will be remembered favourably in regards to land rights. That man passed away today at age 98. His name was Gough Whitlam.
Whitlam was one of the first politicians to visit the Aboriginal Tent Embassy when he crossed the thin strip of bitumen separating Parliament House from the site of the longest running Aboriginal protest in modern history.
The tent embassy was erected in part as a response to Prime Minister Billy McMahon, who on the eve of Australia Day (or Invasion Day) in 1972, announced his government would never grant Aboriginal land rights.
It angered, mobilised and helped politicise Aboriginal youth to the extent that on that very night four young Aboriginal men drove down to Canberra and camped themselves under an umbrella outside Parliament House. Over ensuing days, that umbrella grew to a sea of tents, and the tent embassy still stands strong as a reminder of broken promises on land rights.
In early February 1972 the tent embassy drew up a petition to present to the McMahon government calling for full control of the Northern Territory, including mineral rights, to be given back to Aboriginal people, ownership of all reserves and settlements in Australia including mineral and mining rights, preservation of sacred sites, legal title and mining rights to areas in ‘certain cities’ and compensation for dispossession of land.
Within days, as Labor Opposition leader, Gough Whitlam visited the embassy to talk with protestors.
Chair of the Aboriginal Medical Service Sol Bellear remembers him as a commanding presence, a tall man with a bellowing voice who promised to deliver land rights to his Aborigianl brothers and sisters.
“Gough Whitlam was the first to visit the embassy. He sort of legitimised it for other politicians,” Bellear says.
It was a time when there was growing public concern for delivering Aboriginal justice on the back of the 1967 referendum, and when Aboriginal people were able to exercise more political agency.
By sitting at the tent embassy, MPs and Senators demonstrated that there was a willingness to discuss Aboriginal affairs on Black terms, and not the other way around. Fast forward to Australia Day protests in 2012, where then Opposition leader Tony Abbott and Prime Minister Julia Gillard reacted with almost comical ferocity to Aboriginal protestors.
It was on the lawns of the tent embassy that Whitlam promised Aboriginal people national land rights after being challenged by Wiradjuri lawyer Paul Coe, who claimed the Labor government’s policy on land rights differed little from McMahon.
The result was a reversal in ALP policy.
Aboriginal journalist John Newfong said that moment could not be underestimated.
“The tent conference with Mr Whitlam turned out to be one of the greatest coups ever for the Aboriginal advancement movement. Very much to the embassy, credit is the fact that it managed to get such a heavy commitment from a party seemingly so close to power.”
Koori historian Gary Foley would later write: “This was a significant moment in history and would later result in 1976 in the NT Land Rights Act.”
Whitlam’s short time in government was significant for Aboriginal Australia because it lead to the establishment of the first Aboriginal representative organisation — The National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (NACC), and the drafting of land rights legislation in the NT.
It’s the latter that Whitlam will be known for. The iconic image of Whitlam pouring a handful of sand into the fingers of Gurindji stockman and land rights warrior Vincent Lingiari, immortalised by Aboriginal photographer Mervyn Bishop, is one of the most important in our history.
From 1966-1975, Gurindji man Vincent Lingiari led nearly 200 workers on a strike for equal wages against the Wave Hill pastoral station run by the British Vesteys.
But the movement was about more than wages. It was about the fight that is core to Aboriginal being: land.
Gough Whitlam will be remembered as the “tall stranger” who appeared in the land, in Kev Carmody and Paul Kelly’s iconic protest song From Little Things Big Things Grow, which charts the Wave Hill walk-off.
Whitlam’s impact on the fight for land rights was the framing of the NT Land Rights Act following the Woodward commission into Land Rights in the Territory.
The Aboriginal Land Rights Act NT was later passed by the Liberal Fraser government following Whitlam’s dismissal.
Whitlam ultimately failed to deliver on his promise for national land rights. But he was rare among prime ministers for his willingness to discuss the true aspirations of Aboriginal people on their own terms.
It contrasts directly on the current Prime Minister Tony Abbott, who once advocated for a “new paternalism”, Julia Gillard, who was largely apathetic, and Kevin Rudd who said sorry but did nothing else.
Prime Minister Bob Hawke kowtowed to big miners and broke his promise for national land rights and treaty; Paul Keating, while acknowledging it was “we who did the dispossessing” would help push national land rights off the table with the Native Title Act in the wake of the Mabo decision.
John Howard was the Prime Minister who oversaw ATSIC’s abolition, the Shared Responsibility Agreements, the Ten Point Plan to water down Native Title, and the horrendous NT intervention, among a host of other racist polices.
So in the annals of history, Whitlam stands tall – both metaphorically and literally.
Perhaps his impact is best summed up by Gary Foley in a widely shared Facebook status: “Even though he failed to deliver on his February 1972 promise of Land Rights for Aboriginal peoples, the late Gough Whitlam was still the only decent Australian Minister in my lifetime.
RIP Gough Whitlam.
Donate To New Matilda
New Matilda is a small, independent media outlet. We survive through reader contributions, and never losing a lawsuit. If you got something from this article, giving something back helps us to continue speaking truth to power. Every little bit counts. | <urn:uuid:0ac4229f-431c-4e9d-9a28-a747e232a996> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://newmatilda.com/2014/10/21/among-our-prime-ministers-whitlam-stood-tall-land-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658662.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117000104-20190117022104-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.958411 | 1,370 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Air and Pesticides
Air quality is a measure of the amount of pollutants in our atmosphere, which includes indoor and outdoor air. Pesticides in agriculture and urban settings have the potential to contaminate our air, affecting human, animal and plant health. Some pesticide ingredients stay in the atmosphere for only a short period of time, while others can last longer. Pesticides released into the air can settle to the ground, be broken down by sun light and water in the atmosphere, or dissipate into the surrounding air.
When are pesticides in the air a health risk?
It depends on...
- how toxic the pesticides are
- how much pesticide is in the air
- how much a person breathes or gets exposed to
How do pesticides get into the air?
- Application of pesticides in or around homes, buildings or on farms
- During the manufacture of pesticides and their ingredients
- As a result of spills, accidents and natural disasters
How can I minimize my exposure to pesticides in the air?
- Follow label directions when you use pesticides
- Use IPM practices to control pests
- Monitor the weather when applying pesticides; avoid very hot or windy days
- Consider staying inside with doors and windows closed when pesticides are being applied nearby
How can I find out about my air quality?
- EPA and other agencies monitor air quality and regulate emissions
- Local weather stations often post local air quality information
- Testing air samples collected in or around your home
To learn more, visit these resources:
If you have questions about pesticides in the environment, or any pesticide-related topic, please call NPIC at 1-800-858-7378 (8:00am - 12:00pm PST), or email at firstname.lastname@example.org.
- Indoor Air Quality - EPA
- Toxic Air Contaminant Program - California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR)
- Application Studies - Spray Drift Task Force
- Air Pollutants - EPA
- Air Quality Index - EPA
- State and County Air Emission Summaries - EPA | <urn:uuid:4f2758cb-e0cb-4d1a-8ace-8b2598c860ff> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://npic.orst.edu/envir/air.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011198370/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091958-00006-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895605 | 432 | 3.546875 | 4 |
This article is about a new HTTPS header:
Strict-Transport-Security, which force a website to be fetched through HTTPS. This feature will be part of Firefox 4.
How do you type URLs?
Do you prefix them with http:// or https:// systematically? Or do you just type example.com and let your browser add http://, like most of the people do?
If a web page provide has an https version but you access it through http, what happens? The http version of the Website re-direct you to the https, but you first talked to the non-encrypted version of the website.
These behaviors can be exploited to run a man-in-the-middle attack.
To avoid this, you may want to force your website to be visited through https to transform any http://x.com request to https://x.com (with no client-server dialog).
A website can specify strict transport security for their domain via an HTTP header sent by the server set during an HTTPS response:
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15768000 ; includeSubDomains
max-age sets how long to remember the forced HTTPS (seconds). If
includeSubDomains is set, then this rule will apply to all the sub-domains too.
In the future, any requests to x.com are modified to be via https if they are attempted through http before the request hits the network.
This header is not considered during a non-encrypted HTTP transaction because the User-Agent doesn’t know if the https actually exists and also because the header can be injected by an attacker.
About Paul Rouget
Paul is a Firefox developer. | <urn:uuid:134c92ef-5e70-4951-b0bd-f8579839c781> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://hacks.mozilla.org/2010/08/firefox-4-http-strict-transport-security-force-https/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859766.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618105733-20180618125733-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.900669 | 353 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Fish oil is a form of fatty acid that is derived from the tissues of oily fish. It contains the omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are what has gained the most attention with regard to health research over the last few years.
Research has shown that fish oil offers many health benefits, but the strongest evidence points to fish oil benefits for heart health. Fish oil has been shown to:
- Lower triglycerides — fats which are unhealthy in high levels (its role in high cholesterol, however, is unclear)
- Cut the number of strokes in people with heart disease
- Prevent heart disease
- Slow the build-up of atherosclerotic plaques, also called hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis
- Slightly reduce blood pressure | <urn:uuid:7b284798-bce3-4136-a51c-420fc0307f8f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://naturessupplementsusa.com/omega-3-fish-oil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400227524.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925150904-20200925180904-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.962943 | 176 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Sushi left on display for too long is poisoning diners
Food authorities have commissioned research into how long sushi can be kept on display before spoiling after an explosion in the popularity of the dish and a number of suspected poisonings.
With the Victorian Government introducing health amendments that spell out safe display times for the booming Japanese cuisine, the NSW Food Authority said last week a university team would look at establishing similar guidelines in this state.
In Victoria, testing found that sushi kept on display at 15 degrees for more than eight hours ran the risk of becoming toxic. There was an even clearer risk after 12 hours.
Toxic limits were also established for other increasingly popular Asian foods, such as Chinese barbecue pork and duck.
But while there have been about 10 reports to NSW food authorities of suspected sushi poisoning in the past year, it is believed the cuisine may be more resistant to spoilage than many others because of its high vinegar content.
The director of food safety programs at the NSW Food Authority, Peter Sutherland, said it was important to better understand the issues associated with sushi because it had become very popular.
"Over the past 10 or 15 years it's gone from practically nothing to a common lunchtime meal for people, especially in the city," he said.
"In the past five or six years there's been an explosion in food courts and in sushi trains."
General guidelines for food sold commercially in NSW state that sushi must be thrown out if displayed unrefrigerated for more than four hours.
Victorian researchers found sushi retailers were regularly breaching that limit by displaying unrefrigerated sushi for longer periods.
However, the high pH level in the food, caused by its vinegar content, seemed to slow the growth of microbes.
Nonetheless, investigators found sushi pieces left on display at a temperature of 15 degrees somewhere between eight and 12 hours harboured increased microbe levels.
Nori rolls were considered safe for up to 12 hours at that temperature.
Mr Sutherland said food scientists at the University of NSW would conduct similar research in NSW.
He said given the huge amount of the food consumed, cases of reported poisonings were low.
The Victorian research also established that Chinese duck and chicken could be left on display at room temperature for up to 22 hours, while pork could be left on display for up to seven hours before developing potentially dangerous microbe levels. | <urn:uuid:91d6469c-d0bc-410c-bd92-054eed46e890> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/sushi-left-on-display-for-too-long-is-poisoning-diners/2005/06/25/1119321943760.html?from=moreStories | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121983086.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175303-00087-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964295 | 482 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Date: 09/15/2003 at 14:34:05 From: Paavana Subject: Motion of a particle under gravity I was doing a question from my homework, which I've been puzzling over with no success! The question is: A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. One second later another stone is thrown vertically downwards from the same point with a velocity of 14 m/s. If they hit the ground together find the height of the tower. I'm so confused! I would like to know how to go about answering questions of this nature in case I should encounter one again.
Date: 09/16/2003 at 12:32:16 From: Doctor Edwin Subject: Re: Motion of a particle under gravity Hi, Paavana. This is the kind of question that can be very difficult to solve unless you think about it in just the right way. I know this because I spent about a day thinking about it until I found the right approach. Once both stones are dropped, their relative velocity doesn't change. That is, they're both speeding up, but at the same 9.8m/sec^2. Let's call the time you dropped the first stone t_1, and the time you threw the second one t_2, and t_3 will be the time they hit the ground (which is also the time that the second stone catches up with the first). So if you know the speed difference between the first stone and the second, and how far ahead the first stone was at t_2, then you can figure out how long it took the second stone to catch up with the first (that's t_3 - t_2). We're given the speed of the second stone at t_2. Can you tell how fast the first stone was moving at t_2? How long would it take the second stone to catch up with the first? How long was the first stone falling? How far would it have fallen in that time? Is that clear? Please write back if you're having difficulty and I'll be happy to help you. - Doctor Edwin, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
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Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:ed3e9cd1-2442-4f17-9083-871b4be4674c> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/64261.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890893.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121214857-20180121234857-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.957867 | 475 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Curious Kids is a series for children, where we ask experts to answer questions from kids. All questions are welcome: find out how to enter at the bottom. You might also like the podcast Imagine This, a co-production between ABC KIDS listen and The Conversation, based on Curious Kids.
How do moths eat our clothes? – Albie, age 5.
Hi Albie, thank you for your question. Like you, I am very interested in moths, which is why I work at the Australian National Insect Collection at Australia’s national science agency, CSIRO.
Maybe you asked this question because you have seen holes in your clothes and noticed buff-coloured moths (about the size of a large grain of rice) flitting around nearby. But they’re not the real culprit.
Rather, it is the larva (the caterpillar of the clothes moth) that is nibbling holes in your clothes. In fact, the moth doesn’t even eat at all.
The caterpillar has special jaws – what scientists call “mandibles” – and uses them to chew holes in clothes, blankets and carpets made from natural fibres like wool, felt, silk and fur.
There are several species of clothes moths. For some of them, the caterpillar lives in and carries around a case that it made from fibres and faeces (its poo).
So why do the larvae eat our clothes?
Clothes moths belong to a family called “Tineidae” or “fungus moths”, most of which feed as caterpillars on fungi, lichens and detritus – dead, organic material.
Their caterpillars seem to prefer dark places and feed on fungi, rotting wood, feathers and even bat poo in Australia. Fungi occur especially in moist areas, and clothes moths seem to do particularly well in unwashed clothes that hold some moisture and might have some fungal growth (mouldy bits).
Nesting materials like feathers and hairs both contain a fibrous protein called keratin. In the wild, the larvae would be feeding on those things, but when they’re in your house they can find the same protein in many types of clothes.
Many clothes moths occur naturally in Europe and Asia, but have travelled with humans in their clothes to all continents, including Australia. In Australia, we have a great diversity of this ancient family of moths, with about 190 named species. But there remain many more to be discovered and described by scientists.
So how do you get rid of these moths?
Well, both the moth and their caterpillars prefer dark, damp places. So if you see them near your clothes, it’s a sign that it’s time to wash all your clothes and air them out in the sun.
And I hope there are no holes in your favourite clothes!
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article. | <urn:uuid:e45e4a3e-c2fc-4bef-9e51-b9f57fc6e8cc> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.csiro.au/en/news/All/Articles/2018/November/curious-kids-how-do-moths-eat-our-clothes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645089.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530032334-20230530062334-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.966173 | 626 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Do you think your child needs extra time in order to perform well on standardized tests ?
For many children with learning disorders, ADHD, or other psychological diagnosis, the key to success in the classroom is based on individualized instruction, appropriate adaptations, accommodations, and modifications to the curriculum and the classroom environment. These classroom and testing accommodations need to be individualized for students, based upon their needs, and their personal learning styles and interests. A qualified clinician can help you identify what specific interventions are needed.
If your child has been diagnosed by a qualified clinician, they are entitled to modifications under the law (Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act and the IDEA), for standardized tests and all classroom instruction.
The most common accommodations are:
- Separate location for testing
- Extended time on testing and assignments
- Waiver of portion of the test
- Frequent breaks during tests or in class
- Oral administration of instructions
- Changes to the presentation of material (i.e. large font)
- Use of a computer or specific software
- Changes to the way student can respond in order to show their learning (i.e. essay vs multiple choice)
- Use of scribe, reader, spell check, calculator
It is not guaranteed that your child will get a recommendation or provided with any of these modifications, as each student has different needs. | <urn:uuid:2efc0dcb-b022-4ea2-9f34-ad4276f5f1d2> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.nycpsychologicalservices.com/testing-accommodations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247492825.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219203410-20190219225410-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.947363 | 283 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Roots of fiero s humanism in greek
The ancient world humanist ideas have greek and roman philosophers were expressing humanist ideas as long as 2,500 years ago the roots of humanism in europe. Roots of fight is a media and lifestyle brand that celebrates the improbable achievements of today’s most legendary athletes, innovators, and cultural icons. Classicism: the greek legacy empire: the power and glory of rome professor natalie hedrick hum1020 landmarks in humanities gloria k fiero valenci. I believe fiero’s first humanist actually seems to start in early greek civilization” greeks were called the humanists of the ancient world”.
Ever wonder about the origin of words this list of english words with greek origin will demonstrate how extensively entwined the roots of the greek language in english. Greek history essay the roots of greek architecture lie in many ways roman sculpture went further than the greek’s with magnificent displays of humanism. Ancient ethical theory first be found in the human soul's enjoyment of one's natural constitution (the greek here transliterated means. One branch of ancient skepticism had its roots in plato's is always to one's advantage as a human essays in ancient greek political philosophy.
Latin and greek roots this table represents some common latin and greek roots used in running through the human latin and greek in anatomy and physiology. By fiero 4th edition volume 1 cultural roots continuities humanism in systems dars95 humanism in bernard malamud apos s novels human writes. Root words help you understand words greek: psyche - the human spirit or soul psychic - relating to the human mind or someone who has supernatural mental. Forgotten roots of individualism jan , to its culmination in the german culture of idealistic humanism 1 the exaggerations of the greek and israelite.
Examining the roots of sources for the arguments and positions of classic greek skepticism like pyrrho, sextus was no dogmatic naysayer about human. Roots trees click on a link to open up the tree highlighted roots occur most frequently human of mankind hum ground hyper-over, above hypo-. The ancient roots of humanism ancient greek and roman by deploying the concepts of humanism as a world-view (whitmarsh’s characterisation of the. Find essays and research papers on humanism at studymodecom we've helped millions of students since 1999 roots of fiero's humanism in greek civilization.
The humanistic tradition volume 1: prehistory to the early modern world 7 th edition humanism and the speculative leap athens and the greek golden age. Human & hum these root-words are hum & human which come from the latin humus, meaning earth & ground and the latin humanus which means manit is interesting to follow the changes of idea here. This paper addresses connections between j r kantor's interbehavioral psychology and humanism it respect for greek the human roots of.
- The roots of humanism occurred when the classic writings of plato and other great greek thinkers were rediscovered after being lost or hidden for centuries.
- Did catholic theology cause secular humanism it did not incorporate greek concepts that's why together the roots of christian theology which are.
Muscles names can actually be used as a short cut to learn a muscle's location science the latin roots of muscles of skeletal muscles of the human. Roots of fiero's humanism in greek civilization i believe fiero’s first humanist actually seems to start in early greek civilization”. Humanism in ancient rome history of humanism with ancient roman was a roman poet who expounded the philosophical materialism of greek philosophers. Hi mike, myth is related to the greek word root mn (mystic, mystery, etc) so myth initially meant ‘word’, ‘advice’, ‘command’ but also ‘opinion’ , ‘suggestion’.Get file | <urn:uuid:2dc618c5-8b49-47b6-af8e-3d4990063faf> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://hkhomeworkxzll.frenchiedavis.info/roots-of-fiero-s-humanism-in-greek.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516123.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023090235-20181023111735-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.903103 | 871 | 3.140625 | 3 |
|Effects of Climate Change on Insect: Plant: Insect Interactions
Supervisors: Mike Gooding, Simon Mortimer, John Roberts (CEH)
Fieldwork and greenhouse experiments are being used to investigate the effects of changes in soil water content (due to changing precipitation) on the outcome of indirect interactions between above and below ground insect herbivores. One suggested mechanism for these interactions is the interference of root feeders with the uptake of water by their host plants. Under reduced soil water availability the effect of root feeders on their host plants may therefore be increased.
Host plant species may differ in their susceptibility both to changes in soil water content and root herbivores. Greenhouse experiments are being used to investigate the link between these species differences and characteristics such as root size and structure.
Fieldwork for this project is based at an existing long-term field manipulation experiment at Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire. The experiment was set up in 1993, and is currently run by CEH (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology). The climate change manipulations include a complete summer drought during July and August, and a 20% enhanced summer rainfall treatment. Long-term vegetation and above-ground invertebrate monitoring is carried out by CABI Bioscience, but the effects of the treatments on root-feeding insect populations has not previously been investigated.
The results from this PhD project will increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying indirect interactions between root and foliar feeders, the differing susceptibility of grassland plant species to root herbivory, and the effects of climate change on these interactions.
The study is funded jointly by ...With input from ... | <urn:uuid:9a356dbf-7441-41fb-b6dc-49b08832e23d> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.reading.ac.uk/caer/student_project_jo_staley.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379555.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00054-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942912 | 335 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Tree As A Crop Project Successfully Replants 1,300 Seedlings To Encourage The Benefits Of Local Sustainable Agriculture And Healthy Soils
This press release is intended to highlight the Appalachian Trail Conservancy's Kellogg Conservation Center in Massachusetts and to bring awareness to the Tree as a Crop project.
- Boston, MA-NH (1888PressRelease) May 26, 2011 - The Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC), in partnership with Rodale, Inc. and NewPage Corporation, cleared 10 acres of diseased and dying red pine trees and replanted with a mix of native hardwood species at the Appalachian Trail Conservancy's Kellogg Conservation Center as part of the Tree as a CropTM project. Beginning on April 29, volunteers replanted the recently harvested area with 1,300 seedlings over the course two days.
"The Appalachian Trail Conservancy is excited to participate in the Tree as a CropTM project as it helps demonstrate the ecological and economic benefits that trees can provide when cultivated as a crop in conjunction with local agriculture" said Steve Paradis, Chief Operating Officer of the ATC.
The goal of the Tree as a CropTM initiative is to encourage the natural cycle of planting, harvesting, and replanting of trees to be as routine a practice as is the production of other crops and one that achieves bio-diversity, economic returns, and positive environmental change.
The work initiated at the Kellogg Conservation Center is complementary to similar efforts underway at the Rodale Institute in Kutztown, Pennsylvania. These efforts, along with others in rich agricultural valleys up and down the length of the Appalachian Trail, are important contributors to maintaining key aspects of the experience visitors to the Trail from across the country and around the world have come to expect.
"We are excited to be part of this strategic partnership at both planting locations to further educate the general public and landowners of the viability of trees as a crop as a sustainable option for paper and wood based products for future generations," states Dave Bonistall, vice president, environmental, health & safety, NewPage Corporation.
The ATC is the lead organization in a vast network of private volunteer groups and public agencies that maintains the nearly 2,200-mile-long footpath and stewards the 250,000 acres of public lands it passes through. Founded in 1925 to direct the building of the original Trail (completed in 1937), the ATC remains a volunteer-based, private organization responsible for the preservation and management of this national scenic trail, working with federal and state agencies and its 31 affiliated local organizations.
For more information on the Tree as a CropTM project visit www.rodaleinstitute.org.
About the Appalachian Trail Conservancy
The Appalachian Trail Conservancy mission is to preserve and manage the Appalachian Trail - ensuring that its vast natural beauty and priceless cultural heritage can be shared and enjoyed today, tomorrow, and for centuries to come. For more information please visit www.appalachiantrail.org.
Contact: Javier Folgar
Appalachian Trail Conservancy
Tel: 304.535.2200 x117
Email: jfolgar ( @ ) appalachiantrail dot org
About NewPage Corporation
NewPage, established in May 2005, is now the largest coated paper manufacturer in North America. Our company's product portfolio is one of the broadest in the paper industry. Through our commitment to safety, consistency and innovation, we create exceptional papers; connect our expertise with diverse customer needs; and dependably lead in ethical, responsible and sustainable business practices. For more information, visit www.newpagecorp.com.
About Rodale Inc.
Rodale is a global media company with a heritage, mission, and authority dedicated to the health and wellness of the individual, community, and planet. Through a broad portfolio of leading media properties, Rodale reaches more than 70 million people around the world through multiple distribution channels, including magazines, books, online, e-commerce, direct-to-consumer, and video. The company publishes some of the best-known health and wellness lifestyle magazines, including Men's Health, Prevention, Women's Health, Runner's World, Bicycling, Running Times, and Organic Gardening, and is the largest independent book publisher in the United States, with a collection of bestselling titles, including Al Gore's Our Choice, Howard Schultz's Onward, Alicia Silverstone's The Kind Diet, Flat Belly Diet!, and Eat This, Not That!, among others. Rodale is also a leader in direct-response marketing and has more than 25 million active customers in its database. www.rodaleinc.com | <urn:uuid:a38ae4b2-f4cb-4fce-a4a4-a7ec1cb0ce5b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.1888pressrelease.com/tree-as-a-crop-project-successfully-replants-1-300-seedlings-pr-305703.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999673608/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060753-00011-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916495 | 948 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Undefeated by Kwame Alexander, illustrated by Kadir Nelson (9781328780966)
Two amazing book creators come together in this nonfiction picture book celebrating the resilience, talents and perseverance of African-Americans throughout history. The text of the book is a poem by Newbery-medalist Alexander that leads readers through the horrors of slavery to athletes and artist. The black Civil War soldiers carry forward into the Civil Rights Movement and the tragedies that accompanied it. It touches on police violence towards African Americans and moves forward to continue to celebrate those that excelled despite the odds, changing America as they did so. The poem ends with a call for all of the children of color to realize that this is them too.
Alexander’s poem is a powerful call to remember the beginnings in slavery, the battles along the way, and the impact of continuing to hope and dream despite what America has done. It calls for hope and inspiration, it calls for action. And it does not shy away from modern or historical issues, placing them right in front of the reader. His words are influenced by other great African-American writers too, paying homage to those who went before.
The award-winning illustrator and author, Nelson depicts so many historical figures on the pages of this book. Some are individual portraits, standing strong against the stark white backgrounds. Others are groupings of people and readers can recognize many of them on sight but will need to refer to the appendix for others. Nelson’s images are stirring in their beauty and the fierceness he captured his subjects.
This one will win awards, let’s hope it’s a Caldecott for Nelson! Appropriate for ages 7-10.
Reviewed from library copy. | <urn:uuid:e866b991-9b5c-43d8-b5b1-7e2ac5005b01> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://wakingbraincells.com/2019/05/01/review-the-undefeated-by-kwame-alexander/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363337.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207075308-20211207105308-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.962698 | 358 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The share of women in the European Parliament has risen steadily in recent decades. In 1979, when direct voting for the European Parliament began, 16 percent of European Parliament members (EPs) were women. In the present parliament this is 36 percent. Women account for 46 percent of Dutch EPs.
Women in European Parliament
Women account for at least one-third of EPs in most EU countries
In 21 of the 28 EU countries, at least one third of members of the European Parliament are women. Finland has the largest share of women EPs, 62 percent, followed by Denmark with 54 percent. The Netherlands is in sixth place, after Croatia, Estonia, Malta and Slovenia, which each have women on half of their parliamentary seats. The delegations from Luxemburg (17 percent), Poland (20 percent) and Italy (22 percent) have the smallest shares of women.
Women more educated and more active in labour market and in politics
The increased presence of women in the European Parliament is related to the increase in female emancipation across Europe. Women are better educated, and participate more in the labour market and in politics. Countries like Belgium, Spain, Ireland, France, Portugal and Croatia have even set a legal minimum for the share of female election candidates. In addition, some political parties themselves aim for an equal distribution of men and women.
Women in European Parliament per member state, 2014
Share of women in national parliaments also larger
In all member states, the share of women in national parliament has also increased. In 1993, for example, there were only five countries where women accounted for more than 20 percent of MPs; by 2013, this was the case in 22 member countries.
The Netherlands, where 39 percent of members of the House of Representatives are women, ranks fourth in the EU in this respect, after Sweden (45 percent), Finland (43 percent), and Denmark (39 percent). Hungary and Cyprus have the smallest shares of women in parliament: 9 and 11 percent respectively.
Women in EU national parliaments | <urn:uuid:9d356d17-e745-49a6-8a86-d8e2885b9af1> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2014/21/more-and-more-women-in-european-parliament | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160142.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924031344-20180924051744-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.967751 | 412 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Denial, or minimizing a hearing loss, frequently occurs. People incorrectly associate it with aging and disability. They simply ask people to talk louder or repeat themselves. Some are apprehensive about the challenge of learning how to use and insert a sophisticated, miniature electronic device. Others may feel shame and embarrassment about wearing a hearing instrument, and will put it off until the distortion has grown so much that they can’t understand some conversations at all.
With today’s micro-processor technology, it’s truly tragic when some people wait too long to get help, and put it off until it’s too late to be able to hear clearly – even with the best hearing aids available. When hearing impaired individuals accept the advantages of hearing aids, they are amazed at how much they were unknowingly missing in life.I’ve heard the terms “Permanent Distortion” and “Phonemic Regression” numerous times. What exactly do they mean?
To most people, a “hearing problem” means just one thing: hearing loss, where the words simply become fainter. Well, it’s not that simple. Distortion plays a significant role in hearing problems. It starts almost unnoticed. “Effs” begin to sound like “esses”, “dees” like “tees”, the word “cat” may be confused with “hat”, etc.,
At first it doesn’t seem to matter. You can still make out the words by hearing the context of the complete sentence. But little by little, before long, only half the words are clear… and many you may not even be able to make out at all. This is distortion. And the truth is, even if words are made loud enough with the correct hearing aids, inner ear distortion may continue to make them sound garbled. This is referred to as “Phonemic Regression”.
Although in most cases it takes many years, eventually this distortion may become permanent – ruining your ability to understand some words at all. Thus the term Permanent Distortion. That’s why it’s so important to see your hearing healthcare professional as soon as a hearing loss is noticed.Why should I correct a hearing loss?
Hearing is essential to your quality of life. Helen Keller said that loss of vision means losing contact with things, but loss of hearing means losing contact with people. A hearing loss influences the interaction between family and friends causing communication barriers between people who love and need one another. Anxiety, insecurity, isolation, and depression can affect those who do not hear well.
Scientific studies indicate that the negative psychological changes due to untreated hearing loss may be reversed by the use of hearing aids. You will not only improve your own quality of life. By being able to communicate and participate in active conversation, you will also improve the quality of life of your loved ones, who will now be able and more willing to fully interact with you once again.Hearing Problems? Do you sometimes hear but not understand? Do people seem to mumble? Do you ask others to repeat themselves?
Hearing loss can keep you from having the quality of life you deserve. It can restrict your ability to interact with others, prevent you from hearing important information, cause misunderstandings, heighten stress, and cause unnecessary fatigue. HearCanada can help you to not miss out on the many great sounds in life, from your grandchildren’s laughter to the soothing sounds of nature. | <urn:uuid:09e4415c-da61-4a48-8eed-7acf4eff35f0> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://hearcanada.com/hearing-loss/hearing-faq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370529375.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405053120-20200405083120-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.955174 | 733 | 2.75 | 3 |
CryoSat – scientific objectives
The aim of the CryoSat mission is to determine variations in the thickness of the Earth's marine ice cover and understand the extent to which the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets are contributing global sea level rise.
To achieve these goals, CryoSat will primarily:
- determine regional trends in Arctic perennial sea-ice thickness and mass;
- determine the contribution that the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets are making to mean global rise is sea level.
CryoSat's secondary goals are to observe:
- the seasonal cycle and inter-annual variability of Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice mass and thickness;
- the variation in the thickness of Earth's ice caps and glaciers.
The following science and measurement requirements had been defined (for typical spatial scales) to be observed over different targets:
|Area [km2]||Science requirement [cm/year]||Measurement accuracy [cm/year]|
|Arctic sea ice||105||3.5||1.6|
Observation mask showing target areas
CryoSatis designed to be fully automated such that its three measurement modes would be switched on-board according to the geographic chart. Low Resolution Mode (LRM) would have been operated over the light-blue areas of the ice-sheet plateaux and over the oceans. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode would have been exploited over medium-blue sea-ice areas (the chart would have been updated every month for seasonal changes in sea-ice extent). SAR Interferometric (SARIn) mode will be used over the dark-blue steeply sloping ice-sheet margins, small ice caps and areas of mountain glaciers. The red areas on the chart indicate where calibration and validation activities will be carried out.
Last update: 22 January 2010 | <urn:uuid:a7c1e44f-c8d9-4b48-b5bc-cb96d5bfcd9c> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/The_Living_Planet_Programme/Earth_Explorers/CryoSat-2/Objectives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890181.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00106-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89643 | 374 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Bratislava Pozsony Pressburg was a multi-ethnic, multicultural, multilingual and multi-religious city. Hungarian, German, Yiddish, Slovak and Czech cultural communities lived here side by side at times, and so did the Christian religion and Judaism.The 20th century was marked by an expulsion of various groups of the city's inhabitants, but also by an erasure of the popular memory of those who could remain, and a by search for a method to conceal the past from the coming generations, those born after the Second World War, once and for all. The city's newpopulation, consisting of people who moved here from other Slovak towns or the countryside in search of work or a career, no longer carried memories of the European tradition of the city. It is for this reason that they were greeted warmly by the newly empowered.
This virtual guide to the no longer existent extramural city (Podhradie) will aid us in recalling a now 'Lost City', demolished entirely in the 1960s. Bratislava is known in the Jewish world as the city of the Chatam Sofer; his gravesite is visited by Jews from all around the world. In 2012, Bratislava commemorated the 250th anniversary of the birth of this exceptional rabbi. | <urn:uuid:b0c9087d-b26b-44ad-b7ec-a8dc4e015922> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.knihcentrum.sk/Mapa/lost-city---stratene-mesto---verlorene-stadt---elveszett-varos | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151197.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714181325-20200714211325-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.972542 | 268 | 2.984375 | 3 |
As a company built on harvesting and sharing natural resources, Rio Tinto Minerals recognizes a special obligation to respect the natural environment. We work to continually reduce our environmental footprint and promote sustainability throughout our operations, while minimizing our impact on air, water and land.
We work closely with environmental specialists and regulators to ensure we incorporate best practices, and regularly record our progress toward meeting our conservation goals. Some encouraging examples of recent environmental progress:
- In 2010, we reduced our greenhouse gas emissions by 3 percent per ton of product, and kept energy use flat through more efficient equipment and practices.
- In our Boron Operations, we recently lowered energy use and greenhouse gas emissions by more than 5 percent per ton of product through improvements in plant design and maintenance practices. We also reduced our water consumption by millions of gallons through better water recycling.
Below are our focus areas for improving environmental stewardship:
Energy use and emissions
Lowering our energy use and emissions are important goals. We invest in more efficient equipment and practices to meet reduction targets; our current target is to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas creation by 2 percent per ton of product between 2009 and 2013. We also promote borates' use in wind and solar energy systems, biofuel production, and energy-efficient buildings and industrial processes.
Land use and biodiversity
Mining operations don't last forever. Once work at any of our sites is complete, we strive to return the land to its natural state with zero net impact on biodiversity. In 2009, we set a new target to restore one acre of land for every acre we disturb through 2013.
Mining and processing borates requires significant amounts of water, making recycling and management efforts a priority. Ongoing reduction efforts include using recycled water to control dust on our California haul roads.
We have established procedures around the world to reduce, reuse, and recycle waste produced at our operations and our offices. Our Boron site has been repeatedly honored with the Solid Waste Reduction Awards from the California Integrated Waste Management Board. | <urn:uuid:4b830d6a-a23c-4cb9-96c5-6fe4d2ca22df> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.riotintominerals.com/ENG/ourapproach/34_communities.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430455180384.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501043940-00036-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924769 | 410 | 2.71875 | 3 |
How do scientists use the scientific technique to resolve issues?
The scientific technique
- Make an remark.
- Ask a query.
- Form a speculation, or testable rationalization.
- Make a prediction based mostly on the speculation.
- Test the prediction.
- Iterate: use the outcomes to make new hypotheses or predictions.
Is validity the identical as accuracy?
They point out how nicely a way, method or check measures one thing. Reliability is in regards to the consistency of a measure, and validity is in regards to the accuracy of a measure.
Why will we repeat experiments 3 occasions?
Repeating an experiment greater than as soon as helps decide if the info was a fluke, or represents the conventional case. It helps guard in opposition to leaping to conclusions with out sufficient proof. The variety of repeats is dependent upon many components, together with the unfold of the info and the supply of assets.
What is the aim of a managed experiment?
Scientists use managed experiments as a result of they permit for exact management of extraneous and unbiased variables. This permits a trigger and impact relationship to be established. Controlled experiments additionally observe a standardised step-by-step process. This makes it straightforward one other researcher to copy the research.
How are you able to enhance reliability?
Here are six sensible ideas to assist enhance the reliability of your evaluation:
- Use sufficient inquiries to assess competence.
- Have a constant setting for members.
- Ensure members are aware of the evaluation person interface.
- If utilizing human raters, prepare them nicely.
- Measure reliability.
Why do you repeat experiments GCSE?
Why is the flexibility to repeat experiments vital? Replication permits you to see patterns and developments in your outcomes. This is affirmative on your work, making it stronger and higher in a position to assist your claims. This helps keep integrity of information.
Why is it vital for scientists to repeat one another’s experiments?
Summary. Getting the identical end result when an experiment is repeated known as replication. Replication is vital in science so scientists can “test their work.” The results of an investigation will not be more likely to be nicely accepted except the investigation is repeated many occasions and the identical result’s at all times obtained.
How is zero error corrected?
If the zero on the vernier scale is to the fitting of the primary scale, then the error is alleged to be constructive zero error and so the zero correction must be subtracted from the studying which is measured.
Why is the repetition of experiments vital?
Getting the identical end result when an experiment is repeated known as replication. Replication is vital in science so scientists can “test their work.” The results of an investigation will not be more likely to be nicely accepted except the investigation is repeated many occasions and the identical result’s at all times obtained.
How many occasions must you repeat an experiment to know if the speculation is true?
For a typical experiment, it is best to plan to repeat the experiment at the very least 3 times. The extra you check the experiment, the extra legitimate your outcomes.
How many replicates does an experiment have?
Normally we design experiment with 3 replicates, every replicate has like 10 samples/remedy (so whole variety of samples n = 30/remedy). Then we common the outcomes of those 10 samples to get 1 quantity/replicate and use these 3 numbers/remedy to performing statistical evaluation.
What is the primary purpose of an experiment?
Explanation: The objective of an experiment is to check out your speculation. If your speculation is appropriate, then it’s a concept that might work each single time the experiment has been carried out by scientists.
What are qualities of a great experiment?
Good experiments have two important traits: a single variable is examined, and a management is used. The variable is the issue that modifications in an experiment as a way to check a speculation.
What makes a foul experiment?
Bad experiments transfer metrics by complicated or tricking your customers. They make issues tougher on your customers, relatively than fixing underlying issues. Good experiments are conceived as bets. You know they’ve an opportunity to fail, however based mostly on the data you will have out there, it’s a good funding to make.
What are the parts of scientific investigation?
Lesson Summary Steps of a scientific investigation embody figuring out a analysis query or downside, forming a speculation, gathering proof, analyzing proof, deciding whether or not the proof helps the speculation, drawing conclusions, and speaking the outcomes.
What is the order of scientific technique?
The fundamental steps of the scientific technique are: 1) make a remark that describes an issue, 2) create a speculation, 3) check the speculation, and 4) draw conclusions and refine the speculation. | <urn:uuid:2c555a8d-e068-4d45-9fbf-85d45e76d750> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://dofnews.com/how-do-scientists-use-the-scientific-method-to-solve-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925070216-20220925100216-00784.warc.gz | en | 0.924009 | 1,006 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Hanukkah begins on the 25th of the month of Kislev and continues for eight days, into Tevet. Like Purim, it is a festival of Rabbinic origin. Thus, while there are certain religious commandments obligatory on those days (on Hanukkah, most prominently, the lighting of candles,) there are no prohibitions on work, travel, and so on. In Israel, the schools are closed, but most people will work on these days.
Like other festivals, the meanings of Hanukkah are multi-layered. Historically, the festival commemorates the successful revolt of the Hasmonean family, led by Judah the Maccabee, against a foreign occupying power, the Syrian-Greeks, led by Antiochus Epiphanes. The foreign conquerors desecrated the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and ordered many decrees against Jewish practices. Following their decrees threatened the survival of Jewish faith. The revolt also involved an element of an internal struggle within the Jewish community, against certain trends of assimilation and emulation of Greek culture. The fighting lasted for about three years, and on the 25th of Kislev, 164 BCE, the forces known as “the Maccabees” liberated Jerusalem and made their way into the defiled Temple. According to a traditional legend, when they wanted to rekindle the ritual candelabrum that stood in the Temple, they found a small cruse of oil that would last only one day. It would take eight days to travel to where they could get more oil and then bring it back to Jerusalem. (This is the time of the olive harvest, so oil would be available.) Miraculously, the small cruse of oil actually lasted for the full eight days until more oil was brought from the village.
That miracle of the cruse of oil became a symbol for the power of a small nation to survive and overcome its enemies. The name of the festival, which literally means “dedication,” refers to the re-dedication of the Temple during this period. It is celebrated as the Festival of Lights, for eight days of joy and thanksgiving to God.
Many different groups within the Jewish people approach the festival of Hanukkah with more contemporary interpretations. The secular Zionists emphasized the military victories and some of the youth movements or even Army units to this day organize hikes “in the footsteps of the Maccabees.” Liberal Jews see in Hanukkah an early expression of religious freedom and the right to be different, or even to overthrow a foreign power. Some Orthodox Jews interpret the light of Hanukkah as a metaphor for Torah study, noting that this Hebrew word for “dedication” has the same root as chinuch, “education.”
One of the paradoxical aspects of Hanukkah is that traditional Jewish culture did, in fact, absorb a great deal of Greek influence. The rabbinical court was called the Sanhedrin, a Greek word, and Greek concepts and philosophical methods were incorporated in the Talmud. Most modern Jews certainly value two institutions of Greek origin—democracy and theater.
Perhaps the most ironic example is that one of the ancient Greek practices that was found to be most problematic by the Rabbis was the athletic contests, highlighted by the Olympics Games. Since the athletes usually competed in the nude, Jews who wished to participate sometimes had special procedures performed on their genitals to reverse the circumcision, so that they would not be recognized as Jews. But today, the worldwide Jewish Olympics are called the “Maccabiah.” Would Judah the Maccabee approve? What is the dividing line between acculturation and assimilation? How open can Jews be to foreign influences without losing their sense of identity?
These are all questions that arise on Hanukkah. But for most Jews, both religious and secular, Hanukkah is one of their favorite festivals, without all of this educational-ideological “baggage.” What draws them to the festival most likely are the candle-lighting ceremonies, with the family gathered around a candelabrum known as a Hanukiyah. Each night for eight nights, candles are lit, in ascending order: one the first night, two the second night, etc. up until eight the last night. The ceremonies are accompanied with blessings, songs, games for the children, special delicacies, and, traditionally, the distribution of coins. Recently, especially in Western communities, the practice has arisen of giving Hanukkah gifts, probably under the influence of Christmas gift giving. The delicacies vary from community to community—in Israel, jelly doughnuts called sufganiyot (known as “Berliners” in Germany); in Europe,potato pancakes; in North Africa, fried, salty s’fins. What is common to all of these foods is that they are all made with oil, in memory of the miracle.
Interestingly, like the other Jewish festivals, Hanukkah, too, has a seasonal connection. It is a festival of light at the darkest time of the solar year (near the winter solstice) as well as the darkest time of the lunar month (from the 25th of one month to the 3rd of the next one—in other words, no moonlight.) Many societies have feasts of light at this time of the year. In pagan cultures from Egypt to Persia, this period of the year is associated with the birth of the sun god or goddess. We believe in the one God, Creator of all, so we celebrate the natural order He established: in the winter, we have the shortest days of the year until that stage of the process ends and once again, the light returns. The victory of light over darkness thus becomes a symbol for hope, faith and our prayer for a better world.
Although one can always “get by” with Chag Sameach, “happy holiday”, the appropriate greeting for Hanukkah is chag urim sameach, “a joyous festival of light.”
Sources for further Bible study: The Books of the Maccabees are not included in the Jewish Biblical canon. They are part of the Apocryphal literature. However, these books do appear in many Christian editions of the Scriptures. | <urn:uuid:f116275d-33d7-49ff-8f8e-d4c9e55cb358> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://rossingcenter.org/judaisms/hanukkah/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710918.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203011523-20221203041523-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.961557 | 1,307 | 3.984375 | 4 |
In what is apparently becoming an annual tradition, artificial intelligence is having a bash at writing Christmas carols. With lyrics like “Christmas br he, or the wang,” this neural network isn’t likely to come up with something to replace “Jingle Bells” anytime soon, but it did somehow dream up a whole new bit of Christmas folklore to rival Santa and Krampus.
As A.I researcher Janelle Shane explains on her site A.I. Weirdness, she rather cruelly forced a neural network to devise Christmas carols with literally no help — not only did it have no instructions, but it didn’t even start out knowing English.
It just had a dataset of 240 carols to learn from, and it set about smashing together letters and comparing them to the existing carols to see what looked right and what didn’t, then repeating the process. That lyric about Christmas or wang was part of one of the earlier attempts from this iterative process.
Here’s the full carol it came up with: Hart fon the be the he br wong on the stor Christmas br he, or the wang Christ, Christ, on bn a me the stord Hont on thr st bong the wor I he a s de poog the stow tome on be ser snur As you can see, a lot of those words aren’t words at all, though you can see the beginnings of the English language start to emerge from the lexical chaos. At this point, you might be tempted to think the “wang” in that carol is just one of the nonsense words, but maybe not. Read more from inverse.com…
thumbnail courtesy of inverse.com | <urn:uuid:b412d79a-7ba8-49d5-adca-c6016c6b10a7> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.youbrandinc.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-writes-delightfully-nonsensical-carols-invents-whole-new-christmas-myth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573331.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918193432-20190918215432-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.937973 | 368 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Juha Moilanen, one of Neste Oil’s technical experts, explains some of the main benefits of using small-engine gasoline or alkylate gasoline, as it is also known more technically speaking.
“Small-engine gasoline is completely different from regular gasoline in terms of what it’s made from. It’s custom-produced from just a few hydrocarbons, primarily alkylate. It contains no olefins, ethanol, benzene, or other harmful aromatic compounds.”
Pleasant to use
“Thanks to its composition, small-engine gasoline doesn’t have the same odor issues that regular motor gasoline has. Filling up a small machine brings the user into close contact with the vapor given off by the fuel. Everyone notices the difference between small-engine gasoline and regular gasoline in this area. There’s also a big difference in the smell of the exhaust produced by the two fuels.”
Safer to use too
“The exhaust released by an engine running on small-engine gasoline has been shown to contain fewer harmful components than that released by regular gasoline. We carried out a study with the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health last winter comparing exhaust released by the two fuels. The results were very clear and showed that there’s a real difference.”
Smaller impact on the environment
“Small-capacity engines typically release a lot of emissions proportionally, and they’re not fitted with catalytic converters either. All of this means that fuel quality has a real impact. Small two-stroke engines, in particular, release unburnt fuel, which makes its way into the water in the case of outboards. A lot of studies have been done on this in Sweden and only small-engine gasoline is recommended on all the lakes and inland waterways there.”
Longer service intervals
“Small-engine gasoline combusts very cleanly. It doesn’t produce carbon build-up in engines and keeps combustion temperatures down as well. This is a plus in terms of maintenance and results in longer intervals between services and longer engine life.”
“Small-engine gasoline contains just a few hydrocarbons and nothing that will oxidize, result in build-ups of resins or sediments, or cause any other problems like this. When using regular gasoline, the light components evaporate off and leave the heavy ones behind. These can clog up the innards of fuel systems and make starting an engine more difficult. The different needs of two-stroke and four-stroke engines are taken into account as well, as we offer a pure 4T and a 2% pre-mixed 2T fuel.”
“Small-engine gasoline can be stored for long periods of time without any deterioration in quality, either in canisters or fuel tanks. This makes it an ideal choice for seasonal use, for mopeds and outboards for example. Before putting something away for a long time, it’s a good idea to run an engine long enough for the fuel to reach all its components. Our experience has been that no storability-enhancing additives are needed when using small-engine gasoline.”
Where can you buy Neste small-engine gasoline in Finland?
“2T and 4T small-engine gasoline are sold in five-liter canisters across Finland. 4T is also available from forecourt pumps at stations in Espoo, Helsinki, Tampere, Turku, Jyväskylä, and Porvoo.”
More information: Neste small-engine gasoline | <urn:uuid:1704993c-b62c-45c9-b745-66683908a9ba> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.neste.com/benefits-small-engine-gasoline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348526471.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607075929-20200607105929-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.943573 | 754 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Did you enter the world earlier than expected? Were you a premature baby? If you entered the world prior to your nine-month incubation, new research shows you’re more likely to have a withdrawn personality.
The study was conducted by Warwick Medical School. Results revealed that adults born preterm scored highly for socially withdrawn personality.
“Personality characteristics are very important because they help people to develop into adult roles and form and maintain social relationships,” said Professor Dieter Wolke, study lead.
“Very premature and very low birth weight adults who have a socially withdrawn personality might experience difficulty dealing with social relationships with their peers, friends and partners.”
The study was held in Germany and followed children from birth to adulthood. The children were born before 32 weeks. The group of premature babies was compared to babies who were born full-term. The results revealed those with a low birth-weight and born pre-term had a greater risk of developing socially withdrawn personality.
Professor Wolke believes this relationship has to do with brain development and how it may differ in those who are premature. This study is different from other similar ones because it removes economic and educational factors.
Previous researchers contributed those factors to being linked with personality disorders. Wolke said, “If identified early parents could be provided with techniques to foster their child’s social skills to help compensate for socially withdrawn personality characteristics.”
The findings were published in the Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. | <urn:uuid:09575b76-12b6-4aa5-97ed-294eee06d5f8> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.belmarrahealth.com/withdrawn-personality-linked-to-premature-birth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519784.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119201033-20210119231033-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.978373 | 311 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Copper tubing is used in the supply of water and soldering copper tubes are easy and do-it-yourself process. While soldering copper tubes, the selection of solder, tools and flux plays a vital role.
Selection of tubes: In general the thickness of the tube will increase the diameter of the copper tube by 1/8 inches, that is, 0.125 inches.
Cutting: While cutting a tube it’s better to use a tube cutter to get a cleaner and less burs on the edge.
Joints/fittings: The fittings for the tube should be selected carefully depending on your project.
- 45 degree joint: this will give a connection turning it 45 degrees.
- 90 degree: A complete 90 degree joint.
- Reducing adapters: Used when the tube size changes from wider diameter to a smaller diameter.
- T and cross joint: Used in branching the pipeline.
Soldering Basics: How to solder pipe…..Soldering ensures the connection between joints and the selection of solder is vital. For water tubing, a lead free solder is required; usually a tin-silver solder gives the best results for your sweat connection.
Steps to soldering copper pipe: How to solder properly
- How to clean copper pipe: Clean the tubes thoroughly on the insides as well as on the outsides. Sand paper would do the work for the amateurs and professional plumbers would use a wire brush to remove burs and a cleaning brush to create the perfect bur free and shiny outer rim on the copper tube. This is to obtain a smooth area which will result in no-leak tube.
- Flux/soldering flux: Use a brush to apply the soldering flux on the area to be joined. Excess application is agreed harmful, but under coating the flux will not solder the joint/fitting onto the tubes.
- Torch: A torch that would give a sharp, blue flame is your weapon. The flame should be in such a way that it doesn’t heat a point but heats up the ring as well. 1-2 inches of flame height is the standard flame size.
- How to fit the copper pipe to copper fittings: Fit in the joints in their place and screw them down so that the flux spreads itself on the inside of the joints. Heat up the area and try moving the touch point so that they melts evenly inside.
- Sweating pipes: How to solder copper fittings…. Place the tip of the solder onto the hot copper fitting, if it melts and starts to run along the joint in a capillary motion you have attained the correct temperature. Continue soldering the copper tubes till the solder is all around the tube joint.
- Wiping: Wipe of the excess solder while the tube is still warm (warm not hot) using a clean rag.
- Testing: Flush some water to check for any leakages once the pipes are cool.
- Congratulations! You are a soldering pipes master ! | <urn:uuid:20edd5ac-4f0a-413d-94f5-7112e0df92c9> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://sweatingcopperpipe.com/how-to-sweat-copper-pipe-or-tubing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496694.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220210649-20190220232649-00615.warc.gz | en | 0.904673 | 621 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This post is also available in: Español (Spanish)
New research on what causes a concussion injury has been conducted that examines how the neuron's axon is affected by blows to the head. This research examines how a blow to the head causes swelling along the axon of the neuron. These new findings could help researchers to improve symptoms in patients with concussions.
A sudden trauma such as when the head hits a hard surface or when an object pierces through the skull is called a Traumatic Brain Injury or TBI and also known as a concussion.
Back in 2013, TBI injuries accounted for 2.5 million visits to the ER and 56,000 deaths according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The new study which was published by the Journal of Cell Biology and conducted by a team of scientist from the Ohio State University in Columbus.
The first author of the study was Chen Gu. Gu and his colleagues found that they could induce swelling in the neurons of the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for creating and storing memories.
In a concussion injury, axons develop small, bead-like swellings along their length much like the neurodegenerations that occurs in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease patients.
Gu and his team repeatedly induced axonal varicosities (the swellings) imitating the effects of repetitive blows to the head. They compared these to swelling they had induced in mice.
They discovered that a protein called TRPV4, a channel protein found more abundantly in the membrane of the neuronal axons is activated when the “puffing” occurs.
They managed to inhibit this channel and consequently block the formation of additional swelling along the axons.
The researchers were able to identify more precisely the mechanism responsible for swelling formation.
They could see that older neurons have lower amounts of the protein TRPV4 and higher levels of a protein called STOP which disrupts the transport of cellular materials along the axons.
This study is showing that blows to the head activate a protein and the younger neurons react differently than the older neurons.
This process may, therefore, play a key role in neural development and central nervous system function in adults, as well as in chronic brain disorders and various acute brain injuries.” Says Gu. | <urn:uuid:b3a10672-5e0b-408f-a7aa-819f761470c9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://austinaccidentlawyer.com/practice-areas/austin-personal-injury-attorney-lawyer/austin-brain-injury-lawyers/concussion-injury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511364.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004084230-20231004114230-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.96983 | 467 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The first batch of the Moderna vaccine against Covid-19 arrived on Tuesday evening in Cyprus, according to the Ministry of Health.
It includes 1,200 doses of the Μoderna vaccine. In the first three months of 2021 Cyprus is expected to receive a total of 16,500 Moderna vaccines.
This vaccine has to be kept in storage under the same conditions with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and in Cyprus they will be stored in one of the two refrigerators the State Health Services Organisation has for this reason.
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended granting a conditional marketing authorisation for COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna to prevent Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in people from 18 years of age on January 6.
In a press release, it said among other things that a very large clinical trial showed that COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna was effective at preventing COVID-19 in people from 18 years of age.
The trial involved around 30,000 people in total. Half received the vaccine and half were given dummy injections. People did not know whether they received the vaccine or the dummy injections.
Efficacy was calculated in around 28,000 people from 18 to 94 years of age who had no sign of previous infection.
The trial showed a 94.1% reduction in the number of symptomatic COVID-19 cases in the people who received the vaccine (11 out of 14,134 vaccinated people got COVID-19 with symptoms) compared with people who received dummy injections (185 out of 14,073 people who received dummy injections got COVID-19 with symptoms). This means that the vaccine demonstrated a 94.1% efficacy in the trial.
The trial also showed 90.9% efficacy in participants at risk of severe COVID-19, including those with chronic lung disease, heart disease, obesity, liver disease, diabetes or HIV infection. The high efficacy was also maintained across genders, racial and ethnic groups.
The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is given as two injections into the arm, 28 days apart. | <urn:uuid:56cb76a9-2c67-481d-a31d-e66128978bac> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.parikiaki.com/2021/01/first-batch-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-arrives-in-cyprus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375439.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308112849-20210308142849-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.967998 | 433 | 2.53125 | 3 |
May 23, 2010
Most people, scientists or religionists, who find no Common Ground between Science and Spirituality, are of West. They are familiar with Semitic religions. Not with Advanced Spiritual Traditions of Deep East; namely, of India.
Evolutionary Theory had since eons been advocated, and believed in widely, in religious theology of India. In fact, belief in 84 Categories of Evolution – from lowest of the low organisms to man - is so immanent in common conscience of religiosity in India, that Theory of Evolution is no issue here, unlike in the West.
Basically, Christian, Jewish, Islamic - Semitic Tradition - is the only culture that raises a big hue and cry about Evolutionary Theory of Darwin. It is a non-issue in better evolved spiritual cultures. In fact, the Yogic and Free Mystic Culture of India goes a step further than present day science. It advocates the hypothesis that not only does life evolve from lower to the higher organism, it is reversible. That is, it postulates a Contra Evolutionary Theory.
Recently, artificial DNA, inter alia, life, has been created by the world scientific community. Even this causes no excitement in India. The Yogic Science sees no big achievement herein. Again, much ahead of scientific thought of today, Free Mystical/Yogic Literature of Ancient India informs us that ANYTHING CAN BE CREATED OUT OF ANYTHING.
Hence, what raises the heckles of Semitic Theology, which majority of West practices, disturbs not a blade of grass in The Land Of Buddha.
Read the Article at HuffingtonPost
Posted by Fakeer Ishavardas Th.D, PhD at 2:52 PM | <urn:uuid:6ea15e24-d883-47a7-af2d-8ec5ad45d89c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://freemystics.blogspot.com/2010/05/religion-and-science-respecting.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424610.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723202459-20170723222459-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.922829 | 351 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Right of reply
The opportunity to publish corrections or replies to any mistakes or false accusations in the media is vital to satisfy claimants and avoid expensive court cases. ARTICLE 19 defends the right of reply and promotes it where appropriate as a fair solution to claims of defamation.
In several countries, persons who believe they have been portrayed in a false light by a media report are entitled by law to have a reply published by the same outlet.
There are two basic categories of the right to reply. The first, which could more exactly be called a ‘right of correction’, is limited to a right to point out erroneous information; the media outlet’s editors are required to correct the mistake, but may do so in their own words.
The second is a right for the aggrieved individual to demand newspaper space or broadcast time from the media outlet in order to ‘set the record straight’. This second manifestation of the right of reply clearly constitutes a far greater interference with the ‘right not to speak’.
Should there be a general right of reply?
The right of reply is a highly contentious area of media law. It is not disputed that the right represents an interference with freedom of expression. However, some see it as justifiable measure which in fact improves the free flow of information, by ensuring that the public will hear both sides of the story and by preventing costly defamation suits which drain the resources of media outlets. Others regard it as an impermissible restriction on editorial freedom.
The American Convention on Human Rights requires its state parties to introduce either a right of reply or a right of correction. Article 14 states:
1. Anyone injured by inaccurate or offensive statements or ideas disseminated to the public in general by a legally regulated medium of communication has the right to reply or to make a correction using the same communications outlet, under such conditions as the law may establish.
2. The correction or reply shall not in any case remit other legal liabilities that may have been incurred.
The European human rights system, too, recognises the virtue of the right of reply. In a case before it in 1989, the ECmHR stated that “in a democratic society, the right of reply constitutes a guarantee of the pluralism of information which must be respected.”
The UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression has cautioned against a government-mandated right of reply, and stated that the right should in any case be limited to allegedly false facts:
The Special Rapporteur is of the view that if a right of reply system is to exist, it should ideally be part of the industry’s self-regulated system, and in any case can only feasibly apply to facts and not to opinions.
At the domestic level, the US Supreme Court ruled that a mandatory right to reply with regard to the print media is unconstitutional, because it presents an unwarranted interference in editorial matters:
A newspaper is more than a passive receptacle or conduit for news, comment, and advertising. The choice of material to go into a newspaper, and the decisions made as to limitations on the size and content of the paper, and treatment of public issues and public officials - whether fair or unfair - constitute the exercise of editorial control and judgment.
In an attempt to guide its member states through this minefield, the CoE’s Committee of Ministers has adopted a Resolution on the right of reply. It recommends that the right should be recognised, but suggests that exceptions be made in the following cases:
i. if the request for publication of the reply is not addressed to the medium within a reasonably short time;
ii. if the length of the reply exceeds what is necessary to correct the information containing the facts claimed to be inaccurate;
iii. if the reply is not limited to a correction of the facts challenged;
iv. if it constitutes a punishable offence;
v. if it is considered contrary to the legally protected interests of a third party;
vi. if the individual concerned cannot show the existence of a legitimate interest.
In a later Recommendation, the Committee of Ministers suggested applying similar principles to Internet-based news services, and recognised two additional permissible exceptions to the right of reply in this context:
- if the reply is in a language different from that in which the contested information was made public;
- if the contested information is a part of a truthful report on public sessions of the public authorities or the courts.
Right of reply in relation to publicly owned media
Publicly owned media, which are financed with taxpayers’ money, should not be an instrument of one political bloc but should be independent and represent all different views in society fairly.
But, in practice, even in well-established democracies the government may succeed in influencing the coverage of publicly owned media in its favour. The right of reply guarantees that opposition parties are not drowned out and are able to represent themselves to voters in their own words.
A number of national courts have enforced the right of reply as a means of ensuring that the public has access to opposition points of view.
In India, a public sector undertaking, the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), republished an article in its house journal that was favourable to itself, but refused to republish a rejoinder that had accompanied the original article. The Supreme Court held that LIC’s refusal was unlawful on the ground that, as an instrument of government, LIC had a duty of fairness to its readers. Moreover, “fairness demanded that both viewpoints were placed before its readers, however limited be their number, to enable them to draw their own conclusions.”
Similarly, the Court of Appeal in Belize ordered the national television station to broadcast a series of programmes by a senior opposition politician replying to government statements on the economy. The Court held that political parties must be given the opportunity to reply on television to statements made by the government which “provide information or explanation of events of prime national or international importance or ... seek the co-operation of the public in connection with such events.” Only where there was a “general consensus of opinion” would the opposition not have a right of reply.
The US Supreme Court and the High Court of Trinidad and Tobago have also upheld as constitutional a ‘political’ right to reply through the broadcast media. | <urn:uuid:e62b8c7e-700f-478c-98d9-5e32fe393f1b> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.article19.org/pages/en/right-of-reply.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246662032.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045742-00264-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953821 | 1,300 | 3.390625 | 3 |
We use while & as to talk about time, but the way we use them is different. For today’s English lesson, let’s have a look at the difference between while & as and see how you can use them in your English conversation.
Here are the example sentences:
Listen to the podcast or the check the transcript for the details
- As I stood up, I began to feel dizzy.
- As I opened the window, the air conditioner fell out.
- As I turned around to ask them to be quite, the man next to them scolded them.
- Just as he finished his speech, everyone stood and applauded loudly.
- Let’s all say “Happy Birthday” just as she walks in the room.
- Just as we pulled out of the drive way, I realized I had left my wallet on the kitchen table.
- While I was working, the phone rang many times. “During the time I was working….”
- While having dinner, I generally don’t watch TV.
- While I was traveling to the office, I decided to take a nap on the train.
If you know anyone who might be interested in this English language point, why not help them out! Just share this lesson with them. Thanks for studying today!
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Get yours now! | <urn:uuid:d9f744de-6a46-4c47-9a34-42e43c476e8a> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.myhappyenglish.com/202-as-vs-while-english-grammar-lesson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997335.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190615202724-20190615224724-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.971378 | 308 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Leaving home places stress on teens, but parents can help by ensuring schools offer adequate mental health services on campus.
By David Levine, Contributor April 13, 2018, at 1:53 p.m.
A SURVEY RELEASED IN January shines a startling light on a problem that many may be unaware of. The survey of more than 500 health care providers and 700 parents and guardians of high school students found that today’s teenagers are feeling more stress and anxiety, and their doctors are treating more teens with mood disorders, than in the past. But the survey found parents put little thought into the mental health issues they may face when going off to college or the services they may need once they get there.
The survey, Preparing for College: The Mental Health Gap, was conducted by WebMD/Medscape, in collaboration with JED, a nonprofit dedicated to protecting emotional health and preventing suicide among teens and young adults. A large majority of health care professionals, which included 202 pediatricians and 201 psychologists/psychiatrists, said they had seen more mental health issues among teens in the past five years:
- 86 percent said teens have more stress and anxiety.
- 81 percent treated more anxiety disorders.
- 70 percent treated more mood disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder.
Parents echoed these findings, with 45 percent saying their child has been diagnosed or treated for a mental health issue, learning disorder or substance abuse problem, and 51 percent reporting that their child has seen a therapist. But just 17 percent of all parents said they thought about access to on-campus mental health services when considering schools for their child. Among parents of teens with diagnosed mental health issues, only 28 percent said they had thought about mental health services when shopping for schools.
The survey is “an attempt to remind people of the importance of not just looking at ratings of colleges for cost,” says Dr. Victor Schwartz, chief medical officer of the Jed Foundation. “We know that the U.S. does not do great job of getting students to graduation. In fact, we lead the world. A significant part of that is cost, but we believe a lot of that is the result of psychosocial factors like stress. You need to consider the support services a college has, and consider the culture of the campus,” he says, when deciding where to send your teen for school.
Stress and an Undeveloped Brain
The problem of mental health among college students is a growing concern, says Dr. Steven C. Schlozman, assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and associate director of the Clay Center for Young Healthy Minds. “It’s on the minds of all of us who care for what we call the transitional age group, of 18 to 25 or 26,” he says.
Schlozman explains that there are several reasons for concern: “From an epidemiological perspective, this is the average age that most psychiatric symptoms declare themselves or get bad enough that people can’t ignore them anymore.” This big life transition places stressors on a not-yet-fully developed teenage brain that is “at its prime moment of being capable of deep thoughts and at same time acting impulsively on those deep thoughts. That is the strange place that 18-year-olds are in,” he says.
Leaving home and losing that protective cocoon places stress on kids, especially those who have had everything scheduled and monitored for them by helicopter parents and guardians. Going off to school is even harder on kids who already have mental health issues, of which there are now far more, Scholzman says. “Kids who would not have gone to college in past now go, because we have gotten better at acknowledging these symptoms, and they get into treatment before college. But when they go to college, the treatment often disappears because there hasn’t been a lot of thought about how to transition their care.”
Scholzman adds that the longstanding promise of college, where you go to get a better job, is not a given anymore. “Kids know that, and this economic reality brings uncertainty and stress.” They also know the financial burden college places on their parents and increasingly themselves. “Everyone talks about justifying the inflationary rate of tuition, and how they will ever recoup that,” he says. “I can’t imagine kids aren’t hearing that from parents, and that further adds to the pressure.” Social media, and the pressure to compare themselves to others, also plays a role, he adds.
Take an Active Role
Colleges are struggling to meet the demand for mental health services, which has risen over the past several years, according to a 2017 report by the Center for Collegiate Mental Health. Parents need to consider such services and the culture of the campus in dealing with mental health. “If there is a history of mental health concerns, you need to be thoughtful how that care will continue in a college setting,” Schwartz says. Also think about how far from home the student may be comfortable traveling, whether he or she may be better suited to a large or small college, and whether the campus is in or near an urban setting, where more mental health care providers are located, as opposed to a rural campus that may not have a large hospital or medical center nearby. And ask the school directly what it offers in terms of mental health services, such as whether it has a counseling center, if services offered for free and if there local health care providers who work with the school when needed.
Scholzman recommends having an active discussion with your child before he or she goes to college. For kids already in treatment, include the child’s provider and the school, to prepare for and set up transition of care. For other kids, tell them that college is a big change, and that you want some kind of plan in place if he or she starts to feel stressed, anxious or depressed. “This happens a lot more than we think it happens,” he says, “and you can’t assume it will take care of itself.”
“We heard too many stories,” Schwartz says, “where kids were treated for anxiety or depression in high school and might have a had suicide attempt. People have this idea that college is a new lease, but there isn’t a well-thought plan for how care will be given and how a crisis, if it develops, will be managed. This is an important piece for your child’s success in college.”
David Levine, Contributor
David Levine is a freelance health reporter at U.S. News. He is a contributing writer for athenaInsight.com and Wainscot Health Media, a former health care columnist for Governing magazine and a regular contributor to many other health and wellness publications. He also writes about lifestyle and general interest topics, from history and business to beer and baseball, as a contributing writer for Westchester, Hudson Valley and 914INC magazines. His work has appeared in The New York Times, Sports Illustrated, American Heritage and dozens of other national publications, and he is the author or co-author of six books on sports. You can connect him on LinkedIn.
- David Levine. What Mental Health Needs Should Parents Consider When Sending a Child to College. U.S. News, 2018 | <urn:uuid:311722f7-b907-4eea-8ff8-3790e3186f0e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.compassrosepsychotherapy.com/2018/08/26/what-mental-health-needs-should-parents-consider-when-sending-a-child-to-college/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151866.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725205752-20210725235752-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.969843 | 1,532 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Woodworking is a type of many ways to use wood to create all kinds of beautiful and useful pieces. This article will help get you to improve your woodworking skills. The information you in your quest in the field of woodworking.
Consider making sanding blocks that are reusable. Start by cutting six blocks from scrap 3/4″ plywood for all the sandpaper grits you generally use. Be sure that the measurements are around 2.5″ x 4.75″. Spray adhesive is what you use on both the wood and cork tile square. Spray adhesive on a piece of your sandpaper and attach to the cork blocks face down.
When creating a budget, do not forget to include the cost of new tools. It’s simple to overlook this as you are thinking of the wood costs associated with a project. If your project does indeed require extra tools you don’t have on hand, you must keep this in mind.
There are usually specialists available to help you comfortable using the tool quickly. You should also ask them if there are any handouts available that will familiarize you can do with the tool.
Use tin snips to cut laminate for your projects. Tin snips let you cut laminate into a usable size. Using tin snips only for this laminate also helps keep them sharp.
Know your wood’s properties before you buy or use it. The proper wood will help make sure your project comes out the way that you hoped.
Keeping a ruler in a pocket can be a good idea, but it could fall out when bending over due to its length. The magnet will ensure the ruler in your pocket.
A golf tee provides a quick and easy fix loose door hinges. The tee gives the screw something that it can bite into.
Be certain your blade sharp before you start sawing. A blade that’s dull will make it almost impossible to saw correctly.
Make certain to have the right nails. Nails that are too large can cause the wood. Nails that are too small won’t hold wood together.The right size is a successful project.
Are you having trouble reaching that out of the way and your hand to fit simultaneously or comfortably? Your toolbox has the answer! Get a screwdriver with a long handle and pick up a socket that is 12 point.
Avoid becoming too perfect with tape measures. Cutting on your scrap wood first is always a good idea so you can test a fitting out. Having variety of ways to plan out your cuts keeps you from mental boredom.
Always pay attention to safety practices when using a table saw.This works better than using the fence alone because that can cause the board to spring back. Using this method still leaves the end of the board free for cutting.
Woodworking is an enjoyable hobby for many people. Additionally, many people earn money from this exciting hobby. The tips here can help you make the most of your woodworking efforts. | <urn:uuid:c4203db3-4d08-4811-81cd-3e9586a6bdde> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.woodworkingtips4you.com/simple-tips-and-tricks-about-working-with-wood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.94127 | 608 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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Turing machine is a term from computer science. A Turing machine is a system of rules, states and transitions rather than a real machine. It was first described in 1936 by English mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing. There are two purposes for a Turing machine: deciding formal languages and solving mathematical functions. Turing machines are one of the most important formal models in the study of computer science.
A Turing machine consists of the following components (simplified):
- A limited set of states (with one state marked as start state; while running, a Turing machine always has a current state)
- An infinite tape with storage cells and a read/write-device that can move on the tape
- A definition of a so-called transition function
Also, a working-alphabet (set of characters) has to be defined.
When a Turing machine is started, a word (out of the working-alphabet) must be present on the infinite tape of the machine. The read/write-device on the first character now reads the first character and depending on the current state of Turing machine the read/write-device overwrites the character with a new one or moves one cell to the left or to the right. Furthermore, the current state of the machine can be switched.
Turing machines that decide languages
For decidability theory a Turing machine is said to decide a language if it is always able to determine whether a given word is contained in a certain language or not. Therefore, the machine usually has two special states marked as Accept and Reject. After a while one of the two states will be reached (depending on the input word) and the machine is halted. If only one of the two states will ever be reached, the Turing machine is said to semi-decide a language.
Turing machines that compute functions
If a Turing machine is used for the computation of functions it only has one end state. When the machine comes to that state it is halted and the result of the function (depending on the input) can be found on the tape.
Impact of Turing machines
Turing machines were not invented to be built in reality, but they are very important for theoretical computer science as they are one of the simplest models for computers. The Church-Turing thesis states that all computers are only as powerful as Turing machines. This can be used to prove if a problem is solvable by a computer or not.
- A Turing machine can consist of multiple infinite tapes (and multiple read/write-devices). However it is proven that such machines are only as powerful as single-tape machines. Multi-tape machines are useful when dealing with more complex problems.
- If a Turing machine has a nondeterministic transition function there can be multiple transitions from one state to many others when reading a character. Again this does not enhance the power of Turing machines. However nondeterministic Turing machines (as they are called then) may possibly decrease the computation time by a strong amount. This question is covered in the P versus NP-discussion and is not solved yet. Most scientists assume however that nondeterministic machines can work much faster on certain problems.
- A Universal Turing Machine is a variation which can simulate a Turing Machine with an input.
- Turing Machine -Citizendium | <urn:uuid:204903e7-09bc-481a-ad0f-2191053d3470> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://wiki.kidzsearch.com/wiki/Turing_machine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176864.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124140942-20201124170942-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.93432 | 690 | 3.4375 | 3 |
In an elevator inside downtown Vancouver’s Telus Garden, a news item flashes on the TV. “WWF says 60 per cent of the world’s wildlife has been wiped out since 1970.” It is apt timing for such a fact, as just minutes before, renowned Canadian photographer Edward Burtynsky had participated in a Nature Conservancy of Canada panel discussion within this building’s walls, and shown stirring images from his latest project: a collaboration with Jennifer Baichwal and Nicholas de Pencier called Anthropocene.
Popularized by scientists and social critics alike, “Anthropocene” refers to our current geological time, wherein literally everything on our planet has been irrevocably shaped by man. It’s worth noting that the concept is an informal one that has yet to be unanimously adopted by the scientific community, but that hasn’t stopped Burtynsky from connecting the dots in the eternal conflict between human and nature. Since the mid-1980s, the 63-year-old Toronto resident has visited thousands of industrial sites, taking photos and printing massive images that starkly illustrate just how much people have altered the landscape. If there’s a theme that runs through Burtynsky’s work, it’s scale. Even the largest ore carrier seems ant-like within a cavernous open-pit mine.
Like the complex, interdependent industrial sites he photographs, Burtynsky’s career has been carefully planned and executed since he graduated from the photography program at Ryerson Polytechnic Institute (now Ryerson University) in 1982. “I was the beneficiary of an arts grant around that time,” he says, “which gave me some breathing space to create a body of work that I could both display and sell.”
His vision had fully crystallized one day in 1981 when he made a wrong turn on a road in the Coal Belt of Eastern Pennsylvania. “At the time, my work was focused on pristine, natural landscapes,” he explains, speaking one-on-one. “But then I discovered this massive coal mine where literally everything had been touched by man.” In other words, an Anthropocene landscape.
One of Burtynsky’s most well-known projects was a China series, which became the basis for a 2006 documentary film with Baichwal (it also became a book and a large touring exhibition). “After visiting China, I returned with an enormous sense of dread, thinking, ‘How on earth can we find the resources to support 1.5 billion people, all of whom want to have the same standard of living as we enjoy?’ They’ve taken everything that we’ve done in the West and amplified it a hundred times.” He recalls driving down the east coast of China through a landscape so polluted that “the trees were dead; the air was poisoned, and the rivers ran black. I promised I’d pay $20 to the first person who spotted a bird, but no one did.”
With Anthropocene, the photographer seems to begrudgingly admit that the world is a screwed-up place. Previously, his carefully-worded statements concerning his art were mostly neutral, invoking visitors to make up their own minds. But then he trained his camera on the denuded cut-blocks of Southern Vancouver Island, where less than 10 per cent of old-growth rainforest remains. To publicize this, two massive Burtynsky murals of vivid green understory greet visitors to Indigo’s new Robson Street flagship store in Vancouver. Burtynsky and Indigo are donating $25,000 each to the Ancient Forest Alliance for its campaign to protect old-growth forests in British Columbia.
Between projects, Burtynsky relaxes at a vacation property on Ontario’s rugged Niagara Escarpment—but he doesn’t stay still for long. “I’m pretty sure my next project is going to be in Africa,” he says. “Chinese investment is rapidly changing the entire economy.” And, without doubt, the natural ecosystem, too. | <urn:uuid:3f6e46e9-c55b-4662-b41b-547fab9ca889> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://montecristomagazine.com/magazine/spring-2019/edward-burtynsky | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259757.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526205447-20190526231447-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.970271 | 870 | 2.625 | 3 |
It can be challenging for American Jews to relate to slaves in ancient Egypt. But events from recent history can help illuminate the holiday's deeper meaning.
This week marks Passover and the recounting of the freeing of the Jewish people from Egyptian slavery. Truth be told, for a 21st Century American Jew there is something hollow in the Seder's liberation story and the commandment to feel as if you were there. Unless we escaped from the Soviet Union prisons, even the poorest Jews among us will have a hard time imagining the feeling of gaining freedom from enslavement. The Haggadah's recounting--with four questions, four children, and four cups of wine--and telling of the Biblical story do not give us much insight into the emotional texture of the moment of true liberation. But we are not that distant from records of such moments, and we use them to enrich our comprehension of the transformation from "once we were slaves" to being free men.
On April 2, 1865, Jefferson Davis and the remaining Confederate government departed Richmond. Much of the city went up in flames when Southerners torched the tobacco warehouses and arsenals. When the Union troops entered the city the next day, whites remained away, while freed blacks experienced euphoria. As a Richmond woman described the scene: "Our servants were completely crazed. They danced and shouted, men hugged each other and women kissed."
And on April 4, President Lincoln unexpectedly visited Richmond. Newly freed blacks elatedly swarmed him. Admiral Porter, Lincoln's escort reported: "As far as the eye could see the streets were alive with negroes and poor whites rushing in our direction. .... They all wanted to shake hands with Mr. Lincoln or touch his coat tail or even to kneel down and kiss his boots!" An eyewitness wrote that the former slaves "exhibited the wildest excitement, bursting into all sorts of characteristic ejaculations, throwing up their hands and dancing about, as if the Savior of mankind Himself had made his second advent on earth." Everywhere "Bless the Lord" and "The Great Messiah" were proclaimed. A black man dropped to his knees before the president, who lifted him saying, "Don't kneel to me. This is not right. You must kneel to God only, and thank Him for the liberty you will enjoy hereafter."
Conversely, crazed, exuberant dancing, wild excitement, as well as blessings, thanks, and prayer were absent during the liberation of Nazi slave labor camps. Joy was mixed with irremediable pain, in part because the inmates were so physically debilitated that exuberance and excitement were impossible, and in part because the evil of murderous enslavement created an indelible shroud. Primo Levi was left among the sick when the Germans evacuated Auschwitz. Ten days later four Russian soldiers appeared on horseback, and he recalled:
Even the hour of liberty rang out grave and muffled, and filled our souls with joy and yet with a painful sense of prudency, so that we should have liked to wash our consciences and our memories clean from the foulness that lay upon them; and also with anguish, because we felt that this should never happen, that now nothing could ever happen good and pure enough to rub out our past, and that the scars of the outrage would remain within us for ever.
Unlike in Richmond, there was no thankfulness to liberator or God in Auschwitz. Levi described "an unexpected attack of mortal fatigue accompanied the joy of liberation for us. This is why few among us ran to greet our saviours, few fell in prayer."
The scene was different at Dachau. A rabbi who was at the liberation of Dachau tells the following experience. A band of teenagers--Jews and non-Jews--liberated from the camp roamed the countryside stealing food and clothing from neighboring farms. They came upon a particularly viscious SS officer cowering in a barn. He regularly tied prisoners to an enormous anvil and whipped them if they could not move it--often whipping them to death.
When we saw Mueller there in that barn, all of us had the same thought: the shoe was now on the other foot. ... We found a rope hanging for a peg in the barn and tied one end around Mueller's waist. There was nothing comparable with the anvil in the barn so we dragged Mueller outside. He was crazy with fear, begging for mercy, his lips flecked with foam...We managed to secure the free end of the rope to this huge rock and then each of us grabbed whatever we could find to serve as a club. There were ax-handles, lengths of chain, and whatever else would serve the purpose...The three of us were the only Jews in the group...Like the others we relished the anticipation of doing to Mueller what he had done to so many of our friends...We could see him straining at the rope while horrible screams came from his throat...standing there waiting our turn to strike Mueller, suddenly [we] looked at one another. Then, without a word, we threw down our clubs and ran.
They ran until they escaped the man's cries of anguish and then happened upon a rabbi conducting a Jewish service for American soldiers. The teenagers stood at the back of the group praying in Hebrew.
Ecstatic joy and prayers of thanks. Overpowering moral anguish. Revenge--and the horror at seeking revenge. These are all the intense responses of liberated slaves. As we recall the Jewish liberation story, with the admonition about feeling as if we were actually there, these reactions can make us think more deeply about how we might respond. | <urn:uuid:a56e4a41-e69e-4e2c-bd0c-b69f47d9c42b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/04/richmond-auschwitz-and-the-red-sea-understanding-the-passover-liberation/255683/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163066444/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131746-00039-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973041 | 1,155 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Stem has cross walls below flower heads
Stem has cross walls below flower heads.
- Left: flower heads are globe-shaped with fewer than 30 flowers, and bristly leaves. Juncus brachycarpus. [PDF 301 KB]
- Right: flower heads have fewer than 30 flowers, and leaves are not bristly.
[Larry Allain, USGS, Wetland & Aquatic Research Center / Trevor James, AgResearch] | <urn:uuid:2dc64902-caf5-447d-afdb-a2c9807208a1> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://niwa.co.nz/media-gallery/detail/111254/40116 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491998.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328134227-20200328164227-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.907372 | 94 | 3.25 | 3 |
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The Compromise of 1877 became necesssary as a result of confusion surrounding the 1876 election. South Carolina and Louisiana had rival state governments, one a reconstruction government dominated by Republicans; the other a government composed of former Confederate officials and primarily Democratic. Both sets of governments chose electors and sent electoral votes to Congress. As one might imagine, the Reconstruction legislatures sent votes for Rutherford B.Hayes; the Democrats for Samuel Tilden. Electoral votes from both states and several other southern states were challenged. Fraud throughout the election was rampant, so much so that one Congressman commented:
The Democrats stole the election, then the Republicans stole it back.
The fifteen member commission chosen to sort out the election debacle was comprised of eight Republicans and seven Democrats. All votes went along party lines. Ultimately, a compromise was proposed, the famous Compromise of 1877 whereby Democrats would not oppose the election of Hayes to the Presidency if Federal troops were withdrawn from South Carolina and Louisiana. As a result, the Republicans gained the White House; and the Democrats saw the collapse of the reconstruction legislatures in Louisiana and South Carolina. Ultimately white supremacy, primarily represented by the then Democratic party, returned to the South. The Compromise marked the end of Reconstruction.
We’ve answered 330,782 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:85962490-1b3f-4c2b-b623-866cdcee58b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-caused-end-reconstruction-what-did-north-304192 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827079.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00138-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964872 | 280 | 4.125 | 4 |
If you don’t have firsthand experience with it, you’ve at least heard of a drug called fentanyl. Fentanyl is most commonly prescribed for extreme physical pain, but in a post-OxyContin society, fentanyl is relevant outside of its intended purposes.
With more and more deaths attributed to this deadly drug, having some basis of knowledge about fentanyl is increasingly necessary. Here’s what you need to know about fentanyl.
What is Fentanyl?
Fentanyl is a mostly Schedule I drug, meaning that it is considered to have no medical purpose and a high possibility for abuse. A small amount of fentanyl products are considered Schedule II drugs, meaning that they are considered to have a few medical uses but that same strong potential for abuse.
Schedule II drugs can only be acquired through a non-refillable prescription, which puts the physician in a position to better oversee the patient’s use of the drug. In terms of its approval status, fentanyl was approved once for treating only the most severe pain, but based on recent healthcare data, we’ve seen that fentanyl has been prescribed far more than it should have been. To make matters worse, fentanyl comes in a number of forms that could be more convenient for misuse, such as transdermal patches and lozenges.
Fentanyl is entirely synthetic and works extremely quickly. It is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine and heroin, which are among the most potent opiates. Binding to pain and emotion receptors in the brain, fentanyl alleviates pain while also inducing feelings of euphoria and relaxation. Over time, the brain adapts to the frequent presence of fentanyl, resulting in physical dependence and addiction.
- Dry mouth
- Constricted pupils
- Slowed respirations
- Decreased heart rate
- Stiff or rigid muscles
- Tight feeling in the throat
- Difficulty concentrating
Among those, slowed breathing and heart rate are probably the most concerning. During an overdose, a person’s breathing can slow to the point of stopping altogether, which can result in the individual effectively suffocating. Known as hypoxia, this can also lead to a coma and permanent brain damage.
While recourse is limited in the event of a fentanyl overdose, a drug called naloxone can, in fact, treat a fentanyl overdose if you’re able to administer the naloxone immediately. Due to the strength of fentanyl, individuals often require multiple doses of naloxone to mitigate the overdose.
So what happens when someone becomes addicted to fentanyl? In short, it takes more than just naloxone to deal with.
Because of how fentanyl affects the brain, it’s easy to become addicted. And once the individual is addicted, the symptoms of withdrawal that would already be unpleasant and compounded due to the fentanyl. Fentanyl withdrawal symptoms include muscle and bone pain, sleep problems, diarrhea and vomiting, cold flashes, and uncontrollable leg movements (i.e. restless leg syndrome).
However, fentanyl addiction doesn’t have to be a death sentence. There are olenty of behavioral therapies that, when used in conjunction with medications meant to ease the symptoms of withdrawal, help patients to overcome addiction.
Fentanyl was created to treat pain, but there’s no denying that it’s caused a lot of harm. But how did fentanyl get to be so prolific?
Fentanyl: A Comprehensive History
First synthesized in the 1960s by Dr. Paul Janssen and the Janssen Company of Beerse, Belgium, fentanyl quickly became popular. Previous attempts at synthesizing opioids resulted in effective yet weaker medications, so fentanyl was developed as Dr. Janssen sought pain medications that work better and faster than morphine.
Fentanyl was initially approved to treat the severe pain of advanced-stage cancer patients in the 1990s, often to restore some quality of life for patients who were terminal or receiving post-surgical care. It would also be used alongside other drugs such as anesthesia, and was eventually developed into dermal patches and lollipop-like lozenges.
Despite overdoses being alarmingly prevalent even in its early days, fentanyl was being prescribed for a growing number of patients. Inevitably, some of this was diverted and resold on the street. But if it was so dangerous, how did it get so popular?
The proliferation of fentanyl is partially due to poorly-conducted studies in the 1980s. At the time, addiction science was still very poorly understood. Whether it was poor research or due to incentives provided by pharmaceutical companies, opioids like fentanyl were promoted as safe with little risk of addiction.
Today, fentanyl is seen as an illicit drug that’s responsible for an alarming surge in opioid deaths in recent years.
One of the biggest issues regarding the proliferation of fentanyl is figuring out how to curb the fentanyl diversion, which refers to when prescribed substances are resold on the street. Currently, a lot of fentanyl is imported illegally from China.
Because of overprescription and illegal import, the effects of fentanyl have been profound.
Fentanyl, Death Rates, and Addressing Them
Fentanyl’s death rates are on the rise. Fatal overdoses have been occurring due to misuse by patients and inappropriate prescriptions by clinicians. Unfortunately, despite attempts to mitigate harm, there is still a lot of work to be done.
Drug overdose deaths from prescription opioids rose to over 17,000 in 2017. Although we then saw a slightly decrease from 2017 to 2019, we have since seen deaths from fentanyl resume an upward trajectory. If we consider non-prescription opioids and heroin as well, that number actually exceeds 80,000.
There’s no denying that fentanyl is a major driver of overdose deaths, attributing significantly to the 7.5-fold increase in deaths from synthetic opioids (primarily fentanyl) from 2015 to 2021.
Moreover, there has recently been a rise in senior overdose deaths with fentanyl believed to have had a lot to do with that. From 2019 to 2020, there was a 53-percent increase in deaths from fentanyl and other synthetic opioids among people aged 65 and older.
In 2016, nearly half of opioid-related overdose deaths involved fentanyl. But according to researchers, increasing awareness about the drug’s potency can help.
By educating the public, clinicians, and first responders about fentanyl equipping them with multiple doses of naloxone to reverse overdose; and expanding access to medication-assisted opioid addiction treatments, we can loosen the chokehold that fentanyl has on millions of people globally.
Take Care of Yourself with Never Alone Recovery
Fentanyl is a dangerous drug, one that can become addictive extremely quickly. Its prolific nature, combined with an overreliance on it as a medication, have made it exceptionally easy to get ahold of. If this has happened to you or a loved one, we encourage you to seek help and support as soon as possible.
At Never Alone Recovery, we partner with many state-of-the-art medical detox programs that can help you. Whether you’re struggling with addiction to opioids or something else, we can find the support you need.
Wondering how to find the right drug rehab, and what treatments are right for you? Follow us on social media today to learn more about the options that we offer. | <urn:uuid:b71b269a-6db4-4c93-9ae5-3920777fc15c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://neveralonerecovery.com/fentanyl-11848/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474852.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229170737-20240229200737-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.960657 | 1,504 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Pinegar History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
Pinegar is a name of ancient Anglo-Saxon origin and comes from the family once having lived in the county of Devon and Cornwall. Pinegar is a topographic surname, which was given to a person who resided near a physical feature such as a hill, stream, church, or type of tree. In this case the original bearers of the surname Pinegar were known as the dwellers by the pine trees.
Early Origins of the Pinegar family
The surname Pinegar was first found in Devon where they held a family seat from early times and their first records appeared on the early census rolls taken by the early Kings of Britain to determine the rate of taxation of their subjects.
Early History of the Pinegar family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Pinegar research. Another 95 words (7 lines of text) covering the years 1603, 1677, 1679, 1625, 1653, 1653, 1732, 1690, 1756, 1644, 1709, 1695 and 1709 are included under the topic Early Pinegar History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Pinegar Spelling Variations
Sound was what guided spelling in the essentially pre-literate Middle Ages, so one person's name was often recorded under several variations during a single lifetime. Also, before the advent of the printing press and the first dictionaries, the English language was not standardized. Therefore, spelling variations were common, even among the names of the most literate people. Known variations of the Pinegar family name include Pyne, Pine and others.
Early Notables of the Pinegar family (pre 1700)
Notables of the family at this time include Valentine Pyne (1603-1677), English master-gunner of England, the second son of George Pyne of Curry-Mallet, Somerset; John Pyne (died 1679), an English politician...
Another 31 words (2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Pinegar Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Pinegar family to Ireland
Some of the Pinegar family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt.
Another 30 words (2 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Pinegar family
For political, religious, and economic reasons, thousands of English families boarded ships for Ireland, Canada, the America colonies, and many of smaller tropical colonies in the hope of finding better lives abroad. Although the passage on the cramped, dank ships caused many to arrive in the New World diseased and starving, those families that survived the trip often went on to make valuable contributions to those new societies to which they arrived. Early immigrants bearing the Pinegar surname or a spelling variation of the name include: Thomas Pyne, who settled in Massachusetts in 1635; An Pine, who came to Virginia in 1665; Hannah Pyne, who settled in Virginia in 1665; Charles Pyne, who came to Maryland in 1679.
Related Stories + | <urn:uuid:e6c0df57-1c48-4c36-9c65-d9a9538fa361> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.houseofnames.com/pinegar-family-crest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902745.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029040021-20201029070021-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.956371 | 667 | 2.703125 | 3 |
On this write up, the readers will get information on future technology and be taught to what extent trendy technology has been developed to assist the expansion of human civilization. Internet Mapping Technologies: software programs like Google Earth and net options like Microsoft Digital Earth are altering the way geospatial information is viewed and shared. The emphasis is on net-enabled or distributed methods akin to corporate websites, banking methods, order entry and processing methods, and even distributed games or cellular purchasers.
Scientists and engineers usually prefer to outline technology as utilized science , relatively than as the things that individuals make and use. College students be taught to work in a collaborative environment and full a small-scale software program project: an online app.
Technology Promotes particular person studying: Students can use their iPads and web to do personal analysis online and educate themselves. Better Knowledge: Access gross sales reports and real-time machine alerts so you possibly can run what you are promoting extra effectively.
Music technology professors Rob Harari and Carlos Alomar create experimental music with college students in Stevens’ music technology lab. Scientists can use this gathered data utilizing technological instruments to clarify why certain things occur and this all course of could be described as analysis.
Technology is used to create video video games, to develop musical programs and a lot extra. New cellular textual content messaging technologies like , can be utilized by lecturers to remind their college students about analysis work, remind them to arrange for a test or exam. | <urn:uuid:e75fbab5-eafd-4577-899d-d7be5d5568e8> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.siglamag.com/rochester-institute-of-technology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056297.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918032926-20210918062926-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.91429 | 296 | 2.84375 | 3 |
verb[with object] Chemistry
Introduce an acyl group into (a molecule or compound): (as adjective acylated) an acylated glycine derivative
More example sentences
- The series of reactions begin in the cytosol where fatty acids are acylated by combining with coenzyme A, a derivative of the vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid.
- A recent investigation showed that acylated proteins found in lipid rafts were displaced due to the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid in Jurkat T cells.
- After evaporating excess reagent, the residue was acylated for 10 min at 150°C using 120 mm heptafluorobutyric anhydride.
- More example sentences
- Chain perdeuterated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine was synthesized from perdeuterated myristic acid by acylation of glycerophosphocholine, as described previously.
- These reactions occur via acylation or alkylation and are often rapid, forming stable primary amide or secondary amine bonds.
- Besides prolonging receptor-peptide interactions, acylation is found not to abolish peptide conformational flexibility and it only moderately affects the bilayer elastic properties.
Definition of acylate in:
- The British & World English dictionary | <urn:uuid:a9c307cf-8d83-4728-96b5-d3e83c9b0699> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/acylate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134511.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00083-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918346 | 289 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Start the conversation
On April 2, Google stock (Nasdaq: GOOG) split into two classes of shares with two different tickers: GOOG stock and GOOGL stock. Since we still get asked "What's the difference between GOOG and GOOGL stock?," here's the answer...
Companies like Google undergo stock splits to increase the number of shares outstanding while lowering share price. The move doesn't affect valuation or any other fundamentals. That's exactly what Google has done - its two-for-one split means that the company gained twice as many shares outstanding, while Google stock price lowered from $1,125 per share to about half that at $570 (on the day of the split).
Google made its intent behind increasing outstanding shares very clear. Two years ago, the tech giant announced it would make the move to increase the 56% majority control of Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin and executive chairman Eric Schmidt.
In a letter to shareholders in 2012, Page outlined the problem: stock-based employee compensation and acquisitions were undermining Google's corporate structure. Each GOOG stock the growing company gave out was having a diluting effect on upper management's majority position.
Then he proposed the stock split:
"[Management has] protected Google from outside pressures and the temptation to sacrifice future opportunities to meet short-term demands," Page wrote. "We want to ensure that our corporate structure can sustain these efforts and our desire to improve the world."
In other words, Google sees the sanctity of the upper management team as a major factor in Google's success, and wants to preserve that for the continued health of the company - and for the good of investors.
Understanding the goal of the stock split - to preserve Google's corporate structure - is the key to understanding the difference between GOOG and GOOGL stock... | <urn:uuid:a29fb697-f6ab-4939-94b6-3da65fdecb7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://moneymorning.com/2014/09/02/whats-the-difference-between-goog-and-googl-stock/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304572.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124155118-20220124185118-00495.warc.gz | en | 0.957591 | 384 | 2.625 | 3 |
Altar of Saint Catherine
Cranach der Ältere, Lucas (1472-1553) | Painter
Cranach painted this altarpiece shortly after being appointed a court painter to Elector Friedrich the Wise in 1505. It probably hung in the Castle Church in Wittenberg, which also served the university after its foundation in 1502. St Catherine of Alexandria is the patron of educational institutions. According to the “Golden Legend”, she converted 50 philosophers to Christianity. She was therefore condemned to be put to death on a breaking wheel, but through God’s help the wheel shattered.
Some years later, Friedrich the Wise, who commissioned this altarpiece from Cranach, was to go down in history as a supporter of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. But in 1506, when this work was painted, that all lay in the future. This winged altarpiece testifies to the late medieval veneration of saints and reliquary cult being still very much alive. Here, Cranach presents seven female saints who suffered, were tortured and martyred for their Christian faith. He shows them wearing courtly robes painted in rich detail – their external beauty reflecting their inner purity and greatness of spirit. With their resolute belief in Christian salvation, they were role models for the faithful. The figures on the left wing are Dorothea, Agnes and Cunegonde, with Barbara, Ursula, and Margaret on the right-hand wing. Each of the saints has their attribute with them – Margaret of Antioch, for example, is accompanied by the dragon that appeared to her in prison and she overcame by the sign of the cross.
On the central panel, Cranach has masterfully orchestrated the martyrdom of Saint Catherine of Alexandria. His contemporaries would have been familiar with the backstory: fifty scholars were sent to persuade Catherine, a well-educated king’s daughter, to renounce her Christian faith, but she had the better arguments, and instead converted the scholars to Christianity. When her father the king sentenced Catherine to death, she merely smiled, and folded her hands together in prayer. In response, God sent a sign with flashes of lightening from dark clouds and a storm where it rained stones. In the resulting chaos, the wheel for Catherine’s execution was left smashed and broken. But Catherine was still executed – the executioner is already standing behind her.
“The composition shows – admittedly appropriate for the subject – a jumble of horses, figures and numerous heads, while their corresponding bodies appear to be entwined in knot-like bundles.”
Judging from this comment in 1860, Cranach’s Altar of Saint Catherine amazed viewers then just as much as it does today. On the central panel, numerous sections seem to be bold montages of heads and bodies, irrespective of perspective and anatomy. In fact, for this composition Cranach may well have taken a whole series of drawings or prints as his model or as an inspiration.
For example, the executioner figure as well as the central panel scene in its entirety is indebted to an engraving by the Master MZ from 1500 – and you can see the print on your device.
The executioner’s head, in turn, is very similar to Albrecht Dürer’s painting of Saint Eustace on the Paumgartner altarpiece. You can also see that image on your device.
Last but not least, Cranach may well have made sketches of people he dealt with on a daily basis, and then also taken those as a source of material for this painting. For instance, commentators have often noted the surprising similarity between the bearded face at the top left under the castle with Cranach’s later portraits of Friedrich the Wise. The adjacent face might well be Friedrich’s brother, Johann the Steadfast.
As fascinating as we may find this altarpiece, in the years after the Protestant Reformation in Saxony, Cranach’s Altar of Saint Catherine with its collection of saints seemed out of touch with the times. By the end of the sixteenth century at the latest, it was removed from Wittenberg palace church and taken to the palace in Torgau. Subsequently, it entered the Dresden art collection, but was soon to be sold. Since the altar wings were doubled sided, painted both back and front, the decorated outer faces of each wing were separated from the inner faces. This created four one-sided panels, intended to optimise the revenue when sold. In the late eighteenth century, the inner face of the left wing was auctioned, along with both outer faces of the wings. However, they only fetched a modest price.
The inner face of the right wing and the central panel remained in Dresden. At that time, no one knew who the artist was. In 1905, they were again ascribed to Lucas Cranach the Elder, an ascription still valid today.
The auctioned outer faces of the wings changed hands numerous times until finally they were bought by London’s National Gallery, where they still are today. You can see an image of them on your device.
The inner face of the left wing could be re-acquired in 1996 for the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen in Dresden.
- Material & Technique
- Oil on limewood panel
- Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister
- Inventory number
- Gal.-Nr. 1906 A | <urn:uuid:fd54a5c8-19e6-4b51-8504-2d5428b729bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://guide.skd.museum/en/Tour/Object?guideId=827&objectId=70291 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.963383 | 1,154 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The cycle time
is the time it takes to complete a task from start to finish or an average of the completion times of a repetitive productive process or task. Cycle times are commonly used to gauge the time it takes to complete tasks along the productive process, although commonly it is measured as the time it takes to manufacture or produce one unit of output at the end of the production line. Depending on the productive process, it may or may not have idle waiting times in between tasks, the sum of the value-adding tasks and idle times is known as the throughput time which in practical situations is used interchangeably with cycle time.
The cycle time for an item or product together with the resources available to produce the item will determine the total capacity
of the productive process, and if there is a demand forecast then the capacity utilization
of the process can be predicted. In manual labour intensive processes an average is usually used to derive the cycle time for a task, due to the difference in skills and experience of different operators.
The standard deviation of the average cycle time can be used as an indicator of variability among operators, and if too big it can be difficult to accurately predict total lead times
and can produced bottlenecks
. One way to eliminate the variability of a task or process cycle time is to introduce automation into the process. Automation reduces variability, improves accuracy and quality
Calculating Cycle Times
Cycle times are generally easy to measure or calculate but can sometimes involve some calculations in certain applications, a few examples are listed below.
Cycle time for a batch process
The cycle times for items produced in a batch process are usually given in time per a set number of units, usually the batch size. For example in a baking process which can bake 200 units of bread at one time in an hour the cycle time is 200units/hour. If another identical oven is added to the process functioning in parallel the cycle time will still be one hour per 200units, but can also be expressed as 200units/0.5 hours.
When analysing a process it is more convenient to state the cycle time in the correct units as in the example above per 200units, as this will make it easier to spot process bottlenecks.
Cycle time for a service industry process
In a service industry such as fast food or restaurants it is possible to analyse cycle times for tables to optimize restaurant layouts, service times and labour utilization rates.
For example if there is a restaurant which has 25 tables and on average we know that each party at a table takes 45mins to dine then we can calculate the cycle time as 45min per table / 25 tables = 1.8mins, therefore in this example the restaurant turns over a table every 1.8mins on average or a table should be free every 1.8mins. By dividing 60 mins by the cycle time we can calculate the maximum amount of parties the restaurant can serve per hour, in this example 33table-parties (rounded down from 33.3).
More lean concepts and terms | <urn:uuid:796f946f-d6b7-4e45-a0f5-7e71b6829666> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.leanmanufacture.net/leanterms/cycletime.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124299.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00143-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921034 | 621 | 3.203125 | 3 |
There are several ways to encrypt data, and several tools that can be added to mail programs that will even do it for you. Not all are compatible with each other so we’ll just talk about encrypting by hand, using the underlying technology that many, though not all, of those tools use Gnu Privacy Guard or GPG. This technique works with all mail programs. This is command- line tool. Once installed, open a Windows Command Prompt and run the tool from there. It’s perhaps easiest to simply “CD” to the directory containing the GPG executables. Alternately you can copy all the “G*.exe” executables to a different directory already on your PATH.
Run “gpg” once, and it will create its storage location for keys, which it refers to as your “key ring”. In encryption, the first approach that typically comes to mind is password or phrase encryption. With those techniques, a password is used to encrypt the data, and then must be supplied again to decrypt it. The data without the password is theoretically useless, but anyone with the password can decrypt it.
Public Key encryption uses a different style of algorithm. To begin with, you’ll generate two matching “keys”; a public key, and a private key. The characteristic of these keys is such that data encrypted with one can only be decrypted with the other. By generating a public/private key pair, someone can encrypt data using the public key that can only be decrypted using the associated private key. If all you have is the public key, you can’t even decrypt what you’ve just encrypted.
The intended recipient needs to generate a public/private key pair. In the Windows Command Prompt, enter gpg --gen- key. First select which kind of key you want, as well as the keysize (you can also accept the default which is 2048 bits). You must also specify when the key will expire and to whose email and name it will be valid. Finally, enter a passphrase to protect your key and GPG will begin compiling a key pair. During the process, it’s a good idea to move the mouse or access your drives as this will give the random number generator more info to work with.
At this point your secret key and your public key have been generated, and placed on your key ring (which can be managed via the key ring editor). In order to get the public key to the person who wants to encrypt your data, you’ll need to export it:
c:\>gpg -a --export firstname.lastname@example.org >mykey. pub
This creates “mykey.pub”, a text file that contains your public key. You can now mail this to the person who’s going to encrypt data to be sent to you, or post it publicly if you like. In order to encrypt data, the sender will have to install GPG as above. They don’t need to create their own public/private key pair in order to encrypt your data. All they need is the public key you created above, and made available to them somehow. Start by “importing” your public key onto their key ring. Note the dire warning about making sure you know whose
key you’re dealing with at the end of the encryption process. There are ways to modulate this message but for now, assume you can trust the receiver. The result of this example operation is “example.xls.asc”. This text file is your encrypted data. You can email it with confidence to the intended recipient, knowing that only they can decrypt it with their matching private key. So you’ve passed your public key to the sender, they’ve used it to encrypt your sensitive data, and have emailed you the encrypted results. From your mail client, save the encrypted data to a text file - it’s ok to leave headers and such in the file, the decryption program will ignore it.
To decrypt, you’ll do this:
c:\>gpg -o example.xls --decrypt example. xls.asc
The “-o” parameter specifies the name of the decrypted file to create. Note that you still need to enter the passphrase for your private key. This is only an additional layer of protection on your private key. Without a passphrase, anyone who gains access to your private key would be able to decrypt any messages intended for you. The weakest link in this process if your private key. If an unauthorized person gets a copy or can guess the passphrase on it, your security will have been breached. So it all boils down to this: Keep your private key secure. | <urn:uuid:a3c58e56-d13d-4850-92ea-0665be8d0e1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.softwaretipsandtricks.com/guides/articles/92/1/How-to-Encrypt-email-and-data-on-computer/Page1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323730.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628185804-20170628205804-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.926139 | 996 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Transport academics tend to credit the discovery of ‘induced demand in transport’ to J.J. Leeming, a British road-traffic engineer and county surveyor, writing in 1969. He observed that the more roads are built, the more traffic there is to fill these roads. The idea was conceived shortly after German mathematician Dietrich Braess released the Braess’s paradox which shows that “selfish” motorists can’t be relied upon to consider the optimal travel times for all rather than just themselves, leading to delays for all. These ideas were further expanded in the Lewis–Mogridge Position of 1990 and the Downs–Thomson paradox of 1992.
The idea that building more roads leads to more congestion was used by anti-roads campaigners from the 1970s on to combat the futility of road building, and it became an orthodox position – briefly – following advice to Government from the Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment study of 1994. Margaret Thatcher’s road building programme – “the biggest since the Romans” – was halted. (Despite “austerity” it’s back again.)
Campaigners have a pithy phrase to describe induced demand:
“Building more roads to prevent congestion is like a fat man loosening his belt to prevent obesity.”*
Neat, but not neat enough to prevent today’s road building programme. New roads are being built and these new roads will quickly fill with traffic, leading to calls for yet more roads to be built. And so it goes on.
But induced demand was known about long before 1969. Writing in 1866, surveyor and engineer William J. Haywood, one of the builders of the Holborn Viaduct, said the new thoroughfare would attract more travellers: the “facility of locomotion stimulates traffic of itself”. His solution? Build more and more roads, of course. This was also the conclusion of Sir Charles Bressey’s Highway Development Survey for London, published in 1937. In his report – penned with the great architect, Sir Edward Lutyens – Bressey wrote:
“As a typical instance may be quoted the new Great West Road which parallels and relieves the old Brentford High Street route. According to the Ministry’s traffic census extracts…the new route as soon as it was opened carried four and a half times more vehicles than the old route was carrying. No diminution, however, occurred in the flow of traffic along the old route and from that day to this the number of vehicles on both routes has steadily increased…These figures serve to exemplify the remarkable manner in which new roads create new traffic.”
Bressey’s solution? Same as Haywood’s. More roads.
In an article about the Bressey Report in the Illustrated London News in 1938, an illustrator imagined what London would look like if Bressey and Lutyens had their way, including this not altogether desirable plan for a car park on Trafalgar Square:
The clipped, patriarchal tones of Bressey’s voice, and his stiff bearing, can be enjoyed in the period film below. It was shot in 1939 for the Post Office, hence the middle portion featuring the GPO’s incredible private underground network in London. Bressey is shown in his office, complaining that Sir Christopher Wren was constrained by the forces of “conservatism” for not being allowed to carry out his plan of giving London a series of wide boulevards following the Great Fire of 1666.
“Its ‘Practicability… without Loss to any Man, or Infringement of any Property, was…demonstrated, and all material Objections fully weigh’d and answered. Yet nothing was effected because of ‘the obstinate Adverseness of a great Part of the Citizens to alter their old Properties, and to recede from building their houses again on their old Ground and Foundations; as also the distrust in many, and Unwillingness to give up their Properties, tho’ for a Time only, in to the Hands of publick Trustees, or Commissioner, til they might be dispens’d to them again, with more Advantage to themselves, than otherwise was possible to be effected…”
In the film, when Bressey complains about London’s “narrow, medieval streets” the camera pans over a succession of very wide London streets, rather negating the voiceover. [The chipper, modern-sounding voiceover is of Herbert Hodge, the London cabbie who helped popularise ‘estuary English’].
And here are some more choice quotes from magazines, authors and politicians regarding what they felt were pressing transport matters.
“The majority of the public today relies for transport of every kind mainly on the roads, and everything goes to show that they are doing so to an unprecedented degree… People travel now more than they have ever travelled, and in the future they will travel still more. If they want more roads to travel by, you may be sure that they will get them, for in the last analysis nothing can stop the development of the road.”
R.M.C. Anderson, The Roads of England, 1932
“A motorist is apt to complain of the ‘overcrowded’ condition of the road if he finds he has not continually got a whole mile-long stretch of it to himself, but is one of a widely spaced and rapidly moving queue of half a dozen or so. He will declare there is no pleasure in motoring under such conditions. He will search his map for some alternative route by quiet lanes where he can speed along with the road to himself. And when others find that alternative route and all further alternatives are exhausted, he proceeds to demand a new road system so that his motoring may again become a pleasure.”
Thomas Sharp, Town and Countryside, 1932
“The bicycle’s popularity complicates traffic control throughout Europe.”
The Rotarian, Chicago, August 1936
“I think in the past we have followed in vain the futile policy of trying to make traffic fit the roads, and we cannot hope to see things better until we make up our minds to fit the roads for the traffic. Increase in road traffic is an enemy which grows more formidable every day. I would suggest that it is dangerous to delay matters further, and I do hope the Minister of Transport will consider acting on the Bressey Report as soon as is reasonably possible.”
Lord Teynam, June 1938
* This phrase is based on a 1955 article by Lewis Mumford. Writing in The New Yorker, the great urban planning specialist suggested that “people … find it hard to believe that the cure for congestion is not more facilities for congestion.”
Most of the fancy cures that the experts have offered for New York’s congestion are based on the innocent notion that the problem can be solved by increasing the capacity of the existing traffic routes, multiplying the number of ways of getting in and out of town, or providing more parking space for cars that should not have been lured into the city in the first place. Like the tailor’s remedy for obesity – letting out the seams of the trousers and loosening the belt – this does nothing to curb the greedy appetite that [has] caused the fat to accumulate … | <urn:uuid:971bea8a-e7a3-40d0-8f15-848dbc9fa215> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://roadswerenotbuiltforcars.com/induceddemand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338001.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007080917-20221007110917-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.962154 | 1,562 | 3.125 | 3 |
Kathryn Fontenot | 6/22/2017 4:09:28 PM
Results of the 2013 Bell Pepper Cultivar Demonstration Plots
Kathryn Fontenot, Ph.D., and Charles Johnson, Ph.D.
Bell peppers are a popular crop grown in south Louisiana. Most bell peppers are harvested green. As peppers mature they turn colors. Most often red, orange and yellow. However, with maturity come blemished spots from disease and insect damage. South Louisiana’s climate is not very favorable to growing bell peppers that fully mature into colored peppers on the vine. Over the past few years the LSU AgCenter has conducted demonstration plots growing bell peppers to determine which varieties color up the best in our climate. In spring 2013 16 varieties were grown at Burden Center in Baton Rouge, La. Select varieties included yield data.
Pepper transplants were planted into the field on April 2, 2013. Cool weather stunted growth throughout much of the beginning of the growing season. The field was fertilized with 8-24-24 prior to planting at a rate equivalent to 600 lbs/acre).
Peppers were grown on aluminum-coated plastic mulch with drip irrigation. Irrigation was applied daily for 30 minutes. Irrigation schedules vary from farm to farm depending on soil type.
Dual herbicide was applied to control weed infestation in row middles.
Peppers were sidedressed weekly from bloom initiation for 5 weeks, alternating between calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate.
PCNB was applied as a drench at the beginning of the season to prevent southern blight infestation.
Peppers were placed on a weekly fungicide spray schedule. Insecticides were used as needed. All chemicals were applied at recommended rates as labeled in the southeastern United States.
Vegetable Crop Handbook. Fertilizer rates were applied at recommended rates in the Louisiana Commercial Vegetable Production Guide.
Peppers were single drilled and planted at 18-inch spacings within the row. Three replications of each variety were planted, 11 plants within each replication. A skip row was left between every two planted rows to obtain optimum spray coverage when applying chemicals.
Harvest data was collected for 5 weeks during peak production to capture total yield for all peppers. Yield included marketable and unmarketable fruit and was sorted with weights recorded separately. The top 3 producing peppers were PSO9941819 X5R from Twilley Seed with 84% marketable yields, Red Bull from Tomato Growers Supply with 78% marketable yields and Flavorburst from Johnny’s with 91% marketable yields.
PSO9941819 X5R was the top-yielding pepper and a very nice blocky pepper, but it did not color up very well. Red Bull had better color, but only 78% of total yield was marketable. Flavorburst was an excellent yellow pepper with 91% being marketable. This one we liked. Blushing beauty was a beautiful pepper, but only 62% was marketable. We recommend Bianca over this one if you are looking for a coral-colored pepper; 81% of Biancas were marketable. Each year Gypsy has done well, reaching mature color while still on the vine. Good as Gold did not resemble a sweet pepper but became a beautiful dark orange while on the vine.
General comments on each variety are provided in the table attached. Please note pounds per acre are estimated based on yields in our trial. Assume each acre is planted, skipping every third row for ease of spraying, with peppers single drilled on 18-inch centers within rows. See attached photos for pepper pictures. | <urn:uuid:74d93613-4c32-47cc-a824-9111e9cb2bd5> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.lsuagcenter.com/topics/lawn_garden/commercial_horticulture/vegetables/results-of-the-2013-bell-pepper-trials | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870771.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528024807-20180528044807-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.972938 | 751 | 3.21875 | 3 |
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Paradigm Shift Intervention Monitoring
Testing Bias Raises Pandemic Concerns
Direct contact (raising pigs, feeding pigs, cleaning pig waste) or indirect exposure to pigs – visiting a pig farm, walking through a swine barn at a county fair, etc.), especially if pigs were known to be ill; or
Close contact (within 2 meters or approximately 6 feet) to an ill person who had recent swine exposure.
A patient with influenza-like illness and an epidemiological link to recent swine exposure should be considered a probable H3N2v case.
The above comments are from the CDC’s instruction to physicians regarding human H3N2v cases. This document will increase the heavy bias in H3N2v testing, which is largely limited to cases with direct or indirect swine exposure. The instructions are similar to those announced after earlier detection of H3n2v cases, but the large number of cases identified in Indiana and Ohio will be more widely noted.
However, the sequences from the confirmed H3N2v cases in Indiana and Ohio are distinct from the first 10 H3N2v cases identified in 2011, due to the replacemnet of the NA gene, which had an H1N2 swine lineage, with an NA which has circulated in H3N2 swine.
This change (A/West Virginia/06/2011 and A/West Virginia/07/2011) was initially detected in a large cluster in West Virginia, which did not have swine contact or exposure. The outbreak led to a series of CDC announcements, but the H3N2v was not detected during the height of the 2011-2012 flu season.
However, in late March H3N2v was identified in Utah, and the NA sequence matched the West Virginia sub-clade. Although this sub-clade was rarely detected in swine, and not detected in any swine samples collected prior to the outbreak in West Virginia, it was also detected in the July isolates in Hawaii, Indiana, and Ohio, signaling human adaptation and spread.
This H3N2v could also infect swine, so the July fairs did lead to H3N2v infections in swine, based on CDC descriptions of the outbreaks, although sequences from the July swine isolates have not been released. The most recent H3n2v swine isolates were from Ohio, but all four isolates matched the 2011 human cases and were easily distinguished from the cases in West Virginia as well as the 2012 human isolates.
Thus, the sequence data supports a sub-clade that has adapted to humans, but all 2012 isolate have direct or indirect linkage to swine, which is due to the heavy testing bias.
Seasonal influenza is rare in the summer in the United States, and cases are likely to be due to H3N2v, especially in younger patients. However, the CDC has not acknowledged the NA sequence differences between the the 2012 and 2011 human cases, or the size of the cluster in West Virginia.
Moreover, the biased testing largely limits H3N2v cases to those with direct or indirect swine contact, which is followed by claims of a lack of community spread.
This biased sampling and testing remains hazardous to the world’s health. | <urn:uuid:9d92bf9a-5a85-48de-a55a-89a716e8d032> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.recombinomics.com/News/08141201/H3N2v_CDC_Bias.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824113.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00258-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968096 | 703 | 2.875 | 3 |
There were many advancements in the fields of science and medicine during the Victorian era. The change was so positive that illnesses began to be perceived differently. The reign of Queen Victoria brought about a change in the treatment of diseases.
New medicines were discovered and invented and various countries and cultures were explored. This enabled the exchange of knowledge and information between the nations. Discoveries in science, overseas explorations, etc began in great earnest.
During that time, the atmosphere in the medical fraternity was very positive and everyone started believing that all ailments and illnesses would vanish forever with the discovery of new medicines. There was a pervading hopefulness among all academicians and doctors and writers. It was reflected in the arts as well.
The plague which destroyed the morale of the people was understood in the Victorian era. The simple things like open drains gave way to efficient sewage system which made a world of difference. The concept of contagious diseases began to be understood.
This, post a long era of misinformation and ignorance, was a welcome sight and cleared a path for further inventions and discoveries. It is thanks to the thinkers and innovators of the Victorian age that medicine progressed and fresh perspectives started to change.
The thought processes of people with respect to diseases were medieval. The people from that age thought than an individual caught a sickness because that individual caused offence to a spirit due to that person’s actions or behavior. Not because the person had some virus.
Now, for the very first time, religion was relegated to the second place as far as diagnosis and treatments were concerned. The people, who were earlier narrow-minded and refused to accept new theories, broadened their thinking.
Things were looked at with objectivity and keen observance instead of judgment and mistrust. Scientists started conducted myriad experiments in the spirit of scientific discovery. Laboratories sprang up at places, equipment became more than rudimentary. Thanks to industrialization and modernization a lot of instruments were invented. This led to specific findings and precise results.
However, due to the factories and pollution, the impact on the atmosphere was negatively affected. The children especially, who were employed in the factories were worst affected.
Due to the invention of the steam engine, travel became very easy. Earlier it depended upon the state of the winds in the case of travel by the sea. And for animals like horses for travel on roads. This was exceedingly time consuming and unsafe. With ships sailing all over the world, new medicines and practices were introduced in England.
Studies in chemistry advanced rapidly which helped in the making of medicines. Anesthesia, a hypodermic syringe, antiseptics, pasteurization, the discovery of the causes of tuberculosis and cholera, rabies vaccine, etc were all discovered during the Victorian era. | <urn:uuid:29f589c5-0808-4349-9ce3-b9cbef9546c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://victorian-era.org/victorian-era-medicines.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370524604.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404165658-20200404195658-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.983348 | 561 | 3.40625 | 3 |
While on its path to becoming the largest city in the Americas, Sao Paulo used its natural capital - water - to generate electricity, fuel industry, and satiate its ever-growing population. Natural infrastructure was traded for the concrete form and the city’s great rivers paid a high price for industrialization.
The result? Tremendous growth (averaging 5% per annum) that stimulated rapid and unplanned migration to the city and environmental pollution. Urban sprawl generated little to no infrastructure for managing water, sanitation and wastewater, or solid waste. Clearing the land for houses caused erosion and compacted soils, and the resulting increase in runoff has made an already wet city even more prone to floods. | <urn:uuid:acef8846-e00b-45e9-8c67-2a0fc7e748e4> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/category/tags/growth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111809.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00050-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936648 | 144 | 3 | 3 |
By April Holladay, WonderQuest
Q: How do we store memories in our brain? How do we recall memories?Rajeev, Bangalore, India
A: Your seemingly simple question leads us into an intricate maze of neurons, which we shall explore in a three-part story.
1. How information flows through the brain.
2. How neuron networks store and retrieve memories.
3. How synapse molecules change to define a network path and, hence, a pattern and a memory.
The simple overview is: Nerve network patterns store memories. We recall a memory only when we activate that network of interconnected neurons.
1. How information flows through the brain.
Information flows from the outside world through our sight, hearing smelling, tasting and touch sensors. Memory is simply ways we store and recall things we've sensed.
Recalling memories re-fires many of the same neural paths we originally used to sense the experience and, therefore, almost re-creates the event. Memories of concepts and ideas are related to sensed experiences because we extract the essence from sensed experiences to form generalized concepts.
Consider Sir Isaac Newton, for example. Newton "hammered wooden pegs" into the ground, and "cut sundials into stone" to measure the Sun's movement through the sky, writes James Gleick in Isaac Newton. "This meant seeing time as akin to space, duration as length ...." Newton generalized what he observed into a concept of time.
We store — for fractions of a second — sensory information in areas located throughout the cortex. Then some data moves into short-term memory. Finally, some of that information goes in long-term storage in various parts of the cortex, much of it returning to the sensory cortex areas where we originally received it.
Only the data that catches our attention (like a police car behind us) or because we need it soon (a telephone number) goes into short-term memory. We hold short-term data for maybe half a minute. Short-term storage is small; it holds about seven independent items at one time, such as "carry" numbers when calculating arithmetic.
Finally, information that may help us in the future (for instance, the downwind smell of a saber-toothed tiger) goes into long-term memory, where it can last a lifetime.
Long-term memory involves three processes: encoding, storage and retrieval.
• First we break new concepts into their composite parts to establish meaning. Furthermore, we include the context around us as we learn a new concept, or experience another episode in our life. For example, I might encode the phrase "delicious apple" with key descriptive ideas — red color, sweet taste, round shape, the crisp sound of a bite — and then such contextual items as '"I'm feeling good because it's a happy fall day and I'm picking apples."
• Second, as we store the memory, we attach it to other related memories, like "similar to Granny Smith apples but sweeter," and thus, consolidate the new concept with older memories.
• Third, we retrieve the concept, by following some of the pointers that trace the various meaning codes and decoding the stored information to regain meaning. If I can't remember just what "delicious apple" means, I might activate any of the pointer-hints, such as "red" or "picking apples." Pointers connect with other pointers so one hint may allow me to recover the whole meaning.
How do our brains consolidate a new short-term memory like "delicious apple" and place it into long-term memory?
We use the hippocampus, an ancient part of the cortex, to consolidate new memories. An event creates temporary links among cortex neurons. For example, "red" gets stored in the visual area of the cortex, and the sound of a bitten apple gets stored in the auditory area. When I remember the new fact, "delicious apple," the new memory data converges on the hippocampus, which sends them along a path several times to strengthen the links.
The information follows a path (called the Papez circuit), starting at the hippocampus, circulating through more of the limbic system (to pick up any emotional associations like "happy fall day," and spatial associations like "apple orchard"), then on to various parts of the cortex, and back to the hippocampus. Making the information flow around the circuit many times strengthens the links enough that they "stabilize," and no longer need the hippocampus to bring the data together, says neuroscientist Bruno Dubuc of the Canadian Institutes of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Addiction. The strengthened memory paths, enhanced with environment connections, become a part of long-term memory.
Next week I will tell the second part in this three-part story: "How neuron networks store and retrieve memories."
The brain from top to bottom by Bruno Dubuc, Canadian Institutes of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Addiction
Medical, Science and Nature Images by Scott Camazine
Neuroscience for kids by Eric Chudler, University of Washington
Brain Facts and Figures by Eric Chudler, University of Washington
Spatial short-term memory pinpointed in human brain, National Health Institutes, 1998.
(Answered March 12, 2007)
April Holladay, science journalist for USATODAY.com, lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico. A few years ago Holladay retired early from computer engineering to canoe the flood-swollen Mackenzie, Canada's largest river. Now she writes a column about nature and science, which appears Fridays at USATODAY.com. To read April's past WonderQuest columns, please check out her site. If you have a question for April, visit this informational page.
Conversation guidelines: USA TODAY welcomes your thoughts, stories and information related to this article. Please stay on topic and be respectful of others. Keep the conversation appropriate for interested readers across the map. | <urn:uuid:252759cd-0cf4-4c7f-8efc-eb52057e7106> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/aprilholladay/2007-03-12-memory-first_N.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862441.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00075-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920303 | 1,225 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The state has emerged as a leader in solar power generation. It is also the second largest producer of electricity in the country with dominant coal producing players like Adani Gujarat, Tata Power, Essar Power Gujarat Ltd. etc.
Gujarat’s energy department recently recorded the state to be a frontrunner in rooftop solar energy with its total generation capacity reaching 4,431 MW as of 31st March 2021. The Gujarat government plans for a 22,922 MW installed capacity of solar energy by 2022 to make up to 53 per cent of the total renewable energy capacity.
Despite the Covid-19 pandemic, the state has emerged as a leader in the solar power generation due to its availability and effective usage of vacant land, transmission and distribution of utilities, high solar power potential and connectivity. The setting up of various power plants in different places of Gujarat and contributions to green investment climate has further helped.
In the wake of an increasing demand for electricity in the state, it is no secret that solar energy cannot be a like-for-like replacement despite its success. The electrical energy’s controlled and flexible operations allow for an easy generation, transmission, distribution, storage and conversion process, which is not possible with solar energy. Also, electrical energy can be easily converted to mechanical, heat or light energy unlike solar energy, without any associations with poisonous gases, smoke, fume, etc.
Gujarat has rightfully contributed to be an economic powerhouse by acquiring the second largest position in India with 40,123.42 MW power generation capacity, after Maharashtra, as of 30th June 2021. Holding-up to such a remarkable position would not be possible without major contributions by the Indian coal sector. The increased coal production by dominant coal producing players like, Adani Gujarat, Tata Power, Essar Power Gujarat Ltd. etc. is a prominent reason for such a hike.
Success in fulfilling Gujarat’s power consumption even during the coronavirus pandemic also allows for economic growth, human development and poverty alleviation. However, it takes nothing away from the success of solar power generators, who would like to continue building up capacities. An alternate source of energy is not a bad option at all, even if it cannot be seen as a replacement, especially given the burden on power plants amidst the recent coal shortage in the country. | <urn:uuid:6e832d70-18f8-4788-afd8-124964520323> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://pick-kart.com/gujarat-outshines-the-rest-with-solar-power-generation-despite-the-pandemic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710801.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201053355-20221201083355-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.939785 | 473 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Introduction: Liners and Nationalism
The first decade of the twentieth century was an era of intense nationalistic competition between England and Germany: Germany was building a colonial empire and expanding its military and commercial influence and Great Britain struggled to maintain the imperial glory of the Victorian age.
The sea — for political, cultural, and military reasons — was an important arena for Anglo-German competition, and the naval race between the two countries was one of the origins of World War I. The maritime rivalry between Britain and Germany was not limited to battleships, however. The ocean liner was as powerful a symbol as the dreadnought and it was in the decade preceding the First World War that the great age of the transatlantic liner was born. During this period British and German steamship companies launched a series of ships, each larger, faster, and more luxurious than the one before.
Ostensibly the tools of private enterprise, the liners were seen by the public as powerful national symbols whose significance transcended the commercial interests of their owners.
Contemporary and current histories of the period generally cast the development of the modern ocean liner in the light of the Anglo-German rivalry and stress the public symbolism of the liners as the driving force behind their construction. A study of the ships and the companies that operated them, however, suggests that the steamship lines were more concerned with commercial considerations than nationalistic impulses. Because the era placed such a high value on symbols of national prestige the lines tried to cultivate a public image of “corporate patriotism,” but their main concern was to appeal to passengers whose interests were often far removed from the nationalism of era.
The Mauretania may have been financed by the British government and portrayed as a symbol of Britain at sea, but her dining room was sixteenth century French, her grand staircase and smoking room were fifteenth century Italian, and her lounge and library were modeled on Versailles. And the Imperator may have had a giant German eagle on her bow and and giant portrait of Kaiser Wilhelm II but its interiors were heavily French.
Next Page: England and the Anglo-German Rivalry | <urn:uuid:63d80ddf-1f60-4f0e-a30d-6baad13d2e0b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.ocean-liner.com/nationalism/british-german-passenger-ships | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119120.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00415-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981271 | 437 | 4.0625 | 4 |
WTF Is the Cloud, Anyway?
"Just save it to the cloud!"
You've heard this, probably in the same sentence with some other obnoxious tech buzzwords. Run out of space on your iPhone? Buy some more space in the cloud! Your mom can't figure out how to email you photos from her dog's birthday party? Upload them to the cloud! But, do you actually understand what exactly the cloud is, or how it works? There's no shame -- it's confusing as hell.
To clear things up, here's what you should know.
The cloud is not a physical objectFirst things first: you cannot reach out and touch "the cloud." That's because it's not a physical object in space, not some gigantic hard drive in the sky, but rather an enormous network of remote servers all around the world that we are all constantly saving and retrieving data to and from via our high-speed internet connections. It represents a fairly fundamental computing concept -- that the sharing of resources ultimately optimizes overall performance. And while most of us have probably only started hearing the term "cloud computing" within the last decade, it was actually coined by Compaq engineers back in the '90s.
It's taken the storage burden off your devicesBack in the day, if you wanted to save documents or photos, you had to save them to your computer's hard drive. That meant going through and pruning your Napster library, high school essays, and digital camera pics every once in a while to free up enough space in order to save something new. Or maybe you'd burn them to a CD or offload the big stuff to an external hard drive. Now, thanks to dramatic improvements in internet speeds, you rarely have to save a thing to your machine. Instead, we stash space-sucking files in the cloud, and seamlessly stream content from it via services like Spotify, Netflix, Dropbox, and Google Drive. Content -- whether it's your favorite TV series, a hot new album, your vacation photos, or that complex spreadsheet you've been putting together for work -- is still physically saved, just on a server somewhere else, ready for you to access it whenever you're online.
Tech companies make billions hosting content in the cloudRather than operate their own servers independently, most of the web's most popular apps, services, and sites (including the one you're reading right now) pay to have their traffic and data hosted remotely in the cloud, which is not only more efficient, but also protects against outages and costly downtime. These cloud-hosting services are a huge cash cow for tech giants like Amazon, Microsoft, and Google, all of which have the resources to operate huge networks of data centers filled with servers they can charge third-party customers to use.
To give you an idea of just how massive these ventures are, Amazon's cloud-hosting arm alone is estimated to operate some 2 million servers in secret data centers around the world, and can single-handedly run enormous services such as Netflix's entire streaming operation. So really, your uninterrupted Stranger Things binge on Netflix was only possible thanks to Amazon.
We're rapidly running out of cloud storage spaceAlthough the big cloud storage companies are minting money off of our storage needs (hell, Apple's getting 99 cents a month from most of us who've hit our iCloud quotas), experts warn that we're hurtling toward a reality in which there won't be enough space in the cloud to stash all the data we're creating. Our ability to produce massive amounts of data is far outpacing how quickly we can build the servers to host it -- just think about how much space a single photo taken on a top-notch smartphone camera takes up these days.
Sign up here for our daily Thrillist email, and get your fix of the best in food/drink/fun. | <urn:uuid:86c03218-6b66-4083-9392-50b6c80ad060> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.thrillist.com/tech/nation/what-is-the-cloud-how-does-the-cloud-work | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154432.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803061431-20210803091431-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.952739 | 787 | 2.671875 | 3 |
When a pathogen attacks a healthy cell in the body, T lymphocytes are tasked with identifying and destroying the infected cell. Scientists know that they undergo a "training program" for this task in the lymph nodes or the spleen. "Programming cells" play a key role here, presenting pathogen constituents to the T lymphocytes. This is how the T lymphocytes learn to recognize these components and become specialized "killer" cells. Research teams led by Prof. Percy Knolle from Klinikum rechts der Isar and the University of Bonn and Prof. Stefan Rose-John from the University of Kiel have now discovered a second site where T lymphocytes can be programmed to attack pathogens.
The researchers identified the liver as an immunological organ where special tissue cells act as "programming cells" to prepare the T lymphocytes for their battle against infected cells. They were also able to decrypt the exact molecular code used by these tissue cells to equip the T lymphocytes with special infection-fighting capabilities. "This new mechanism is particularly interesting because the T cells are activated directly and very rapidly -- in just 18 hours instead of 72," explains Percy Knolle.
Synthetic messenger as new adjuvant
The key to all this is a natural messenger from the interleukin family: IL-6/sIL-6R. It only becomes effective when the two individual components (IL-6 and sIL-6R) combine. Previously, scientists were only aware of a role for the substance in regeneration and the development of inflammatory responses. But now the research teams have shown that the T lymphocytes in the liver engage in direct contact with the "programming cells" found there, and that IL-6/sIL-6R very efficiently activates the T cells.
Once the researchers had uncovered this new mechanism, they were able to use a synthetic designer messenger developed by Stefan Rose-John, known as Hyper-IL-6, for the targeted stimulation of T lymphocytes. In this construct, the two individual components which are normally separated are directly and firmly linked to each other. "In combination with the familiar stimulation mechanisms of the T lymphocytes, Hyper-IL-6 can be used to effect a specific 'hyper stimulation' of T lymphocytes for particular therapeutic purposes. This could be an important step in helping us improve vaccine formulations," adds Percy Knolle.
As well as components of the pathogen, current vaccines also contain substances known as adjuvants. After a few intermediate steps, adjuvants indirectly activate the T lymphocytes and help to build up immunity. "We are placing high hopes on hyper-IL-6 as an effective new adjuvant capable of activating T cells directly and thus more rapidly. This could for example help us tackle chronic bacterial or viral infections which have not previously responded to vaccinations," he concludes.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:44e027db-6dfa-4ba5-a6a4-bffbcbfafbde> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140905113949.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654687.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00154-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95053 | 592 | 3.0625 | 3 |
If you’ve ever wondered what a typical school-day looks like for our Grade 1-12 learners, the time table below will provide an example:
|8:45 am||Student Arrival: review of communication books and/or correspondence; medications or health concerns relayed to nursing staff. Students who are mobile work on transition goals.|
|9:00 am||Toilet Hygiene: each student is changed or toileted upon arrival, allowing staff to ensure student health. If concerns are present, incident forms are completed and/or nursing staff informed. Students are taught personal care and hygiene.Individual Programs: 1:1 learning activities are introduced. In the case of our more mobile children, a free play time is encouraged for social skills, fine motor or cognitive development, etc.|
|9:45 am||Circle/Conference Time: theme-based group learning which might include the weather, calendar, current events, songs and rhymes, sign language to encourage listening and turn-taking skills, conversation skills and community awareness. Knowledge assessment.
Therapy Sessions: 1:1 therapy sessions with occupational therapy, speech pathologist and/or physiotherapist. Time is dependent upon student groupings. Consultational intervention one to three times weekly, dependent upon need.
|10:15 am||Snack: many students are on a bus early. Many may be hungry or require fluids. Daily living,/social skills/communication training and etiquette are included in this time.|
|10:30 am||Individual Programs: adapted Alberta Learning curriculum is introduced to students in their classrooms. As well, personal goals from each student’s IPP are incorporated. These activities are 1:1 or small group and may include goals such as reading/math development, making choices, personal care, daily living or computer skills. Therapy may be incorporated into the classroom. These are group sessions in the Snoezelen Room, kitchen or gym. These sessions may occur several times throughout the day depending on student’s disability and therapy needs.|
|11:30 am||Lunch Time: Due to the high needs of our students, Elves has supervised lunches in the classroom. Lunch time is instructional time; staff remain with students and teach eating and socialization skills. Also, many of our students require G-tube feedings which must be supervised 1:1 and may need an extended time to complete a feeding depending on the student.|
|12:30 pm||Hygiene: Students are changed or toileted after lunch. Students are taught personal hygiene and self-care at this time.|
|1:00 pm||Individual Programs/Program Activities: In addition to IPP goals, modified curriculum is presented. Students are involved in recreational activities such as community walks, gym time, crafts, cooking, or relaxation time in the Snoezelen Room (sensory room). Each class has at least one session per week in the kitchen. Field trips are planned for the education and interest of students, using our wheelchair accessible buses and vans.|
|2:00 pm||Hygiene: Students are toileted or changed before dressing to go home. Communication books are filled in regarding the day’s events as well as any school calendars or communications for families. Lunch boxes and/or G-tube equipment are sent home to be cleaned for the next school day.|
|2:15 pm||Dismissal: Students are supervised by staff until they are secured in the buses for transport home for the day. Students who are mobile work on transition goals.|
If you have any additional questions about an Elves’ school day please do not hesitate to contact us.
Phones at Elves Child Development Centre are temporarily out of order. We will update this notification once the system has been restored. Please contact Nicole Quildon, Principal at 780.920.8764 or Keira Peyton, Special Education Supports, at 780.913.0616 should you require immediate assistance. Thank you!
First day of classes for School Program students is August 30, 2018.
First day of classes for 800 hour ECS children is September 4, 2018.
First day of classes for 475 hour ECS children is September 6, 2018.
First day of classes for 600 hour ECS children is September 10, 2018. | <urn:uuid:d09892dc-2329-44d0-b244-2afbc21f0382> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.elves-society.org/school/grades-1-12/grades-1-12-school-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511122.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017090419-20181017111919-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.938481 | 892 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Talking to Kids About Gender
11/29/12 12:00PM By Jane Lindholm
| MP3 || Download MP3 |
Children are often teased or bullied for behavior that doesn’t fit within gender stereotypes-boys who like to dress up; girls who prefer GI Joes and trucks to Barbies. Some children realize early on that they don't fit within traditional gender norms. Transgender and gender variant youth have a hard time knowing where they belong. We'll talk with Melissa Murray, Executive Director of Outright Vermont, and Kim Jordan, a theater educator, about how children are taught about gender.
Also on the show, we talk with VPR classical's Walter Parker about this season's Messiah Sing-Alongs. | <urn:uuid:c333035b-a4a9-475a-9440-92c67650a2f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.vpr.net/episode/54906/talking-to-kids-about-gender/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661555.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00026-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945264 | 154 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Building a Terrarium
Overview: A terrarium is a miniature garden grown inside a covered glass or plastic container. It is a low maintenance way to incorporate plants into your classroom or home and an excellent tool for teaching children about the water cycle as it demonstrates evaporation, condensation and precipitation. In the presence of light and heat, water evaporates from the plants through transpiration and from the soil. Since it is an enclosed environment, when the water vapor hits the side of the container, it condenses. Once enough water accumulates or the temperature decreases, the condensation will then precipitate down the sides of the container back into the soil.
- an enclosed container
- pea gravel or small rock
- potting soil
- small indoor or tropical plants
- charcoal (optional)
Approximate Time to Complete: 30 minutes to 1 hour
Ages: all ages
Season: all seasons
- Find an appropriate container. Glass jars, fish bowls and tanks, clear plastic bottles and food containers can all make fine terrariums. Just make sure there is enough room to reach your hand into your container for planting and maintenance.
Clear plastic soda bottles are commonly used in school settings because they are readily available and inexpensive. To create, cut off the top of a large, clear plastic soda bottle, leaving a container that is approximately 8 inches tall. After planting in the soda bottle, you can either tape the top back onto the soda bottle or just cover it tightly with plastic.
- Clean the container using soapy water and rinse well. Dry completely.
- Cover the bottom of the container with ½ inch (for small containers) to 1-1/2 inch (for large containers) of pea gravel for drainage. This mimics the bedrock found under our soils and allows access water to drain from the soil. You can also add a few granules of filtering charcoal (not the type used for barbecuing) to the top of the gravel to help remove odors. The charcoal is optional and is not needed if your terrarium maintains proper moisture levels.
- Next fill the container to approximately one-third to one-half full with moist potting mix. The amount of soil you put in will depend on the size of the container (you need to have enough room for plant roots). You should use a sterilized potting soil mix to avoid problems with molds and fungi (small bags of potting soil are available at most garden centers).
The moisture level of the soil when you put it into your terrarium is very important. Pour the soil into a bowl or tub and mix with water until the soil is moist enough to cling together in a ball when pressed into the hand. If water drips from the soil when pressed into a ball, then it is too wet and you should add more dry potting soil to your mixture. Once you find the perfect balance, place the soil in your container. Try to avoid getting soil particles stuck on the sides of the container above the soil level.
Many potting mixes contain slow release fertilizers. If the soil you purchased does not contain any fertilizer you may want to add a small number of slow release fertilizer pellets or some organic fertilizer like worm castings to your mix before planting. You want your plants to stay small and grow slowly, so you do not need much.
- Next add your plants. You need to look for plants that are small, slow-growing, and perform well in humid environments. How you arrange the plants will depend on the size and location of the terrarium. If you will be viewing the terrarium from one side, then place the tallest plants in the back and shortest plants in the front. If your terrarium will be viewed from all sides or you plan to rotate it, plant the tallest plants in the middle and the shorter plants along the outside.
There is a wide range of plants to choose from. Most garden centers have an area reserved for indoor plants and you can usually find a variety of plants in 2 to 4 inch pots. Some recommended plants to use include:
pink polka dot plant
small peace lilies
These are just a few suggestions. Experiment with different plants. If they appear to grow too vigorously or respond poorly to the humidity, remove them and try something new. You can also try growing plants from seeds and cuttings.
- In addition to plant material, you can also be creative and add other objects to create mini-landscape scenes. For instance you may want to add decorative rocks, small animal figurines, small bridges or mirrors to look like mini ponds.
- After planting, attach the container lid or cover with plastic. Place the terrarium in a windowsill with indirect lighting or under grow lights. Do not place it in strong direct sunlight or water will evaporate too quickly and plants may scorch.
Observe your terrarium closely for the first few days to make sure you have the proper moisture level. You'll know that the terrarium contains the right amount of water if the sides and top get misty with water droplets when in bright light. If there is no moisture along the sides, then you need to add some more water. If the sides are always very wet and it is hard to see the plants, then there's too much water and you should remove the top for a few hours and allow some of the excess water to evaporate. Once you achieve the perfect balance, it will not need frequent attention.
8. Check on your terrarium periodically. Prune or remove plants with excessive growth. You want to avoid plant leaves touching the sides of the container as much as possible to prevent constant water sitting on the foliage. Also check on the moisture levels as some water may be lost over time. | <urn:uuid:5f486fb5-6b89-4ce4-9128-2878d9c746c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.kidsgardening.org/garden-activities-building-a-terrarium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982954852.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200914-00264-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903132 | 1,179 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Long story short: To scroll start slow, to swipe act fast.
How scrolling works
If you touch the Magic Mouse surface with one or two fingers and move your finger(s) slowly an accumulated threshold distance over time, our driver switches to scroll-mode. Now scroll as fast as you like, scroll-mode stays active as long as you lift all fingers.
It may happen that you rest your fingers on the mouse surface and move them unintentionally.If it's more than the threshold distance the driver turns on scroll mode. If this happens to you, lift all fingers to turn scrolling off.
- Adjust that threshold distance with the Sense slider to avoid accidental scrolling.
How swiping works
To swipe you need to lift all fingers. Now touch the surface and move your finger(s) fast and lift them again. A swipe is triggered only if the distance between touch reports was far enough. Actually you need to flick your finger(s).
It may happen that you like to scroll but start to fast and trigger a swipe instead.
- Adjust that swipe trigger distance with the Sense slider to make swiping easier or to avoid accidental scrolling.
The surface of a Magic Mouse is basically a very sensitive touchpad, it is in fact the very same as a Magic Trackpad, but made of acrylic plastic.
The slightest touch of any finger, or even just hovering 1 millimeter above the surface, will create a constant stream of touch data transmitted wirelessly via Bluetooth to the computer.
There are about 20 touch reports per second for a maximum of 6 fingers, which is about 1.8 kByte or 14 kBit per second. That was internet modem speed back in the 90's.
This data is processed by our driver and translated into mouse scroll events to emulate real scroll wheel(s)..
If you always rest your finger(s) on the surface, you drain the battery much quicker. To save battery, touch the mouse only at the sides in case you only like to move the mouse pointer. | <urn:uuid:dd98807f-1edb-4817-ab63-b384cd035d0a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://magicutilities.net/magic-mouse/help/scrolling-and-swipes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499871.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131122916-20230131152916-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.925565 | 425 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Chinese scientists have identified and cloned a rice gene that influences rice grain weight and yield, which could help scientists develop// higher yielding varieties of the world's most important food crop.
Little is known about the genetic mechanisms that determine yield and seed weight in plants, despite tremendous efforts by agricultural scientists in the past decade.
In a study published this week (8 April) in Nature Genetics, lead author Lin Hongxuan and colleagues from the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, studied two varieties of rice with highly significant differences in grain size.
After mapping their genomes, they found a gene called GW2 in the large-grain rice that was lacking in the small-grain rice.
They then created a variety of the naturally small-grained rice with the GW2 gene, and found that the gene increased the width and weight of rice grains and increased grain yield per plant by nearly 20 per cent.
The high-yield variant had nearly the same cooking or eating quality as conventional rice, although the grains had a darker appearance.
The team say the GW2 gene will facilitate breeding efforts to improve grain yield in food crops. But they say further evidence is needed to support their finding.
"The increased output of single plants might be influenced by environmental factors, so our finding needs to be tested in the randomised blocks of plants in paddies," Lin told SciDev.Net.
He said the GW2 gene might affect grain size by regulating the cell division cycle.
Zhu Zhen, deputy director of the Bureau of Life Sciences and Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, praised the study, saying it would give breeders more alternatives to explore in the search for improved varieties of rice.
"In the process of developing new crop varieties, the discovery of important agronomical genes is very important," Zhu told
Source: Generef.comRelated medicine news :1
. Scientists plan human cloning clinic in the United States2
. Scientists found ancient Human Germ Killer3
. Scientists locate key hormone involved in appetite control4
. Scientists open the book of life 5
. Scientists review SARS6
. Scientists crack dengue fever puzzle7
. Scientists push to lower hidden sodium in food8
. Indian Scientists Make Wide-Ranging Analysis And Annotation Of X Chromosome9
. Scientists have found effective brain regions for deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s
. Scientists reveal the secrets of sarcasm
. Scientists Unveil Mechanism Behind Resistance to Severe Malaria | <urn:uuid:9f07444b-4d02-43b4-967d-dfa6335def91> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news/Scientists-Find-Rice-Gene-for-Grain-Size-and-Yield-19863-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193288.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00625-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926303 | 513 | 3.609375 | 4 |
A computer game developed at Ulster University will be used to teach school children in Scotland about key aspects of the construction sector and promote careers in the industry, following significant backing from Morgan Sindall.
BeIMCraft, which is based on the Minecraft platform, has been created by Ulster University academics, in conjunction with an external consultant, to help young people better understand the built environment.
The game highlights the emerging role of technology in the construction sector and ensures young players consider planning issues, health and safety risks, structural aspects, sustainability and cost when creating their 3D world.
Morgan Sindall has confirmed a 12-month sponsorship package which will provide the company with exclusive rights to the game in Scotland.
David Comiskey, co-founder from Ulster University’s newly formed Belfast School of Architecture & Built Environment, said: “BeIMCraft was launched last year and we are pleased to see that well respected companies like Morgan Sindall recognise the value it has in encouraging pupils to consider roles in the construction sector from a young age.
“Through this partnership we will be able to roll out the game to four schools in Scotland this month, with plans for more in the future. As the economy continues to recover it is vital that we attract young talent into the workforce to help drive future growth of the construction sector. We are keen to play a central role in this activity at Ulster University.”
Professor Philip Griffiths, head of school, added: “Such initiatives demonstrate Ulster University’s civic contribution with society and its widening participation agenda. Engagement with communities, and breaking down barriers to a university education by widening young people’s aspirations, is central to our delivery of the university’s new strategic plan, 5&50.”
BeIMCraft closely aligns with aspects of the BIM process. Ulster University experts were recently invited to the European BIM Summit in Barcelona to present the innovative game to industry professionals.
Stuart Parker, managing director of Morgan Sindall Construction in Scotland, said: “We are pleased to confirm our partnership with Ulster University. We are always looking for new and innovative ways to encourage pupils to develop skills and understanding of the construction process.
“As a main contractor, it is vital we play our part in attracting the next generation to the industry. BeIMCraft is perfect for this as it takes something familiar to thousands of children and puts it to a new use. We are sure it will be a hit in our schools.” | <urn:uuid:68db2d47-2ed9-431b-8724-dbb9e29655dc> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.bimplus.co.uk/education/morgan-sindall-backs-minecraft-based-learning-game/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806338.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121094039-20171121114039-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.945042 | 513 | 2.90625 | 3 |
|Period:||Semester 1, Block I, II|
- Yes Elective choice
- No Contractonderwijs
- Yes Exchange
- Yes Study Abroad
- No Evening course
- No A la Carte
- No Honours Class
There is a continuous or even increasing demand for people who explain science to a wider audience. In this course, you will learn how to write a good story about science and which genres of journalism are most suitable for a particular story. You will write and revise various types of articles. The aim is to produce articles that are fit for publication in popular media. We will also discuss writing for social media. Moreover, you will learn how to conduct a good interview with your sources. And for those who still intend to work in research: how to present the results of your research in a good press release?
It is also important to know the media of written science journalism: what are the newspaper sections that matter, to which magazines or web editors should you send your stories? How does the editorial board of a science magazine select copy for publication? How does a freelancer get assignments?
Who can join this course?
The course is open to all MSc students from the Faculty of Science and to MSc students in the Biomedical Sciences program of LUMC.
Note: The Science Journalism course is also one of the sections of the course Science Communication and Society Fundamentals (19 EC). Only this section can be taken separately.
- To gain insight into the field of science journalism and know the most important players.
- To learn to see what is news and how that news is presented in a news article.
- To know what kind of topics are relevant for journalism.
- To know when to choose a particular genre.
- To know the difference between a news article and a press release.
- To learn how to build up a good feature, based on various sources.
- To learn how to conduct a good interview.
- To learn how to write up a profound but readable interview.
- To be able to clarify and explain scientific information for a general audience.
- To appreciate new journalistic genres and presentations.
- To be able to give feedback to other students’ texts in a systematic way.
- To be able to revise your own text by adequately incorporating other students’ feedback.
Teaching method and participation
The course will contain a mix of lectures, discussions and individual assignments. Students are expected to write several pieces in different journalistic genres and to give feedback to their peers.
The Science Journalism course will be taught on the following days from 13.30 - 16.15h:
Monday September 4
Monday September 18
Monday October 2
Monday October 16
Monday October 30
Monday November 13
You will receive a grade for the second, revised version of each assignment. The assignments will be evaluated according to checklists that will be handed out in class. The final grade for this course will be the average of all the grades for the assignments. This average may be adjusted positively or negatively depending on your adherence to deadlines and on the quality of your feedback on other students’ texts.
You will receive a syllabus based on translated extracts of Henk Asbreuk en Addie de Moor (2013). Basisboek Journalistiek schrijven. Groningen: Wolters Noordhoff. The syllabus will also provide further details on preparations, content and length of the assignments, deadlines and related background information
There is a blackboard module for the course. Students who have applied for the course will receive a registration code for the blackboard module. Lecture notes, assignments, reading material, and important announcements can be found there.
Application forms for this course can be requested through the Science Communication and Society department (email@example.com). Please apply as soon as you have decided to enroll in this course, so we have an idea of the number of students.
The class number for enrollment in uSis will become available here.
Dr. Anne Land (SCS program coordinator), firstname.lastname@example.org.
More information about the Science Communication and Society program can be found at our website.
|Is part of||Programme type||Semester||Block|
|Science Communication and Society||Science Communication and Society||1||I, II| | <urn:uuid:3afbb324-b035-4f24-b8b0-a80b89d9f7ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://studiegids.leidenuniv.nl/en/courses/show/67888/science-journalism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687447.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920194628-20170920214628-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.877429 | 916 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Battle of Cole Camp (1861)
|Battle of Cole Camp|
|Part of the American Civil War|
|United States of America||Missouri State Guard|
|Commanders and leaders|
|Abel H.W. Cook||Walter S. O'Kane|
|Benton County Home Guard (400-600)||O'Kane's Battalion Missouri State Guard (350)|
|Casualties and losses|
The Battle of Cole Camp was a skirmish of the American Civil War, occurring on June 19, 1861, in Benton County, Missouri. The rebel victory assured an open line of march for the fleeing governor and Missouri State Guard away from Lyon's force in Boonville.
On June 15, 1861, Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon took control of the Missouri capitol in Jefferson City. Two days later, he routed the portion of the Missouri State Guard then assembling at Boonville with pro-secession Missouri Governor Claiborne F. Jackson. As the portion of the guard accompanying Governor Jackson fled to the southwest of the state, a Unionist Missouri Home Guard regiment was in position to obstruct his retreat.
The majority of the inhabitants of Benton County were of Southern origin and sentiment; however, the German immigrants and their descendants were predominantly pro-Union and anti-slavery. These formed the core of the Benton County Home Guard. Captain Abel H.W. Cook began to form the regiment in early June and called for the volunteers to assemble northeast of Cole Camp on June 11.
A secessionist force was gathering nearby at Warsaw. Captain Walter S. O'Kane organized the Warsaw "Grays" and Captain Thomas W. Murray organized the "Blues." The combined force numbered about 350, with 100 of them mounted. two weeks after Cole Camp, just before the Battle of Carthage, O'Kane was elected lieutenant colonel of the battalion while Murray was elected major.
The secessionists were aided by Benton County's Sheriff, Bartholomew W. Keown. Keown attempted to arrest captains Cook and Mitchell at the Union Home Guard camp, but they refused to comply. The "arrest" apparently was a pretense for gathering intelligence.
The Unionist force occupied two adjoining farms ~600 yards apart belonging to Henry Harms and John Heisterberg. The Home Guards called the location Camp Lyon. Cook had about 400 infantry muskets. While up to 900 men had initially gathered, as many as half were furloughed for lack of weapons or for other reasons.
O'Kane's force marched from Warsaw toward Cole Camp on June 18 to attack the gathering Home Guard. A respected older citizen, John Tyree, had witnessed the preparations of the secessionists and reported it to the officers at Camp Lyon. As he returned from reporting this, he was captured by O'Kane's force. Some of the men recognized him from earlier in the day, surmised what he had done, tied him to a tree and shot him. (Ironically, he was a slaveowner although a Union man.)
Despite Tyree's warning, Cook's preparations were inadequate, for his pickets were overrun without alerting the sleeping Home Guard. There were admissions of extensive drinking in the camp and the men were slumbering in the early morning hours of June 19 when the attack began. O'Kane's infantry double-quicked from the east to the Heisterberg barn where a portion of the Home Guard were and delivered a volley into the shocked men. However, a company of Home Guard under Captain Elsinger was just north of the barn. They responded with fire into the flank of the attackers, but having little ammunition were soon forced to withdraw.
O'Kane's mounted force then slammed into and drove away another nearby group of Home Guard that was attempting to form to repel the infantry.
Meanwhile, the remaining unengaged Union men at the Harms barn under Captains Grother and Mueller formed to join the fracas. The presence of a Union flag now in the hands of the rebels confused the men and they held their fire until they were fired upon. They withdrew without engaging and the fighting ended.
Capt. Cook supposedly fled at the beginning of the fight. He claimed to have left to consult with Captain Totten of Lyon's forces, but his men claimed otherwise and Henry Imhauser was elected commander in July. The regiment disbanded in September, and in November, Cook was "shot by rebels" in Henry County. His widow was denied a pension because Cook "was not in U.S. service at time of death."
Walter S. O'Kane subsequently served as Aide-de-Camp, 8th Confederate Cavalry Division, and died 1908 in Arkansas.
Casualties and Impact
Federal casualties were heavy with at least 34 killed or mortally wounded, 60 wounded, and 25 made prisoner. Perhaps most importantly, O'Kane's force captured 362 muskets with bayonets that would prove useful at the battles of Carthage and Wilson's Creek. Secessionist losses were around seven killed and 25 wounded.
O'Kane's men apparently murdered one of the prisoners who spoke little English and was a cook. They mistook him for Capt. Cook and shot him on the spot.
The victory opened a path for the fleeing Missouri State Guard. When O'Kane's men joined the gathering Missouri State Guard, their tale provided a morale boost to the rest of the beleaguered force.
Sheriff Keown was captured along with 683 other Missouri State Guard recruits on December 19 in the Skirmish at Blackwater Creek (actually a river.) As a result of his actions at Cole Camp and in another affair, he was charged with spying and robbing loyal citizens, but died in prison on April 16, 1862 before a trial was held.
- Cole Camp Community, Here We Speak Low German, 1989, pages 183
- Peterson, Lindberg, McGhee, Daleen; Sterling Price's Lieutenants, 2007, pages 318, 342, 345
- Cole Camp Community, Here We Speak Low German, 1989, pages 184
- Cole Camp Community, Here We Speak Low German, 1989, pages 181-3
- Cole Camp Community, Here We Speak Low German, 1989, pages 185
- Cole Camp Community, Here We Speak Low German, 1989, pages 186-9
- Cole Camp Community, Here We Speak Low German, 1989, page 190
- Cole Camp Community, Here We Speak Low German, 1989, page 290
- Anders, Leslie, The Blackwater Incident., Missouri Historical Review, LXXXVIII, No. 4, July 1994, page 422
- Cole Camp Community, Here We Speak Low German, 1989, pages 183-4 | <urn:uuid:127d9e0d-22d6-44f1-b5b1-0f381b546bb8> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cole_Camp_(1861) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1404776427481.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20140707234027-00093-ip-10-180-212-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971435 | 1,405 | 3.140625 | 3 |
How to Write Your Best DissertationTry EdrawMind now
Your dissertation is a piece of academic writing in which you present your findings following independent research for a degree or similar qualification. The purpose of the dissertation is to showcase your knowledge and understanding of the subject and evidence that you are able to carry out thorough research, analyze the results and arguments, and draw your own conclusions. This piece of work should also add something new to whichever branch of academia you are studying. It is important, therefore that the dissertation is structured correctly so that those marking it are convinced that you have achieved all those elements.
That is not to say there is only one way to structure your dissertation (this will be influenced by the nature of your research and how you are presenting it) but there should be a clear introduction explaining how the dissertation will flow and introducing your main arguments or discussions. It is often a good idea to write your introduction after you’ve written the main body of your essay, or certainly to go back and edit it, to ensure consistency.
Your dissertation can seem exciting and intimidating at the same time. For most students it is the biggest piece of work they have done to date and, while it is an opportunity to contribute to their field of study and to demonstrate their abilities, it is also a hugely important project that could ultimately be the difference passing or failing their course.
With so much at stake it is imperative that you plan how you are going to tackle the project, and then stick to that plan, making sure that every step is completed fully before moving on to the next.
Write a dissertation proposal
The first step should be to write a dissertation proposal. It is easy to dismiss this as unimportant, but that couldn’t be further from the truth. Your dissertation proposal is the foundation of the whole project. This is the stage at which you determine the question or discussion that will be your final piece. You will need to make sure your dissertation enhances academic debate and that there are sufficient available resources for you to research. It is advisable to pick a question that is relevant to the current areas of interest in your field of study. Even if you look at a very different perspective on that area, it will help make your sure your dissertation is relevant and up to date. At some universities a dissertation proposal is not a mandatory part of the course, but it is still a good idea to write one and to discuss it with your tutor.
Conduct your research
The next step is to conduct your research. Once again planning is critical as you will need to carefully select a variety of sources to give you an understanding of different perspectives and points of view from previous research carried on your chosen area of study. But it’s also important to know when to stop. You will not be able to read everything that has ever been written on the subject and it is better to have a few selected sources which you can discuss in depth, than to have so many sources that you don’t have time or space to fully evaluate them. Give yourself a time limit for research and make sure you stick to it. To save time later on make sure you write down the details necessary for your referencing as you do your research. There are some useful online tools to assist with this. The purpose of research is to show you have read around the topic and you understand the previous research that has been conducted, but that you've also understood its limitations.
Internet research is fine, but you need to make sure the sources are reliable, and for academic study you will need to demonstrate that you have read around your subject using relevant books and journals in addition to internet research.
When conducting your research, you may find it useful to create a mind map. This is an organizational tool to help structure your thoughts. Mind maps are hierarchical, so each idea is connected to at least two subordinate ideas which, in turn, are linked to at least two more.
The idea is to start with the big question (your dissertation title) at the top and then break it down into smaller, more manageable tasks so that you add logic to your thought trail rather than just randomly moving from one point to the next. Within any given section of the mind map you may include a brainstorming section where you are just writing down all sorts of ideas and theories as they come into your head. But you’ll need to then take stock and organize them. Most of your brainstorming ideas will be discarded, but you will also get some gems out of it which will enhance your work.
Once your research is complete and you have organized your notes, it’s time to get on with the dissertation. If you did your dissertation proposal you will already have a preliminary outline for your final piece. But you now need to ‘flesh out’ your proposal using the information and ideas generated from your research. It might be that your research took you in an unexpected direction. But it is important to add in any new points at this stage so that you can then structure your essay correctly.
Write an introduction
Your introduction should include the background to the question and the reasons why you feel it is important. You will need to clearly state your question and give an overview of how you intend to tackle it. You can also include the expectations you had for the project and any assumptions you had prior to carrying out detailed research.
Explain your research process
You will then explain your research process. You will need to talk about how you researched the information, why you chose the sources you did and why they are credible. If your research found that some of the sources used are not reliable you can discuss that too. It could be a key part of how you reached your conclusion.
Explain your findings
You will then explain your findings. It is important to make the distinction here between your findings and your conclusion. In explaining your findings, you will discuss the results and explain what your research showed you. There may be some crossover as elements of your findings will be based on your opinion but at this point you need only explain what you discovered through your research. Once you have completed the discussion on your findings, you then move on to the conclusion. This is the part where you explain how the findings have answered the question that you asked initially. You will be expected to demonstrate that you have read and understood numerous sources, applied the evidence from those sources to the question, and formed an opinion based on that evidence. Often you will answer the original question but be left with new questions based on the outcome of your investigation so your conclusion may include potential areas of further study on the subject matter or on other closely related issues.
Write a bibliography
At the end of your dissertation you’ll need to write a bibliography using the recommended citation style for your field of study. You must include all sources used during the research and writing of your dissertation.
And you may think that is it. But you’d be wrong. What you have at this point is the first draft of your dissertation. The next stage is to edit and redraft. Are all your points related to the original question? If you have gone off on a tangent, have you strayed from the point of your research? If so, you will need to delete the sections which are not relevant and look again at your research notes for material that adds something to the academic study of the subject and can be related directly back to your question. It is important to challenge your own points again. Is there anything you have missed? Are there any new and interesting angles on the topic which could add weight to your argument?
Once you have redrafted your work to the point that you are happy with it, give it to a friend. Let them read it and give you their opinion. Often, they will politely say ‘It’s good’ so you need to push them for answers. Does it make sense? Is there a coherent argument? Have you stuck to the question? It’s important that you explain to your reader that you need honesty not praise. Invite to them to be brutal in their examination of your work, and don’t take criticism to heart. It’s better for a friend to find faults while you can still fix it than for your examiner to discover it in the marking stage.
Once you’re completely satisfied with your dissertation it’s important to proofread it. You may want to use a professional proofreader for this. They won’t change your work, they will only look at grammar, spelling and punctuation. But it’s important to ensure this is perfect so as not to lose marks for simple errors.
Then it’s time to click ‘send’ and, finally, relax. | <urn:uuid:7f99010f-6ae3-4959-9b09-967589ad51cf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.edrawmind.com/article/how-to-write-your-best-dissertation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00813.warc.gz | en | 0.965304 | 1,793 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Main positive and negative features of using lithography methods in SERS substrate production.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique, which allows to identify traces of chemical or biological substances in many field, like pharmaceutical and food industries, homeland security, nanosensors, or environmental protection. The analytes are identified based on their vibrational spectra, unique for a given compound. The advantage of SERS is effective qualitative analysis of trace amounts of analyte, but the disadvantages are stability of substrate and repeatability of measurements. The challenge is to improve SERS substrates to minimize these drawbacks. Nowadays high-precision electron beam lithography or focused ion beam is used in SERS substrate fabrication, which is impractical for large-scale production. In recent years, researchers’ attention has focused on porous anodic oxides, with inexpensive and scalable production method, as potential materials for SERS substrates. This chapter will discuss the progress of anodic oxides used as a SERS substrate, and the brief description of conventional SERS substrate fabrication methods will be presented.
- anodic oxide
- titanium anodic oxide
- aluminum anodic oxide
- hot spots
- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
- SERS substrate
Raman spectroscopy is a technique based on measuring Raman scattering, i.e., inelastically scattered photons. It belongs to the techniques of testing the oscillatory spectra of materials. Thanks to its application, it is possible to obtain information about the type and structure of various chemical and biological compounds, including explosives, drugs, molecules of poisonous compounds, as well as bacteria, viruses, and even cancer cells. This technique has a lot of advantages, but the biggest disadvantage is the low sensitivity of the method, which can be solved by the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). It increases the intensity of the Raman signal up to 1014 times compared to the signal received in a classic Raman experiment . The first observations of the surface-amplified Raman signal for pyridine were made on the rough silver surface as early as 1974 ; however, the authors did not recognize the observed phenomenon as an extraordinary amplification or phenomenon. Since the discovery of SERS in 1977 , interest in this research technique has grown exponentially.
SERS is a well-known technique for detecting trace amounts (or even individual molecules) of chemical and organic substances in real time, using a specific structural and vibration “fingerprint” of the analyte being tested. By using this technique, it is possible not only to efficiently qualitatively analyze the particles adsorbed on the surface of the substrate but also to obtain valuable information on the structure of the detected compounds. SERS can be used, among others, in medicine, pharmaceutical and food industry, internal security, the detection of terrorist threats, nanosensors, or environmental protection [1, 4].
SERS is a noninvasive technique; it can be used for solid, liquid, and gas samples and does not require sample preparation before measurement; and it does not require vacuum. In biological analysis, it is possible to work in vitro and in situ. Analyses can be carried out in a wide range of measurement conditions (temperature, pressure) and are short-lived (lasts for seconds); a small amount of the analyzed substance (up to one molecule) is sufficient. It is possible to detect many components of a sample at the same time because the spectra obtained are characterized by high resolution.
A few years ago, SERS measuring equipment (based on confocal microscope, monochromator, and detector—cooled silicon matrix) was expensive and has significant dimensions. Nowadays, there are more and more inexpensive, portable technical solutions with increasingly better parameters (although their spectral resolution is still relatively low). Despite the advantages, one should take into account the limitations of this research methodology: problems with quantitative analysis, problems with the determination of fluorescent materials, and the inability to determine metals and alloys, as well as the stability and repeatability of measurements. The latter one problem can be solved by improving the SERS substrates used.
SERS substrate can be classified by structure of substrate surface, fabrication method, or application. According to the used structure, the SERS substrates can be divided based on:
Metal nanoparticles (e.g., colloids)
Metal thin films
Generally, all fabrication methods of the SERS substrate production can be divided into four main categories :
Chemical synthesis (like synthesis of colloids by microwave heating method) (1)
Deterministic pattering (including all lithographic techniques, like electron beam lithography and focused ion beam fabrication) (2)
Template-assisted methods (3)
Other methods not mentioned above, which can be classified as nonconventional (4)
The two first categories (1, 2) can be classified as a “bottom-up” approach, while the third (3) is typical “top-down” approach . The fourth category (4) collects all new technologies, which present new proposal and are based on new ideas, not used traditionally. For example, when anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is used as a template for nanofabrication of metallic nanostructures, one can classify that method to the third category (3), while AAO decorated by metallic nanoparticles and used as an active SERS substrate will be included in nonconventional method (4). In summary, the classification of the fourth category depends on what experimental actions are included there, so the decision whether it is “bottom-up” or “top-down” approach should be taken after the analysis of the method.
SERS substrate can be divided according to application:
Military utilization and internal security, e.g., detection and identification of illicit or dangerous materials such as explosives
Quality control in the food and pharmaceutical industry
Medicine, e.g., detection of cancer cells or defects in DNA
Single molecule detection
To describe SERS substrate, the following parameters have to be taken under consideration: enhancement factor of signal for a given analyte, repeatability of measurements, shelf life/durability, required excitation wavelength and laser power range, temperature, and humidity sensitivity. To define SERS substrate efficiencies, the specific application, where the substrate is planned to be used, should be included. For example, when we plan to use SERS in blue or green-orange region (cover visible and NIR light), we can take an Au or Ag nanocolloids, but for UV region we need to use Al nanoparticles . Generally, for detection of microorganisms and living cells, the colloidal nanoparticles are typically preferred as SERS substrates. Also, for detection of specific sequence of DNA or RNA and Ag or Au nanoparticles, Raman-active dyes can be applied, while in detecting pancreatic cancer biomarkers, the SERS in body fluids is required [7, 8]. Detection of bacteria E. coli can be made on SERS substrate with gold nanoparticles . For detection of explosive materials, traditionally silver- or gold-based nanostructure is typically used [10, 11, 12], but Cu-based nanoobjects fabricated by laser ablation were also tested . Another important factor that influenced the Raman enhancement is the environment, in which the detected molecules are embedded, such as body fluid, ethanol water, or other solvent.
Enhancing Raman scattering over ordinary ones, spectrum registration conditions are on the order of 106 or greater. It is assumed that the observed signal enhancement is the resultant of two mechanisms: chemical strengthening and electromagnetic field amplification.
Generally, the Raman enhancement depends on electromagnetic and chemical amplification in the presence of metallic nanostructure (Ag, Au, Cu, Al, etc.). Chemical strengthening arises as a result of the overlapping of valence orbitals of the adsorbed molecule and the metal conductivity bands. Then a charge transfer from the adsorbate analyze to the metal (or vice versa) becomes possible. The strength of the SERS enhancement is strongly dependent on the shape and size as well as dielectric constant of the metal (plasmonic) nanoparticles on SERS substrate [14, 15], because this affected the ratio of absorption and scattering events. When the particles are too large, the excitation of nonradiative multipoles can appear, and a decrease in the overall efficiency of the enhancement may occur. On the other hand, too small particles lose their electrical conductance and did not enhance the field. When the particle size move toward few atoms, we do not have plasmon anymore at the surface, because we do not have large collection of electrons oscillated together. Each experiment has an ideal particle size and ideal surface thickness to achieve best performance . The strength of chemical enhancement is much lower than electromagnetic ones, but it is very important in determination of spectral pattern of SERS spectra, i.e., Raman shift or intensity ratio . When the interaction between molecule and the metal produces a metal-molecule charge transfer (CT) state and the Raman scattering is excited with a laser source in resonance with that state, some Raman modes can be strongly enhanced. In summary, the critical issue for the improvement of SERS sensitivity and reproducibility is the rational design of a stable and uniform SERS-active substrate, because the Raman enhancement is susceptible to the composition, size, and morphology of the substrate [18, 19, 20]. Higher SERS substrate surface area favors obtaining enhanced higher signal, and for this reason the work is underway on obtaining SERS substrates constructed of nanostructures coated with metallic plasmonic nanoobjects.
The high local electromagnetic field near plasmonic nanostructures, when the tested molecules are in their immediate vicinity, provides enhanced high Raman signal. The degree of electric field enhancement depends on the composition, morphology, and geometric parameters of surface nanostructures, as well as the amount of the so-called hot spots (regions of intense local field enhancement believed to be caused by local surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) ), and decreases sharply as the distance between the ground and the analyte under test increases above a dozen nm. There are a lot of publications described in detail in the LSPR phenomenon [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28], which justified not taking up this issue in this chapter.
Plasmon hot spots spread over the entire surface of the SERS substrate to ensure high sensitivity and repeatability of spectroscopic measurements; however, several conditions must be filled: (1) homogeneous distribution of plasmon nanostructures on a large surface with a strictly controlled distance, which effectively produces hotspot points; (2) it is necessary to efficiently and homogeneously deposit the studied molecules on the entire SERS substrate .
The main features of both the abovementioned mechanisms of SERS enhancement are different and will be given below. Chemical reinforcement can be characterized as follow:
The enhancement of Raman scattered light intensity in relation to the usual Raman spectrum registration conditions is of the order of 102.
Enhancement occurs only for particles that interact directly with the metal—as a consequence the range is limited to the monolayer adsorbate (high surface specificity).
Chemical enhancing does not depend on the optical properties of the metal but on the nature of the metal-adsorbate interactions; for that reason they are also observed for other metals than traditionally used in SERS, like Ag, Au, or Cu.
The amount of chemical enhancing depends on the location of the Fermi level of the metal and changes depending on the applied electrode potential.
Electromagnetic field enhancement can be characterized as follow:
The field enhancement effect depends mainly on the optical properties of metal and is the strongest for Ag, Au, and Cu
Field amplification increases the scattering intensity of Raman order of 104 in relation to normal condition registration of Raman spectrum.
This enhancement is felt up to several dozen nm from the surface of metal (range covers several atomic layers).
The effect strongly depends on the size, shape, and roughness, the surface morphology of the metal, or the size of the aggregates of metal atoms.
To be able to take full advantage of the possibilities of the SERS technique, and even expand its application, it is necessary to develop effective SERS substrates that will provide Raman dissipation signal enhanced up to 106 and larger. These SERS substrates have to be time stable and mechanically durable and ensure repeatable analysis results. To realize this aim, the SERS substrates based on nanostructures, including metallic nanostructures, have to be developed. The main trends in the matter of searching suitable nanostructures are as follow:
Layers of metals
Layers covered by nanoobjects
Nanostructures covered by metallic nanoobjects/plasmonic nanoparticles
Mix of form mentioned above
Brief descriptions of conventional fabrication methods and new directions to production of nanostructures for application in SERS are presented as follows:
In recent years ideas and attempts of using the anodic aluminum oxide and anodic titanium oxide as SERS substrate were made. The ideas can be divided into the following groups:
Using AAO as a matrix for the nanofabrication of nanostructures (like nanodots or nanowires) which can act as SERS substrates
AAO coated by metals (mainly by silver, AAO/Ag) in many forms directly used as the composite SERS substrate
ATO coated by metals (Ag or Au) which can act as recyclable SERS-active substrate
More detailed information about research of anodic oxides using as SERS substrate will be given in Part 4 of this chapter.
In this chapter, the main emphasis will be on a new type of SERS substrates based on anodic metal oxides, which is the perspective and future direction of SERS substrates. Generally, AAO and ATO consist of arrays of regularly arranged nanotubes/nanopores, which can be filled or covered by other materials. Moreover, ATO after annealing can act as a semiconductor and be used, for example, as a photocatalyst for removal of residual particles left on the substrate after SERS measurements. Due to the listed above advantages, the anodic oxides in SERS applications become more and more popular but up to now only in the research area. It is worth to notice that aluminum and/or titanium anodic oxides as a SERS substrate are no commercially produced now, so as a consequence its fabrication methods can be classified as unconventional fabrication SERS substrate method. The possibilities of application of anodic aluminum oxide and anodic titanium oxide as SERS substrates will be described and discussed in details below.
2. Conventional SERS substrate fabrication methods
Conventional SERS substrate types are nanostructures covered by metallic nanoobjects (NS/PLA), including nanoparticles or colloids. The fabrication methods of that substrate are briefly summarized below.
The SERS substrates in a type of nanostructures covered by metallic nanoobjects (NS/PLA) are produced by the application of the physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique of thin discontinuous metallic layers on nanostructures , using lithographic techniques (photolithography, electron or ion beam lithography) , nanoprinting or lithography supported by a template (matrices of porous polymers or shadow lithography—nanosphere lithography (NSL)) . However, the methods listed above are relatively expensive and time-consuming for areas larger than the range of mm2 . The limitation of using lithography method in SERS substrate production is connected with fabrication cost of nanostructures on large area and resolution of this technique. Below, in Table 1, the main disadvantages of that approach are presented.
The use of Au, Ag, or Cu metal colloids, with a diameter in the range of 10–80 nm, which are produced by chemical reduction, requiring the use of expensive chemical reagents, but the largest enhanced SERS (up to 1014), is shown for highly aggregated colloids . The biggest disadvantages of using colloids are storage (usually they should be used immediately after preparation), difficulties in use in portable spectrometers, high cost, problems with repeatability, and the limited range of materials that can be determined due to colloids’ dimensions. The use of colloidal metallic particles or nanowires on a glass substrate ensures a relatively homogeneous size of nanoobjects; however, their placement on the substrate is random and unique.
Since few years, the interest on new kind of flexible SERS substrates grows linearly. The new interesting group of SERS substrates constitutes flexible and highly sensitive multiparticle complexes. They are mainly based on metal nanoparticles combined with different kinds of fibers, thanks to which they possess new properties. To prepare that kind of SERS substrate, many approaches are taken under consideration, including the use of polymer nanofabric [35, 36], cellulose [37, 38], or flexible piezoelectric-modulated layer decorated by silver or gold nanoparticles or nanowires. Few of these substrates can find its application in food industry, especially for pesticide detection [37, 38, 40], and others in explosive materials detection . Despite many unquestionable advantages, such as high sensitivity, that kind of substrates can be temperature and humidity sensitive as well as still has short lifetime. In this chapter other issues related to this type of SERS substrate will not be addressed.
3. Commercially available SERS substrate
There are several commercially available SERS substrates. They are manufactured based on silicon etching and metal deposition techniques (Klarite substrates (discontinued), Renishaw), colloid distribution on cellulose fiber substrate (Ocean Optics substrate), or ion etching (Silmeco substrates). For more information on these solutions, see Table 2. All data were taken from the companies’ websites.
|Company name/SERS substrate name||Fabrication technology||Features||Price/active area|
|Renishaw-Klarite substrate (production terminated)||Silicon etching and coating of 300–500 nm Au||Around 75 EUR/piece (4 × 4 mm)|
|Diagnostic anSERS Inc., USA||Colloidal Ag nanoparticles deposited on cellulose fibers, printed||175$/ 25pieces (0.25 inch)|
|Ocean Optics Inc., USA||Colloidal Ag nanoparticles deposited on cellulose fibers—printing||64$/piece (cellulose/Au)|
|Ocean Optics Inc., USA||Metallic Au or Ag nanosponges||80$/piece, Au or Ag nanosponge|
(4 × 4 mm)
|Silmeco ApS, Denmark||Si nanostructures coated by Ag or Au, ion digestion and vapor deposition, solution deposition or incubation||350$/5pieces|
(4 × 4 mm)
|Horiba Ltd., Japan||Nanobludgeons, vapor deposition, dynamic evaporation at an angle||No information about the price (4 × 3 mm or 5 × 7 mm)|
|Enhanced Spectroscopy, Inc., USA||Ag layers, physical vapor deposition||No information about the price|
|Nanova Inc., USA||Au nanoparticles with bimodal diameter distribution (60 nm and 15 nm)—larger particles are probably colloids and smaller ones are probably vapor deposited||25$/piece|
4. Anodic oxides used as a SERS substrate
Anodic oxides are the group of materials which can be described as layered material made on the top of valve metal (like Al, Ti, Zn, Sn, W, etc. [42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47]) or its alloy (like Ti6Al7Nb, FeAl, etc. [48, 49, 50, 51]) by electrooxidation, called anodization. Nowadays it was discovered that it is also possible to anodize cupper foil which leads to production of anodic oxide layer which consists of nanobundle or nanorods [52, 53, 54]. Anodization is the only method for anodic oxide production. The main morphologies possible to obtain by anodization are:
The most popular anodic oxides are aluminum anodic oxide (AAO) and titanium anodic oxide (ATO).
AAO is a layer of nanocapillaries, perpendicular to the Al substrate, with a diameter in the range of nanometer scale (nanoporous morphology).
Two main applications of AAO are:
ATO can be made by anodization in two morphologies: nanoporous (similar to AAO, but in worse nanopore arrangement) or nanotubular [60, 61, 62].The morphological features of ATO can be relatively easily controlled by parameters of titanium anodization process. ATO is mainly used as a photocatalyst (after annealing) , but new applications of that material are still developed. Below, the way of using AAO and ATO as a SERS substrate will be discussed.
The nanofabrication of nanostructures using the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template is one of the methods leading to the production of uniformly distributed nanoobjects on the substrate. The AAO is system of hexagonally ordered nanocapillaries, which are vertically oriented to the substrate surface. AAO matrix is produced during an electrochemical oxidation of aluminum foil. It is possible to control geometric parameters of AAO (such as pore diameter, distance between them, matrix thickness, degree of nanopore ordering, etc.), implemented by appropriate selection of matrix production process parameters (e.g., type, concentration and temperature of electrolyte, applied voltage, anodization time) [64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71]. It provides wide possibilities of controlling the morphology and distribution of metallic nanostructures fabricated by AAO template-assisted method, which provoked the multiple use of the AAO matrix in research aimed at making SERS substrates. Below one can find examples of using AAO in preparation of SERS substrate.
Because of the advantages of using AAO in nanostructure fabrication (like low cost, facile, and recurrent), a lot of research groups study the possibility of utilizing these materials in SERS substrate production. An ultrathin AAO membrane (up to 100 nm thick) was used to produce nanodots, nanowires, or metallic nanowires with plasmonic properties, and samples prepared in this way were used as SERS substrates [72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79]. Successful attempts were also made to produce SERS flexible substrates using AAO matrices [20, 80, 81]. AAO was also used as a matrix for the production of composite SERS substrates [82, 83] or after coating with silver (AAO/Ag) directly as the SERS substrate [84, 85, 86].
Nguyen et al. built SERS substrate based on hexagonally ordered Au nanodisks, which was deposited on quartz by ultrathin AAO used as a shadow mask. The tested molecule was methamidophos (MAP) at various concentrations ranging from 1 ppb to 103 ppm. It was found that SERS signal depends on the morphological features of nanodisks: diameter and distance between nanostructures. The authors observed clearly the tendency of shifting the plasmon resonance to the longer wavelength with increasing the size of Au nanodisks and with decreasing the distance between them.
Liu et al. also reported correlation between the size of Au nanocones and its SERS properties in rhodamine 6G (R6G) detection . They prepared highly ordered Au nanocone arrays with a diameter in the range of 36–77 nm and the distance between the centers of nanocones about 100 nm. To prepare this substrate, the AAO mask was used and Au was evaporated on glass. It was experimentally proven that the spectral position of plasmon resonances was seen to slightly blueshift with increasing the nanocone size, which coincided well with the result of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. Moreover, compared with the bulk sample, the estimated SERS enhancement factor in R6G detection was boosted from 8.00 × 106 to 1.79 × 107 as the diameter of Au nanocones increased from 36 to 77 nm .
Kim et al. fabricated a highly ordered array of Au nanorod arrays consisted of agglomerated nanoparticles by porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template-assisted electrochemical deposition. That prepared SERS substrate was tested for 1 mM 4-methylbenzenethiol (4-MBT) detection in three systems: Au nanorod arrays with agglomerated structures after removing AAO template, smooth structures after removing AAO template, and agglomerated structures before removing AAO template. It was shown that the Au nanorod arrays with agglomerated structures demonstrated a higher activity in SERS effect as abundant nanogaps are created uniformly by combination of hot spots caused by both agglomerated porous structures on each nanorod and inter-rod gaps. Interestingly, that SERS substrate tested before removing AAO template exhibits the lowest signal intensity.
Liu et al. described a universal method to fabricate large-area regularly ordered gold nanodots using an AAO mask . The Au nanodots were patterned on different substrates such as silicon wafer, gold, and graphene substrates, and then the films were used as SERS-active cathodes in Li-O2 batteries. The discharge products on the different electrodes (graphene and gold) were analyzed, and the results indicated that the cathode reactions on these two electrodes are distinct from each other. The SERS electrodes are so sensitive that even a small amount of product formed on the nonporous, planar electrode can be detected clearly. The authors ensured that SERS-active electrode provided a uniform enhancement of the Raman spectra over the entire substrate, which is more suitable for detecting the intermediates and by-products formed on the electrode.
Several research groups work on developing flexible SERS substrates based on polymer and metallic layers, which are fabricated with the use of AAO membranes as a template for giving the shape to polymer. Zhang et al. tested flexible SERS substrate made by Au sputtering on the surface of the polymer nanostructure arrays, which was made by R2R imprinting UV-NIL process where AAO was used as the mold. The thickness of sputtering Au layer was optimized, and finally the substrate with a 30-nm Au coating was chosen as it showed the highest SERS enhancement for R6G detection. The largest enhancement factor for R6G at 1366 cm−1 was calculated at 1.21 × 107, and the SERS performance showed no obvious differences under different bending angles and different bending cycles. The tested substrate demonstrated excellent SERS performance and flexibility.
Zhao et al. have transferred three-dimensional nanoparticle array to polymer film with the use of AAO mask. As a result, polymer-nanocone-based 3D Au nanoparticle array SERS substrate was obtained. The new class of SERS substrate presented displays a high SERS sensitivity to R6G in a concentration up to 10−12 M. The enhancement factor was calculated at 1.30 × 108. In the other paper, Zhao et al. have reported fabrication of polymer nanopillar array with Au nanoparticle inlays used as a flexible and efficient SERS substrate . The substrate was prepared by nanoimprint lithography (NIL) method using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. It was found that substrate shows high SERS sensitivity to R6G identification with concentration up to10−12 M and the enhancement factor was calculated at 8.20 × 107. Moreover, both tested SERS substrates [80, 81] exhibit remarkable reproducibility, excellent flexibility (the SERS intensity acquired from the substrate almost remains constant after 200 bending times), and transparency in visual and infrared range, are lightweight and can be easily handled.
Chen et al. have used AAO with silver nanoparticles entrapped in the nanopores as a SERS substrate . The Ag nanoparticles were seeded growth from aqueous AgNO3 solution inside the AAO pore channels and treated at elevated temperature. It was shown that Ag nanoparticles entrapped in the pore channels exhibit significant structural stability and are less susceptible to oxidation than Ag NPs on the surface of a planar substrate at high temperatures. It was revealed that Ag NPs in AAO retain substantial SERS activity after heat treatment at 500°C for 5 days and even 600°C for 3 hours. The authors claim that geometric confinement of Ag NPs in the pore channel structure of AAO has clearly played a significant role in endowing them with the enhanced stability. It seems to be likely that the stability region may well be expanded to higher temperature and longer durations with reduced dimensions of the pore channels and decreased porosity of AAO. The SERS activity of tested samples with 10−6 M R6G was studied. It was shown that SERS spectra made on as-prepared and annealed samples are basically the same, which suggests that the coalescence of adjacent Ag NPs occurring at this stage has insignificant impact on the overall hot spots available for SERS enhancement.
Lim and Ng compared the SERS enhancement level for 2-naphthalenothiol obtained on AAO nanofibers coated with a thin Ag layer and on a metallic thin Ag layer deposited on nanoparticles and showed that the SERS signal enhancement on a properly selected length of AAO nanofibers is almost three times higher than on a thin Ag layer.
Dan et al. used AAO as a template for Ag nanorod array fabrication and then removed the oxide and decorated nanorods by Au nanoparticles . As-prepared substrate was used as a SERS substrate for R6G. The detection limit is as low as 10−16 M with excellent recyclability. According to the authors, the Raman enhancement occurs in the gap between the nanorods and the top of the nanorod bundle. The authors believe that this synthesis method can be used to prepare other metallic materials with outstanding structure, which can be used in many fields.
Zhong et al. reported fabrication of Fe nanorod arrays by AAO template-assisted method and covered them by Au nanoparticles by sputtering approach to produced large-area urchin-like Au nanospheres for testing as SERS substrate for rhodamine 6G detection. The lower concentration of detected R6G with the use of as-prepared SERS substrate was 10−12 M. Moreover, this substrate exhibits excellent reusability after being cleaned. Based on the analysis of three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, the strong SERS activity is mainly due to the high density of hot spots induced by the gaps between the neighboring Au-NSs. According to the authors, the urchin-like arrays exhibit promising potential as new platforms to realize novel optoelectronic devices and have a great potential for more application in other fields.
Despite the AAO popularity, scientists also found interest within the ATO matrix as a production part of composite SERS substrate. Arrangement of ATO nanopores or nanotubes is not so regular like in AAO, but crystal form of TiO2 shows photocatalytic properties, which can be of advantage in construction of reusable SERS substrates. Recently, there have been reports of nanocomposites composed of semiconductor and noble metal, e.g., ZnO/Ag and TiO2/Ag [91, 92, 93, 94] or protected by the patent of Polish inventors GaN/Ag [95, 96], used as SERS substrate. Below possibility of composite SERS substrate build of anodic titanium oxide and metallic nanoparticles will be discussed.
Jakubowicz et al. prepared ATO membranes with Ag nano-trees embedded in the pores. They found that the Ag nano-trees have a uniform branched symmetry independent of the applied substrate. In the cited paper, the SERS activity has not been studied; however other groups reported production of similar Ag nano-trees in AAO membrane and used this as a SERS substrate for R6G identification . The SERS detection limit for R6G was estimated to 1.00 × 10−11 M. Moreover, unlike the case of conventional modification of hydrophobic functional groups, the Ag dendrite-integrated AAO membrane substrates have potentials in simple, rapid, direct, and sensitive detection of pollutants with low affinity for noble metal surface, such as fluoranthene. The authors ensure that Ag-dendrites/AAO membrane exhibited excellent SERS performance with high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and tenability .
Sun et al. recognized Ag-coated ATO as a low-cost, uniform, and recyclable SERS-active substrate for 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (MBO) detection. The tested composite consisted of ATO made by two-step anodization of Ti foil with deposited Ag nanoparticles on the top of ATO by e-beam evaporation. The clear SERS signal was observed for very low concentration of MBO like 10−8 M. Utilizing photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide, the SERS substrate after using was illuminated by UV light by 20 minutes and rinsed in distilled water to remove residual ions and molecules and dried at room temperature. SERS substrate cleaned in that way was reused for MBO detection with success.
Wen et al. described ATO coupling with Au nanostructures as a reliable SERS substrate with application in medicine, for chronic myeloid leukemia drug evaluation . A critical biomarker of apoptosis, caspase-3, was detected by SERS analysis in real samples with reasonable recoveries. The authors assumed that SERS substrate developed by them has a lot of advantages (like cost-effectiveness, excellent reproducibility, and high sensitivity), which endows it with promising potential in apoptosis monitoring and anticancer drug development.
Ling et al. reported the use of Ag embedded in TiO2 nanotube array as a recyclable SERS substrate for R6G molecule detection . Concentration of R6G in SERS measurements was 10−6 M. It was found that the morphology of deposited Ag is strongly affected by the diameters of ATO nanotubes and the UV irradiation induced Ag aging process, especially the self-migration of silver along the tubular wall. The SERS activity is not proportional to the ATO diameters, and the enhancement factors on various roughened metallic surfaces strongly depend on the size, shape, distribution, and interaction of Ag nanoparticles with ATO.
In the other research, Roguska et al. investigated Ag, Au, and Cu nanoclusters deposited on TiO2 nanotubes/Ti as SERS substrate for pyridine detection. The influence of ATO nanotube diameters as well as the amount of deposited metal on SERS performance was studied. It was found that SERS activity of composite substrate was strongly dependent on the amount of deposited metal on ATO; for example, above 0.06 mg Ag/cm2, the SERS intensity signal was higher than for referential substrate consisting of bulk activated Ag. Moreover, this high SERS activity of tested substrate, according to the authors, is mainly the merit of their specific morphology. The SERS activity depends also on the type of metal used and the increase in the following order Cu < <Au < Ag, wherein composite made of Cu/TiO2-nanotube/Ti was less active than referential samples made from activated Cu bulk substrate. This observation could be attributed to an instantaneous oxidation of Cu clusters and particles on ATO surface, which result in quenching of SERS signals from the adsorbed molecules. Additionally, the highest substrate stability was observed for Au/TiO2-nanotube/Ti composite.
Huang et al. prepared SERS substrate consisting of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) deposited on patterned TiO2 nanotube films through pulse-current (PC) electrodeposition. The resultant substrate exhibited particle-size-dependent as well as density-correlated UV–vis absorbance and SERS enhancement effect. It was shown that SERS signal of R6G molecules obtained on the tested sample was highly enhanced.
Differences in ATO and AAO matrices are not only in their morphology. Kudelski et al. compared SERS substrate behavior consisting of Ag nanoparticles deposited on AAO and ATO nanotubes for pyridine and two various selected dyes. The recorded average SERS enhancement factors on Ag/TiO2-n/Ti and Ag/Al2O3-n/Al composites was at least equal to the SERS enhancement factor on standard electrochemically roughened Ag substrates (i.e., about 106–107) or higher by a factor of 2. The authors proven that SERS spectra for examined molecules are distinctly different for those two composite substrates. They proposed that observed differences may be caused by specific interaction between the Ag nanoparticles and the oxides, especially different location of Fermi level in the Ag nanoparticles deposited on two tested nanostructured oxides, AAO and ATO. Moreover, the authors suggested that the critical influence on the shape of the spectrum (the position of individual SERS signals) and most probably on the “chemical” part of SERS enhancement is the electronic properties of the composites, not the specific surface area of substrate.
In other paper from the same group, Pisarek et al. reported the influence of the size of the nanotubes/nanopores of AAO and ATO decorated by Ag nanoparticle as well as the structure of the porous oxide layers on the SERS enhancement factor (EF) for pyridine and mercaptobenzoic acid detection. It was shown that for the same amount of deposited Ag (0.02 mg/cm2), the size of the nanopores significantly affects the EF, which reaches distinctly higher values at an optimal nanopore size (wherein the higher the EF, the smallest the nanotube diameter) than on a standard silver surface roughened by electrochemical cycling, i.e., EF > 106. Moreover it was shown that for Ag/Al2O3 NT/Al material the EF is significantly higher than that for Ti-based composite and an order of magnitude higher than that for commonly used in SERS measurements roughened silver. It was proven that porous alumina interact with Ag nano-deposits, hence affecting the electronic structure of the Ag-nanoparticles, which may be most useful in detecting small amounts of certain organic compounds.
Other researchers, Bao et al. and Zhou et al. , combined advantages of using AAO matrix to fabricate ordered nanostructures with catalytic activity of TiO2. Based on the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide, the authors have obtained promising self-cleaning effect of adsorbed molecules from composite SERS substrates made of Ag nanowires (made by AAO template-assisted fabrication method) coated with a TiO2 layer. That composite was used as a SERS substrate as prepared as well as after cleaning realized by UV light irradiation. SERS effect was tested successfully for R6G (10−14 M) and methyl parathion (MP) (up to 10−6 M) on both, fresh and recycled samples . The authors gave reasons why tested composite showed high SERS enhancement :
Ag provided much higher SERS enhancement than Au and other metals.
Between collapsing nanowire tips, the gaps are created and they act as many “hot spots,” where analyte molecules are positioned.
High aspect ratio (length/width) of Ag nanowires is a major factor to achieving high SERS enhancement.
5. Future of SERS substrate
The challenge that needs to be solved in order to use the SERS spectroscopy method on a wider scale than now is to develop a cheaper and repeatable method for the synthesis of uniformly distributed homogeneous nanostructures enabling the production of SERS substrates significantly enhancing the signal (>106) in a repeatable manner.
The ideal SERS substrate should be characterized by enhanced high electromagnetic field, not have a fluorescent background, and operate in a wide wavelength range and with unlimited laser power. In addition, it should have a long shelf life, be repeatable and uniform throughout its entire surface, be able to operate in different environments, and be available in different sizes. The future SERS substrates will be a commercially produced, cheap, and repeatable substrate, using new plasmonic materials (e.g., semiconductors, graphene), possible to use in portable Raman spectrometers. It is very likely that databases for the interpretation of standardized SERS spectra will be created in the future.
Taking into account all the requirements for an ideal SERS substrate, which are mentioned above, the anodic oxide-based nanocomposites as SERS substrate can become an efficient and popular product. Nowadays, the possibility of applying this material as a highly active SERS substrate is in the research phase, and the results are very promising. The prospective role of advanced anodic oxide based nanocomposites as SERS substrate can be attributed to the following features:
No fluorescence and very low background, similar to the values recorded for quartz and silicon.
The production of anodic oxides is relatively easy and fast process, so the cost of such production would be significantly lower than the cost of now commercially available SERS substrates.
The structures obtained by anodization are characterized by a large specific surface area, repeatability, and the ability to control geometric parameters by means of manufacturing process parameters (e.g., anodization potential or process temperature), which ensure the repeatability of SERS analyses.
It is possible to increase the production scale of anodic oxide-based SERS substrates relatively quickly and easily.
Despite the undoubted advantages and potentially large possibilities of the widespread use of SERS spectroscopy in many field, its progress has been hampered by the inability of scientists and industry to produce SERS substrates with high sensitivity, stability, and repeatability. Currently commercially available SERS substrates are characterized by obtaining enhancement of 105–107 and durability between several days and 6 months. The above limitations appear due to the relatively small control over the morphology of substrate structures at the nanoscale, which are responsible for the observed enhancement of SERS .
It is important to have the reproducible and homogeneous distribution of nanostructures over the entire surface of the SERS substrate, while obtaining large areas that meet these conditions. The next step is to find technology to transfer these results from the laboratory to the industrial scale providing some technological problems. The use of conventional nanostructures in fabrication methods becomes less attractive because they are relatively expensive, time-consuming, difficult, and not effective for areas larger than 1 mm2. The use of anodic aluminum oxide template for the production of nanostructures, despite promising results at the nanoscale, is fraught with many problems arising when attempting to increase the scale of production, including a complicated, multi-stage, and difficult process for producing ultrathin membranes; ordering structures only in the domain area; and difficulties in obtaining repetitive systems of nanostructure. On the other hand, the outstanding array structure made by AAO template-assisted method has a promising practical application in SERS field, so this direction will be probably developed in the future. Also using the ATO for SERS substrate production seems to be a promising solution: the possibility of combining relatively ordered nanopores/nanotubes with its photocatalytic properties to utilize SERS substrates self-cleaning effect gives a big perspective of application on that material. In the future probably the composite SERS substrates based on AAO/ATO and Ag or Au will be commercially available.
This work was financed by the National Centre for Research and Development (Poland) under program LIDER IX (Nr LIDER/50/0199/L-9/17/NCBR/2018). M. Michalska-Domańska cordially acknowledges financial support from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Scholarship for Young, Outstanding Researchers 2016–2019, agreement no. 1013/E-410/STYP/11/2016). The author thanks Dr. P. Nyga for the help in finding information about commercially available SERS substrates. | <urn:uuid:4a99af10-82f8-474b-8189-400970ec89d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/an-overview-of-anodic-oxides-derived-advanced-nanocomposites-substrate-for-surface-enhance-raman-spe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140746.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713002400-20200713032400-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.921751 | 9,441 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Researchers are combing through satellite data, applying deep learning algorithms and using other techniques as they attempt to better understand hurricanes. For example, Hussam Mahmoud of Colorado State University is involved with a project to more accurately predict the damage caused by hurricanes that make landfall.
How data can improve the response to natural disasters
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Get the intelligence you need: news and information that is changing your industry today, hand-curated by our professional editors from thousands of sources and delivered straight to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:4d056c29-5966-4a17-92f6-952a9a01fd8e> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.smartbrief.com/branded/CF7540AB-88D9-4FF4-BA6E-CB299263888F/26FFB97D-742A-4FEC-AFDC-F598E31397D9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823705.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211215732-20181212001232-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.93785 | 115 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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Taxus bacata or English Yew is native to Europe, Iran and north Africa. It is a hardy outdoor, evergreen tree that has become a popular bonsai.
They are fairly unfussy and will grow in sun or some shade. Yew has lovely dark green foliage, and new shoots grow easily from old wood and the material is easy to train into bonsai. If the yew is outside during colder weather it is not unusual for the leaves to turn a golden colour we call it winter blush. This does not harm the tree and the leaves will turn green again in the spring.
Water regularly throughout the growing season, giving more water in summer. Although the soil should never be allowed to dry out completely in winter, do not allow it to become too wet as the combination of waterlogged soil and frost can damage yew roots. | <urn:uuid:aca7459a-085f-41b3-be1a-7a3c7c10ff6d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.nerialiventerprise.co.in/yew-bonsai-trees.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930212504-20221001002504-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.955925 | 200 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Clear your throat.
Do a little vocalizing.
Practice singing a scale.
Now you're ready to hit that high note when you sing "… and the land of the free …"
On Flag Day this Saturday when you do your best to belt out our national anthem, you'll be part of a coast to coast sing-a-long.
The big-do will be sponsored by the National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution as part of its observance of the 200th anniversary of the Star Spangled Banner.
Kickoff of the Saturday "Raise it Up, Anthem for America" will be at 4 p.m. on the Mall in Washington, D.C.
Everyone — so-so singers included — is invited to join with celebrity singers and hundreds of members of organized choruses in a rousing rendition of Baltimorean Francis Scott Key's famous words.
Baltimore, indeed, has another Star-Spangled Banner claim to fame. Mary Pickersgill, a local seamstress and flag maker, was chosen to make the flag to fly over Fort McHenry.
Dimensions are enormous: 30 by 42 feet. Fashioned of red, blue and undyed wool, with cotton for the 15 stars, the banner was planned as a bold statement to the British who were sure to come.
When they did come in September 1914, Key witnessed the forceful — but unsuccessful — bombardment of the Fort. As the story goes, thus inspired, he wrote his famous words on the back of an envelope.
Various Reisterstown residents, some years later, undoubtedly had chats with Francis Scott Key, Jr. and his famous father when the two came shopping in the village from Key Jr.'s home, "The Elms," several miles up Westminster Pike.
The Fort McHenry flag was folded and stored in the attic of the home of the fort's commander, General Armistead, for many years.
Turned over many years later to the Smithsonian, the flag, after a $7 million restoration — thanks in part to designer Ralph Lauren — now is displayed in a temperature-controlled chamber.
Don't forget: on Saturday at 4, sing out. | <urn:uuid:005ee859-3e34-4ca4-974a-0933cfbae9e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.baltimoresun.com/cct-arc-78deccdd-575c-584d-80e7-d26495b1b505-20140611-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281492.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00074-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959107 | 449 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Pareto chart is a combination of a bar chart and a line chart used for visualization.
In Pareto charts, the right vertical axis is used for cumulative frequency while the left vertical axis represents frequency. They basically use the Pareto principle which says that 80% of effects are produced from 20% of causes of systems.
Here, we have a bar chart that indicates the frequency of occurrence of the event in different categories in decreasing order (from left to right), and an overlaid line chart indicates the cumulative percentage of occurrences.
pareto.chart(x, ylab = “Frequency”, ylab2 = “Cumulative Percentage”, xlab, cumperc = seq(0, 100, by = 25), ylim, main, col = heat.colors(length(x)))
x: a vector of values. names(x) are used for labelling the bars.
ylab: a string specifying the label for the y-axis.
ylab2: a string specifying the label for the second y-axis on the right side.
xlab: a string specifying the label for the x-axis.
cumperc: a vector of percentage values to be used as tickmarks for the second y-axis on the right side.
ylim: a numeric vector specifying the limits for the y-axis.
main: a string specifying the main title to appear on the plot.
col: a value for the color, a vector of colors, or a palette for the bars. See the help for colors and palette.
Plotting Pareto Chart
Following are the steps that are required for plotting Pareto Chart:
- A vector (defect <- c(Values…)) is taken which holds the values of counts of different categories.
- A vector (names(defect) <- c(Values…)) is taken which holds the string values specifying
names of different categories.
- This vector “defect” is plot using pareto.chart().
In the chart here, the orange Pareto line indicates that (789 + 621) / 1722 which is approximately 80% of the complaints come from 2 out of 10 = 20% of the complaint types (Overpriced and Small portions). | <urn:uuid:1133ada0-b3b5-4b26-a7f8-147ef289cb4f> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-pareto-chart/?ref=rp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488536512.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623073050-20210623103050-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.804324 | 480 | 3.40625 | 3 |
What to Know About Children's Bowel Movement Health
*Article co-authored with Sydney Schofield and Alexa Torontow.
From colour, consistency, and frequency, parents have a lot of questions about their child’s poop. Part of raising healthy, resilient children is helping to ensure that their digestive system is on track, from what they put in their mouths, to what, how much and how often comes out the other end! And knowing when to be concerned and what can be done to support a healthier-functioning digestive tract for your kiddo is a great place to start.
WHAT’S THE POOP?
Although it can vary considerably, the frequency of normal bowel movements in children should look something like the following:
Infants: Very few to many stools a day in the first weeks of life. Healthy breastfed infants can go several days or longer without a bowel movement or fill their diaper after every feed!
Late infancy and toddlers: Two stools a day.
After preschool years: One stool a day or every other day.
As far as appearance goes, a “standard” stool doesn’t exist (Noore Bekkali and colleagues made a valiant effort in 2009, using photographs!). Generally, infant stool can vary widely and is typically yellow, brown, or green, and has a soft, mushy consistency. Beyond infancy, stools should be well-formed and fairly easy to pass—ideally type 4 on the chart below. Compare your child’s stool (and your own!) according to this commonly used scale:
Whether it’s bouts of diarrhea or periods of constipation, kids can commonly experience what is known as a “functional” condition, which means there is no underlying medical cause for the constipation or diarrhea. In fact, up to 95 percent of cases of childhood constipation are functional in nature, with the remaining 5 percent typically being medical causes that develop in infancy.
Though bowel movements can differ from person to person, to classify as constipation, at least two of the following need to be present:
- Two or fewer bowel movements per week
- At least one episode of incontinence per week (after the acquisition of toileting skills for children under four years of age)
- History of excessive stool retention
- History of painful or hard bowel movements
- Presence of a large fecal mass in the rectum
- History of large diameter stools that may obstruct the toilet
Other symptoms may include irritability, decreased appetite, and feeling full quite quickly while eating meals. Although the clinical definition specifies a time duration (symptoms being present for a month for children under four, and at least once a week for two months for children over four), research shows that early intervention has very positive outcomes, and therefore the time duration doesn’t need to be met before you take action.
Explain the Strain
There are a number of different causes for constipation:
Studies have shown that children experiencing constipation have a low fibre, particularly from a lack of vegetables, with picky eaters especially affected.
One of the most common causes of functional constipation is painful bowel movements that cause the child to voluntarily withhold stool. The poop remains in the rectum where its water is reabsorbed by the body, leading to even more pain and difficulty in evacuation. Even though they have the urge to go, other situations that cause children to withhold include toilet training, change in routine, diet, lack of accessible toilets, as well as busyness and stress. Common signs of withholding include rocking back and forth, hiding in a corner, stiffening their body, or fidgeting with each urge to defecate.
Yes, stress can affect anyone at any age and can cause the development of functional constipation! Younger children may have separation anxiety and older children may feel stress from trying to keep up in school or fit in with their peers. Overscheduling with extracurricular activities, leaving little time to relax after school can also contribute to stress in kids.
Acute gastroenteritis (stomach flu), where the accompanying diarrhea comes on quickly, with or without nausea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain is the most common type of diarrhea experienced by children. Infections, inflammatory diseases, and other hormonal and gastrointestinal disorders can also be culprits.
Functional diarrhea (also known as toddler’s diarrhea) is a common pediatric concern that features daily, painless, recurrent passage of three or more large, unformed (loose) stools, for four or more weeks. For the symptoms to be considered true functional diarrhea, the onset of the symptoms must have begun between six and 36 months of age, the passage of stools occur during waking hours, and the child continues normal growth patterns.
Playing fast and loose?
Keep an eye out for the causes of loose stool and diarrhea:
One of the most common, but least-often-discussed, causes of a child’s loose stools is the over-consumption of fruit juice. The high sugar content in juice draws fluid into the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a looser, watery stool.
Along with fruit juice consumption, excessive consumption of other simple sugars, sorbitol, and potential food allergens may also contribute to functional diarrhea.
Just as stress can contribute to constipation, it can also lead to loose stools: it just depends on which way your child’s intestines swing!
Double Tummy Trouble
Keep an eye out for red flag symptoms that may indicate an underlying cause of loose stools or constipation. If present, immediately consult with a healthcare provider:
- Delayed passage of stool after birth (more than 24 hours)
- Onset of constipation before 1 month old
- Stools that are red (unless your child recently ate beets!), black (except in the first week of life), or white/grey
- Child is not growing as expected
- Abdominal distention not alleviated with a bowel movement
- Persistent or intermittent diarrhea and explosive stools
- Blood or pus in stool
- Persistent pain or pain at night
- Unusual rash or sores
- Signs of dehydration (e.g. crying without tears, fewer episodes of urination or wet diapers, very dry mouth, very lethargic)
THREE CHEERS FOR NUMBER TWO!
There are a few diet, lifestyle, and behaviour changes that can be made to support bowel function and a vast array of natural approaches that can be tailored to a child’s unique presentation. Remember that implementing a new routine takes time and that kids are more likely to do things if their parents are doing them too! Correcting digestive issues early on is vital to overall health and wellness, as many childhood complaints continue on into puberty and adulthood, negatively affecting quality of life.
Hit the Spot
Acupressure is a technique that can stimulate many systems and two of the most powerful acupressure points to support digestive function are on your child’s lower legs. Gently pressing on these points at least once a day for a few minutes can have a wonderful tonifying effect. Your child should feel the pressure, but it should not be uncomfortable.
Gauge the distance across the width of your child’s four fingers; place your thumbs that distance above their inner ankle bones, just on the back side of their calves. Hold their legs gently with your hands and press into those spots with your thumbs.
Find the depressions just below your child’s kneecaps on the inside of their legs and place your thumb the same distance (the width of your child’s four fingers) under these depressions, just on the outside of the ridge of leg bones (tibia). Hold their legs gently with your hands and press into those spots with your thumbs.
Increasing dietary fibre intake helps alleviate both constipation and diarrhea when introduced slowly, along with increased water intake. Good sources of dietary fibre include vegetables, fruit, flax seeds, psyllium, and unprocessed whole grains. For children ages 3–7 years, aim for 10 grams of fibre per day, and for children 8 and up, try for 15 grams (adults need at least 25 grams per day).
Finding creative ways to increase fluid and veggie intake, such as adding pieces of fruit or cucumber to water, can help make it more appealing to kids. There are also a variety of cookbooks devoted to lovingly sneaking more vegetables into meals. Your healthcare provider can help identify other strategies of using food to improve bowel function, including identifying and navigating food intolerances that may be aggravating the issue.
Up the water intake and include small amounts of 100% fruit juice (especially prune) to help increase the amount of fluid in the colon. For infants, 2 ounces of prune juice diluted in water can be used.
In order to properly digest food, our bodies need to be in a parasympathetic state (the rest and digest mode). A few ways to shift into this is to take a few deep breaths before eating, create a calm environment around meal time, and limit distractions and entertainment.
Probiotics can be used to prevent and manage both constipation and diarrhea. Certain strains are best for specific conditions and symptoms. For the most efficient and beneficial results, work with your healthcare practitioner to find the ideal ones for your child’s unique situation.
Are herbal laxatives safe for my child?
Always speak to a healthcare provider before using laxatives on your child, even if they’re labelled natural. Many herbs act as laxatives by stimulating the colon, which sounds like a good thing, but it can very quickly create a dependency. There are a variety of herbs that can induce bowel function in a more indirectly supportive way.
The gut is a familiar victim in stressful situations. Having open dialogue with children about how they feel and how they are handling their stress may provide some insight into digestive issues, as children who are stressed frequently report abdominal pain.
Although it has a powerful laxative effect when taken orally, applying castor oil to the abdomen can help encourage the intestines to move. It’s ideal for constipation, but can help with functional diarrhea as well. Pour a quarter-sized amount of castor oil (ideally cold-pressed) into your palm and rub your hands together to warm. With your child lying on their back with bent knees, sit at their side facing their head and place both your hands on their belly. Gently massage in a clockwise circular direction, with one hand making full circles and the other lifting as it rotates (known as the “sun and moon” pattern). No need to wipe off oil.
This is typically relaxing for the child, and is a beautiful way to connect and sing or talk.
Move it Along!
Intestinal function is best when healthy toileting habits are prioritized, particularly to relieve constipation. Engage in conversations about pooping and teach little ones not to ignore the urge to go to the bathroom. Make toilet time a regular event—this might mean a 5-to-10-minute toilet sit after each meal. Try placing a stool under their feet while sitting on the toilet, as it brings the pelvic floor into an optimal position for bowel movements. Finally, encouraging regular physical activity helps improve gastrointestinal motility.
When it comes to children and digestion, seeking out a qualified healthcare provider who takes a holistic approach to wellness can provide valuable guidance. Disruption in normal digestion is rarely a single cause or effect, and working to harmonize gut health by supporting overall health and wellness through behaviour, lifestyle, diet, and natural health products when necessary can help ensure you are giving your child the best chance to feel well and thrive!
You may also enjoy: Keeping Kids Regular: How to Treat and Prevent Constipation, The Signs, Causes, and Impact of Constipation in Kids, and Natural Remedies for Child Constipation. | <urn:uuid:9ee18118-06c7-41ca-9193-a47675a5cd10> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://ecoparent.ca/eco-wellness/what-know-about-childrens-bowel-movement-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948965.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329085436-20230329115436-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.939212 | 2,570 | 3.390625 | 3 |
OVERVIEW OF WEIGHT BIAS IN HEALTH CARE SETTINGS
Bias hurts, and not just emotionally. Research confirms bias among doctors, nurses, dieticians and other health care professionals, even those who specialize in obesity. Patients report avoiding routine, preventive health care because of these negative experiences. Recent research has even shown that stigmatization contributes to unhealthy eating behaviors. Addressing weight bias is a clinical imperative. Today’s excellent clinician must ask:
What kinds of negative experiences might I expect my obese patients have had in the past?
How can I rebuild patient/provider trust to deliver quality care? | <urn:uuid:dd2da1d2-128f-40e3-8a52-d2654772f2e5> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/resources/bias_toolkit/module3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645366585.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031606-00300-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914053 | 127 | 2.765625 | 3 |
To be an effectual instructor in the twelvemonth 2010 and beyond instructors need to see their pupils in the schoolroom and how pull offing the schoolroom is impacted by the theories of instruction and acquisition. Classroom direction consists of “ actions instructors take to make an environment that supports and facilitates academic and social-emotional acquisition ” ( Evertson & A ; Weinstein, 2006, p.4 as cited in Eggen et al. , 2010, p.354 ) . The cardinal principals needed in planning and making effectual schoolroom direction will take to making a productive acquisition environment and hence leting instructors to be effectual in the twelvemonth 2010 and beyond. As stated in Eggen et al. , 2010, the five principals include
Management and Direction
Rules and Procedures
The first yearss of school.
It is easy to understand from Piaget ‘s phases of development and cognitive theory that pupils believing, understanding, behavior and experiences are different in each developmental phase.
“ Students think, act, and experience otherwise at different phases of development, and instructors need to react to the differences as they plan ” ( Emmer et al. , 2006 ; Evertson et al. , 2006 as cited in Eggen et al. , 2010, p.357 ) .
Piaget ‘s research identified that building of cognition occurs chiefly in the kid ‘s interaction with physical objects. As a kid moves through the developmental phases, instructors continue to utilize concrete experiences and supply chances to include more abstract and elaborate information as the concluding phase of development allow for formal thought shown by believing abstractly, consistently and hypothetically hence leting pupils to modify bing scheme ( Eggen et al. , 2010 ) . When be aftering for effectual schoolroom direction, another position that can be considered is Vygotsky ‘s sociocultural theory of development. Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, besides believed, as Piaget did, that kids construct cognition for themselves, although Vygotsky ‘s research indicated that building of cognition occurs when it is first “ socially constructed and so internalised ” ( Eggen et al. , 2010, p.49 ) . Both positions from Piaget and Vygotsky suggest that need to travel from the traditional schoolroom where learning takes topographic point and instructors are the focal point, towards making a new environment consisting of larning activities that utilise these features and places the pupil in a cognitively active function ( Eggen et al. , 2010 ) .
Management and Direction
Management and direction are mutualist, “ as you plan for schoolroom direction, you must at the same time be after for effectual direction ” ( Good and Brophy, 2008 as cited in Eggen et al. , 2010, p.357 ) , put merely be aftering and bringing work together. Effective direction is clear and concise ; it communicates the intended information or petition extinguishing the possibility of reading. Effective instructors in the twelvemonth 2010 and beyond take advantage of resources available such as, the cyberspace, the course of study, books, articles and their experiences to be after their lessons while doing usage of different manners of presenting this information, for case, utilizing a Smartboard, computing machines, projectors, diagrams, theoretical accounts or any other method to let their pupils at any developmental degree to do sense of, and understand the information being taught ( Eggen et al. , 2010 ) .
Preparation and modus operandis are the cardinal constituents of administration and finally an orderly acquisition environment ( Eggen et al. , 2010 ) . To accomplish an orderly acquisition environment at all developmental degrees, administration is indispensable for effectual schoolroom direction, administration includes fixing stuffs in progress, get downing schoolrooms and activities on clip, doing passages rapidly and swimmingly and making well-established modus operandis. Eggen et al. , ( 2010 ) suggest while making modus operandis within the schoolroom increases instructional clip it besides reduces the cognitive burden on instructors and pupils and finally reduces the likeliness of direction jobs.
Rules and Procedures
“ Regardless of your pupils ‘ developmental degree, the basis of an effectual direction system is a clearly understood and systematically monitored set of regulations and processs ” ( Eggen et al. , 2010, p.358 ) . Rules can dwell of a little set of points on unlifelike paper seeable to all pupils in the schoolroom explicating acceptable behavior while processs are the guidelines that allow pupils to understand procedures such as utilizing a bell to halt the current activity and passage to the following. Teachers require their pupils to follow the regulations and processs as “ they are the agencies for organizing the schoolroom as an environment that supports acquisition ” ( Brophy, 1999 ) . To accomplish this, instructors use operant and classical conditioning to reenforce regulations and processs severally.
Establishing regulations that make sense and support pupils with clear illustrations is one method that follows Skinners theory of Operant Conditioning. “ B. F. Skinner, ( 1953, 1954 as cited in Eggen et al. , 2010, p.167 ) the most influential figure in operant conditioning, argued that behaviors are controlled more by effects than by stimuli preceding behavior. ” Teachers status scholars, they reward and penalize in order to reenforce behavior as scholars merely respond to the stimulation provided, as this suggests larning occurs when a pupil exhibits a certain behavior which is so followed by the effect. The effect being positive or negative influences the chance of similar behaviors repeating, hence positive support increases the likeliness of positive behaviors and negative support increases the likeliness of negative behaviors ( Eggen et al. , 2010 ) . Effective instructors use Skinner ‘s operant conditioning as a tool for pull offing pupil behavior, helping future scholars to build their apprehension of the regulations and processs by associating them to their experiences ; this allows the pupils to understand the significance of those regulations clearly.
Teachers can implement processs in their schoolroom by understanding and using Pavlov ‘s theory of classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, originally discovered association as the key to effectual acquisition ( Eggen et al. , 2010 ) . For illustration, pupils associate the ring of the bell to transitioning to another activity. The innate stimulation, “ an object or event that causes an natural or automatic ( unconditioned ) physiological or emotional response ” ( Eggen et al. , 2010, p.165 ) is represented by the bell and the learned stimulation “ a once impersonal stimulation that becomes associated with the innate stimulation ” ( Eggen et al. , 2010, p.165 ) is represented through the association of the instructor pealing the bell. The innate response “ is the natural or automatic ( unconditioned ) physiological or emotional response caused by the innate stimulation ” ( Eggen et al. , 2010, p.165 ) when pealing the bell consequences in the pupil ‘s halting their current activity and transitioning to the following. With repeat the conditioned response “ a erudite physiological or emotional response that is similar to the innate response ” ( Eggen et al. , 2010, p.165 ) has now become a erudite response bring forthing similar consequences as the innate response.
First yearss of the school twelvemonth
Effective instructors set up guidelines within the first few yearss of school which sets the tone for the twelvemonth. “ Research systematically confirms that forms of behavior for the full twelvemonth are established in the first few yearss of school ” ( Gettinger & A ; Kohler, 2006 ; V. F. Jones & A ; Jones, 2004 as cited in Eggen et al. , 2010, p.358 ) . The four chief guidelines for get downing the school twelvemonth consist of set uping outlooks, where instructors place accent on making an orderly schoolroom environment and in bend allow for effectual acquisition ( Eggen et al. , 2010 ) . Planing structured Instruction manuals which are critical for effectual acquisition, by taking into consideration the pupils ‘ cognitive development, instructors are able to measure pupils and design appropriate activities ( Eggen et al. , 2010 ) . Teaching regulations and processs can be valuable for pupils as they discuss classroom life, and leting them to offer suggestions promotes understanding while systematically reviewing the regulations and procedures “ Being asked for input creates societal contracts that can increase moral development, addition pupils feelings of liberty, and contribute to motive to larn ” ( Brophy, 2004 ; R. Ryan and Deci, 2000 as cited in Eggen et al. , 2010, p.366 ) . Communication with parents is necessary, to suit the hereafter scholar and altering from the traditional one-year parent/teacher meeting, instructors can affect parents further in their kid ‘s academic life via missive or phone by “ encouraging parents to assist with prep, read to their immature kids and proctor telecasting screening ( Allen, 2007 as cited in Eggen et al. , 2010, p.367 ) .
Teachers are wise mans and professionals ( Eggen et al. , 2010 ) who deliver information in a structured form leting pupils to make their possible. Effective instructors must hold an enthusiasm for larning and educating, their passion drives them to be successful in doing a positive difference in their pupils ‘ lives while continuously fostering and animating them to achieve.A As pupils develop and adjust to their acquisition environment, including the construction of the schoolroom, progressing engineering, different behaviors and larning experiences, instructors are besides required to continually germinate, believe of different methods and thoughts, taking into history developmental differences, direction, administration, initial contact with a pupil, regulations and processs to present the information to let pupils to run into their aims and make a positive acquisition environment. Uniting these elements with the theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, Pavlov and Skinner allows for a greater apprehension of the features of future scholars, and by run intoing their demands instructors in the twelvemonth 2010 and beyond will be able to prosecute pupils to believe, make, analyze, measure and use themselves ( Nesbitt, 2007 ) .
Without effectual instructors, scholars of the hereafter will be little more than persons go toing school whilst sitting passively and listening to instructions. Understanding the features of these future scholars and the theories of instruction and acquisition from good known theoreticians such as Piaget, Vygotsky, Pavlov and Skinner, while at the same time reflecting on Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands, allows us to recognize the impact motive, schoolroom direction and appraisals have on scholars and finally the way and ends effectual instructors in the twelvemonth 2010 and beyond enterprise to achieve.A
Throughout this paper, we have established that scholars construct cognition from information that must do sense to them, by supplying scholars with chances to make their full potency instructors are able to use and construct upon their scholars understanding through a lovingness, supportive and productive environment. Furthermore instructors of the twelvemonth 2010 and beyond take advantage of the eternal resources available while actuating and prosecuting the scholar in effectual acquisition activities and mensurating their advancement through formal and informal appraisals.
Gaining that instructors and pupils are merely limited by their ain imaginativeness is authorising. As a instructor of the twelvemonth 2010 and beyond this authorization opens up a wealth of chance and adds a degree of exhilaration while encompassing the challenges of twenty-first century instruction. | <urn:uuid:0e08e326-1d70-4747-bfec-f2afcf29d0db> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://amcon-dist.com/case-study-classroom-management.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865651.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523121803-20180523141803-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.918129 | 2,383 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Now that the International Astronomical Union (IAU) has classified Pluto as a dwarf planet, our solar system is left with eight planets. Based on their characteristics, these eight planets are grouped into Jovian planets and terrestrial planets. They differ from each other on various fronts, including their size, position, and composition. The Jovian planets, for instance, are relatively larger than their terrestrial counterparts.
Jovian Planets: Gas Giants
The gas giants, popularly referred to as Jovian planets, are planets which are not composed of any solid matter. Technically, the planets which have 10 times the mass of the Earth are classified as Jovian planets. In our solar system, planets like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune fall in this category. These planets are called the Jovian planets owing to their stark resemblance to planet Jupiter―the largest planet in the solar system. Besides these four planets in our solar system, several other gas giants have been discovered in outer space.
Terrestrial Planets: Inner Planets
Terrestrial planets, also known as rocky planets or telluric planets, are those planets which are predominantly composed of silicate rocks, namely Mercury―the smallest terrestrial planet, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These planets resemble the Earth to a significant extent, and hence, are referred to as 'Earth-like' or 'terrestrial' (derived from the Latin word for the Earth, terra). Other than the four terrestrial planets in our solar system, scientists have identified a number of planets with terrestrial traits in outer space.
Jovian Planets Vs. Terrestrial Planets
Size: The basic difference between these two types of planets is their size. While Jovian planets are gigantic, their terrestrial counterparts are considerably small in size. In fact, the smallest Jovian planet is 10 times larger than the Earth―the largest terrestrial planet.
Mass: Even in terms of mass, Jovian planets score over terrestrial planets, with the smallest planet in this category having 15 times the mass of the Earth.
Density: The density of terrestrial planets is five times that of water, while that of Jovian planets is as much as that of water.
Surface: The surface of Jovian planets is made up of gases, while that of the terrestrial planets is made up of solid rock.
Atmosphere: The atmosphere of terrestrial planets is predominantly made up of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, while that of the Jovian planets is made up of hydrogen and helium.
Inner and Outer Planets: As far as the distance from the Sun is concerned, terrestrial planets are closer to the Sun, and hence, are referred to as the 'inner planets', while Jovian planets are farther, and hence, are referred to as the 'outer planets'.
Rotation Speed: Surprisingly, the speed at which the outer planets rotate is much faster than that of the inner planets.
Number of Natural Satellites: While terrestrial planets either have none or a very few natural satellites (Mercury - 0, Venus - 0, Earth - 1, and Mars - 2), Jovian planets have a large number of them (Jupiter - 67, Saturn - 62, Uranus - 27, and Neptune - 14).
These were some of the most prominent points of distinction between Jovian and terrestrial planets. Among the various Earth-like planets, planet Mars has been a subject of fascination for mankind for quite some time now. Scientists believe that this planet resembles the Earth the most in terms of various aspects, and hence, the probability of life existing on it―in some or the other form―cannot be dismissed entirely. | <urn:uuid:3e3cdd38-25ba-43fc-9ff1-fe1cd2580e17> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://universavvy.com/jovian-planets-vs-terrestrial-planets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160145.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924050917-20180924071317-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.937232 | 757 | 3.96875 | 4 |
The 802.11 standard has changed significantly through the years. In this video, you’ll learn the fundamentals of the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n standards.
<< Previous Video: Common Network ProtocolsNext: Wireless Encryption Standards >>
In this video, we’re going to look at a lot of different IEEE 802.11 wireless standards. These standards are maintained by the IEEE Committee for the LAN/MAN Standards, and that is the IEEE 802 section. There are a number of wireless standards they’re changing all the time. And if you want to see what the latest one happens to be, you can always check the IEEE website.
The Wi-Fi trademark you’ll see on Wi-Fi devices. Devices have to go through interoperability testing. There are standards that are set aside just for those devices. And as long as those devices match those standards, they get that Wi-Fi stamp of that logo right on the box or right on the device.
Way back in October of 1999, we received one of the first wireless standards called IEEE 802.11a. 802.11a works in the 5 GHz range and you can also get special licensing to use it over 3.7 GHz at higher power so you can use that particular protocol over very, very large distances. But the vast majority of implementations, especially non-government implementations, are done in the 5 GHz range.
802.11a uses 54 Mbit/s per second as its theoretical maximum speed. And when this first came out, it was very attractive to large organizations that needed that kind of speed in their wireless networks. Unfortunately, it has a smaller range than 802.11b which came out effectively at the same time.
This higher frequency of 5 GHz is absorbed by other objects. And what we found is 802.11a was really best used in environments where it was wide open. Especially warehouses where you needed a lot of high speed networking and there was not much in the way to be able to absorb those signals. If you’re seeing 802.11a today, then it’s probably a very specific use case. These days there are newer standards in wireless networking that tend to make more sense to use than the old legacy 802.11a.
802.11b came out at the same time as 802.11a, but it used a different set of frequencies to communicate. It uses 2.4 GHz frequencies to be able to send that 802.11b signal. It also was much slower when compared to 802.11a, with a theoretical maximum throughput of 11 Mbit/s per second.
That’s obviously much different than the 54 Mbit/s per second that we saw in 802.11a. This had better range, however, than 802.11a. You could have it in a room with a lot of cubes and a lot of offices because the signal bounced around. It wasn’t so easily absorbed by the other devices that happened to be in the building.
But the negative to 802.11b is that there were other devices that use these frequencies. Things like cordless phones and baby monitors are already in place and use those. So you had to be very careful which frequencies you were using with 802.11b, or you would get a lot of interference from existing devices.
In June 2003, IEEE’s 802.11 group came out with a new standard called 802.11g. This is effectively an upgrade to 802.11b, still working in that 2.4 GHz range for devices. So still using those same ranges that 802.11b used, but you were able to go faster. You were able to go up to 54 Mbit/s per second, so it was really about the same as 802.11a. There was actually a little bit less throughput with the g, but effectively about the same throughput for both of those.
One nice part about 802.11g is that it was backwards compatible with 802.11b. So your old 802.11b devices could still communicate to 802.11g access points. You didn’t have to swap out everybody’s wireless adapters all the same time. You could install an 802.11g access point and slowly migrate people to the faster speeds.
Of course, because you’re using the same frequencies, you have the same problems with frequency conflicts that you saw on the 802.11b side. There’s laws of physics that can’t be changed there. If something else is sending out signals in that 2.4 GHz range, it could potentially conflict with the signals that you’re sending on your 802.11g network.
802.11n is one of the newer standards of the 802.11 wireless communication and it was released and made available in October of 2009. One of the advantages of 802.11n is that you have the option to use two different types of frequency ranges or both at the same time. There is a 5 GHz range and a 2.4 GHz range available for 802.11n.
You also get a lot of throughput. There is a maximum theoretical throughput of 802.11n of 600 Mbit/s per second. So that’s a significant improvement over any of the previous 802.11 standards.
This also uses something called MIMO, which stands for Multiple Input and Multiple Output. You could effectively have multiple antennas in your access point all working at the same time. That’s how we’re able to get some of these very, very high throughput speeds, is through the use of MIMO.
Here’s a good summary of these wireless networking types. 802.11a normally runs at 5 GHz. If you get special licensing, you can run at 3.7 GHz. This runs at 54 Mbit/s per second over a single stream and if you’re outdoors, you can run about 120 meters. If you’re using that special license 3.7 GHz range, you can go up to 5,000 meters. That’s why that is a specially licensed range.
802.11b, a 2.5 GHz technology, ran at 11 Mbit/s and also a single stream of traffic and about 140 meters if you’re outside. These are relative distances and your difference may be based on the type of antenna you’re using and the strength of the signal. But it’s something we can use on this slide to help compare the differences between all of these standards.
802.11g– an upgrade to b, so using the same 2.4 GHz range. The speed, of course, now different at 54 Mbit/s per second with that single allowable stream, but about the same distances as 802.11b. And the latest standard of 802.11n runs at 5 GHz and/or 2.4 GHz.
Notice that a single stream runs at 150 Mbit/s per second, but the standard allows you to have up to four streams. That’s how we’re able to get a maximum theoretical throughput of 600 Mbit/s per second. And as you can see, the distance is also a bit farther at 250 meters. | <urn:uuid:4221f457-8776-45f3-9ebf-1405fd5cb8d5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.professormesser.com/free-a-plus-training/220-801/an-overview-of-wireless-networking-standards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039536858.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421100029-20210421130029-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.954881 | 1,516 | 3.9375 | 4 |
This manual gives many examples showing the evaluation of expressions. The examples have a common format that shows the expression being evaluated on the left hand side, an “arrow” in the middle, and the value of the expression written on the right. For example:
(+ 1 2) => 3
Sometimes the arrow and value will be moved under the expression, due to lack of space. Occasionally we will not care what the value is, in which case both the arrow and the value are omitted.
If an example shows an evaluation that results in an error, an error message is shown, prefaced by `error-->':
(+ 1 'foo) error--> Illegal datum
An example that shows printed output marks it with `-|':
(begin (write 'foo) 'bar) -| foo => bar
When this manual indicates that the value returned by some expression is unspecified, it means that the expression will evaluate to some object without signalling an error, but that programs should not depend on the value in any way. | <urn:uuid:b4c998bb-1594-4be1-bc7c-283f34ae70b6> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.gnu.org/software/mit-scheme/documentation/mit-scheme-ref/Examples.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274119.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00104-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883537 | 212 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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