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We know that when you start shopping for a new home, you may encounter some words and terms that are unfamiliar to you.
This glossary will help you to become a better informed shopper. Use this as a quick guide to common construction vocabulary.
Aerator Small, removable extension at the tip of a sink faucet that mixes streaming water with air to reduce splashing and conserve water.
Air hammer Banging noise in plumbing pipes caused by air infiltration.
Airway The space between roof insulation and roof board which allows for movement of air.
Alkali Soluble mineral salt or mixture capable of neutralizing acids.
Amortization This term has developed through French and Old English from the Latin words “mors” or “mort” meaning death or dead. It is the killing off of an existing debt by regular partial payments. The word “mortgage” is also derived from the same Latin root
Anchor bolts Bolts that secure a wooden sill plate to a concrete or masonry floor or wall.
APR Annual Percentage Rate. The yearly interest percentage of a loan as expressed by the actual rate of interest paid.
Asphalt A residue from evaporated petroleum, insoluble in water but soluble in gasoline. Melts when heated.
Attic ventilators Screened openings that ventilate an attic.
Ball cock A device in a flush toilet consisting of a valve connected by a lever to a floating ball. The valve closes when the ball is raised and opens when it is lowered.
Baseboard A decorative and protective wood molding positioned where the wall meets the floor.
Base molding Molding used to trim the upper edge of interior baseboards.
Beam A structural member transversely supporting a load.
Bearing wall A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Brace An inclined piece of framing lumber applied to wall or floor to stiffen the structure. Often used on walls as temporary bracing until framing has been completed.
Brick veneer A facing of brick laid against and fastened to sheathing of a frame or tile wall.
Casing Molding of various widths and thicknesses used to trim door and window openings at the jambs.
Caulk a building joint sealant used where two dissimilar materials are joined. Caulk should be renewed prior to any painting.
Certificate of Title In areas where attorneys examine abstracts or chains of title, a written opinion, executed by the examining attorney stating that title is vested as stated in the abstract.
Circuit breaker A switching device located in the main electrical panel, that opens and closes electrical circuits and automatically shuts off electricity to a circuit should it become overloaded. Once the electrical load is reduced, the breaker switch can be turned back on to resume normal service.
Closing In some areas called a “settlement.” The process of completing a real estate transaction during which deeds, mortgages, leases and other required instruments are signed and/or delivered, an accounting between the parties is made, the money is disbursed, the papers are recorded, and all other details such as payment of outstanding liens and transfer of hazard insurance policies are attended to.
Closing Statement A summation, in the form of a balance sheet, made at a closing, showing the amounts of debits and credits to which each party to a real estate transaction is entitled.
Concrete dusting Fine dust that accumulates on finished concrete.
Condenser An exterior unit that is part of the air conditioning system which expels heat into the outside.
Conduit, electrical A pipe, usually metal, in which insulated electrical wire is installed.
Corner bead An angled metal edging used to protect and form an edge where drywall panels meet at outside edges.
Damper A fireplace device that controls the air draft allowed into the fire.
Deed A written document by which title to real estate is conveyed from one party to another.
Default Failure to perform a promised task or to pay an obligation when due.
Delamination The separation of the top piles or laminate from the base to which they are attached. In vanity and kitchen countertops, the warping or detachment of laminate material from the wood substrate.
Dethatching The loosening and/or removal of matted grass and leaves from existing lawns, which allows the grass to breathe and therefore promotes healthy growth.
Downspout A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying water from roof gutters.
Drywall Also known as gypsum board or sheetrock, these large sheets are attached to the wall studs and ceiling framing to construct the walls and ceiling of the home.
Earnest Money Down payment or a small part of the purchase price made by a purchaser as evidence of good faith.
Eaves The margin or lower part of a roof projection over a wall.
Efflorescence A white powdery substance that can form on new block, brick, or stucco finishes. It is composed of water soluble salts that are present in masonry materials and that rise to the surface via water evaporation.
Face frame The front of kitchen and bathroom cabinets, to which the hinged doors attach.
Face nailing Nailing through a finished, exposed surface so that the flat top of the nail head is still visible after nailing.
Facia or Fascia The exterior horizontal trim around rafters. Also positioned directly behind gutters and over gable trim boards.
Fee Simple The highest degree of ownership which a person can have in real estate. An interest in real estate which gives the owner unqualified ownership and full power of disposition.
Filler board Cabinet grade wood used to fill gaps that occur between cabinets and wall openings.
Fillers A wood putty used in preparation of painting to fill holes or cracks in wood.
Flashing Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to protect a building from rain water penetrating the house structure.
Flue A vertical duct, constructed of sheet metal or clay, that channels smoke from a fireplace out of the home.
Footing A masonry section, usually concrete, in a rectangular form wider than the bottom of the foundation wall or pier it supports.
Foundation The supporting portion of a structure below the first-floor construction, or below grade, including the footings.
Frame construction A type of construction in which the structural parts are wood or depend upon a wood frame for support.
Gable Portion of the roof above the eave line of a double-sloped roof.
Gabled A vent with louvers located at the peak of table ends.
Good Faith Estimate An estimate of closing costs the lender is required (under the federal Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act) to give to the buyer within at least three days of applying for a mortgage loan. This is the lender’s estimate – it must be completely accurate regarding the lender’s own charges and is supposed to be reasonably close to the charge third-party providers such as title insurers/agents, attorneys, surveyors, etc., may change.
Graphite lubricant A finely powdered graphite used as a lubricant.
Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) A specialized electrical device that will interrupt electrical power where a weak electrical loss of ground occurs. Installed in areas where water may be present.
Grout A white or colored plaster-like mortar compound used to fill spaces between ceramic tiles.
Header A heavy timber and/or concrete beam that spans open spaces in walls, over doors and windows, and provides support to structural members above it.
Hip roof A roof that rises by inclined planes from all four sides.
Honeycomb In concrete, an open cell-like surface texture that occurs while pouring the concrete.
Insulation Any material high in resistance to heat transmission that, when placed in the walls, ceilings, or floors of a structure, will reduce the rate of heat flow.
Jamb Side and head-lining of a doorway, window or other opening.
Joint compound A plaster-like compound, used with drywall tape, to join sheets of drywall into a smooth, continuous panel.
Joint Tenants Two or more persons who hold title to real estate jointly, with equal rights to share in its enjoyment during their respective lives with the provision that upon the death of a joint tenant, his share in the property passes to the surviving tenants, and so on, until the full title is vested in the last survivor.
Joists The horizontal supports used in constructing a floor.
Keeper plate Metal plate that keeps a door lock latch in place.
Louver An opening with a series of horizontal slats so arranged as to permit ventilation but to exclude rain, sunlight or vision.
Maintenance: The process of maintaining or preserving something, or the state of being maintained.
Masonry Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, gypsum block or other similar building units or materials, or a combination of the same, bonded together with mortar to form a wall, pier, buttress or similar mass.
Mastic A thick, waterproof construction adhesive. Used on roofs.
Moldings Shaped strips of ornamental wood used around doors and windows. Also used for base molding, tile molding, as chair rails and for exterior area molding. Moldings finish the junction of different materials or shapes.
Nail pops Nails that come loose from a stud and push joint compound up. Caused by normal wood shrinkage and settlement.
Pointing The filling and finishing of broken mortar and stone cement masonry joints.
Ponding The collection of water on driveways, walkways, or lawns. Excessive ponding over time is indicative of grading problems.
Rafter One of a series of structural members of a roof designed to support roof loads. The rafters of a float roof are sometimes called roof joints.
Resilient flooring Vinyl flooring used in areas such as kitchens, halls, bathrooms and laundry rooms. It is capable of withstanding shock without permanent deformation.
Ridge vent An open vent system located along roof peaks, which in conjunction with soffit vents, creates ventilation through the passage of natural air.
Roof sheathing Boards or sheet material fastened to roof rafters on which the shingles or other roof covering is laid.
R-Value The resistance of insulation materials (including windows) to heat passing through it. The higher the number, the greater the insulating value.
Scaling In concrete, the breaking away of the top surface of the concrete, caused by a freeze/thaw cycle. In painting, the flaking or peeling away of paint.
Sheathing The structural covering, usually wood boards or plywood, used over studs or rafters of a structure. Structural building board is normally used only as wall sheathing.
Shingles Roof covering of asphalt, asbestos, wood, tile, slate or other material cut to stock lengths, widths and thicknesses.
Siding The finish covering the outside walls of a frame building, whether made of horizontal weatherboards, vertical boards with battens, shingles or other material.
Sill Lowest member of the frame of a structure, resting on the foundation and supporting the floor joists or the uprights of a wall. The lower side of an opening, as a door- or window-sill.
Sill plates A support member laid on the top of the foundation wall that serves as a base for the wall framing.
Silicone A synthetic lubricating compound with high resistance to temperature change and water. When added to caulking, it extends elasticity properties and increases the life of the caulk.
Soffit Usually the underside of an overhanging cornice or roof.
Soffit vent A vent located under the ceiling of a roof overhang.
Spackle See joint compound.
Spalling Flaking or chipping of stone or other masonry material. Similar to scaling, but the chips and flakes are larger.
Stud One of a series of slender wood or metal vertical structural members placed as supporting elements in walls and partitions.
Sub-flooring A wood sheet flooring directly over the joists that supports the underlayment or floor covering.
Swale The soil contour on a building lot deliberately shaped to channel rain water away from the home.
Survey To determine the location, boundaries, area, or the elevations of land and structures upon the property. The map or plat drawn by a surveyor represents the property surveyed and shows the results of a survey.
Tack strips Wood strip with exposed tack points that is attached to the sub-flooring and holds stretched wall-to-wall carpeting in place.
Tenancy by Entities An estate or interest in real estate predicated upon the legal fiction that a husband and wife are one person. A conveyance or devise to them (unless contrary intent is expressed) vests title in them as one person. Upon the death of either husband or wife, full title passes to the survivor.
Tenants in Common Two or more persons in whom title to a single piece of real estate is vested in such a manner that they have a common or equal right to possession and enjoyment of the property, but each holds a separate individual interest or estate in the property. Each owner may sell or encumber his respective interest or dispose of it by will, and if he dies without leaving a will, his heirs inherit his undivided interest.
Tread Horizontal board in a stairway on which the foot is placed.
Trim The finish materials in a building, such as moldings, applied around openings or at the floor and ceilings of rooms.
Trusses Engineered wood structural members used to construct floors and roofs.
Turnaround An additional section of driveway where cars can be turned around.
Underlayment A flooring layer over the base subflooring, over which tile or resilient floor covering is laid.
Valley The internal angle formed by the junction of two sloping sides of a roof.
Vacuum breaker A back-flow preventer, this device is placed on exterior faucets to allow water to only flow out of the home.
Valve An interior part of the faucet valve assembly where the valve rests.
Wall ties Metal pieces that tie masonry veneer to the frame of the home, or when pouring concrete, the metal pieces that hold concrete foundation wall forms in place until the concrete cures.
Washer Round, rigid rubber or plastic disc used as a sealing device in water faucet valves.
Weather stripping A weather insulating strip of material placed around doors and windows to reduce water entry into the home. Also reduces air infiltration into the home or the escape of conditioned air out of the home.
Washout An area where water has produced soil erosion.
Window balance A counter balance device in window housings that assists with the opening and closing of a window, and then keeps the window in position. | <urn:uuid:307d61e1-3e96-41c7-86e8-c12b598d7567> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.shoemakerhomes.com/glossary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423903.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722062617-20170722082617-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.92661 | 3,122 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Text Color & Opacity
Select a text frame on your canvas. Click on the Text Attributes icon on the right side menu.
You can change color and opacity to the entire contents of the text frame, or select a portion of the text inside the frame.
To change the text's color, click on the color tile.
The Color palette will open. Click on the color gradient or the style chips to select a color.
Use the the eyedropper to pick a color from your canvas itself. You can also precisely select a color by typing in the HSV, RGB or #code boxes.
Change the text's opacity by using the opacity slider at the bottom of the color palette.
To change the justification of your text, select a text frame on your canvas. Click on the Text Attributes icon.
Justification will appear under the general font attributes area.
Choose among left, center, right and full justification options.
Justification applies the entire content of the text frames, not selected text within the frame.
Should you need to change justification to a portion of your text, make a copy (Ctrl-C/Ctrl-V in Windows, Cmd-C/Cmd-V on Mac) of the text frame, delete the extra content in both frames, and apply justification as required.
Should you need to write in a language that requires a different text direction than left-to-right orientation, you can change the text direction. To change the direction of your text, select a text frame on your canvas.
Click on the Text Attributes icon. Direction attributes will appear at the bottom of the options - scroll down to access it. Change your text from left-to-right, top-to-bottom or right-to-left, as required.
Note: if you are using non Roman characters or a language with additional characters (accents), the font you are choosing needs to support those characters. Not all fonts support all character types - some only support the standard Roman alphabet.
Search online for fonts supporting your language choice, install it on your computer, and relaunch Memento to ensure that it sees the new font. Apply it to your text frame in order to display the characters.
Letter & Lines Spacing
To control letter and lines spacing (aka inter-character and inter-line spacing), first add a text frame on your canvas, or select an existing text frame.
Access the Line Spacing & Letter options. Adjust the properties of either by either moving the sliders left-right or by manually entering precise values (click on the number next to the slider.
Change the line spacing slider to increase or decrease the amount of space between lines of text. They can even overlap.
General Font Attributes
Select your text frame(s) or a portion of your text. Open the text attribute options.
Add Bold, Italics, Underline or Strike-through.
Select your text frame(s) or a portion of your text.
Use the Letter Rotation slider to adjust the amount of rotation.
Should you wish to reset the effect to default (eg. turn it off), simply double-click on the slider button.
Note: to rotate the entire text frame, use the rotation handle under the selected frame.
Use the Italics slider for a custom effect, versus the general italics preset.
Select your text frame(s) or a portion of your text. Use the Skew slider to adjust the amount of skew.
Select your text frame(s) or a portion of your text. Use the Blur slider to adjust the amount of blur.
To create outlined text, adjust the Contour option in the text properties editor.
Select a text frame. Click on the Text Attributes icon.
Under the Contour options, first choose a color to contrast with the text body color.
Click on the color chip, and choose a color on the color palette.
To increase or decrease the size of the outline, use the contour slider, or click the number next to the slide to type in a precise value.
Should you wish to reset an effect to default (eg. turn it off), simply double-click on the slider button. | <urn:uuid:4fc81f02-f3c1-4e6c-a1d7-ec851376ef3f> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://compositesupport.mementopix.com/support/solutions/articles/12000053005-text-features-and-attributes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573465.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919081032-20190919103032-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.732926 | 868 | 2.984375 | 3 |
These concertina solar towers can generate more than double the solar power of a typical flat photovoltaic panel.
Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that the majority of solar research was going into improving the performance of cells, and bringing down their cost. Instead, they wanted to find out if the arrangement of the cells could improve their input.
To find the best layout, the team developed a piece of software that would simulate sunlight over different latitudes, seasons and weather. By running the algorithm through an enormous variety of possible configurations a few choice designs were generated.
The team found that the biggest advantage would come from complicated shapes. Cubes with inward dimpled faces, for example.
But because those would be difficult to manufacture and expensive to produce, the algorithm also optimised and simplified the shapes.
In the end, the algorithm spat out a number of solar panel designs, and the team built three different arrangements of solar cells. They propped them up on the roof of an MIT laboratory building for several weeks, and waited.
They found power output ranging from double to more than 20 times that of fixed flat panels with the same base area. Even on cloudy days, the structures showed a huge improvement in power output over conventional flat panels. The reason is due to the multiple angles -- the concertina arrangement is able to capture sun even when it's close to the horizon.
As such, the modules would work best in areas far from the equator, and would still generate power in winter months or during mornings and evenings. Because they provide a steady flow of energy, they'd integrate with the power grid more comfortably.
Plus, their small footprint lends them to cramped environments.
There's one more interesting advantage. With the tall tower, "you could ship flat, and then could unfold at the site," says the paper's senior author, Jeffrey Grossman, a professor of power engineering at MIT. | <urn:uuid:479da40b-7ac5-46e7-8b0f-9b9e9d729b25> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.wired.co.uk/article/solar-cell-towers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948575124.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215153355-20171215175355-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.961831 | 390 | 3.625 | 4 |
Did you know that clenching your teeth can give you a headache? That the muscles around your temples help to close your mouth when chewing, talking or clenching? That there is a soft disc (sort of like a knee meniscus) in the jaw joint?
That jaw joint is referred to as the Temporal (of the temples) Mandibular (the lower jaw bone) Joint or TMJ. It’s the very important joint that connects the lower jaw to the skull, right in front of the ears on each side of the head. Though TMJ is the term that refers to the joint itself, it’s also often used as shorthand for the group of TMJ disorders. The soft disc in the joint (on either sides of our jaw) moves forward a bit with normal chewing or talking, but can get pushed too far during clenching—that is, when the jaw is very tightly closed. That forward movement can sometimes cause the jaw to lock up, similar again to what can happen with the knee meniscus. It’s not only painful but it’s sort of hard to walk around with your jaw locked up! I know because it has happened to me.
Sometimes we aren’t aware that we clench; we may even we do it at night when sleeping. Whether we’re aware or unaware of clenching, it’s the repetition that creates muscle fatigue and temporal headaches. Part of the problem may be that our teeth don’t close evenly, so we may grind at night. But before we rush to our dentist, it’s worth trying a simple exercise to alleviate our headaches.
As a physical therapist with a special interest in TMJ disorders, I have seen simple strategies be successful in resolving not only headaches, but other issues as well. For example, some people hear ringing in their ears (tinnitus) or the sound of water. Others may have pain in their ears, even though they don’t have an ear infection. Others may feel a bothersome sense of pressure in the ear. All of these symptoms can result from TMJ problems.
As with changing any habit, the first step is observation of our behavior. So, here, the first step is to notice when and how often we clench. Focusing on this question sometimes leads people to very interesting information. Clenching often happens while people are driving, studying, participating in a meeting, feeling tense, thinking hard at the computer, enjoying an exciting sports game or even just feeling cold. If we clench or grind our teeth at night, we can notice our cheek muscles and temporal muscles feel tired and we may have a headache or some of the above symptoms upon awakening.
Put the tip of the tongue up gently onto the roof of the mouth (palate) as if saying “nuh.” Leave it gently at that spot, and breathe with your jaw relaxed. That can change EVERYTHING.
The next step is to replace one behavior with another—one that’s not harmful.
Put the tip of the tongue up gently onto the roof of the mouth (palate) as if saying “nuh.” Leave it gently at that spot, and breathe with your jaw relaxed. That can change EVERYTHING. It’s called the “rest position,” and is commonly used in Tai Chi, and eastern medicine to “balance the flow of chi.” In physical therapy, we do it to immediately stop clenching; it’s adding a new habit that interferes with our habit of clenching.
Can it be that easy? Ask one of my patients who was going crazy with the sound of water flowing in her ears and was then able to stop the sound in one week using this strategy. This new habit truly can decrease frequency and severity of headaches and a lot of the other ear symptoms mentioned above. Best of all, it’s an exercise that nobody will know you’re doing! It becomes the new normal position of the tongue.
When it works, people do it more and more, almost unconsciously, even as they fall asleep. But, speaking of sleep, sometimes we grind so hard that a night guard—a special device made by your dentist—is needed. Your physical therapist and dentist can evaluate that need with you.
Of course, there is often more to the story, such as a blow to the head in sports, a whiplash injury or a really complicated occlusion issue. All of these situations require a thorough physical therapy evaluation. We’ll often use manual therapy skills to assist in resolving TMJ issues, mobilizing the jaw to ease it open and allow it to move more freely.
So headaches beware! If you are a clencher, you may be well on your way to comfort by simply creating a new habit, as described above. It’s not often that such a small action can ease our symptoms of headaches and other pesky symptoms.
Keep that chi flowing!
~ Martha Torrey PT
P.S. An extra bonus for the anatomically curious: you might find this animation helpful to understand what normal TMJ function looks like: | <urn:uuid:b4618b70-b3d8-430a-a19e-e301333da2a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.foothillsphysicaltherapy.com/what-does-your-jaw-have-to-do-with-headaches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612399.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529145935-20170529165935-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.954405 | 1,075 | 2.75 | 3 |
The numbers of countries and companies active in outer space have greatly expanded in recent decades, complicating this particular geostrategic domain. New “rules of the road” for space are called for. In this regard, the United States is well-placed to press other space-faring countries toward best practices and transparency to the benefit of all.
By Joan Johnson-Freese*
The convergence of multiple, complex strands of recent activity regarding the use of space and the protection of space assets is resulting in a space environment very different from the past. Formerly, the space environment was largely dominated by a very few countries.
All countries, however, were assured access through the 1967 Outer Space Treaty ratified by 109 countries and signed by another 23, militarised but deliberately not overtly weaponised, and anxiously awaiting the development of a true commercial space sector rather than one fully dependent on government contracts.
Proliferation of “NewSpace” Players
Today, a number of formerly nascent space programmes have matured, there is increasingly bellicose talk – and policies – regarding the overt weaponisation of space, and so-called “NewSpace” companies are bringing the commercial space sector to life. All of these strands are made complex by the dual-use nature of the vast majority of space technology and the increasing characterisation of the global geostrategic environment being generally dominated by Great Power Competition (GPC).
Dual-use technology is of value to both military and civilian interests, and when it is military technology it is difficult to tell whether for offensive or defensive purposes. Earth-focused satellites can be used for tasks ranging from maximising crop rotations to weapons targeting. In the United States (US), Atlas, Delta and Titan rockets used to launch civilian payloads were originally developed as missiles. The same is true for China’s Long March launcher family.
Regarding military space systems, the ground-based US missile defence system is considered defensive by the US, but seen as having offensive anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities by some other countries – and was demonstrated to have such capabilities through Operation Burnt Frost in 2008 when a modified missile defence system was used to shoot down a defunct US satellite. All this means that it is difficult to discern the intended use of the space technology being developed or deployed by space actors.
The Great Power Competition in Space
The uncertainty generated by dual-use technology has always been an issue but is now exacerbated within the atmosphere of Great Power Competition that pervades Washington and other capitals. With Washington, Beijing and Moscow all professing their own versions of America First/China First/Russia First, GPC is rapidly shaping the global environment as one of dominated by zero-sum competitions.
Broadly speaking, issues that were once perceived as challenges are increasingly considered threats. Protecting space assets is one such challenge cum threat. While the acronym DIME is still used to describe tools of national power – Diplomatic, Informational, Military and Economic – the “M” is often the default tool for addressing perceived space threats.
Part of the threat perceived by the US military is the resurgent nature of the Russian military space programme, and the maturing of other space programmes, especially China’s programme. China, seeing the advantages space assets afforded the US during the 1990-91 Gulf War, has been intent on not allowing the US to get so far ahead technologically that it could not breach the gap.
Consequently, China’s space programme today includes an expanding space science programme, a human spaceflight programme that will likely soon reach for the Moon, and a robust military space programme which tested a ground-based ASAT in 2007 by destroying one of their own defunct satellites in a high-altitude orbit. That test garnered China a great deal of criticism due to the amount of dangerous space debris created, debris that other satellites have since had to dodge.
Subsequently, China has not conducted any more impact tests, but instead tests ASAT capabilities through more politically acceptable, non-impact missile defence tests. China really set Washington on edge in 2013 when it launched what it called a science mission to an altitude previously reachable only by the US, and subsequently considered a “sanctuary orbit” by the US where it could place its high value assets, thereby potentially putting those assets at risk.
After China: India and Other Players in Space
Since 2013 the US has taken a more bullish attitude toward space security. In the past the US went to great efforts to avoid the overt weaponisation of space, using such Orwellian terminology as “offensive counterspace” to describe capabilities with the potential to be used as weapons. Now, however, the military openly professes to wanting the deployment of space weapons in the near term. That rhetoric, not unexpectedly, quickly resulted in countries wanting to keep-up-with-the-Joneses, evidenced by India’s ASAT test in 2019.
India remembered the sting of being dubbed a nuclear “have not” in the 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty. It was determined not to be left on the outside again should those who had already tested ASATs again decide it was in their interests to keep others from doing so.
Initially criticism of India was tamped down by rationalising that they had been responsible about not creating dangerous debris. When the debris later proved more than originally thought, and the idea of ASAT proliferation sank in, even top Pentagon officials suggested that perhaps more “D” and less “M” was in order. The US has got itself into a position of “do as I say, not as I do”.
Add to all of this NewSpace companies in the US and elsewhere seeking to economically develop space in ways ranging from bringing down launch costs, to tourism, to space mining, and there are more actors, more activity and more challenges to US “dominating” space than ever before.
Congested, Contested and Competitive
The Pentagon describes the space environment as Congested, Contested and Competitive and that raises the question of how economic development will be affected by this new environment.
The Pentagon has also suggested that President Donald Trump’s directed creation of a Space Force is to protect US economic interests in space.
But it is not clear that businesses requested such protection and whether they see the overt weaponisation of space as good or bad for them. One thing is clear though, all activity – public or private, civil or military – is dependent upon the sustainability of the space environment.
Hopefully, space “rules of the road” called for after India’s ASAT test will get even a fraction of the attention (people and funding) that the creation of Space Command, a Space Development Agency and the Space Force has. Even a small fraction would be a quantum leap forward. The US position in space is still such that, with commitment, it could lead other spacefaring countries toward best practices and transparency to benefit all.
*Joan Johnson-Freese is a Professor and the Charles F. Bolden, Jr. Chair of Science, Space & Technology at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. She writes extensively on space security, military education, and gender and security and contributed this to RSIS Commentary. The views expressed are those of the author alone and not those of the US government, the US Navy or the Naval War College. | <urn:uuid:8da2dd83-08ac-4ce0-8b7f-0d25ba293393> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.eurasiareview.com/02102019-the-next-race-the-geostrategic-contest-in-space-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585737.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023162040-20211023192040-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.957177 | 1,526 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In February of 2009, the Department of Defense reversed a long-standing policy of allowing the flag-draped coffins of American soldiers to be shown to the public. This new policy reverses the restriction put in place by President George H.W. Bush in 1991 and carried out by George W. Bush for soldiers killed in the War on Terror. Photography has had the power to change the course of wars here at home – for good and for bad. In the one hundred seventy year history of photography, images of war not only have captured our hearts, but they have also changed our minds.
The Mexican-American War saw the first images of soldiers being captured for posterity. Rather than battlefield scenes, the soldiers posed for portraits for their loved ones. But it would be Matthew Brady’s photographs in his gallery in New York City that began to show the impact that war would have on the public.
Had the linotype been mass-produced at the time, the magazines and national newspapers could have had an effect.
During the fight for the great plains, The Battle of Little Big Horn spurred the American public to put the Indians on the reservations. But it was the Massacre at Wounded Knee that caused the American public to recoil. The frozen images stunned the public in to calling off the Cavalry.
During World War I, president Wilson placed restrictions on what could and could not be said about the war in the press. Lincoln had done the same in the Civil War, but the images and reaction towards the US and the “merchants of death” would not be felt until after the war.
During World War II, it was actually an image that helped save a country and inspire the nation to finish up the task at hand. The second photograph taken at the raising of the American flag on top of Mount Suribachi would inspire not only these down below on the 8 square mile island, but those at home. The US army would actually send the flag raisers on a tour to help raise money for the nearly bankrupt country.
However, it was in Vietnam that the whole photography and freedom of the press corps set up the policy envisioned first by Reagan in Grenada and then George H.W. Bush in 1991. War photographers in Vietnam had total freedom to go wherever and whenever they wanted or needed to. All they needed was a ride. And if they couldn’t find a ride, chances were the combatants were going to be killing each other the next day.
About ten years ago the History Channel released a documentary called “The Camera at War” about the photographs and the photographers that helped changed the war. The documentary is my favorite of all time. I still show it to my students spread out over the course of two days. From a burning monk to Eddie Adam’s execution (below) to My Lai to Kent State, the Vietnam War was the first “in-your-face” war. My earliest memories are of sitting around the dinner table and watching the images filter into the living room.
As a result of these images, and many more, the government would end its relationship, and funding, of the South Vietnamese regime. As the images on the news combined with images in Life Magazine slowly filtered to the American public over time, so did the support for Johnson and the military in this country.
When the 1980s and Reagan’s military excursion against Grenada came to be, the press was not even involved. In Grenada, as in Operation Desert Storm, the Defense Department strictly controlled the flow of information and images. It was only after Desert Storm ‘s ground war ended did the carnage become clear. Up until then, the only images seen were of laser guided weaponry. The images most Americans remember are actually the sight of Schwarzkopf and his amazing press conferences and smart weapons.
September 11 reminded Americans how Democracy and the press worked. Some of the images of the day were not only staggering but also acted as inspiration for a generation of Americans.
However, when it came to go into Iraq, the press was embedded with a specific unit. The images that flooded into the living rooms of the 1960s did not come as quickly in the spring of 2003. However, striking images did come and they would change the course of the war.
Initially, the falling statue of Saddam and the shoe beating it took struck a chord with many Americans. When President Bush flew onto an aircraft carrier that summer, it was a banner behind him that prematurely signalled the end of the war and also began the long insurgency which would last almost five years.
The most famous images from Iraq actually do not come from the press but they would have a huge impact. The pictures taken by soldiers at Abu Ghraib would do more to keep the anti-war movement going just as Eddie Adams “The Execution” did in the 1960s.
When it is all said and done, the images can sway public opinion either way. The images last long after the war and remain a record of the war. Along with letters of soldiers, they are just a valuable record of the events and more valuable than the government record. However, when the next war comes, even in Afghanistan, the battle will be fought again between the press and the government for the hearts and minds of Americans. | <urn:uuid:c3853ebf-919f-4727-8c2a-cc49b2b1e2a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://historyrat.wordpress.com/tag/iraq-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805008.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118171235-20171118191235-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.969474 | 1,090 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Birds with brains that are large in relation to their body size live longer than those with smaller brains, according to new research published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences today.
Seven Canadian university consortia, including CLUMEQ (Consortium Laval-Université du Québec-McGill and Eastern Quebec), will share $88 million in funding to create the first ever pan-Canadian network of high-performance computing (HPC) facilities.
McGill University astrophysicist Victoria Kaspi is the 2006 winner of the prestigious Steacie Prize in the Natural Sciences, awarded annually to a young scientist or engineer for notable contributions to research in Canada.
The ice sheet covering the North Pole and Arctic Ocean could recede and disappear completely in the summer months by 2040 if greenhouse gas emissions continue at the current rate. McGill's Bruno Tremblay worked on the study, to be published in the Dec. 12 issue of Geophysical Research Letters, with lead researcher Marika Holland of the U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research and Cecilia Bitz of the University of Washington.
And the awards and accolades keep rolling in for McGill's famous stargazer. This time, astrophysicist Vicky Kaspi takes home the prestigious Steacie Prize in the Natural Sciences.
Inspired in part by his boyhood fascination with astronomy and space exploration, Lorne Trottier bestows a $12-million gift on the faculties of science and engineering to establish a pair of endowed chairs and provide fellowships to graduate students.
McGill researchers are at the forefront of a whole new kind of chemistry that relies on water instead of toxic solvents and turns CO2 into biodegradable plastic. You might say that they're saving the world, one molecule at a time. | <urn:uuid:31ef0764-b7ac-47c6-86db-a29454956aee> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.mcgill.ca/channels/section/sci_tech_env/channel_news?page=11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118551401.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124165551-00040-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920723 | 377 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Insulin injections could one day be replaced with rock music
More than 37 million people in the U.S. have diabetes. According to the American Diabetes Association, 8.4 million Americans needed to take insulin in 2022 to lower their blood sugar. Insulin, however, is tricky to deliver into the body orally because it is a protein easily destroyed in the stomach.
While researchers are developing pills that resist digestion in the stomach and skin patches that monitor blood sugar and automatically release insulin, the most reliable way currently to take insulin is through frequent injections.
I am a professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Indiana University School of Medicine, where my colleagues and I study drug delivery systems. Researching innovative new ways to get medications into the body can improve how well patients respond to and comply with treatments. An easier way to take insulin would be music to the ears of many people with diabetes, especially those who aren’t fans of needles.
In a recent study in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, researchers engineered cells to release insulin in response to specific sound waves: the music of the band Queen. Though it still has a long way to go, this new system may one day replace the insulin injection with a dose of rock ’n’ roll.
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic disease that arises when the body fails to make enough insulin or respond to insulin. Insulin is a hormone the pancreas makes in response to the rise in sugar concentration in the blood when the body digests food. This crucial hormone gets those sugars out of the blood and into muscles and tissues where it is used or stored for energy.
Without insulin, blood sugar levels remain high and cause symptoms that include frequent urination, thirst, blurry vision and fatigue. Left untreated, this hyperglycemia can be life-threatening, causing organ damage and a diabetic coma. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, diabetes is the No. 1 cause of kidney failure, lower-limb amputations and adult blindness, making it the eighth most common cause of death in the U.S.
Treating diabetes is straightforward: When the body is lacking insulin, give it more insulin. Scientists have mastered how to make the hormone, but direct injection is the only effective way to get it into the body. Diabetic patients usually have to carry insulin vials and needles wherever they go. Considering that many people fear needles, this may not be an ideal way to manage the disease.
This challenge has sparked researchers to look into new ways to deliver insulin more easily.
What is cellular engineering?
Cells are the basic unit of life. Your body is composed of hundreds of different types of cells that carry out specialized functions. In some diabetic patients, the pancreatic beta cells that make insulin have malfunctioned or died. What if there were a way to replace these defective cells with new ones that could produce insulin on demand?
That’s where cellular engineering comes in. Cellular engineering involves genetically modifying a cell to perform a specific function, like producing insulin. Installing the gene that makes insulin into cells is not difficult, but controlling when the cell makes it has been a challenge. Insulin should be made only in response to high blood sugar levels following a meal, not at any other time.
Scientists have been exploring the idea of using ion channels — proteins embedded in a cell’s membrane that regulate the flow of ions such as calcium or chloride — like a remote-controlled device to activate cellular activity. Cells with specific types of ion channel in their membranes can be activated in response to certain stimuli, such as light, electricity, magnetic fields or mechanical stimulation. Such ion channels exist naturally as sensory devices to help cells and organisms respond to light, magnetism, touch or sound. For example, hair cells in the inner ear have mechanosensitive ion channels that respond to sound waves.
Combining cellular engineering with Queen
Bioengineering professor Martin Fussenegger of ETH Zurich, a university in Basel, Switzerland, led a recent study that used a mechanosensitive ion channel as a remote control to signal cells to make insulin in response to specific sound waves.
These “MUSIC-controlled, insulin-releasing cells” — MUSIC is short for music-inducible cellular control — were cultured in the lab next to loudspeakers. His team tested a variety of musical genres of different intensities and speeds.
Among the songs they played were pop songs like Michael Jackson’s “Billie Jean,” Queen’s “We Will Rock You” and the Eagles’ “Hotel California”; classical pieces such as Beethoven’s “Für Elise” and Mozart’s “Alla Turca”; and movie themes such as Soundgarden’s “Live To Rise,” which was featured in “The Avengers,” a Marvel film. They found that pop music heavy in low bass and movie soundtracks were better able to trigger insulin release compared with classical music, and cells were able to release insulin within minutes of exposure to the song.
In particular, they found that the Queen song “We Will Rock You” most faithfully mimicked the rate of insulin release in normal pancreatic beta cells.
The team then implanted the MUSIC-controlled, insulin-releasing cells into diabetic mice. Listening to the Queen song for 15 minutes once a day returned the amount of insulin in their blood to normal levels. Blood sugar levels returned to normal as well. In contrast, mice that were not exposed to the song remained hyperglycemic.
Could music make insulin in people?
Despite these promising results, much more research is needed before this musical approach to producing insulin can be considered for human use.
One concern is the possibility of making too much insulin, which can also cause health problems. Fussenegger’s study found that talking and background noise such as the racket made by airplanes, lawn mowers or firetrucks did not trigger the insulin production system in mice. The music also needed to be played close to the abdomen where the MUSIC-controlled, insulin-releasing cells were implanted.
In an email, Fussenegger explained that extensive clinical trials must be performed to ensure efficacy and safety of the technique and to determine how long the cellular implants can last. As with introducing any foreign material into the body, tissue rejection is also a concern.
Cellular engineering may one day provide a much-needed alternative to frequent injections of insulin for the millions of people with diabetes around the world. In the future, different cell types could be engineered to release other drugs in the body more conveniently.
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Many paths lead to cancer resistance; artificial intelligence can decode them all simultaneously.
Diminished activities of the enzyme TBK1 in mitochondrial-associated membrane reduces motor neurons’ tolerance to stressors, a causative factor in the disease.
Using proteomics experiments, researchers found that old proteins pile up in the mitochondria of people with a form of adult-onset muscular dystrophy. | <urn:uuid:a27ddffc-42bb-412e-b79d-9f8c3b8bb1c4> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/science/112623/music-insulin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.936331 | 1,525 | 3.234375 | 3 |
I am going to start a series of blog posts on zoning and land use regulation. As my first blog post in the series, I am going to introduce zoning and the different types of zoning systems that are in place.
Zoning refers to any system where restrictions and laws vary within in the same jurisdiction based on area, or zone. The meaining of the verb 'zone' means to 'divide into or assign to zones' (Google). Any set of laws or regulations which vary based on property, blocks, or some other divison of area could be considered zoning.
There are multiple zoning systems in use, I will describe the three major types I have encountered.Euclidean Zoning
Euclidean zoning is the most popular form of zoning in the United States and Australia - with a few exceptions. Euclidean zoning is also known as used-based zoning, single use zoning, or exclusionary zoning, and is known for its emphasis on how a property may be used rather than its form.
Euclidean zoning works by assigning properties a zone, and each zone corresponds to a use. In the simplest implementation of Euclidean zoning a zone may be reserved for residential, commercial, or industrial use. A more advanced Euclidean zoning will further divide these zones - residential may be divided into single family residential, duplexes, townhomes, and apartments based on how many families or people can live there. Commercial may be divided into small retail and big box retail based on how much floor space the shops can build and how many businesses may occupy the site. Industrial may be divided into offices and factories. There are often a dozen zones or more.
Let's look at the zoning map for Conway, Arkansas. Each colour on the map refers to a different zone. Except for Northeast Old Conway, Conway largely has a single-use Euclidean zoning system. You can see that this map is very colourful;
They broke down - on a block my block basis - exactly where the people can live, where the shops are, where the offices are. It is called exclusionary zoning because it has been designed, from the beginning, to seperate uses (by excluding all but the specified use from occupying that zone).
A quick note here - as a traditional urbanist - I have never been to a city that has a purely single-use zoning system that has felt exciting and energetic.Maximum-Use Zoning
Euclidean zoning does not work very well for urban areas, because many urban areas were established before Euclidean zoning came into effect. These areas had properties that were 'mixed-use' (people lived above their shop, or the department store had a factory upstairs, for example) and could not be described by a single use as in Euclidean zoning, so many urban areas adopted a system where they could assign a maximum use rather than a specific use to zones.
Maximum-use zoning, also known as inclusive zoning, is distinguished by Euclidean zoning, in that it still regulates land use, but in a pure maximum-use zoning system, each level of land use also allows all of the former land uses. For example, a residential zone may only allow residential uses, however a commercial zone will allow both residential and commercial uses. An industrial zone will allow residential, commercial, and industrial uses.
This table from Urban Kchoze visualizes the maximum-use zoning system in Japan;
The theory is that we cannot micromanage demand for each use (how do we know we need exactly 140 houses and 10 shops in an area?), so by setting a maximum use, the free market can balance the land use itself up to the maximum use, while keeping underdesirable uses (such as heavy industry in a residential area) out.
This is generally acceptable because while a homeowner may not want a factory, office, or shop to open up next door, a homeowner may choose to live next to a factory, office, or shop. Sometimes this is desirable (employees may be interested in cheap housing near their workplace, business owners may be interested in living next to their business, etc.)
In the United States and Australia, a pure maximum-use zoning system is rare, and is often mixed with Euclidean zoning creating a hybrid zoning system where they exist.
Here is the zoning map for downtown New Orleans;
The pink zones in the middle are the CBD zones. CBD-1 is defined as "any use permitted in the RM-4 Multiple-Family Residential District" but also allows many commercial uses. CBD-1 is then used as the base zone for describing the other CBD zones. For example, CBD-2 is defined as "any permitted use authorized in the CBD-1 District" and uses such as casinos and guest houses. CBD-4 is defined as "any use permitted in the CBD-1 District, except guidance services" but including low-intensity commercial such as bakeries, bicycle shops, and laundromats.
The cyan blue zones above are the VC zones that cover the French Quarter. They similarly include and extend other zones.
While this is not a pure maximum-use zoning system, it shares many of the same traits, as each zone includes the uses of a previous zone, rather than being an exclusive use within itself.Form-Based Codes
A form-based code is a zoning system that regulates the form rather than potential uses of the property. One of the arguments I often hear for Euclidean zoning is to "perserve the character" of an area (on this topic - I find it amusing how people want to "perserve the character" of suburbia as if it is something unique - even though car-oriented surburbia pretty much looks the same from coast to coast) however, purely regulating land use does nothing to prevent ugly forms that can break the character. Most Euclidean and maximum-use zoning systems add regulations such as floor:area ratios, setbacks, and height restrictions to try to control the physical form of what can be built.
Form-based codes take this one step further by only regulating the form and not land uses. SmartCode is a popular form-based code template which defines 'transect' zones;
There is no mention of land-use, only the physical form.
A form-based code does not only have to regulate the visual physical form, but can also regulate noise, stench, and any thing else which defines the way in which the property interfaces with its external environment.
Wikipedia has examples of communities that have implemented some form of a form-based code.Conclusion
I have introduced three major types of zoning systems that are in use. If you know of any others - please contact me and I will add them. Many communities have hybrid zoning systems that combine elements of all of them (form, maximum-use, and exclusive use) - New Orleans was the perfect example. There are many examples of Euclidean zoning systems that have had a 'mixed use' zone patched on top of it.
For my next blog post, I am going to talk about how zoning can distort market demand. | <urn:uuid:1ba620ed-a10c-4c83-ac37-de634278f861> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://andrewalexanderprice.com/blog20140515.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039749562.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121173523-20181121195523-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.958707 | 1,465 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The Healthy Heart Handbook for Women
Major Risk Factors for Heart Disease
High Blood Cholesterol
High blood cholesterol is another major risk factor for heart disease that you can do something about. The higher your blood cholesterol level, the greater your risk for developing heart disease or having a heart attack. To prevent these disorders, all women should make a serious effort to keep their cholesterol at healthy levels.
If you already have heart disease, it is particularly important to lower an elevated blood cholesterol level to reduce your high risk for a heart attack. Women with diabetes also are at especially high risk for a heart attack. If you have diabetes, you will need to take steps to keep both your cholesterol and your diabetes under control.
Although young women tend to have lower cholesterol levels than young men, between the ages of 45 and 55, women's levels begin to rise higher than men's. After age 55, this "cholesterol gap" between women and men becomes still wider. Although women's overall risk of heart disease at older ages continues to be somewhat lower than that of men, the higher a woman's blood cholesterol level, the greater her chances of developing heart disease.
Cholesterol and Your Heart
The body needs cholesterol to function normally. However, your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. Over a period of years, extra cholesterol and fat circulating in the blood build up in the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. This buildup, called plaque, makes the arteries narrower and narrower. As a result, less blood gets to the heart. Blood carries oxygen to the heart. If not enough oxygen-rich blood can reach your heart, you may suffer chest pain. If the blood supply to a portion of the heart is completely cut off, the result is a heart attack.
Cholesterol travels in the blood in packages called lipoproteins. LDL carries most of the cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol packaged in LDL is often called "bad" cholesterol, because too much LDL in the blood can lead to cholesterol buildup and blockage in the arteries.
Another type of cholesterol is HDL, known as "good" cholesterol. That's because HDL helps remove cholesterol from the body, preventing it from building up in the arteries.
High blood cholesterol itself does not cause symptoms, so if your cholesterol level is too high, you may not be aware of it. That's why it's important to get your cholesterol levels checked regularly. Starting at age 20, all women should have their cholesterol levels checked by means of a blood test called a "fasting lipoprotein profile." Be sure to ask for the test results, so you will know whether you need to lower your cholesterol. Ask your doctor how soon you should be retested.
Total cholesterol is a measure of the cholesterol in all of your lipoproteins, including the "bad" cholesterol in LDL and the "good" cholesterol in HDL. An LDL level below 100 mg/dL* is considered "optimal," or ideal. However, not every woman needs to aim for so low a level. As you can see on the next page, there are four other categories of LDL level. The higher your LDL number, the higher your risk of heart disease. Knowing your LDL number is especially important because it will determine the kind of treatment you may need.
Your HDL number tells a different story. The lower your HDL level, the higher your heart disease risk.
Your lipoprotein profile test will also measure levels of triglycerides, another fatty substance in the blood. (See "What Are Triglycerides?".)
* Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood.
What's Your Number?
Blood Cholesterol Levels and Heart Disease Risk
|Total Cholesterol Level||Category|
|Less than 200 mg/dL||Desirable|
|200-239 mg/dL||Borderline high|
|240 mg/dL and above||High|
|LDL Cholesterol Level||Category|
|Less than 100mg/dL||Optimal (ideal)|
|100-129 mg/dL||Near optimal/above optimal|
|130-159 mg/dL||Borderline high|
|190 mg/dL and above||Very high|
HDL Cholesterol Level
An HDL cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL is a major risk factor for heart disease. An HDL level of 60 mg/dL or higher is somewhat protective.
Heart Disease Risk and Your LDL Goal
In general, the higher your LDL level and the more other risk factors you have, the greater your chances of developing heart disease or having a heart attack. The higher your risk, the lower your LDL goal level will be. Here is how to determine your LDL goal:
Step 1: Count your risk factors. Below are risk factors for heart disease that will affect your LDL goal. Check to see how many of the following risk factors* you have:
- Cigarette smoking
- High blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher, or if you are on blood pressure medication)
- Low HDL cholesterol (less than 40 mg/dL)†
- Family history of early heart disease (your father or brother before age 55, or your mother or sister before age 65)
- Age (55 or older)
Step 2: Find Out Your Risk Score. If you have two or more risk factors in Step 1, you will need to figure out your "risk score." This score will show your chances of having a heart attack in the next 10 years. To find out your risk score, see "How To Estimate Your Risk".
* Diabetes is not on the list because a person with diabetes is already considered to be at high risk for a heart attack—at the same level of risk as someone who has heart disease. Also, even though overweight and physical inactivity are not on this list of risk factors, they are conditions that raise your risk for heart disease and need to be corrected.
† If your HDL cholesterol is 60 mg/dL or higher, subtract 1 from your total.
Step 3: Find Out Your Risk Category. Use your umber of risk factors, risk score, and medical history to find out your history to find out your category of risk for heart disease or heart attack. Use the table below:
|If You Have||Your Category Is|
|Heart disease, diabetes, or a risk score of more than 20 percent||High Risk|
|2 or more risk factors and a risk score of 10 to 20 percent||Next Highest Risk|
|2 or more risk factors and a risk score of less than 10 percent||Moderate Risk|
|0 to 1 risk factor||Low-to-Moderate Risk|
What Are Triglycerides
Triglycerides are another type of fat found in the blood and in food. Triglycerides are produced in the liver. When you drink alcohol or take in more calories than your body needs, your liver produces more triglycerides. Triglyceride levels that are borderline high(150-199 mg/dL) or high (200-499 mg/dL) are signals of an increased risk for heart disease. To reduce blood triglyceride levels, it is important to control your weight, get more physical activity, quit smoking, and avoid alcohol. You should also follow an eating plan that is not too high in carbohydrates (less than 60 percent of calories) and is low in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol. Sometimes, medication is also needed.
"No one, least of all me, was ever really concerned about my heart health because I was a young, thin female, who did not smoke. After my heart attack, I had to face my own mortality. It was a life-altering event for my entire family."
A Special Type of Risk
Some women have a group of risk factors known as "metabolic syndrome," which is usually caused by overweight or obesity and by not getting enough physical activity. This cluster of risk factors increases your risk of heart disease and diabetes, regardless of your LDL cholesterol level. Women have metabolic syndrome if they have three or more of the following conditions:
- A waist measurement of 35 inches or more
- Triglycerides of 150 mg/dL or more
- An HDL level of less than 50 mg/dL
- Blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg or more (either number counts)
- Blood sugar of 100 mg/dL or more
If you have metabolic syndrome, you should calculate your risk score and risk category as indicated in Steps 2 and 3 on the previous page. You should make a particularly strong effort to reach and maintain your LDL goal. You should emphasize weight control and physical activity to correct the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.
Your LDL Goal
The main goal of cholesterol-lowering treatment is to lower your LDL level enough to reduce your risk of heart disease or heart attack. The higher your risk category, the lower your LDL goal will be. To find your personal LDL goal, see the table below:
|If You Are in This Risk Category||Your LDL Goal Is|
|High Risk||Less than 100 mg/dL|
|Next Highest Risk or Moderate Risk||Less than 130 mg/dL|
|Low-to-Moderate Risk||Less than 160 mg/dL|
Recent studies have added to the evidence suggesting that for people with heart disease, lower LDL cholesterol is better. Because these studies show a direct relationship between lower LDL cholesterol and reduced risk for heart attack, it is now reasonable for doctors to set the LDL treatment goal for heart disease patients at less than 70 mg/dL—well below the recommended level of less than 100 mg/dL. Doctors may also use more intensive cholesterol-lowering treatment to help patients reach this goal.
If you have heart disease, work with your doctor to lower your LDL cholesterol as much as possible. But even if you can't lower your LDL cholesterol to less than 70 mg/dL because of a high starting level, lowering your LDL cholesterol to less than 100 mg/dL will still greatly reduce your risk.
How To Lower Your LDL
There are two main ways to lower your LDL cholesterol—through lifestyle changes alone, or though medication combined with lifestyle changes. Depending on your risk category, the use of these treatments will differ. Because of the recent studies that showed the benefit of more intensive cholesterol lowering, physicians have the option to start cholesterol medication—in addition to lifestyle therapy—at lower LDL levels than previously recommended for high-risk patients. For information on the updated treatment options and the best treatment plan for your risk category, see the fact sheet, "High Blood Cholesterol: What You Need To Know," available on the NHLBI Web site or from the NHLBI Health Information Center. (See "To Learn More".)
Lifestyle Changes. One important treatment approach is called the TLC Program. TLC stands for "Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes," a three-part treatment that uses diet, physical activity, and weight management. Every woman who needs to lower her LDL cholesterol should use the TLC Program. (For more on the TLC approach, see "Eat for Health".) Maintaining a healthy weight and getting regular physical activity are especially important for women who have metabolic syndrome.
Medication. If your LDL level stays too high even after making lifestyle changes, you may need to take medicine. If you need medication, be sure to use it along with the TLC approach. This will keep the dose of medicine as low as possible and lower your risk in other ways as well. You will also need to control all of your other heart disease risk factors, including high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking.
As part of your cholesterol-lowering treatment plan, your doctor may recommend medication. The most commonly used medicines are listed below.
Statins. These are the most commonly prescribed drugs for people who need a cholesterol-lowering medicine. They lower LDL levels more than other types of drugs—about 20 to 55 percent. They also moderately lower triglycerides and raise HDL. Side effects are usually mild, although liver and muscle problems may occur rarely. If you experience muscle aches or weakness, you should contact your doctor promptly.
Ezetimibe. This is the first in a new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs that interferes with the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine. Ezetimbe lowers LDL by about 18 to 25 percent. It can be used alone or in combination with a statin to get more lowering of LDL. Side effects may include back and joint pain.
Bile acid resins. These medications lower LDL cholesterol by about 15 to 30 percent. Bile acid resins are often prescribed along with a statin to further decrease LDL cholesterol levels. Side effects may include constipation, bloating, nausea, and gas. However, long-term use of these medicines is considered safe.
Niacin. Niacin, or nicotinic acid, lowers total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, while also raising HDL cholesterol. It reduces LDL levels by about 5 to 15 percent, and up to 25 percent in some patients. Although niacin is available without a prescription, it is important to use it only under a doctor's care because of possibly serious side effects. In some people, it may worsen peptic ulcers or cause liver problems, gout, or high blood sugar.
Fibrates. These drugs can reduce triglyceride levels by 20 to 50 percent, while increasing HDL cholesterol by 10 to 15 percent. Fibrates are not very effective for lowering LDL cholesterol. The drugs can increase the chances of developing gallstones and heighten the effects of blood-thinning drugs.
|Table of Contents||Next: Overweight and Obesity|
Last Updated: February 29, 2012 | <urn:uuid:8bafa2af-f1e9-432e-b558-952f6539f9db> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/hearttruth/downloads/html/hhh/high-blood-cholesterol.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986444.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00080-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922201 | 2,853 | 3.296875 | 3 |
juvenile justice: discover
by Michael Gerson
[The following is an excerpt from the book.]
The influential prison reformer Chuck Colson often employed a vivid image. Many people, he said, view the prison system like they view the sewage system. They want to flush problems away without thinking about where they go.
This was the attitude, consciously or subconsciously, behind the growth of mass incarceration in the 1980s and 1990s. Prisons were built and filled, but remained largely hidden from view. By 2006, roughly one out of every 32 Americans was held in the justice system. It is important to note the racial disparities that existed -- and still do today -- as one in every 15 black males is incarcerated, compared to one in every 106 white males. This approach and the corresponding disparity extends to youth offenders as well. Few Americans have contact with this system except corrections officials and those involved in prison ministry.
New York’s Rikers Island correctional facility is a tragic example of how we seek to isolate crime and criminals. It is located in the middle of the East River, reachable only by a single unmarked bridge. Along with thousands of adult prisoners, nearly 800 juvenile offenders are also housed. A 2014 report by the U.S. Attorney’s Office of the Southern District of New York revealed a “broken institution” where violence is commonplace, solitary confinement is routine and about half of the youth population is diagnosed with mental health issues.
Past attempts to move juvenile offenders off Rikers Island to smaller facilities elsewhere have been blocked. Communities simply don’t take them. Nobody seems to want them. And this seems to be a trend.
Nationwide, about 12 percent of delinquent youth are placed in prisons because they have committed serious crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, and assault. But many others are incarcerated for violating parole, or showing disrespect toward judges, probation officers and other officials. By some estimates, about 40 percent of incarcerated juveniles committed nonviolent offenses such as violations of probation, drug possession and public order offenses. And some young people with mental health conditions are dumped in facilities because there are no other treatment options.
A perverse incentive structure is also sometimes at work. When a court orders drug treatment or mental health services for a juvenile, a locality (a city or county) is generally required to pay for those services. When a juvenile is incarcerated, the state usually foots the bill. For many localities, locked facilities are the cheaper option. For states, however, incarceration is expensive – often costing more than $200,000 a year per inmate.
A variety of studies have found that 70 to 80 percent of incarcerated youth are rearrested within a year. And there are predicable, negative results on education and employment. By one estimate, 66 percent of juveniles who are incarcerated never return to school, which dramatically undermines their prospects in the labor market. And all of these bad results are achieved at an absurdly high cost – often 10 times the expense of sending a child to a good state university.
However a growing body of data is revealing what works in reducing juvenile recidivism, or rate of re-offense, and what doesn’t.
What works often involves non-custodial based sentences that include weekly visits from counselors who work with the offender and their caregivers to confront specific risk factors like a lack of supervision, poor academic skills, and a lack of impulse control. In extreme cases of family dysfunction, a child may be placed for six months in a specially trained foster home while caregivers are given intensive training in parenting skills.
This type of family intervention does not always work, of course. But studies have shown reductions in recidivism of about 20 percent. And there is a reason for this success. These programs attempt to strengthen the social institution that is designed to give guidance to youth – the family – instead of trying to replace it with prison guards and parole officers (very poor substitutes).
This is a case study in the principle that justice is multi-dimensional -- it requires the involvement of multiple institutions including government, family, churches, and non-profits. Government is often most effective when it works to strengthen other social institutions instead of always acting directly. It is true to say: “Children need strong families that surround them with love and rules.” But it is not sufficient. Many children lack this advantage. And it is not enough to complain about social conditions. Government needs to act – but it should first try to act in ways that strengthen families, rather than ignoring or replacing them. For example, family support programs are one way to accomplish this goal.
In many ways, Missouri has become the hopeful exemplar of reform (similar efforts are often said to be following “the Missouri model”). None of its confinement facilities hold more than 50 juveniles. Each youth is assigned a single case-officer through the justice process who works closely with families on the issues surrounding reentry. Recidivism rates are low.
Juvenile justice reform is a success story, if still an incomplete one. The lives and struggles of young people can’t simply be hidden behind walls and razor wire – flushed away to places we never see. No child is disposable. It is necessary to restrict certain risks to society – but also to leave room for second chances. | <urn:uuid:b80c7e8a-07d4-44d9-a35a-943dba86ca90> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.unleashingopportunity.org/juvenile-justice-discover | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659417.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117224929-20190118010929-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.961563 | 1,090 | 2.796875 | 3 |
There is great ‘natural’ value in deadwood, as Sarah Smyth of our Ecoystems and Biodiversity team explains.
Trees contribute a huge amount as living organisms providing shelter and ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, pollution reduction, water runoff reduction , aesthetic and cultural value as well as potentially providing food and shelter. Periodically stormy winds batter us and trees, and branches fall down. There is a huge temptation to tidy up the fallen materials. But before you do, spare a thought for all the animals that use piles of deadwood for shelter and food.
Deadwood can persists for as long as it was alive, supporting a new range of species. Rather than tidy up all fallen wood and logs, leave a small pile tucked away and very quickly it will become home to lots of animals. About 20% of woodland species need dead wood at some point for food or shelter. No matter what stage of rotting the deadwood is at – there will be an insect or fungi that will be ready to take hold and turn it into dinner.
The good news is that this means less work for the gardener, rather than clearing messy deadwood from a area, tuck it into a pile in a shady corner somewhere and leave it be, very soon, fungi, lichens and bryophytes will establish, these in turn provide protection for lots of invertebrates, which can provide a tasty snack for birds, mammals and amphibians, look out later in the year for hedgehogs nestling under the wood.
Over time the logs will break down as they are nibbled and burrowed into – natures clearing squad do their job and you don’t need to.
Deadwood in sunny areas does also has a value – to different species. So it shouldn’t be disregarded. Species such as wasps, ichneumons in particular like dry, warm, wood to gather material, for nest building and to lay their eggs in. Also certain deadwood invertebrates need habitat in warmer spots. So, as is often the case, it’s about having a “bit of everything” if possible.
For more information on managing deadwood see Managing deadwood in forests and woodlands http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/FCPG020.pdf/$file/FCPG020.pdf
You might also enjoy : http://www.rspb.org.uk/makeahomeforwildlife/advice/gardening/deadwood.aspx
Did you know ?
Most dead wood recycling is done by hundreds of different fungi because they are the only species that produce enzymes that can break down wood!
You must be logged in to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:36f0c225-3ea2-4efd-bd90-b1830f53b1d2> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://scotlandsnature.blog/2016/01/22/deadwood-good-wood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.943986 | 568 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Translation from one language to another is often like swapping variable values; you need something in the middle. That’s why translators were invented, but the opportunity for them to interject obscene comments made communication between people of different languages uneasy. And since my understanding of other languages is a bit rusty, and my group needed a project with a biomedical bent, we decided to translate to American English from American Sign Language. That’s right, you should be really excited right now.
It currently doesn't work because it's missing a user's hand.
Pretty simple premise, if you ask me. In fact, if it’s on wikipedia then everybody should already know about it. There’s two options to go about sign language translation, but both need to measure a person’s hand movements. This can be done visually or mechanically; because it’d be a bit lame to have to carry around video cameras and computers necessary to do the processing, my group went with a glove based system. By the by, ‘my group’ consisted of a few buds in CMU’s Biomedical Engineering Design Capstone class: Allen Ambulo, Andrew S.D. Tsai, Michelle Lin, Sherry Huang, and Eric Wideburg. We also had the awesome Professors Dr. Conrad Zapanta, and Dr. James Antaki.So, clearly, the idea of a sign language recognizing glove is not new, but two things have not been done–at least we didn’t find evidence of it.
1) With the abundance of iPods and other media devices, why can’t this device also make noise? And if it could make noise that corresponds to whatever is being signed by the user, that’d be extra impressive.
2) Nobody likes to spell, so why do all currently made gloves mainly focus on finger spelling. Damn, you’d have some strong hands if all you were able to do was finger spell… Why not include good gesture recognition? Wiimotes do it, and 3 year olds are better than me at playing Nintendo Wii.
Anyway, lets talk about implementation. I wont go into the significantly boring detail in this post; I’ll probably put up guides on specific aspects (the Recognition, the Sensors, etc.) of the project later on.
Like any good embedded system, this glove is merely a system of input and output, with some processing in the middle. Like a kind of mathematical system of equations sandwich. Yum. Input comes from the sensors or from user input. Output is the LCD screen and the tiny speaker I stole off one of those cards that sing at you (thanks Grandma for the birthday card! I really like it!).
Accelerometers, flex sensors, and my beautiful sewing.
Trackball for user input. Or to just click. Click click click click
There’s two things to look for in sign language: the movement of the hands and the position of the fingers. Thus, we’ve got an accelerometer and flex sensors. While some might see the limitations of just these sensors, I had a few work arounds for this initial proof-of-concept version. The trackball is the same kind as those found on Blackberrys, and I had an old ominous looking LCD screen (red on black, ooooh~) lying around.
All this plugs into an Arduino Mega, because it has a lot of input/outputs, and looks badass when strapped to your wrist. The output is this Sparkfun made Speakjet Arduino shield; think of it as text-to-speech. It is capable of pronouncing a list of phonetics, from which you can configure it to say them in the right order to make words, or gobbledegook. This pushed out an audio signal to the previously mentioned tiny speaker, and mirrored the results onto the LCD screen.
Temperature outside is directly proportional to the amount of solder vapor I inhale.
There was some prototyping area on the speakjet, so all the connections were routed through here.
That about does it for a hardware overview; software from here on out. The reason the glove you see is Version 1 is because so much time was spent getting the hardware together and reliable, the software is not as robust as a daily use version. Don’t get me wrong, this thing can work fine and dandy, but there’s some improvements I would like to make. Let’s start from the top of what V.1 is, and then I’ll discuss future improvements.
Sensor data comes in and, due in no small part to how they are attached, are pretty free of movement artifacts; the data is pretty reliable and consistent, only a simple low pass filter is used to just take an exponential moving average of the data. Mechanically, the sensors are attached to the glove through the use of small metal brackets made with garden wire (this too forever…) or with button snaps like you’d find on clothing (hey, we are dealing with a glove here). This allowed the flex sensors to remain fixed at their base and slide through the brackets, but also allowed the stretchiness of the glove to act as the spring–and the user’s hand as the damper–in a simple spring-mass-damper system. Fancy words for, “I sewed things on to a stretchy glove. And the glove was on my hand at the time.”
Future posts: making brackets. sewing. sewing with your off hand.
After the sensor data comes in and is converted to digital values through the Arduino’s on board ADC, and is slightly filtered, it gets formatted into a simple state matrix: 5 values for the flex sensors, 3 for each axis of the accelerometer. This state matrix gets run through a Naive Bayesian Classifier whenever the state has stabilized, i.e. the user has performed a gesture/letter and holds that position for a specified amount of time. This delay signals the microprocessor to compute the most likely gesture that has just been performed based on the current state of the sensor data out of a list of possible gestures that the Arduino knows about. Because I have no idea what I’m doing when it comes to ASL, I configured the delay to be 2 seconds for myself. Gimme a break, I learned cello on weekends, not ASL.
After the classifier has done its duty, the Arduino takes the gesture of what it thinks to have just been done, and looks it up in it’s dictionary–for us, this was the alphabet and like 10 words, due to memory constraints. The recognizable gestures corresponded to entries in it’s recognition dictionary, which translated between the gesture to the requisite phonetic commands for the Speakjet. These phonetics get sent to the Speakjet chip, and a freakishly robotic voice then says the word. Hey, they included a volume dial thankfully.
So some optimizations included using letter frequencies in the classifier (an ‘e’ is more likely to show up than a ‘z’), and code was optimized for performance; it’s pretty slick how much a 16MHz processor can do. While there were more optimizations that could be done (e.g. letter frequency based on the previous letter), it just was not worth it. The Bayesian Classifier is very limited in capability, but great for a proof-of-concept.
Thus, for Version 2, I’ve got Hidden Markov Models planned and the Arduino Mega will be a “training” unit (both for the user, and the HMM), and I want to miniaturize it to an Arduino Pro Mini. HMM’s are awesome for identifying things that can’t be observed directly; they are frequently used for speech recognition. But yeah, things to do things to do. I’ll revise this article shortly, as its level of ‘snarky’ is probably too high. | <urn:uuid:32cad296-2d85-4b28-b478-c397794b91b0> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.clloks.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121981339.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175301-00014-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952894 | 1,668 | 2.578125 | 3 |
There are often days set aside for learning about careers in traditional schools. Kids bring in their parents to talk about what they do for a living, discuss what education is required, and do in-school projects relating to potential jobs kids may be interested in as adults. Field trips to fire stations and other public service jobs are also common. When you’re homeschooling, you may not have these kinds of opportunities. Fortunately, there are different ways to teach your children about various home care services.
Don’t be afraid to approach close friends or family about their jobs. Ask them if they are willing to talk to your kids about what they do for a living. If they aren’t sure what to talk about, suggest explaining what their overall job is, what they do during a typical day, and what kind of education they need to perform their duties. Be sure they also mention what they enjoy most about their work and what is most difficult. If possible, let your kids shadow someone at their work for a day.
Create a Job Family Tree
Much like creating a traditional family tree, this project involves talking to family members. Your kids talk to their parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins about what they do for a living, then create a variation on a family tree charting the work each individual does. Discussions can occur around whether some family members have followed the same career paths, how the jobs are similar and different, and whether any are of interest to your children. This is also a great way to engage more fully with family members.
Career Exploration Online
There are many ways to explore career options online, including YouTube videos about specific careers and Ted Talks about various jobs. CareerVillage.org lets students of all ages register, then ask questions about careers that are answered by people working in those fields. It’s a great interactive tool that’s engaging, and in some cases, multiple people will answer a question. Comparing those answers can be enlightening.
Research Specific Occupations Online
There is a ton of information available about almost any occupation. Still, the most accurate information can be found in two locations: online job descriptions and company websites. If your child is interested in working with computers, look up job posts featuring the word computer and compare various titles and their descriptions, then compare and contrast.
You may also want to visit business websites that feature articles about the positions within their company. For instance, Provider’s Choice is a medical transcription and scribe service. Their website’s in-depth article about Provider’s Choice Scribe Services outlines the duties a scribe performs, what education they need, the importance of the job, and best practices.
Homeschooling allows you to follow the lead of what your child is interested in to tailor their education to their interests. Choosing a career path is one of the most important choices they’ll ever make. By providing them with lots of options, you can help them find the career that’s right for them. | <urn:uuid:3dd9bda7-a9f0-44ff-aeed-acdba209e7ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://diaryofafirstchild.com/2021/12/21/four-ways-to-teach-your-homeschooled-kids-about-careers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539101.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521112022-20220521142022-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.966441 | 627 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries issued a shellfish biotoxin alert in the region of North Island West Coast on 9 October. Affected area covers from Waipapakauri on 90 Mile Beach, south to Pouto Point on the northern head of the Kaipara Harbour. This includes the Herekino, Whangape and Hokianga Harbours. Affected shellfish include mussels, oysters, tuatua, pipi, toheroa, cockles, scallops, catseyes, kina (sea urchin) and all other bivalve shellfish. Poisoning type of this alert is PSP (Paralytic shellfish poisoning ). People who are poisoned after eating toxic shellfish may experience numbness and prickly feeling around the mouth, face, and extremities (hands and feet). Swallowing or breathing may become difficult. Other symptoms include dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
What is Shellfish Biotoxin?
Toxic macromolecule compounds can be transmitted from the toxic algae in the ocean to the algae-eating fish, shrimp and shellfish through the food chain. The toxin then is accumulated in their bodies and transmitted to people who eat them.
Shellfish and seawater samples are taken every week from popular shellfish gathering areas around New Zealand and are tested for the presence of toxic algae. If the shellfish are not safe to eat, then public health warnings are issued and signs are posted at affected beaches. People can not collect or eat shellfish from areas where shellfish biotoxin warnings have been issued.
What are the types of Shellfish Poisoning?
There are 4 main kinds of toxic shellfish poisoning. | <urn:uuid:8614bd0e-d347-4f8f-8c64-6c0ec8fcc74d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.tlw.com/news/view-25.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337731.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006061224-20221006091224-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.931789 | 356 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Water is one of the most vital natural resources on earth and has been around for a long time. In fact, the same water which we drink has been around in one form or the other since the time of the dinosaurs.
The earth has more than two-thirds of its surface covered with water. This translates to just over 1 octillion litres (1,260,000,000,000,000,000,000 litres) of water distributed in the oceans, rivers, lakes and streams.
That is a lot of water, however, less than 0.3% is accessible for human consumption. As commercialization and industrialization have progressed, that number continues to dwindle down. Furthermore, inefficient and outdated practices, lack of awareness and a plethora of other circumstances have led to water pollution.
Also Read: How Can We Conserve Water?
Table of Contents
What is Water Pollution?
Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of water bodies. Water pollution is caused when water bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater and aquifers get contaminated with industrial and agricultural effluents.
When water gets polluted, it adversely affects all lifeforms that directly or indirectly depend on this source. The effects of water contamination can be felt for years to come.
Also Refer: Types of Pollution
Sources Of Water Pollution
The key causatives of water pollution in India are:
- Industrial effluents.
- Social and Religious Practices.
- Use of Detergents and Fertilizers.
- Agricultural run-offs- Use of insecticides and pesticides.
Water Pollution – A Modern Epidemic
One of the primary causes of water pollution is the contamination of water bodies by toxic chemicals. As seen in the example mentioned above, the dumped plastic bottles, tins, water cans and other wastes pollute the water bodies. These result in water pollution, which harms not just humans, but the whole ecosystem. Toxins drained from these pollutants, travel up to the food chain and eventually affect humans. In most cases, the outcome is destructive to only local population and species, but it can have an impact on a global scale too.
Nearly 6 billion kilograms of garbage is dumped every year in the oceans. Apart from industrial effluents and untreated sewage, other forms of unwanted materials are dumped into various water bodies. These can range from nuclear waste to oil spills – the latter of which can render vast areas uninhabitable.
Effects Of Water Pollution
The effect of water pollution depends upon the type of pollutants and its concentration. Also, the location of water bodies is an important factor to determine the levels of pollution.
- Water bodies in the vicinity of urban areas are extremely polluted. This is the result of dumping garbage and toxic chemicals by industrial and commercial establishments.
- Water pollution drastically affects aquatic life. It affects their metabolism, behaviour, causes illness and eventual death. Dioxin is a chemical that causes a lot of problems from reproduction to uncontrolled cell growth or cancer. This chemical is bioaccumulated in fish, chicken and meat. Chemicals such as this travel up the food chain before entering the human body.
- The effect of water pollution can have a huge impact on the food chain. It disrupts the food-chain. Cadmium and lead are some toxic substances, these pollutants upon entering the food chain through animals (fish when consumed by animals, humans) can continue to disrupt at higher levels.
- Humans are affected by pollution and can contract diseases such as hepatitis through faecal matter in water sources. Poor drinking water treatment and unfit water can always cause an outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera, etc.
- The ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and destructured because of water pollution.
In 1932, a factory in Minamata City, Japan began dumping its industrial effluent – Methylmercury, into the surrounding bay and the sea. Methylmercury is incredibly toxic to humans and animals alike, causing a wide range of neurological disorders.
Its ill-effects were not immediately noticeable. However, this all changed as methylmercury had started to bioaccumulate inside shellfishes and fish in the Minamata Bay. These affected organisms were then caught and consumed by the local population. Soon, the ill-effects of methylmercury was becoming apparent.
Initially, animals such as cats and dogs were affected by this. The city’s cats would often convulse and make strange noises before dying – hence, the term “dancing cat disease” was coined. Soon, the same symptoms were observed in people, though the cause was not apparent at the time.
Other affected people showed symptoms of acute mercury poisoning such as ataxia, muscle weakness, loss of motor coordination, damage to speech and hearing etc. In severe cases, paralysis occurred, which was followed by coma and death. These diseases and deaths continued for almost 36 years before it could be officially acknowledged by the government and the organisation.
Since then, various control measures of water pollution have been adopted by the government of Japan to curb such environmental disasters in the future.
Pollution of the Ganges
Some rivers, lakes, and groundwater are rendered unfit for usage. In India, the River Ganges is the sixth most polluted river in the world. This is unsurprising as hundreds of industries nearby release their effluents into the river. Furthermore, religious activities such as burials and cremations near the shore contribute towards pollution. Apart from the ecological implications, this river poses serious health risk as it can cause diseases like typhoid and cholera.
Pollution of the Ganges is also driving some of the distinct fauna to extinction. The Ganges River shark is a critically endangered species that belong to the order Carcharhiniformes. The Ganges River dolphin is another endangered species of dolphin that is found in the tributaries of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers.
As per a survey, by the end of 2026, around 4 billion people will face a shortage of water. Presently, around 1.2 billion people worldwide do not have access to clean, potable water and proper sanitation. It is also projected that nearly 1000 children die every year in India due to water-related issues. Groundwater is an important source of water, but unfortunately, even that is susceptible to pollution. Hence, water pollution is quite an important social issue that needs to be addressed promptly.
Control Measures of Water Pollution
Water pollution, to a larger extent, can be controlled by a variety of methods. Rather than releasing sewage waste into water bodies, it is better to treat them before discharge. Practising this can reduce the initial toxicity and the remaining substances can be degraded and rendered harmless by the water body itself. If the secondary treatment of water has been carried out, then this can be reused in sanitary systems and agricultural fields.
A very special plant, the Water Hyacinth can absorb dissolved toxic chemicals such as cadmium and other such elements. Establishing these in regions prone to such kinds of pollutants will reduce the adverse effects to a large extent.
Some chemical methods that help in the control of water pollution are precipitation, the ion exchange process, reverse osmosis, and coagulation. As an individual, reusing, reducing, and recycling wherever possible will advance a long way in overcoming the effects of water pollution.
|Nuclear Winter||Soil Pollution|
|Placebo Effect||Germ Theory Of Disease|
|Radioactive Wastes and Pollution||Air Pollution & It’s Control|
Frequently Asked Questions
What is sewage treatment?
Wastewater treatment or sewage treatment generally refers to the process of cleaning or removing of all pollutants, treating wastewater and making it safe and suitable for drinking before releasing into the environment.
What are the main steps in sewage treatment?
There are four main stages of the wastewater treatment process, namely:
- Stage 1: Screening
- Stage 2: Primary treatment
- Stage 3: Secondary treatment
- Stage 4: Final treatment
What are the main causes of water pollution?
The main causes of water pollution are attributed to
- Industrial activities
- Religious and social practices
- Agricultural runoff
- Accidents (such as oil spills, nuclear fallouts etc)
What are the effects of water pollution?
Water pollution can have disastrous consequences on the ecosystem. Furthermore, toxic chemicals can travel through the food chain and get into our bodies, causing diseases and death.
To learn more about water pollution, causes, effects, preventive measures and other important environmental concerns (such as eutrophication), visit us at BYJU’S Biology. | <urn:uuid:084a0ab8-7622-4af9-b6be-261ff96994c6> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://byjus.com/biology/water-pollution-control/?replytocom=227652 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058450.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927120736-20210927150736-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.944815 | 1,798 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Hello, Frank Indiviglio here. In 2001, I wrote a book about the Natural History and Care of Seahorses. As I intended, many readers were discouraged, due to the demands involved in their care and the fragile state of wild populations. Today, I am happy to report that captive-born individuals of several species are regularly available, and that the task of feeding them (a major stumbling block) has been greatly simplified. Still, they are not ideal for every aquarist. Following are some important points to consider before you decide to keep these intriguing but challenging fishes.
Seahorses Need a Wide Variety of Small, Live Foods
The world’s 130+ seahorse species (Family Syngnathidae) are strict live food specialists. Brine shrimp, the most easily-obtained seahorse food, is suitable as a steady diet for only one, the Dwarf Seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae (please see this article). Most others avidly consume brine shrimp, but will not survive long without amphipods (scuds, side-swimmers), sand hoppers, tiny shrimp, Mysids and similar marine creatures. Read More » | <urn:uuid:415321fd-a1a4-4341-925c-598fa1000815> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://blogs.thatpetplace.com/thatfishblog/tag/captive-seahorses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824822.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213123823-20181213145323-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.936817 | 243 | 2.734375 | 3 |
NASA’s Team goes on Simulated Journey to Mars to Investigate Isolation and Confinement
A volunteer crew members have gone on a simulated voyage to Mars within a ground-based habitat at NASA to investigate the isolation and confinement of exploration missions.
The 45-day simulation of a mission to Mars’ moon Phobos started on Friday at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.
The volunteer crew, including Jared Broddrick, Pietro Di Tillio, Dragos Michael Popescu, and Patrick Ridgley, entered the Human Exploration Research Analog, or HERA, which is intended to serve as an analog for the hardships of genuine space exploration missions, according to NASA.
The four guys were spotted entering the HERA structure before the door was formally locked and will not be opened until March 14, according to a video sent to NASA’s Johnson Space Center Twitter account.
According to the agency, the guys will have up to five minutes of delayed connection with the rest of the world while within the HERA structure. According to NASA, the purpose is to teach the crew and NASA coordinators to communicate under these conditions while guaranteeing a seamless operation.
A Good Grip On Emotional Regulation
They’re learning more about how teams perform in an autonomous environment with little interaction with Earth in this HERA campaign, as Brandon Vessey, research operations and integration element scientist for NASA’s Human Research Program, or HRP stated.
What they’re going to discover will influence future exploration missions beyond low-Earth orbit. This will assist guarantee that our astronaut crews can successfully work through the obstacles of long-duration spaceflight, such as communication delays, as Vessey adds.
According to NASA’s website, this is the second of four “Campaign 6” missions done by HERA to assist study into the behavioral and team performance of extended length missions. The campaign’s last mission is slated for September 12, 2022.
Individuals must be healthy nonsmokers between 30 and 55 to be eligible for the missions. To be considered for the HERA crew, applicants must submit their resumes to Johnson Space Center’s Exam Subject Screening department and pass a medical and psychological test.
HRP plans to conduct 15 research during the missions to gather data that will assist NASA in landing the first woman and first person of color on the moon, a strategy known as “Artemis.” According to NASA, the objective is to build the first long-term presence on the moon, which will advise the agency as it prepares to send the first men to Mars.
Doris’s passion for writing started to take shape in college where she was editor-in-chief of the college newspaper. Even though she ended up working in IT for more than 7 years, she’s now back to what he always enjoyed doing. With a true passion for technology, Doris mostly covers tech-related topics. | <urn:uuid:af0a94d0-78ad-4824-be4c-1fafc390a3ef> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://greatlakesledger.com/2022/01/31/nasas-team-goes-on-45-days-simulated-journey-to-mars-to-investigate-isolation-and-confinement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.939954 | 612 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Home › Teaching Resources › Puzzles
23 different British money puzzles to help children identify British coins and make simple calculations involving money.
21 American money puzzles to help students identify coins and make simple calculations involving money.
A puzzle to help children learn about two-digit numbers and their representations.
80 Shape Puzzles
Telling time puzzles – printable puzzles for teaching time – includes 3 levels, digital, analogue and words matching.
Printable Tangram Puzzles. Includes tangram base pattern, 14 different tangram patterns, solutions and activities
Blank jigsaw puzzle template – individual A4 size pieces make up complete puzzle – ideal for group work and back to school.
Printable Self Correcting Puzzle Templates – In Word format so you can add images or words – fully editable.
Printable Money Games Puzzles – Children match the written money amount to the coins and notes.
Alphabet Games – Printable alphabet puzzle – Ideal for alphabet activities, alphabet classroom displays and reference.
Join the 10 000+ happy members of K-3 Teacher Resources and see why they love it so much!
Copyright © 2021 Inspired Classroom Pty Ltd | <urn:uuid:1eda52c7-22a8-4685-9892-c0c5b389d75d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://k-3teacherresources.com/teaching-resource-collection/puzzles/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588153.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027115745-20211027145745-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.791745 | 233 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Soil quality is the capacity of a soil to:
- Sustain plant and animal productivity
- Maintain or enhance water and air quality
- Support human health and habitation
This project, funded by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, explores the innovative use of soil characteristics in the selection of upland prairie restoration sites.Learn more about the Prairie Soils project!
The Soil Quality Project provides farmers with a package of in-field and laboratory physical, biological and chemical soil assessments.Request an assessment!
A network that provides agricultural professionals and farmers with access to soil quality resources.Join the Network!
An overview of numerous students’ soil quality internship projects.Check out soil internship projects and opportunities! | <urn:uuid:9bb431bf-152d-42ea-9ec2-15b9879d63e4> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.bentonswcd.org/programs/soil-quality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527531.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722051628-20190722073628-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.867924 | 147 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Can you arrange the numbers 1 to 17 in a row so that each adjacent
pair adds up to a square number?
Many numbers can be expressed as the sum of two or more consecutive integers. For example, 15=7+8 and 10=1+2+3+4. Can you say which numbers can be expressed in this way?
You have been given nine weights, one of which is slightly heavier
than the rest. Can you work out which weight is heavier in just two
weighings of the balance?
Let's suppose that you are going to have a magazine which has 16
pages of A5 size. Can you find some different ways to make these
pages? Investigate the pattern for each if you number the pages.
Do you notice anything about the solutions when you add and/or
subtract consecutive negative numbers?
The NRICH team are always looking for new ways to engage teachers
and pupils in problem solving. Here we explain the thinking behind
What happens when you add three numbers together? Will your answer be odd or even? How do you know?
Ben passed a third of his counters to Jack, Jack passed a quarter
of his counters to Emma and Emma passed a fifth of her counters to
Ben. After this they all had the same number of counters.
Sweets are given out to party-goers in a particular way. Investigate the total number of sweets received by people sitting in different positions.
Different combinations of the weights available allow you to make different totals. Which totals can you make?
There are nine teddies in Teddy Town - three red, three blue and three yellow. There are also nine houses, three of each colour. Can you put them on the map of Teddy Town according to the rules?
Can you find six numbers to go in the Daisy from which you can make all the numbers from 1 to a number bigger than 25?
Tom and Ben visited Numberland. Use the maps to work out the number
of points each of their routes scores.
A 2 by 3 rectangle contains 8 squares and a 3 by 4 rectangle
contains 20 squares. What size rectangle(s) contain(s) exactly 100
squares? Can you find them all?
This challenge is to design different step arrangements, which must
go along a distance of 6 on the steps and must end up at 6 high.
Look carefully at the numbers. What do you notice? Can you make
another square using the numbers 1 to 16, that displays the same
Starting with four different triangles, imagine you have an
unlimited number of each type. How many different tetrahedra can
you make? Convince us you have found them all.
Your challenge is to find the longest way through the network
following this rule. You can start and finish anywhere, and with
any shape, as long as you follow the correct order.
Only one side of a two-slice toaster is working. What is the
quickest way to toast both sides of three slices of bread?
What can you say about these shapes? This problem challenges you to
create shapes with different areas and perimeters.
How many ways can you find to do up all four buttons on my coat?
How about if I had five buttons? Six ...?
How many solutions can you find to this sum? Each of the different letters stands for a different number.
Find out about Magic Squares in this article written for students. Why are they magic?!
My two digit number is special because adding the sum of its digits to the product of its digits gives me my original number. What could my number be?
How many different journeys could you make if you were going to visit four stations in this network? How about if there were five stations? Can you predict the number of journeys for seven stations?
Use two dice to generate two numbers with one decimal place. What happens when you round these numbers to the nearest whole number?
This challenge focuses on finding the sum and difference of pairs of two-digit numbers.
Find the sum and difference between a pair of two-digit numbers. Now find the sum and difference between the sum and difference! What happens?
Find out what a "fault-free" rectangle is and try to make some of
Use the interactivity to listen to the bells ringing a pattern. Now
it's your turn! Play one of the bells yourself. How do you know
when it is your turn to ring?
An investigation that gives you the opportunity to make and justify
Write the numbers up to 64 in an interesting way so that the shape they make at the end is interesting, different, more exciting ... than just a square.
What happens when you round these three-digit numbers to the nearest 100?
An irregular tetrahedron is composed of four different triangles.
Can such a tetrahedron be constructed where the side lengths are 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 units of length?
What happens when you round these numbers to the nearest whole number?
Use the interactivity to play two of the bells in a pattern. How do
you know when it is your turn to ring, and how do you know which
bell to ring?
The number of plants in Mr McGregor's magic potting shed increases
overnight. He'd like to put the same number of plants in each of
his gardens, planting one garden each day. How can he do it?
How many different triangles can you make on a circular pegboard that has nine pegs?
Explore this how this program produces the sequences it does. What
are you controlling when you change the values of the variables?
Hover your mouse over the counters to see which ones will be
removed. Click to remover them. The winner is the last one to
remove a counter. How you can make sure you win?
Can you help the children find the two triangles which have the
lengths of two sides numerically equal to their areas?
Alice's mum needs to go to each child's house just once and then
back home again. How many different routes are there? Use the
information to find out how long each road is on the route she
In how many ways can you fit two of these yellow triangles
together? Can you predict the number of ways two blue triangles can
be fitted together?
Is it possible to place 2 counters on the 3 by 3 grid so that there
is an even number of counters in every row and every column? How
about if you have 3 counters or 4 counters or....?
A dog is looking for a good place to bury his bone. Can you work
out where he started and ended in each case? What possible routes
could he have taken?
Tim had nine cards each with a different number from 1 to 9 on it.
How could he have put them into three piles so that the total in
each pile was 15?
Zumf makes spectacles for the residents of the planet Zargon, who
have either 3 eyes or 4 eyes. How many lenses will Zumf need to
make all the different orders for 9 families?
Arrange eight of the numbers between 1 and 9 in the Polo Square
below so that each side adds to the same total.
How can you put five cereal packets together to make different
shapes if you must put them face-to-face?
This practical challenge invites you to investigate the different
squares you can make on a square geoboard or pegboard. | <urn:uuid:5ee13b93-9d89-4c09-a7b6-ef8c0410d20d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://nrich.maths.org/public/leg.php?code=-99&cl=2&cldcmpid=9772 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775394.157/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00007-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9425 | 1,573 | 3.90625 | 4 |
In the history of Earth, one of the most crucial developments, in the billions of years of the planet’s existence, was when plants evolved to colonize the land. So much followed from this one big move: rising levels of oxygen, layers of rich soil coating the ground, new habitats for animals to explore and make home.
But there are giant gaps in our understanding of land plants’ beginnings. Only a scattering of tiny, early land plants have been preserved in the fossil record, and although scientists know of four major groups, they have had trouble puzzling out the order in which they evolved.
“Our understanding of where these plants sit in the tree of life is a bit of a shambles,” says Philip Donoghue, a professor of paleobiology at the University of Bristol.
Donoghue is the principal investigator of a multidisciplinary project that aims to answer some of the fundamental questions about how and when land plants evolved, by combining fossil records and molecular biology. In two new papers, one published last week in Current Biology and another published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, this team of researchers finds that the first land plants emerged earlier than once thought and may have been more complex than anyone believed.
Early land plants can be divided into four major groups—liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and vascular plants. Those first three can be grouped together as bryophytes, which tend to be small and scrubby and reproduce via spore. Vascular plants have veins that can carry water and minerals to different parts of the plant. The relationship between these four big groups, though, has been a mystery. Did vascular plants branch off on their own evolutionary journey? Or, perhaps, did a shared ancestor of liverworts and mosses split off from the shared ancestor of hornworts and vascular plants?
In their work, Donoghue and his colleagues considered seven competing versions of this plant family tree, each consistent with existing evidence. But based on their analysis of genomic evidence from algae and the four major land plant groups, they were able to narrow down the possibilities to three options. According to their results, liverworts and mosses make up one branch of early plant life; their work also suggests, though, with less certainty, that hornworts are part of that same branch.
Those results cut against some existing ideas about how early plant life evolved. Often, liverworts, which are extremely simple plants, have been thought of as a more primitive form of early plant life, that presaged more complicated mosses and vascular plants. But these results indicate that liverworts actually evolved to become more simple—that the common ancestor of all four plant groups was a more complicated organism than previously imagined.
Whatever order these plants evolved in, though, the second paper suggests that they developed in a relatively short amount of time—within a handful of millions of years. (That counts as “short” in this realm. “It’s all relative,” Donoghue says. “Half a billion years ago, it’s all within the fumes of statistical uncertainty.”) In the PNAS paper, the researchers describe their efforts to pin down a timescale for early land plant evolution, by combining data from plant genomes and the fossil record. No matter which of those seven evolutionary scenarios the team considered, they found that land plants branched off as early as the mid-Cambrian era and vascular plants branched off in the late Ordovician or late Silurian periods, sometime approximately 440 to 420 million years ago.
“The branching events probably happened very close to each other in time,” says Donoghue. “It doesn’t matter how you resolve the tree. There’s been quite a lot of evolution happening in a short space of time.”
That timeline puts the origins of land plants earlier than previously thought, which could have large implications for our understanding of the early history of our planet. One of the reasons that scientists are interested in early plant development is because of the impact plants had on the Earth’s climate. Whenever land plants evolved, they started reshaping the planet and its climate; this is one of the beginning points for models of the Earth’s climate history.
If plants’ geoengineering work started back in the Cambrian period, “all that work has been based on the wrong assumption,” says Donoghue. The Earth in the Cambrian period wouldn’t have been characterized by bare rock and perhaps a bit of pond scum; it might have had a low, floral forest that would have already been greening the planet.
Compared to the elaborate forests of today, these low-lying plant covers wouldn’t seem particularly majestic. Their descendants are still around today, in bogs, on rocky cliffs, in damp cracks, and mostly we don’t pay much attention to them. But these are the types of plants that transformed the course of Earth’s history.
“Most people are unaware of plants outside of flowering plants,” says Donoghue. “All the action, all the fundamental evolutionary innovation, are in these miserable, boring-looking plants that grow in places people don’t want to be. These mosses are best modern model for plants that fundamentally changed our planet.” | <urn:uuid:a2f603f8-c755-466d-8604-3e109f200282> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/plant-evolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645513.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318032649-20180318052649-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.961058 | 1,121 | 4.28125 | 4 |
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) commonly known as a “Heart Attack”. A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is blocked,
Pericarditis is a condition in which the membrane, or sac, around your heart is inflamed. This sac is called the Pericardium.
About Valve Stenosis
Stenosis is the term for a valve that does not open properly.
Signs and symptoms of heart attack may vary from person to person. Signs and symptoms may occur suddenly and some may have warning signs hours,
Cardiomegaly is a medical condition wherein the heart is enlarged. An enlarged heart may have various causes. But it’s usually the result of high blood pressure.
What is a Coronary Thrombosis?
Coronary Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart.
Heart failure-sometimes known as congestive heart failure – does not mean the heart has stopped working,
The aorta is the main artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen,
Syncope also known as fainting or passing out is defined as a short loss of consciousness (LOC) and muscle strength,
An irregular heartbeat is called an Arrhythmia. Arrhythmias either can be harmless, or can be an emergency case. | <urn:uuid:3e8c8411-1750-4a06-a5b4-3568d8453fc4> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://phyathai-nawamin.com/en/category/healtharticle/heart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247488374.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218200135-20190218222135-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.925653 | 300 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A Participatory School Ground Greening and Environmental Education Research Project
In November 2011, Janet Loebach and Sarah McCans (Project Leaders), both PhD Candidates and HEAL research associates, received an award from the London Community Foundation Clean Air Challenge to develop an innovative environmental education pilot project that involved working with students at Blessed Sacrament to redesign and rejuvenate a portion of their school ground into a natural play and learning space. The project is now underway.
The Project: The “Green Direction”
Why “Green Direction”? The students of Blessed Sacrament came up with this title which captures the guiding spirit and dual aims of the project. The primary aim is to ‘green’ a neglected portion of the school yard, transforming it into a healthy environment for play and learning, as well as a welcoming community hub. A secondary, aim is to develop, test, and share an innovative ‘participatory’ methodology that includes students, staff, and the larger community in the greening process to empower individuals and enhance their collective sense of community pride and awareness of environmental issues.
What We Are Doing
Blessed Sacrament Separate (Elementary) School in London, Ontario was been identified as an ideal pilot for a collaborative school ground and community greening initiative. The barren, northern portion of the yard adjacent to Oxford St. – the area targeted for greening – has been out-of-bounds to students for several years due to health and safety concerns.
Western University researchers and volunteers have already engaged with Blessed Sacrament students and staff in the first phase of the project. A participatory education and design program has carried out with students over 11 sessions (April-June 2012) to prepare a design for a natural play and learning space.
The process is being embedded into the curriculum (e.g. science, math, environmental studies) and introduces students to air quality issues and principles of environmental planning through fun, hands-on activities to develop a plan for the north portion of the school ground. Air quality measurements and heat imaging tests, student and teacher surveys, and behaviour mapping will be administered before and after the project to test the impact of greening on air quality and heat effects, as well as children’s activities taking place on the school grounds.
The anticipated outcomes of this project include benefits for the community, the environment, and children’s health:
- Reduction in local levels of airborne pollutants;
- Generating evidence of the impact of school ground greening on the reduction of air pollution;
- Raising community awareness of both local and global air quality issues and impacts;
- Increased ecological diversity and habitat creation;
- Reduction in extreme heat exposure among students;
- Improved energy use and stormwater management;
- A safe, engaging space that can support both play and learning needs of local school children;
- Increases children’s everyday contact with nature;
- Participatory development of a solution that meets the needs and preferences of the school community;
- Building capacity among children and community stakeholders for local environmental action.
Program partners & collaborators
- Blessed Sacrament School
- London District Catholic School Board
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory (HEAL), Western University
- Reforest London
- City of London, Engineering & Environmental Services Division (Roads & Transportation / Transportation Planning & Design)
The project was chosen to be one of the Field Tour sites visited by delegates during the 10th Canadian Urban Forest Conference – co-hosted by Tree Canada and the City of London – in October 2012. | <urn:uuid:3005e46b-683c-4761-8df7-d8900677a8b9> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://theheal.ca/projects/the-green-direction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730060435-20210730090435-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.946591 | 728 | 3.03125 | 3 |
It is safe to say that African American History is American History. However, when you talk about African American Veterans, their chapter in the story of our Nation’s history is not well known to many Americans. Participation of African Americans fighting for America’s freedom is as old as America herself.
Watch this video to better understand the extraordinary contributions made by African American Veterans to our Nation’s freedom that begins with the Revolutionary War and continues today in Iraq and Afghanistan. Everyone at VA, particularly our staff at the Center for Minority Veterans, is committed to promoting awareness and utilization of benefits and services that African American Veterans have earned as a result of their military service. If you know of a Veteran– of any race or gender – who has not enrolled in VA health care and benefits please encourage them to visit their local VA facility for more information. We are here to serve.
We hope the Veterans, their families and survivors who view African American Veterans – A Legacy of Exceptional Service are as inspired as we are by the contributions that African American Veterans have made in keeping America safe and free.
The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Center for Minority Veterans are proud to present this video: African American Veterans – A Legacy of Exceptional Service.
To view a Section 508-compliant version of this video, go here.
For more information please visit the Center for Minority Veterans.
Colonel Lucretia McClenney, U.S. Army (Ret.) is the director of VA’s Center for Minority Veterans. | <urn:uuid:c718312a-5685-4092-b145-75b062f5411f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.blogs.va.gov/VAntage/1540/a-legacy-of-exceptional-service/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892495.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00222-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956908 | 313 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Candles have a long and interesting history in religious worship, magic, and folklore. They light the way to the sacred, they dispel the forces of darkness, they are associated with ghosts and the dead, they can find buried treasure, and they play a role in incubated dreaming.
The origin of candles is not known, but there is evidence that beeswax candles were used in Egypt and Crete as early as 3000 B.C.E. Other early candles consisted of tapers made of a fibrous material, such as rushes, saturated with tallow.
Ancient peoples observed that candle flames revealed mysterious things. By staring into a flame, one could enter an altered state of consciousness and see gods and spirits, or see the future. The late Egyptians of about the third century used lamps, and possibly candles, in a magic ritual for "dreaming true," or obtaining answers from dreams. The individual retired to a dark cave facing south and sat and stared into a flame until he saw a god. He then lay down and went to sleep, anticipating that the god would appear in his dreams with the answers he sought.
The following are some of the energy vibrations and influences evoked by colors. Burning colored candles in magical work enhances the vibration of the colors.
In angel magic, use colored candles in work with these principal angels:
It starts in the womb. By 24 weeks, babies hear noises a mother may not even notice: beating heart, air moving in and out of lungs, growling stomach, and blood moving through the umbilical cord. You could say it is in the womb we listen to our first drum solo: that steady repetitive drumbeat of our mother’s heart. Some say a drum is also symbolic of the heart of Mother Earth. So is it any wonder that this sound has been proven to have healing benefits?
Michael Drake, a nationally recognized author, rhythmist, and shamanist, in his June 12, 2017 article “Ancient Healing Approach: Drum Therapy Therapeutic Effects of Drumming” cites eleven benefits attributed to drumming. The following is an excerpt from his article:
Drumming Reduces Tension, Anxiety, and Stress
Drumming induces deep relaxation, lowers blood pressure, and reduces stress.…A recent study found that a program of group drumming helped reduce stress and employee turnover in the long-term care industry and might help other high-stress occupations as well.
Drumming Helps Control Chronic Pain
Researchers suggest that drumming serves as a distraction from pain and grief…promoting the production of endorphins and endogenous opiates, the body’s own morphine-like painkillers, and can thereby help in the control of pain.
Drumming Boosts the Immune System
Led by renowned cancer expert Barry Bittman, MD, [a] study demonstrates that group drumming actually increases cancer-killing cells, which help the body combat cancer as well as other viruses, including AIDS. According to Dr. Bittman, “Group drumming tunes our biology, orchestrates our immunity, and enables healing to begin.”
Drumming Produces Deeper Self-Awareness by Inducing Synchronous Brain Activity
Research has demonstrated that the physical transmission of rhythmic energy to the brain synchronizes the two cerebral hemispheres. When the logical left hemisphere and the intuitive right hemisphere begin to pulsate in harmony, the inner guidance of intuitive knowing can then flow unimpeded into conscious awareness. The ability to access unconscious information through symbols and imagery facilitates psychological integration and a reintegration of self.
Drumming also synchronizes the frontal and lower areas of the brain, integrating nonverbal information from lower brain structures into the frontal cortex, producing “feelings of insight, understanding, integration, certainty, conviction, and truth, which surpass ordinary understandings and tend to persist long after the experience, often providing foundational insights for religious and cultural traditions.”
Drumming Accesses the Entire Brain
The reason rhythm is such a powerful tool is that it permeates the entire brain. Vision, for example, is in one part of the brain, speech another, but drumming accesses the whole brain. The sound of drumming generates dynamic neuronal connections in all parts of the brain even where there is significant damage or impairment such as in attention deficit disorder (ADD). …
Drumming Induces Natural Altered States of Consciousness
Rhythmic drumming induces altered states, which have a wide range of therapeutic applications.
A recent study by Barry Quinn, Ph.D. demonstrates that even a brief drumming session can double alpha brain wave activity, dramatically reducing stress. The brain changes from beta waves (focused concentration and activity) to Alpha waves (calm and relaxed), producing feelings of euphoria and well-being. Alpha activity is associated with meditation, shamanic trance, and integrative modes of consciousness…
Drumming Creates a Sense of Connectedness with Self and Others…
drumming circles provide a sense of connectedness with others and interpersonal support. A drum circle provides an opportunity to connect with your own spirit at a deeper level, and also to connect with a group of other like-minded people….
Drumming Provides a Secular Approach to Accessing a Higher Power
Shamanic drumming directly supports the introduction of spiritual factors found significant in the healing process. Drumming and Shamanic activities produce a sense of connectedness and community, integrating body, mind, and spirit. According to a recent study, “Shamanic activities bring people efficiently and directly into immediate encounters with spiritual forces, focusing the client on the whole body and integrating healing at physical and spiritual levels…
Drumming Releases Negative Feelings, Blockages, and Emotional Trauma
Drumming can help people express and address emotional issues. Unexpressed feelings and emotions can form energy blockages. The physical stimulation of drumming removes blockages and produces emotional release. Sound vibrations resonate through every cell in the body, stimulating the release of negative cellular memories. “Drumming emphasizes self-expression, teaches how to rebuild emotional health, and addresses issues of violence and conflict through expression and integration of emotions,” says Music educator Ed Mikenas. Drumming can also address the needs of addicted populations by helping them learn to deal with their emotions in a therapeutic way without the use of drugs.
Drumming Places One in the Present Moment
Drumming helps alleviate stress that is created from hanging on to the past or worrying about the future. When one plays a drum, one is placed squarely in the here and now. One of the paradoxes of rhythm is that it has both the capacity to move your awareness out of your body into realms beyond time and space and to ground you firmly in the present moment.
Drumming Provides a Medium for Individual Self-Realization…
Group drumming complements traditional talk therapy methods. It provides a means of exploring and developing the inner self. It serves as a vehicle for personal transformation, consciousness expansion, and community building. The primitive drumming circle is emerging as a significant therapeutic tool in the modern technological age.
I wanted to explore the concept of cords. No, I'm not talking about electrical wires you use to plug in your favorite electronic devices, although those are cool too. I'm talking about energetic cords.
Understanding cords is important to understanding our relationship to others and the world at large. On a basic level a cord is a mental and or emotional connection to someone or something other than ourselves that both gives and receives energy (very similar to an electric cord). We consciously and unconsciously create cords with numerous things and people in our lives whether we like it or not. If you think about it we're all like energetic versions of spiders.
Cords are emotional strands of energy that form regardless of time or space (yes you can have a cord to your dead aunt Ruth if you really loved her, or despised her). The first cord we create is to our mothers when we are conceived. The emotional energy the mother sends out to the unborn child (positive or negative) is energetically connected to the child and helps to set the tone for bonding throughout the lifespan. The strongest cords are to those whom we have frequent contact with, and as such are often our close friends and family members.
In fact, as you're reading this you are cording into me and the ideas on this page...weird huh?
The stronger the emotional connection the stronger the cording. People who are intuitively gifted can sometimes see these strands of energy as sticky ropes or wiry lines of various colors that connected from one person to another person or thing. The cords are usually connected through our chakra centers and correspond to the predominant chakra center we are plugged into with the other person.
For example, a very strong intellectual relationship with someone may be seen as a cord connected between yours and the other person's 5th (throat chakra) which represents the exchange of ideas and mental energy (this is typical with teachers or educators to their students). Conversely a strong sexual relationship (or desire for a sexual relationship) to someone may be seen as a cording from the base chakra or the 2nd chakra which represent sexuality and desire.
Cordings are like sticky ropes of mental/emotional energy that keep you "tied into" someone else. Cords are the reason why when we begin to fall in love with someone we can't seem to tear ourselves away. Of course on a physical level you have the release of various hormones and endorphins but on an energetic level, if we could all put on our energy glasses, we would see these energetic ropes binding us.
Cords can form without a physical relationship. Because energy follows thought simply thinking about someone can cord you into their energetic space. This is how psychics and clairvoyants can gather information about others without consciously knowing anything about them. The thought intent is sent out when they hear the person's name and then connects into the other person's aura and chakra centers, and the intuitive information comes in.
We all do this, you don't have to be a spiritual medium to gather information via cording. Have you ever thought about someone and then a few seconds later they call? This is because you either sent out a cording signal or they picked up on yours. Either way you received the intuitive information before the physical confirmation via your cording.
We can cord into anyone and anything, but the strength of the cord depends on the amount of time/energy/emotion we put into thinking about that thing. If you are crushing on someone super hard then you are creating a thick cord of emotional energy that could either bring them closer or, if they don't like the energetic pulse you're sending out, could repulse them (the lesson here: don't be a creeper). Whatever the case, the stronger the thought and emotional output the stronger the cording.
Additionally temporary cords form anytime we talk to a stranger, but they dissipate quickly once the interaction is over, particularly if there is no extended karma that needs to be worked out. If you meet someone with whom you do have karma the cord may strengthen for a time and once the energetic exchange is completed it will be severed and suddenly the relationship may be over.
So what do you do if you have cords you don't want. ?
Don't panic, they can be eliminated...sometimes. Cords can be severed by imagining a sword or knife cutting through the cord. Since the cord is nothing more than mental/emotional energy, and energy follows thought this can sometimes be enough to sever the cord. However, some cords are notoriously tacky and may take repetition to sever. Some cords are not severable due to the karmic contract you have with the person/place/thing that needs to be played out. Additionally you could decide to cut a cord but if the other person doesn't energetically want to sever the cord it may return repeatedly.
When we drop our physical bodies at death most of our cordings to those on Earth drop away, those that maintain strong cordings to places or people are typically the one's that "hang around" the living (haunting anyone). This is why the practice of non-attachment can be so integral to attaining personal freedom.
Understanding the role of energetic cords in our relationships and practicing "seeing" these cords through visualization or meditation can be useful. There may be all kinds of cordings coming in or going out that you weren't even aware of.
People in the public eye have thousands (or millions) of cordings coming into them all the time that provide them with both positive and negative energy. This is in fact what keeps famous people famous on an energetic level. Once people cut their cordings to the celebrity (on the physical plane we see this as "moving on") the person may fall out of public favor. This can be an immense relief, particularly if there was a lot of negative energy flowing into the person or disappointing if the influx of energy from the cordings was energizing.
So who or what are you cording in to? Are their cords you want to cut? What ways can you cut some cords that are no longer serving you? Many times performing some sort of personally satisfying ritual can help to sever a cord (anyone familiar with the popular burn the pictures of your ex-lover ritual). Fire helps to symbolically and energetically cleanse your energy of unwanted muck, but please remember Smoky the Bear during your ex pic burning rituals.
Mindfulness about our cordings can help us take stock of what we're giving or taking energy from that may not be helpful to us. Sometimes we hold on to cordings out of habit, and the time may have come to release them. In this case the cord will drop away easily if we allow it. Like everything else cut cords sometimes the courage to allow in something different and allow to let go.
While it hasn’t gained the same notoriety in the general public as the lucky rabbit’s foot or the pentagram, among Santeria followers, cascarilla is a well-known and respected source of protection. Its reputation has even made an impression on some adherents of Wicca and other pagan religions. Part of this is due to its versatility, but the fact that it’s easy to obtain can also explain some of its popularity.
Cascarilla’s RootsLike Santeria itself, cascarilla can be traced back to the native traditions of West Africa. Among other beliefs, the people of this region brought to the New World the concept of sacred white earth they called efun. They believed this substance could provide an individual with protection against evil. Cut off from their ancestral lands, they sought an alternative that could achieve the same effects. This came in the form of an herbal powder called cascarilla. The finely ground outer bark of this large, tropical shrub was already known among the Caribbean natives for its medicinal properties that included reducing fevers, operating as an expectorant, and even clearing flatulence. In fact, the word cascarilla refers to any kind of outer skin or husk. Cascarilla also happened to possess a nearly white color. Over time, Santeria practitioners transitioned from using this herbal powder to using crushed egg shells. These were easier to come by, and the symbolism of the life-giving egg also made it very attractive.
The Key to Cascarilla
Cascarilla has two primary abilities. First, it has the power to expel negative energy in all its forms. Second, it creates a barrier between the natural and supernatural realms. With these capabilities, cascarilla can be applied to any number of situations. Since it’s usually in pressed chalk form, it has some flexibility in how it can be used. It’s even possible to use it in the form of a loose powder or incorporate it into candles or incense for even greater coverage.
Putting Magic to Work
Cascarilla wards off negative energy regardless of its source. This can include negativity you accumulate through your own trials and tribulations that life throws at you. The simplest way to understand how this material can be utilized is by considering it in it various forms. Cascarilla is typically sold in pressed form. This permits it to be used for writing or marking. In this case, it can inscribe boundaries around your home by merely drawing a continuous line to block harmful energy from entering. It’s also common practice in Santeria to use the material to draw crucifixes on objects, including one’s own body, that require shielding from hostile energy. Usually, these symbols are drawn around any entry portals of the house like doors, windows, and even vents. This action will both guard against antagonistic forces and blockade immaterial creatures, harmless ones included, that could otherwise gain access.
In powdered form, cascarilla can be put to use more extensively than in solid form. To safeguard the home, the powder can be sprinkled on the floor or it can be blended with plain water or a floor cleaner and applied to the floors. Likewise, you can dust your entire body with it. You could also limit the dusting to only your hands in case they contact anything potentially bad. An alternative custom that blatantly reveals the Caribbean origins of this magic is to coat a coconut with the powder and roll it about the floor while gradually guiding it out through the front exit.
Just as it can be added to floor cleaner, it can also be incorporated into a bath. This method drives out the antagonistic forces you’ve built up in yourself over time from assorted unfriendly encounters. Customarily, such baths are performed weekly and include honey and holy water as ingredients. About three cups of cascarilla are used with one-sixth this amount of honey. When bathing, you should wholly douse yourself with the water three times. This practice not only rids the body of negativity, but also purifies one’s self so that other rituals have a better chance of success.
To Purchase Cascarilla click here
Most people actively try to minimize the amount of toxins that enter their body. They eat good food, they drink purified water, they breathe purified air, and some even take added measures to detoxify their body. However, what many people don’t realize is that toxins can be absorbed through their skin. No time is this more important than when deciding what kind of soap to use. Given the industrious process used to produce many of the commonly known soaps, it’s not a surprise that most contain questionable chemicals, dyes, and fragrances… questionable substances that many of us would be better off avoiding. If you want to minimize the “casual toxins” you and your family are exposed to, consider using organic soap.
Why Use Organic Soap?
Many people have sensitive skin that doesn’t respond well to chemically laden soap. By using organic soap, you might be able to avoid, or at least reduce, the skin problems that are caused by irritating chemical ingredients. Organic soap contains ingredients that are not, and have not been produced with, herbicides, chemical fertilizers, or pesticides. It’s invaluable for those who suffer from chemical sensitivities.
Even if you don’t break out in a full body rash, the chemicals used to make conventional soap will most assuredly dry your skin. Non-organic soaps usually do not contain glycerin (a moisturizing agent). Unfortunately, many people wait until itchy, dry skin is a problem before making the switch to natural soap.
The Benefits of Using Organic Personal Care Products
Using organic soap has other benefits. First off, most organic soaps are cruelty-free, meaning they’re not tested on animals. Purchasing natural and organic products is better for the environment, too. Organic ingredients are grown without chemicals and pesticides, both of which can pollute the water supply, air, and soil. Organic soap might not lead the charge in saving the world but it supports the fundamental effort.
Although the added attention to detail might mean the organic option is a couple dollars more, for many, the health benefits — not to mention the product quality — justify the extra cost. It’s a purchase you can feel good about and enjoy. | <urn:uuid:85e09fc0-0867-4aaf-860a-9b5803065c97> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.botanicataino.com/the-arrow-blog/archives/03-2018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038060927.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411030031-20210411060031-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.949522 | 4,206 | 2.8125 | 3 |
How to Calculate Free Cash Flow Correctly
Free cash flow - the amount of cash generated by a company not needed to maintain operations - is quite possibly the single most important statistic in business. The purpose of any business is to generate cash for its owners (otherwise, why be in business?). This cash can then be put to work providing value to shareholders in multiple ways: by paying a dividend, buying back shares, or re-investing in the business to grow revenues and profits. No company can survive and thrive over the long term without generating and increasing the amount of cash it generates.
Given this, it is important for investors to know how to calculate free cash flow correctly.
Standard Free Cash Flow Calculation
The textbook calculation is as follows:
Free Cash Flow (FCF) = Net Cash from Operations - Capital Expenditures
All public companies are required to include a cash flow statement as part of their SEC filings. In this statement is listed the Net Cash from Operations, which is the actual amount of cash brought in or used by the company's operations for the reporting period. Capital Expenditures (also in the statement) are subtracted, as these ostensibly represent the cost of maintaining or replacing the assets the business relies on to generate profits. The leftover amount is free cash flow.
Growth vs. Maintenance Capital Expenditures
The problem with the standard calculation is that it assumes all capital expenditures are for maintenance purposes. But this is not the case. Consider current Magic Formula® stockBuckle (BKE), a mall clothing retailer. Capital expenditures for this company include the cost of opening and furnishing new stores, in addition to maintaining existing stores. With the standard calculation, we are penalizing Buckle's growth investments and understating the actual free cash thrown off by the business.
What we need to do is subtract only maintenance capital expenditures from net cash from operations. The problem is, very few companies actually break out growth from maintenance capital expenditures.
Fortunately, we have an approximation that is always available: Depreciation (often grouped with amortization). Depreciation is the value that past capital expenditures have lost during the reporting period. At the end of an asset's life, its full value will have been depreciated and the company will need to pay to replace it. Voila, an excellent estimation of maintenance costs! Consider Buckle's past 5 years:
01/2009: CapEx $47m, D&A $22m, 21 new stores, 387 total stores
01/2010: CapEx $51m, D&A $25m, 20 new stores, 401 total stores
01/2011: CapEX $55m, D&A $30m, 21 new stores, 420 total stores
01/2012: CapEx $37m, D&A $33m, 13 new stores, 431 total stores
01/2013: CapEx $30m, D&A $34m, 10 new stores, 440 total stores
As new store openings declined, capital expenditures fell. But depreciation and amortization is linked to the total number of stores. This makes sense - more stores, more maintenance costs.
Modified Free Cash Flow Calculation
One way to incorporate the above into a new calculation is to simply substitute depreciation for capital expenditures, like this:
Free Cash Flow (FCF) = Net Cash from Operations - Depreciation and Amortization
The problem here is, as we see above, capital expenditures can sometimes come in below D&A, due to things like intangible asset and goodwill write-downs. In this case, we should just revert to the standard calculation. Putting it all together, we get:
Free Cash Flow (FCF) = Net Cash from Operations - MIN(Capital Expenditures; Depreciation and Amortization)
Using the above formula, we would use depreciation and amortization to calculate Buckle's 2012 maintenance costs ($37m > $34m), but use capital expenditures to calculate 2013 ($30m < $34m).
This is how to calculate free cash flow correctly. It gives us the best of both worlds and the best approximation of a company's cash generating capacity. | <urn:uuid:fb6e6eae-a5a7-47ed-878d-d0b19ce6715e> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://caps.fool.com/Blogs/how-to-calculate-free-cash/893641 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380037.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00000-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907867 | 858 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Ice Age Sculpture
10 April – 20 June 2010
Exhibition in Gallery 4
When does sculpture begin? This exhibition presents eighteen Ice Age objects from the British Museum which suggest that its origins could reach as far back as 13,000 years.
Ice Age Sculpture is the second in a series of intriguing Gallery 4 shows that examine natural materials as sculptural objects.
Overshadowed by their more famous counterparts, the cave paintings of Lascaux, Niaux and Altamira, these ingeniously small and perfectly formed objects were found in locations across South Western France. Here they are presented as art for the first time and they invite us to reflect on the way that carving transforms natural forms and materials.
The objects date from the age of the great painted sanctuaries in the caves of South Western France. They were created by people who lived by hunting, and as a group, they demonstrate the quality of carved and engraved images made with stone implements.
Some depict their subjects – animals and women – with remarkable realism; others are sketched, abstracted, caricatured and sometimes surreal. Equally, the manner in which their makers have dealt with composition and perspective to produce works on bone, antler, ivory and stone compel us to recognize their skill and creativity and indeed to recognize them as artists. As modern onlookers, we see that although our intentions may be different, our artistry and intellectual achievements have been the same for a very long time.
Henry Moore Institute
T: 0113 246 7467
In response to the government's current Covid-19 guidelines, the Henry Moore Institute is temporarily closed until further notice. | <urn:uuid:cee29bc1-937e-463a-9553-0da446d26312> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.henry-moore.org/whats-on/2010/04/10/ice-age-sculpture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803737.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126202017-20210126232017-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.969326 | 340 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The history of the wristwatch dates back to its invention in 1812, when Abraham Louis Breguet created the first one on behalf of the Queen of Naples and Napoleon Bonaparte’s sister, Caroline. However, it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that it began to become popular among women. Men’s wristwatches appeared in the world of aviation at the hands of Louis Cartier, who made the first one for the pilot Alberto Santos-Dumont.
Since this time, great progress has been made in its development and operation, but from the very beginning there has been doubt as to which hand the clock is placed in . It is about this aspect that we will talk throughout this article.
Which hand do you put the watch in?
While this is something most of us do automatically, we may sometimes wonder if there is a social norm regarding where the watch should be taken .
Most people wear it on their left wrist, but this is because most of the population is right-handed. And it is actually and traditionally the watch has been placed in the hand opposite the dominant one. Thus, while right-handed people wear it on the left wrist, left-handed people wear it on the right.
Why is that?
The reasons for putting the watch in the opposite hand are eminently practical. First of all, we must take into account that this allows that at a functional level what we do with the dominant hand is not affected if we want to look at the time .
For example, when writing the watch and its strap, it could bother the wearer, which is not the case with the non-dominant hand. Another aspect to take into account is the fact that having to stop performing actions with the dominant hand to look at the time could have fatal consequences in certain contexts , as it happens in the field where the first male watches originated: aviation.
In addition, we constantly use the dominant hand in most actions that require the use of the hands, something that if the watch were in that hand would expose the watch to blows, frictions, scratches and various fractures as the dominant hand is more often sliding on different types of surfaces.
It should also be noted that the first wristwatches needed to be wound several times a day , which would require the use of the dominant hand to be done easily.
An explanation with more of an urban legend
Although it may seem a minor issue, the truth is that even in the 20th century there are records of reflection on this subject. In addition to the above-mentioned explanations, some false explanations have also emerged as a result of ignorance that we could even consider urban legends.
One of the best known in this regard refers to the fact that the reason was that the watches were placed in the left hand (in the case of right-handed people) because is the wrist on which the pulse is usually measured .
The popular belief when automatic watches began to exist (i.e., those that left the need to be wound) was that the watches were powered to function by the movements or energy transmitted by the heartbeat that manifests itself on that wrist (despite the fact that the pulse actually exists on both wrists and that the functioning of the watches has nothing to do with the pulse).
Why do you sometimes put it on the other wrist?
While putting the watch in the non-dominant hand is traditional and has a practical sense it does not imply that you cannot or do not want to wear it in the dominant hand. In the end, each of us will place it where we please and it will continue to fulfill its function in the same way.
In fact sometimes because they are an eye-catching complement and symbol of power and wealth (if they are branded) sometimes they are deliberately placed on the dominant wrist. It can be a way of distinguishing oneself or trying to differentiate oneself from the traditional in a symbolic way .
Another reason why it is usually worn on the dominant one is because of aesthetics or design. There are some watches designed to be worn on a specific wrist (something visible because of the orientation of the crown). In principle, the crown should be on the outside of the sleeve, being visible.
However, we can see that, for example, although today left-handed people have watches made taking into account their manual dominance, at first being left-handed was frowned upon and even tried to “correct” itself, or it was not usually taken into account because it was not the majority manual dominance. In this sense many people can carry the watch in the dominant hand as an inheritance or custom of those times , not as far away as it seems.
A final, more curious, reason has a functional meaning: since it is generally put in the non-dominant hand, putting the watch in the dominant one allows us to use its vision to remind us of an important fact. For example, it can serve to remind us that we have to go and repair the watch or put a battery in it, or to remind us that we have an appointment at some point. | <urn:uuid:3af3177a-1e0f-441f-a091-e6644e774332> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://virtualpsychcentre.com/in-which-hand-do-you-put-the-watch-and-for-what-reason/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039508673.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421035139-20210421065139-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.977102 | 1,040 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Improving Your Welding Technique
Learners will follow general tips and tricks for improving their basic welding technique.
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Students view a video that shows the correct methods for starting a GTAW weld pool and adding filler. It focuses on the two problems that many students have – adding filler too soon and angling the torch so that the filler melts prematurely on the filler rod. Note: This activity is 3.6 mb. | <urn:uuid:f5c64ba9-b675-4abc-b622-499a81940873> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://dev.wisc-online.com/learn/manufacturing-engineering/man-eng-welding/wld2215/improving-your-welding-technique | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385378.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308143535-20210308173535-00587.warc.gz | en | 0.892536 | 90 | 2.859375 | 3 |
|Status:||Surviving part of the ship's body exhibited in a museum|
|Length:||34.6 m (114 ft)|
|Beam:||9.82 m (32.2 ft)|
The Quanzhou Ship (泉州湾古船), or Quanzhou wreck, was a 13th-century Chinese seagoing sailing junk that sank near the city of Quanzhou in Fujian Province, and was discovered in 1973. It remains one of the most important marine archaeology finds in China, and is an important piece of physical evidence about the shipbuilding techniques of the Song China and the international maritime trade of the period.
The Quanzhou ship was discovered in 1973 and excavated by Chinese archaeologists during the summer of 1974 from 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) of mud in the shore area of Quanzhou Bay. The excavation was led by the local archaeologist, professor of history at Xiamen University Zhuang Weij (庄为玑, 1909–1991).
It is thought that in the 13th century a shipping channel ran in that area. During the heyday of Quanzhou as one of China's major sea ports, the area corresponded to the ancient Houzhou Harbor (后渚港, Houzhougang; Hou-to in Wake (1997).
The parts of the ship located above the original waterline had perished, but the lower parts of the hull had been preserved fairly well in mud and water.
The main evidence for dating the vessel comes from 504 copper coins found inside the hull. Seventy of them date to the Song dynasty, with the "youngest" of them dating to 1272. Based on this, the archaeologists concluded that the ship must have sunk within a few years after 1272 - that is, during the very last years of the Southern Song dynasty (which fell to the Mongols in 1279), or perhaps already after the Mongol conquest of South China. Some archaeologists (John W. Chafee, Janice Stargardt) conjecture that the peculiar circumstances of the ship's sinking may indicate that the vessel was scuttled by its own crew upon returning to Quanzhou from Southeast Asia, once they found out that the city had been captured by the Mongols. The captain may have intentionally chosen a place in shallow, sheltered waters to scuttle his ship. There was apparently no loss of life (no human remains found at the site), but all cargo appeared to stay on board. This may indicate that the crew intended to return to the site later to retrieve the valuable cargo, but failed to do it due to events beyond their control.
According to the archaeologists' study of the ship's remains, it was a three-masted ship, with the original length of 34.6 metres (114 ft) and width ("beam") of 9.82 metres (32.2 ft). The below-waterline part actually preserved was 24.02 metres (78.8 ft) long and 9.15 metres (30.0 ft) wide, and 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) deep. This is thought to be about an average size for a ship used in long-distance trade of its era.
The ship was divided by 12 bulkheads into 13 compartments.
The analysis of the construction techniques used in the ship demonstrates a mix of techniques and materials characteristic of both China coast and Southeast Asia. For example, seams between planks were sealed with a tree-derived resin known as chu-nam, which was commonly available e.g. in the port of Satingpra, near today's Songkhla in southern Thailand. This may indicate the existence of resident communities of Quanzhou traders in ports such as Satingpra.
According to archaeologists, the composition of the cargo found on board the ship indicates that it was a merchant vessel returning to Quanzhou from the Southeast Asia. The number of coins found with the wreck (the total of 511, including 504 copper coins and 7 iron coins) was quite small compared to e.g. 28 tons of copper coins that were found with the Sinan wreck off the Korean coast; this is consistent with the merchants spending most of their money buying goods in the Southeast Asia. There were 2000 cowrie shells aboard, which may have been obtained in SE Asia or Hainan.
The primary cargo of the ship was incense wood; around 2,400 kilograms (5,300 lb) of it was found in 12 out of the 13 compartments of the ship. There were also small amounts of various valuable commodities: five "Chinese liters" (sheng) of black peppers, ambergris (which, according to chemical testing, must have ultimately come from Somalia), 6.3 grams (0.22 oz) of frankincense (possibly from the Arab lands), almost 4 kilograms (8.8 lb) of mercury, a small amount of "dragon's blood" and haematite, and one turtle shell.
The ship is presently preserved in the Quanzhou Maritime Museum, which has a special "Quanzhou Bay Ancient Ships Exhibit" dedicated to this vessel and several other vessels recovered in similar circumstances. The exhibit is located in a special pavilion on the grounds of Quanzhou's Kaiyuan Temple. The exhibit also includes a modern model of the ship as it must have looked like during its working life. As of February 2012, the pavilion was closed for renovation, but one could still peek at the ship through its windows.
Other Song-era wrecks:
- Nanhai One, from Nanjiang, Guangdong
- Huaguangjiao One, from Paracel Islands (Xinsha Island) in the South China Sea
- Li, Guo-Qing (1989). "Archaeological evidence for the use of'chu-nam'on the 13th century Quanzhou ship, Fujian Province, China". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 18 (4): 277–283. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1989.tb00210.x. (subscription required (. ))
- Wake, Christopher (December 1997). "The Great Ocean-going Ships of Southern China in the Age of Chinese Maritime Voyaging to India, Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries". International Journal of Maritime History 9 (2): 51–81; 62–63. – rounds the length and beam width to 34 and 9.8 m, respectively (also abstract on pp. 62–63, 240-242)
- "Archaeology of a Quanzhou Ship". Vancouver Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03.
- 辉煌60年泉州谱华章 1973年海滩惊现古丝路 [Glorious 60 years in 1973 in Quanzhou spectrum, Zhang Jing Xian ancient Silk Road Beach] (in Chinese). 31 August 2009. – The article includes a photo of the excavation.
- "Quanzhou Overseas-relations History Museum". China Museums.
- Houzhu Harbor on Google Maps:
- Stargardt 2001, pp. 374–375
- Stargardt 2001, pp. 371–373
- Wake, Christopher (June 2004). "The Myth of Zheng He's Great Treasure Ships". International Journal of Maritime History 16 (1): 59–75.
- Stargardt, Janice (2001). "Behind the shadows: Archaeological data on two-way sea trade between Quanzhou and Satingpra, south Thailand, 10th-14th century". In Schottenhammer, Angela. The emporium of the world: maritime Quanzhou, 1000-1400. Sinica Leidensia 49. Brill. pp. 309–393. ISBN 90-04-11773-3. | <urn:uuid:5bdd32ac-57b2-4014-a498-535745a893f8> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanzhou_ship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447913.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00340-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950949 | 1,665 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Study Habits that Help Your Child Succeed in School and Life
Creating good study habits is essential for success in school. In this article, we'll explore how to help your child create the actions that will serve him in school, college and throughout life.
First, let's define study habit. This is important because when people think about changing habits, they often feel that they don't have the willpower, but changing what you do or how you do it is not as difficult as you might think.
A habit is simply a behavior pattern that is repeated until it becomes automatic.
The word automatic implies that you perform the habit without thinking much about it. How can you change a habit, specifically a study habit? Substitute it with an action that is more effective and repeat it daily, until it becomes a habit. Study after study has shown that this takes 21 days.
Study habits are effective or ineffective depending upon whether or not they serve your child. Rather than labeling what your child does (or doesn't do) as good or bad (thereby giving the child something to rebel against) focus on whether the habit works for them or not. Study habits that serve the child create better grades, a better relationship with the teacher, a sense of competence and confidence.
When parents and teachers make the mistake of labeling study habits as "bad," the child may feel that they are impossible to change.
Before we look at how to create good study habits, let's look more closely at habits in general. Consider the habit of brushing your teeth—a life-affirming habit. If you brush your teeth, your gums stay clean and healthy and you prevent tooth decay. Understanding the "why" of a habit is important because all habits—even unhealthy ones—are started for a reason.
If you brush your teeth every night before you go to bed, then you do it automatically—you don't have to think about it. As parents, this is what we want to help our children do—create good study that start as a result of a conscious choice, but become automatic.
Creating Effective Study Habits:
- Homework comes first. When my children come home from school, we talk about their day on the way home. Once inside the house, I offer them a snack (something nutritious to refuel) and they sit down and do their homework. This ensures that homework gets done before after-school sports, talking on the phone with friends, watching t.v. or surfing the web. Getting their homework done frees my boys to enjoy activities without unfinished homework looming over their heads.
- Tackle the problem before you ask for help. Many parents make the mistake of doing their children's homework for them. This doesn't help your child learn how to struggle with challenging problems or achieve a sense of competence. When you teach your child how to do something, explain why it's important. For instance, proper spelling is essential to clear written communication. Reading is important to your child's success in life. When your child encounters a problem he cannot solve, rather than giving him the answer, teach him strategies for approaching it and show him step-by-step how to work it out. Ask questions at each step that are designed to help him learn to think and reason on his own.
- Use available resources. Rather than giving your child the definition of a word, tell him to look it up in the dictionary. The act of looking up the word will help make the word a permanent part of his vocabulary. If you give him the definition, he will tend to forget it. Although it's important to share your knowledge, your role as a parent is to teach your child how to use all the resources that are available to him.
- When your child has finished his homework, help him check over it for mistakes. When the job is done, rather than saying, "Good job!" ask him how he feels about what he's accomplished. This will help him focus on the inner sense of competence that comes from doing his best.
Following the tips above will help improve your child's study habits. If your child needs extra help in challenging subjects like math and science, click on the link for a program that will help improve your child's
in the subjects that most kids consider difficult.
Caring parents take action to help their children do well in school.
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Copyright © 2006 by Laura Ramirez. All rights reserved. You may not copy this article in full or in part without the express written permission of the author, however, you may link to it from your web site, blog or forum or share the web address with a friend. study habits | <urn:uuid:7e16c4d7-54c0-4732-9a42-cbe5c303aea6> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.parenting-child-development.com/study-habits.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745761.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119105556-20181119131556-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.967039 | 955 | 3.75 | 4 |
Using Filter Presses to Recycle Flowback and Produced Water
What is Hydraulic Fracturing?
Hydraulic fracturing (informally referred to as “fracking”) is an oil and gas well development process that involves injecting water, chemicals and additives (known as proppants) under high pressure into a shale rock formation. To keep fissures and fractures open, proppants such as sand or ceramics are commonly used. This process is intended to create new fractures in the rock as well as increase the size, extent and connectivity of existing fissures to reach oil and gas deposits. (Source: USGS.gov).
The hydraulic fracturing process requires the management of a great deal of water for the extraction of oil and gas. First, a substantial amount of water is used for the initial injection process. According to the USGS, water use can range from 1.5 million to about 16 million gallons per hydraulically fractured well depending on the nature of the rock formation and other factors. Next, the issues of flowback and produced water must be considered.
Flowback Versus Produced Water
Flowback water is a combination of the water, chemicals and proppants pumped into the ground that return to the surface over time as a result of pressure. Most of the flowback occurs in the first seven to ten days, while the rest can occur over a three to four week period. The flowback can be anywhere from 20 to 40 percent of the volume initially injected into the well. The remaining fluid is absorbed into the rock formation. (Source: idl.idaho.gov).
At some point in time, the water recovered from the well makes a transition from “flowback” to “produced” water. Produced water is composed of the minerals, petroleum residue, salt and other contaminants already present in the ground.
While flowback water can be considerable, it is the produced water that creates a much larger challenge for producers. On average in the U.S., between five and six barrels of water are produced for every barrel of oil that comes out of the ground. The Permian Basin in West Texas produces an even greater amount of water, at six to eight barrels of water per barrel of crude. This is equivalent to over 1,000 Olympic-size swimming pools full of water coming out of the Permian Basin alone each day! (Source: rbnenergy.com).
When collected from a well, the combined flowback and produced water contain a high amount of contaminants along with the original proppants. Producers must first clean and then either recycle or dispose of the water in a safe, environmentally responsible manner. Because of the sheer volume of water resulting from hydraulic fracturing operations, along with the need for a substantial amount of water on the front end of the process, many companies are now treating this water for reuse.
The Role of Filter Presses
Filter presses are often used as part of the water treatment process, separating the solids that are precipitated out of the water. A filter press can capture the majority of the particulate matter, and then the clean water can be routed back to the beginning of the process.
M.W. Watermark™ is a leading filter press manufacturer, with expertise in building the large format filter presses used in the mining and energy industries, including mobile trailer-mounted filter press units.
M.W. Watermark also makes custom filter cloths with short lead times for virtually all makes and models of filter presses. Cloths can be sewn to the exact specifications of your filter press, providing for a perfect fit.
Contact an M.W. Watermark Sales and Service Team member to learn more.
About M.W. Watermark
M.W. WATERMARK wants to make a difference. We are passionate about the world’s water. We are innovative, focused on customer service and always try to exceed expectations. We are an environmentally conscious company with people who are energized, encouraged and inspired to make a difference on our planet by helping to keep our shared, finite water supply clean and usable for generations to come. We build amazing, custom water and wastewater treatment equipment. Together, we can make a difference.
© 2018 M.W. Watermark, L.L.C.
M.W. Watermark is a trademark owned by M.W. Watermark, L.L.C. All rights reserved.
Any third party trademarks referenced on this site are the trademarks of their respective owners, and M.W. Watermark makes no claim to such marks and is not affiliated with such companies. | <urn:uuid:f4d35deb-d2a5-448a-a084-73b12bfaa6e6> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.mwwatermark.com/en_US/filter-presses-recycle-flowback-produced-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540488870.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206145958-20191206173958-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.944871 | 956 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Class III Milk Aug '12 (DLQ12) CME
|Contract||Milk Class III|
|Tick Size||0.01 per hundredweight ($20.00 per contract)|
|Daily Limit||$0.75 per hundredweight ($1,500 per contract)|
|Contract Size||200,000 pounds|
|Trading Months||All Months|
|Trading Hours||5:00p.m. - 4:00p.m. Sun-Thur, 5:00p.m. - 1:55p.m. Fri CST|
|Value of One Futures Unit||$2,000|
|Value of One Options Unit||$2,000|
|Last Trading Day||Business day prior to USDA Milk Price announcement|
Evidence of man's use of animal milk as food was discovered in a temple in the Euphrates Valley near Babylon, dating back to 3,000 BC. Humans drink the milk produced from a variety of domesticated mammals, including cows, goats, sheep, camels, reindeer, buffaloes, and llama. In India, half of all milk consumed is from water buffalo. Camels' milk spoils slower than other types of milk in the hot desert, but the vast majority of milk used for commercial production and consumption comes from cows.
Milk directly from a cow in its natural form is called raw milk. Raw milk is processed by spinning it in a centrifuge, homogenizing it to create a consistent texture (i.e., by forcing hot milk under high pressure through small nozzles), and then sterilizing it through pasteurization (i.e., heating to a high temperature for a specified length of time to destroy pathogenic bacteria). Condensed, powdered, and evaporated milk are produced by evaporating some or all of the water content. Whole milk contains 3.5% milk fat. Lower-fat milks include 2% low-fat milk, 1% low- fat milk, and skim milk, which has only 1/2 gram of milk fat per serving.
The CME Group has three different milk futures contracts: Milk Class III which is milk used in the manufacturing of cheese, Milk Class IV which is milk used in the production of butter and all dried milk products, and Nonfat Dry Milk which is used in commercial or consumer cooking or to reconstitute nonfat milk by the consumer. The Milk Class III contract has the largest volume and open interest.
Prices - The average monthly price received by farmers for all milk sold to plants in 2014 rose by +19.6% yr/yr to $23.98 per hundred pounds, a new record high.
Supply - World milk production in 2015 is expected to rise +2.1% to 582.521 million metric tons. The biggest producers will be the European Union with 26.1% of world production, India with 25.2%, and the U.S. with 16.5%. U.S. 2014 milk production in pounds is expected to rise +2.4% yr/yr to 205.994 billion pounds, setting a new record high. The number of dairy cows on U.S. farms has fallen sharply in the past 3 decades from the 12 million seen in 1970. In 2014, there were 9.255 million dairy cows on U.S. farms, down -0.4% yr/yr. Dairy farmers have been able to increase milk production even with fewer cows because of a dramatic increase in milk yield per cow. In 2014, the average cow produced 22,259 pounds of milk per year, more than double the 9,751 pounds seen in 1970.
Demand - Per capita consumption of milk in the U.S. fell to a new record low of 204 pounds per year in 2008 (latest data), down sharply by -26% from 277 pounds in 1977. The utilization breakdown for 2002 (latest data) shows the largest manufacturing usage categories are cheese (64.504 billion pounds of milk) and creamery butter (30.250 billion pounds).
Trade - U.S. imports of milk in 2014 rose +13.5% yr/yr to 4.200 billion pounds, still well below the record high of 7.500 billion pounds posted in 2005-06.
Articles from the Commodity Research Bureau (CRB) Commodity Yearbook. The single most comprehensive source of commodity and futures market information available, the Yearbook is the book of record of the Commodity Research Bureau, which is, in turn, the organization of record for the commodity industry itself. Its sources - reports from governments, private industries, and trade and industrial associations - are authoritative, and its historical scope is second to none. Additional information can be found at www.crbyearbook.com. More commodity data from Commodity Research Bureau.
More commodity data from Commodity Research Bureau. | <urn:uuid:59744941-13f0-4a5d-9892-b5d3c4ce4ccc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.barchart.com/futures/quotes/DLQ12/profile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280801.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00525-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927452 | 1,015 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Buy a computer
and the first thing your kids will do with it is play games. It's amazing to see
how quickly they master their technique; try it yourself and, with your child
looking on warily, you'll only feel clumsy. These games are important to
children: they are the subject of heated debate amongst friends in which it's
important which 'level' you have played out, if you've beaten the 'end boss'
already (how did you do it?) and if you are the first to do so, you're a real
hero for a while. The more difficult the game, the more appealing and once it
has been mastered, it's time for another, even more challenging game.
Compare this with most edutainment
software, designed for use in or on behalf of the classroom: programmes which
through a games format aim at helping the children practice their math or
spelling. Most kids use them without much enthusiasm, hopping from one (correct)
answer to the next uninspiring question. These games do not evoke debate amongst
peers and it is questionable if the children would play them voluntarily.
What do children learn from their own games, how
important is that knowledge and what kind of games are most appealing?
A large investigation, done in
2000/2001 in the U.K. by TEEM (Teachers Evaluating Educational Multimedia) into
the educational benefits of games in education shows that children are first of
all trained in problem solving, for which they develop a wide range of
strategies, depending upon the specific game genre. The survey also demonstrates
the importance of the way these games evoke discussion: children often play them
together, leading to greater communication and cooperation skills.
in computergames and learning is bound to come across the pioneer in this field,
Dr. Seymour Papert, co-founder of and still a faculty member at M.I.T. Media
Lab, Cambridge, MA.
Papert, a mathematician by training who for many
years worked in Switzerland with the educational innovator Jean Piaget, started
his research into computers as learning tools for children as far back as the
1960's. At the time he was viewed as an elitist dreamer. Now that his vision of
the universal availability of computers has come true, he is considered one of
the world's leading scientists researching the use of new technology for new
ways of learning.
In the eighties Papert developed his theory on 'constructionist', as opposed
to traditional instructionist learning, in which a student passively undergoes
his teacherís instruction.
Constructionist learning is based on the idea that a child learns best when in
the active role of designer and constructor[iii]
Compare it to the building of a sandcastle on the beach: the child goes about
his business enthusiastically and learns in the process, without any instruction
taking place. The disadvantage of a sandcastle is the fact that you cannot save
it, cannot come back to it to improve it or to show it to others.
Constructionist learning with the aid of the computer, however, makes all that
and Papert considers that element of sharing one's
work with others (discussion! debate!) as an essential key in the learning
Whenever a child is actively and passionately
involved in doing something, a unique opportunity occurs to expand the meaning
of that activity for the child, who will be interested in furthering its
knowledge of related facts. What could be a better moment to tell a child about
the movement of the tides than while its sandcastle is about to be absorbed by
Needless to say
that popular computer games often contain elements of constructionist learning.
Take for instance the widely played Age of Empires, in which the player has to
build a virtual community in a medieval setting. He then has to defend this
community against neighbouring enemies which he will have to defeat in the end.
During the game the player continually has to make decisions about where and how
to use his resources. He can design and make his own game and can save it to go
back at a later date. His decisions evoke heated debate with friends. When he
has mastered the game on one level of difficulty he only has to move on to the
to tackle a new challenge. His involvement in the game also offers a good
opportunity to enlarge his knowledge of medieval society in general.
Easy versus difficult
Papert is convinced that children aren't interested in 'easy' where learning is
concerned but rather in: the harder, the better. The challenge is to master the
game and that is exactly where most edutainment software fails. In a 1998
article he explains: " The language of
these ads betrays the way in which this software throws away what is best about
the contribution of game designers to the learning environment and replaces it
with what is worst about the contribution of school curriculum designers. What
is best about the best games is that they draw kids into some very hard
learning. Did you ever hear a game advertised as being easy? What is worst about
school curriculum is the fragmentation of knowledge into little pieces. This is
supposed to make learning easy, but often ends up depriving knowledge of
personal meaning and making it boring. Ask a few kids: the reason most don't
like school is not that the work is too hard, but that it is utterly boring."
the child as computer programmer
For Papert, however, it's not just about playing games:
the child is encouraged to follow in the steps of the game designer and start
programming for himself. Inspired by Papert's book 'Mindstorms: children,
computers and powerful ideas', the Lego company developed its newest and highly
popular product line, appropriately called Lego Mindstorms.
It combines the lego building blocks with built-in microprocessors which can be
programmed on a pc for a whole range of tasks. Visiting the Lego Mindstorms
website and surveying the active exchange of ideas, inventions, robots, etc.,
one can imagine the kinds of skills being developed while 'playing' with this
lego. In the Netherlands Lego Mindstorms is still relatively unknown (I couldn't
find it in my local toys 're us, for instance) but Jonette Korevaar of the
Oranje Nassau primary school in Stolwijk introduced it in her classroom.[vii]
On her homepage one can find an interesting overview of the way she incorporates
design assignments with Lego Mindstorms in her curriculum for 5th graders.
Lego Mindstorms, where Papert
serves on the board, is not the first practical result of his ideas. Back in
1981 Papert founded LCSI, Inc. with the specific goal of designing software
which "develops a child's creativity, problem-solving and critical thinking
skills. Not only are these key elements of normal intellectual development but
these are the type of skills that workers of the next century will need to
started out with the designing of LOGO, a programming tool for children which
was a big hit in the 1980's. Today LCSI offers state of the art educational
software like Journal Zone, Microworlds Pro (the newest logo product, meant as a
tool for web design by children) and My Makebelief Castle (in which
pre-schoolers themselves control what happens in a virtual multimedia castle
with different activities in every room.)
Game design and
its possibilities underwent a whole new turn with the rapidly expanding
availability of the World Wide Web. Via specialty websites it is now possible to
play a game like Age of Empires against one another, wherever the players are in
the world (before, this was only an option on different workstations of the same
network). And of course this was accompanied by a worldwide exchange of
strategy, tricks, tips, etc. Just this kind of communication, one of
constructionism's most important aspects, 'publishing' one's ideas and designs
and receive feedback on them, was greatly expanded by the rise of the internet.
Dr. Idit Harel, a former
collaborator of Papert's at M.I.T., is a strong supporter of his theories and
adds to them in her own publications. Another important aspect of her work is
the propagation of constructionist playing/learning via the internet. For that
purpose she founded MamaMedia, Inc., the company behind a similarly named,
interactive games site on the Web. On the site she also publishes many of her
own general audience articles, in which she explains MamaMedia's philosophies
and deals with (responsible) internet use by children in general.[x]
The three X's
Which skills does she want to help develop via the
games on her website? Harel summarizes them as the Three X's: eXploring,
eXpressing and eXchanging. In her opinion these skills will be just as important
for the new century as the three R's (Reading, wRiting and 'Rithmatic) have been
for the past.
"The first X, eXploring, is learning how to discover for oneself. This skill
of eXploring takes advantage of kids' natural passion for learning and
discovery", she says and "That's when the learning resonates -- when a child
discovers forherself rather than being told. The Net can be the ideal learning
environment for such open-ended discovery, the kin d that creates a passion and
desire for learning itself. And children who are confident explorers develop
resourceful and flexible minds."
learning how to use a vast palette of tools to become designers, builders and
architects of your own ideas. The Net expands the notion of a tool into infinite
dimensions with its veritable warehouse of creative instruments that includes
sounds, color, motion. From building a digital skyscraper to designing an
animated Web page, the Net lets kids create, work and play in ways they never
could before. For kids, mastering the art of self-expression is not about
attending high-tech art class; it's about using digital media to become
versatile and effective communicators of ideas."
" The third X, eXchanging, is the sharing of ideas with others. It is my
belief that real learning occurs only in a social context, in an environment
where you can exchange ideas, ask questions and work with peers and experts.
Moreover, through eXchanging, kids become active participants in their learning,
not passive absorbers of information. When they share ideas, thoughts and
creations, they also learn about teamwork and the benefits of collaboration."
The three X's are
firmly based on Papert's constructionist ideas (Papert is also actively involved
in MamaMedia). Harel, in her article 'Building software beats using it', tells
about a project during her days at M.I.T. where she and others introduced the
constructionist theories to a group of inner city 4th graders in Boston. The
idea was to let the children design an educational computer programme on
learning fractions, usually a tough and abstract problem for children. The
children became very involved in the subject and in long discussions started
thinking of ways to visually represent fractions. Looking around they realized
how many things from their daily surroundings deal with or are related to
fractions. In order to choose the most effective representations, they also had
to start thinking like younger children again, for whom fractions are still a
new, unknown phenomenon. In an open classroom, where everybody could look into
the work of the others and where debate flowed freely, the ideas were
subsequently translated with LOGO into a software programme. Not only did
the class get enormously motivated for the subject, the end result was a
new product, to be used to introduce fractions.
Looking at the
wide range of games on
MamaMedia, it is easy to understand why this site quickly grew to be one of
the most popular children's sites on the web. The three X's are easy to discern
in them. Digsig, for example, where a child composes her own fantasy
figures out of countless basic elements, clearly deals with Exploring. The
Sandwich shop as well, where one surfs to a multitude of nice and
informative sites (often made by children themselves), conveniently arranged and
happens in Stamps and Stomps
for instance, where children have endless options to make their own animated
pictures with funny sounds and motion. Also in Jumbler, a programme that
lets you put together or jumble up all kinds of pictures.
Exchange takes place in Gallery: one can
publicize one's own creations or look at those of others. In Kids Say
you voice your opinion on ever changing subjects or find out what others have to
say about them.
These are only a few examples of
the many activities on the MamaMedia site. Its beautiful, child friendly multi
media design and its diverse content make a visit by children and their parents
more than worthwhile! Mamamedia may not be about concentrated adventure gaming but there are
other sites available for that purpose. Important is its safe and child friendly
entry to experimenting, playing and learning on and through the Net. Safety, by
the way, is a number one concern for Harel, who has interesting ideas on the
subject, to be found in her article 'What makes a good kid's website?'[xii]
Games on the
computer and internet, they are about more than mere entertainment for children
and they contribute to their development in different ways. Excessive use may
have a negative influence but I hope to have illustrated here that they also
hold the promise of positive learning experiences. As a parent it is important
to communicate with your child about his or her adventures in the game/on the
net, even though their technology may be foreign to you. It will not only give
you the opportunity to expand your child's discoveries and put them into
perspective, but also to learn something from your child for once. That alone
will make them proud and provide them with a positive selfimage experience. The
same applies to the teacher, who on top of that should also be aware of game
playing's effects on learning. If he is, he will be able to build effectively
upon that in the classroom. Finally, for the publishers and designers of
educational software it would be beneficial to take note of the ideas of people
like Papert and Harel. Their products' efficacy and attractiveness could only be
enhanced by it!
No part of this publication may be used or reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, eclectronical or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or
any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in
writing from the author.
This article is based on an internet search. In that I was helped by several
'digital contacts' with whom I corresponded by e-mail.
I would like to express my gratitude to Prof Dr M.H. Overmars, University
Utrecht, Kaveri Subrahmanyam,
Associate Professor, Department of Child and Family
Studies, California State University, Los Angeles, Dr. Estrid Sorensen,
University of Copenhagen, Department of Psychology en Matthew Lees - Vice
President van Mama Media, NYC
Let's not get to negative. There is outstanding (creative, challenging and
inviting) edutainment software on the market as well!
as in the words of Dr. Idit Harel in her article 'Sandcastles go digital'
from which more of the following has been taken.
But do not think, dear reader, that I
am pleading here for the abolition of sandcastle building, playing hide
andseek or reading a book! On the contrary, there is nothing more important!
This article, however, just doesn't deal with it.
Piaget's influence in these ideas is
clear: the child's central role in its own development, the emphasis on
discovering on your own and on cooperation are all elements one can also
find in Piaget's theories.
[vii] As I happened to find out about in an article in the
Internet educational bulletin Maki (http://www.maki.nl/) of 4/11/02
the passages about the three X's are parts of Harel's
own descriptions in her article 'Take your kids on a field
- on the World Wide Web!' and therefore in between quotation marks. | <urn:uuid:f73a7a37-4ec9-4ba1-9562-09a79890df4b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://docmans.nl/docman's%20days/paginas/engels/education/artikel_eng.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058552.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927211955-20210928001955-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.948651 | 3,523 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Notweiler Castle lies in the Alsatian region of Wasgau. Long ago a duke’s beautiful daughter lived in the castle. But she was a very proud maiden. None of her many suitors were good enough for her and many vainly lost their lives trying for her hand in marriage.
As punishment, a spell was cast over the maid and from then on she had to live in a forlorn cave dwelling. She was doomed to live this way until the spell could be broken, at which time she would be saved. Once a week on Friday she was allowed to appear in visible form. The first time she appeared it was in the form of a snake, the second time in the form of a toad and the third time in her natural form as beautiful maiden.
Every Friday she bathed in a spring near the cliff, which today is still called Toadstool. While washing, she always cast glances in every direction to see if anyone was approaching to save her. Whoever undertook such a daring deed found a shell lying on the toadstool. It bore three symbols: a scale from a snake, a piece of toad skin and a yellow lock of her hair. Carrying these three things, the youth had to climb the sheer barren rock up to the castle on a Friday afternoon, wait until the maiden appeared bathing and then kiss her on the lips three weeks in a row and in each of her forms without fleeing. Whoever could withstand this trial, would receive peace and all her treasures.
Many a lad had already found the shell with the three symbols and had dared to climb the rocks toward the old castle. And many a lad had died by being overcome by fear and loathing. Once a brave fellow had already touched the lips of the snake with his own and was willing to wait for the other figures to appear, but he was gripped by such horror that he ran downhill. She pursued rustling and raving in toad form until they both reached the toadstool.
Through the ages she has always stayed the same and has never aged. She is most frightening in serpent form. But following the old adage “She is as big as a haystack, but in toadly form as large as an oven and then she spits fire.”
To read more about the magical properties of other plants and herbs:
More fairy tales can be found by clicking on the link: | <urn:uuid:7cc5f3d2-f6d7-4f0f-8834-2f17a6aaa1ca> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.fairytalechannel.com/2009/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532948.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421235818-20190422021818-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.989929 | 499 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Foreign and native on the English stage, 1588-1611 : metaphor and national identity
MetadataShow full item record
This thesis explores the role of metaphor in the construction of early modern English national identity in the dramatic writing of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. The metaphorical associations of character names and their imagined native or foreign stage settings helped model to English audiences and readers not only their own national community, but also ways in which the representation of collective ‘Englishness’ might involve self-estrangement. The main body of the thesis comprises three case studies: Cleopatra, Kent and Christendom. These topographies -- personal, local and regional -- illustrate how metaphorical complexes shifted against both an evolving body of literary texts and under pressure from changing historical contexts, variously defining individual selves against the collective political nation. Each section explores inter-textual connections between theatrical metaphors and contemporary English non-dramatic texts, placing these within a wider European context, and ends by discussing a relevant play by Shakespeare (Antony and Cleopatra, King Lear and Cymbeline respectively). The first case study examines ways in which Cleopatra was used as a metaphor to define individual against collective identity. I shall suggest that such Oriental self-alienation might be seen as enabling; Cleopatran identities allow English writers, readers and audiences to imagine aesthetic alternatives to public identities. The second case study looks at the idea of Kent as an emblematic identity that both preserved local peculiarity while providing a metaphor for collective English identity. Writers use Kentish ambiguity to explore discontinuities and uncertainties within the emerging political nation. The third case study examines the idea of Christendom, used as an imaginary geography to bridge the gap between individual and political identities. I suggest that attempts to map Christendom to literal territorial coordinates might be resisted in ways that produced, again, alternative, non-national literary identities.
Thesis, PhD Doctor of Philosophy
Items in the St Andrews Research Repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. | <urn:uuid:d46d79bd-ac7b-4e1a-be9a-b5febf27b940> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/786 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120194.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823113414-20170823133414-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.907226 | 419 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Multiple Mammalian Genomes for Comparative Annotation
These sequencing targets were chosen to enhance the ability to identify conserved elements in mammalian genomes, especially the human genome. The list of organisms for this initiative was chosen to optimize the total evolutionary branch length in order to best identify functional sequences in the human genome.
The rationale for choice of species so far is explained at Summaries of Working Group Proposals.
To pursue this initiative, the NHGRI large-scale sequencing centers will initially sequence the genomes of 24 species to low (~two-fold) sequence redundancy. Researchers have shown that the use of a low redundancy sequence of a large number of genomes may be more effective for finding conserved genomic regions than the use of a smaller number of high quality sequences. As the data are produced, they will be evaluated for their ability to aid in detection of conserved sequences. In general, the greater the available branch-length represented in the genome sequences, the better will be our ability to detect smaller and smaller regions of conserved sequence, with greater accuracy. The current list of 24 mammals is expected to resolve conserved regions of ~6 bp, with a false-positive rate of 10-4. Based on the results of ongoing analyses, additional species may be chosen, or additional data may be added for species sequenced to low-redundancy.
The first set of low coverage mammals was proposed in the original Annotating the Human Genome Working Group proposal.
Two subsequent proposals expanded the list of mammals approved for sequencing.
Later proposals to increase the coverage of mammals from the initially proposed sets were approved in 2006 and 2008.
Active Sequencing Projects
For an updated list of the genomes that are actively being sequenced or that have been completed recently, please see Approved Sequencing Targets.
Adam Felsenfeld, Ph.D.
Jane Peterson, Ph.D.
Associate Director, Division of Extramural Research
Last Reviewed: November 15, 2010 | <urn:uuid:3194ee4c-591b-4fd3-869a-d28fa49bab14> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.genome.gov/25521745/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823935.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00124-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910265 | 407 | 3.0625 | 3 |
||Strategic transport planners advise the government on where to plan new infrastructure, where to expand existing infrastructure, or where to introduce or expand public transport services. When deciding on such large long?term investments in infrastructure and transit services, all government bodies ? federal, state, and local ? rely on forecasts of the effects of these investments on traffic flows, congestion, toll revenues and impacts on the environment. This unit provides a basic understanding of the main principles underlying strategic transport models for forecasting, and the knowledge to critically assess forecasts of transport strategies made by transport planners. Students acquire knowledge of strategic forecasting models used by government and consultants as well as the methods to capture travel behaviour such as mode choice and route choice. Simple mathematical models will be discussed in detail, along with numerical examples and applications in the Sydney Metropolitan Area, which are used to illustrate the principles of the methods. The unit equips students to build simple transport models in the computer lab using specialised transport planning software used by governments and consultants. | <urn:uuid:1afa5c0a-1421-4bda-b96d-fad7bbf1294f> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://sydney.edu.au/business/course/uos?code=ITLS6102 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541214.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00106-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922575 | 199 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The kindness of strangers:
A few days ago, when travelling with 2 friends, we found ourselves stranded in the middle of Italy following a train accident, 60 km away from our airport with very little time & no way to reach our destination.
Until that is, 2 kind strangers, Gina e Paolo, scooped us up off the sidewalk, changed their route, tackled early morning autostrada traffic jams to skid to a halt at the last minute outside the terminal to watch us rush off at break-neck speed into the milling masses of commuter passengers.
Why? Because they were good, kind charitable people!
Upon reflection I have come to understand that we received 2 benefits: first, being able to catch our flight but, secondly, and maybe even more important, was the experience of feeling deep appreciation and gratitude.
Wikipedia definitions of kindness & gratitude:
Kindness is the act or the state of being kind, being marked by good and charitable behavior, pleasant disposition, and concern for others. It is known as a virtue, and recognized as a value in many cultures and religions
Gratitude, thankfulness, gratefulness, or appreciation is a feeling, emotion or attitude in acknowledgment of a benefit that one has received or will receive.
So, it follows that, by being kind, not only does the recipient of your kindness benefit from the act but also from the ensuing feelings of gratitude.
In which ways can you be kind today? Which acts of kindness have you received?
THANK YOU GINA E PAOLO | <urn:uuid:97596cd4-30bf-4f6f-aefa-c1da244194fa> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://the-coach-approach.com/2012/07/12/the-kindness-of-strangers-meet-gina-e-paolo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647475.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320130952-20180320150952-00777.warc.gz | en | 0.966063 | 317 | 2.75 | 3 |
It is an functional architectural platform inserted on top of an existing urban environment.
Study models and prototypes
Typology of intervention | Concept
It is an inhabitable architectural object inserted on top of an existing urban environment, but alienated from its surroundings. This architectural object intervenes in the space by touching the ground and acting as an accessible and multifunctional platform, allowing people to stand on top of it and interact directly.
It has a non-territorial nature, in the sense that it keeps a clear formal and aesthetic distinction and a movable condition – most of the time.
It has a strong visual impact; it can be flat or tilted and host or embody different functions, such as amphitheaters, multi level and vertical green parks, sitting areas, restaurants, small commercial spaces, game courts, F&B, urban green areas, interactive surfaces, hammock areas or swimming pools, among others.
It usually provides programmatic features that complement and enhance the surrounding environment to catalyze important commercial activity.
It is located in major urban areas to easily be accessed, seen and experienced. It can be attached to different urban contexts – such as circulation spaces, parks and esplanades – in different manifestations. It can be situated on the sidewalk, in the street, floating in the water, or even in the center of a square.
This architectural object can also be placed in semi public spaces, such as lively shopping areas, shopping mall courtyards and commercial terraces, as well as educational or cultural spaces.
The main objective of this conceptual prototype is to enhance the public space with a charismatic metropolitan object that generates a remarkable impact on the surrounding environment, fostering identification with a particular point of the city.
These spaces become highly significant in the collective consciousness of the people around them, so that the object often triggers social effects of fellowship and empathy.
Ultimately, it is designed to generate a massive public interest in the space, encouraging the rise of high public affluence, and becoming a remarkable virtual landmark that attracts customers and cultivates important commercial activity.
All models were produced in 100architects office as part of our research on prototypes for street architecture and urban interventions. | <urn:uuid:ebc8f489-e13c-4d96-b3bf-a25d4ff35442> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://100architects.com/product/grounded-object/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886095.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704073244-20200704103244-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.927065 | 445 | 2.625 | 3 |
Putting Feelings First with Personal Narratives
This was one of the mantras I wrote about before the year began. I wanted my students to understand that we all have stories to tell and all of our stories matter. While I do firmly believe this, reading Beth Moore’s post this week about Why Narrative Writing Matters made me stop and question beliefs I’ve had. Have I been guilty of thinking some students do not have rich stories to share? Have I been frustrated by students who just want to talk about playing video games? While I believe “everyone’s story matters”, have I valued some stories above others? Beth described how not every child goes apple picking or to Disney World but that doesn’t mean the child doesn’t have stories in his/her life that need to be shared.
In the past, many of my students’ personal narratives seem to be about an event- a family trip, party or holiday. Other children report they never go anywhere or do anything and just watch television or play video games. Inwardly, I would feel frustrated about this and find it hard to coach students to add craft elements such as dialogue and a great lead to a piece about watching television or playing video games. I’ve also felt that many pieces of writing lacked a “so what.” It seemed students were writing just because I asked them to and the piece of writing didn’t necessarily have a purpose or clear audience. A typical personal narrative could be about going to an amusement park, the piece starting with waking up in the morning and ending with going to bed. As we launch personal narratives in my class, how could I find ways to value every story? How can I help students have a purpose for their writing, envisioning who their readers might be?
I decided to introduce the unit by thinking of our feelings first, instead of people we love and places we go. Beth’s piece reminded me that all of us have feelings and emotions as we go through our daily lives, no matter if we go apple picking with our family or play video games on the couch. I read aloud the book In My Heart: A Book of Feelings by Jo Witek. After reading the book, we brainstormed a list of different feelings we could possibly feel. Then, I shared with the students that they could think of a feeling, a time they felt that feeling, and who might want to hear that story.
For example, I shared that one feeling I’ve felt was ashamed. A time I felt that way was when I was working at the mall at a jewelry counter in college. I was unpacking new earrings and found a pair that I thought was hideous. I brought it over to the lady who worked across the counter from me and started saying how ugly the earrings were and who would ever want to wear them. Of course, to my complete horror, I realized mid-sentence that my friend across the counter was wearing the exact pair. I felt terrible for having hurt her feelings. It was a powerful reminder to me to watch my words and keep unkind thoughts to myself. I told my class that I thought students would like to hear this story, and I also could imagine sharing it with the Character Education committee that I am on at school. My own children could also be an audience for this piece, as it is an important lesson I want them to learn, too.
After sharing a couple of other examples, I asked students to work in their writer’s notebooks, identifying a feeling, a time they felt that way, and who might want to hear that story. I wanted the piece to start with a powerful feeling and for students to envision who might read this piece. It was surprisingly difficult for many children to identify a time they felt a certain feeling. I invited them to look at the chart we brainstormed and go through their writer’s notebook photographs to try to connect a feeling and a time they felt that way.
As always, this is a work in progress. But reading Beth’s post this week inspired me to rethink my approach and to start with feelings rather than events. As we read mentor texts, I am going to challenge students to think of the feeling that the author started with. How did the narrators feel in Come on, Rain? Or Owl Moon or Fireflies? I am hoping that students will see that there are strong feelings in all the books we read as mentors texts. By thinking of possible audiences and who would want to hear the story they will tell, I hope my students might find more purpose and put more heart into their stories, whether they be apple-picking stories or video game stories. All their stories matter and I am eager to help them tell them. | <urn:uuid:2ffa861a-bf88-42b3-9b26-1e111e148ded> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://twowritingteachers.org/2015/10/10/putting-feelings-first/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112539.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822181825-20170822201825-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.982306 | 981 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Chernobyl’s blast released 400 times more radiation than the atomic bomb the US dropped on Hiroshima, according to the Associated Press, and hundreds of thousands of locals were diagnosed with radiation sickness after the explosion. New diagnoses stemming from Chernobyl are still emerging and health organizations are worried about abnormal rates of cancer in the region.
However, many health experts are more concerned about the psychological toll of the nuclear disaster, according to Time. The stress of evacuation and rapid relocation, as well as the lack of clarity surrounding lingering concerns about long-term health effects, has taken a toll on the mental and emotional health of evacuees. The World Health Organization has invested $2.5 million on radiation education – specifically to bring their concerns to scale with any actual threat. | <urn:uuid:da8c5245-e182-4779-b018-4d313a6c359a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://m.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2011/0426/Chernobyl-disaster-four-ways-it-continues-to-have-an-impact/Health-concerns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172156.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00222-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958312 | 155 | 3.109375 | 3 |
When she was an first-year student at the College of William and Mary, Ellen Stofan got her first dream job, as an intern in the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies at the Smithsonian’s popular National Air and Space Museum on the Mall in Washington, D.C. A few decades later, in April, Dr. Stofan’s career made a full orbit, as this member of ARCS Metro Washington Chapter was named the John and Adrienne Mars Director of the museum.
From that internship, Stofan went on to a career as one of the more respected names in American planetary science, most recently serving as NASA’s chief scientist from 2013 to 2016 and helping develop plans for human travel to and from Mars. She also provided input to the Obama Administration through committees of the National Science and Technology Council. Previously she was a post-doctoral fellow at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where she was chief scientist for the New Millennium Program.
“I love what I do—I love space, I love aviation,” Dr. Stofan said in an interview with the museum’s website. “Trying to convey to the public why we explore, why we’re always trying to leave the ground and get up into the air and out into space, it’s something that I’m passionate about.”
In addition to being the seventh person to lead the museum since its founding, Stofan is the first woman appointed to be Director. | <urn:uuid:3fbde795-5f1f-4a18-9d42-2e50ef7990e0> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.arcsfoundation.org/news/arcs-member-named-director-smithsonian-national-air-and-space-museum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209650.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814225028-20180815005028-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.96841 | 316 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The vacuum casting greatly reduces the development cost, cycle and risk of the product. More than 20 pieces of the same product can be made using a silicone mold. This makes the vacuum mold become one of the commonly used prototype manufacturing methods in industrial production.
The vacuum mold refers to the use of the original prototype to make a silicone mold in a vacuum state, and use PU, transparent PU, POM-like, ABS materials for casting in a vacuum state,
So as to clone the same copy as the original prototype.
There are many materials for vacuum casting, and it can also be made of fireproof materials. Can withstand a high temperature of 180 degrees. So how do we produce fire-resistant ABS prototypes?
1,The first is to check the drawings to evaluate the production. Because the shrinkage rate of the vacuum casting is relatively large.In order to ensure the accuracy of the parts, the size of the parts needs to be enlarged according to the probability of shrinkage before production.
2,3D-Printed master mold.
3Make silicone mold.
4,Put the liquid fireproof ABS into the mold and take out the product after cooling. | <urn:uuid:1bbe72fa-581c-48c1-97ab-f7445e76ee45> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://e-make.co/vacuum-casting-abs-ul94-v0-prototype/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104204514.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702192528-20220702222528-00295.warc.gz | en | 0.915363 | 240 | 3.265625 | 3 |
During these uncertain times, we are here to help.
COVID-19 – Deep Cleaning Services
Water, Fire, and Mold Restoration
Mould remediation encompasses identifying and addressing mould issues in a structure. Mould remediation prevents the spread of mould by isolating damaged areas, removing affected material and eliminating moisture sources – the cause of the mould – in order to reestablish a healthy environment.
What is involved in mould remediation?
Mould remediation involves mould clean up and removal by Rainbow International® specialists to address the damage and health risks associated with mould. Cleaning with bleach and water will not kill mould. Mouldy material must be removed and the damaged area reconstructed; therefore mould remediation is best left to a professional trained to handle hazardous material and eliminate the spread of mould to other rooms. Expert mould remediation includes:
A Rainbow International contractor will come into your home to identify mouldy areas as well as the source of the problem. He will then formulate a mould remediation plan.
The source of the moisture problem is addressed and the affected area is closed off to avoid contaminating the rest of your home with mould spores stirred up during the removal process.
HEPA filters will be used to clean the air of mould spores and other particles. The Rainbow International specialist will also wear goggles and masks to lessen any exposure to airborne contaminants.
Building materials and personal belongings in your home can be affected. Since mould is a living organism and deeply ingrains itself into materials to survive, it is best to dispose of anything porous. The safest and most effective way to ensure mould doesn’t return is to remove affected material. Nonporous materials can be cleaned with antimicrobial cleaners and sealants may be used to make treated areas more resistant to water and mould. You may need to have your heating and air conditioning systems professionally cleaned as well.
It is imperative that cleaned and repaired items remain thoroughly dry. Remember, excessive moisture is how the issue started. As a result, your Rainbow International mould remediation specialist will likely cover moisture management strategies to ensure your home doesn’t encounter future issues.
The reconstruction process will begin after all mould-contaminated materials are removed. Clean, mould-free materials will replace what was previously contaminated.
Following remediation, we search for any signs of recurrent water damage, mouldy odors or visible mould to ensure the cleanup has been successful.
Mould grows quickly in dark, damp places such as basements, attics, and crawl spaces. Under the right conditions in these ares mould can grow very quickly, causing health risks and potential structural damage.
Health Risks of Mould
Due to the health risks associated with mould exposure, it is best to have mould remediation conducted as soon as possible. Though the type of reaction depends upon the mould present, according to both the EPA and CDC all moulds have the potential to cause health issues such as:
- Breathing difficulties
- Persistent cough or cold symptoms
- Burning or irritation of the eyes, nose, throat or lungs
- Asthma attacks
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
- Skin irritation
- Allergic reactions
- Opportunistic infections in immune-compromised individuals
Types of Mould
About 50 to 100 common types of indoor mould have the potential to create health problems. The most common types of indoor moulds include:
- Stachybotrys chartarum
If you suspect mould issues, don’t put them on the backburner. Protect the health of your family by contacting Rainbow International Restoration for a consultation and mould removal estimate. Rainbow International Restoration has locations across the U.S. and abroad, offering service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to restore damages due to fire, water, smoke, mould, and more. | <urn:uuid:874c9423-232b-47e4-9f00-c3e6ff3cba23> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://rainbowintl.com/oshawa/mold-remediation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366959.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303104028-20210303134028-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.919051 | 782 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Olympic Games are normally held every four years, alternating between the Summer and Winter Olympics every two years in the four-year period. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games (Ancient Greek: Ὀλυμπιακοί Ἀγῶνες), held in Olympia, Greece from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD.
Are the Olympic Games held every 4 years?
The Winter and Summer Games were once held during the same year. The International Olympic Committee decided to stagger them after the 1992 games, leading to the one time the Winter Games were held two years apart. They’re back to being held every four years.
Why are the Olympics every 2 years?
This has been done to boost ratings, which were slowly declining until the 2010 Games. In 1986 the IOC decided to stagger the Summer and Winter Games. Instead of holding both in the same calendar year the committee decided to alternate them every two years, although both Games would still be held on four-year cycles.
Is the Olympics every 7 years?
The Olympic Games are an international sports festival that began in ancient Greece. … The revival of the Olympic Games took place in 1896, and since then they have been staged every fourth year, except during World War I and World War II (1916, 1940, 1944).
Do Olympians get paid?
However, most Olympic medal winners do receive a cash reward from their home Olympic committee. The US Olympic and Paralympic Committee pays members of Team USA $37,500 for each gold medal they win, $22,500 for every silver, and $15,000 for a bronze.
What event happens every 4 years?
occurring every four years: a quadrennial festival. of or lasting for four years: a quadrennial period. an event occurring every four years, as an anniversary or its celebration.
What do the Olympic rings stand for?
The Olympic symbol (the Olympic rings) expresses the activity of the Olympic Movement and represents the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games.
Why are there 5 Olympic rings?
Based on a design first created by Pierre de Coubertin, the Olympic rings remain a global representation of the Olympic Movement and its activity. These five rings represent the five parts of the world now won over to the cause of olympism and ready to accept its fecund rivalries.
Is Summer Olympics every 2 years?
The Olympic Games are considered the world’s foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are normally held every four years, alternating between the Summer and Winter Olympics every two years in the four-year period.
What two continents have never hosted an Olympics?
What two continents have never hosted the Olympics?
- Asia and Antarctica.
- Oceania and Antarctica.
- South America and Antarctica.
- Africa and Antarctica. | <urn:uuid:0195bbda-15d4-453b-a94c-d8e96e6a72cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://wyseniorolympics.com/games/do-the-olympics-happen-every-4-years.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053717.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916174455-20210916204455-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.966193 | 614 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Exploring Marine Conservation in the Classroom Using Reef Environmental Education Foundation DataAccess Fish Population Data from the Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF) (more info)
Accessing Fish Population Data from the Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF) (more info) allows users to explore how REEF involves divers (experienced and novice) in marine conservation efforts by supporting the collection and maintenance of an extensive fish population database. Divers collect data on fish species diversity and relative abundance at dive sites covering the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
Use and Relevance
Use in Teaching
This dataset can be used to teach the following topics and skills in Biological Oceanography:
- Relationships between habitats and populations
- Geographical variations in species diversity and abundance
- Using population data to address issues in managing and planning aquaculture activities
- Marine sanctuaries and conservation
- Interpreting population data to understand species diversity and abundance
- Understanding the interpretation and use of parameters derived from population data, such as density and sighting frequency
- Using data to generate and confirm predictions about relationships between habitats and species
Exploring the Data
Data Type and Presentation
Processed data are provided in tabular format that indicates sighting frequency and abundance for each species sighted at a particular geographic location. Raw data for species sightings are also available (this data is used to calculate sighting frequency). Information on calculations and interpretations involving REEF data is available.
Accessing the Data
Data can be accessed by geographical location using the REEF databases interactive map. Once a location is chosen, a geographic area report can be generated for the entire area or for specific dive sites within the area. Geographic Area Reports provide density and sighting frequency data. Data can also be accessed by generating a 'Distribution Report' for a specific species of interest. 'Comparison reports' can be generated to compare sighting frequency and density for species at multiple locations. All data are provided in HTML tabular format.
Manipulating Data and Creating Visualizations
One way that students can manipulate data from the REEF database is to import data from various geographical locations into a spreadsheet program, such as Excel, to generate graphical representations of species distribution in varying habitats.
Tools for Data Manipulation
Raw data can be downloaded and imported into a spreadsheet application such as Excel for further processing. The Starting Point site provides a tutorial for using Excel.
About the Data
REEF data are collected by community observers (including observers from Novice and Expert levels). Data from dives are submitted to REEF and maintained in a searchable database. Numbers of fish sighted are collected by assigning observations to relative abundance categories: single (1), few (2-10), many (11-100), or abundant (>100).
Limitations and Sources of Error
Data are presented from both Novice and Expert observers. Expert observers collect data on species of fish that they are highly confident (90 to 100% accuracy) in identifying. The REEF database maintains an information page that addresses issues related to data interpretation and data accuracy.
References and Resources
Scientific References that Use this Dataset
- The REEF website maintains a bibliography of scientific papers that use REEF data.
- A tutorial describing the REEF collection process is available.
- To cite REEF's Database, use the following format: Reef Environmental Education Foundation. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.reef.org, date of download (day month year).
Education Resources that Use this Dataset
Other Related Scientific References
- Mosquera et al., 2000, Conservation benefits of marine reserves for fish populations: Animal Conservation, v. 3, p. 321-332. This review article from discusses the impact of conservation efforts on fish populations.
- National Marine Sanctuaries (more info) is a website maintained by NOAA that provides information on national marine sanctuaries and marine conservation efforts.
- FishBase (more info) is a global information system on fish.
- Blue Frontier: Oceans for Life (more info) is a National Geographic website that deals with marine conservation and related educational activities. | <urn:uuid:ba9ce1d8-a054-4b8e-b372-9bca41a185d4> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://serc.carleton.edu/usingdata/datasheets/REEF.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928486.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00332-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842523 | 842 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The present Handbook is one of a series of practical tools developed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to support countries in the implementation of the standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice.
These standards and norms support the rule of law, human rights and a culture of lawfulness through the development of crime prevention and criminal justice reform. The Handbook can be used in a variety of contexts, including as part of UNODC technical assistance and capacity-building projects, whether as a reference document or a training tool. A number of companion projects already exist, including the Crime Prevention Assessment Tool, and the Handbook on Planning and Action for Crime Prevention in Southern Africa and the Caribbean Regions.
The Handbook offers a concise overview of the main considerations to be taken into account in planning and implementing crime prevention strategies and interventions. It also recognizes that there are some major differences between regions and countries in terms of the challenges posed by crime and victimization and the importance of adapting programmes to local contexts. The main emphasis is on how crime prevention strategies based on the guidelines developed by the United Nations can be entrenched and sustained over time.
The present Handbook was written for a number of audiences. The primary one is Governments, since, as the Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime emphasize, Governments have a key role in developing overall policies, and in promoting, coordinating and supporting crime prevention. The principles on which the Guidelines are based are relevant for all countries, and all levels of government, regardless of their political or administrative structures or stage of economic development. Thus national Governments, regional governments and local governments all have significant opportunities and roles to play. | <urn:uuid:c6c67811-abf8-4d8f-9f6d-0ff7f0faf792> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://freeresources.fundsforngos.org/how-to-guides/a-free-handbook-on-the-crime-prevention-guidelines-making-them-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.944114 | 330 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The mask, therefore, most often functions as a means of contact with various spirit powers, thereby protecting against the unknown forces of the universe by prevailing upon their potential beneficence in all matters relative to life. Some ceremonial or decorative masks were not designed to be worn. Archived from on 29 August 2012. South African man wearing pelts and beads during the Indlamu dance Lesson Summary African dance refers to many different dances traditionally found in Sub-Saharan Africa, which combine body movements, music and, at times, theatrical representations. Inuit groups vary widely and do not share a common mythology or language.
As cultural objects they have been used throughout the world in all periods since the Stone Age and have been as varied in appearance as in their use and symbolism. Those who perform the best gain social recognition as warriors and earn priority when choosing their future wives. Many of the masks and characters used in European festivals belong to the contrasting categories of the 'good', or 'idealised beauty', set against the 'ugly' or 'beastly' and grotesque. The popularity of the Medico della Peste among carnivale celebrants can be seen as a. The characters depicted are also prescribed by tradition and enact roles to achieve the desired ends.
African masks are also used in the Mas or Masquerade of the. Mask carvers still do exist, explains, although they are hidden away from the rest of society. A primary belief involved in both the conception and the rendering of these objects was that spirit power dwelled in all organic and inorganic matter, and therefore the mask will contain the spirit power of whatever material was used to make it. The localization of a particular spirit in a specific mask must be considered a highly significant reason for its existence. Their three main cults use seventy-eight different types of masks. Today, the masks are often more decorative. They can be examined in more detail on separate pages, see African Tribal Masks.
Korea A Korean mask worn by a performer Korean masks have a long tradition associated with shamanism and later in ritual dance. Often the messages are grunted utterances and the translator will accurately decipher the meaning of the message. As well as participating in trade, the Ijaw have traditionally been a fishing and farming culture. The bells on the necklaces are of the type believed capable of being heard by spirits, ringing in both worlds, that of the ancestors and the living. Volto Larva The larva, also called the volto mask, is mainly white, and typically Venetian. The dancer brings forth messages of wisdom from his ancestors. Lastly, in Africa like in Polynesia, scarification is more visible on darker skinned people than say, tattoos.
During the course of his work the unfinished piece must be kept out of sight or some of its power can be taken. Masquerades carry great religious and cultural significance for participants including the enthralled and connected audience. Masks employed in these ceremonies are highly ornamented, with jeweled and elaborately filigreed headgears. The stories are in part derived from ancient Sanskrit literature, especially the Hindu epics, although the Javanese later became Muslims. In ancient Roman burials, a mask resembling the deceased was often placed over his face or was worn by an actor hired to accompany the funerary cortege to the burial site. Formally they often emphasize the hideous. Carvers undergo many years of specialized apprenticeship until achieving mastery of the art.
The striking design has a macabre history originating from 17th century French physician who adopted the mask together with other sanitary precautions while treating victims The mask is white consisting of a hollow beak and round eye holes covered with crystal discs creating a bespectacled effect. Baule Masks The Baule people are a farming culture from the Ivory Coast in West Africa. Body painting is also a popular practice among many groups. They often represent supernatural spirits as well as ancestors and therefore have both a religious and a social significance. From the Middle Kingdom c.
The markings on the cheeks are representative of the decorative scars girls receive as they step into womanhood. The long shape of the buffalo head tilts downward when the mask is used. The original significance would have survived only until the introduction of which then incorporated many of the customs into its own traditions. Among some of the Dan and Ngere tribes of Liberia and Ivory Coast, ancestor masks with generic features act as intermediaries for the transmission of petitions or offerings of respect to the gods. The and definitions of mask usage frequently overlap and merge but still provide a useful basis for categorisation.
In modern revivals of ancient Greek plays, masks have occasionally been employed, and such highly symbolic plays as Die versunkene Glocke The Sunken Bell; 1897 by the German Gerhart Hauptmann 1862—1946 and dramatizations of Alice in Wonderland have required masks for the performers of grotesque or animal figures. Ray, Eskimo Masks: Art and Ceremony 1967 , one of the best studies of Eskimo masks, with many fine plates and a bibliography; F. Photos, images and text are protected by copyright 2001-2018 and may not be duplicated, copied, saved electronically or by other means except for personal use. Ceremonies as weddings, initiation rites and funerals have a masked dance. Masks in theatre Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
Paris: Editions Raymond Chabaud, 1989, p. They are often decorated with paints, cowrie shells, colored glass, nails, plant fibers, horns and metal pieces. Not until the late 19th and early 20th century were they seriously appreciated as art objects or studied as cultural artifacts. The African mask is a dramatic device enabling performers to stand apart from their everyday role in society and wearers are often chosen for special characteristics or qualities they have attained or been initiated into. Costumes and masks originally inspired by are frequently worn by members on Mardi Gras Day. For example, Bambara statuettes, such as the Chiwara, are used as spiritually charged objects during ritual. History The use of masks in or is a very ancient human practice across the world, although masks can also be worn for protection, in hunting, in sports, in feasts, or in wars — or simply used as ornamentation.
In many cultures throughout the world, a judge wears a mask to protect him from future recriminations. Holes were customarily drilled in the back so the mask might be hung or possibly worn. The Dogons are expert agriculturists and the antelope symbolizes a hard working farmer. Frequently the mask has a projecting wooden cylinder for a bill or a gourd stem cut with teeth for a snout. Not surprisingly their mask traditions are also often different, although their masks are often made out of driftwood, animal skins, bones, and feathers. After this period is over, the artist will take the tree home and begin to carve it into a mask or a figure. | <urn:uuid:ab5d453b-dc28-4ab9-b2e1-c5dfd0bd4b41> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://spitfirephoto.com/traditional-african-masks-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507060253-20210507090253-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.965469 | 1,434 | 2.859375 | 3 |
is that priest is a religious clergyman who is trained to perform services or sacrifices at a church or temple while shepherd is a person who tends sheep, especially a grazing flock.
What is the difference between a pastor and a shepherd?
As nouns the difference between pastor and shepherd
is that pastor is a shepherd; someone who tends to a flock of animals while shepherd is a person who tends sheep, especially a grazing flock.
What is higher than a priest?
The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops, priests, and deacons. … In the Catholic Church, authority rests chiefly with the bishops, while priests and deacons serve as their assistants, co-workers or helpers. Accordingly, “hierarchy of the Catholic Church” is also used to refer to the bishops alone.
Who is a priest in the Catholic Church?
Catholic priests are either diocesan priests who belong to the diocese they’re located in or religious order priests, whose affiliation is with a particular religious order. The typical parish priest is usually a diocesan priest. He makes a promise of obedience to the local bishop and a promise of celibacy.
What religion is a priest?
A priest is a religious figure who performs ceremonies, particularly in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, or Orthodox church. During a Catholic baptism, a priest sprinkles holy water on a baby’s head.
Why is a pastor called a shepherd?
The word “pastor” derives from the Latin noun pastor which means “shepherd” and is derived from the verb pascere – “to lead to pasture, set to grazing, cause to eat”. … Many Protestant churches call their ministers “pastors”. Present-day usage of the word is rooted in the Biblical metaphor of shepherding.
What does shepherd mean biblically?
shepherd(Noun) Someone who watches over, looks after, or guides somebody. The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want; — The Bible, Psalms 23:1. Etymology: From sceaphierde, a compound of sceap and hierde.
What comes after a priest?
The sacrament of holy orders in the Catholic Church includes three orders: bishop, priest, and deacon.
What is the ranking of Catholic priests?
Pope, bishop, cardinal, priest. There are so many names thrown around when talking about the Catholic Church it is easy to get confused about who belongs where. There are six main levels of the clergy and individuals work their way up the order, however very few will ever reach the top of the hierarchy.
Who is above the Pope?
Catholicism is hierarchical in that one person, the pope, is supreme head over the universal Church. Yet bishops govern the local churches in a geographical district called the diocese, and pastors (or priests) represent the bishop in each local parish.
Do you have to be a virgin to be a priest?
In Latin Church Catholicism and in some Eastern Catholic Churches, most priests are celibate men. Exceptions are admitted, with there being several Catholic priests who were received into the Catholic Church from the Lutheran Church, Anglican Communion and other Protestant faiths.
Do Catholic priests get paid?
The average salary for members of the clergy including priests is $53,290 per year. The top 10% earn more than $85,040 per year and the bottom 10% earn $26,160 or less per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Many churches value being frugal and modest, so pay for priests can be fairly low.
Is a canon higher than a priest?
Mostly, however, they are ordained, that is, priests or other clergy. … A canon is a member of the chapter of (for the most part) priests, headed by a dean, which is responsible for administering a cathedral or certain other churches that are styled collegiate churches.
What is a female priest called?
The feminine of Priest is Priestess. If you are referring to Catholicism, Catholics refer to Priests as Father, but since there are no Priestesses in Catholicism, there is no equivalent to Father.
What are the 2 types of priests?
Within the Roman Catholic church, there are two types of priests: the secular clergy and those who are part of religious orders.
Is priest a religious?
A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities. | <urn:uuid:d3ddc32d-ed61-4d5c-b86c-6bc27c458ee9> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://cosmoibleo.com/bible/is-a-priest-a-shepherd.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060677.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928092646-20210928122646-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.965316 | 973 | 3.140625 | 3 |
You are watching: Number of protons neutrons and electrons in helium
It"s essential to have the ability to distinguish atoms of one element from atom of another element. Aspects are pure building material that make up all other matter, so every one is given a distinctive name. The name of facets are likewise represented by distinct one- or two-letter symbols, such as (ceH) for hydrogen, (ceC) because that carbon, or (ceHe) because that helium. However, the would much more powerful if these names can be used to determine the number of protons and neutrons in the atoms. That"s where atomic number and also mass numberare useful.
Scientists distinguish in between different aspects by counting the number of protons in the cell core (Table (PageIndex1)). If an atom has only one proton, we recognize that it"s a hydrogen atom. One atom v two protons is constantly a helium atom. If researchers count four protons in an atom, they know it"s a beryllium atom. An atom with 3 protons is a lithium atom, an atom with five protons is a boron atom, an atom with six protons is a carbon atom . . . The perform goes on.
Since an atom the one facet can be differentiated from an atom of an additional element through the variety of protons in that nucleus, scientists are always interested in this number, and also how this number differs between different elements. The number of protons in one atom is referred to as its atomic number ((Z)). This number is really important because it is distinctive for atoms of a offered element. Every atoms that an facet have the same number of protons, and also every aspect has a different number of protons in its atoms. For example, all helium atoms have two protons, and no other aspects have atoms through two protons.
Of course, since neutral atoms need to have one electron because that every proton, one element"s atom number also tells you how countless electrons room in a neutral atom of the element. For example, hydrogen has actually an atomic variety of 1. This method that one atom the hydrogen has actually one proton, and, if it"s neutral, one electron together well. Gold, ~ above the other hand, has an atomic variety of 79, which means that an atom the gold has 79 protons, and, if it"s neutral, 79 electrons together well.
The mass number ((A)) of an atom is the total variety of protons and also neutrons in that nucleus. The massive of the atom is a unit referred to as the atom mass unit (left( extamu ight)). One atomic mass unit is the massive of a proton, or about (1.67 imes 10^-27) kilograms, i beg your pardon is one extremely tiny mass. A neutron has actually just a tiny bit more mass than a proton, however its fixed is regularly assumed to be one atomic mass unit together well. Due to the fact that electrons have actually virtually no mass, just about all the massive of one atom is in its protons and also neutrons. Therefore, the total variety of protons and also neutrons in one atom identify its fixed in atom mass devices (Table (PageIndex1)).
Consider helium again. Many helium atoms have two neutrons in addition to two protons. Because of this the massive of many helium atoms is 4 atomic mass systems ((2 : extamu) for the proton + (2 : extamu) because that the neutrons). However, part helium atom have much more or much less than 2 neutrons. Atoms v the same variety of protons but different number of neutron are dubbed isotopes. Due to the fact that the variety of neutrons have the right to vary for a given element, the mass number of various atoms of an element may likewise vary. Because that example, some helium atoms have three neutrons instead of 2 (these are called isotopes and are disputed in detail later on).
Why execute you think that the "mass number" includes protons and also neutrons, yet not electrons? You know that most of the mass of one atom is concentrated in its nucleus. The massive of one atom counts on the variety of protons and neutrons. Friend have currently learned that the massive of an electron is very, very small compared come the massive of either a proton or a neutron (like the fixed of a penny contrasted to the massive of a bowling ball). Counting the number of protons and neutrons tells scientists about the full mass of an atom.
See more: When Swallowing The Epiglottis Prevents Food From Entering The Larynx
< extmass number : A = left( extnumber of protons ight) + left( extnumber of neutrons ight)>
An atom"s mass number is very easy come calculate, provided that you understand the number of protons and neutrons in one atom.
What is the mass variety of an atom of helium that consists of 2 neutrons?
(left( extnumber of protons ight) = 2) (Remember the an atom the helium constantly has 2 protons.)
(left( extnumber the neutrons ight) = 2)
( extmass number = left( extnumber that protons ight) + left( extnumber the neutrons ight)) | <urn:uuid:b7004860-e987-40bb-9fe3-e0aa319f5ca0> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://bsci-ch.org/number-of-protons-neutrons-and-electrons-in-helium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358847.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129225145-20211130015145-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.912057 | 1,233 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Oil palm expansion has delivered economic development in host countries, including indirect benefits for local infrastructure development and rural poverty reduction, and multiplier effects for the national economies. However, its development has often come at the cost of basic rights and of biodiverse, carbon-rich tropical forests, with local communities evicted from their lands and precious ecosystems destroyed. This chapter aims to decipher the current systems and structures involved in the governance of palm oil. It then considers why, despite significant improvements in the governance complex, there have been no major changes in the performance of the palm oil sector. It identifies several structural constraints which constitute governance challenges, and argues that these must be addressed in order to build more sustainable and inclusive oil palm supply chains and landscapes.
Topic: oil palms, small scale farming, deforestation, development, economy
Publisher: Burleigh Dodds, Cambridge, UK
Publication Year: 2018
Source: Alain Rival (ed.) Achieving sustainable cultivation of oil palm Volume 1: Introduction, breeding and cultivation techniques. 4 | <urn:uuid:0e207f80-4649-4297-817b-0dc7d12c9e88> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.cifor.org/library/6818/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578762045.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426073513-20190426095513-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.932225 | 207 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Funereal. (fyoo-’ni-rēəl ) adj. Mournful, gloomy, dismal, lugubrious, sad, solemn, dolorous, melancholy.
Funereal comes from the Latin word funus, funeris, a funeral, a burial. The Latin word was used in connection with the burning of the dead, and may come from the Latin word fumus.
He addressed the crowd in funereal tones.
The funereal gloom at the memorial service was palpable.
When I announced to my family that all future meals would be vegetarian, it was met with a funereal silence. | <urn:uuid:fe430e06-bc01-4a00-8bff-3bea9e0a4c2a> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://thepioneerwoman.com/homeschooling/2010/06/word-of-the-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537097.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00645-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914208 | 137 | 2.828125 | 3 |
LAKE WALES, Fla. — A completely new kind of non-von-Neumann processor called a HIVE — Hierarchical Identify Verify Exploit — is being funded by the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) to the tune of $80 million over four-and-a-half years. Chipmakers Intel and Qualcomm are participating in the project, along with a national laboratory, a university and a defense contractor North Grumman.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Richland, Washington) and Georgia Tech are involved in creating software tools for the processor while Northrup Grumman will build a Baltimore center that uncovers and transfers the Defense Departments graph analytic needs for the what is being called the world's first graph analytic processor (GAP).
Hierarchical Identify Verify Exploit (HIVE) uses a sequence that begins with the multi-layer graphical representations of data (see figure) that open the way for graph analytic processing to identify relationships between data within and perhaps between the layers.
"When we look at computer architectures today, they use the same [John] von Neumann architecture invented in the 1940s. CPUs and GPUs have gone parallel, but each core is still a von Neumann processor," Trung Tran, a program manager in DARPA’s Microsystems Technology Office (MTO), told EE Times in an exclusive interview.
"HIVE is not von Neumann because of the sparseness of its data and its ability to simultaneously perform different processes on different areas of memory simultaneously," Trung said. "This non-von-Neumann approach allows one big map that can be accessed by many processors at the same time, each using its own local scratch-pad memory while simultaneously performing scatter-and-gather operations across global memory."
The patchwork of dies represents work funded by DARPA. "Beyond Scaling: An Electronics Resurgence Initiative" is pushing for a new era of microsystem structures and capabilities.
Graph analytic processors do not exist today, but they theoretically differ from CPUs and GPUs in key ways. First of all, they are optimized for processing sparse graph primitives. Because the items they process are sparsely located in global memory, they also involve a new memory architecture that can access randomly placed memory locations at ultra-high speeds (up to terabytes per second).
Today's memory chips are optimized to access long sequential locations (to fill their caches) at their highest speeds, which are in the much slower gigabytes per second range. HIVEs, on the other hand, will access random eight-byte data points from global memory at its highest speed, then process them independently using their private scratch-pad memory. The architecture is also specified to be scalable to up to however many HIVE processors are needed to perform a specific graph algorithm.
"Of all the data collected today, only about 20 percent is useful — that's why its sparse —making our eight-byte granularity much more efficient for Big Data problems," said Tran.
The Giga Traversed Edges Per Second Per Watt needed for realtime graphic analysis that identify relationships as they unfold in the field is 1000-times faster (green) than the fastest GPU (blue) or CPU (red) today.
Together, the new arithmetic-processing-unit (APU) optimized for graph analytics plus the new memory architecture chips are specified by DARPA to use 1,000-times less power than using today's supercomputers. The participants, especially Intel and Qualcomm, will also have the rights to commercialize the processor and memory architectures they invent to create a HIVE.
The graph analytics processor is needed, according to DARPA, for Big Data problems, which typically involve many-to-many rather than many-to-one or one-to-one relationships for which today's processors are optimized. A military example, according to DARPA, might be the the first digital missives of a cyberattack. A civilian example, according to Intel, might be all the people buying from Amazon mapped to all the items each of them bought (clearly delineating the many-to-many relationships as people-to-products).
"From my standpoint, the next big problem to solve is Big Data, that today is analyzed by regression which is inefficient for relations between data points that are very sparse," said Tran. "We found that the CPU and GPU leave a big gap between the size of problems and the richness of results, whereas graph theory is a perfect fit for which we see an emerging commercial market too." | <urn:uuid:7f7a444c-3c74-415f-8f55-966030d6b249> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1331871 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886123312.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823171414-20170823191414-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.943949 | 941 | 2.5625 | 3 |
For most students attending school is not a major problem. From the earliest days of childcare, children adjust to consistent attendance.
However, some students are at risk of habitual absenteeism with some genuinely feeling alienated and disaffected.
To find out how schools can combat this, Dr Terry Bowles and Daniela Russo from the University of Melbourne collaborated with associate professor Janet Scull from Monash University on an important research project.
While it might sound like common sense to many, their study found that in order to make students feel a sense of belonging and engagement in their learning, school staff must be welcoming, genuinely enthusiastic and ready to adjust to the needs of all children – however disengaged they may seem.
“People who are better connected are less lonely, less anxious and feel as if they’re part of something meaningful,” Dr Bowles told The Educator.
“A lot of their social needs are met by being involved in an organisation that is more connected than not connected. By and large, nearly all social and psychosocial parameters are improved as a function of feeling connected.”
Replicating wholesome home environments
Dr Bowles said that in northern Europe, many schools design their curriculum around “a model of house” whereby classrooms strongly resemble wholesome home environments.
“Instead of having classrooms, there are loungerooms and living rooms that are designed like a traditional house, and there isn’t just one teacher, there are several teachers that act like significant others,” he said.
The best example of connectedness that Dr Bowles saw in Australia was at a school in northern Western Australia, where student absenteeism was becoming a significant problem.
The Clontarf Foundation, a non-profit organisation which aims to improve the education, discipline, life skills, self-esteem and employment prospects of young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men, assisted Dr Bowles in his research.
Dr Bowles said the Foundation’s staff drive to the homes of absent students and invite them to a range of fun and engaging social activities before expecting them to step into the classroom.
“For example, staff take the students to basketball, then put on a big breakfast where they can socialise and relax before the formal school day even begins,” Dr Bowles said.
“Staff provided students with uniforms, special units within the school and targeted support. They also helped students form groups and teams that they were interested in and gave them ongoing academic and pastoral support throughout the day.”
Dr Bowles said that this model let staff reach disengaged students in a way that demonstrated that they genuinely cared about the students as human beings and not just students in a classroom.
“If staff engage students in those sorts activities long enough, students will feel very good about their school experience, and the people helping them through it,” he said. | <urn:uuid:fdb21bde-fffc-41fa-8d34-802177551d63> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.theeducatoronline.com/k12/news/why-connected-schools-mean-engaged-students/259587 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100677.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207153748-20231207183748-00431.warc.gz | en | 0.969593 | 597 | 2.875 | 3 |
Tales of the TailsIguana Meet You!
September 8, 2018
Have you ever heard of animals that are on loan to zoos from other countries? We bet the first and only animal that comes to mind is the Giant panda, in which the individuals living in zoos across the world are property of China but are on a ten-year temporary loan to each zoo through grants. China isn’t the only country to do this, as the Virginia Zoo is now home to an animal that is owned by another country’s national government. It’s time to meet the Jamaican iguana.
Jamaican iguanas are large lizards that are only endemic to the island of Jamaica. They are light green and tan in color, which helps them blend into their surroundings. Despite being the largest native land animal in the country, they are among the rarest, as they are listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
The Jamaican iguana was believed to be extinct since the 1940s, but in 1990 it was found in a remote forest spanning less than four miles in southern Jamaica. Although the iguanas’ habitats are protected by Jamaican law, humans continue to illegally cut down trees to create charcoal. This degradation threatens major iguana habitats and nesting sites, and invasive species such as mongooses aid in the decline of iguana populations.
There are only around 200 adult Jamaican iguanas living in their native land, which is why zoos have taken on the responsibility of breeding the reptiles in the hopes of releasing new iguanas into the wild. With the help of breeding programs such as the Association for Zoos and Aquariums’ Species Survival Plan (SSP) for Jamaican iguanas, more than 300 iguanas have been released into the wild to help rebuild depleting populations in Jamaica.
The Virginia Zoo is one of a handful of zoos who have Jamaican iguanas that are part of the SSP. With exhibit availability within the World of Reptiles and to extend on the Zoo’s mission for conservation, a male Jamaican iguana arrived at the Virginia Zoo in May and will eventually be joined by a female. Breeding these animals can be difficult, but Zoo Keepers are up for the challenge and are eager to help bring the species back from the brink of extinction.
The male iguana currently at the Zoo was originally hatched at Zoo Miami on August 29, 2013, before being transferred to the Virginia Zoo earlier this year. He measures around 30 inches long and weighs less than two-and-a-half pounds. The iguana can be found basking on or hiding under the rocks in his exhibit, except for when he is eating.
His diet is handpicked by Zoo Chef Yohn, and consists of one cup of mixed produce twice a week. Chef Yohn mixes up the diet according to what is available but likes to choose from various greens like kale, romaine lettuce or collards and vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli, apples and grapes. The iguana eats anything from the Diet Kitchen, but likes to indulge in super worms from his Keepers once a week.
The iguana has settled in well and can be seen in his large reptile exhibit in the World of Reptiles. If you haven’t had the chance to visit the Zoo to see our new reptiles and their friends, today’s a great day to come see the male iguana since it’s National Iguana Awareness Day! Show your support with a trip to the newly reopened World of Reptiles or by donating to the Zoo here. | <urn:uuid:89cf248c-a97e-4617-b0aa-6acb583723dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://virginiazoo.org/2018/09/iguana-meet-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506580.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402014600-20200402044600-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.967373 | 753 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Sunday, June 19th 2016
Sunday June 19th
533 Mt. Pleasant Road – Rear
This is open to the public.
Northview Heights was part of Reserve Township before being annexed by Pittsburgh in 1932. At that time, what is now Northview Heights consisted of vacant land which, due to topography, was isolated from Spring Hill (to the south) and Summer Hill (to the north).
During a seven-year period from 1955-1962, the Housing Authority of the City of Pittsburgh developed this vacant land by creating a 999 unit public housing project called Northview Heights.
This event is taking place in the Northview Heights playground and ball field space.
• Free refreshments courtesy of the Northview Heights Citizens Council
• Stories about the neighborhood are being collected onsite by The Saturday Light Brigade.
• Hands-on activities with Pittsburgh Center for Creative Reuse.
• Public art with AIR: Artists Image Resource
• Historical photos courtesy of Allegheny City Historic Gallery.
• Grow Pittsburgh will preview plans for a garden in Northview Heights. | <urn:uuid:8c3969f6-4ddf-440e-8631-3f6f54194b60> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://blockpartypgh.com/northviewheights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488553635.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624110458-20210624140458-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.939567 | 219 | 2.703125 | 3 |
ISO 14001 is the international standard that specifies requirements for an effective environmental management system (EMS). It provides a framework that an organization can follow, rather than establishing environmental performance requirements. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines an environmental management system as “part of the management system used to manage environmental aspects, fulfill compliance obligations, and address risks and opportunities.” The framework in the ISO 14001 standard can be used within a plan-do-check-act (PDCA) approach to continuous improvement.
Improve your image and credibility
If your contracts or tenders require an ISO 14001 certification, then this is an obvious benefit. But, even if it is not a formal requirement, very often your customers, neighbors, and the local community will be interested in how you care for the environment around you. Increasingly, consumers are concerned about the environmental practices of the companies that produce the products they use.
Help you comply with legal requirements
One of the most important benefits that can be derived from implementing ISO 14001 is to provide you with a framework for identifying, monitoring and complying with the various environmental requirements that apply to your processes.
Improvement in cost control
All companies want to reduce costs – this is a fact of life in today’s world economy – but you may wonder how an environmental management system can help with cost control.
Enable quicker improvement of processes
The element of continual improvement that is integral to the ISO 14001 requirements can be used to help your organization to move from small improvements toward greater enhancements to your organizational processes.
Reduce employee turnover
As just stated, employees who are involved in company improvements are more engaged in other aspects of the company. Given a choice between working for a company that shows care and concern for the environment around it and one that does not, most people would prefer the first company.
Make An Appointment | <urn:uuid:aeb7d53c-0276-44e9-88df-025ef6f37a40> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.peakwareconsulting.com/ISO-14001-Environmental-Management-System.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226130305-20240226160305-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.938402 | 382 | 3.046875 | 3 |
|The Foods of England | Cookbooks | Diary | Index | Magic Menu ||
Food Map of England
- Lost Foods
- Classic Meals
- Curry Dishes
- Egg Dishes
- Fruits & Vegetables
- Game & Offal
- Meat & Meat Dishes
- Pastries and Pies
- Pot Meals
- Preserves & Jams
- Puddings & Sweets
- Sweets and Toffee
(or Jumbels or Jumbols Jambals, or 'Knot Biscuits')
Cooked shapes such as knots, rings or S-shapes, of rich pastry (eg, flour, butter, sugar and egg) with flavourings such as almonds, lemon, peel or, in the earliest known version, with aniseed. Often coated with sugar ice. Jumbles served with sweet wine such as Sauternes or Madeira were a staple of Georgian card parties.
Original Receipt in 'The Arte of Preserving Conserving, Candying &c' by Hugh Plat, 1609 (Plat 1609)
16. To make Jumbolls
Take half a pound of Almonds being beaten to a paste with a short cake being grated, and 2 eggs, 2 ounces of carroway seeds, being beaten, and the juice of a Lemmon: and being brought into paste, roule it into round strings: then cast it into knots, and so bake it in an oven and when they are baked, ice them with Rose-water and Sugar, and the white of an egge being beaten together, then take a feather and gild them, and put them again into the oven, and let them stand in a little while, and they will be iced cleane over with a white ice: and so boxe them up, and you may keep them all the yeare
Original Receipt from 'Countrey Contentments, or, The English Hus-wife' by Gervase Markham, 1615 (Markham 1615)
To make the best Jumbals, take the whites of three Eggs, and beat them well, and take off the froth; then take a little milk and a pound of fine wheat flowre and Sugar together finely sifted, and a few Anniseeds well rub'd and dryed, and then work all together as stiff as you can work it, and so make them in what forms you please, & bake them in a soft oven upon white papers.
Acton 1845 insists they be very slowly baked that. "They should be pale, but perfectly crisp."
Original Receipt in the 'Reform Cookery Book' (4th edition) by Mrs. Mill (Mill 1909)
½-lb. flour, ¼ lb. butter, 2 ozs. sifted sugar, 1 egg. Pinch baking powder. Beat butter and sugar to a cream, add egg, well beaten, then flour, &c. Knead into a stiff paste, divide into 12 or more pieces, and roll out pipe-wise with the hands, about a foot long. Curl round, or form into letters, &c. Lay on floured oven plate. Brush with egg. Sprinkle with sugar, and bake 15 minutes in hot oven.
Sitemap - This page updated 02/10/2016 - Copyright © Glyn Hughes 2016 | <urn:uuid:f4b0beec-f409-44db-9df0-3bca2e6c569e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://foodsofengland.co.uk/jumblesorjumbelsorjambals.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608870.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527055922-20170527075922-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.912841 | 702 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The CYBERSAFE Toolkit is intended for teachers or other professionals working with young people, who want to address online violence against women and girls, including online sexual harassment and online safety, in the classroom or in another setting. The toolkit provides all necessary materials to facilitate four workshops on the topics of non-consensual sharing of sexual images, exploitation, coercion and threats, sexualised bullying, and unwanted sexualisation, including an online tool that encourages discussion and role play and a guide with practical information for facilitators.
After participating in the workshops, young people
- can recognise (signs of) online violence against girls.
- understand the emotional impact and other possible consequences of online violence against girls for anyone involved.
- know how to prevent online violence against girls.
- know how to act in an adequate, supportive and positive way if they themselves or someone else experiences online violence.
The CYBERSAFE Toolkit is available for download here.
End online violence against girls – introducing the CYBERSAFE Toolkit | <urn:uuid:1ddd868b-dae5-4ca9-9cae-13228c3bf4ce> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.stoponlineviolence.eu/cybersafe-toolkit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648635.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602104352-20230602134352-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.898422 | 211 | 3.171875 | 3 |
An international team of scientists, including Western University meteor astronomers Peter Brown and graduate student Elizabeth Silber, have joined forces with NASA to make an out-of-this world discovery.
The findings, published today in Science, prove meteorites that were recovered earlier this year at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California, are extremely rare Carbonaceous-Mighei (or CM-type carbonaceous chondrite) meteorites and more importantly, the researchers believe they have identified the point of origin of these primitive space rocks.
Of the estimated 100,000-pound asteroid, less than two pounds was recovered on the ground in the form of 77 meteorites. The biggest was 205 grams. Some of the key meteorites studied were found by volunteer search teams led by meteor astronomer Peter Jenniskens of the SETI Institute, Mountain View, Calif., and NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
"A good candidate source region for CM chondrites now is the Eulalia asteroid family, recently proposed as a source of primitive C-class asteroids in orbits that pass Earth," said Jenniskens, the lead author of Science paper titled, "Radar Enabled Recovery of the Sutter's Mill Meteorite, a Carbonaceous Chondrite Regolith Breccia."
Detection of the falling meteors by Doppler weather radar allowed for rapid recovery so that scientists could study for the first time a primitive meteorite with little exposure to the elements, providing the most pristine look to date at the surface of primitive asteroids.
Western's participation was focused on the identification and interpretation of the shock waves produced in the atmosphere as the meteoroid disrupted over California before raining meteorites to the ground.
"We looked at low frequency sound waves, called infrasound, from the fireball which produced these meteorites as detected at two stations, one in southern California and one in Washington State," said Brown, Director of Western's Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration (http://cpsx.uwo.ca/) and Canada Research Chair in Meteor Astronomy.
"By looking at the frequency of the sound from the fireball at these two stations, we were able to estimate that the total energy released by the fireball as it descended over California was comparable to four kilotons of TNT explosive power," explained Brown. "Based on the measured speed of the fireball, this pins the size of the object to be several meters across before it entered the atmosphere."
"The large size, as determined from our infrasound measurements, may help to explain how an object moving so fast, almost 30 kilometers per second, was able to produce a few small meteorites on the ground."
According to Brown, normal meteorite falls occur at about half this speed. In effect, the large size of the object was what allowed survival of material for later analysis.
For more information, please visit http://www.seti.org/node/1542
MEDIA CONTACT: Jeff Renaud, Senior Media Relations Officer, Western University, 519-520-7281
Western delivers an academic experience second to none. Since 1878, The Western Experience has combined academic excellence with life-long opportunities for intellectual, social and cultural growth in order to better serve our communities. Our research excellence expands knowledge and drives discovery with real-world application. Western attracts individuals with a broad worldview, seeking to study, influence and lead in the international community. | <urn:uuid:2ac2ad26-c534-4ae2-b42d-70829d79bd16> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=39599 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507442497.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005722-00073-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945071 | 700 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Treasures of China featuring the Dazu Rock Carvings showcases the North American premiere of 48 ancient Chinese sculptures depicting a fusion of Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian beliefs, dating back as far as the 10th Century AD. The Dazu Rock Carvings are known worldwide for their large scale, complete conservation, display of nationality and life, and unmatched craftsmanship. Having only left China once before, these UNESCO World Heritage Site carvings represent an extremely rare glimpse of the most spectacular Chinese speleological (cave) art ever produced.
The Dazu Rock Carvings site represents 75 locations of cliffside carvings in Dazu County, composed of more than 50,000 statues and over 100,000 Chinese characters of inscriptions and epigraphs, with some statues measuring up to 37 meters long, dwarfing their visitors. Although many of the rock carvings are over 1,000 years old, the artifacts have been impeccably preserved. Chinese travelers were restricted from visiting the site until 1961 with foreign visitors not permitted until 1980 helping to conserve these historical masterpieces. Aside from their exclusivity and preservation, their historical, artistic, scientific, and appreciative value is unmatched in any other grottoes produced during any period before.
The 48 sculptures on loan to THEMUSEUM have been handpicked from the Beishan and Baodingshan locations in Dazu County, two of the most prolific sites in Dazu. They are making their North American debut in Kitchener, Ontario – an unprecedented opportunity to view some of China’s most exclusive national treasures.
The exhibition also includes a collection of contemporary peasant paintings from the China Three Gorges Museum in Chongqing, featuring typical examples describing the regional artistic features from across China with their distinctive painting styles and techniques. Chinese folk culture has a 5,000 year tradition with modern peasant painting emerging in the mid-1920s. Its application of imaginative distortions and flamboyant colours in its expression gives peasant painting a unique place in Chinese art and will be represented at THEMUSEUM by Dongfeng of Jilin, Huxian of Shanxi, Jinshan of Shanghai and Qijiang of Chongqing.
Finally, visitors will have the opportunity to purchase original rock sculptures and paintings inspired by the Dazu Rock Carvings and hand crafted by Chinese contemporary artists. Some of these pieces of art were created specifically for Treasures of China.
© Copyright 2012 THEMUSEUM | <urn:uuid:ccff2e8b-45eb-494f-bc16-ae26153c253a> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.themuseum.ca/exhibition/treasures-china-featuring-dazu-rock-carvings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380037.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00118-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945463 | 511 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Moon, a well-known scholar, served as an adviser to Kim Dae-jung, South Korea’s president from 1998 until 2003, and to Roh Moo-hyun, who held the presidency from 2003 until 2008. The two presidents tried to thaw relations with Pyongyang, build trust, and create conditions for gradual change in the North’s political and economic systems that might lead to coexistence and eventually to peaceful unification. Moon blames U.S. President George W. Bush for disrupting those efforts before they had a chance to build on what he claims were initial successes. But to say the policy needed more time is to acknowledge that it depended on more reciprocity from the North and more strategic patience from the United States than could realistically be expected -- not to mention more support from the South Korean public, which proceeded to award the presidency to a hard-liner, Lee Myung-bak, in 2008. Nevertheless, Moon explains the logic of the “sunshine policy” well and calls for its revival, making a strong case that every other option -- military pressure, containment, and waiting for the regime in Pyongyang to collapse -- has failed.
Get the best of Foreign Affairs' book reviews delivered to you. | <urn:uuid:90b9d6cc-85f5-4480-8de3-f839acef5714> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/sunshine-policy-defense-engagement-path-peace-korea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257830064.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071030-00152-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959085 | 252 | 2.78125 | 3 |
With the busy schedules December brings, many of us have already started to think about how we will “reset” our lives for the New Year. We desire change, often times in all major areas of our lives. Career, finance, relationships, health and wellness to name a few. We want change, but how willing are we to take the steps to actually create change? And more importantly, how do we achieve the change we desire in an easy manageable way?
Routines are powerful tools we, of all ages, can use to minimize stress, anxiety and maximize opportunities to achieve any goal we set for ourselves. In our youth athletes, teaching them how powerful, yet simple a routine can be can set them up for success in areas of their lives beyond the pool.
Doing is achieving, and doing things that make us feel good empower us to achieve things that feel good, for ourselves and for others. Everything ties back to the basis of all human experience - emotion. How we feel about any given thing leads us to a positive, or negative perspective of our days, and of our world. A deliberate and purposeful routine can help us stay on the path of positive perspectives.
We can begin this process simply, by diving deeper into one especially important routine:
We don’t often sit down and decide deliberately to go over what our routines look like, or what the quality of our routines really are, or how much they may be holding us back without careful thought and attention.
We know children thrive inside of routines, or boundaries. For the sake of this blog, we will stick to the using the word routine. The organized nature of routines can create an atmosphere of safety and protection, the perfect ingredients for an effective and optimal sleep. So how can we do this?
Begin by creating a bedroom sanctuary. A feeling of relaxation and calm when your children enter their rooms is the focus, so their sleep routines can begin. How do we know we are on a path to success? Ask your child how they feel when they enter their bedrooms.
Some other important considerations which can elevate any routine;
1. Dimly lit rooms, with a lamp, or nightlight. All blue lights are ideally kept out of bedrooms completely.
2. Cooler temperature - humans have higher quality sleeps when air temperatures are lowered to 18-19C, so overheating can be avoided.
3. A connection to a special toy, or blanket.
4. A moment of reflection of the day.
5. An evening comfort food, such as warm milk, hot cocoa (not hot chocolate) or bone broth.
Sleep masks. For under $10, and as a great stocking stuffer, sleep masks block out all light, creating an additional layer of darkness for tired eyes, allowing for longer, deeper sleeps. I myself have the best sleeps with my sleep masks. They are especially beneficial during travel, in unfamiliar surroundings such as hotels or grandma’s house at Christmas.
Weighted Blankets. Gravid (gravid.ca) and other companies have created weighted blankets, to promote deep REM sleep, boost serotonin levels, reduce stress hormones and lower anxiety. Of course, everyone responds differently, the blankets can be hot, but from personal experience stress and relaxation during nap time has proven beneficial.
Even more reason to examine routines;
1. Routines can aid in maintaining the foundations of nutrition, sleep, self care and time management.
2. Routines become soothing, and safe.
3. Routines can challenge us to beat yesterday.
4. Routines can show us an elevated level of creativity, physical ability and other skills.
5. Routines can prevent us from making choices which can lead to negative impacts or distractions.
6. Routines can create opportunities for space to try new things.
7. Routines offer organization, which opens the door to embrace change, and newness.
What routines do you have, and how can you elevate them? | <urn:uuid:516ed54a-7f9c-43ad-b31c-0ca6848340b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.empowernow-athletics.com/post/the-power-of-routines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735810.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803111838-20200803141838-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.928929 | 819 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Gold has been a valuable and highly sought-after precious metal for coinage, jewelry, and other arts since long before the beginning of recorded history. Gold standards have been the most common basis for monetary policies throughout human history. Gold has also been frequently linked to a wide variety of symbolism and ideologies. In India gold is considered as an important metal. India is also one of the biggest consumer of gold in the world and most of which is used for jewelry. But the price of gold is increasing at a rapid rate. Here is a price list of 10gram of gold price history for the last 86 years ( From 1925 To 2011 ). | <urn:uuid:a44f4bdd-e9cf-40e4-9870-79392e33e648> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.sharegoodstuffs.com/2012/06/history-of-gold-price-for-last-86-years.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249490870.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223061816-20190223083816-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.967212 | 144 | 2.84375 | 3 |
So she sat down instead of standing up in a vain effort at retrieval.
It was just the moment for the Church party to attempt a retrieval of their lost power.
retrieval is part of the practice of knowledge and defines a horizon for human interaction.
But what retrieval of lost comeliness could be effected in a day or two?
He is the best who wins the most splendid victories by the retrieval of mistakes.
The abolition of slavery, and the retrieval of specie in this colony, are the subjects on which I would bespeak their attention.
In Æschylus, when once "destiny" is about, all retrieval grows absurd.
For the victory in question, from whatever point of view we may look at it, was not the avoidance of defeat, but its retrieval.
The touch is the retrieval, so far as it goes, setting up as it does heaven knows what undefeated continuity.
It's simply the case of a man who has made a fool of himself and sees no help of retrieval in himself.
retrieval re·triev·al (rĭ-trē'vəl)
The third stage in the memory process, after encoding and storage, involving mental processes associated with bringing stored information back into consciousness. | <urn:uuid:8296b717-b04d-4792-910d-1814037a2bb4> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/retrieval?qsrc=2446 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171271.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00600-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957721 | 265 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Here, I aim to briefly outline the general nature of moral responsibility as well as its implications for how a person ought to approach voting in an election.
Moral Responsibility in General
The source of all morality is the life of the human individual. As I explain in my video series, “Life as the Origin and Basis of Morality” (see Part 1 and Part 2), the life of the individual is the necessary precondition for any moral system, and therefore the preservation of that life is the foremost moral principle. The principle has to be universalizable to all individuals, or else one’s claim to the legitimacy of protection for one’s own life would be arbitrary and simply a matter of “might making right” (that is, if one can protect oneself against stronger individuals who do not recognize this legitimacy). If, however, one recognizes that the moral primacy of life is an abstract principle that can be applied to every person, then one can justly claim the moral high ground in defending one’s own right to life as an implication of this principle.
The existence of moral responsibility arises from two facts: (i) human beings can choose their actions, and (ii) various human actions can have varying degrees of beneficial or harmful consequences to human life. An action is moral if it benefits the life of any human being (including the actor) without harming any other human being. An action is immoral if it directly and unavoidably harms the life and infringes on the legitimate prerogatives of any human being – even if some other party might benefit from the action. Because each individual human being is an end in him- or herself, no action that “benefits” some people by harming others can be considered moral. The deliberate and direct infliction of harm upon any person trumps any possible benefit that can be gained from an action. Furthermore, in reality (contrived hypothetical “train-track” scenarios notwithstanding), it is causally impossible for a harm to result in a benefit and for genuine benefit to be unachievable without harm.
Moral responsibility can be a source of both praise and criticism. A person should be praised if he is morally responsible for a beneficial action. A person should be criticized if he is morally responsible for an accumulation of sufficiently harmful actions. It is possible for a generally good person to be morally responsible for a harmful action. This alone does not make the person evil, and a person may compensate for a harmful action through restitution to its victims. Once appropriate restitution has been made, the harmful action should cease to adversely affect our judgment of the perpetrator. However, restitution to persons other than the victims would not suffice, because the benefit of one person cannot outweigh the harm done to another. If irreversible harm has been done, the moral wrong cannot be fully righted, and therefore the perpetrator must always bear some degree of moral responsibility. However, the adverse judgment of the perpetrator can be mitigated if the victim remains alive and decides that the perpetrator can confer a certain alternative benefit that would compensate for the harm without undoing it.
To clarify, this principle does not prohibit or denounce the use of force in order to defend oneself against harm or to punish a wrongdoer who has inflicted harm, as long as the punishment is proportional to the harm and has the effect of preventing future harm committed by such a wrongdoer. However, the retaliatory use of force is only appropriate if directed against genuine wrongdoers, exercised with extreme care for its proportionality, exercised lawfully, and performed without “collateral damage” to innocents. Infliction of harm upon an innocent person is never morally justified, for any goal.
A person is only morally responsible for actions directly within his or her control. A person does not bear any share of “collective guilt” for the actions of others whom somebody deems to be “similar” to that person in some respect. Neither does a person bear any “blood guilt” for the actions of ancestors or descendants. Sometimes a person’s actions may contribute to a larger harm – as when large numbers of people make poor decisions that result in a combined substantial damage to the lives of some innocents. In that case, each person whose actions directly contribute to the harm bears some degree of moral responsibility, in proportion to his or her contribution to the harm. However, in such cases, it is extremely difficult to isolate the contribution of any particular individual, and so the most practical remedy is not restitution, but rather the persuasion of individuals to desist from continuing to contribute to the harm.
Because moral responsibility relates to actual benefit and harm to human beings, there can be no moral responsibility for “victimless” actions, though one can bear moral responsibility for either benefiting or harming oneself. The moral responsibility for harming oneself can only be compensated for through reparations to oneself – i.e., through performance of actions that benefit oneself and undo the harm. Thus, actions that harm oneself alone cannot be undone by adhering to the dictates of others, and so no prohibition or external punishment can ever be appropriate for such actions. This is why a legitimate legal system would only prohibit and punish harm inflicted by an individual upon others and would allow an individual to harm himself without legal penalty. In this way, a class of immoral actions (harms to oneself) ought to be entirely legal. If an action does not damage the life of either oneself or others, then it can be neither illegal nor immoral.
While morality ultimately focuses on consequences, an individual’s intent in carrying out an action can have long-term effects on that individual’s moral standing. It is possible to have ill intent in carrying out an action but, through good fortune, to end up harming no one. In that case, no moral responsibility can exist because no one has been harmed. However, a person who continues to act upon ill intent is extremely likely to cause actual harm through repeated action. Therefore, acting with ill intent is like a game of Russian roulette as far as moral responsibility is concerned. One might escape moral responsibility any given time, but the probability of incurring it in the future is close to certain. Furthermore, acting with ill intent ultimately damages the individual’s capacity to choose morally, as it results in the reinforcement of habits of thought which oppose the preservation of human life and the cultivation of human civilization. Likewise, good intent can assist an individual in committing moral actions by cultivating habits of thought that render moral choices easier. However, good intent must be reflected in benefits to human life before an action can be considered moral. Good intent cannot absolve a person of moral responsibility for a harmful act, though it should (if aided by an understanding of cause and effect) assist the person in avoiding similar harmful acts in the future.
Moral Responsibility and Voting
In any scenario of voting, the individuals who participate are numerous, and the outcome results from an aggregation of individual votes. No given person can be said to specifically be responsible for the outcome of the election being one way or another, even if the outcome results from a difference of one vote (because anyone else’s one vote would have had the identical impact). Nonetheless, if the outcome of an election is the rise to office of politicians who perpetrate harmful actions, then the people who voted for those politicians share some of the moral responsibility in the harms – since, without the vote, those politicians would most likely not have come to power (unless they staged a coup). A clear case of this is the moral responsibility of the Germans in 1933 who gave Hitler’s Nazi Party the plurality of the vote. Were it not for this moral sanction, the harms committed by the Nazi Party would never have come to pass. Of course, the moral responsibility of the typical German voter who supported Hitler was slight compared to the moral responsibility of the actual Nazi leaders and their followers who actually partook in carnage and destruction. Nonetheless, by committing an action that clearly demonstrated support for the Nazi Party, even the otherwise peaceful Germans who voted for it helped to make its atrocities possible.
A person who does not vote for a winning candidate (either by voting for a losing candidate or by not voting at all) cannot have moral responsibility for what transpires when the winning candidate is elected, because he did not grant support to and sometimes explicitly opposed the winning candidate. He can therefore justifiably say, of what transpires afterward, that it did not transpire with his approval or assistance. In electoral situations, it is seldom the case that a single person can make all the difference (unless he is exceptionally good at persuasion of vast numbers of people), but a single person can choose not to be part of the problem. This is why a person should always vote his conscience (if he votes at all) and should never support a candidate who might commit incremental harm relative to the status quo, in that person’s view. However, a person could justifiably support a candidate who might bring about incremental benefit, even if that benefit is not as comprehensive as the voter might desire.
It is important to note that voting for a candidate who would commit incremental harm is not justified by the presence of a candidate whom one expects to commit even greater harm. Because harm can never bring benefit, it should follow that the infliction of lesser harms can never avert greater harms. The person who actively supports a move in the direction of harm (relative to the status quo) simply legitimizes the political system’s infliction of harm upon himself and others. By signaling to the political system that he will tolerate a certain degree of incremental worsening of his situation, he invites politicians to gradually ratchet up the degree of harm they cause, as long as they can claim (justifiably or not) that their opponents would bring about even greater harm.
In this case, what is the nature of the moral responsibility of the person who votes for a “lesser evil” in his mind? If the “lesser evil” loses, then there is clearly no moral responsibility if the person did not otherwise engage in harmful behavior to promote the “lesser evil” or to damage those who criticized the “lesser evil.” However, support for a losing “lesser evil” can lead to unfortunate habits of thought that would leave one vulnerable to the entreaties of politicians who intend to inflict harm. Just like ill intent in committing an action leaves one vulnerable to committing harm in the future, voting for a losing “lesser evil” leaves one vulnerable to voting for a winning “lesser evil” in the future. If one votes for an incrementally harmful candidate who wins, then one does share in the moral responsibility of those actions which a reasonable person could have anticipated on the basis of the candidate’s past record, rhetoric (including any tendencies for duplicity and lies contained therein), and character. This moral responsibility is clearly not of the same caliber as the moral responsibility of the politician who actually inflicts the harms, or the enforcers who act on his behalf. Furthermore, because the moral responsibility of voters is always highly dispersed, it is impractical to design appropriate restitution for it. Rather, the sole practical remedy is for the voters in question to recognize the mistake of their prior actions and, in the future, to work to the extent of their abilities to undo the harms of the winning candidate’s actions in office. For instance, a person who recognizes that he was deceived into supporting a “lesser evil” who won can focus his efforts on defeating this politician or similar politicians as the next election approaches. This person could also work at persuading others not to make similar mistakes.
The most reliable way to avoid adverse moral responsibility in voting is to vote for a candidate whom one considers to be an improvement over the status quo in absolute, not relative, terms – and without regard for how others might vote. Morality is not based on consensus, but on objective truth. One’s own understanding of objective truth, and the continual pursuit of improving that understanding, is the best path to moral action and the habits of thought that facilitate it.
As the ISideWith.com survey of voter preferences shows, if voters truly voted in accordance to their understanding of the most preferable courses of action, the American electoral landscape in 2012 would be quite different. For one, the 2012 Presidential contest would clearly be between Gary Johnson and Barack Obama, rather than between Obama and Mitt Romney. | <urn:uuid:837d981e-9cf0-4b20-a958-12d51462fe20> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.rationalargumentator.com/index/blog/tag/intent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585737.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023162040-20211023192040-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.956898 | 2,565 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Mom was right, there’s no substitute for healthy eating.
Some of the most popular vitamin and mineral supplements — like those for vitamin D, calcium and vitamin C — had zero influence on lessening a person’s risk for cardiovascular disease, heart attack, stroke or premature death, a new study found.
“We were surprised to find so few positive effects of the most common supplements that people consume,” the study’s lead author and University of Toronto nutritional sciences professor, David Jenkins, said in a release. “Our review found that if you want to use multivitamins, vitamin D, calcium or vitamin C, it does no harm — but there is no apparent advantage either.”
The study reviewed data on vitamins A, B1, B2, B3 (niacin), B6, B9 (folic acid), C, D and E; and mineral supplements including calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, and selenium.
The only pills the study found to be beneficial were folic acid and B-vitamins. The acid on its own and when combined with B-vitamins might reduce a person’s risk of cardio diseases and stroke. Inversely, the researchers discovered that introducing niacin and antioxidants to a diet that doesn’t need either might — very slightly — increase the risk of premature death.
“These findings suggest that people should be conscious of the supplements they’re taking and ensure they’re applicable to the specific vitamin or mineral deficiencies they have been advised of by their healthcare provider,” Jenkins said. “It’s most beneficial to rely on a healthy diet to get your fill of vitamins and minerals. | <urn:uuid:59a538ca-5afd-487d-b54f-d89672750b66> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://dailynews.news/vitamin-supplements-provide-no-health-benefit-after-all/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583792338.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121111139-20190121133139-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.932138 | 360 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Researchers are quickly discovering that learning how to prevent Alzheimer’s disease, or at least learning how to slow its progression, may be as simple as engaging the mind and body in regular exercise and a consistent brain fitness program. With life expectancy increasing from 50 years to nearly 80 years since the turn of the century, the emergence of novel, neurogenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s have become more apparent and widespread, necessitating further public awareness regarding facts about Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease prevention.
First noted in 1906, a Bavarian psychiatrist named Alois Alzheimer, thought this disease, known now as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was some kind of premature dementia related to senility. However, we now know that AD presents a genetic predisposition at high as 50 or 60 percent in some families.
Because Alzheimer’s is strongly genetic, how can it be preventable? According to an article published by the American Physiological Society titled “Alzheimer’s Disease: Genes, Proteins and Therapy by Dennis Selkoe, one of the risks associated with developing AD is vigorously correlated with the presence of cardiovascular disease. In fact, autopsy studies have revealed that 80 percent of people expiring while experiencing AD suffered from some type of cardiovascular disease.
How to Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease by Diet and Exercise
Nearly half of people over 60 diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease suffer specifically from vascular dementia, or dementia caused by damaged vessels that can no longer carry a sufficient supply of blood to the brain. Vascular dementia usually results from strokes, high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure produced by a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diets, smoking and excessive use of alcohol.
The brain requires a steady and rich supply of nutrients, oxygen, and glucose provided via blood flow. When this necessary blood flow is impeded by obstructed or impaired vessels, neurons die quickly. Depending on how much blood is reaching the brain, cognitive difficulties may occur slowly and take many years to reach a critical stage or they may happen suddenly, especially in the case of a major stroke that severely restricts blood flow.
Exercising regularly and eating healthy foods is the key to remaining free of cardiovascular diseases that exacerbate Alzheimer’s disease. Even individuals genetically predisposed to AD can benefit from learning how to prevent Alzheimer’s disease by adhering to a lifestyle that involves eating more vegetables, fruits and grains, drinking water, coffee or tea instead of sodas and walking two to three miles each week. Other exercises recommended for senior citizens are swimming, stair climbing, yoga, and dancing.
Keeping Alzheimer’s Genes “Turned Off”
Genes for all kinds of disorders lay dormant in our cells until they are “turned on” by an external influence and allowed to exhibit their essential nature. For example, research has discovered that people who develop schizophrenia (another highly genetic disorder) have experienced extremely stressful situations that trigger the release of the gene’s attributes. If these events had not detrimentally affected an individual with the schizophrenia gene, that person may have lived a life free of this devastating mental disease but carried the gene as a dormant gene.
Alzheimer’s genes work in the same way, lying dormant until something triggers them, like heart disease. AD genes have other triggers as well.
The brain’s plasticity continues to amaze neurologists. It was once thought humans were born with all the neurons they would ever possess. However, neuroscientists now know that the brain continues to create neurons by a process called neurogenesis, at a rate of possibly millions each day. In addition, new connections are made among the vast supply of brain cells whenever we learn something new.
However, neurogenesis and new connections do not arise by themselves. Without regular stimulation of the brain by reading, memorizing, analyzing, performing “brain boosters” like crossword puzzles, learning a new language and playing card games, new neuronal connections will not develop and the brain essentially begins to wither like a plant without water.
Combining a sedentary lifestyle, bad food habits and habitually doing nothing but watching television with receiving little mental stimulation greatly increases a person’s chance for suffering Alzheimer’s disease. These things not only represent powerful genetic triggers but are also conducive to the development of AD in people without a family history of AD.
How to Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease by Reducing Stress
The negative effects of chronic stress and anxiety are many–hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, weight gain and psychological disorders. Stress also causes the hippocampus to shrink, a brain structure responsible for long-term and short-term memory consolidation. Although some shrinkage is inevitable due to the normal aging process, someone with AD who is a “worry-warts” or who lives in a constantly stressful situation is more likely to have a hippocampus substantially smaller than those with a normal hippocampus.
Furthermore, a study conducted by Kirk Erickson (et al) titled “Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory”, published in the 2011 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reported that subjects between 55 and 80 who engaged in regular aerobic exercise actually increased the size of their hippocampus and averted cognitive decline.
Maintaining an active social life by volunteering, joining clubs, taking art or academic classes or just having lunch with friends is another important example that greatly contributes to learning how to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Socializing, talking and laughing with friends and family members is an excellent source of “brain food”, stimulating neuronal connections, as well as reducing stress. | <urn:uuid:c78e401d-f278-4210-880f-6bac08ac69b5> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://caregiverrelief.com/2014/08/how-to-prevent-alzheimers-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141181179.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125041943-20201125071943-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.933298 | 1,166 | 3.25 | 3 |
This genus includes some thirty species of evergreen perennials, native to the Canary Islands. Often shrubby and woody-stemmed at the base, found growing mostly in the Canary Islands on hillsides and escarpments. They produce succulent rosettes of waxy leaves, generally at the ends of naked stems, often producing aerial roots.
Aeonium ‘Zwartkop’ is a branching evergreen succulent form that produces fantastic, almost black leaf rosettes at the ends of its branches.
The name ‘Zwartkop’ (syn. ‘Schwarzkopf’), means ‘black head.’ It is a very popular Aeonium and deservedly so, as it has rich purplish-black, narrow, spoon-shaped, polished leaves, much darker than ‘Atropurpureum’. The stronger the sun, the blacker it becomes.
During the cold winter months, they must be stored in a frost free location and watered sparingly if at all; because they are adapted to dry conditions. Like other cacti and succulents, their leaves store water for the plant to use during hot dry periods.
They are wonderful plants bedded out for the summer months also working well in containers with other dessert plants.
Latin name: Aeonium arboreum ‘Zwartkop’
Common Name: Black Tree Aeonium
Ease of growing: Easy, though not hardy
Position: Full sun – very dry and hot, though they do like a good summer rain as well
Buy Aeonium arboreum ‘Zwartkop’ online today. Black Tree Aeonium for sale in the UK. | <urn:uuid:39f1d6f6-bc55-4085-9ac7-c755bf25211c> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.exoticplantsonline.co.uk/exotic-plants-all/aeonium-arboreum-zwartkop-black-tree-aeonium-for-sale/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660529.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118193139-20190118215139-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.930662 | 367 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Every day, hundreds of invasive species are traded online.
Invasive species are organisms that occupy habitats outside of their native range and tend to spread, causing damage to the environment and economy. The rate at which non-native species are being introduced is increasing in most countries, due in part to the rise of new distribution channels, including e-commerce.
Amazon and eBay were recently implicated in hosting ads to ship banned invasive species into the UK, according to a report by The Guardian.
The sites carried listings for aquatic plants that are popularly used in ponds and aquariums, including floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides), water fern (Azolla filiculoides) and parrot’s feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum). All are native to the Americas, and all are invasive species in the UK that have been banned from entering the country.
DON'T MISS: Invasive Asian Carp Are Closing in on Lake Erie
Once established, all three species tend to grow rapidly and have detrimental effects. They clog waterways, making it difficult for boats to navigate and increasing risk of flooding, and they outcompete native species.
The ban means the selling or advertising the shipment of those species to the UK is illegal. According to the report, it is unknown whether legal action will be taken against the companies or sellers involved.
This is not an isolated incident. A 2015 study published in the journal Conservation Biology found that more than 500 invasive plant species are traded daily worldwide over the Internet. Online purchases appear not to be effectively regulated, according to the study.
Many invasive species can easily be obtained with a few clicks of a mouse. Until there is more stringent regulation of online trade in invasive species, it is up to consumers to be aware of their country’s restrictions on wildlife.
You might also like: Thousands of Rare Birds Traded Through Singapore Have Gone Unaccounted For | <urn:uuid:85b213fe-a823-4c27-a978-662b69f77d9a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://thescienceexplorer.com/nature/invasive-species-are-spreading-through-trade-ebay-and-amazon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489425.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219061432-20190219083432-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.947559 | 397 | 3.3125 | 3 |
In this article we explore what to look for when chosing a natural language processing software.
What is natural language processing?
Natural language processing (NLP) relates to a system’s ability to understand and respond to human (natural) languages in text or speech formats. It is the branch of computer science and artificial intelligence (AI) focused on using computer programming to understand, generate and process language. There are also many subcategories of NLP such as speech recognition, natural language generation (NLG) and natural language understanding (NLU).
Natural language processing uses machine learning (ML) to understand meaning and relationships between words. ML relies on grammatical rules and linguistic habits to find and predict patterns. Using deep learning, NLP can go beyond the limitations of ML, improving over time to understand intent and emotion, learning in a similar way to humans.
What is NLP Software?
NLP Software provides an interactive way to manipulate and analyse text and unstructured data. Let’s have a look the most common examples of NLP software features below.
Natural language processing software examples and benefits
Search is the most common use of NLP software. Every time you use a search engine, that engine is utilizing NLP software to deliver results that match your expectations. NLP allows search engines to learn and improve over time.
Speech recognition tools are becoming increasingly popular, using NLP software to understand speech and respond appropriately. Virtual assistants like Siri and Google Home are now commonplace thanks to advancements in NLP software capabilities.”.
Spelling and grammar checking software also uses NLP to compare what you have typed to dictionaries and linguistic rules to identify errors and suggest improvements.
To an end user, NLP delivers an enriched consumer experience, ensuring computer responses match your expectations when running a search or conversing with a voice assistant. Common tools like search and spell check are now taken for granted.
For businesses, NLP enables us to quickly retrieve accurate information on the fly. Most businesses spend large amounts of time searching for data and NLP allows us to reduce that time significantly. In addition to time savings, NLP also delivers protection with spam filtering protecting businesses from unwanted email for example.
NLP can be extended beyond word recognition to sentiment analysis. Sentiment analysis tools are able to discern whether statements are positive, negative or neutral. This allows organizations to use NLP to measure consumer sentiment, monitoring social media to categorize online communications by emotions of sadness, joy or anger for example. Organisations can then use this information to manage and respond to market perceptions.
NLP can be used to deliver social benefits, identifying individuals that may be experiencing grief, anger or sadness, allowing organizations to reach out to those in need. It can also be used to identify threats, monitor behavior and prevent a crisis.
NLP software delivers benefits for many industries including healthcare where NLP is unlocking the power of valuable unstructured data from physician’s notes and patient records. The legal industry is now able to process and analyze vast quantities of unstructured data to quickly gain valuable insights for cases. The finance and insurance industries are utilizing NLP software to prevent fraud detection. NLP software is also delivering highly efficient document and data management capabilities to a broad range of industries. Some of the greatest beneficiaries of NLP software are law enforcement, intelligence and cyber analyst professionals.
Benefits of NLP software for law enforcement, intelligence and cyber analysts
NLP software provides intelligence and analytics professionals the capability to go beyond structured data to quickly and easily analyze unstructured data. With unstructured data growing rapidly, NLP software tools will be increasingly essential for law enforcement, intelligence and cyber analysts to efficiently perform their roles.
How Sintelix uses natural language processing software
Sintelix uses advanced NLP software algorithms to harvest, load, extract, fuse and analyze vast amounts of text from a broad range of structured and unstructured sources. Sintelix understands relationships between words and recognizes entities, delivering entity and relationship extraction capabilities at high accuracy in multiple languages. With Sintelix, vast quantities of unstructured data can be combined to create accurate entity networks linked to topic analyzes and community structure decompositions.
The video below provides a detailed introduction to Sintelix.
Selecting the right natural language processing software for intelligence and analytics
There are a broad range of natural language processing software options available with vast differences in capabilities. There are a few important factors to consider when selecting the right NLP software for your organization:
- Ingestion capabilities – Ensure your NLP software solution will allow you to ingest text and data in the required formats. Sintelix will accept many formats and offers some advanced features including Optical Character Recognition (OCR), web and social media scraping and ingestion of documents in many formats.
- Extraction capabilities – Your NLP software solution should accurately extract relationship s and
- Language requirements – Ensure your NLP software will process data in the required languages, providing accurate entity and relationship extraction capabilities.. Sintelix supports a broad and growing range of languages.
- Search capabilities – A quality NLP software package will offer advanced search capabilities including federated search, multimodal search and alerts.
- Analysis tools – It should be quick and easy for you to gain actionable insights from your data. Sintelix offers built in visualization tools including the creation of network link graphs, timelines and tables.
- Configurability – Your NLP software should be configurable, allowing you to tailor the software to your needs and enhance the quality of results.
- Integrations – It may be beneficial to have an NLP software solution that easily integrates with your existing software. Sintelix offers out of the box integration with IBM i2 and SharePoint, along with additional integration capabilities via the Sintelix web services API.
Future capabilities of natural language processing software
NLP is rapidly advancing with bots responding more like real people over time. It is becoming increasingly difficult to tell the difference between bots and real human responses.
NLP is also integrating text with speech, image and video recognition capabilities. Future possibilities for intelligence are immense as we combine NLP with these technologies for advanced efficiency and insights.
Integration of smart devices also presents exciting opportunities for intelligence professionals, offering real time monitoring and data capture. Taking advantage of the prolific growth in available data presents exciting opportunities as we learn to integrate that data with NLP software. Future enhancements will allow us to move from real time data capture to real time insights, delivering significant benefits and efficiencies to data analysts and intelligence professionals. | <urn:uuid:9ceac569-259e-4222-835d-e273c1390fb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://sintelix.com/natural-language-processing-software-analytics-intelligence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301730.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120065949-20220120095949-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.903259 | 1,352 | 3.015625 | 3 |
- Summer Money Making Ideas for Kids
- Free online Games
- Free Games to Download
- Free Homework helper
- Good Resources!
- Ready to go to School for the First time?
by Lilian Katz, Ph.D.
The details of registration, immunization requirements, and information about arrangements for transportation, snacks, or meals are best attended to by the responsible adults well ahead of September. It is often helpful to find out from the school what school personnel expect of entering kindergartners in terms of self-reliance.
- ParentsDirect Online Assistant (this is good!)
It seems like there is a whole new world for kids and parents. From computers to software to the World Wide Web……there are so many new things, yet little guidance for parents trying to do the right thing. That’s why we wrote this.
- Kids Safe Web Surfing
There are a lot of fun and educational things to do on the web for kids. There are also a lot of people and web sites, and you need to be careful. Here’s some things to remember.
- Email Safety for Children
Be careful how you respond to E-mail from people you don’t know. Remember, the sender might not be who he or she seems to be. Never send a photograph of yourself or any personal information to someone you don’t know.
- Soda’s Hidden Hazard
Besides being high in sugar and low on nutrition, soma may also harm kids’ growing bones, says recent Harvard Medical School study. Researchers speculate that the phosphorus in carbonated drinks may weaken bone or even interfere with its information. What can you do to as a parent? Encourage healthy beverage choices from an early age. Serve milk often, keep cold water handy during play time and pack 100% juice boxes for lunch and trips. Treat soda as a sweet indulgence, like candy or cake. | <urn:uuid:314a36ca-dc92-48d9-96f7-d2920dca6aee> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.kidsdirect.net/kidsdirect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704835901.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128040619-20210128070619-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.946155 | 397 | 2.78125 | 3 |
HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN TRUE ORTHODOX CHURCH
The Early Foundation of Orthodoxy in Russia
According to tradition, St. Andrew, the first called Apostle, stopped at the hills of what would become the great city of Kiev while preaching the Gospel. It would, however, take nearly one thousand years before Christianity would begin to take hold of the region. In 954 Princess Olga of Kiev was baptized. But it was her grandson, Prince Vladimir, whose baptism in 988 would forever establish Orthodoxy as the principal religion of Russia.
The Orthodox faith grew and flourished throughout the Russian Empire and served as a unifying force in the lives of the Russian people. Not only did the Church provide spiritual strength and nourishment for its people, but it became a center of educational enrichment as well. The Russian Orthodox Church had forever become an inseparable part of the life of the people and Russia itself.
The unprecedented growth and stability of this Church inevitably led to the establishment of a new patriarchate within orthodoxy, with Metropolitan Job of Moscow becoming the first Patriarch of Russia in 1589. Following the death of Patriarch Adrian in 1700, the Church remained without a Patriarch for more than two hundred years. At the insistence of Peter I, a collective administration, known as the Holy and Governing Synod, was established in 1721. This form of governance lasted until 1917 at which time the All-Russian Council restored the patriarchal office and elected Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow as Patriarch.
Orthodoxy in Russia in the Early Twentieth Century
The joy of the election of Patriarch Tikhon would be short lived, as Russia entered a very difficult period in its history. The Bolsheviks, who had come into power in 1917, saw the Russian Orthodox Church as an enemy to be destroyed as resolutely as the tsarist institution. This period saw the repression of the church as well as the imprisonment of many of its bishops, priests, monastics and laypeople. Patriarch Tikhon was himself imprisoned a little more than a year. Upon his release he found a Church embattled by division and an ever-increasing persecution by the government. He continued to be a source of unification among the people and fought vigorously to uphold the faith and traditions of the Church, but the strain of these years weighed heavily upon him. His death in 1925 dealt a severe blow to Russian Orthodoxy and the stability of the Church.
Orthodoxy in the Post-Tikhon era
Following the death of Patriarch Tikhon unrest settled over the Russian Orthodox Church. The designated successors of Patriarch Tikhon were arrested by the civil authorities and Metropolitan Sergiy was named "locum tenens" of the Patriarchate. In 1927 Metropolitan Sergiy, in a formal declaration to all members of the Church, called for loyalty toward the Soviet government. This event sparked division among the hierarchy, clergy and laity and led to the formation of the True Orthodox Church in Russia. Those who opposed Metropolitan Sergiy were not simply opposed to his political concessions, which they felt were too extreme, but were also at variance with him on a number of canonical and theological issues. His alliance with the authorities allowed him to turn over to the civil authorities all hierarchs and clergy who were at odds with him on political issues as well as purely church-related issues.
While the True Orthodox Church in Russia was never a single organization, many of its followers were labeled "Josephites", after Metropolitan Joseph of Leningrad, the leader of its largest branch.
A considerable part of the Church in Russia stood in opposition to Metropolitan Sergiy and took the stand of the True Orthodox Church. The opposition, however, remained primarily on a church-related basis. The overwhelming majority of the True Orthodox Church tried to observe the Soviet laws. This, however, was not enough. The authorities had taken their stand in the church dispute and were prepared to use whatever means necessary to bring the bishops under the obedience of Metropolitan Sergiy. This tragic resolve on the part of the Soviet government caused the numerous True Orthodox Church eparchies and communities to go underground for the length of the Soviet period.
The Emergence from the Underground and the Establishment of the Russian True Orthodox Church - Metropolia of Moscow
In the period from the 1970s-80s, many of the True Orthodox Church communities had lost their last bishops and much of their clergy. Many of these groups were forced to exist and celebrate services in the absence of a priest.
After the change in political conditions in the late 1980s, the True Orthodox Church began to emerge from the underground. Various churches solved the question of their future existence in different ways. Some of the communities joined the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, which by that time had begun to open communities within Russia. Others renewed their episcopacy and clergy through arrangements made with other jurisdictions. The Russian True Orthodox Church - Metropolia of Moscow chose the latter.
In 1996 an initiative group of Russian orthodox clergy and laity approached Patriarch Dimitriy of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, asking him to assist them in the canonical restoration of a hierarchy for the True Orthodox Church. It was decided that the name for the restored church would be the Russian True Orthodox Church. In June of 1996, with the blessing of Patriarch Dimitriy, Archbishop Roman and Bishop Methodiy of the UAOC ordained Hieromonk John a bishop of the Russian True Orthodox Church in order to restore apostolic succession. In December of 1996 Bishop John and Bishop Methodiy ordained Archimandrite Stefan a bishop for the Russian True Orthodox Church.
These two bishops, John and Stefan, would pass the apostolic succession to the rest of the bishops of the Russian True Orthodox Church. In 2000 the Russian True Orthodox Church officially added "Metropolia of Moscow" to its name in order to distinguish it from other groups within Russia.
Today, the Church is led by Metropolitan Vyacheslav of Moscow and Kolomensk together with Archbishop Mikhail of Krutitski and Bronitski, Archbishop Alexy of Minneapolis and Chicago, Bishop Haralampos (Western Rite) and Bishop Vladimir. The Church strives to live the Gospel of Our Lord, God and Savior Jesus Christ through adherence to the Holy Scriptures, Holy Tradition, the Canons of the Ecumenical Councils, and regulations of the Church Councils of the Orthodox Church. Its desire is to serve the needs of its faithful through spiritual nourishment and with compassion and understanding.
Related article: The True Orthodox Church
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When reproducing our materials in whole or in part, hyperlink to THEORTHODOX.ORG should be made.
We authorize “Wikipedia” (http://www.wikipedia.org) to use this material under GFDL, GNU Free Documentation License as well as the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. | <urn:uuid:dc7d72d5-9535-41b0-9a3a-2f5255458e16> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://theorthodox.org/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645208021.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031328-00314-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973433 | 1,418 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Creativity is used every day, in every aspect of our lives. When we think of creativity, we usually think of it in the context of art, but according to Wikipedia, creativity is “the phenomenon whereby a person creates something new (a product, a solution, a work of art, a novel, a joke, etc.) that has some kind of value.”
What does this mean to me? It means that if I want to raise a child who can solve her own problems, she needs to be creative. I feel that creativity is a necessary component of a child’s education, but how do we raise a creative child?
Some children may seem to be born more creative than others; however, their creative tendencies are likely due to an environment that is open to creative expression, rather than stifling the child’s explorations.
In our home, we foster an atmosphere of stimulation. If my three-year-old wants to color the grass pink, because it’s her favorite color, I don’t say, “grass is green, not pink.” This would stifle her creative exploration.
And instead of having a long list of items within reach that they can’t touch, we set out items that they can touch, feel, sense – in essence, explore.
Fun in Exercise
Exercising our muscles can either be a grueling, hard and painful experience or a fun and enjoyable experience.
Likewise, exercising our child’s mind can either be tedious or joyful.
Have fun with your child – play games that will provoke thought and imagination, let them explore, or give them a bunch of objects and just let them create.
Reading, Writing, and a Rhythm
Several studies have indicated that reading to children before preschool-aged will help them do well in all facets of formal education, as well as helping them to have basic speech skills.
The other night my 3-year-old came up to me and said, “Mommy, I’m not feeling well. I can’t eat my dinner.” Really she just wanted dessert, but I was impressed with her proper use of grammar, her sentence structure, as well as her solution.
- Ask questions. “Where’s the bird?”, “What is that man doing?”, or “What is going to happen next?”
- Let the child fill in the blanks. “Itsy Bitsy Spider went up the water ______.” (Pause and let the child say “spout”.)
- Let them “read” to you. Even if the child can’t read words, they can make up their own story using the pictures. You’d be amazed with how much of the story they pick up from listening to you read it to them.
- Have toddlers and preschoolers act out the story or draw it.
What are some other ways to promote creativity in our children?
23 July 2017 — Changed the author’s image and removed a dead links. | <urn:uuid:a6519dae-7ff6-4481-aeed-e8326179200a> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.rickety.us/category/family/grandchildren/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347404857.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529121120-20200529151120-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.962575 | 649 | 3.4375 | 3 |
In Technology Integration class, 1st graders use proscopes to take a closer look at leaves. Then, they compared their findings on circle maps. #pomaikaifirstgrade #pomaikaielementary #technologyintegration #thinkingmaps
Teachers spend their morning We-flecting on their weebly website stories! Teachers teach other about different features of Weebly through work sessions and short boot camps! Always learning, always sharing!
Miss Corpuz's friends preview their digital story! After working on creating the text for their picture cards, 1st graders take the first step to digital storytelling! Stay tuned for the finished products!
Kiddos...Before getting on those beginning-of-the-year screeners, be sure to complete a Digital Computer Care Class for an overview on Digital Citizenship. Turn and talk with a partner!
Find out more about Miss Aningat | <urn:uuid:43d1b9cf-2a88-40af-9226-44b8ac0f4a43> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://technologytown.weebly.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348509264.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606000537-20200606030537-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.915536 | 187 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This object is a traditional style ceremonial basket made by Navajo artist Peggy Rock Black. The basket is shaped like a shallow bowl and has a very interesting black, red, and white design. The design woven into the basket is formed by a central star in white, outlined by black, surrounded by a “C” shaped band of red, which then has a band of black triangles bordering its outside edge. There is a small vertical band of white cutting through the entire design along one edge, extending from one point of the central star all the way to the rim.
This basket is an excellent example of a coil basket. There are three main types of basket weaving techniques used by native cultures of North America, including the Navajo. These include coiling, plaiting, and twining:
Coiling: Coiling is a method of basket weaving where grasses or rushes are tied together to form a “bundle.” This bundle coils outward from the center of the basket and is used to make a spiral-shaped basket. Each coil of the spiral is lashed or sewn together using a “splint.”
Plaiting: Plaiting is a method of basket weaving where thin rectangular pieces of bark or other plant material is woven together to form a checker-board pattern. This is the simplest type of weaving. The “warp” (the base) and “weft” (the pieces woven into the base) are interwoven at right angles in an over/under pattern.
Twining: Twining is a method of basket weaving similar to plaiting. It also uses a “warp” and a “weft”. The only difference is that the weft is made up of two different pieces that are intertwined around each warp piece.
Navajo Wedding baskets are aptly named. They are usually given as gifts during weddings or other ceremonies. There are many different interpretations of these baskets, but they may be viewed as a way to map a person’s life. You start at the very center of the basket and progress along the coils, which always wrap around the center from left to right. The first several coils, forming the central star design, represent birth and childhood. The black triangles illustrate darkness, struggle, and pain that a person may face throughout their life. These experiences are always things that can be overcome. Individuals learn from these experiences and use them to become stronger. The red band represents marriage and creation, the start of a family. Because everyone still faces sadness and struggles throughout their life, there is another band of black triangles. The white represents enlightenment and wisdom, which can only be discovered over time and be learning from life experiences. The white line from the center of the basket to the rim is there to remind people that no matter how sad life can get, or how many obstacles they must overcome, there is always a path to happiness. As you reach the end of the coils that form the basket, you reach the end of the person’s life.
This is a fascinating object that not only represents the beliefs and worldview of the Navajo people in the designs woven into the basket but also in the very way in which the basket was created, an unbroken coil that represents a person’s entire life, from birth until death.
If you would like to learn more about Navajo basket weaving, take a look at this interview with modern Navajo basket weaver, Betty Rock Johnson:
[Stephanie Lynn Allen] | <urn:uuid:f9daf9fa-6849-45d0-99a2-1a33ed62ea03> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://ethnology.wordpress.com/category/north-american-tribescultures/navajo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701157472.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193917-00210-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959313 | 721 | 3.1875 | 3 |
New research from the Columbia University Medical Center in New York adds to the growing literature suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction may be over-represented in cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Based on an analysis of brain imaging findings, researchers concluded that there is evidence “for a possible neurobiological subtype of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD”.
Mitochondria represent the powerplants of cells given their role in generating an important form of energy used by cells of the body. As part of a complex series of structures found in cells, they participate in various intricate chemical reactions involved in the formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and onwards the transfer of energy for healthy cell function. Dysfunction of mitochondria are associated with several disease states, either as a result of genetic mutations in the mitochondrial DNA or following more environmentally-led effects acting on the functions of mitochondria.
The latest research from Suzanne Goh and colleagues looked to assess brain lactate levels in a group diagnosed with an ASD compared to asymptomatic controls. Lactate levels when elevated can indicate mitochondrial dysfunction and have been reported as being increased in cases of autism when looking at other body fluids such as plasma. Goh and colleagues found that an analysis of brain lactate levels using sophisticated brain imaging technology revealed elevations in brain levels of this marker in 13% of participants with autism compared with only 1% of controls.
Further work is required to independently replicate these results and provide more details about how such mitochondrial dysfunction may or may not fit into the behavioural presentation of autism. That being said the authors note that “individuals with ASD should undergo evaluation for mitochondrial dysfunction, as novel and promising treatments are under development for mitochondrial disorders”.
* Goh S. et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Neurobiological Subtype of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Evidence From Brain Imaging. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014. April 9.
Further commentary on this study can be found at: http://questioning-answers.blogspot.com/2014/04/mitochondrial-dysfunction-as-neurobiological-subtype-autism.html | <urn:uuid:83ab14e6-27c5-4e46-b7ad-0c8d225e94d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.autismdailynewscast.com/mitochodrial-dysfunction-in-a-sub-type-of-autism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662532032.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520124557-20220520154557-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.914505 | 439 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The neighborhood that gave the world the word ghetto is today a quiet neighborhood surrounding a large campo. It is home to Jewish institutions, two kosher restaurants, a rabbinical school, and five synagogues. Present-day Venetian Jews live all over the city, and the contemporary Jewish life of the ghetto, with the exception of the Jewish museum and the synagogues, is an enterprise conducted almost exclusively by American Hassidic Jews of Eastern European descent and tradition.
Though Jews may have arrived earlier, the first synagogues weren't built and a cemetery (on the Lido) wasn't founded until the Askenazim, or Northern European Jews, came in the late 1300s. Dwindling coffers may have prompted the Republic to sell temporary visas to Jews, who were over the centuries alternately tolerated and expelled. The Rialto commercial district, as mentioned in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, depended on Jewish moneylenders for trade, and to help cover ever-increasing
In 1516 relentless local opposition forced the Senate to confine Jews to an island in Cannaregio, then on the outer reaches of the city, named for its geto (foundry). The term "ghetto" also may come from the Hebrew "ghet," meaning separation or divorce. Gates at the entrance were locked at night, and boats patrolled the surrounding canals. Jews were allowed only to lend money at low interest, operate pawnshops controlled by the government, trade in textiles, or practice medicine. Jewish doctors were highly respected and could leave the ghetto at any hour when on duty. Though ostracized, Jews were nonetheless safe in Venice, and in the 16th century the community grew considerably—primarily with refugees from the Inquisition, which persecuted Jews in southern and central Italy, Spain, and Portugal. The ghetto was allowed to expand twice, but it still had the city's densest population and consequently ended up with the city's tallest buildings. Although the gates were pulled down after Napoleon's 1797 arrival, the ghetto was reinstated during the Austrian occupation. The Jews realized full freedom only in 1866 with the founding of the Italian state. Many Jews fled Italy as a result of Mussolini's 1938 racial laws, so that on the eve of World War II, there were about 1,500 Jews left in the ghetto. Jews continued to flee, and the remaining 247 were deported by the Nazis; only eight returned.
The area has Europe's highest density of Renaissance-era synagogues, and visiting them is interesting not only culturally, but also aesthetically. Though each is marked by the tastes of its individual builders, Venetian influence is evident throughout. Women's galleries resemble those of theaters from the same era, and some synagogues were decorated by artists who were simultaneously active in local churches; Longhena, the architect of Santa Maria della Salute, renovated the Spanish synagogue in 1635. | <urn:uuid:a48061ed-5cc3-4bd9-9fbf-5b9b13064a92> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/venice/things-to-do/sights/reviews/jewish-ghetto-106899 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170425.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00349-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978007 | 598 | 3.71875 | 4 |
The history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to today. Over this period, English poets have written some of the longest-surviving poems in Western culture. The language and its poetry have spread around the world.
The earliest surviving poetry from the area now called England was probably transmitted orally (or passed from person to person by mouth, without being written down). It was then written down in versions that do not now survive. Because of this, it is difficult to say which poems were the earliest. There is a lot of controversy over this issue.
A number of major national poetries have developed. These include American, Australian, New Zealand, Canadian and Indian poetry. It may be controversial to describe Irish literature as English or British, even though it is in the English language. | <urn:uuid:ce51d289-2e96-40c5-83ab-17f3f6e29d75> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_poetry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170404.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00537-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982655 | 163 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Artist’s impression of CSIRO’s Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope finding a fast radio burst and determining its precise location. The KECK, VLT and Gemini South optical telescopes joined ASKAP with follow-up observations to image the host galaxy. Credit: CSIRO/Dr Andrew Howells
Gemini Observatory provides critical observations that confirm the distance to a mysterious, very short-lived, radio outburst from a galaxy billions of light years away.
An Australian-led team of astronomers using the Gemini South telescope in Chile have successfully confirmed the distance to a galaxy hosting an intense radio burst that flashed only once and lasted but a thousandth of a second. The team made the initial discovery of the fast radio burst (FRB) using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope.
The critical Gemini observations were key to verifying that the burst left its host galaxy some 4 billion years ago.
Since the first FRB discovery in 2007, these mysterious objects have played a game of cosmic cat-and-mouse with astronomers — with astronomers as the sharp-eyed cats! Fleeting radio outbursts, lasting about a millisecond (one-thousandth of one second), are difficult to detect, and even more difficult to locate precisely. In this case, the FRB, known as FRB 180924, was a single burst, unlike others that can flash multiple times over an extended period. | <urn:uuid:1ea2ba78-9d62-411d-a318-c3006f9544e8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.aura-astronomy.org/news/cosmic-cat-and-mouse-astronomers-capture-and-tag-a-fleeting-radio-burst/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.919102 | 300 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A stroke often causes problems with bladder and bowel control. These usually improve in the early weeks after the stroke, but around a third of stroke survivors may have longer term difficulties.
Bladder and bowel problems are common after a stroke. Many people soon recover, but if you have longer-term problems, there are treatments and support that can help you get on with daily life.
It's estimated that about half of people admitted to hospital with a stroke will have lost control of their bladder, and a third will experience loss of bowel control. Last week, a research incontinence workshop was held at Guy's Hospital London, with the aim of stimulating research into incontinence.
Browse through a list of organisations that can provide support and information to help with the effects of stroke.
An ischaemic stroke happens when a blood clot, or other blockage, cuts off the blood supply to your brain. This is the most common type of stroke. | <urn:uuid:9b7e04a4-7fa1-42ea-858f-e3366f0f0438> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.stroke.org.uk/search?key=Bowel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056656.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919005057-20210919035057-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.966206 | 194 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Division of labor can be defined as the specialization of roles and functions involved in the production process, particularly the specialization of tasks found on a factory assembly line. A division of labor, ideally, is meant to increase production efficiency and economic growth. Cross-training simply involves training an employee in how to perform two or more different job tasks or skills. It is thought that cross-training will increase an employee's overall effectiveness and may enhance motivation.
History of Division of Labor
The idea of division of labor as a means of improving human productivity was first studied in depth by Adam Smith in his 1776 classic "The Wealth of Nations." Smith used an example of a pin factory in his analysis of the improved technical efficiency achieved when individual workers specialized in particular tasks, rather than constantly switching from "one operation and set of tools to another." The division of labor, a phrase coined by Smith, saved time and physical movement of the workers. Smith's analysis also pointed out the advantages of utilizing workers' different skills and strengths to lower the cost of production. The concept of division of labor went on to be studied and analyzed over the years by numerous social theorists, such as Karl Marx, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Max Weber.
The obvious advantage to division of labor in business is increased production. With each task or phase of production having only a few workers assigned to it, the workers become highly adept at those tasks, resulting in total productivity being many times what it would be if workers were learning various facets of production and performing multiple tasks. Additionally, employees save time, as they quickly become skilled when focusing on only one or two tasks. Time is also saved in the employer-training of workers due to their specialized roles. Division of labor instills a strong sense of cooperation and solidarity in workers, as they must work together with each individual performing a specific task to accomplish their production goals.
One of the disadvantages of division of labor is the monotonous nature of focusing on a single, routine task for long periods of time. For workers skilled in one or two roles or functions, unemployment can be an issue when their particular skills are not in demand. The potential for chronic unemployment exists if the economy fails to reabsorb displaced workers. Division of labor in some industries and businesses can, therefore, potentially lead to an uneven distribution of economic wealth in a given geographical area.
Advantages of Cross-Training
Cross-training employees can be beneficial to both manufacturing and service industry companies. Small businesses can realize significant economic benefits through the implementation of cross-training. Having fewer employees trained to complete a number of job functions can save money that would be spent due to hiring temporary workers or lost production time. Cross-trained employees can fill in for workers who are on vacation or sick or who quit without warning. Cross-training can be a strong motivational technique for employees, leading to improved teamwork, less stagnation and burnout, sharing of goals and objectives and increase in skills, knowledge and work performance.
- The Free Dictionary: Division of Labor & Cross-Train
- Your Dictionary-Business: Cross-Training Business Definition
- Dr. Paul M. Johnson, Auburn University: Division of Labor
- Chest of Books-Charles Manfred Thompson: Economic And Social Advantages Of Division Of Labor
- Easy Training: Cross-Training As a Motivational & Problem-Solving Technique
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:d5600828-fb97-4f92-83c4-336ae0a1dda5> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://smallbusiness.chron.com/division-labor-vs-crosstraining-18164.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813109.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220204917-20180220224917-00735.warc.gz | en | 0.948923 | 694 | 3.6875 | 4 |
By the year 2020, a quarter of the American workforce will be over 55 and nearing retirement. It's feared that this “Silver Tsunami” will create a shortage of skilled workers in a number of technical fields, including electric utilities, telecommunications, and manufacturing. However, augmented reality (AR) training systems might be able to prevent a skills gap crisis by changing the way training is thought about and delivered. Last year, U.S. companies spent an average of $1,000 per employee on training, but with advancements like AR, these costs could be cut and traditional formats like classroom seminars might go by the wayside. The rise of machine learning and AR will allow for different, more effective types of training. First, AR offers real-time information. A maintenance worker can look at a particular piece of equipment through AR goggles and immediately bring up its diagnostics and repair procedures. This would make the need for retraining workers decrease over time. Additionally, AR allows the most skilled workers on a team the ability to solve problems remotely. Often, when an out-of-the-ordinary problem occurs, teams of experts need to be dispatched. However, with AR, top talent can work from a centralized location and literally see what field workers are looking at through augmented lenses. | <urn:uuid:730607c7-8636-48c8-ab50-3277a4ebde1a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.td.org/newsletters/the-buzz/augmented-reality-is-changing-the-face-of-training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890582.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121120038-20180121140038-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.963967 | 260 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Sports and International Relations
|✅ Paper Type: Free Essay||✅ Subject: International Relations|
|✅ Wordcount: 1582 words||✅ Published: 24th May 2017|
In the past, international relations (IR) mainly focused on the high political issues such as military and economic issues. However, the nature of international politics has changed dramatically recently. Interaction between states is not limited to the high political area but also low political area such as social cultural areas. It is hard to determine which one is more prevalent in this time, but one thing very obvious is the role of low politics is getting broader. In the post Cold War era, there are many cases that low politics have healed in inter-states conflicts which had developed into high politics.
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Among these, because of its popularity across the globe, sports plays a significant role in international relations. Modern sports, which was limited to the local, regional or national level in the past, now spread to international level and have access to social and political area. Considering that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has 202 members states, even more than the number the number of UN member states which totals 192, it is obvious that international sport is now an arena of international politics and diplomacy.
Worldwide sports events also have great impact to international relations and politics. With the development of media, related technology and services, people all over the world can sit in front of television, and watch major international sports events at the same time. Thus international sports games are a good opportunity to display a state’s ethnic features or a state’s believed national superiority to their counterparts. In history, many national leaders abused sports games because of such purpose, and sports events were often used as a tool of political and ideological propaganda in international relations. However, at the same time, sports also possesses the aspect of promoting peace and raising mutual understanding in international relations. Many countries took advantage of this aspect of sports to build a positive image of them.
In terms of sports diplomacy, the United States has employed sports as a diplomatic channel throughout the history. However, the way sports has been used was different from time to time due to different international political circumstances which influenced the United States foreign policy. (This paper attempts to analyze how international conflicts were reflected in the Unites States foreign policy and what the strategy of the United States sports diplomacy was. During the Cold War era, the Soviet Union and the United States were the two pillars of the international system. The ideological rivalry between Soviet Union and the United States could represent the international relations in this period. Therefore, the United States practiced sports diplomacy to deteriorate the influence of the Soviet Union to show the superiority of the United States ideology. However, after the collapse of Soviet Union, the United States became the only superpower, resulting in the rapid growth of the influence of the United States in the world.
The political aspects of sports
Sports themselves do not have political value, but when it is practiced as a medium between different countries, it has political contents.
First, sports can be a tool for diplomacy between states, being the first step of engagement between states in a hostile relationship. Exchanging sports between states can imply that both states recognize each other as a nation-state. The United States president Richard Nixon’s use of table tennis to initiate diplomatic relations with China in Cold War era, known as “Ping pong diplomacy”, cited as a prototypical example. The other way around, boycotts of sports game or denial of visa to athletes are seen as ways to break off the relations between states.
Second, sports may serve as an advertisement for spreading ideology. States often use sporting games to show their superiority of ideology. Especially, during the Cold War era, this tendency is often observed in the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. In this period, many of the United Sates legislators worried about the Soviet athletes’ continuous success in international sports games. They saw it in the context of national prestige in the face of communist challenges. They acknowledged that people in the United States would see the sporting defeat by the Soviet Union not as a matter of sports or the athlete, but the matter of national pride. Soviet’s victory in sports games could be interpreted as a victory for the Soviet culture, system and decay of capitalistic way to a certain extent.
Third, sport raises mutual understanding and promotes peace in international relations. Sport exchanges have been served as a way to identify other states and their people, and furthermore, to overcome prejudice against each other. As a result, sports exchange between states often have used as a tool of public diplomacy, considering that the aim of public diplomacy is also to see to foster mutual understanding.
Fourth, it is a safe way of expressing displeasure with other country and its policies because it is a peripheral issue to the international political system. To show discontentment or raise objections about a political issue, using sports is a circumambulate way of expression. The most common means of expressing discontent through sports events is to boycott the sports game. It is regarded as a strategic and low cost alternative to any other political action which states can take. It possibly gives huge influence or pushes on other states without using traditional sense of state power.
Fifth, sports often spark the conflicts that might become the warfare later on. It often initiates or aggravates political conflict in international relations. Since an athlete or a team represents his or their nation, hatred of the counterpart could become an antipathy of the nation.
This ill feeling could draw actual war, like the one between Honduras and El Salvador, most famously known as the Football War, during the World Cup tournament game in 1969. There had been preexisting conflicts between Honduras and Salvadorans, including immigration from El Salvador to Honduras, but the tensions between the two states exploded by the football competition. This match actually triggered the war between Honduras and El Salvador.
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Sports as an efficient tool for diplomacy
The United States recently implemented sports diplomacy as a part of its public diplomacy. The United States dispatched famous sports figures as sports diplomacy envoys to increase understanding of the American people and its culture. It is because sports has been highlighted recent times as a newly rising tactic to implement international relations for some reasons.
First, the influence of sports is growing bigger. Sports is now global because of the revolution in the transportation and telecommunication/media industries. Every broadcasting corporation has sports channels and even in the headline coverage they deliver the sports news. Originally, this is initiated due to people’s interest of sports but it reversely started to draw the attention of people who had not been interested in sports. Also, this revolution has created a global sport labor market and global migration, and thus people’s interests in sports extend to international sports. People are cheering for athletes who are their fellow countryman who are playing a game outside of their own country. People often watch sports games not because they are interested in those sports but to see specific national athletes. The sport team owners know this well, and thus they trade foreign athletes to increase its attention and popularity internationally.
The international political environment has also changed. Different from the past when most serious concern for states was national survival through military strength, now there is a covert consensus of non-use of military force in international relations, and thus likelihood of was is decreasing. The level of interdependence among states is heightened and became more complex.
According to Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, the world has moved into an era of ‘complex interdependence’, characterized by ‘multiple channels’ between societies, including both state and non-state channels, such that ‘military security does not consistently dominate the agenda’. Yet, this does not mean that the rate of inter-state conflict is declining. Rather, because of enlarging scope of engagement among nations, there is more possibility of emerging conflicts. The factors of national threat or concern have become more diverse and complex. Therefore, in this changing world, the definition of power in international relations is not same as the Hobbesian explanation. Military force cannot be the best way to solve the conflict or influence other states. These old tools of diplomacy are no longer appropriate in the contemporary world and something more moderate, indirect but efficient and influential way of diplomacy needs to be practiced.
In this context, sports is a good medium, by playing mediating and pivotal role in inter-state relations. Attaching sports to the scope of international relations would be a helpful to boost the size of diplomacy.
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GENOA, Neb. (KMTV) — In 1860, the federal government began forcing indigenous families to send their children away to boarding schools. Over 300 were created throughout the United States, and one of the earliest and largest was in Nebraska.
Over the course of 50 years, from 1884 to 1934, thousands of students from over 40 native tribes and 10 states arrived by train in Genoa. Upon arrival their hair was cut,their native language was forbidden and many of their belongings were taken away.
Nancy Carlson, secretary of the Genoa Indian Industrial School Museum said the goal of the school was to have the children assimilate into the white, Eurocentric culture.
"'Kill the Indian, save the man' was kind of like that theme there," Carlson said.
At the school, which consisted of 30 buildings on a 640-acre campus, the children were taught skills like sewing, tailoring, cooking, nursing and much more.
For some, especially nearing the schools end in the Great Depression, the experience was pleasant.
“I will say, some of the former students who came back, they said this was some of the best times of their lives," Carlson said.
But for others, they returned to a home that no longer felt familiar. Carlson recalled the story of Sid Byrd, whose grandparent sent him to the school at just six years old.
Carlson said the federal government would only fund trips home every three years for students, so Byrd did not see his family for quite some time. He shared with the museum his memories of returning home.
“The train stops, he runs off the train," Carlson said, recalling the story. "And then it hit him, he had forgotten his native language and only spoke English and his grandparents only spoke Lakota.”
Susana Grajales Geligas who teaches Native American Studies at UNO and is co-director of the Genoa Indian School Digital Reconciliation Project out of UNL, said the effects of these boarding schools still resonate in native communities.
“The U.S. Policy on boarding schools was perhaps most devastating on native cultures because it took the language away," Grajales Geligas said.
The digital reconciliation project is gathering documents and written accounts of students that were scattered across the country. They want to share them with those who don't know the history and help Native people learn more about their ancestors.
Geligas herself is a member of the Lakota tribe and has found documents related to her own family.
“The beauty of this project and what’s helped me to just kind of hang in there and really want to connect with the community is to give this piece of history back to the people that it belongs to," Geligas said.
Both the project and the museum want to make sure the history of Genoa is not forgotten.
“These are stories," Geligas said. "These are individual people’s stories of children who didn’t have a voice.”
They say the recent news of mass graves at other boarding schools has motivated them to keep Genoa from fading and to uncover more of its history, specifically locating the school’s cemetery.
They're hoping efforts by U.S. Secretary of Interior Deb Haaland will help the museum run by volunteers to get answers quickly.
“We want the federal government to come out and search the records so we can find out where it is and who is buried there," Carlson said.
The Genoa Indian School Digital Reconciliation Project released this statement regarding the recent discoveries:
"The Genoa Indian School Digital Reconciliation Project conveys our wishes for healing and justice to the Indigenous peoples of Canada in the wake of ongoing discoveries of mass graves of Indigenous children on the former sites of Canada's Indian residential schools. We are grateful to U.S. Secretary of Interior Deb Haaland for launching the Federal Indian Boarding School Truth Initiative, the first major federal investigation into the U.S. government's Indian boarding school policy."
On August 14, the museum will be hosting a Recognition and Remembrance Celebration to honor the students who were there and their descendants. The public is invited to attend the event to learn more about the history.
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Get the latest news and weather delivered straight to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:6b1d999f-c3fd-411d-8467-a2bad2e64827> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.3newsnow.com/news/local-news/remembering-genoa-museum-digital-archives-preserve-history-of-nebraska-indian-boarding-school?fbclid=IwAR03A9AfXRqr7RlWc9TZVS12_lMEIhYbjz3Dlm3UgTX9Gg7nqDRy519h-tE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950383.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402043600-20230402073600-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.979935 | 908 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Politicians, pundits, and scholars have wrestled over a central question throughout American political and constitutional history: What role should the government have in the lives of ordinary citizens?
For Jeffersonian Conservatives, such as Grover Cleveland, the government has no business involving itself in areas outside its limited, constitutional role, and should never take a position as a “custodian;” the people should be free to pursue their own dreams without government interference, to rise as high and as far as their God-given talent, abilities, and determination will carry them. Success or failure depends on the individual.
Some liberals on the other side of the political spectrum believe the government should play a vital role in the lives of the people, from cradle to grave. They believe the lowly masses cannot take care of themselves. For Democrats, government must step in and take up the role of caretaker. As Nancy Pelosi said in 2011: “I view my work in politics as an extension of my role as a mom.”[i] This progressive viewpoint is known as government paternalism, and has been defined as “a policy or practice of treating or governing people in a fatherly manner, especially by providing for their needs without giving them rights or responsibilities.”[ii] Continue reading
Whenever friends and family find out the subject of my new book, one of the first questions I am usually asked is: “Why Grover Cleveland?” My answer: “Why not?” For Grover Cleveland, who served as both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, was one of the greatest conservative statesmen in American history, a steadfast advocate of Jeffersonian political principles, the bedrock of conservatism. The Last Jeffersonian: Grover Cleveland and the Path to Restoring the Republic is an examination of the true nature of conservative thought, exemplified by the public life of Cleveland, and a pathway to a restoration of the republic crafted by our Founding Fathers.
During my first semester of graduate school, at the University of Southern Mississippi, I became seriously interested in Grover Cleveland and his political life after reading a less than stellar biography. As I delved deeper into his policies, I soon realized that the career of this forgotten statesman offers answers to modern America’s most pressing political issues, such as the public character and behavior of our politicians, direct governmental assistance to the people, actions during an economic depression, foreign intervention, and upholding political principles. It is only with the study of history, and the solutions Cleveland provided for us, that we can solve our problems and restore the constitutional republic. Continue reading
America is at a crossroads. The 2012 election, as well as those in the very near future, could very well determine what kind of nation we will leave for posterity. Yet, while on our current political trajectory, America is in danger of losing the constitutional republic created by the Founding Fathers, and once lost, it might be gone forever.
My new book, The Last Jeffersonian: Grover Cleveland and the Path to Restoring the Republic, examines the true nature of conservative thought, the present direction of the nation, and the changes we must make in order to preserve our great political heritage. Exhibit A in achieving these three goals is a study of the public career of Grover Cleveland, who served as the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, from 1885-1889 and from 1893-1897.
As a great public servant – mayor, governor, and president – Cleveland confronted many of the same troubles we face in our time – the public character and behavior of our candidates, the role of government in the everyday lives of the people, the burden of taxation, the distribution of wealth, government involvement in an economic depression, spending, constitutional interpretation, and complex foreign affairs. Continue reading
This week President Barack Obama, in a tough bid for re-election warned the American people that the 2012 race for the White House would be the starkest since 1964. So let us re-examine that famous presidential election in light of the campaign the Obama team has in store for presumptive GOP nominee Mitt Romney:
They said he was crazy, mad, a loose-canon, an extremist, a warmonger. The nation was warned over and over and over again, by Democrats and their friends in the media, that if Barry Goldwater won the presidency in 1964, Armageddon might be the ultimate result. Surely he would plunge headlong into a war in Vietnam that might bring in the Chinese or worse, the Soviets. Social Security and any aid from Washington would be taken away. The country would revert back to the nineteenth century, if not the eighteenth.
The only logical choice was the sitting president, Lyndon Johnson, who assumed the office tragically on November 22, 1963 when the beloved John F. Kennedy fell to an assassin’s bullet. LBJ would carry the nation forward, not backward. Progress would be the order of the day. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:d4d91022-3ad1-4b52-9cf9-cab57d4542b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://ryanswalters.net/2012/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741340.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113173927-20181113195345-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.963492 | 1,019 | 2.640625 | 3 |
School Violence – Minimizing Threats, Ensuring Security and Safety
School violence has become an unfortunate but present fact of American life. Since the December 2012 shooting in Newtown, CT, there have been more than 200 school shootings in America.
Addressing existing and evolving vulnerabilities and threats, and securing students, staff and facilities requires a knowledgeable, coordinated, multi-disciplinary approach, and a long-term commitment by all parties involved.
Definition of School Violence
School violence is virtually every kind of activity or behavior that involves the intentional use or attempted use of intimidation, threat or physical force – occurring or implied – against a person or persons associated with an educational institution.
School Violence includes:
- Physical and/or psychological bullying on school property and/or on the way to and from school
- Use of any kind of weapon against anyone associated with school functions and/or activities
- Use of digital and/or electronic platforms to direct aggressive acts against anyone associated with a school
School Violence – The Numbers
This is just a representative sample designed to demonstrate the magnitude of the problem:
- In 2014, there were about 486,400 nonfatal violent victimizations at school among students 12 to 18 years of age.
- 31 homicides of school-age youth, ages 5 to 18 years, occurred at school during the 2012-2013 school year.
- Approximately 9% of teachers report that they have been threatened with injury by a student from their school.
- 5% of school teachers report having been physically attacked by a student from their school.
- In 2013, 12% of students ages 12–18 reported that gangs were present at their school during the school year.
- Each day 160,000 students miss school for fear of being bullied.
New School Violence Challenges
While most school violence challenges have been with us for decades, there are several evolving vulnerabilities that require special attention:
- Violent Extremism, associated with extreme ideologies
- Cyber Bullying, via the multitude of users of the growing number of social media networks
What Can Be Done About School Violence?
While remembering the challenges of school violence cannot be solved entirely, it is certainly possible to take concrete steps that will identify and deal with vulnerabilities, reduce risks and prepare to effectively respond if an incident occurs.
Proactive and intelligent preparedness includes traditional physical protection accompanied by innovative components that examine the cyber-environment, community profile, potential adversary analysis, legal responsibilities and more.
TAL Global’s team of school violence experts has the set of skills required to engage the institution and its community to develop sustainable strategies.
TAL Global’s team will acquire all relevant data from appropriate sources, analyze the information and recommend a short and long-term strategy for the school safety and security vulnerability plan based on three unique vulnerability-safety perspectives:
- The potential adversary
- The institution
- The potential for liability and/or litigation
Our conclusions and recommendations will be presented based upon the prioritization of the following categories:
For over 15 years, TAL Global has successfully conducted multiple school security vulnerability analyses at the K-12, public, private and university level. Our multi-disciplinary team of professionals has the expertise to oversee and conduct the information gathering and analysis required to provide your institution with a comprehensive safety and security vulnerability assessment, supported by plans to implement its risk-reduction recommendations to secure your students, staff and facilities.
TAL Global recognizes that this process consists of a number of sequential examinations, each of which is dependent on the completion of the previous component. To adequately address and manage these components, TAL Global proposes a phased project approach. This approach offers the advantage of allowing continuous stakeholder input at all project stages, and provides schools with the option of extending the project at logical and practical decision points.
In short, we can help you detect, deter and reduce school violence. Done professionally and holistically, securing your school for students and teachers is an eminently achievable goal.
Contact us to discuss your concerns and challenges. | <urn:uuid:fdc062d5-3410-4018-8230-a2070b27da72> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://talglobal.com/school-safety-and-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825264.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022132026-20171022152026-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.953116 | 822 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Getting involved in a social network can be intimidating when you don't know the platform's etiquette. With its own lingo, acronyms, and hashtags, a social network might seem more complicated than it actually is.
But many of the rules in social media are the same ones taught in kindergarten, and here are a few to keep in mind.
Be yourself. To quote Oscar Wilde, "be yourself; everyone else is already taken." Being yourself doesn't mean being self-absorbed but being true to who you are.
Love data? Proclaim that love. Obsessed with email marketing? Embrace the email marketer you are. If you're a desperately unhip, small-business owner who cares about Big Data, be that online, too. Don't force pop-culture references in your comments or pretend to understand what you don't know.
Pay attention. Just like children are told to pay attention to their teachers, folks need to pay attention to the conversations around them. What are the latest trends, developments, and PR hits and misses being discussed?
In the following infographic, Uberflip suggests that those on social networks ask themselves, "What's new? How can I improve?" Remember that education is a lifelong process.
Ask for help. When a student has a question, he raises his hand. Likewise, you shouldn't be afraid to ask questions. Don't know the difference between an RT and an MT on Twitter? Ask. If you don't ask, you won't know. Ignorance can lead to missed opportunities or, worse, a social media fail.
To find out more about how lessons from kindergarten can be applied to social media etiquette, check out the following infographic. | <urn:uuid:bbdaa073-7c39-4367-bca3-f0a8f668f9d5> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.marketingprofs.com/chirp/2013/11594/social-media-lessons-you-learned-in-kindergarten-infographic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115855561.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161055-00227-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960186 | 352 | 2.75 | 3 |
TEFL is full of industry terms and jargon that can sometimes seem a bit confusing and even overwhelming. One term that you may have heard before is circumlocution. You’ve probably heard it in such ways as, “this is a great way to help your students with their circumlocution” or “in order to develop fluency, it is important to work on circumlocution”. That’s great, but just what is circumlocution and how is it useful for the teacher and for the students?
Read on for an easy breakdown of what this term means, why it’s important, how you as a teacher can use it and how to develop these skills in your students. If you already know what this is, and just want a few activities that you can use in your classroom that focus on this skill, you can gain access to a free resource by clicking on the button below.
What is circumlocution?
Technically, circumlocution is using a lot of unnecessary, uh, those things that we use to represent things and ideas, instead of just using the correct word. Were you able to guess what I couldn’t think of in the last sentence? I was thinking about “words”. Let’s try again. I sometimes eat the animal that can’t fly, is usually white and lays eggs (chicken). In everyday conversation, circumlocution can come off like you are evading giving a straight answer (like a politician). However, when you are learning a new language, circumlocution is an important skill to master.
When learning a new language, a student’s vocabulary is much more limited than they are used to with their first language. This means that students will necessarily be trying to express something and find gaps in their knowledge. This often leads to frustration, reverting to L1, long pauses or simply giving up. This is where circumlocution comes in.
As a technical term for TEFL, circumlocution is the ability to talk around a word that you don’t know. There may be a more straightforward way to express meaning, but if a language learner doesn’t know it, they’ll need to substitute another word or perhaps define the thing or idea that they’re trying to get to. For example, let’s say that I don’t know the word carrot:
“I’d like to buy an [orange vegetable that is long. It’s the thing that rabbits really like to eat].”
You’d likely understand that I meant carrot if I said the above without me having to stop and look up the word or think for a long time. Circumlocution skills really help with students’ fluency. They don’t have to pause and think as much or stop talking.
Using Circumlocution as a Teacher
The more experienced you are, and the more you get to know your students, the easier it will be for you to grade your language to your students’ abilities. However, many times teachers need to use vocabulary that the students definitely won’t know. In these cases, it is important for the teacher to use this skill. Here are a few times when it’s relevant:
Giving simple definitions for a word.
Student: What does suburbs mean?
Teacher: It’s the place between the countryside and the city. It’s just outside of the city. Many people still come to the city from work who live there.
Student: What is embarrassed?
Teacher: I was talking to a friend about a pretty girl that I really liked. I didn’t know, but she was right behind me! I felt embarrassed.
Asking concept checking questions
Teacher: Do you understand what polite means?
Students: Yes… [not very confidently]
Teacher: Does it mean that you give someone a lot of money?
Teacher: If you are polite do you often say please and thank you?
Students: Yes [more confidently].
How to Develop Circumlocution Skills with Your Students
The easiest way to get your students to use circumlocution is simply to be aware of their limited vocabulary and when you see them struggling to find a word, ask them to try and put it another way. Ask them for examples. Ask them to explain what the thing looks like or other features of it. Don’t let them revert to L1 or throw their hands in the air and give up on trying to get their meaning across.
Another thing to work on with students that will help this skill is synonyms. This has the dual purpose of expanding the student’s vocabulary as well as helping them to have lots of words at their disposal for many situations. One fun activity to do with synonyms is to have a word on the board that one student can’t see. Have the other students say different related words and see if you can get the student to guess the word.
Similarly, having students get comfortable with dependent clauses will help them use circumlocution. Yes, I mean having them use: which, that, where, who, whose, when in their sentences. For example, that was the place where I went for holiday last. He was the man who could eat twenty hot dogs. If students can master this, they will have a much easier time trying to explain a word when they don’t know it.
There are a lot of games to help students with circumlocution as well. If you’d like to gain access to a few of my favorites, you can do so by clicking on the button below.
3 Circumlocution Activities | <urn:uuid:691deb34-5a5e-499a-8b0a-bd8b9ce7306b> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.teflexpress.co.uk/blog/using-circumlocution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655891654.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707044954-20200707074954-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.968717 | 1,198 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Hyperion Environmental Learning Center
Northern Light Productions produced 19 video and audio programs, 9 animations, and 14 interactive exhibits for the Environmental Learning Center at the Hyperion Wastewater Treatment Plant. The primary audience is school groups and teachers, with the goal of raising visitors' awareness of the impact of human activity on the environment in natural and urban settings.
Visitors learn about water sources, wastewater cycles, and recycling of human-made waste. Videos, interactives, and animations introduce viewers to the processes the city uses to treat waste water and solids, creating fertilizer, composting materials and reducing the impact of wastewater on the Santa Monica Bay. Audio programs share the stories of community members and city workers who, through the city’s programs, help to protect the environment and reduce waste. | <urn:uuid:f8cee20f-e4a2-4b08-a099-b540216970af> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.nlprod.com/hyperion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936981.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419150012-20180419170012-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.897486 | 159 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Initially revealed on The Conversation , this article was authored by Dr Mel Taylor from the Division of Psychology. And whereas rabbits sadly proceed to be bought as pets for youngsters, the variety of adults-solely households proudly owning rabbits among all households that personal rabbits elevated from 26 p.c in 1996 to 39 p.c in 2000. Ever since, people have had dogs around, and conserving a pet has change into a common part of many cultures.
Pets affect determinants of health by enhancing emotions of happiness, security, and self-worth and decreasing feelings of loneliness and isolation on a daily basis. Canine and cats that have never been vaccinated and are uncovered to a rabid animal needs to be euthanized immediately.
The will to own exotic animals is commonly quick-lived, but it is the unique animals who suffer in the long term. The historical past of pets is intertwined with the process of animal domestication , and it is seemingly that the dog , as the first domesticated species, was also the primary pet. Answer: Even the neatest of pets must be foiled by installing simple little one locks on your cabinet doors. The Truthful Housing Act says that you simply and your E.S.A. can reside in housing that prohibits pets. Figuring out about pets within the household informs a doctor’s evaluation of a patient’s social capital, home atmosphere, and nonmedical determinants of health. Problem: Clearly this downside is specific to balconies, however if you’re high up, you need to worry about your pet falling off the edge – cats may be able to handle the autumn, however a dog will likely be severely injured.
In keeping with the Center for Disease Control , unique pets can pass on and infect people with a variety of illnesses together with the Herpes B virus, Rabies, Salmonella, Ebola and Monkeypox. Publicity to canines and cats in the first 12 months of life and danger of allergic sensitization at 6 to 7 years of age. To activate the benefits of zooeyia and appropriately calibrate and mitigate zoonotic risk, physicians first must know in regards to the pets in their patients’ households.
Their comfortable fur and cuddly appearance give the impression that they are akin to animated stuffed toys—good low-upkeep starter pets.” As a result, when uninformed homeowners are faced with the each day actuality of rabbit care and maintenance, the rabbit often leads to a shelter. | <urn:uuid:39ccec34-33f1-4f2d-be6a-23a621ff6e10> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.jodilynncopeland.com/home-security-information-for-pet-house-owners.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868132.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527072151-20180527092151-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.952459 | 508 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Ever since the invention of the laser more than 50 years ago, scientists have been striving to create an X-ray version. But until recently, very high power levels were needed to make an X-ray laser. Making a practical, tabletop-scale X-ray laser source required taking a new approach, as will be described by physicist Margaret Murnane in this fall’s Hans Bethe Lecture.
Her talk, “Harnessing Quantum Light Science for Tabletop X-Ray Lasers, With Applications in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,” will be given Oct. 18 at 7:30 p.m. in Schwartz Auditorium, Rockefeller Hall. It is free and open to all; a reception will follow.
“The story behind how [X-ray lasers] happened is surprising and beautiful, highlighting how powerful our ability is to manipulate nature at a quantum level,” says Murnane. These new capabilities are already impacting nano and materials science, as well as showing promise for next-generation electronics, and data and energy storage devices.
“Observing the fastest events in a variety of systems ranging from molecules, materials to biological specimen is an amazing capability both for fundamental science and applications,” says Katja Nowack, assistant professor of physics. “Margaret Murnane is a pioneer in ultrafast optical sciences. Her work includes the development of the fastest strobe light that exists which allows her to record some of the fastest motion occurring in nature and the development of ultrafast table-top X-ray sources. We are tremendously excited to have her as this semester’s Bethe lecturer and look forward to an engaging set of lectures.”
Murnane is director of the U.S. National Science Foundation STROBE Science and Technology Center on functional nano-imaging, a fellow at JILA and a member of the Department of Physics and Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Colorado. She received her B.S. and M.S. degrees from University College Cork, Ireland, and her Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1989.
She is a fellow of the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America Her honors include the Ives Medal/Quinn Prize of the Optical Society of America, the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award of the American Physical Society, a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Fellowship, and election to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the Royal Irish Academy.
As part of the Hans Bethe Lecture series, Murnane will also present the physics colloquium, “Science at the Timescale of the Electron: Coherent X-ray Beams From Tabletop Femtosecond Lasers,” Oct. 16 at 4 p.m. in Schwartz Auditorium; and a Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics and Applied and Engineering Physics theory seminar, “Capturing the Fastest Charge and Spin Dynamics in Nanosystems Using Tabletop High Harmonic Beams,” Oct. 17 at 4 p.m. in 700 Clark Hall.
The Hans Bethe Lectures, established by the Department of Physics and the College of Arts and Sciences, honor Bethe, Cornell professor of physics from 1936 until his death in 2005. Bethe won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1967 for his description of the nuclear processes that power the sun.
This story also appeared in the Cornell Chronicle. | <urn:uuid:5ce5992f-92da-4274-904e-0395f88fd2df> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://physics.cornell.edu/news/manipulating-nature-x-ray-lasers-topic-oct-18-lecture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363125.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204215252-20211205005252-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.928029 | 728 | 2.75 | 3 |
Water quality, treatment & reclamation
Water quality deterioration is a big problem in large parts of the world. Polluted water provides a serious threat for people and ecosystems and costs associated with cleaning the water for drinking and other purposes. With our research we seek to improve the monitoring system of the water system, by involving volunteers. The citizen science aspect has additional advantages in the fact that is raises awareness on water pollution and can be empowering for population affected by pollution. The commitment for volunteers to collaborate and the trust of professionals to really use the collected information goes hand in hand. Our monitoring approaches are being adopted in Vietnam and Myanmar.
The recent demand to convert the current linear economic setting to a more circular one also impacts the (waste)water sector. Wastewater is increasingly regarded is a mix of non-defined resources, which require treatment technologies oriented to recovery of these resources rather than just eliminating them. Anaerobic treatment is an eminent example of this approach and widening its application potentials is supportive to the current societal needs. At present, as a consequence of our research, the company Biothane-Veolia has implemented over 10 full-scale above-mentioned AnMBR reactor systems, whereas Paques is currently assessing the feasibility of this technology for chemical wastewaters.
Wastewater treatment for environmental protection is developing towards technologies that focus on resource efficiency and recovery, for its use in the bio-based economy. Research has been focused on the development of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR) for the high-level treatment of organically polluted wastewaters with concomitant energy recovery. Combining an absolute barrier with a biological treatment system ensures high quality effluents, whereas wastewaters are treated which are difficult to treat with more conventional technologies. | <urn:uuid:e288ef3d-eade-4fc6-8139-3d9761a1d5f8> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.tudelft.nl/citg/over-faculteit/afdelingen/watermanagement/research/water-quality-treatment-reclamation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890157.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706073443-20200706103443-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.942062 | 361 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Healthy, calm and intelligent dogs of any breed are typically good to breed from as they pass on these positive characteristics to their offspring. However, dogs can also display detrimental traits that make them unsuitable for breeding. It’s important to make an informed decision about whether to breed your dog.
Aggression comes in many forms and has many causes. In most cases, you can train a dog not to be aggressive by identifying and then neutralizing the cause. However, dogs that are incapable of behaving passively and that are prone to serious bouts of aggressive behavior are not suitable for breeding, because there is a chance they will pass this detrimental trait to their offspring.
Hip dysplasia is a painful and debilitating condition caused by a loose-fitting hip joint. The condition is hereditary. Responsible breeders always have their dogs’ hips X-rayed before breeding. Once X-rayed, your veterinarian will give your dog a hip score based on the condition of the joints. Each breed has a mean hip score, and if your dog’s score is above the mean for its breed, this is a detrimental trait. Never breed a dog that has a hip score above the mean for its breed.
Although deafness doesn’t necessarily have a drastic impact on your dog’s quality of life, congenital deafness is a detrimental trait nonetheless. Deafness in dogs is typically passed on to offspring, so no dogs that were born deaf or developed deafness as a puppy should be used for breeding. By removing dogs with congenital deafness from the gene pool, you can help eradicate congenital deafness in dogs.
Exaggerated Physical Characteristics
Certain breeds have defining physical characteristics. For example, the shar pei has distinctive wrinkles, the bulldog has an oversized head and undershot jaw, clumber spaniels have adorable droopy eyes. However, if these characteristics are too pronounced, they can cause health problems for the dog. A dog’s health should always come before appearance, so regardless of how cute or unusual your dog looks, if his physical characteristics cause him any discomfort, consider this a detrimental physical trait and do not use him for breeding.
Unless there is an obvious cause for a dog’s epilepsy, such as head trauma or disease, it is most likely a genetic condition. As with all genetic traits, good and bad, there is a strong chance epilepsy can be passed on to the offspring. By considering this a definite detrimental trait and electing not to breed from your epileptic dog, you are helping to reduce the prevalence of genetic epilepsy.
- Merced County Official Website: Dog Breed Characteristics and Behavio
- Pet MD: Addression in Dogs (Overview)
- The British Association for Shooting and Conservation: Canine Hip Dysplasia
- Petwave: Treatment and Living with a Deaf Dog
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals: Pedigree Dog Breeding in the UK: A Major Welfare Concern?
- Pet MD: Seizures (Epileptic) in Dogs
- Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:311dfed3-0379-45ef-8cee-5635a9d8a821> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://pets.thenest.com/dog-traits-detrimental-6226.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946721.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424135408-20180424155408-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.939953 | 641 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Scope. This handbook provides the criteria necessary for the
proper selection of electric power sources and distribution systems. It
covers preliminary load estimating factors, electrical power sources, and
Cancellation. This handbook cancels and supersedes DM-4.1,
Electrical Engineering Preliminary Design Considerations, of December l979,
and change dated 1 March 1983.
Load Data. Before specific electric power sources and distribution
systems can be considered, realistic preliminary load data must be compiled.
The expected electric power demand on intermediate substations, and on the
main electric power supply, shall be calculated from the connected load
layout by applying appropriate factors. Determine these factors by load
analysis and by combining loads progressively. To combine the loads, start
at the ends of the smallest feeders and work back to the electric power
source. Because all loads must be on a common kilowatt (kW) or kilovolt-
ampere (kVA) basis, it is necessary to convert motor horsepower ratings to
input kilowatts or kilovolt-amperes before combining them with other loads
already expressed in those terms. Preliminary electric power load estimates
can be made by using the approximate value of one kilovolt-ampere of input
per horsepower (hp) at full load. Preliminary estimates of lighting loads
may be made by assuming watts per ft2 (m2) of building area.
Load Analysis. To determine appropriate load estimating factors,
using the tables and factors in this manual as guides analyze the
characteristics of each load. Consider items such as environmental
conditions of weather, geographical location, and working hours, as the
situation dictates. Notice that when the load densities in w/ft2 (m2) are
used only in preliminary estimates, the demand and load factors will be used
in the final designs.
Terminology. Five terms are essential to the analysis of load
characteristics: demand factor, coincidence factor, diversity factor, and
maximum demand. These terms are defined in paras. 1.5.1 through 1.5.4.
Demand Factor. The demand factor is the ratio of the maximum
demand on a system to the total connected load of the system or
Maximum demand load
Total load connected
Coincidence Factor. The coincidence factor is the ratio of the
maximum demand of a system, or part under consideration, to the sum of the
individual maximum demands of the subdivisions or
Coincidence factor =
Maximum system demand
Sum of individual maximum demands | <urn:uuid:704def1e-d0d5-4785-9157-c04ac841603d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://buildingcriteria2.tpub.com/ufc_3_501_03n/ufc_3_501_03n0017.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163326.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926041849-20180926062249-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.825983 | 542 | 2.921875 | 3 |
European religious education teachers' perceptions of and responses to classroom diversity and their relationship to personal and professional biographies
Everington, Judith, Avest, Ina ter, Bakker, Cok and Want, Anna van der. (2011) European religious education teachers' perceptions of and responses to classroom diversity and their relationship to personal and professional biographies. British Journal of Religious Education, Vol.33 (No.2). pp. 241-256. ISSN 0141-6200Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2011.546669
This paper focuses on teachers of secondary level religious education in England, Estonia, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway. It presents a study of the teachers' perceptions of and responses to the diversity within their classes, in relation to their professional role and their personal and professional biographies. The study employed biographical research methods and 36 teachers were interviewed. Key findings were that, in every country, there was a clear relationship between individual teachers' personal biographies and how they responded to religious and/or cultural diversity and common cross‐national strategies for dealing with these aspects of diversity. However, socio‐cultural factors within each country (including dominant views of the relationship between religion and education) affected the ways in which the teachers perceived the diversity within their classes and there were national differences in how teachers prioritised aspects of diversity. The study concludes that if teachers of religion are to extend the range of their responses to classroom diversity, they would benefit from opportunities to reflect on the relationship between their perceptions of and responses to religious and cultural diversity, their personal biographies, and national requirements and expectations related to their professional role.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Subjects:||B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BL Religion
B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BV Practical Theology > BV1460 Religious Education
L Education > LB Theory and practice of education > LB1603 Secondary Education. High schools
|Divisions:||Faculty of Social Sciences > Institute of Education ( -2013)|
|Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):||Religious education -- Europe, Religion -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- Europe, Religious educators -- Europe, Religious educators -- Training of, Religious educators -- Biography, Multicultural education -- Cross-cultural studies, Cultural pluralism|
|Journal or Publication Title:||British Journal of Religious Education|
|Official Date:||March 2011|
|Page Range:||pp. 241-256|
|Access rights to Published version:||Restricted or Subscription Access|
Cooling, T. 2002. Commitment and indoctrination: A dilemma for religious education?
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:e32976a7-ef64-4051-a4a5-e8308d440f80> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/37566/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00241-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897703 | 576 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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ACTIVITY BASED COSTING -
January 4th, 2008
ACTIVITY BASED COSTING
Activity Based Costing (ABC) is a method for developing cost estimates in which the
project is subdivided into discrete, quantifiable activities or a work unit. The activity
must be definable where productivity can be measured in units (e.g., number of samples
versus manhours). After the project is broken into its activities, a cost estimate is
prepared for each activity. These individual cost estimates will contain all labor,
materials, equipment, and subcontracting costs, including overhead, for each activity.
Each complete individual estimate is added to the others to obtain an overall estimate.
Contingency and escalation can be calculated for each activity or after all the activities
have been summed. ABC is a powerful tool, but it is not appropriate for all cost
estimates. This chapter outlines the ABC method and discusses applicable uses of ABC.
2. ACTIVITY BASED COSTING METHODOLOGY
For many years, construction firms and industry trade groups have collected cost data
from a multitude of different construction projects. The amount of work associated with
that cost was also collected with the cost data. For example, collected data included the
cost of the paint, labor, equipment, and overhead to paint a room, the amount of surface
area painted, and the manpower required to paint the room. This practice allowed
construction professionals to obtain a cost per area and manpower per area. These costs
are based on an activity, such as painting, and are known as ABC. ABCs are discussed
in detail in the following sections.
A. Activity Based Costing Definition
ABC can be defined by the following equation:
C/A = HD + M + E + S
where C/A = Estimated cost per activity
H = Number of labor hours required to perform the activity one time
D = Wages per labor hour
M = Material costs required to perform the activity one time
E = Equipment costs to perform the activity one time
S = Subcontracting costs to perform the activity one time
24-2 DOE G 430.1-1
The total cost for performing the activity will be based on the number of times the
activity is performed during a specific time frame.
Cost estimators have assembled large databases of activity based cost information.
The R.S. Means Company updates its published cost references on a yearly basis,
and they are an excellent source of ABC information for the construction industry.
B. Use of Activity Based Costing Methodology
ABC methodology is used when a project can be divided into defined activities.
These activities are at the lowest function level of a project at which costs are
tracked and performance is evaluated. Depending on the project organization, the
activity may coincide with an element of the work breakdown structure (WBS) or
may combine one or more elements of the WBS. However, the activities must be
defined so there is no overlap between them. After the activity is defined, the unit
of work is established. All costs for the activity are estimated using the unit of
The estimates for the units of work can be done by performing detailed estimates,
using cost estimating relationships, obtaining outside quotes for equipment, etc. All
costs including overhead, profit, and markups should be included in the activity
C. Identification of Activities
When defining an individual activity, the cost estimator must balance the need for
accuracy with the amount of time available to prepare the estimate. An estimator
may be able to develop an extremely accurate cost estimate by defining smaller and
smaller activities; however, the amount of time required to prepare ABC estimates
for each of these activities may not justify the increased accuracy. The total
estimated project cost may be sufficiently accurate if 10 activities are used instead
of 15. On the other hand, reliable cost information may not be accessible if the
activity categories are too general. Since the activity is the basis for the estimate, it
is very important that the activity be selected correctly.
D. Example of an Activity Based Costing Estimate
To get a better understanding of how an ABC estimate is developed, assume that
you have been asked to prepare a cost estimate for a site evaluation. To verify that
there is no contamination at the site, subsurface soil samples will have to be
collected. The area of the site is known, and the guidelines for the number of
samples per unit area has also been given.
1. Site: Atlas Metals (now out of business)
DOE G 430.1-1 24-3
2. Objective: Collect and analyze subsurface soil samples to determine if
contamination exists from past usage of the 1,000 square-foot-yard area.
3. Sampling Requirements: One sample per 100 square feet, and sample depth is
The following activities would be involved:
• mobilize equipment and personnel,
• drill hole for sample,
• collect sample,
• decontaminate equipment between samples,
• prepare all samples for analysis,
• demobilize equipment and personnel,
• analyze samples.
Equipment needs are as follows:
• Hand-held auger for sample collection
($100.00/day flat rate)
• Safety equipment for site personnel
(gloves, safety glasses, and protective equipment at
Material needs are as follows:
• Sampling containers and labels
• Water to clean the auger between samples
(5 gallons/sample at $.30/gallon)
The auger requires two people to operate it. Site mobilization and demobilization
will take a total of 1 hour. Local labor rate is $15.00/hour for all disciplines. A 2-
person crew can prepare 10 samples for analysis in one hour. The laboratory
charges $1,000.00/sample for analysis.
24-4 DOE G 430.1-1
• Number of hours required to perform the activity = 12 hours
• Wages per labor hour = 2 x $15.00 x 2.5 = $75.00/hour
• Labor cost per sample = (12 x 75) ÷ 10 = $90.00/sample
• Materials costs = (10 x $1.00 + 2 x (2 x $10.00) + 10 x 5 x $.30) x 1.2 =
• Materials cost per sample = $7.80/sample
• Equipment costs = (2 days x $100.00/day) x 1.2 = $240.00
• Equipment cost per sample = $24.00/sample
• Subcontractor cost per sample = ($1,000.00 x 1.15) = $1,150.00
• C/A = (HD + M + E + S)/sample
• C/A = $90.00 + $7.80 + $24.00 + $1,150.00 = $1,271.80/sample
If the area requiring sampling increases or decreases, the number of samples can be
recalculated using this ABC.
3. APPLICATION OF ACTIVITY BASED COSTING
As can be seen from the example, ABC can be a useful cost estimating tool for nonconventional
and construction projects. However, there are some activities that are more
appropriately estimated using other cost estimating techniques. For example, site
security may always be required at some facilities regardless of the number of employees
at the facility or work being conducted at the facility.
ABC estimating is especially useful in instances where the number of activities is
uncertain or may change during the estimate process. Referring back to the ABC
estimate example, if the number of samples changed, it would be fairly easy to
recalculate the cost of the sampling. | <urn:uuid:7cb060ad-238a-4bfa-aa18-8625efdcdae2> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.managementparadise.com/forums/management-accounting-cost-accounting/22862-activity-based-costing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532573.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00136-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913944 | 1,655 | 3.34375 | 3 |
- What is Islam?
Islam is not a new religion. It is the same truth that God revealed to all His prophets throughout history. Islam is both a religion and a complete way of life. Muslims follow a religion of peace, mercy and forgiveness that should not be associated with acts of violence against the innocent.
- Who are Muslims and what do they believe?
There are an estimated 1.2 billion Muslims worldwide. No more than 20 percent of Muslims live in the Arabic-speaking world. The country with the largest Muslim population is Indonesia. Muslims believe in One, Unique, and Incomparable God. They believe in the Day of Judgement and individual accountability for actions. Muslims believe in a chain of prophets beginning with Adam and including Noah (Nuh), Abraham (Ibrahim), Ishmael (Issmaeel), Isaac (Iss-haq), Jacob (Ya’koob), Joseph (Yusuf), Job (Ayub), Moses (Musa), David (Dawud), Solomon (Suleiman), and Jesus (Eissa). God’s eternal message was reaffirmed and finalized by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be on them all). One becomes a Muslim by saying, “There is no deity but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God.” By this declaration, the person announces faith in all of God’s messengers.
- What is the Quran?
The Quran is the record of the exact words revealed by God through the Angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. It was memorized by Muhammad and then dictated to his companions. The text of the Quran was cross-checked during the life of the Prophet. The 114 chapters of the Quran have remained unchanged through the centuries.
- What are the “Five Pillars” of Islam?
1) The Declaration of Faith – This consists of the two sentence declaration described above.
2) Prayer – Muslims perform five obligatory prayers each day. Islamic prayers are a direct link between the worshiper and God. Islam has no hierarchical authority or priesthood. A learned Muslim chosen by each congregation leads the prayers.
3) Zakat – One of the most important principles of Islam is that all things belong to God and that wealth is held in trust by human beings. Zakat, or charitable giving, “purifies” wealth by setting aside a portion for those in need. This payment is usually two and a half percent of one’s capital.
4) Fasting – Every year in the Islamic lunar month of Ramadan, Muslims fast from first light until sunset. The fast is another method of self-purification.
5) Pilgrimage – A pilgrimage to Mecca, or Hajj, is an obligation for those who are physically or financially able.
- What about the American Muslim community?
There are an estimated 7 million Muslims in America. The Muslim community in America is made up of people from a wide variety of ethnic backgrounds and national origins. There are almost 2,000 mosques, Islamic schools and Islamic centers in America. Muslims are active in all walks of life. Islam is one of the fastest growing religions in this country and around the world.
- What about Muslim women?
Under Islamic law, women have always had the right to own property, receive an education and otherwise take part in community life. Men and women are to be respected equally. The Islamic rules for modest dress apply to both women and men equally. (Men cannot expose certain parts of their bodies, wear gold or silk, etc.) If a particular society oppresses women, it does so in spite of Islam, not because of it.
- What is Jihad?
“Jihad” does not mean “holy war.” Literally, jihad means to strive, struggle and exert effort. It is a central and broad Islamic concept that includes struggle against evil inclinations within oneself, struggle to improve the quality of life in society, struggle in the battlefield for self-defense (e.g., – having a standing army for national defense), or fighting against tyranny or oppression. | <urn:uuid:2e105bc9-80c6-4caf-ac33-a47c2549ec21> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://www.oldsite.cairchicago.org/about-islam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668618.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115093159-20191115121159-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.948731 | 838 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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