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VUĆI SE K’O GLADNA GODINA
Literally means to drag your feet like ‘a hungry year ’i.e. a year of famine, to be tired and hungry and because of that to shuffle your feet listless with no energy in the way ‘a year of famine’ does as if it would never end, vuĆi se means to drag ‘yourself’, gladna means hungry, godina means a year.
BITI BEZ KROVA NAD GLAVOM
This phrase literally means ‘to be with no roof above your head’ to indicate not to have where to live or even to be homeless ( krov- means roof , glava - means head , nad means above).
BITI KRATKOG FITILJA
This phrase literally translates as ‘to have a short fuse’ , which means to have a short temper , to get upset or ( krov- means roof , glava - means head , nad means above)offended, to get embroiled in a row or an argument only too quickly or easily. (biti means to be, fitilj means fuse and kratak means short).
TRČATI KAO MUVA BEZ GLAVE
Literal translation is ‘to run around like a headless fly’ ( i.e. with no head ; trČati means to run, kaomeans like or as, muva- means a fly , bez means without and glava means a head. Its equivalent would be to run around like a headless chicken, ‘TRČATI NAVRAT NANOS’ to run around helter skelter or TRČATI KAO LUD – to run around like mad).
STO BABICA, KILAVA BEBA or STO BABICA KILAVO DETE
Literal translation would be …’one hundred midwives, the weak bodied baby’ or ‘the more the midwives , the weaker the baby will be’ but its metaphorical meaning is the equivalent of the proverb in English ‘Too many cooks spoil the broth’ to refer to situations if too many people interfere or meddle in each other’s affairs,they will not be helping but hindering the situation and will not resolve the issue at hand. Sto means one hundred, babica means a midwife, kilavo means weak bodied, beba means a baby and dete means a child.
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angloland Learn Serbian in Belgrade in small groups and/or individual classes email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.org email@example.com | <urn:uuid:50ad3c87-acae-4e41-a783-32630c4283ce> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.toursfrombelgrade.com/post/angloland-learn-serbian-phrases-of-the-week-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140746.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713002400-20200713032400-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.911025 | 600 | 2.75 | 3 |
BASIC WATER TANK CALCULATIONS
This page is intended to help your department calculate either the capacity of an existing tank or to calculate the size of a tank that will need to be built. All calculations are built around polypropylene tanks and take material thickness into consideration. To use these figures with steel, simply leave out the "-1" subtraction that is used against the primary dimensions.
If you are needing a quick, down and dirty estimate of weight, use 9 pounds per gallon with a poly tank and 10 pounds per gallon with steel construction.
Simple Calculation, Rectangular Tank
All calculations are based on the fact that there are 231 cubic inches in a gallon of water.
If you know the full outside dimensions you will have and only want to know how many gallons it will hold use this formula:
((Length – 1) X (Width –1) X (Height-1)) / 231 = Total Gallons
We have a tank measuring 100” long, 48” wide, and 50” high. The calculations would look like this:
((100-1) X (48-1) X (50-1)) / 231 = 987
What If? Calculation
When you know two of the variables but not the last this method comes in handy. For instance, we know the tank can be 48” wide and 100” long but need to know how high the top will have to be to hold 1000 gallons. First we figure the cross section of the tank, less the thickness of the sides and how much that shape will hold per 1” of depth by using this formula:
((Length-1) X (Width-1)) /231 = Gallons per inch of height
((100-1) X (48-1)) /231 = 20.143 (Carry
out to three decimal places minimum)
Then, simply divide the gallons needed by the above result and add 1” for material thickness.
(1000 / 20.143) + 1 = 50.645 (Required tank height for 1000 gallons)
Or, 51” for all practical purposes (1027 Gallons using the formula at the top of the page.) Every tank should have a slight reserve.
To calculate the size of a tee tank, simply look at it from the end. It is two different size rectangles, one above the other. Calculate the size of each rectangle and simply add them together.
Please Note: These formulas are “rule of thumb” calculations designed to get “into the ballpark”. Final capacity can vary depending on baffles, pass through tubes etc….
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David's Fire Equipment | <urn:uuid:d2fad4d4-d1bd-4525-a7fd-4f381a20cac0> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.davidsfire.com/water_tanks.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120881.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00210-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887194 | 557 | 3.125 | 3 |
Zang (脏) and Fu (腑) refer to all internal organs in the human body according to Chinese medicine. Zang-Fu organs is one of the basic concepts in Chinese medicine. Please note that, although they often share the same names as the organs we're used to in Western medicine, the Zang-Fu organs are quite different in their definitions. They refer to functional entities much more than anatomical features. To reflect this difference their names are often capitalized.
There are five Zang organs and six Fu organs. Each Zang organ is paired with a Fu (aside from the Heart that is paired with two Fu organs) and each pair is assigned a phase under the Five-Phases theory. Also, under the Yin-Yang theory, Zang organs are considered Yin in nature while Fu organs are Yang.
The Zang organs are thought to manufacture and store Qi, Blood and Essence. The Fu organs have a somewhat secondary role since their function is to transmit and digest substances like food or waste.
Here are the five Zang-Fu organ pairs with their respective phases:
- Spleen (Zang) and Stomach (Fu): Earth
- Lungs (Zang) and Large Intestine (Fu): Metal
- Kidneys (Zang) and Bladder (Fu): Water
- Liver (Zang) and Gall Bladder (Fu): Wood
- Heart (Zang) and Small Intestine (Fu) (and, secondarily, Triple Burner, an organ with no anatomical reality): Fire
Let's look at each Zang organ and their respective roles according to Chinese medicine.
The Spleen has an arguably much bigger role in Chinese medicine than in Western medicine. Its role is seen as "transforming and absorbing" food and drinks, extracting "grain Qi" (the vital essence), blood and fluids out of them and distributing them to other Zang organs. Along with the Heart, the Spleen also has the function of containing blood inside blood vessels. As such if a patient has blood in their urine or their stools, this is seen as a Spleen deficiency. Lastly the Spleen also "governs" muscles and limbs. This is mainly due to its role of extracting nutrients out of what we eat or drink. If that role is not fulfilled properly, this will be readily apparent in one's muscles and limbs because they'll lose some of their strength.
The Spleen is said to "open" into the lips and mouth. Concretely this means that a spleen deficiency can be seen from the observation of a patient's appetite or from the color and shape of their lips. Someone who has a loss of appetite or who cannot taste food anymore will probably be diagnosed with a Spleen deficiency.
The Liver's main function in Chinese medicine is to ensure smooth flow of Qi throughout the body, to store blood when needed and to assist the digestive functions of the Spleen.
The Liver is often referred as the body's "general" in Chinese medicine because it is in charge of deciding on countermeasures if the external environment changes. For instance an organ might be "under attack" by an external pathogen and the Liver will decide to send more Qi their way. As such it has an important role in the Chinese Medicine version of the immune system.
Chinese medicine believes that sometimes (when a person lies down for instance) blood partially stops moving around the body and needs to be stored somewhere. The liver fulfills that storage role and releases the blood when it's needed again (when someone gets up, exercises, etc.).
The Liver "opens" into the eyes, "governs" the tendons and is "reflected" in the nails. This means that a Chinese doctor has many clues to understand if a patient has a Liver deficiency. Such patient may for instance have a jaundiced color in their eyes. Or they would have nails that are too thin and pale. Or, for the tendons part, they'd have difficulty bending or stretching.
In Chinese medicine our body gets Qi from two sources: the food and drinks we ingest and the air we breath. The Spleen is in charge of transforming the former and the Lungs the latter. As such the main function of the Lungs is to extract Qi from the air we breath and to distribute this "air Qi" (as opposed to "grain Qi" from food and drink) to the body.
Another important function of the Lungs is to regulate some of the water flow in the body. They're notably responsible to expel some water by way of sweat (or via respiration) or send some water to the Kidneys that then transform it into urine.
Just like the Spleen "governs" muscles or the Liver "governs" tendons, the Lungs are said to "govern" the skin and the body hairs. The skin and body hair are seen as having a very important role against external pathogens in Chinese Medicine and the Lungs are in charge of regulating such function by equipping them with "defensive Qi". This means that skin conditions such as eczema or thin or brittle hairs are mainly seen as a sign of deficient lungs. This governing role on the skin and hair also goes along with the Lungs' role in regulating sweat. If one has excessive spontaneous sweat, it is a sign that the body's "defensive Qi" might be down and one will be more likely to catch illnesses such as influenza or colds.
Lastly the Lungs "open" into the nose and throat. This means that if a patient has a running nose, a strange or deficient sense of smell, a congested throat, a persistent cough or even a coarse voice a Chinese Medicine doctor will likely consider this an issue with their lungs.
The Kidney's principal role from a Chinese Medicine standpoint is to store and release an essence called "Jing" (精). Jing is both inherited from one's parents (as such it can be compared with a Chinese Medicine version of DNA) and acquired via from food and various forms of stimulation (like exercise or study). The role of Jing is to govern one's growth and development as well as reproduction. As such someone with a strong Jing will for instance have an unimpeded development process during their childhood and teenage with good bone structure and good teeth. By the middle of one life, Jing will progressively decline. This is for instance the main Chinese Medicine explanation for menopause.
Another important role of the Kidneys is to control the metabolism of water and notably to separate it into "clear" and "impure" parts. The latter are expelled from the body as urine and the rest is distributed to other organs.
The Kidneys "open" into the ears and genital organs and is "reflected" in the hair. This means that someone with a hearing problem or a urinary tract disorder (like incontinence) might have deficient Kidneys. Similarly someone who loses their hair might also find the cause in their Kidneys.
Ted J. Kaptchuk (1983). The Web That Has No Weaver: Understanding Chinese Medicine. Chicago, Il., U.S.A.: Congdon & Weed.
Ko, Robert. Health Concepts in Chinese Medicine [PDF documents and videos]. Retrieved from The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology on Coursera: https://www.coursera.org/learn/health-concepts-chinese-medicine
Zang-fu. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 21, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zang-fu
脏象. (n.d.). In A+医学百科. Retrieved April 21, 2018, from http://www.a-hospital.com/w/%E8%84%8F%E8%B1%A1
Article tags: Chinese Medicine theory | <urn:uuid:cfba102f-0563-44fc-ba61-4800ceb746ec> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.meandqi.com/journal/what-are-zang-fu-organs-in-chinese-medicine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644913.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529205037-20230529235037-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.951267 | 1,664 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Fragment of Roman statuette depicting Hermaphrodite
Fragment of a Roman marble statue depicting a sleeping Hermaphrodite. The two-sex deity is naked and leaning on their crossed arms.
The object is dated to the 1st-2nd century CE and is a copy of the original from the 2nd-century BCE. It is currently located in the Louvre.
The fragment of the sculpture was discovered in 1608 near the Baths of Diocletian in Rome. In 1619, it was decided to sculpt the rest of the body, for which a certain Bernini was responsible, and the renovation was done by David Larique.
Greek mythology tells that Hermaphroditus – the son of Hemes and Aphrodite – rejected the love advances of the nymph Salmacis. Unable to accept the rejection, she asked Zeus to join their bodies into one. In this way, one bisexual creature was created with male sexual organs and the sensual curves of a woman.
IMPERIUM ROMANUM is in process of translation over 3300 Polish articles about history of ancient Rome. If you have the opportunity to financially support the further translations – even with smaller amount – I will be very grateful. | <urn:uuid:0cb42a68-b52d-4cf8-bc18-a4fde97f5dfd> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://imperiumromanum.pl/en/curiosities/fragment-of-roman-statuette-depicting-hermaphrodite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879305.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419080654-20210419110654-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.97404 | 254 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Their production reflected 1920s Berlin dance bands and cabaret and inspired modern musical theatre hits such as Cabaret and Chicago. Early theatres The first buildings used for theatrical performances in Britain were amphitheatres introduced by the Romans, who copied theatres from ancient Greece. Their private lives and loves were the focus of obsessive public interest and they were the subjects of paintings and broadsides — even novelty merchandise. This, coupled with change in audience and stage dynamic as well as advancement in theatre architecture that allowed for hidden scene changes, the theatre became more representational instead of presentational, and invited audience to be transported to a conceived 'other' world. When an actor had a benefit performance, they would squeeze as many seats as they could on to the stage in order to maximise their profit.
In 1968 censorship ended, and performances usually seen in club theatres could now be staged in mainstream theatres. Audiences in Georgian England were fully and noisily engaged in the show, creating a carnivalesque atmosphere that must have resembled a 21st-century football or boxing match. Medieval theatre was presented on elaborate temporary stages inside great halls, barns, or in the open courtyards of galleried inns. In 1794 the Drury Lane Theatre, London introduced the first iron safety curtain, which would eventually become a statutory requirement in all large theatres. These writers included in Germany, in France, and in Russia.
Inflation and the studied carelessness of the had left many noble families impoverished, while middle-class merchants and financiers prospered. The theatre The growth of the early American theatre owed more to its actors than to its dramatists. To escape the restrictions of the royal patents, non-patent theatres interspersed dramatic scenes with musical interludes. Their younger brother Charles Kemble and his daughter Fanny were later stars of the London stage in the 1820s. They were tasked with building even bigger theatres, with grander front of house arrangements and more luxurious social areas. Eighteenth century theatre Historical background The Hanoverian or Georgian age When the last Stuart monarch, Queen Anne, died childless in 1714, the British crown should have passed to Princess Sophia of Hanover, one of the granddaughters of King. Stanislavski: His Life and Art.
Eye makeup, rarely if ever used by the general public, was used on the stage. The ideas of Dancourt were in the right line, but his equipment as dramatist was not sufficient to give much weight to his work. · As the century progressed the major influence on English theatre shifted from France to. He had the knack of turning a farce into a sharp exploration of social, psychological, and metaphysical questions meaning that his plays as fresh and relevant today as they ever did. It was also in the 18th Century that commercial theatre began to make its appearance in the colonies of North America. We have covered what was going on during the 16th and 17th centuries France and England. Lighting At the beginning of the century the was as brightly lit as the stage.
In the early 19th century Russian theatre had been one of the most backward in Europe, content to play a of stock theatrical pieces, mainly French and , or Russian imitations of them. This is a kilt I sewed for 18th century reenactment dimensions when laid out are approx 26 inches to the hem by 64 inches wide. Characters in melodrama were stereotypical - there was always a villain, a wronged maiden and a hero. The and of music allowed him to have greater personal control over performance than he would with spoken drama. One of the last play to be censored was Edward Bond's production of Saved in 1965. Lavinia Fenton as Polly Peachum in The Beggar's Opera, mezzotint print by John Faber the Younger after John Ellys, London, England, 1728, Harry Beard Collection.
The career of Beaumarchais is sufficiently remarkable in itself to afford a theme for a playwright. English theatre during the eighteenth century The eighteenth century was the great age of theatre. Eager to enjoy its hard-won privileges but at the same time unable to the same tastes as the nobility, the middle class demanded something less artificial and formal than the theatre of the late 17th century—something more realistic and genteel. No other actor has been painted as many times as Garrick. Nineteenth-century theatre describes a wide range of movements in the of Europe and the United States in the 19th century.
Playbills were cheaply printed adverts-cum-descriptions that were circulated widely to drum up business. Argand lamps were first introduced in the French theatre in 1784, but due to their high cost did not become a standard fixture in all theatres. Irving especially dominated the for almost 30 years from 1871 - 1899 and was hero-worshipped by his audiences. Among others, Irving commissioned the artist Edward Burne-Jones to design King Arthur. His book about Shakespeare's global influence, Worlds Elsewhere: Journeys Around Shakespeare's Globe, is out now in paperback. Since all wore masks, their roles were eventually called masks.
Melodrama often had romantic settings; ruined castles and wild mountains, reflecting the Romantic movement's obsession with the wilds of nature and exotic travel. The wing and drop style was most frequently used in the early 18th century. Hundreds were built in working class areas as money-making concerns. The period between the two world wars was one of social discontent, and saw the rise of the Workers Theatre Movement. Argand employed scientific knowledge on the role of the newly discovered oxygen in combustion, and by adding a chimney managed to increase the flow of air to the flame thus increasing its light output significantly.
. Indeed the heroes and heroines were nearly always from the working class and the baddies were aristocrats or the local squire. Engraved print of The Beggar's Opera by William Blake after Hogarth, London, England, about 1729 18th-century plays The 18th century saw the flourishing of theatre as a popular pastime and many theatres were enlarged and new playhouses built in London and the provinces. Henry Fielding, author of a number of successful satires, and others were suspicious that this play had been engineered by Walpole himself. As elsewhere, Russia was dominated by melodrama and. | <urn:uuid:de0a5e59-1ae2-42f7-9331-5ba58a63ed10> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://mumbles.co.uk/18th-century-theatre.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202642.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322094932-20190322120932-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.981314 | 1,321 | 3.40625 | 3 |
This set of word work activities is one list in a series of 36 lists. Each list contains a specific spelling pattern to work on. We study one list each week, and assess on Friday. (The Assessment page is also included--as well as the Practice Test we give on Thursday.)
The list is made based on the letters and spelling patterns we have introduced in class. We use them in 1st Grade, but you can also use them for students who need extra practice in 2nd grade or Kindergarten students who are ready for a challenge.
You can use the lists in the same order or you can mix them up based on what skills you want your students to work on. They are all very simple for students to complete on their own, so ideal for independent work or in a Word Study/ Word Work/ Spelling Work Station.
Please download the PREVIEW of List 27 to see all the activities included in each set as well as a Table of Contents of all the sets by Guided Reading Levels .
Each set include the same following activities to choose from:
1.) Word Sort (A few lists do not have this because they do not lend themselves to sorting.)
2.) Fill In the Blank Picture Match/ Sentence Completion
3.) ABC Order- Cut apart and paste in alphabetical order
4.) Word Collage
5.) Handwriting Practice
6.) Sentence Writing
7.) Word Boxes
8.) Circle Spelling
9.) Choo-Choo Spelling
10.) Stamp It
11.) Dough Spelling
12.) Rainbow Spelling
13.) Bingo (with 5 different BINGO mats)
14.) Practice Spelling Test
15.) Spelling Test
This is the order we teach the letters & spelling patterns:
(We use the 1st Grade TEKS Resource System Phonics Scope and Sequence.)
i, t, p, n, s, a, l, d, f, h, g, o, k, c,m, r, b, e, y, j,u, w, v, x, z, s blends, l blends, r blends, sh, ch, th, s, es, ing, ed, a-e Long a, wh, ph, kn, gh, ck, ng, o-e long o, tch, dge, i-e long i, compound words, u-e long u, ar, or, er, ir, ur, compound words, ai, ay, ee, ea (long e), contractions, ie, igh, oa, ow, oy, oi, final stable syllables, ea, (short e) , ie (long e), ew, au, oo, ow, ou
These activities can be used in a variety of ways, but this is what I do:
• Included is a “Spelling Menu” if you like to let your students choose their activities to complete.
• I use most of the “paper and pencil” activities in a “Spelling Work Station.”
• I make a packet of activities with 5-7 activities that students start on Monday and have to finish by Friday.
• I put the “Stamp It” and “Spelling Dough,” and “BINGO” activities at a “Word Work” station.
• I send the Spelling List and the “Handwriting” pages home for homework or you can use the “Spelling Homework Menu.” | <urn:uuid:7c62b321-fe56-416b-9642-8717486c9dea> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Spelling-Word-Work-Station-Activities-List-8-Blends-SpSwScSn-Words-TEKS-1268727 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170914.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00097-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908339 | 749 | 4.03125 | 4 |
This week's book giveaway is in the General Computing forum. We're giving away four copies of Arduino in Action and have Martin Evans, Joshua Noble, and Jordan Hochenbaum on-line! See this thread for details.
Hi all. I never had experience setting up webservers, so I have some silly questions regarding configuration and access. It seems that I have successfully installed Tomcat on my Ubuntu (11.10), although I didn't set up any environment variables, and yet when I execute ./startup.sh everything works fine. I understand that these environment variables are needed for the scripts and not Tomcat itself, so when I start it, all values in these variables are correct (except for JRE_HOME it just points to /usr, but when I try to check if Tomcat is running, it's there). So is it mandatory to set up these variables? Also, how do I access the server from another machine? I mean, it's a silly question, but when I type http://myipaddress:8080 it just won't connect. (only http://localhost:8080), do I need to configure something? Or is the connection just being blocked? If yes, how do I resolve that?
You have to set up JAVA_HOME (or JRE_HOME). Tomcat will deduce the other items based on that and on the location of the startup script (actually, the catalina.sh script). You can override when these defaults are not sufficient - for example, when you have multiple Tomcats so that CATALINA_HOME and CATALINA_BASE have different values.
For settings within Tomcat itself, you can create a setenv.sh inside TOMCAT_HOME/bin. Use this, for example, to override the default JVM memory settings.
To access Tomcat from another machine, you have to open Tomcat's port (8080) in the machine's firewall (iptables). Also open up port 8443, if you will be using SSL/TLS.
Customer surveys are for companies who didn't pay proper attention to begin with.
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Thanks for reply. I see that this is a common configuration issue, also forgot I was using my router.. :d | <urn:uuid:3c5246e7-1bdb-4bc4-ab8a-df543bdc4258> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.coderanch.com/t/595744/Tomcat/Tomcat-access | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710366143/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131926-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909264 | 474 | 2.546875 | 3 |
TEFL Breakdown - What Subjects Will Your TEFL Course Cover?
Whether you choose an online format or an in-class option for your TEFL certification course, the overall goal is to provide you with all the skills and knowledge necessary to be an effective teacher in your post-course classroom. But what exactly are the skills and knowledge you will learn? While the exact content may vary from course to course, here we break down some of the general topics that you are likely to study.
The Role of the Teacher
What is the role of the teacher in a modern English language classroom? What are they there to achieve and how should they go about it? Should the teacher be a lecturer or a conversation facilitator? When should they correct errors during the class? Your TEFL certification course will provide the answers to all these questions and many more besides.
This crucial subject covers many areas, not least, how to deal with difficult behavior in the classroom. During the course, you will learn how to manage a wide range of issues without resorting to outdated disciplinary measures that you might remember from your own school days. You will also learn how different desk layouts can affect your students’ learning and how to keep the class engaged so they don't resort to watching the clock.
You probably won’t be surprised to learn that your future English classes will run more efficiently and be more rewarding for your students if they have been properly planned in advance. However, as with many things in life, ESL lessons don’t always go exactly to plan. Because of this, your TEFL course will not only show you how to effectively plan your lesson but also how to predict any problems that might arise during its delivery and how to overcome them.
One thing that separates language teaching from many other subjects is that it requires the teacher to focus on multiple skills: speaking, writing, reading, and listening comprehension. And unfortunately, there is no single teaching strategy that can address all four skills together. In order to develop your students’ abilities in all of these areas, your TEFL course will provide key ideas for developing your lessons based on the specific needs of those in your class.
One part of language learning that many students find the hardest to master is correct pronunciation. In different parts of the world, you will find that students have unique challenges with the pronunciation of certain words and letters. During your TEFL certification course you will learn how to deal with these issues and how to design specific lessons and activities to ensure your students have the best possible help in this difficult area of learning.
Testing the language level of your new students and testing the progress they have made at different points in the curriculum are important areas of a teacher’s job that need a considerable amount of planning. Your TEFL course will provide plenty of coverage of this issue to ensure you can confidently choose the right approach in any given situation.
Listen to this blog post
Now that you know what a TEFL course involves, what are you waiting for?
As you can see, a good quality TEFL course covers a wide range of important subjects. By combining all that you learn about each of these, you should be able to walk into your first teaching job fully confident that you can plan and deliver engaging and effective lessons that will give your students the best possible chance of success.
Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad.
Send us an email or call us toll-free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.
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- What’s Stopping You from Teaching English Abroad? | <urn:uuid:dd52a713-3bbf-4da4-b09a-d9b3a3e27085> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.teflcourse.net/blog/tefl-breakdown-what-subjects-will-your-tefl-course-cover-ittt-tefl-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.945968 | 815 | 2.75 | 3 |
CERN is one of the most advanced technology centers on the planet where over eleven thousand scientists from around the world are probing the fundamental structure of the universe. They use the world's largest purpose-built and most complex scientific instruments to study the basic constituents of matter - the fundamental particles. In the common imagination CERN resembles a space station where technology and humans share the last design places with an aseptic mood. But CERN has more similarity to a huge workshop where scientists, engineers and workers collaborate together with their hand works and their brains and give back to science a familiar look.
An advanced accelerators of 27 km boost beams of particles to high energies traveling 11.000 times per second the entire ring before the beams are made to collide with each other to recreate the big-bang explosion while huge detectors observe and record the results of these collisions.
When you have to solve or improve something and there's nothing that works in that way people at CERN have to find a solution and invent something that doesn’t exist. All the amazing discoveries at CERN are passed through experimental hand-made instruments. Mathematical rules and rigor combined with creativity and imagination in a unique container and able to invent tools to find and search as more as possible the basis rule of our existence. This is the process that gave to humanity many of the inventions of our times , like the World Wide Web that in 1989 was just a proposal for a more effective CERN communication system. Then the concept was implemented throughout the world.
This photos document the last days and exclusive moments where people were working shoulder to shoulder before the doors were closed during the maintenance and improvement of the LHC accelerators for Run 2 that follows a 2-year technical stop after the Boson Higgs discovery. The machine were prepared for running at almost double the energy of the LHC’s first run and they are gearing up for its second three-year run where it will not be possible to access to the underground tunnel of CERN. The goal for 2015 will be to run with two proton beams in order to produce 13 TeV collisions, an energy never Achieved by any accelerator in the past and more than double of the precedent collisions.
CERN Control Centre is in full swing to carry out all the requested tests before circulating proton beams again in March 2015. | <urn:uuid:acefa659-63f6-440d-a363-fb9a54677217> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.lucalocatelli.com/story-02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121165.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00365-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949392 | 474 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Description & Characteristics:
Considered by whalers to be the ‘right’ whales to hunt, Southern Right whales were fortunate to have escaped extinction. Slow swimmers, they made easy targets for harpooners in the early 1800’s, and their rich oil-filled blubber meant that they floated after being killed. Now, slowly recovering, Southern Right whales are found traveling the Southern Ocean from South Africa’s coastline in winter where they breed to Antarctic feeding grounds during the summer months.
Southern Right whales are baleen whales with dark gray bodies, bow-shaped lower jaws, and massive heads that measure up to one-quarter of their body length. The heads are hairier than most whales; up to 300 hairs are found on the tip of the lower jaw and 100 are on the upper jaw. Horny growths called callosities frequently form behind the two blowholes near the top of the head; also on the chin, above the eyes, on the lower lip, and on the rostrum (the beak-like upper jaw). Researchers use the patterns of these growths to help identify individual whales. Right whales have very small eyes and large flippers. As with all baleen whales, the females are slightly larger than males. Hanging from the jaws of Right whales are about 200-270 pairs of long black baleen plates with fine grayish bristles. These thin, plastic-like plates can be up to 10 feet long.
Like all baleen whales, Southern Rights are seasonal feeders and carnivores using their baleen as a filter to strain out plankton, krill, and tiny crustaceans from the water. Swimming at about three or four miles per hour, they move their open mouths back and forth, constantly eating. On occasion, they may be found bottom feeding on benthic prey from the mud on the ocean floor.
For Southern Right whales, calving and mating occur in the coastal waters off southern Africa. Females give birth in the early spring after a seven to ten month gestation period. Once the calf is old enough to swim for long periods of time, they will return to the nutrient-rich waters of Antarctica. The calf will nurse on the mother’s fat-rich milk for up to one year during which time it will double in length and increase its weight fivefold. Mother and calf form long-term bonds. | <urn:uuid:d56c6240-db4a-4567-b4c6-62d6a3713f91> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.antarcticconnection.com/information/south-right-whale-eubalaena-australis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334855.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926082131-20220926112131-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.945815 | 498 | 3.6875 | 4 |
More information on asteroids can be found at the
- Chiron has variable activity and V mags are important.
- 1994 AW1 has an unusual light curve - worth observing in
- Phaethon makes a close approach in 1997.
- 3691 1982 FT is a slow rotator with a period of around
- 253 Mathilde is a NEAR target
- H10 values are of interest to professionals. Magnitude
estimates, particularly of fainter comets are therefore
- Comet hunting, particularly in twighlight conditions is
still worthwhile, but professional searches will soon be
scanning all the dark sky areas to 19th mag.
- 46P/Wirtanen (1997, 2008) and 81P/Wild 2 (1997) are
spacecraft targets so observations are important. Other
targets are 22P/Kopff, 29P/SW1, 76P/WKI, 90P/Chiron.
- Its worth monitoring asteroids in cometary type orbits
(eg Phaethon, Oljato, 6144 1994 EQ3, Hidalgo, Hephaistos) in
case they outburst. Similarly it is worth monitoring distant
- Nuclear magnitudes following an outburst can be useful,
but should always use the same telescope and magnification.
- Disconnection events (and kinks, rays, knots etc) in
plasma tails are only likely for comets in equatorial
- Its worth watching minor showers, particularly those
associated with long period comets - you might see an
outburst. Its possible that one or two occur each year.
- The Leonids are expected to show enhanced activity from
1998 to 2003, storms in 1999 and 2000 and minor enhancment
from 2003 to 2006. There were two peaks in 1965 at solar
longitude 234.12 and 235.16.
- There were an unusually large number of Taurid fireballs
in the last 10 days of October 1995.
- It is possible to see shower members outside the
normally accepted limits, eg NDA Aug 1 - Sep 3, PER Jul 12 -
Sep 8, LEO Nov 8 - Dec 3, GEM Dec 3 - 15.
- The Perseids may have multiple peaks.
- The alpha circinids may outburst in 2003/04
- There may be a further alpha Monocerotid outburst on
1996 November 21 07:30
- 1995 O1 is unlikely to produce meteors, but its worth | <urn:uuid:94022db4-1545-4077-8c4d-c5d69e60fc14> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~jds/acm96.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425254.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725142515-20170725162515-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.851722 | 524 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Make or Buy Decision Definition:
Make or buy decision is a decision as to whether an item should be produced internally or purchased from an outside supplier.
Explanation of the Term “Make or Buy Decision”:
Business decision that compares the costs and benefits of manufacturing a product or product component against purchasing it is called make or buy decision.
If the purchase price is higher than what it would cost the manufacturer to make it, or if the manufacturer has excess capacity that could be used for that product, or the manufacturer’s suppliers are unreliable, then the manufacturer may choose to make the product. Manufacturers may also consider to make rather than buying because some wastes may become the raw materials of product under consideration. This assumes the manufacturer has the skills and equipment necessary, access to raw materials, and the ability to meet its own product standards. A company who chooses to make rather than buy is at risk of losing alternative sources, design flexibility, and access to technological innovations.
Other Related Accounting Articles: | <urn:uuid:60b89cbc-1104-4354-bfd7-2ebb330c2cc5> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.accountingdetails.com/make_buy_decision_definition.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701157212.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193917-00040-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963577 | 206 | 3.640625 | 4 |
According to franciscogardening, Serbia is a country located in the Balkan region of Europe, bordered by Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has a population of over 7 million people and the official language is Serbian. The currency used in Serbia is the Serbian Dinar which is divided into 100 para. The government of Serbia is a parliamentary republic with Aleksandar Vučić as President and Ana Brnabić as Prime Minister. The economy of Serbia relies heavily on manufacturing, mining, energy production and agriculture. Serbia has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons; hot summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (95°F) and cold winters with temperatures dropping to -10°C (14°F). Rainfall occurs mainly during spring and autumn months.
According to Countryaah, population growth in present-day Serbia changed radically from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s. Around 1975, the annual population increase was about 6 percent, which is a very high growth rate. Ten years later it was down to 2.5 percent and from 1992 onwards the population of Serbia has decreased. The death toll is significantly higher than the birth rate and the exchange of immigration with other countries gives no net contribution. The number of children is now small and the proportion of older people increases every year, especially in the countryside. From there, the youths move to the cities.
About 60 percent of the population lives in cities. Dominating is Belgrade, which at the 2011 census had 1.64 million residents in the urban area. Next follows Vojvodina’s main town Novi Sad (336,000), Nis (258,000) and Kragujevac (177,500).
For information on life expectancy and other demographic statistics, see Country facts.
The largest ethnic group is Serbs, which in 2011 made up 83.3 percent of the population. Next are Hungarians (3.5 percent), who mainly live in northern Vojvodina, and Roma (2 percent), who live mainly near the border with Romania and farthest to the south. During the 1990s, about half a million refugees, mostly Serbs, came from other parts of former Yugoslavia, mainly from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some of them have been integrated and in 2011 it was estimated that in Serbia there are over 73,000 refugees from other countries. In addition, about 100,000 were displaced from Kosovo. In Serbia, they are regarded as internal refugees, since Kosovo is considered part of the country there.
In Serbia, štokavian dialects are spoken by the South Slavic language, formerly called Serbo-Croatian or Croatian Serbian and today sometimes Central South Slavic. Serbo-Croatian has four main dialects: štokaviska, čakaviska, kaykaviska and torlakic.
The official language is Serbian, which, like the Croatian, Montenegrin and Bosnian standard languages, is based on štokavian dialects. Languages recognized as regional or minority languages according to the Council of Europe’s language statute are Hungarian, Albanian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Russian (Rutanese), Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian and Romani. Serbian is also recognized as a regional or minority language in Croatia, Hungary and Romania, is one of the three official languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and may be used officially in Montenegro.
- Follow abbreviationfinder to see what is the meaning of SCG in geography. It can stand for Serbia. Click this site to see other possible meanings of this acronym.
According to the 2011 census, 85 percent of the population belongs to the Orthodox churches, 5 percent are Catholics (especially in the northern parts of the country) and 3 percent are Muslims.
Serbia has freedom of religion but in practice, however, the Serbian Orthodox Church functions as something of a state church. | <urn:uuid:858a7b20-254e-4a9d-8133-9e884b7fc2a2> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.ezinereligion.com/serbia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00728.warc.gz | en | 0.959605 | 841 | 2.984375 | 3 |
City Resilience Profiling Programme
The City Resilience Profiling Programme (CRPP) focuses on providing national and local governments with tools for measuring and increasing resilience to multi-hazard impacts, including those associated with climate change. Working through partnerships with stakeholders including international agencies such as UNISDR, academic and research institutes, private sector actors, and NGOs, the CRPP will develop a comprehensive and integrated urban planning and management approach for profiling and monitoring the resilience of any city to all plausible hazards.
The tools and guidelines developed under the Programme will be tested and refined in: Balangoda (Sri Lanka), Barcelona (Spain), Beirut (Lebanon), Dagupan (Philippines), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Lokoja (Nigeria), Portmore (Jamaica), Concepcion/Talcahuano (Chile), Tehran (Iran), and Wellington (New Zealand). These cities were selected based on the proposals submitted to UN-Habitat in response its call for proposals in November 2012, and represent a balance of geographical and economic distribution, population size, hazard profiles, and commitment to the resilience agenda. | <urn:uuid:b911cbc8-411c-4ae5-bdfa-58a10cd28e47> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://unhabitat.org/urban-initiatives/initiatives-programmes/city-resilience-profiling-programme/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125849.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00485-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894646 | 238 | 2.59375 | 3 |
(Updated October 14, 2020 cuz I found the answers for 1 and 4 in Peikoff’s lecture).
More work on Leonard Peikoff’s Grammar Course.
I tried a different method for this homework. I went through the lecture and a bunch of the homework about simultaneously. I liked this approach a lot better because I got instant reinforcement of concepts. I also took more thorough notes in my pass through the lecture, which helped. I also found that I had more energy and attention for thinking about the more challenging problems since I knocked out the easier ones simultaneous with going through the lecture. The lecture served more as an actual aid to doing the homework in how I approached things this go-around. 🙂
I went through each problem on my own first and then checked my answer against Peikoff’s. I will mark the problems in their respective headers with the following emoji: ✅ for correct, ❌ for incorrect, ❓for ones that Peikoff apparently skipped (if he gets to them in later lectures, I’ll update this post) and ❗️for problems that are either particularly interesting or that I’m still not certain about. If I say that Peikoff agrees, that means he agrees with me overall, and not necessarily that he explicitly agrees with every detail of my analysis.
Instructions for problems 1 through 12:
Correct any errors in the use of verbals or pronouns.
People like she and Ted are disgusting; I would have been ashamed to have told their story to my father, who is an old and tired man.
✅ “She” is a subject pronoun but I think “like” is a preposition here, which means that “her” should be used instead.
✅ Based on what Peikoff said in lecture, the present infinitive should be used because, presumably, the intent is to indicate that, at some time in the past, this person would have been shamed to tell the story to the father. I don’t think there is an idea here that the telling should happen prior to the being ashamed. Peikoff said that you use the present infinitive when the infinitive refers to a time which is either the same as or later than the main verb.
So a corrected version would be: People like her and Ted are disgusting; I would have been ashamed to tell their story to my father, who is an old and tired man.
Peikoff: address this in (Lecture 5, 2:14:20) (thanks to AnneB for specifying where this was addressed in an FI post. I went through the lectures somewhat non-linearly so I passed over this).
✅ Problem 2
I cannot afford my hobby, which is the cause of all my trouble.
Ambiguous pronoun referent. It is unclear if the intent is to say that the lack of being able to afford the hobby is the cause of all the trouble or if the hobby itself is the cause of all the trouble.
For the “unaffordability of hobby = cause of trouble” interpretation, you could do:
My inability to afford my hobby is the cause of all my trouble.
for the “hobby is cause of problems” interpretation, maybe do something like this:
My hobby, which I can’t even afford, is the cause of all my trouble.
My unaffordable hobby is the cause of all my trouble.
Peikoff: agrees that it is ambiguous. Calls it “broad reference“.
For the “unaffordability of hobby = cause of trouble” interpretation, Peikoff likes the following rewrite:
The fact that I cannot afford my hobby is the cause of all my trouble.
✅ Problem 3
I shall follow whoever they choose as their leader — or whomever else is in charge.
The core internal structure of the clause “whoever they choose” is “they choose [pronoun]”, with the pronoun serving as the object, meaning that the pronoun should be “whomever”.
The core internal structure of the clause “whomever else is in charge” is “whomever … is”, so the pronoun is serving as the subject, meaning it should be “whoever” here. (Question: “is” is a linking verb, but what’s the pronoun linked to in the second relative clause?)
I shall follow whomever they choose as their leader — or whoever else is in charge.
✅ Problem 4
The day passed quickly, eating cake and playing poker.
Dangling participle “eating cake and playing poker.” As written, it makes it sound like the day itself is chillin’, eating cake and playing power. Rewrite with a pronoun:
Eating cake and playing poker, we felt the day go by quickly. or something like that.
✅ Problem 5
When on top of the Empire State Building, happiness was easy to feel.
This feels like a dangling infinitive – happiness was easy to feel for whom? Presumably what they intended to convey was that happiness is easy for some person to feel. Rewrite with a pronoun:
When I was on top of the Empire State Building, I easily felt happiness.
Peikoff: says this is a dangling elliptical clause, a type of error that he did not specifically cover in the lecture but that is similar to some stuff covered therein. LP’s sentence rewrite is very similar to mine:
When I was on top of the Empire State Building, it was easy for me to feel happiness.
❌ Problem 6
You knew it to be I, and I knew it was him.
The “it” in “You knew it to be I” comes after a verb, so it should be in the objective case. The objective case and the subjective case for “it” are identical, so we can only know which case of “it” we are dealing with by reasoning it out. Per the rule about predicative nominatives, case has to be the same on either side of “to be”. “I” is subjective/nominative case, and is thus incorrect, since it should agree with the objective case version of “it”. So the first part of the sentence should be “You knew it to be me”. BTW I’m not sure I see why we’re using an infinitive here rather than “was.”
The second part of the sentence is fine. “Was” is the past tense of “to be”. The “it” in “I knew it was him” is in the objective case because it follows the verb. The “him” on the other side of the “was” should therefore be in the objective case, and it is.
You knew it to be me, and I knew it was him.
Peikoff: For the first part of the sentence, Peikoff’s reasoning is somewhat different than mine but he gets to the same place. Peikoff’s analysis for “You knew it to be I” is that the subject of the infinitive is always in the objective case, and therefore “it” is an object. Peikoff agrees re: case has to be the same on either side of “to be”.
For “I knew it was him”, Peikoff reasons that there is an implied “that”, making it “I knew that it was him.” This makes “it” the subject of “was” and not the object of “knew”. “him” has to agree in case with the subjective “it” and thus should be “he”.
You knew it to be me and I knew it was he.
Analysis After Listening to Peikoff: I was very focused on doing a sort of rule-based mechanical analysis when doing this problem, and so I neglected to think about whether “it” actually made conceptual sense as the object of “knew”. A tree might have helped spot this issue.
✅ Problem 7
I left her and hitchhiked to Denver. It was terrible.
Unclear antecedent. Was leaving her, hitchhiking to Denver, Denver itself, or the overall situation terrible?
One possible rewrite, depending on the intended meaning:
I left her and hitchhiked to Denver. The whole situation was terrible.
✅ Problem 8
Dictatorship is said to cause more evil in history than war did.
My intuition is that this should read Dictatorship is said to have caused more evil in history than war has. but I’m trying to figure out how to reason my way to do that in light of what Peikoff said on infinitives.
Ok I’ve got it. The “is said” something that happens now. the causing of evil is something that happened before. So the “to cause more evil” is referring to a time before that of the main verb, and so the perfect infinitive is correct.
So my tentative, somewhat low confidence rewrite is:
Dictatorship is said to have caused more evil in history than war did.
I’ll leave the “did” alone for now.
Peikoff says that when you’re talking about what is done throughout history, you have to use the past tense. The audio is a bit hard to follow on this point.
❌ Problem 9
Each of us who is now living is destined to witness the rebirth of reason.
Sentence is fine IMHO. “Each” is singular so “is destined” is fine. “who” is the subject of “who is now living” and so “who” is fine.
FWIW, the Random House Webster’s Dictionary has this usage note for each:
In my experience, each is almost always in the “always singular” category of grammar resources that list out the number of the indefinite pronouns, and the pronouns that can be either singular or plural are things like all, any, more, most and some.
Peikoff: the “is” in “who is now living” should be “are”, because the referent of “who” is “us”.
Analysis After Listening to Peikoff: I agree. Since Peikoff said to correct errors in pronouns and verbals, I was focusing heavily on those and wasn’t actively looking for verb agreement issues. Pronouns are pretty relevant to the verb agreement issue here, though. I guess I was having a bit of tunnel vision.
✅ Problem 10
Three shots rang out. Two of the servants fell dead. The other went through his hat. (F&S)
Unclear antecedent for “other” and pretty unclear sentence generally. Did a shot go through the surviving servant’s hat?
One possible rewrite:
Three shots rang out. Two of the servants fell dead. A shot went through the last servant’s hat, but he survived.
Peikoff: Agrees. Says it’s a “remote reference.”
❌❗️ Problem 11
To win the election, a proper campaign is needed.
This is fine. Per my notes, you use the present infinitive “when the infinitive refers to a time which is either the same as or later than the main verb.” A proper campaign is needed now to win the election in the future. Thus, the infinitive is referring to a time later than the main verb “is”, and thus, the present infinitive is appropriate.
Peikoff: This writing makes it sound like the campaign is going to win. Missing the subject. Dangling infinitive.
To win the election, a candidate must wage a proper campaign.
Analysis After Listening to Peikoff: I think I read this as a general statement that was okay. Other examples of things that strike me as similar:
To bake a cake, butter is needed.
To cut the steak, a knife is needed.
I’m still not sure what I think of this one. (update: I agree with Peikoff now)
✅ Problem 12
My worst fault is my inability to express myself emphatically on paper. But this is not true when I am speaking aloud.
The referent for “this” is unclear. Does “this” refer to an inability to express oneself, or an inability to express oneself emphatically, or an inability to express oneself emphatically on paper? Grammatically I want to read the referent for “this” as “my inability to express myself emphatically on paper”, but logically, a fault consisting of an inability to express oneself emphatically on paper does not become untrue when one is speaking aloud. The fault is still true while speaking – it is just not applicable because it is a different situation than writing. It is as if you wrote something like: “My main physical problem right now is the knee pain I have while running. But this is not true when I am doing push-ups.” With that statement, the intent would probably be to communicate that the person has knee pain while running but not while doing push-ups. However, the way it is written, it sounds like the status of the knee pain as the speaker’s main physical problem changes depending on whether or not they are doing pushups.
A rewrite for one possible meaning:
My worst fault is that I can’t express myself emphatically while writing. By contrast, I can express myself emphatically while speaking aloud.
Peikoff: Agrees. Points out that one possible meaning is that when the person is speaking aloud, the inability to express themselves emphatically on paper is cured too, so they can express themselves on paper and in speech.
✅ Problem 13
Instructions for Problem 13: *Rewrite without any pronouns.
The baby lost the toy. When it lost it, it was too dark, it seems, to do anything about it.
Rewrite: The baby lost the toy in such darkness that the toy apparently could not be retrieved.
Peikoff: His rewrite:
Finding the toy lost by the baby seemed to be impossible because of the darkness at the time.
Another rewrite (after listening to homework lecture): The baby lost the toy. When the baby lost the toy, the darkness was such that the toy could not be found. | <urn:uuid:a6dbb523-96ce-40f6-8131-65eb5ac78436> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://oldblog.justinmallone.com/2020/10/leonard-peikoff-grammar-course-homework-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922193630-20210922223630-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.970763 | 3,145 | 2.8125 | 3 |
That’s why mining pools came into existence. The idea is simple: miners group together to form a “pool” (i.e., combine their mining power to compete more effectively). Once the pool manages to win the competition, the reward is spread out between the pool members depending on how much mining power each of them contributed. This way, even small miners can join the mining game and have a chance of earning Bitcoin (though they get only a part of the reward).
Speculation drives numbers. Many Bitcoin users are holding onto their bitcoins in hopes of selling them off for an enormous profit one day. With news articles portraying Bitcoin millionaires as lucky kids who got in early, you can’t really blame them. For example, if you had spent your $5 latte money on 2,000 bitcoins one morning in 2010, they would be worth about $5.4 million today. Makes you really wish you’d managed your Starbucks budget better, doesn’t it?
That constraint is what makes the problem more or less difficult. More leading zeroes means fewer possible solutions, and more time required to solve the problem. Every 2,016 blocks (roughly two weeks), that difficulty is reset. If it took miners less than 10 minutes on average to solve those 2,016 blocks, then the difficulty is automatically increased. If it took longer, then the difficulty is decreased.
The attraction then, as now, was the Columbia River, which we can glimpse a few blocks to our left. Bitcoin mining—the complex process in which computers solve a complicated math puzzle to win a stack of virtual currency—uses an inordinate amount of electricity, and thanks to five hydroelectric dams that straddle this stretch of the river, about three hours east of Seattle, miners could buy that power more cheaply here than anywhere else in the nation. Long before locals had even heard the words “cryptocurrency” or “blockchain,” Miehe and his peers realized that this semi-arid agricultural region known as the Mid-Columbia Basin was the best place to mine bitcoin in America—and maybe the world.
Bitcoin has been criticized for the amount of electricity consumed by mining. As of 2015, The Economist estimated that even if all miners used modern facilities, the combined electricity consumption would be 166.7 megawatts (1.46 terawatt-hours per year). At the end of 2017, the global bitcoin mining activity was estimated to consume between one and four gigawatts of electricity. Politico noted that the even high-end estimates of bitcoin's total consumption levels amount to only about 6% of the total power consumed by the global banking sector, and even if bitcoin's consumption levels increased 100 fold from today's levels, bitcoin's consumption would still only amount to about 2% of global power consumption.
The whole process is pretty simple and organized: Bitcoin holders are able to transfer bitcoins via a peer-to-peer network. These transfers are tracked on the “blockchain,” commonly referred to as a giant ledger. This ledger records every bitcoin transaction ever made. Each “block” in the blockchain is built up of a data structure based on encrypted Merkle Trees. This is particularly useful for detecting fraud or corrupted files. If a single file in a chain is corrupt or fraudulent, the blockchain prevents it from damaging the rest of the ledger.
When you pay someone in bitcoin, you set in motion a process of escalating, energy-intensive complexity. Your payment is basically an electronic message, which contains the complete lineage of your bitcoin, along with data about who you’re sending it to (and, if you choose, a small processing fee). That message gets converted by encryption software into a long string of letters and numbers, which is then broadcast to every miner on the bitcoin network (there are tens of thousands of them, all over the world). Each miner then gathers your encrypted payment message, along with any other payment messages on the network at the time (usually in batches of around 2,000), into what’s called a block. The miner then uses special software to authenticate each payment in the block—verifying, for example, that you owned the bitcoin you’re sending, and that you haven’t already sent that same bitcoin to someone else.
Generally speaking, every bitcoin miner has a copy of the entire block chain on her computer. If she shuts her computer down and stops mining for a while, when she starts back up, her machine will send a message to other miners requesting the blocks that were created in her absence. No one person or computer has responsibility for these block chain updates; no miner has special status. The updates, like the authentication of new blocks, are provided by the network of bitcoin miners at large.
Anyone who can run the mining program on the specially designed hardware can participate in mining. Over the years, many computer hardware manufacturers have designed specialized Bitcoin mining hardware that can process transactions and build blocks much more quickly and efficiently than regular computers, since the faster the hardware can guess at random, the higher its chances of solving the puzzle, therefore mining a block.
Network nodes can validate transactions, add them to their copy of the ledger, and then broadcast these ledger additions to other nodes. To achieve independent verification of the chain of ownership each network node stores its own copy of the blockchain. About every 10 minutes, a new group of accepted transactions, called a block, is created, added to the blockchain, and quickly published to all nodes, without requiring central oversight. This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin was spent, which is needed to prevent double-spending. A conventional ledger records the transfers of actual bills or promissory notes that exist apart from it, but the blockchain is the only place that bitcoins can be said to exist in the form of unspent outputs of transactions.:ch. 5 | <urn:uuid:e5da4201-ca02-41d9-b3d2-9fc9a35aee0a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://healthybusinesstips.com/bitcoin-billionaire-cryptocurrency-market.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039748901.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121133036-20181121155036-00426.warc.gz | en | 0.954086 | 1,210 | 2.6875 | 3 |
10 Things You Should Know About Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the 4th most common type of cancer altogether, and the 2nd most common form of cancer in men. Above the age of 65, 6 in 10 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed. And with statistics like this, awareness about prostate cancer is a must.
Here are 10 things that you should know:
1. The Prostate Gland
The prostate is a small walnut shaped gland in the male reproductive system. It is located between the bladder and the penis. The two main functions of the prostate are regulating urine flow and producing semen.
2. It Is More Common Than Breast Cancer
The mortality rate due to breast cancer has been on the decline since the 90’s, whereas the number of men dying from prostate cancer has risen. Worldwide, men are at a greater risk of prostate cancer than women are of developing breast cancer.
3. The Earlier It Is Detected the Better
While it is true that the symptoms are difficult to notice early on, the sooner it is detected the greater your chances of a successful treatment. The good news is that if it is caught earlier on, within 5 years of treatment, the success rate of being cancer-free is nearly 100%.
4. Average Age for Prostate Cancer
It is true that prostate cancer is more common in older men. It is rare for the cancer to develop below the age of 40 and the average age of diagnosis is around 66 years.
5. Common Symptoms
Symptoms of prostate cancer can vary but some of the common ones are:
- Pain or stiffness in thighs, back or hips
- Pain or blood in urination or ejaculation
- Difficulty or pain in urination
- Erectile dysfunction
6. Possible Treatments
There are several types of treatment options depending of the growth or aggressiveness of the cancer:
- Hormone Treatment
- Surgeries like radical prostatectomy or cryosurgery
- Radiation therapy
- Ultrasound therapy or brachytherapy
7. Not Just an Old Man’s Disease
A University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center study has shown that prostate cancer in young men has been on the rise and has increased six fold over the past 20 years. Thus, it is important for men of all ages to be aware about the risk and plan a test with the help of their doctors in order to make sure that it is caught early on.
8. The Symptoms May Be Difficult To Detect
While it is important to detect prostate cancer as soon as possible, it is often hindered by the fact that most men don’t develop any symptoms until much later on. Thus, it is essential to discuss this issue with your doctor and plan a cancer screening test.
9. Healthy Lifestyle Equals Lower Risk
Factors like high consumption of dairy products or meat, smoking and lack of exercise may increase your risk of developing cancer. Lifestyle changes are necessary in order to reduce the risk. Quit smoking, increase you plant based diet consumption, and exercise more. Because ultimately prevention is better than cure!
10. Family History
Most researchers believe that the development of cancer has some sort of genetic link for people. If your father or brother had prostate cancer, you’re twice as likely to develop it or some other form of cancer. Hence, you should be on edge if people around you have battled with this disease. | <urn:uuid:6b692482-8cf7-4e59-9783-474437c5fb1f> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://htv.com.pk/mens-health/prostate-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249414450.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223001001-20190223023001-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.952123 | 703 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The lanthanides and actinides in the modern periodic table
Lanthanides and actinides
Lanthanides and actinides are located below the modern periodic table , They consists of two rows , They are known as the f-block elements because they have valence electrons in the f-shell , Lanthanides elements can be found naturally on Earth , and only one element of them is radioactive .
The lanthanides are 14 elements with atomic number 58 ( Cerium , Ce ) to 71 ( Lutetium , Lu ) , the actinides are 14 elements with atomic numbers from 90 ( Thorium , Th ) to 103 ( Lawrencium , Lr ) .
The lanthanides and the actinides belong to the periods 6 and 7 , respectively and between groups 3 and 4 , and they are set off below the main portion of the table , All of the actinudes are radioactive and some of them are not found in the nature .
The lanthanides are an important group of elements , Most of lanthanides are formed when uranium and plutonium undergo nuclear reactions , The lanthanides are the elements produced as the 4f sub level is filled with electrons and the actinides are formed while filling the 5f sub level ,
The actinudes are the elements which found in the second period of the f-block , And these elements fill up the 5 f sublevel , The lanthanides are the rare earth elements found in the first period of the f- block , And these elements fill up the 4 f sublevel.
Uses of lanthanides and actinides
The oxides of the lanthanides and actinides are used in the glass industry for polishing and making colored glass for goggles and television screens .
Due to the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic nature of the lanthanides and actinides , they are used in the magnetic and electronic devices .
The mixed oxides of the lanthanides are used in petroleum cracking , and ceric sulphate is a well known as oxidizing agent which is used in the volumetric analysis .
Lanthanides and actinides do not find any use in their pure state , So they are used in the production of the alloys of steel to improve the strength and workability of the steel . | <urn:uuid:0c588dd1-b310-477c-a668-6f4ad45bb7fa> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.online-sciences.com/the-matter/the-lanthanides-and-actinides-in-the-modern-periodic-table/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727122407-20170727142407-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.888783 | 480 | 4.03125 | 4 |
U of T grad Charles Seymour Wright was a member of Robert Scott’s ill-fated antarctic expedition
January 1912 was the pinnacle of Captain Robert Scott’s South Pole expedition: he and four companions arrived at their destination by sled (although they soon discovered the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen had beaten them by a month). What few Canadians know is that one of the expedition members – Sir Charles Seymour Wright – was a Canadian and a U of T grad.
Wright earned a degree in math and physics from U of T in 1908. While doing postgrad work in physics at Cambridge University, he applied for a position on Scott’s ill-fated 1910–13 expedition. Hired as the glaciologist, Wright explored the McMurdo Sound Dry Valleys – snow- and glacier-free areas that are so unusual that NASA uses them to simulate conditions on Mars.
While mapping one region of the Dry Valleys (which in 1959 would be named Wright Valley), Wright named three surrounding mountains after U of T president Robert Falconer, Prof. A.P. Coleman of geology and Prof. John McLennan of physics.
When it became obvious that Scott had met with misfortune, Wright became the search party’s navigator. On Nov. 12, 1912, he located the frozen remains of the polar explorer and two of his companions on their return journey.
Wright went on to an eminent scientific career: Prior to the First World War, he outlined on paper a simple version of today’s Geiger counter, and, during the war, he developed wireless trench communications. In the 1930s Wright directed the team involved in the early development of radar. During the Second World War, he developed technology that detected anti-shipping mines – which led to his knighthood in 1946.
Watch a BBC clip about a collection of photographs and relics from the Robert Scott Antarctic expedition: | <urn:uuid:d74fe7c4-44c7-449d-a6d0-5a9bfcc19cc9> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://magazine.utoronto.ca/all-about-alumni/charles-seymour-wright-robert-scott-antarctica-explorer-south-pole-expedition-joseph-frey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661327.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00045-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967469 | 395 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Bacterial Hydrogen Production from Confectionary Waste
23 May 2006
|The bioreactor. Note the fan at right, powered by a fuel cell using the resulting H2. The gas passes via a glass “trap” to capture excess moisture.|
In a feasibility study funded by the UK’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), bioscientists at the University of Birmingham have demonstrated that certain bacteria can produce hydrogen gas as they consume high-sugar waste produced by the confectionery industry.
The sweet waste was supplied by Birmingham-based international confectionery and beverage company Cadbury Schweppes plc, a partner in the initiative. An economic assessment undertaken by another partner, C-Tech Innovation Ltd, showed that it should be practical to repeat the process on a larger scale.
As well as energy and environmental benefits, the technique could provide the confectionery industry (and potentially other foodstuff manufacturers) with a useful outlet for waste generated by their manufacturing processes. Much of this waste is currently disposed of in landfill sites.
In this project, diluted nougat and caramel waste was introduced into a 5-liter demonstration reactor. The bacteria, which the researchers had identified as potentially having the right sugar-consuming, hydrogen-generating properties, were then added.
An adapted form of a harmless strain of E. coli broke down the confectionary waste, producing hydrogen and organic acids. Naturally occuring Rhodobacter sphaeroides then was introduced into a second reactor to convert the organic acids into more hydrogen.
The hydrogen produced was fed to a fuel cell, in which it was allowed to react with oxygen in the air to generate electricity. Carbon dioxide produced in the first reactor was captured and disposed of safely, preventing its release into the atmosphere.
Waste biomass left behind by the process was removed, coated with palladium and used as a catalyst in another project, funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), aimed at identifying ways of removing pollutants such as chromium (VI) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the environment.
The reactors used by this parallel initiative also required hydrogen and this was supplied by the confectionery waste initiative too, further underlining the benefits offered by the new hydrogen production technique.
Hydrogen offers huge potential as a carbon-free energy carrier. Although only at its initial stages, we’ve demonstrated a hydrogen-producing, waste-reducing technology that, for example, might be scaled-up in 5-10 years’ time for industrial electricity generation and waste treatment processes.—Professor Lynne Macaskie, University of Birmingham School of Biosciences
As well as confectionery waste, the study tested the viability of potato extract as a feedstock for hydrogen-producing bacterial action. This did not yield promising results as the potato starch proved difficult to break down with the bacteria used.
The team is now engaged in follow-up work which will produce a clearer picture of the overall potential for turning a wider range of high-sugar wastes into clean energy using the same basic technique.
The 15-month feasibility study—Biological Hydrogen Production from Crops and Sugar Wastes—received EPSRC funding of nearly £24,000 ($US45,000).
“Applications of bacterial hydrogenases in waste decontamination, manufacture of novel bionanocatalysts and in sustainable energy”; L.E. Macaskie, V.S. Baxter-Plant, N.J. Creamer, A.C. Humphries, I.P. Mikheenko, P.M. Mikheenko, D.W. Penfold and P. Yong; Biochem. Soc. Trans. (2005) 33, (76–79)
TrackBack URL for this entry:
Listed below are links to weblogs that reference Bacterial Hydrogen Production from Confectionary Waste: | <urn:uuid:a4d596fe-ce66-40d4-88cb-e817732db1bd> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/05/bacterial_hydro.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986806.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00116-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937797 | 820 | 2.875 | 3 |
Deep Brain Stimulation Provides Long-Term Relief from Severe Depressions
Treatment with deep brain stimulation can provide lasting relief to patients suffering from previously non-treatable, severe forms of depression several years into the therapy or even eliminate symptoms entirely. This is the finding of the first long-term study on this form of therapy, conducted by scientists at the Medical Center – University of Freiburg. Seven of the eight patients receiving continuous stimulation in the study showed lasting improvements in their symptoms up to the last observation point four years into treatment. The therapy remained equally effective over the entire period. The scientists prevented minor side-effects from appearing by adjusting the stimulation.
The study was published in the journal Brain Stimulation on 1 March 2017.
With electrodes, the Freiburg doctors stimulated a brain region that is involved in the perception of pleasure. It relieved symptoms of the depression in six of the eight patients (Medical Center – University of Freiburg)
“Most of the patients respond to the therapy. The remarkable thing is that the effect is also lasting. Other forms of therapy often lose their effectiveness in the course of time. This makes deep brain stimulation a highly promising approach for people with previously non-treatable depression,” says principal investigator Prof. Dr. Thomas Schläpfer, head of the Interventional Biological Psychiatry Unit at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the Medical Center – University of Freiburg. Deep brain stimulation is a method based on mild electric impulses that can be used to influence selected brain regions with great precision.
Stimulation Takes Effect from the First Month On
The eight test subjects had suffered continuously for three to eleven years from a severe depression that responded neither to drugs nor to psychotherapy or treatments like electroconvulsive therapy. The doctors implanted razor-thin electrodes and stimulated a brain region that is involved in the perception of pleasure and is thus also important for motivation and quality of life. The doctors evaluated the effect of the therapy each month with the help of the established Montgomery–Asberg Rating Scale (MARDS). The patients’ average MARDS score fell from 30 points to 12 points already in the first month and even dropped slightly further by the end of the study. Four patients achieved a MARDS score of less then 10 points, the threshold for diagnosis of depression.
Some of the patients suffered briefly from blurred or double vision. “We managed to alleviate the side effects by reducing the intensity of the stimulation, without diminishing the antidepressant effect of the therapy,” says Prof. Dr. Volker A. Coenen, head of the Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Unit at the Department of Neurosurgery of the Medical Center – University of Freiburg. The doctors did not observe personality changes, thought disorders, or other side effects in any of the patients.
Larger Follow-Up Study Aims at Registration of Therapy in Europe
If a further five-year study with 50 patients currently underway at the Medical Center – University of Freiburg confirms the effectiveness and safety of the therapy, Prof. Coenen sees the possibility of registering the therapy in Europe. This would allow the therapy to be used outside of studies: “In a few years, deep brain stimulation of this kind could be an effective treatment option for patients with severe depressions,” says Prof. Coenen.
Original title of the study: Deep Brain Stimulation to the Medial Forebrain Bundle for Depression- Long-term Outcomes and a Novel Data Analysis Strategy
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E.K. Massey, F. Ambagtsheer, W. Weimar (Eds.): Ethical, Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplantation – Global Challenges
W. Weimar: Ethical, Legal and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplantation
F. Ambagtsheer, W. (Eds.): Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal
S. Schmidt, D. Knuth (Eds.): iSAR+ New Media in Crisis Situations
K. Conrad, W. Schößler, F. Hiepe, M.J. Fritzler: Autoantibodies in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases – A Diagnostic Reference. 3rd Edition
C. Boccato, D. Evans, R. Lucena, J. Vienken: Water and Dialysis Fluids – A Quality Management Guide
S. Schmidt, M. Vos (Eds.): BEHAVIOR AND COMMUNICATION IN CBRN CRISIS
>> eBook: www.ciando.com
W. Weimar, M.A. Bos, J.J.V. Busschbach (Eds.): Ethical, Legal, and Psychosocial Aspects of Transplantation – Global Issues, Local Solutions
>> eBook: www.ciando.com
R. Bambauer, R. Latza, R. Schiel: Therapeutic Plasma Exchange and Selective Plasma Separation Methods, 4th Edition 2013
>> eBook: www.ciando.com
Infection, Tumors and Autoimmunity, by K. Conrad et al. (Eds.)
>> eBook available at www.ciando.com or www.doccheck.com
The EULOD Project Living Organ Donation in Europe – Results and Recommendations, by Ambagtsheer, F.; Weimar, W. (Eds.)
Public Engagement in Organ Donation and Transplantation (from the ELPAT Public Issues Working Group), by Randhawa, Gurch; Schicktanz, Silke (Eds.)
The General Practice Guide to Autoimmune Diseases, by Y. Shoenfeld, P.L. Meroni (Eds.)
How to Write and Evaluate Psychological Reports, by Westhoff, Karl; Kluck, Marie-Luise
Task-Analysis-Tools (TAToo) – Step-by-Step Support for Successful Job and Work Analysis, by Koch, Anna; Westhoff, Karl
Markets, methods and messages. Dynamics in European drug research, by Fountain, Jane; Asmussen Frank, Vibeke; Korf, Dirk J (Eds.)
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Aspects of Dialysis Treatment, by Branko Braam, Kailash Jindal, Evert J. Dorhout Mees | <urn:uuid:2c8872bb-516e-4ad6-86dd-350deb9e3bd6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://pabst-science-publishers.com/index.php?id=50&backPID=14&tt_news=1183 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824068.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020101632-20171020121632-00744.warc.gz | en | 0.870117 | 1,328 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A broken heart can be mended after all.
Thanks to umbilical cords from newborn babies, the obtained stem cells were shown to have an amazing property to repair damaged hearts. The study was conducted by researchers from Universidad de los Andes in Chile.
Thirty patients were selected to take part in the trials. The pool was divided into two groups of 15; one group received the infusion of umbilical cord-derived stem cells while the other group received a placebo. MRI scans, echocardiography and other tests were then employed to monitor changes in the participants’ hearts.
The results are promising. Stem cells brought a 55-fold increase in Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), a chemical known to repair heart cells and boost the immune system. The stem cell therapy was also linked to better quality of life and the side effect aspects, which are commonly found in blood transfusion patients were nowhere to be found. After a year of treatment, the stem cell patients’ hearts improved their pumping ability by up to four times!
“We are encouraged by our findings because they could pave the way to a non-invasive, promising new therapy for a group of patients who face grim odds,” said Fernando Figueroa, one of the authors of the study and a medicine professor at the University de los Andes.
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is characterized by the heart’s insufficient capacity to pump blood throughout the body, causing symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing and ankle swelling. Hypertension, valvular heart diseases, cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease), plaque buildup in blood vessels, and heart attacks are some of the cited causes.
Options for treatment are limited; diet, medication and lifestyle changes are staples but sometimes assisting devices and surgery are necessary in severe cases. Despite these approaches, around 50% of patients risking heart failure still die within five years from diagnosis. In developing countries, around 2% of the population suffers from the condition and the figure can go up to 10% in people 65 years and older.
“Standard drug-based regimens can be suboptimal in controlling heart failure, and patients often have to progress to more invasive therapies such as mechanical ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation,” added Jorge Bartolucci, lead study author and also a professor at the Chilean University.
Obviously, the prospect of a new stem cell therapy that can non-invasively repair a damaged heart is exciting news for millions of patients. Speaking of stems cells-stem cells can be described as “starting” cells that can morph into any type of cell in the body. They can be found in developing embryos (those formed 4-5 days after fertilization), in umbilical cords of newborn babies, and in some adult tissues like bone marrows. In fact, there have been previous studies done on bone marrow-derived stem cells, showing umbilical cord-derived cells have several advantages. One of them is that they can be obtained through non-invasive means and can be increased in numbers in vitro. Furthermore, bone marrow stem cells have a diminishing effect that is proportional to the age and comorbidity of the bone marrow’s donor.
It goes without saying that stem cell research could usher new and promising treatments for many conditions, including brain cancer and hair loss. That now could also include heart failure. If the Universidad de los Andes study gets validated on a larger clinical scale, it’ll most likely bring additional medical options for 37 million patients currently suffering from this awful condition worldwide.
“Albeit ours is a small series, only the (umbilical cord-derived stem cell) treated group exhibited significant improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction at 3, 6 and 12 months of follow-up, both by transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging,” wrote Bartolucci. “This suggests our patients might experience benefits regarding major clinical outcomes, although this observation requires verification in a larger phase 3 clinical trial.”
The full text of the study can be read in Circulation Research, the journal of the American Heart Association. | <urn:uuid:83cc51e2-1397-46e0-a6d8-e808095b9d61> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://wallstreetpit.com/114251-damaged-hearts-fixed-using-stem-cell-injections-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201672.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318191656-20190318213656-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.945224 | 871 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Foraging distance in Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)Stephan Wolf and Robin F.A. Moritz
Institut für Biologie / Institutsbereich Zoologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
Received 11 October 2007 - Revised 7 February 2008 - Accepted 25 February 2008 - Published online 25 June 2008
Abstract - A major determinant of bumblebees pollination efficiency is the distance of pollen dispersal, which depends on the foraging distance of workers. We employ a transect setting, controlling for both forage and nest location, to assess the foraging distance of Bombus terrestris workers and the influence of environmental factors on foraging frequency over distance. The mean foraging distance of B. terrestris workers was 267.2 m 180.3 m (max. 800 m). Nearly 40% of the workers foraged within 100 m around the nest. B. terrestris workers have thus rather moderate foraging ranges if rewarding forage is available within vicinity of the nests. We found the spatial distribution and the quality of forage plots to be the major determinants for the bees foraging decision-making, explaining over 80% of the foraging frequency. This low foraging range has implications for using B. terrestris colonies as pollinators in agriculture.
Key words: Bumblebee / foraging / pollination / decision-making
© INRA, DIB-AGIB, EDP Sciences 2008 | <urn:uuid:08ee3ffa-a639-463e-842d-889cee1c2c00> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/abs/2008/04/m07103/m07103.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657120057.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011200-00149-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84337 | 323 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Although the terms stalking and harassment are sometimes used interchangeably, they are two different offences which can occur together, or separately. In both cases, stalking and harassment cause tremendous harm to the victim and their family.
Stalking will often focus on a person when harassment will often focus on disputes.
Stalking is described as a pattern of unwanted, fixated and obsessive behaviour which is intrusive. It can include harassment that amounts to stalking, or stalking that causes fear of violence or serious alarm or distress.
Stalking behaviour can include:
- making unwanted communications
- consistently sending gifts (e.g. flowers)
- damaging property
- physical or sexual assault
Harassment involves repeated behaviour imposed on a victim that could be expected to cause alarm, distress or fear in any reasonable person.
Harassment can include:
- unwanted phone calls, texts, letters, emails or visits
- abuse (verbal or online)
- physical gestures or facial expressions
- images and graffiti
What should you do?
If you are a victim of stalking or harassment, it is important to report it as soon as it happens. There are a number of powers, including Stalking Protection Orders, that police can use to support a victim in an early stage, before the behaviour escalates.
To stay safe, make sure you:
- Take a mobile with you when you go out.
- Carry a personal attack alarm and learn how to use it.
- Review your security settings on social networks.
- Tell trusted friends, family or colleagues your whereabouts.
- Keep a record of any occurrences. including what has happened, where and when.
- Keep any evidence you have as this could be used as evidence in a court of law.
- Do not confront your stalker, or engage in any conversation or communication.
There are a number of organisations you can contact for advice and support.
National Stalking Helpline
Website: National Stalking Helpline
Telephone: 0808 802 0300
Signpost for Bedfordshire
Website: Signpost of Bedfordshire
Telephone: 0800 0282 887
Suzy Lamplugh Trust
Website: Suzy Lamplugh Trust
Website: Victim Support
Telephone: 0808 168 9111
If you want to report stalking and/or harassment, please contact us for help or advice on:
More information is available on GOV.UK. | <urn:uuid:c845c5f2-19d3-41b8-abb0-d8439d2d1671> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.bedfordshire.police.uk/A-Z/Stalking-and-harassment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153791.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728185528-20210728215528-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.911001 | 499 | 2.609375 | 3 |
During the ten years that followed the settlement of the Massachusetts Bay, a continuous flow of emigration from England crossed the Atlantic in all kinds of available sailing craft. The passage usually cost £5 per person and this included provisions provided by the ship such as "salt Beefe, Porke, salt Fish, Butter, Cheese, Pease, Pottage, Water-grewell, and such kinde of Victualls, with good Biskets, and sixe-shilling Beere; yet it will be necessary to carry some comfortable refreshing of fresh victuall. As first, for such as have ability, some Conserves, and good Clarret Wine to burne at Sea; Or you may have it by some of your Vintners or Wine-Coopers burned here, & put into Vessels, which will keepe much better than other burnt Wine, it is a very comfortable thing for the stomacke; or such as are Sea-sicke: Sallat-oyle likewise, Prunes are good to be stewed: Sugar for many things: White Biskets, and Egs, and Bacon, Rice, Poultry, and some weather-sheepe to Kill aboard the Ship: and fine flowre-baked meates, will keepe about a weeke or nine days at Sea. Iuyce of Lemons well put up, is good either to prevent or curre the Scurvy. Here it must not be forgotten to carry small Skillets or Pipkins, and small frying-panns, to dresse their victualls in at Sea. For bedding, so it be easie, and cleanly, and warme, it is no matter how old or coarse it be for the use of the Sea: and so likewise for Apparrell, the oldest cloathes be the fittest, with a long coarse coate to keepe better things from the pitched ropes and plankes. Whosoever shall put to Sea in a stoute and well-conditioned ship, having an honest Master, and loving Seamen, shall not neede to feare, but he shall finde as good content at Sea, as at Land.
The Mayflower shipped 15,000 brown biscuit and 5,000 white, that is, hard bread, i.e. crackers; also smoked or half-cooked bacon, as it came from the smokehouse, which was much liked with the biscuit and when fried was considered a delicacy. Haberdyne (dried salted codfish) was also a staple article of diet; also smoked herring. Potatoes were practically unknown at that time and the store of cabbages, turnips, onions, parsnips, etc., soon ran short and gave way to boiled mush, oatmeal, pease puddings, etc. Their beer was carried in iron-bound casks.
When passengers came aboard vessels bound for New England in those early days, how did they stow themselves and their possessions? The Mayflower had a length of about 110 feet and measured about 244 tons. It was originally intended that she should carry ninety passengers, men, women and children, but when the Speedwell put back, twelve of her passengers were taken aboard, and two boys were born during the voyage. The ship also carried a crew of twenty to twenty-five men, and officers and petty officers, about sixteen in number, would bring the total of those aboard to one hundred and forty or more. Goats, pigs, and poultry occupied pens on the upper or spar deck and in the boats carried there. Small sleeping cabins were provided for the ship's officers and the more important passengers; most of the company slept in narrow bunks, in hammocks, and on pallet beds of canvas filled with straw, placed on the deck beneath the hammocks. The crew bunked in the forecastle. The chests and personal possessions of the passengers were stowed below on the lower deck where the food, water and ship's stores were kept. On the Arbella, Governor Winthrop's ship, the male passengers lodged on the gundeck and four men were "ordered to keep that room clean."
The ship Whale, in 1632, brought thirty passengers, including Mr. Wilson and Mr. Dummer, all in good health, and seventy cows of which they lost but two. The shipRegard of Barnstaple, 200 tons, arrived in 1634, brought twenty passengers and about fifty cattle. The ship Society of Boston, N. E., 220 tons, with a crew of thirty-three men, arrived in 1663, with seventy-seven passengers. A notable example of fortitude is found in the voyage of the sloop Sparrow Hawk, that sailed from London in 1626 for Virginia and having been blown off her course was wrecked on Cape Cod.
She was only forty feet in length, had a breadth of beam of twelve feet and ten inches, and a depth of nine feet, seven and one-half inches. Bradford in his Historyrecords that she carried "many passengers in her and sundrie goods ... the cheefe amongst these people was one Mr. Fells and Mr. Sibsie, which had many servants belonging unto them, many of them being Irish. Some others ther were yt had a servante or 2 a piece; but ye most were servants, and such as were ingaged to the former persons, who also had ye most goods ... they had been 6 weeks at sea, and had no water, nor beere, nor any woode left, but had burnt up all their emptie caske." And this happened in the month of December!
In those days cooking on shore was done in an open fireplace. On shipboard, the larger vessels were provided with an open "hearth" made of cast iron sometimes weighing five hundred pounds and over. More commonly a hearth of bricks was laid on deck, over which stood an iron tripod from which the kettles hung. Morecrudely still a bed of sand filled a wooden frame and on this the fire was built, commonly of charcoal. On the ship Arbella, in which came Governor John Winthrop and his company, in 1630, the "cookroom" was near a hatchway opening into the hold. The captain, his officers and the principal men among the passengers dined in the "round house," a cabin in the stern over the high quarter-deck. Lady Arbella Johnson and the gentlewomen aboard dined in the great cabin on the quarter-deck. The passengers ate their food wherever convenient on the main deck or in good weather, on the spar deck above. Years later, a new ship lying at anchor in Boston harbor was struck by lightning which "melted the top of the iron spindle of the vane of the mainmast" and passing through the long boat, which lay on the deck, killed two men and injured two others as "they were eating together off the Hen-Coop, near the Main Mast."
The ship supplied each passenger with a simple ration of food distributed by the quartermasters, which each family or self arranged group of passengers cooked at a common hearth as opportunity and the weather permitted. Of necessity much food was served cold and beer was the principal drink. John Josselyn, Gent., who visited New England in 1638, records "the common proportion of Victualls for the Sea to a Mess, being 4 men, is as followeth:
"Two pieces of Beef, of 3 pound and ¼ per piece.
"Four pound of Bread.
"One pint ¼ of Pease.
"Four Gallons of Bear, with Mustard and Vinegar for three flesh dayes in the week.
"For four fish dayes, to each Mess per day, two pieces of Codd or Habberdine, making three pieces of fish.
"One quarter of a pound of Butter.
"Four pound of Bread.
"Three quarters of a pound of Cheese.
"Bear is before.
"Oatmeal per day, for 50 men, Gallon 1. and so proportionable for more or fewer.
"Thus you see the ship's provision, is Beef or Porke, Fish, Butter, Cheese, Pease, Pottage, Water gruel, Bisket, and six-shilling Bear.
"For private fresh provision, you may carry with you (in case you, or any of yours should be sick at Sea) Conserves of Roses, Clove-Gilliflowers, Wormwood, Green-Ginger, Burnt-Wine, English Spirits, Prunes to stew, Raisons of the Sun, Currence, Sugar, Nutmeg, Mace, Cinnamon, Pepper and Ginger, White Bisket, or Spanish Rusk, Eggs, Rice, Juice of Lemmons, well put up to cure, or prevent the Scurvy. Small Skillets, Pipkins, Porrengers, and small Frying pans.
"To prevent or take away Sea sickness, Conserve of Wormwood is very proper." | <urn:uuid:85f0f04e-f054-4b74-8401-c4518c73f9b3> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://woodsrunnersdiary.blogspot.com/2016/07/the-project-gutenberg-ebook-of-every_5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480272.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216105514-20190216131514-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.974549 | 1,894 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Pleural effusion is a buildup of fluid around the lungs that can occur in several types of cancer, including pleural mesothelioma. As the amount of fluid increases, there is less space for the lungs to expand and mesothelioma patients may experience shortness of breath, fatigue and coughing.
There has been some concern that new tumors might be able to grow along the catheter tubes put in place to drain mesothelioma-related pleural effusion, but a new Australian study indicates that that is unlikely.
Indwelling Pleural Catheters for Mesothelioma
There are a number of ways to treat effusions in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Pleurodesis uses talc or another chemical to close up the space between the pleural layers, leaving no room for fluid collection.
Another method for pleural effusions treatment is thoracentesis, a process by which the excess lung fluid is drawn off with a needle.
Indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) are drainage devices that stay in place to provide ongoing relief from the discomfort of pleural effusion in mesothelioma.
Testing the Safety of IPCs
IPCs are effective for pleural drainage, but are they really safe for people with growing mesothelioma tumors?
To find out, doctors at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, the University of Western Australia, and Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre in Perth studied IPCs that had been removed from cancer patients over a 54-month period.
The IPCs were being used as part of treatment for mesothelioma or another cancer and had been in place in patients for a median of about four months.
No Evidence of New Mesothelioma Tumors
After carefully examining the IPCs both visually and under the microscope, and testing cells taken from their surface, the researchers found no new tumors growing on them.
“There was no evidence of direct tumour invasion or cancer cell growth on the catheter surfaces in any of the 29 IPCs that were histologically examined,” writes author and then pleural fellow Claire Tobin, BA, BMBCh, MRCP in the journal Respirology.
Although previous studies have found a tendency for new tumors to “seed” along the tracks where IPCs are inserted, these tumors typically respond to treatment. Tobin and her colleagues conclude, “Our study provides reassuring evidence that the IPC material does not support direct tumour growth or invasion even in the setting of high mesothelioma prevalence.”
Tobin, CL, et al, “HIstopathology of removed indwelling pleural catheters from patients with malignant pleural diseases”, March 10, 2016, Respirology, | <urn:uuid:756e5d05-258f-44ce-8757-d7f1ea715566> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://survivingmesothelioma.com/mesothelioma-study-finds-tumors-unlikely-to-grow-on-pleural-catheters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584518983.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124035411-20190124061411-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.947988 | 593 | 3.015625 | 3 |
IELTS stands for International English Language Testing System which includes the all part of English languages such as READING, WRITING, LISTENING and SPEAKING respectively. Often preparation means reading for long hours. However, IELTS is different from other tests because it need only your interest and focus not long practice hours.
Following these tips can help you to plan and prepare the IELTS Exam
1. CORRECT GRAMMER
English Grammar correction is the first step to becoming a good English speaker. Grammar is essential to learn about any language similarities in the English Language also. The collection of words for you with excellent vocabulary include in the grammar. As you see, take attention to words, if you do not know, then underline or highlight them with a marker. So that you can try to find out their meanings from the supporting context and other helping material. In addition, look the words up in the dictionary which helps you to crack challenging words like the English language so that you will be exposed to many new words. Once you have learned the new word, make practice using it with your near and dears, by this, it will become a very familiar language like your mother tongue.
It includes the structure of words phrases, clauses, and sentence formation, tenses and other many rules.
Using new words frequently will help you to learn to Speak English Fluently. Many Research describes that 10 to 20 repetitions to word are enough to make part of your daily speech.
2. PRACTICE AND PRACTICE MORE
You must have a credible English dictionary as well as Grammar books and work out the meanings of new words, it should be a dedication In your mind to introduce new and new words with yourself. Skim and scan method would be very helpful to learn quickly and make sure you aware exactly what’s required for each task.
Check all the instructions carefully. Take work for further clues about the content and organization of the text Remember the key vocabulary may be explained for you in the text don’t use a dictionary until you’ve done the task and you are able to do that task without any help then checked your answers. If you get any thought in your task then definitely you have to take help from any source. You can read an English newspaper every morning and listen to the news in English. Make your surrounding in that manners which are fully linked with English and English .only a practice is a key to success which helps you acquired your goals and ambitions to achieve something.
3. IMPROVE YOUR WRITING AND TAKE IT AS YOUR HOBBY
Make a habit to write new words in your notebook and use it in your writing task, it is the best way to enhance your Writing Skill and make your master of that. Always remember one thing in life that whatever you are going to do any kind of task, do it with passions and make it an enjoyable thing. Do not take as a burden because the feel of burden makes it very difficult .read all general lines of all topic related to your surrounding which is also useful in writing task. Paraphrasing is the key to success in Writing Tasks. Compose both the definition and a sentence utilizing the word on a file card that you can check later for reference. It is scientifically proved that looking again and again in one word enhance your skimming.
For instance, if you note the word “optimistic” with its meaning and you again and again on this word sometimes you become capable to use this word in your speaking and writing also. Never write answers in a short way, remember that Task 2 is longer and valuable and has more marks more than task 2, so take enough time for planning first. Describe the information with its every part which essential to touch the high score in the case of task1 diagrams (e.g. you don’t need to say exactly what’s shown on the vertical and horizontal axes of a graph).
Make a relevant comparison, select the important features and choose figures to support these to practice, look for diagrams, graphs, and charts in the newspaper or on the Internet which is a bundle of knowledge. Note that how the diagrams depict about any process. Make a paragraph plan before you write because with planning you can estimate the conclusion before writing it even comparison of things with each other. Note your common mistake and try to resolve them.
4. PRACTICE SPEAKING WITH CORRECT PROUNCIATION
IELTS Speaking has 3 parts of general questions, cue card making and follow-up question. The areas include a structured interview, a short talk, and free interview. You will be asked about 2 to 3 brief concerns on familiar topics that will last 4 to 5 minutes. Be ready to give a talk for 2 minutes in the cue card sections. You will be provided 1 minute to planning for a 2minute long answer. The whole section will take 3 to 4 minutes. The following are tips on what is examined in IELTS speaking and how to prepare for it.
You must speak with error-free grammar with excellent pronunciation. For this, you have to practice a new word and to correct pronunciations by speak with others because the only practice can make you more confident about speaking. If you have thoughts in grammar like in tenses, forms of verbs, sentence formation. Then it is essential to learn these all grammar concepts without this, it is impossible to speak well in English with Fluency. Take long time conversations with your friends, teachers and everyone who is related to you in English.
You can also take guidance from YouTube and other social network sites. YouTube provides video of speaking which definitely, will inspire you and your brain will give you a signal to try like this. Similarly to improve pronunciation, Listen to spoken English (e.g. on radio/TV/ films) as much as possible. Repeat phrases after the speaker in recordings to help you speak in word groups and use stress and intonation appropriately. For self-practice, you can record your voice in mobile recorder and listen to this after which tell you mistakes clearly.
5. POLISH YOUR LISTENING SKILLS
Make your habit to listen to everything in English even the news in English every morning and try to write them down and analyze later which will become your habit and make you familiar with English. IELTS Listening is usually based on conservation of 2 people and among class teacher and students. only a good listener can understand the conservation of them because it often has numbers of confusing points which put the weak listener into the delicate following are tips on how to prepare for listening skills.
Practice the listening clips daily with full of attention. Make sure you know exactly what’s required for each task and check the instructions. After checking your answers, listen again, and try to work out the mistake. Remember that you only hear the recording once. Don’t pause the CD, when you’re practicing finally, listen once more to the tapescript and highlight useful expressions.
These helpful tips will equip you to be ready for the exam. However, your success rate depends on your commitment and practice. A combination of the two will give you a great chance of getting the desired grade for IELTS. Another useful thing is spelling mistakes in answer, which can cause the mark reduction in the exam. You, use the right spelling of all English words.
To Prepare Yourself for IELTS Exam visit Nimble Career and meet with our expert team at free of cost. | <urn:uuid:83b1df51-e2d6-40ae-9de2-9f3efa92cc4e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://careernimble.com/5-best-tips-to-improver-ielts-score/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573439.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919040032-20190919062032-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.948992 | 1,546 | 2.875 | 3 |
Before conventional medicines existed, people used plant-based medicines to address their various ailments. As science began producing more advanced therapies and chemical-based drugs, patients began moving away from herbal and botanical therapies.
Over the last 20 years, however, homeopathic remedies have experienced resurgence as part of integrative medicine. Research continually shows that complementary therapies may increase the body’s response to traditional treatments. Studies also show that they can help manage some of the side effects of allopathic medicines. As a result, modern patients are more frequently exploring homeopathy in conjunction with other clinical therapies.
Homeopathy as a Complement to Traditional Oncology
For cancer patients especially, complementary homeopathy can have wide-reaching effects.
After traditional therapies such as surgery and radiation therapy, patients may experience a number of severe side effects. These include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and constipation. Many patients turn to homeopathic solutions to control these side effects. Some of the most common homeopathic remedies for these conditions include:
- Nux vomica
- Kali Hydroicum
Additionally, homeopathy can directly impact certain cancer-related symptoms, such as pain and anxiety.
Immune-modulating botanicals can also be diluted into homeopathic solutions. These herbs and plants can help boost the patient’s immune system and activate its own natural healing mechanisms.
While chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy induce necrosis (cancerous cell death induced by an external factor), homeopathic botanical solutions work to induce apoptosis. This natural cell death puts healthy cells in less danger.
Because these plant-based cancer therapies hold so much promise, The National Institutes of Health provides funds to six different research centers in the United States. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is just one of the renowned hospitals that conducts research on these immune-modulating botanicals.
Homeopaths choose remedies for their patient based on their overall condition – not just one specific ailment. This approach is much different than the approach taken by many traditional oncologists, whose primary goal is to quickly get rid of each symptom. To ensure that homeopathic medicine and traditional medicine are integrated as smoothly as possible, patients are encouraged to work with a multidisciplinary treatment team.
Integrative oncology programs often combine homeopathy with several other aspects of holistic treatment, such as nutrition therapy and supplementation. Many patients rely on several complementary therapies in addition to their standard treatment. Because these therapies are unlikely to cause adverse side effects or negative interactions, patients can safely integrate a combination of complementary therapies.
Author bio: Faith Franz researches and writes about health-related issues for The Mesothelioma Center. One of her focuses is living with cancer. | <urn:uuid:8ed65241-1ff4-4f8f-a8f3-e41f7ea5308c> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://kimmurphey.com/2013/07/25/homeopathy-as-a-complementary-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948520042.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212231544-20171213011544-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.938873 | 553 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Jews began to be moved to ghettos after Reinhard Heydrich gave the ghetto order (Altman The Holocaust Ghettos 11). On October 8, 1939, the first ghetto was established. The ghetto was named Piotrkow and was in Poland. This was the first time during the Holocaust that Jews were sent to ghettos (Altman The Holocaust Ghettos 17). In the ghettos, living conditions were very harsh.
The biggest ghetto to be built during the war was the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland. Warsaw was taken on September 29, 1939, and quickly a few months later on October 12, 1940, the Warsaw Ghetto was officially opened to house Jews and minorities (Warsaw). Many Jews were moved to the ghettos in late 1939 and all throughout 1940 (Allen 37). Many were forced into the ghettos by force by S.S. soldiers. Many were kicked out of their houses and were not permitted to take any of their belongings.
The victims of the Holocaust comprised of many different factions of people, including the Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, trade unionists, and political opponents of the Nazis. (Vail 112). The Holocaust was a time in history when millions of people were persecuted in Europe by being sent to live in ghettos and eventually to be deported to concentration camps where they were systematically annihilated until the Allied forces liberated the remaining survivors. The Jews were forced into ghettos, which were described as quarantine facilities (Altman 19). One of the phony reasons they gave the public for sending the Jews to the ghettos was so that they wouldn’t have political or economic power (Altman 16).
Hitler liked this group so much that any other other group must die in order to make more room for the master race (Introduction). The Holocaust is a time in history when millions of people were persecuted in Europe by being sent to live in ghettos and eventually being deported to concentration camps where they were systematically annihilated until the Allied forces liberated the remaining survivors. The Ghettos were used to isolate Jews from society and make them feel like than out cast (Altman 14). Other reasons for moving the Jews to Ghettos are to control the population and to
The Holocaust was the methodical deportation, dehumanization, and extermination of eleven million people during World WarⅡ (MacKay 6). As a result, two-thirds of the Jewish population in Europe was extinguished (MacKay 7). With them, the rich culture and immense potential they held was lost to a senseless mass murder (MacKay 4). The unimaginable brutality of the Holocaust will never be forgotten, and neither will the millions of people who left their friends, family, and neighbors, never to be seen again (Antisemitism). The Holocaust is a time in history when millions of people were persecuted in Europe by being sent to live in ghettos and eventually being deported to concentration camps where they were systematically annihilated until the Allied forces liberated the remaining survivors.
The Holocaust The Holocaust was a mass murdering of millions of people. Most of the people killed were of the Jewish population. The number of people killed was so high they had to make a new word for it, genocide (Rice 11). The leader of this genocide was Adolf Hitler. Hitler is a German dictator (Fremon 7).
Samuel Nunez 8th Grade English Honors Block 2 Mrs. Guidry 30 January 2018 The Holocaust The Holocaust was the mass murdering of Jews, politicians, prisoners of war, and social minorities by Adolf Hitler’s idea called the “Final Solution”, which was the idea of the Jew’s extinction (The Holocaust). The Holocaust mainly took place in Middle Europe, because the majority of Concentration and Death camps were in Poland and Germany (Blohm 6).The people that were involved in the Holocaust were mainly Jews and the Nazis, but there were others who played roles such as the minority races, the disabled, and the Allied Forces (The Holocaust).The Holocaust is a time in history when millions of people were persecuted in Europe by being sent to live in ghettos and eventually being deported to concentration camps where they were systematically annihilated until the Allied forces liberated the remaining survivors. The Jews at first were forced into the Ghettos, because of orders are given out by a high ranking SS officer named Reinhard Heydrich (Allen 37). Another reason why the Jews were moved to the Ghettos, was because the Nazis wanted to separate the Jews from the rest of the German population (Ghettos). Lastly, having all the Jews in one area allowed the Nazis to be able to transport the Jews to death and concentration camps much easier (Allen 37).
The Holocaust is a horrifying subject that started in the early 1940’s and mid-WWII. The Holocaust was formed by Adolf Hitler (Allen 5). He directed a team of people called Nazis to build the concentration camps (Allen 5). The Nazis killed many people during the Holocaust including Jewish men, women, and children. It all started with one camp called Auschwitz where many people died including author and holocaust survivor, Elie Wiesel’s family.
Could you imagine being one of the many victims that were beaten, starved, and tortured to death in a concentration camp? The Holocaust was a genocide that took place in Germany, lasting 4 years. The leader was Adolf Hitler, who believed there was a ‘Jewish Problem’. This genocide took place from 1941-1945, in concentration camps surrounding Poland. The Nazi Party was founded in 1919 and shortly after, Hitler became the leader in 1921.
The Holocaust Concentration Camps: Auschwitz The Holocaust was a horrid experience. The Holocaust came about because Adolf Hitler was upset over the loss of World War I. Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s loss in World War I, and he wanted to take over Germany, with that came him thinking he had to get rid of all the Jewish people. So after the loss of World War I, he tried and succeeded with the extermination of most of the Jews. Hitler first sent the Jews to concentration camps, which about 20,000 concentration camps were built by Nazi Germany. The main camps were the ones of Auschwitz. | <urn:uuid:93c0191f-c2c4-4dff-9cef-4931a1630203> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-Causes-Of-The-Holocaust-PK5J5B7EACFR | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361776.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228205741-20210228235741-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.985478 | 1,282 | 4.21875 | 4 |
I haven't been to south pole but can the Polaris still be viewed if the viewer is in the south pole? Or this question makes no sense at all?
Currently Polaris is at a declination of a bit over 89 degrees, which means that no one south of 1 degree south latitude can see Polaris. That's almost all of the Southern hemisphere, let alone the South Pole.
Polaris won't be the North Star forever, thanks to axial precession. In about 13000 years or so, Polaris will have a declination of about 46 degrees or so (twice the 23 degree axial tilt). Polaris will thus be visible in 13000 years or so as a wintertime star to all of Africa, all of Australia, and most of South America, but none of Antarctica.
After millions of years, proper motion may make Polaris visible over Antarctica. But then again, being a yellow supergiant, its unlikely that Polaris will be visible anywhere (without a telescope). It will instead be dead.
While the majority of the celestial sky is visible on both hemispheres, you are not able to see Polaris on the south pole, since Polaris is pointing directly towards the north pole. I know that during winter time, you can definitely just see the plough/big dipper (part of the Ursa Major constellation) as far south as Uluru/Ayers Rock in Australia, but that is not enough to see the northern star. The northern star will generally speaking disappear below the horizon when you are at around the equator. There is no "southern star" to orient yourself on the southern hemisphere, but there are a number of rules of thumb to find the south celestial pole on the southern hemisphere as well, several of them involving the "southern cross", or the Crux constellation.
At the South pole no stars north of the celestial equator will be visible.
The general equations of the declination limit at a given latitude:
declination limit = $latitude - 90$ (for the northern hemisphere, $latitude > 0$)
declination limit = $90 + latitude$ (for the southern hemisphere, $latitude < 0$) | <urn:uuid:ceca769d-866a-49f7-a05d-b1b7518e6ff4> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/16427/can-you-still-see-polaris-even-if-you-are-in-the-south-pole/16429 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038067870.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412144351-20210412174351-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.921847 | 448 | 3.265625 | 3 |
You must be wondering what is cardiovascular training and how will this help me? Well, it is pretty simple. Cardiovascular fitness training, also known as aerobic training, is sustained exercise involving the large muscle groups. This exercise should increase the heart rate to a designated range called the target heart range or exercise heart range. At our unique website you will find articles and blogs regarding how to improve your fitness regimes and what the current climate suggests regarding cardiovascular training. It’s a process where you burn fat.
Your heart is the most important organ in your body. To keep it healthy and pumping should be everyone’s responsibility. At our website you will find tips and tutorials on how to use specific work outs that train a certain area in your body. We will be showing you a rand of exercises for cardiovascular-training.
The bottom-line goal is to raise your heart rate to your target range, keep it there for thirty minutes, and do this at least three times per week. Make sure if you are doing an activity like swimming or in-line skating, that your skill level is sufficient enough to allow you to do a proper cardiovascular workout. Start/stop activities, such as tennis, racquetball, and basketball, are great supplemental workout fun, but do not provide enough sustained time in the target heart range to be used as your primary means of cardiovascular fitness. Resistance training workouts are also fun and should definitely be tried out.
In order to gain the benefits of cardiovascular training, one must do this sustained activity of the large muscle groups for a minimum of twenty to thirty minutes at least three times per week. Although some research has suggested shorter periods of five or ten minutes can give the same benefits as longer sessions, we recommend thirty minutes of sustained cardiovascular exercise three times per week as the best minimum for most people. This minimum is recommended only after safely building to this level. Of course, short periods of sustained exercise are better than remaining sedentary, but the “lack of time” reasoning that most people use for needing shorter workouts is lacking in substance. Certainly we can all find thirty minutes several times a week to invest in our health.
Your target heart range is most accurately calculated in a laboratory setting but this is not feasible for the general public. Using a general formula, you can calculate your target heart range using your age, resting heart rate, and approximate fitness level. It is important to note that general guidelines based solely on a person’s age and fitness level are guidelines only. These guidelines are frequently posted in health clubs and on fitness equipment.
It is best to calculate your own target heart range using your individual resting heart rate since resting heart rates can vary significantly even among people of the same age. Many factors such as hereditary tendencies, medical conditions, and even common medications help.
To find out more tips and helps for your body to stay on top form and allow your heart to work efficiently, head down to our website. Learn what resistance training are and what aerobic exercises…are all your answers in one place www.cardiovascular-training.com | <urn:uuid:da5fadc1-4c46-4f82-b017-df533b10398c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://sebastiantra410653.tumblr.com/archive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138980.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00093-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948108 | 625 | 3.03125 | 3 |
When a random plant just appears in your maize field, you’d normally consider it a weed and pull it up. But some random plants turn out to actually be rather useful. One of those is the spider plant (“Nyevhe” or “Ulude”, as it is called in Zimbabwe), Cleome gynandra. People rarely plant it deliberately but, when it appears, they almost never get rid of it. Why? Because it tastes great, is highly nutritious, has lots of medicinal properties and its seeds make an excellent oil. And probably nature put it there for a reason. In this episode in his series on African Crops for the Future, filmed (unusually) in the middle of a maize field, Gus (the African Plant Hunter) delves deeper into this exceptionally useful African leafy indigenous vegetable.
To see some of Gus’ other work on underutilised plants, check out: https://www.bio-innovation.org/ | <urn:uuid:d5df3037-9fff-427b-acb9-e695df23d537> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://africanplanthunter.com/african-crops-for-the-future-e09-spider-plant-nyevhe-ulude-cleome-gynandra/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053918.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916234514-20210917024514-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.959292 | 205 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Loss of eyelashes is known as madarosis. There are several causes for eyelash loss. This article gives information about the causes of madarosis.
- Blepharitis is one of the major causes of eyelash loss. Blepharitis affects adults mostly compared to children. It results in chronic swelling of the eyelids, and it can cause itching, burning, redness and light sensitivity.
- There is no proper cure for blepharitis, but long term treatment options are available which can reduce the intensity and appearance of the symptoms. Anti-inflammatory and antibiotic medications are used along with eyelid scrubs, massages and antioxidants.
- Eyelid trauma and also trauma to the lash area can cause eyelash loss. If you start pulling out your lashes or have a habit of tugging on them, then it is known to be a cause of eyelash loss. An impulsive disorder called trichotillomania causes sufferers to compulsively pull out body hair, eyelashes, eyebrows and scalp hair. This compulsion may stop the regrowth of hair.
- People suffering from trichotillomania undergo different treatments. Some people rely on support groups and behavioral therapy or other alternative therapies and some use medications. Many sufferers of trichotillomania use false eyelashes instead of getting involved in a treatment.
- Another cause of madarosis is Alopecia areata. This is an autoimmune disease which causes the immune system to affect hair follicles. The symptom of this condition is it first appears as round patches, but as it progresses it may result in hairlessness and complete baldness, including eyelashes.
- It does not cause any physical pain and it is not a life-threatening disease, but it disturbs the sufferer emotionally and causes stress. Unfortunately, this disease has no approved treatments and cannot be cured.
- However, there are some treatments and medications for other conditions of hair loss that can help sometimes to re-grow the hair. These include Anthralin, Minoxidil, oral cyclosporine, topical sensitizers, Sulfasalazine and photochemotherapy.
- Discoid lupus can rarely cause madarosis. Consult an ophthalmologist or dermatologist if you notice loss of eyelashes. If your eyelids are irritated or red, stop using any lotions or cosmetics on the eye area. | <urn:uuid:d8202507-2c2f-45ed-9890-ce4bee7f3682> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://eyecare.ygoy.com/2010/06/24/causes-of-madarosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927863.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00230-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925285 | 499 | 2.828125 | 3 |
January 25, 2019
What It Costs To Go 100 Percent Renewable
A “Green New Deal” is gaining some momentum on the left, and a prominent plank of some versions is a plan to move 100 percent of the United States’ electricity production to renewable sources. In new research, AAF’s Director of Energy Policy Philip Rossetti analyzes the feasibility and costs of a 100 percent renewable plan.
Key findings include:
- A “Green New Deal” that includes a proposal to move 100 percent of U.S. electricity production to renewable sources would require at least $5.7 trillion of investment in renewable energy and storage;
- Other studies show that climate policies focused purely on transitioning to renewable energy sources (as the Green New Deal proposes) cost far more than policies aimed more broadly at low-carbon sources; and
- Good climate policy must signal to other countries that greenhouse gas abatement will be reciprocated, and consider the market conditions under which advanced nuclear, carbon capture and sequestration, and energy storage become competitive with incumbent energy sources. | <urn:uuid:e433d649-2030-4940-bb02-583f83fe8dae> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.americanactionforum.org/press-release/what-it-costs-to-go-100-percent-renewable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987795253.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021221245-20191022004745-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.930761 | 222 | 2.71875 | 3 |
NB Health Care
Sustainable Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation: Lessons learned from market-based approaches in India
Editor’s note: NextBillion Health Care has launched a new market dynamics initiative. We’re inviting key providers to help us define the term and tell us how they’re tweaking markets so they can fulfill the needs of the poor.
Globally, an estimated 780 million people live without clean drinking water and a staggering 2.5 billion lack access to sanitation. Annually, more than 800,000 children below age five, mostly in the developing world, lose their lives because of diarrhea. Improving access to these basic human necessities is an integral part of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals.
While considerable progress has been made over the past few decades, nearly 100 million people in India alone lack access to safe drinking water and more than 700 million continue to defecate in the open. While the government has sponsored several programs to address this issue, gaps in provision of services as well as their maintenance and usage persist.
Given the enormity of the challenge, there is clearly an opportunity for private players and a number of market-based organizations have entered the space over the past few years.
In the context of clean water and sanitation, market dynamics is about facilitating access to basic services for those who need it the most in a scalable and sustainable manner.
Having collaborated with a number of these players and keenly observed the progress made by others, here are some of the lessons I have learned:
1. Customer centricity is key
Water and sanitation are among the most fundamental of requirements for human beings; however, the reasons for demanding these services vary considerably. While for some people the driver is better health, for the majority, convenience, dignity, privacy, social prestige and safety of women and children are far bigger motivations. Also, while some families are willing and able to pay for these facilities, others need support, in the form of government subsidies, for instance.
It is therefore crucial that organizations have a detailed understanding of their customer base and segment it according to motivations, preferences and financial capacity. This will help with developing tailored marketing strategies and ultimately generating sufficient demand for sustaining the business. Sarvajal, a social enterprise that sets up community water purification plants in villages and slums across India, segments its user base to distinguish regular customers from those who purchase drinking water occasionally (e.g. when they have guests at home) or seasonally (e.g. during the summer and monsoon).
2. Balance quality, acceptability and affordability
Free toilets constructed under government programs often fall into disrepair, partly due to lack of ownership but also on account of poor quality. The latter is especially important in areas which are prone to hostile weather conditions like floods. Also, a number of government schemes have inflexible toilet designs which cannot necessarily cater to the varying requirements of families. It is therefore important that private enterprises in the space offer a range of options to customers, taking into account their differing preferences as well as affordability levels. While some families are content with a basic toilet design, others want a more elaborate structure (e.g. bathing area with a partition) and are willing to pay for it.
Saraplast Pvt Ltd., which is a commercial company that installs and maintains portable toilets in slum areas across India on a fee-based model, modified the design of its toilet cabins to ensure that they are more culturally acceptable (e.g. squatting units). Similarly, operators of community water purification plants like Waterlife, Sarvajal and Saathi have a menu of options for delivery of purified drinking water that customers can choose from (e.g. while some users prefer to collect water from the plant, others opt for home delivery of ice-cold water for a surcharge).
(Portable toilets provided for schoolchildren by Saraplast, left. Photo courtesy of Saraplast Pvt. Ltd.)
Sarvajal, which has designed automated teller machines (ATMs) for dispensing purified water at a nominal charge through prepaid cards in space-constrained slum environments, adapted the design of the machines to ensure that they are more resistant to vandalism and theft.
3. Build partnerships with government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
While there are problems with the government system (e.g. delays, inefficiencies), it is unrealistic for organizations to harbor ambitions of scaling up without securing government buy-in. Not only do they require permissions to operate (e.g. in slums) but they are often dependent on the government for resources (e.g. land, water connection, electricity) as well, especially during the early stages of establishing their businesses. In fact, governments themselves are recognizing that they cannot address these challenges singlehandedly and are increasingly entering into public-private partnerships (e.g. maintenance of public toilets by private operators for a fee).
NGOs are another important stakeholder and can provide vital support for understanding the needs of local communities, building trust and tackling any opposition from vested interests. Collaboration, in any case, is good practice because no single organization can meet the multiple needs of a community and functioning in a silo can be detrimental to an organization’s own business prospects. For instance, if a community perceives drinking water to be their greatest need, they are unlikely to prioritize sanitation services until the former is met.
4. Be patient and look beyond the profit motive
When Saraplast began experimenting with a portable sanitation model for slums it realized that while the potential business opportunity was huge (more than 100 million people live in slums in India), making the business commercially viable would be time-consuming and challenging. In fact, the initial pilot in one slum in Delhi took more than two years of planning before it could be launched. It is therefore imperative that organizations do not put all their eggs in one basket, but pursue a mix of opportunities (e.g. toilet installation plus maintenance; toilet installation followed by handover to local entrepreneurs for maintenance; operation and maintenance contracts for public toilets).
This would enable cross-subsidizing of the less profitable and more challenging business segments by the more profitable ones. For instance, Sarvajal’s recently launched pilot program, which aims to provide clean drinking water to children in government schools, can be subsidized by water sales made in neighboring communities, until such time that a financially viable model can be worked out for schools. Also, while some opportunities might never be highly profitable (e.g. provision of drinking water and sanitation in schools), they can help fulfil important social goals that many for-profit enterprises in this space pursue (e.g. improving retention of girls in schools by providing clean toilets) and gain credibility with the government and other stakeholders in the sector.
Of course, market-based enterprises are not the panacea for delivering water and sanitation services at scale. In fact, for every organization that succeeds there are several others that fail. In addition to establishing strategic partnerships with community-based organizations and being customer-centric, the successful ones are able to make markets work for the poor by leveraging relevant subsidies from governments (e.g. subsidized or free land for setting up a water treatment plant) and “patient” capital from private foundations (e.g. funds to cover initial revenue losses). Subsidies and philanthropic capital help these organizations to spend the requisite time understanding their customer base, developing a viable business model as well as offering affordable prices to customers. A combination of these ingredients can certainly enable for-profit players to fulfill the dual objectives of making profits and doing social good by bringing essential services to people who need them the most.
Urvashi Prasad is director of external affairs at Operation ASHA, one of India’s largest tuberculosis control NGOs. | <urn:uuid:3e231c4f-ca81-4e6e-9cd4-0d3c1a9a5439> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://nextbillion.net/market-based-sanitation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948522999.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213104259-20171213124259-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.95639 | 1,620 | 2.625 | 3 |
By Robert Preidt, HealthDay
Teens with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to drop out of high school or delay completing high school than other kids, a new study has found.
Researchers analyzed U.S. data and found that nearly one-third of students with the most common type of ADHD either drop out or delay high school graduation. That rate is twice that of students with no psychiatric disorder.
"Most people think that the student who is acting out, who is lying and stealing, is most likely to drop out of school. But we found that students with the combined type of ADHD — the most common type — have a higher likelihood of dropping out than students with disciplinary problems," study senior author Julie Schweitzer, an ADHD expert and associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of California, Davis, said in a university news release.
"This study shows that ADHD is a serious disorder that affects a child's ability to be successful in school and subsequently in a way that can limit success in life," she added.
Developing methods to help students with ADHD graduate high school could have significant long-term societal benefits, according to Schweitzer.
"If you don't have your high school degree, you're going to have less income. You can't buy houses and cars. People who drop out of high school are more likely to be reliant on public assistance. This is a disorder that has serious long-term impacts on your ability to be successful and contribute to society, not just in school, but for the rest of your life," she said.
The researchers also found high drop-out rates among students with other mental health disorders. The rates were 26.6% for those with mood disorder, 24.9% for those with panic disorder, and up to about 20% for those with post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia.
Smoking was also associated with a high risk of dropping out. The study found that 29% of students who smoked failed to complete high school on time, compared with 20% of those who used alcohol and 24.6% of those who used drugs.
The study was published in the July online edition of the Journal of Psychiatric Research.
Guidelines: You share in the USA TODAY community, so please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Use the "Report Abuse" button to make a difference. Read more. | <urn:uuid:eb49ea53-3130-43a7-9165-a3ca13968179> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/education/2010-07-31-adhd-students_n.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977291 | 514 | 2.8125 | 3 |
“The Sisters Are Doin’ It For Themselves” – Aretha Franklin & The Eurythmics
The old cliches of where a woman’s place ought to be have changed to mean: anywhere she wants to be. Women are poised to drive change in the age of complexity leading us all to consider why this might be the case and what we can learn from it.
There was a time when women repeated the line in graphic artist J. Howard Miller‘s famous piece: We Can Do It! Now, as Aretha and Annie sing, they are doing it for themselves…and in spades. The ‘it’ is leading and innovating in times of great complexity and change and not necessarily by role, but by action. When the challenges of ‘wicked problems‘ become great and pervasive, it is women not men who are stepping up to lead and that might have a lot to do with design. How?
Design and design thinking is fundamentally about strategies used to create, shape and influence. There are many definitions of the concept, but generally speaking it is about finding / clarifying problems at their root, framing them within a larger context, and addressing them using empathic methods. Quite often this involves intense engagement with the issue and those whom the issue most affects and these are areas where women are doing well.
Drawing on the growing literature base on design thinking and a series of ongoing interviews I have done as part of the Design Thinking Foundations project, there are three areas that sit at the core of this way of approaching problems. As it turns out, women are pretty good at all of them:
- Empathy. Getting to learn more about the person / people who are designing for / with by stepping into their shoes is a powerful vehicle for gaining insight into the nature of the problem at hand, its frames, and possible ways forward. Research looking at males and females consistently shows women expressing higher levels of emotional empathy than men (e.g, ). More recent work has begun to explore the ways in which women relate empathically to others, whereas men are more prone to what can be called Machevellian tendencies;
- Literacy. By this I refer to a constellation of skills that sit at the intersection of craft and knowledge to address a particular problem. A designer’s literacy most often includes creativity and the ability to analyze problems. These skills can fall within artistic realms, but also scientific and mathematical realms. Here in Canada, a recent report on the state of education finds that boys are lagging in literacy scores and, for the first time, science scores. They are tied with girls in math. The report (PDF-summary) adds greater weight to the shifting nature of boys and girls.
- Engagement. Designers — whether they are introverts or extroverts — need to be able to engage in diverse social situations in order to create useful products and services. Early work on online social networks is suggestive of this, building on a body of work looking at the strength of associations between gender, emotion and socialization (see 2010 chapter of the same name)
It used to be that women would express these three areas in social roles that were of lower status than men and generally following male leads (e.g., homemaker, assistant). However, the balance is starting to shift and women are no longer waiting for men to give things up, they are taking things for themselves. Indeed, women are becoming the new leaders and are designing themselves lives that will keep them in this position for the foreseeable future if indeed design is the new competitive advantage as has been suggested by Roger Martin at the Rotman School of Business in Toronto.
Lest we think this is isolated to Canada or the United States, the rise of women and girls is being seen globally. Earlier this year, the Economist explored how Asian women are marrying less and marrying later. One of the reasons is that they are no longer tied to men in the same way and are less willing to fill a role that sees them often as less than in their marriages. Indeed, Asian women are eschewing the practice altogether in rates never before seen and may be on the cusp of instilling deep and profound social change.
A lot of Asians are not marrying later. They are not marrying at all. Almost a third of Japanese women in their early 30s are unmarried; probably half of those will always be. Over one-fifth of Taiwanese women in their late 30s are single; most will never marry. In some places, rates of non-marriage are especially striking: in Bangkok, 20% of 40-44-year old women are not married; in Tokyo, 21%; among university graduates of that age in Singapore, 27%.(Economist, August 20, 2011)
One of the reasons is that women are more often placed in roles of great social complexity in the family/social sphere, yet without the power to make key decisions. This might mean child raising (often held as the ideal example of complexity), negotiating and planning social engagements, and doing much of the emotional maintenance in relationships. While these are not universal and suggestive of stereotype, there are libraries full of research that have found these roles tend to be persistent and consistent across most Western countries. Until now. These are also the kinds of skills that are needed in complex systems and to create means to navigate through them.
Women are no longer satisfied (nor should they be) with the roles assigned to them by men, but are shaping and crafting new ones for themselves and reclaiming and challenging outdated, sexist ones. A terrific example of this is the SlutWalk movement that started in Toronto in reaction to public statements by a police officer aimed at helping prevent rape that placed blame on victims, suggesting that women “stop dressing like sluts”. Here, women just took action and men followed.
As societies, we will (and do) need leaders and innovators who know how to manage complexity well and design solutions and women may be the first place to look because they are doing it already. | <urn:uuid:809ba777-adaa-4077-9b71-343108961d10> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://censemaking.com/2011/12/05/women-and-leadership-in-times-of-complexity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487655418.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620024206-20210620054206-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.9705 | 1,242 | 2.765625 | 3 |
On behalf of all readers, including those in the corrosion community and those visiting our journal, CORROSION sends our sincerest heartfelt wishes for your safety and good health to you, your family, and colleagues. Hopefully you are reading this while safe in your home! We also wish to take this opportunity to express our unbounded gratitude to the entire healthcare community and all emergency responders—the real heroes on the front lines of this pandemic. The purpose of this editorial is to share information on the benefits of materials that may function to deactivate viruses and bacteria and thereby offer the possibility of contributing to the overall goal of mitigating disease transmission. It is intended to broach the needs, gaps, and opportunities regarding materials that may mitigate infectivity through corrosion processes.
WhaT is COVID-19?
World-wide attention concerning public health is focused on a novel human coronavirus disease that causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) named SARS-CoV-2. The disease caused by this virus, named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization,1 has over 2.1 million confirmed infections and over 143,000 related deaths worldwide, with over 665,000 confirmed infections and over 32,000 deaths in the United States alone, as of April 16, 2020.2 Throughout this editorial this virus is hereafter referred to as the COVID-19 virus.
Human-to-human transmission is believed to spread in the form of infectious droplets (> 5 μm diameter) and aerosols (< 5 μm) which may be acquired by a unique host during casual person-to-person encounters with infected individuals.3 These hosts shed the virus in the form of droplet and aerosol productions from coughing, sneezing, or, when under hospital care, from episodic excretions or medical procedures.4 Such aerosols may become lodged in the respiratory tract of a novel host. This direct route of infection is likely augmented by alternative spreading pathways where aerosols settle on other sources such as skin and hands, personal protective equipment (PPE), clothing, and other fomites.5,(1) Airborne aerosols remain aloft as a function of size before either evaporating or settling on the surfaces of such inanimate objects as well as novel hosts.6 According to a recent publication in the New England Journal of Medicine, the COVID-19 virus remained viable in the analyzed deposited drops and aerosols with only a slight loss in infectious viability for at least 3 h (the duration of the test).7 When droplets and aerosols settle from the atmosphere on high-touch surfaces, the remaining viable infectious virus could possibly be transferred to the hand by touch contact, with a possibility of transmission by hand-to-face contact (research on transmission pathways of COVID-19 is ongoing). This can apparently occur with some viruses even on “dry” surfaces.5,8-9 A novel host with newly acquired hand contamination may touch their face as frequently as 16 to 23 times per hour according to some studies, enabling transfer of the virus to eyes, nostrils, and mouth.10-11 Unfortunately, the COVID-19 virus appears to be able to remain infectious for days7-8 on some surfaces.
Mitigation of Fomite-to-Hand Transmission by Either Chemical Disinfecting and/or Intrinsically Antimicrobial Surfaces
One obvious and effective means of mitigation of this transmission route is frequent cleaning of fomites with a biocidal agent that disinfects.8,12 While cleaning with biocides certainly can help mitigate fomite transmission, there are still some concerns. Continuous host aerosol deposition, frequent touching, as well as accidentally missing infected parts of surfaces during cleaning may leave residuals in spots that continue to infect. Surfaces, in public places especially, can be re-infected easily. Therefore, frequent and effective cleaning is crucial.
Additionally, intrinsic protection could be provided to surfaces through selection and deployment of materials that have properties that enable intrinsic antimicrobial functionality. This could either in the form of monolithic objects or impregnation or imbuing of materials with pigments or particles. For example, various metallic materials may have antimicrobial properties; one such example is copper.13-15 It should be noted that stainless steels look clean because of their thin chromium-rich passive film but have no antimicrobial capabilities. Recent interest in copper well prior to COVID-19 has been substantial, where it has been recognized that copper alloys kill bacteria and viruses and could reduce fomite-related spreading.7,9,13,15-21 It is also well established that other materials are antimicrobial such as silver22 and TiO2 photo-catalyst.23-24
Antimicrobial Properties of Copper
Historically, it has been well known that copper is antimicrobial.13-14 Ancient civilizations used copper for water purification, skin ailments, and wound healing.14,25 The maritime community knew of these properties hundreds of years ago or more when copper was used for antifouling purposes on ship hulls.26 Metallurgists optimized copper for ship hulls with alloying elements that promoted ion release necessary for antifouling balanced against excessive metal wastage due to too much corrosion.26
Copper and silver22 possess intrinsic antimicrobial properties that are enabled by corrosion. Ideally, a high-touch surface is corrosive enough to mitigate virus viability through Cu ion release, yet tarnish resistant enough to maintain a tarnish-free surface without porosity that can be cleaned and does not collect dirt, moisture, and other particles.15 Alloying elements are intentionally added to copper to achieve certain targeted properties superior to those of pure copper. However, commercial off-the-shelf alloys have mostly been considered to date for antimicrobial purposes.9,13 In many cases, alloying additions were originally aimed toward other purposes such as strength and ductility. In studies of antimicrobial properties conducted to date on commercial alloys, retention of copper at greater than 60 wt% to 70 wt% ensures some antimicrobial function.9,13 The exact composition of the alloy matters for antimicrobial properties because a balance is usually sought between sufficient release of copper to affect viability and other factors such as color stability, passivity, or excessive tarnishing which could create a porous surface. Many copper alloys may release other elements preferentially with respect to copper by a process known as dealloying or, in contrast, may passivate over time in various environments.
The inactivation of bacteria and viruses on metallic copper occurs by an electrochemical process whereupon copper cations are produced during aqueous corrosion.9,17,21 Antimicrobial efficacy relies on copper ions (i.e., Cu+ and Cu2+) in solution distinct from copper sequestering in the oxide layer formed over the surface of the alloy or released but chelated (to form a compound usually with an organic species in the environment, whereupon the organic is bonded to the copper ion) with some molecular species in solution.9,17-18,21,27-28 Therefore, Cu ions must be released from the alloy and present at the same spot and in the same local environment as the bacteria or virus, as opposed to just the presence of a copper surface, per se. The release mechanism in humid air occurs by the electrochemical process of metallic corrosion. All such spontaneous metallic corrosion processes involve an anodic reaction. In the case of copper, this is an oxidation half-cell electrochemical reaction which oxidizes elemental copper from the fomite, liberating Cu+ and Cu2+. This anodic half-cell reaction must be coupled with at least one cathodic electrochemical half-cell reaction such as oxygen reduction. This cathodic reaction must occur at a matched rate to consume the electrons stripped from the outer valence shell of the copper atoms. Corrosion requires both a continuous ionic path and electrical connection between the anode and cathode which could be the same copper surface and even the same location on that surface. This coupled set of anodic and cathodic half-cell reactions sustains spontaneous corrosion process on a fomite material such as copper. Copper ions can also be released from either natural or “engineered” molecular compounds containing previously oxidized Cu+ or Cu2+. In this case, copper ions are released by a chemical dissolution driven process.29 This is the approach sometimes used in medical fabrics and other copper impregnated materials such as security trays at airports (to be discussed later in Part II).
Copper is also oxidized in air under dry oxidation at very low relative humidity (RH) by oxygen in the atmosphere. However, surfaces containing debris and/or chemical deposits form a thin film of aqueous solution at most RH levels aided by dew point condensation, capillary condensation, and/or deliquescence of salt deposits. These enable aqueous corrosion processes to proceed even when surfaces appear “dry.”30-33,(2) The typical cathodic reaction during copper corrosion in sulfide-free environments is the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Some ORR mechanisms produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an intermediate. As discussed above, this may result in both the metal ion and hydrogen peroxide at the same or nearby sites.
The subsequent mechanism of bacterial death in the presence of these chemicals brought about by corrosion is complex. However, it is known that more than one of the chemical species produced by these electrochemical and chemical reactions affect virus and bacteria survivability including copper cations, peroxide, reactive oxygen species, and possibly other chemicals.9 Some literature also posits that the Fenton reaction on metals and/or the Haber-Weiss reaction produce toxic reactive species9,16 catalyzed by certain metals. Copper cations appear to be the primary chemical for virus inactivation because chelating of copper ions (a form of sequestering) inhibits inactivation and protects coronaviruses, while sequestering of reactive oxygen species has some, albeit less, impact on virus inactivation.9
In a study which confirms this, CuCl2 + H2O2 or FeCl3 + H2O2 was applied to an array of different viruses used as surrogates (this particular investigation was conducted well before COVID-19 but was intended to be representative of various future viruses) and compared to glutaraldehyde (8%).17 The data indicate the fastest and most severe inactivation of a range of surrogate viruses occurred in the case of Cu2+ + H2O2, with performance even better than glutaraldehyde. This was evident from both the time needed to inactivate 90% of the virus at a pre-selected concentration and the concentration required to achieve a 90% reduction in a fixed time period.17 Hence, it can be presumed that copper corrosion yields on-the-spot generation of Cu ions ejected into the thin layer aqueous solution on surfaces as well as other reactive species generated as products of the electrochemical corrosion reactions operating. This produces some of the same chemicals, such as peroxides, utilized as synthetic biocides8 except that in this case they are a natural consequence of the exposure environment and the metal. Moreover, no human intervention is necessary. It relies on the surface not passivating over time, which is a process by which a protective layer forms on the alloy surface limiting Cu ion release and the coupled process of reactive oxygen species generation discussed above.
Copper and Human Coronaviruses
In 2015, Warnes and coworkers published a manuscript showing that copper surfaces (including various brass and copper-nickel alloys) destroyed human coronavirus HCoV-229E.9 Viable HCoV-229E was effectively reduced with a −log10(Nt/No) reduction of 4 relative to the starting virus concentration.(3) This occurred in less than 50 min on brass and 120 min on copper-nickel alloys with more than 70% copper. Inactivation was more rapid on alloys containing 70% copper or more. Moreover, nickel as well as stainless steel were relatively ineffective (Figure 1).
Recently, the aerosol viability and surface stability of the COVID-19 virus were evaluated on different surfaces.7 Virus stability varied with the nature of the surface. Surfaces were exposed to a 50 μL inoculum (105 TCID50/mL) at 40°C and 40% RH with the COVID-19 virus.7,(4) Median half-lives for viable COVID-19 virus were 3.46 h on cardboard, 5.63 h on AISI Type 304 steel, 6.81 h on polypropylene plastic, and only 0.774 h on 99.9% copper (Figure 2 34 ).7 Decay in viable virus levels was then modeled and found to be exponential, implying virus inactivation on copper predicted by a change of −log10(TCID/mL) of >3 in less than 10 h compared to greater than 50 h on stainless steel. Decay was faster on copper in the case of the COVID-19 virus compared to SARs-CoV-1. However, this was not always the case on every material.
Some Things to Consider in Future Copper Corrosion Research Toward Improved Antimicrobial Functionality
There may be further ways to optimize the corrosion resistance of copper-based alloys for antimicrobial properties than achieved to date. Based on what is known so far, the fate of copper—whether oxidized and retained in the solid oxide, thin water film, or somewhere else—must be tracked to truly understand whether a given copper alloy and environment create the circumstances where antimicrobial properties are operative. There are a few examples of this on copper alloys.27-28 It is tempting to gauge copper alloy antibacterial properties by utilizing previously reported corrosion rates in seawater, in part because the literature on copper corrosion is more comprehensive in this environment.25,35 On the other hand, testing for virus and bacteria viability is often conducted in various physiological solutions.9,17 However, Cu ion release on high-touch surfaces are perhaps best investigated by testing corrosion in human perspiration.18,21,28 Caution is warranted because corrosion properties of a given alloy may differ between the physiological solution used in antibacterial studies, readily available data in seawater, and human perspiration (from touch) and other realistic solutions on touch surfaces.18-21,(5) Temperature, environment chemistry, pH, and gas solubility all affect Cu corrosion rates and Cu ion destinations. Surface preparation and roughness matter as well. Surface treatments of copper that lower corrosion rates, such as pretreatments promoting formation of a more protective oxide layer, application of lacquers, or corrosion inhibitors all can lower the antimicrobial effectiveness of copper surfaces. Therefore, a range of temperature, surface conditions, and RH must be investigated in order to identify the combinations of conditions where copper alloys are effective. Cleaning solutions capable of refreshing surfaces that might become passivated over time should also be studied. Moreover, the structure, chemistry, and physiology of the microbe play a big role in its survivability. Therefore, understanding the survivability of viruses (i.e., lifetimes) of these different and common bacteria or viruses in a systematic way on different copper alloys in different environments and at various pertinent temperatures is necessary for further antimicrobial alloy development. It is imperative to investigate windows of operation where specific copper alloys are successful in reducing virus viability to the point where human transmission by fomite contact is reduced.
Fomites that are high-touch objects pose a threat to disease transmission and novel host infection by viruses and perhaps COVID-19. Copper alloy surfaces may be capable of suppressing virus transmission through inherent lethality with respect to viable viruses on these fomite surfaces. This is enabled by natural corrosion processes on copper triggered by oxidation in relatively “dry” or humid air, as well as in an infected droplet or aerosol excretion that has settled on fomite surfaces. This process is intrinsic to copper in many environments and can occur without regular human interventions such as daily cleaning. Additional research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of copper alloy surfaces with respect to the COVID-19 virus, but the early research reported7,34 is promising. Further investigation focusing in detail on materials properties, surface preparation, and environments may uncover additional ways to enhance antimicrobial properties.
“Fomite” is a term used to describe an inanimate object or material that is likely to carry infections and provide a source for further transmission to a novel host.
Surface droplet and aerosol deposition are well known to the corrosion community, which has long recognized that that atmospheric corrosion relies on material surface wetting by aerosols and droplets, water condensation, as well as by wetting when the RH exceed the deliquescence RHcrit or DRH of a specific deposited hygroscopic chemical species. For instance, see Dante and Kelly30 and Cole and coworkers.31-33 The surface may collect chemicals from natural salt deposition or by direct touch where drying perspiration leaves chemicals that also deliquescence at lower RH compared to the wetting of clean surfaces. This enables corrosion of metals.
Virus and bacteria survival as a function of time when exposed a biocidal agent or anti-biocidal material capable of deactivation are often expressed as log10(Nt/No), where N is the unit representing the “concentration” of virus particles or bacteria express as the number of colonies, particles, or units of virus/mL, Nt is the concentration at a given point in exposure time t, and No is the initial concentration. The typical test procedure involves an inoculum of virus or bacteria usually expressed as some concentration. The units for this concentration can vary but may be colony forming units (CFU), plaque forming units (PFU), and tissue culture infectious dose (TCID). Viability is often determined by assessing the rate of reduction of plaque forming units per unit volume, colony forming units per unit volume, etc. deposited on a surface or just by monitoring Nt over time. The threshold surviving that is still infectious depends on each specific virus and infectivity.
TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) is the point at which 50% of the cells are infected.
Caution is warranted as there is no assurance that antimicrobial efficacy toward inactivation or survivability with respect to any particular bacteria can be directly translated into inactivation capabilities with respect to viruses, specifically COVID-19, where data are limited at the time of this publication.
The author gratefully acknowledges an extensive search of the literature by the UVA library system, in particular Mr. Jeremy Garritano, for publications regarding copper-induced antimicrobial properties toward COVID-19 available during the time period from March 25 to April 15, 2020. The support of the Managing Editor in Chief of CORROSION, Ms. Sammy Miles, to enable manuscript preparation is also greatly acknowledged. | <urn:uuid:ff4fc88c-23d8-451b-9e39-6551358b8fc0> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://meridian.allenpress.com/corrosion/article/76/6/523/445540/The-COVID-19-Pandemic-Part-1-Can-Antimicrobial | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141193221.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127131802-20201127161802-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.940942 | 3,928 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What is it all about?
There is a popular article format – “cards”. It was first popularized by the American portal Vox, and then picked up by Meduza. Readers love it very much for its simplicity and clarity, so many authors try to write flashcards. But not everyone succeeds.
Why doesn’t it work?
Because most card writers don’t know the top secret. The cards are not just an article with a bunch of subheadings in the form of questions, but a real dialogue. You can imagine a conversation on the phone or a live conversation at the reception desk of a polyclinic or a railway ticket office.
In such a dialogue, there are two characters: the Questioner and the Answer.
The questioner is probably asking?
That’s right, this is such an avatar of the reader. The Questioner has a problem or situation and asks important questions about it to the experienced Responder. The questioner is a simple person, such a typical aged relative. He is used to not trusting, asks questions with pressure, sometimes rudely. Such a person will not let himself be fooled!
The respondent, on the contrary, is polite, knowledgeable, accurate. They say about such people: “Sincerely wants to help.”
Wait, why is the Questioner coming over? Why isn’t it okay to write everything in the same style?
Because the reader needs to see that the conversation between them is not staged. If there is no tension in the dialogue between the Questioner and the Answer, then you cannot believe such cards. It seems that both the questions and the answers were written by one person. But you can’t ask yourself sharp questions, right?
Here is a good example – the cards about the renovation program on the mos.ru portal . And then there is such a question: “Is it possible for an additional fee to purchase an apartment with a larger number of rooms and a larger area than the one that will be provided free of charge?” What is the feeling of such a question?
Some kind of set-up! How can an ordinary person speak so hard?
Of course not. Before us is something like a press conference, at which the answering official wrote questions to himself and distributed them to the journalists in the hall. If such a question is made in the style of the Questioner, simpler, more lively, “folk”, then it will sound better.
For example, like this: “We have a big family, and we hardly huddle in Khrushchev. Can’t we move to a bigger apartment, even with our surcharge? ” Note that behind such a question you directly feel a real person.
Okay, sorted it out. What else is important in the cards? What other secrets are there?
Another important detail is in the construction of the questions. First of all, they shouldn’t be long (like a question on mos.ru). Longer questions are best broken into two sentences. The first can be affirmative, as if setting a context. And the second is a question.
It is also better to use open-ended questions in cards (they begin with an interrogative word). A closed question can be answered “yes” or “no”, and an open question implies a detailed answer. What we need!
And can you just cram more headings-questions into a regular article?
No, this will not work – there is no magic! The magic lies in the fact that each next question follows from the previous answer. The Questioner asks a question, the Answer gives him 2-3 paragraphs of text, and the Questioner, as it were, continues to clarify the answer received. People do the same in dialogue when it comes to information that is new to them.
If you put headings-questions in a regular article, then the reader will have a persistent feeling that they arise out of nowhere. And this again hits trust: why are you asking if you know what?
OK. How many of these cards should there be in the article?
Ideally 10-12 pieces. It can be smaller (if the topic is very narrow), but more is not worth it. The fact is that the reader runs into the cards to quickly find out the main thing about a particular case: how to go on a train with a cat, whether it is worth getting vaccinated, if there are still antibodies, what to do if the shoes are too tight and the box has already been thrown away. In large texts, the reader gets bogged down, loses focus and gets tired of reading, so it is better to leave a decent article as an article.
It is also better for the respondent to give no more than two or three paragraphs. As much as one person can speak in a dialogue, leave as much. Otherwise, the monologue of John Gault from “Atlas Shrugged” will turn out in the style of “he entered the elevator, turned and said 78 pages.”
And why does Meduza’s articles all begin with the question “What are we talking about?”
Oh, this is called “zero card”. The fact is that the cards do not write the traditional introduction and immediately start with a question. Meduza is a news media, so the zero card relies on an event or context. You can imagine that on the street several people are arguing loudly and a passer-by walking by comes up to them: “Guys, what are you talking about?”
In general, the zero card can be anything. It is very convenient to describe the situation in it, as we do it in the information desk: “I have a cat, and I really want to teach him tricks. Is it possible? ” – or: “I want to be vaccinated, but I’m afraid of side effects. Do they really happen or am I being driven? “
So to write good flashcards, you have to maintain tension, ask open-ended questions, and be short?
Right! Well, or short – it is better to ask questions in a gender-neutral tone so that the reader does not get the impression that everything is written by a man for men (or a woman for women).
The main thing is to imagine the dialogue in the help desk. If your cards can be a transcript of such a dialogue, then everything worked out. Congratulations! | <urn:uuid:e67a218c-996b-4228-b0e7-234d3b565789> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://neurocopy.eu/write-an-article-in-flashcards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.958829 | 1,365 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Watchful waiting (surveillance) is a period in the treatment of some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in which you are not having treatment. It does not mean that your doctors are giving up or refusing to give you treatment.
What To Expect After Treatment
During this time, you will:
- Receive periodic medical tests, including chest X-rays, CT scans, and blood tests, such as chemistry screens and complete blood counts (CBCs).
- See your doctor on a regular basis.
- Be told which symptoms to report to your doctor immediately.
Why It Is Done
Watchful waiting may be an option for you if:
How Well It Works
Watchful waiting is often as effective as other treatments for some types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Some people with slow-growing NHL may live a long time without symptoms.
There do not seem to be any risks involved in watchful waiting for some types of NHL when you are being watched closely by your doctor. If your lymphoma changes, other treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used to control your disease.
What To Think About
Watchful waiting may be a good option if your lymphoma is not the type that can be cured with standard therapy, you are not having troublesome symptoms, and standard therapy is not likely to prolong your life.
Watchful waiting ends when one of the following occurs:
- Symptoms develop.
- Lymphoma tumour size increases.
- Organs do not function normally. | <urn:uuid:83e4dfce-5a87-48a8-8058-d67237d174df> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/tv6976 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00303.warc.gz | en | 0.939242 | 326 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What Are Macro Environmental Factors ?
Macro environment factors refer to all external uncontrollable forces that affect the decision-making, strategies and performance of any organization. Macro environment factors are often categorized using the acronym “PESTLE.” PESTLE stands for political, economic, social, technological and legal factors.
Organizational decisions are highly affected by developments in the legal and political environments. The legal and political macro environment comprises of government agencies and pressure groups that influence organizational operations, tax policies and the national and international laws that may affect the demand and supply chains.
The economic macro environment assesses the availability of purchasing power in an economy, which depends on the current prices, credit availability, comparative foreign exchange rates and business cycles. Economic macro environment factors also affect an organization’s ability to maintain a stable profit. Social macro environment is comprised of beliefs, values, moods, norms, gender and demographics of the population. Trends in the social environment influence the products a company manufactures and its target customers.
Technological macro environment factors affect the quality of goods and services offered by a company. New technologies that provide superior value to satisfying consumer needs stimulate economic and investment activities. Developments in the technological environment also enable an organization to stay modernized and ahead of the market curve. | <urn:uuid:0b869a04-8186-4e6e-967c-72da5904a69a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.reference.com/science/macro-environmental-factors-36cbf408779e7921 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104364750.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704080332-20220704110332-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.925144 | 261 | 3.171875 | 3 |
15 2 How Pathogens Trigger Illness
These events usually occur when appropriate antimicrobial therapy has been instituted . In some infections with bacteremia, antibiotic remedy may cause release of bacterial endotoxin-like merchandise and cause a Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction . It occurs after initiation of antibacterials in louse-borne relapsing fever, tick-borne relapsing fever, syphilis, Q fever, bartonellosis, brucellosis, tripanosomiasis, leptospirosis, and so forth. . In leprosy the harmful results of useless micro organism is especially demonstrative. Single dose of 10 mg/kg rifampicin renders bacilli non-viable from 99 to 99.ninety nine% ; four hundred mg ofloxacin or 800 mg pefloxacin kills ninety nine.99% viable bacilli . It means that lots of the manifestations of leprosy which observe initial remedy should be due to antigens from useless organisms .
Virulence components in bacteria could also be encoded on chromosomal DNA, bacteriophage DNA, plasmids, or transposons in both plasmids or the bacterial chromosome (Fig. 7-2; Table 7-2). For instance, the capability of the Shigella species to invade cells is a property encoded partly on a one hundred forty-mega-dalton plasmid. Similarly, the heat-labile enterotoxin of E.
The Mechanisms Of Bacterial Survival In The Tissues And The Effectiveness Of Antibacterials
It can be recognized that some important fungal pathogens, corresponding to A. fumigatus, lack the power to make use of heme as an iron source (Eisendle et al., 2003; Schrettl et al., 2004; Haas, 2012). tuberculosis is understood to accumulate iron from transferrin and lactoferrin through secretion of the siderophores mycobactin and exochelins .
Typically, the internalization of siderophores in micro organism is facilitated by ABC sort transporters. Although in some circumstances, inside membrane permeases pushed by energy proton motrive pressure also can translocate iron-loaded siderophores. The iron-loaded siderophore is first recognized and internalized by specific cell-surface receptors, which are all members of the TBDT family and are often regulated by Fur. The ferri-siderophore is then processed by way of the totally different membranes and the cell wall by chaperone proteins and facilitators. Once the molecule reaches the intracellular house, the iron atom can be launched by physical degradation of the siderophore or by a redox-mediated process, the affinity of siderophores for ferrous iron being much less than that for ferric iron. A widespread observation is that pathogens often deploy a number of iron acquisition techniques or siderophores to help proliferation within the host (Dozois et al., 2003; Garenaux et al., 2011; Kronstad et al., 2013).
pylori early in life, with most sustaining it as a part of the traditional microbiota for the rest of their life without ever creating disease. Binding and floor exposure characteristics of the gonococcal transferrin receptor are depending on both transferrin-binding proteins. Malassezia is a genus of dimorphic and primarily lipophilic fungi formerly known as Pitysporum. It is probably the most abundant fungal skin commensal, representing 50%–80% of complete pores and skin fungi, most common in oily areas such because the face, scalp, and back. Malassezia species live within the infundibulum of the sebaceous glands where they feed on lipids found in human sebum .
Operator sequences of the aerobactin operon of plasmid ColV-K30 binding the ferric uptake regulation repressor. Iron uptake with ferripyochelin and ferric citrate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Characterization of lbpA, the structural gene for a lactoferrin receptor in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Adherence And Colonization Factors
In the hospital setting, use of blood vessel catheters contaminated with bacteria can also lead to major bacteremia. Secondary bacteremia happens when bacteria have entered the body at one other site, such as the cuts within the pores and skin, or the mucous membranes of the lungs , mouth or intestines , bladder , or genitals. Bacteria that have contaminated the body at these websites may then spread into the lymphatic system and achieve entry to the bloodstream, where additional spread can happen.
The most probably cause of this case of food intoxication isA) botulinum toxin.B) aflatoxin.C) staphylococcal enterotoxin.D) erythrogenic toxin.E) cholera toxin. All of the following organisms produce exotoxins EXCEPTA) Salmonella typhi.B) Clostridium botulinum.C) Corynebacterium diphtheriae.D) Clostridium tetani.E) Staphylococcus aureus. All of the following are examples of entry by way of the parenteral route EXCEPTA) injection.B) bite.C) surgery.D) hair follicle.E) skin cut.
A large amount of iron is probably available to microbes upon an infection of vertebrate hosts, though pathogens should extract this iron from quite a lot of proteins in blood, completely different cell varieties, and tissue locations. In fact, the average human grownup accommodates 3–5 g of iron, nearly all of which (65–75%) is present in heme associated with hemoglobin within erythrocytes (McCance and Widdowson, 1937; Andrews, 2000). Each day, 20–25 mg of iron is required to assist the synthesis of hemoglobin.
Each year’s influenza vaccine supplies safety against probably the most prevalent strains for that 12 months, however new or completely different strains may be extra prevalent the next yr. Name no less than two ways that a capsule supplies protection from the immune system. Click this link to see an animation of how the botulinum toxin functions. Click this hyperlink to see an animation of how the cholera toxin capabilities. Payne SM. Iron and virulence within the family Enterobacteriaceae. Members of the household Enterobacteriaceae exhibit O-specific chains of various lengths, whereas N. | <urn:uuid:6ba82835-c68f-4040-9daa-8426c6964183> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://nghethuatbongbong.com/2021/07/03/15-2-how-pathogens-trigger-illness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.879592 | 1,378 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The neutralino, usually denoted by χ0
(sometimes with a tilde
on top), is a superpartner
, one of the extra particles that arise when one has a supersymmetric theory
. Its name is a rather ugly compromise which I will explain a bit later: suffice it to say that despite appearances it has little relation with the neutrino
s. However, like the neutrino, it is an electrically neutral fermion
The principal scientific rôles of the neutralino are, to be produced in accelerators, and to provide a candidate for the dark matter making up about 23% of the mass density of the Universe -- specifically cold dark matter in the form of WIMPs. To date, no neutralinos have been found in either situation. This allows us to put limits on the mass of the lightest neutralino and on its interaction cross-section with matter. For what it's worth, the mass limit is currently about 40 times the mass of the proton. Searches continue.
More precisely, supersymmetry requires that for each quantum field representing a particle in the Standard Model (SM) one should add another field with a spin differing by 1/2. So, the SM fermions (spin-1/2) such as the electron get scalar field (spin 0) partners called selectrons, whereas the SM bosons, namely the photon, W boson, Z boson (spin 1) and Higgs (spin 0) get fermion partners (spin 1/2). In order to have some hope of agreeing with observation, the superpartner masses should be different from (and usually greater than) the SM particle masses. When this is done, concentrating on the SM bosons, we get a lot of massive fermions called the photino or Bino, Wino, Zino and Higgsinos. The "ino" suffix comes from analogy with the neutrino, since they're all fermions; the bino and zino are neutral, the winos are charged, and the higgsinos are both.
But also recall that the SM particles get mass through spontaneous symmetry breaking, which gives all the particle masses in terms of the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs. Don't worry if you don't recall this, it just means that there is another source of mass out there which we have to add in. But crucially, the new source of mass mixes up these new fermions. As if it weren't complicated enough already. So in order to get to a set of particles with well-defined masses (mass eigenstates) we need to take mixtures (linear superpositions) of the bino, wino, zino and Higgsinos. Neutral particles can only mix with neutral and charged with charged, since electric charge is conserved.
The result is four neutral massive fermions called neutralinos and two charged massive fermions called charginos (χ+ and χ-). I guess they just ran out of interesting names.
Now the particle that's of most interest in cosmology for that dark matter is the lightest neutralino χ01. This is because the heavier ones decay quickly into the lighter ones, whereas the lightest one can be stable: in many models it's the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle or LSP and is automatically stable. The behaviour of the LSP depends on what mixture it is -- in some cases it will be "mostly bino", sometimes "mostly higgsino" or even "mostly wino". Yes, this is what particle cosmologists say. (Note: by "mostly wino" they mean "mostly zino", since the winos are charged, but for some reason the zino is treated as a honorary wino. Did I mention that the terminology often doesn't make much sense?)
Neutralinos are not heavier versions of neutrinos, or supersymmetric partners of them. (That much should be clear from the fact that they're both fermions.) Neutrinos have nonzero lepton number, which in practice means they are related via the weak nuclear force to charged leptons (electron, muon, tauon); both are fundamental fields in the SM. Neutralinos are related by the weak nuclear force to each other and to charginos and are mixtures of superpartner fields in the MSSM (Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model) that have zero lepton number. The superpartners are also distinguished from SM fields by R-parity, which means that superpartners can only be produced or destroyed in pairs. This adds up to the result that there's no way that you can turn a neutralino into a neutrino. So they are different types of particle. (Actually, there are some models in which both R-parity and lepton number are explicitly broken symmetries, so the neutrino and neutralino could mix. However, these are regarded as relatively inelegant and unlikely. For example, they don't have a cold dark matter candidate any more.) | <urn:uuid:ca5deefd-88d3-4459-a1fe-eec02f9738ef> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://everything2.com/title/neutralino?showwidget=showCs1479012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00104-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939446 | 1,063 | 2.5625 | 3 |
three schools of the south and seven schools of the north ［南三北七］ ( nansan-hokushichi): Also, three schools of southern China and seven schools of northern China. Though generally referred to as “schools,” they are actually the ten principal systems of classification of the Buddhist sutras set forth by various Buddhist teachers in China, during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period (439–589). Hence there are no specific names for the respective schools. T’ien-t’ai (538–597) employed this generic designation and outlined these systems in his Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra.
All three southern schools classified the Buddhist sutras into three categories—the sudden teaching, the gradual teaching, and the indeterminate teaching. The sudden teaching as defined by these schools corresponds to the Flower Garland Sutra; the gradual teaching, to the Āgama sutras, Correct and Equal sutras, Wisdom sutras, Lotus Sutra, and Nirvana Sutra; and the indeterminate teaching, to the Shrīmālā and Golden Light sutras. The difference among the three southern schools lies in their arrangement of the sutras included in the gradual teaching. One school subdivides the gradual teaching into three divisions: the teaching of the reality of things (Āgama sutras), the teaching of the non-substantiality of things (Correct and Equal sutras, Wisdom sutras, and Lotus Sutra), and the teaching of the eternity of the Buddha nature (Nirvana Sutra). Another of the three schools places the Lotus Sutra in an additional category by itself called the teaching uniting all teachings in the one vehicle, thus making four divisions within the gradual teaching. A third school adds a fifth division to the gradual teaching, establishing a separate category for the Vimalakīrti Sutra, the Brahmā Excellent Thought Sutra, and other sutras. This is called the division of the teaching extolling the bodhisattva practice.
The classifications by the seven northern schools are as follows: (1) A division of the Buddhist sutras into five categories called the teaching of human and heavenly beings (ethical teachings), the teaching of the reality of things, the teaching of the non-substantiality of things, the teaching uniting all teachings in the one vehicle, and the teaching of the eternity of the Buddha nature. (2) A twofold classification established by Bodhiruchi dividing Buddhism into the incomplete word teaching (Hinayana or Āgama sutras) and the complete word teaching (Mahayana). (3) A classification established by Hui-kuang, arranging the Buddhist teachings into four doctrines: causes and conditions (the doctrine of abhidharma works), temporary name (the doctrine of The Treatise on the Establishment of Truth), denial of the reality of things (the doctrine of the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra and of the three treatises—The Treatise on the Middle Way, The Treatise on the Twelve Gates, and The One-Hundred-Verse Treatise), and the eternity of the Buddha nature (the doctrine of the Nirvana Sutra and the Flower Garland Sutra). (4) A five-division system, identical to Hui-kuang’s, except that the Flower Garland Sutra occupies an additional category of its own called the doctrine of the phenomenal world. (5) A classification into six doctrines, which adds to Hui-kuang’s four-division system the two categories of the true teaching (Lotus Sutra) and the perfect teaching (Great Collection Sutra). (6) A division of Mahayana into two types: one that holds phenomena to be real, and the other that views them as non-substantial. (7) The one voice teaching, which maintains that the Buddha expounds only the one Buddha vehicle and there is no other teaching but this one Buddha vehicle that represents all his lifetime teachings.
T’ien-t’ai refuted these systems of classification and, refining and integrating all existing systems, formulated the classification of the “five periods and eight teachings” to assert the superiority of the Lotus Sutra over all other sutras. See also five periods and eight teachings. | <urn:uuid:3046c485-a313-4954-9475-ba69920206f0> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/T/170 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989693.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512100748-20210512130748-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.923008 | 909 | 3.3125 | 3 |
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În plus aplicația poate calcula numărul de bătăi pe minut (BPM) a ritmului melodiilor și puteți regla tempoul acestora încât să se suprapună perfect.Mathematical discoveries continue to be made today. Sevryuk, in the January 2006 issue of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, "The number of papers and books included in the Mathematical Reviews database since 1940 (the first year of operation of MR) is now more than 1.9 million, and more than 75 thousand items are added to the database each year.The overwhelming majority of works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and their proofs." Aristotle defined mathematics as "the science of quantity", and this definition prevailed until the 18th century.Practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist.The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry. | <urn:uuid:ec460d28-9c1e-4964-94d0-4329c3350627> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://rgtxuq.your-ideal-body.ru/posledny-mohican-online-dating-93.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864466.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521181133-20180521201133-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.746522 | 292 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This exhibition was on display in the Philip Bacon Heritage Gallery, level 4, State Library of Queensland between 14 February - 12 July 2009. The following is an excerpt from this exhibition.
Take a wider view of Queensland’s 150 year history in this exhibition of landscapes and townscapes captured in their full panoramic glory.
The John Oxley Library’s collection of panoramic photographs provides a timely view of how the landscape has changed during the past 150 years. See Brisbane as it was in 1862. Marvel at the romance and engineering of the first permanent Victoria Bridge, built in 1874. Chart the cultural development of Brisbane River’s South Bank through a series of panoramas. The exhibition also includes panoramic photographs from Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Ayr, Caloundra and Coolangatta.
Exhibition themes and images
- A broad history of the panoramic tradition
- The State Library of Queensland collection
- Documenting the growth of Brisbane [10 High Resolution Images]
- Regional development around the State [15 High Resolution Images]
- A panorama tells a thousand words [5 High Resolution Images]
- Download the exhibition room brochure:
- Full room brochure [ (PDF 1.3 MB)]
- Room brochure Part 1 [ (PDF 349.2 KB)]
- Room brochure Part 2 [ (PDF 507.5 KB)]
- Room brochure Part 3 [ (PDF 246.1 KB)]
- Download the Teachers Notes [ (PDF 400.5 KB)]
Hear the digital story
- Phone: +61 7 3840 7768
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Discover an eclectic range of books, gifts, reproduction prints and more at the Library Shop. | <urn:uuid:677b632a-c86e-4ac6-932f-f37926aeb32d> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/showcase/panoramic_qld | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828010.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00083-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894125 | 377 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The viability of paramecia and euglenae in the digestive tract of cockroaches.
In one bottle, containing decaying chara, paramecia abounded.
He couldn't remember clearly he was so tired—the rock basin had been literally swarming with paramecia and other forms of life.
The paramecia, of which there are various species, have always been favourite objects with microscopists.
This was known as conjugation, and is seen among paramecia and some other species to-day.
Paramecium Par·a·me·ci·um (pār'ə-mē'shē-əm, -sē-əm)
A genus of freshwater ciliate protozoans, characteristically slipper-shaped and covered with cilia, and commonly used for genetic research and other studies.
Plural paramecia or parameciums
Any of various freshwater protozoans of the genus Paramecium that are usually oval in shape and that move by means of cilia. Although they consist of a single cell, paramecia are large enough to be visible to the naked eye. Like other ciliates, paramecia contain two nuclei, a macronucleus and a micronucleus. On the cellular surface is a groove that opens into a gullet, into which food particles are absorbed. | <urn:uuid:0373d5b1-a507-422a-b4f0-e10b1f59cdc4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/paramecia?qsrc=2446 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00141-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949581 | 293 | 3.4375 | 3 |
- Water Bottle (one for each student)
- Newspaper Strips
- Paper Mache Goop
- Tempera Paint
- Sharpie Marker
- Egyptian References
Every year our fourth graders go on a music and art field trip to the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra in the morning and then over to the Rochester Memorial Art Gallery in the afternoon. For most of our kids, this may be the only time they ever go to an orchestra or art gallery, so it's a very special day to share.
|Balcony seats at the orchestra!|
As a follow up from the museum, I like to ask the kids what they liked, what they didn't like, what they learned, what they found interesting, etc. The one exhibit that always stands out is the Egyptian exhibit, which displays a real sarcophagus, a mummified cat, and some other really neat items.
This is always the perfect anticipatory set to an Egyptian project, of course, and this year I took a stab at making paper mache sarcophagi.
1. Empty out water bottles till they are about 1/3 full. The remaining water helps add weight to the bottles so that they don't constantly tip over.
2. Paper mache a nice, smooth 2 layers over the bottles.
3. Sketch a design before painting.
4. Paint and add heiroglyphics! | <urn:uuid:d4dea62f-8d2f-4c35-9a8c-48dc1a385175> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://art-paper-scissors.blogspot.com/2011/03/egyptian-sarcophagi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060633.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00331-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932421 | 291 | 2.65625 | 3 |
There are many different reasons why individuals abuse animals. Animal cruelty covers a wide range of actions (or lack of action), so one blanket answer simply isn't possible. Each type of abuse has displayed certain patterns of behaviour that we can use to help understand more about why people commit the crimes we encounter today.
Animal cruelty is often broken down into two main categories: active and passive, also referred to as commission and omission, respectively.
Passive Cruelty (Acts of Omission)
Passive cruelty is typified by cases of neglect, where the crime is a lack of action rather than the action itself - however do not let the terminology fool you. Severe animal neglect can cause incredible pain and suffering to an animal.
Examples of neglect are starvation, dehydration, parasite infestations, allowing a collar to grow into an animal's skin, inadequate shelter in extreme weather conditions, and failure to seek veterinary care when an animal needs medical attention.
In many cases of neglect where an investigator feels that the cruelty occurred as a result of ignorance, they may attempt to educate the pet owner and then revisit the situation to check for improvements. In more severe cases however, exigent circumstances may require that the animal is removed from the site immediately and taken in for urgent medical care.
Active Cruelty (Acts of Commission)
Active cruelty implies malicious intent, where a person has deliberately and intentionally caused harm to an animal, and is sometimes referred to as NAI (Non-Accidental Injury). Acts of intentional cruelty are often some of the most disturbing and should be considered signs of serious psychological problems. This type of behavior is often associated with sociopathic behavior and should be taken very seriously.
Animal abuse in violent homes can take many forms and can occur for many reasons. Many times a parent or domestic partner who is abusive may kill, or threaten to kill, the household pets to intimidate family members into sexual abuse, to remain silent about previous or current abuse, or simply to psychologically torture the the victims, flexing their "power".
Read more: Pet-Abuse.Com - Animal Cruelty http://www.pet-abuse.com/pages/animal_cruelty.php#ixzz0qQm4QndP
We, the undersigned call on the government to have harsher penalties for those who commit such a cruel crime.
The Harsher Penalties for those who have committed Animal Cruelty petition to Goverment was written by Simone and is in the category Animal Welfare at GoPetition. | <urn:uuid:3ca13204-57a4-4344-9bba-5135abe0e013> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.gopetition.com/petitions/harsher-penalties-for-those-who-have-committed-animal-cruelty.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057687.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925142524-20210925172524-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.955673 | 517 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The Adolescent Literacy Program is a partnership with 9 community-based organizations. These organizations operate afterschool reading and writing programs in 10 New York City public middle schools and use a range of educational approaches to help struggling 6th, 7th and 8th graders develop their reading, writing, and public speaking skills. Program staff work closely with the school teachers and principals to identify children whose test scores and classroom work show a need for assistance with reading, writing and speaking English.
DYCD’s Adolescent Literacy initiative not only helps youth develop reading skills, but also provides them with an opportunity to work in teams on projects focused on themes such as technology and drama. Participation is voluntary, and programs tap into adolescents’ desire to learn, working with them for up to three years to ensure they are prepared for a successful high school experience. | <urn:uuid:639c6758-d57e-457c-bab7-e9325b42be76> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.nyc.gov/html/dycd/html/reading/adolescent.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097354.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00235-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9638 | 173 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Mercury contamination is making its way into nearly every habitat in the United States, not just oceans, according to a report that the National Wildlife Federation will release Tuesday.
The problem with high mercury levels in certain types of fish has been well documented, resulting in 46 states issuing advisories for pregnant women and children to avoid eating certain types of fish, including tuna and swordfish. High levels of mercury can lead to a wide range of physical ills, including kidney and neurological damage, and can cause fatigue, vision problems and tremors.
But this is the first report to expose the problem in such a wide variety of species, 40 to be exact.
The report "underscored how pervasive mercury contamination has become," according to Felice Stadler at the National Wildlife Federation. "Nearly every aspect of our food web has been contaminated. It's difficult to find an ecosystem that's not contaminated, whether it's ocean or forest or coastal waters or wetlands."
Scientists found high levels of mercury in bald eagles, songbirds, polar bears and alligators, to name just a few species. Alligator meat is very popular in the southeast, but there is no advisory against eating alligator meat.
Last year Utah issued an advisory for duck hunters, warning people to limit or avoid eating certain duck species because of high levels of mercury.
Stadler said this report "raises the question of what ecosystems are safe and immune from toxic contamination."
Mercury is a naturally occurring element, but people release much more mercury pollution that ends up in our forests, lakes, and streams -- 100 tons in this country alone annually. The primary sources include coal-burning power plants, wastewater treatment plants and waste incinerators.
The mercury pollution is affecting the reproduction and behavior of fish and wildlife. The report's findings suggest birds with high levels of mercury lay fewer eggs, and the motor skills of certain mammals have been diminished, which affects their ability to hunt and therefore survive.
The report points out "there truly is no link in the food chain untouched by mercury," and according to Stadler, this carries broad implications for humans.
"The research shows birds that eat contaminated insects get contaminated themselves," Stadler said. "Turkeys and chickens, which humans eat, eat those same contaminated insects, so this is the tip of the iceberg."
There is some good news in an otherwise glum report: Mercury poisoning is reversible.
Stadler pointed to several states that in recent years have taken steps to cut mercury emissions, including Florida, Wisconsin, New Hampshire and Massachusetts.
And in a much shorter time than expected, the mercury levels in those states' fish and wildlife populations have dropped
Stadler, who's been working on the issue of mercury pollution for 10 years, said she was originally told it would take 50 years before scientists would see some reversal.
"But it's happening much faster than we ever thought, five to six years," she said.
Stadler said she believes the key is for this country -- and the whole world for that matter -- to realize just how big a threat mercury pollution is to our ecosystems.
"We need to be as drastic at cutting mercury as we have been in cutting lead," she said. | <urn:uuid:ddbd7bec-92ca-43eb-9019-2ba8db5dd6df> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Story?id=2459581&page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794868316.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527131037-20180527151037-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.963612 | 663 | 3.140625 | 3 |
How Write an Essay Title to Impress Anyone
Before handing in your essay, be sure to spend a few minutes to make sure you have chosen the best essay title. A good title is a matter of life and death in essay writing. If you want to get a good grade, you need to attract the attention of your teacher. Choosing a good title for the essay, you will instantly get a response from the reader.
The title helps your readers quickly determine if they need your essay, why they should read it, as well as what benefits they get by reading it. If you choose a bad title, you are making your essay invisible to your readers. The title of an essay is an essential element of your paper. It draws the attention of your teacher or professor, as well as the general audience, to the essay. The essay will go unnoticed if you use a flat, nondescript title.
This article will introduce you to the main characteristics of successful titles. It includes essay title rules which will learn how to create catchy, high-quality titles. You can also use a title score tool, which is a convenient way to quickly determine the quality. The presented essay title examples will help you to make your own title interesting.
How to Create a Title for an Essay: Tips
1. Your title should promise your audience benefits
Choose a title for an essay that clearly tells readers the benefits they will receive through your essay. The best title solves problems or helps the audience achieve their desired goals. Of course, this rule does not work for all types of essays. It works for expository, informative, definition, and process essays.
- How to develop leadership skills (expository essay)
- Measures to keep surroundings clean (informative essay)
- How to start your own business (process essay)
2. Your title should contain specific details that emphasize its relevance and value
Specific details in the title for college essay, such as exact numbers, draw extra attention to your essay. It is a step-by-step achievement for any complex goal. For example, pay attention to the title of an essay such as “6 steps to start writing a book” (process essay). Moreover, the numbers can make your essay more relevant by offering the reader a specific deadline or timetable for achieving the goal. There are a lot of examples of good titles using numbers. The main thing is the ability to use these numbers.
3. Your title should take into account the readers for which the essay is written
Identify the readers of your essay with a title where possible. It makes your paper personalized. You can identify readers by directly naming them or by indicating their key characteristics. The more obvious it is, the better. Of course, in most cases your reader is your professor, and a title in an essay should interest him or her.
4. Try to arouse the curiosity of potential readers with your title
Interest in the text is born when the text exceeds our inner expectation from it. And this happens thanks to certain techniques that break the general paradigm of the essay, the familiar picture of the world.
There are three such methods:
- Metaphors. They make the titles more understandable and memorable. They create images that remain in the reader’s memory. A metaphor is a transfer of meaning, the use of a word in a figurative meaning. Coming up with a metaphorical title is very simple. But it is important not only to invent it; it is much more important to explain it in the text. The title is a hook. If you deceive the reader’s expectations by not explaining the title in the essay, you will lose the reader’s trust.
- Alliteration is another way to make a title memorable. It involves the repetition of homogeneous or identical consonants in the title’s words. Alliteration is a technique which is used more often in poetic speech. But many titles, believe me, are closer to versification than it might seem at first glance.
- Contradictions or unexpected expressions also arouse the curiosity of readers. They remain as winners against the backdrop of trivial titles.
5. Your title should engage the reader
Include a promise made in simple and understandable words in the title of your essay. The best headlines retain the almost naive evidence which is usually used in everyday conversations of ordinary people. Choose the right verbs by creating a title. Also use verbal nouns. They form the necessary attitude to the essay on the part of the reader. Motive verbs are one of the most successful forms for a title. They orient readers to a specific action.
6. Your title should be short
Let us say the obvious truth: short titles draw more attention from the audience. Remember, the fewer words you use in the title, the stronger each of them is remembered by a potential reader.
7. Use subtitles
A subtitle is a reinforcement of your title. Combine short titles with longer subtitles that reveal some details.
8. Use more than one of the methods listed to create a title
Authors usually apply two or more of the techniques we described to come up with bright titles. For example, alliteration and metaphors can be successfully combined with subtitles that detail information.
Use the grading table to determine the quality of titles for essays. Consider the highest quality option to gain the most points.
Title Score Table
|Promise||Does your title promise your readers benefits?|
|Specificity||Does the title of your essay contain specific details that emphasize its relevance and value?|
|Readers||Does the title relate to the readers for whom the essay is intended?|
|Positioning||Does the title help highlight your essay?|
|Interaction||Are you trying to arouse the curiosity of potential readers to make the title memorable?|
|Dialogue||Does your title “communicate” with the readers?|
|Strengthening||Do you use subtitles to underline the title of the essay?|
|Combined approach||Do you use more than one method to create titles?|
For example, you can print this table and evaluate each working version of the essay title using this tool. This will reduce the impact of subjective factors on your titles. Practice evaluating the titles of essays that you find.
Title Rules in Essays Writing
If you want to know how to create a good title for an essay, you need to follow some rules.
- The title should summarize the whole essay. It is annoying to read an essay that doesn’t relate to the title. If you want to have a successful essay, don’t mislead your readers.
- You may get a so-called working title from your teacher or professor. You should not focus on it too much. You should use a working title to start researching and writing, and in the end, you can change the initial title.
- If you are required to use title case, you need to capitalize the first letters of each word in the title except for articles, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions.
- Don’t underline the title. Your title may be in boldface, so underlining will put unnecessary emphasis on it.
- Proofread the final title. You should make sure that spelling, grammar, and structure are appropriate. Also, check whether the title is catchy enough – it should attract attention. If you use quotes, make sure that you put quotation marks.
- If you use two ideas in your title, separate them with a colon
- Look at essay titles written by others. If the essays are great, their titles will be so as well. You can see how to make the most interesting titles and borrow some ideas.
How to Create an Essay Title: Steps
- Firstly, you should write the essay, and only after that create a title for it. Moreover, if you write an essay first and then a title, you will save time. You can have a working title to work with, but later you can change it to a more appropriate one. The type of essay will determine what title you will have. A title for an argumentative essay will be completely different from one for a descriptive paper.
- To make a great title, use some quotes or popular phrases. Using them, you can make a fantastic title. However, you should pay attention to the format and style of your writing in order to make the title right.
- Make the title as simple as possible. If your title is too complex, it will harm your essay. A simple title will not confuse your readers.
- Add a unique voice to your title. Don’t copy others’ words.
- After you create a title, make sure it sounds good and doesn’t contain mistakes.
Essay Title Examples
Now you know the theory, and it’s time to read the examples of good titles for various types of essays. Contact us if you have any questions or suggestions.
Argumentative Essay Title Examples
- How to stop worrying and start living.
- How much freedom costs.
- How Bill Gates earned his first million.
- A closer look at Schumacher’s career.
- How bankers make money during inflation.
- The secret of making double profit by an entrepreneur in Italy.
- 5 surefire ways to find inspiration.
- 24 vices of novice programmers.
- How to deal with losing hair.
- How many hours an average person should work.
Persuasive Essay Title Examples
- Small dogs should be allowed in cafes and restaurants.
- Personal promotion is required for everyone.
- Natural food is important for babies.
- It is better to wake up no later than 7 AM.
- Attention is the best gift.
- Cooking is not for everyone.
- Facebook steals personal information.
- Investing in health pays off many times over.
- The most adequate religion is atheism.
- Reasons to avoid video games.
Descriptive Essay Title Examples
- Colleagues I want to work with.
- My future website.
- My favorite clothes brand.
- The country I want to live in.
- My favorite meal.
- Flowers I like the most.
- The car I want to drive.
- The advertisement I still remember.
- The most attractive person I have ever seen.
- New areas I want to explore.
Literary Essay Title Examples
- The importance of reading “Hamlet” today.
- The main traits of Horatio.
- The reason Ophelia committed suicide.
- The causes the tragic end in Romeo and Juliet.
- The brightest representative of Russian literature.
- Why is poetry important to you?
- How is the American Dream depicted in literature?
- The relation between literature and religion.
- What is the best work of Hemingway?
- The reasons “Harry Potter” became popular.
Narrative Essay Title Examples
- A time I experienced stereotypes myself.
- A time I saw a pop star.
- My first flight.
- A day I met my loved one.
- A time I made the world a little better.
- My first kiss.
- The best birthday I have ever had.
- A time I was very annoyed.
- My first visit to the art gallery.
- The time I cooked for the first time.
Compare and Contrast Essay Title Examples
- Women portrayed in advertisement vs. men.
- Mahatma Gandhi vs. Hitler.
- Mother Teresa vs. Stalin.
- Upbringing by a man vs. upbringing by a woman.
- Julius Caesar vs. Osama Bin Laden.
- Compliments to men vs. compliments to women.
- Self-esteem issues vs. self-confidence.
- Adolf Hitler vs. Winston Churchill.
- Honesty vs. lies.
- Attractiveness vs. ugliness.
If you are confused not knowing what heading to choose, you can get our essay title help. You can always rely on us when you get into difficult situations with writing. The only step you should take is to place an order on our site. We will show you that academic success is possible when you have the right assistance.
Give yourself a chance to succeed by getting our help! | <urn:uuid:88baa28c-e496-49a7-bf15-081e07cf7fa8> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://essayshark.com/blog/how-write-an-essay-title-to-impress-anyone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144111.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219092153-20200219122153-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.910302 | 2,573 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Immigrant-native differences in caries-related knowledge, attitude, and oral health behaviors: a cross-sectional study in Taiwan
© Chen et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 13 August 2013
Accepted: 7 January 2014
Published: 14 January 2014
With the growing number of transnational marriages in Taiwan, oral health disparities have become a public health issue. This study assessed immigrant-native differences in oral health behaviors of urban mothers and their children.
We used the baseline data of an oral health promotion program to examine the immigrant-native differences in caries-related knowledge, attitude, and oral health behaviors. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data from mothers in urban area, Taiwan. A total of 150 immigrant and 440 native mothers completed the self-report questionnaires. Logistic regression models analyzed the racial differences in oral health behaviors.
Approximately 37% of immigrant mothers used dental floss, 25% used fluoride toothpaste, and only 13.5% of them regularly visited a dentist. Less that 40% of immigrant mothers brush their children’s teeth before aged one year, 45% replaced child’s toothbrush within 3 months, and only half of the mothers regularly took their child to the dentist. Immigrant mothers had lower level of caries-related knowledge and attitudes than native mothers (p < .001). Compared to native group, the immigrant mothers were less likely to use of dental floss ([Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) =0.35], fluoride toothpaste (aOR = 0.29), visit a dentist in the past 2 years (aOR = 0.26), and take their children to regular dental check-up (aOR = 0.38); whereas, they were more likely to not consume sweeten beverages (aOR = 3.13).
The level of caries-related knowledge, attitudes and oral health behaviors were found lower in immigrant mothers than native ones. The findings suggested cross-cultural caries prevention programs aimed at reducing immigrant-native disparities in child oral health care must be developed for these immigrant minorities.
KeywordsAttitudes Behavior Dental caries Immigrants Health care
Dental caries is one of the most common preventable childhood diseases, and the most common chronic disease for people worldwide. Dental caries affects general health and the quality of life in preschool children . Pain caused by severe caries can cause poor chewing and affected the quantity and variety of food eaten. Also, it can make eating of high sucrose diet more likely that can compromise intake of other nutrients [1, 2]. By 2011, the overall caries prevalence of Taiwanese preschoolers was 79.3%, significantly higher than in European countries and the United States, and higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) 2020 global goals for oral health: “More than 90% of preschool children free of dental caries” .
Since 2000, the number of immigrant women from Southeast Asia has increased rapidly in Taiwan. The majority of immigrant women are Vietnamese (64.7%) and Indonesian (20.5%), followed by Thais, Filipinos, and Cambodians. These women are colloquially called “foreign brides” or “alien brides” because their marriages were arranged by marriage brokers. The aggregate number of Southeast Asian wives in Taiwan was estimated at more than 466,000, or approximately one-third of Taiwanese marriages. One in 12 children were born of a foreign spouse by 2011 .
With the growing number of transnational marriages in Taiwan, health disparities have become a vital public health issue, especially in maternal and child health. Oral health inequalities exist between immigrants and non-immigrants. Previous studies conducted in Europe and the United States highlighted the worsening dental status of immigrant children [5–7]. Among immigrant children aged 4 to 6 years in Taiwan, the caries index was significant higher than in native children (6.05 vs. 3.88) . The risk factors for preschool children with caries experience were found positively associated with parents in lower educational levels, scant parental attention to the child’s tooth-brushing habits, poor parental brushing habits, and higher frequency of sugar intake among parents [5, 9, 10], with parents playing an important role in preschool children’s caries.
Immigrant mothers have difficulty accessing the health care system because of language barriers, cultural conflicts, social and interpersonal isolation, and a lack of support systems . Literature showed that unemployment, inequality and poverty is a root cause to poor health status, especially in developing countries. The social dimension of globalization encompasses security, culture and identity, inclusion or exclusion and the cohesiveness of families and communities that can impact on the health status of individual, family and society. It can also lead to deteriorating nutritional intake and inaccessibility to medical services [12, 13]. Immigrant women in Taiwan were living in households with low family incomes and educations, in contrast to the native group, which has gradually led to inferior medical care for these women and their children . Numerous studies reported that health insurance can increase dental care use and that is a contributing factor in the decision to seek health care services [15, 16]. The Taiwanese National Health Insurance (NHI) program provides universal and comprehensive health insurance with low co-payments for dental care. Dental care insurance has 100% coverage excluding non-health problem procedures including orthodontics, prosthetic and dental implant but scaling . Nevertheless, previous study showed that immigrant children had lower numbers of dental restoration treatments than did native children, causing further oral health inequalities. The Taiwanese government has recently begun to pay more attention to the health care for these immigrants and provides several gratis services; however, those above services do not involve some essential oral health services. In addition, the services in the Health Care Service Project (HCSP) by the Department of Health only targets at premarital or prenatal women while the HCSP does not directly provide oral health services for preschool children, and ignores the oral health status of preschool children in new immigrant groups.
The 5-year Lay Health Advisor Approach to Promote Oral Health Program (LHA-POHP), promoting the oral health of new immigrant children, was first implemented in the Kaohsiung area in 2011. The LHA’s strategies are feasible and effective for promoting health care, especially among disparate immigrant populations [18, 19]. We therefore used the baseline data of the LHA Program to explain the immigrant-native differences in caries-related knowledge, attitudes, and oral health behaviors.
Data were obtained from the baseline data of the LHA Program. The LHA Program was originally constructed based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED framework and LHA strategy to promote oral health in the children of women in transnational marriages in Taiwan. A community-based survey was conducted to collect baseline data in 2011. The self-reported questionnaire was used to assess the caries-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among the immigrant and native mothers.
The data of immigrants were collected from 20 communities selected from a list of 87 urban communities in Kaohsiung, which were selected based on the high proportion of Vietnamese and Indonesian mothers who received care from the Kaohsiung San-Min District Health Sector. The 20 communities were selected based on the availability of large number of immigrant mothers, support of village head, suitable facility for survey and oral examination.
We used a systematic random sampling method to select native children from kindergarten schools, of which 9 schools were randomly selected from a list of kindergartens located in San-Ming District provided by the Education Bureau of Kaohsiung City. All of the schools agreed to participate in the study, and all the children aged 4 to 6 years and their mothers were invited to participate.
A sample size calculation was established by comparing proportions between the values found in native and immigrant children, using an 80% power (beta) and 5% significance (alpha) for calculation. The sample size was estimated at 422 natives and 89 immigrants. A total of 150 immigrant and 440 native mothers were administered questionnaires. The response rate for the native and immigrant mothers was 96.3% and 78.9%, respectively. The average ages of the mothers were 29.3 and 36.2 years for immigrant and native mothers, respectively.
The self-administered questionnaire was modified from an established and validated questionnaire used in a recent study . The questionnaire was reviewed by a panel of experts, teachers, and the children’s mothers to assess its content and validity. To ensure that the content was understood by our participants, the questionnaire was piloted to 50 mothers of kindergarten children. Based on the results of the pilot testing, items were revised to enhance clarification and appropriateness.
The questionnaire included 63 items with close-ended response formats, such as dichotomous, ordinal, and multilevel response choices, to assess oral health behavior and its relevant variables. The questionnaire was first developed in Chinese, and then translated into Vietnamese and Indonesian by 2 bilingual experts. To ensure translation accuracy, both the Vietnamese and Indonesian versions were translated back into Chinese and then verified for accuracy by 2 senior researchers. We delivered questionnaires to all participating mothers under examination conditions overseen by trained LHA program research staff.
Basic demographic information consisted of maternal age, education level, employment status, and monthly household income.
Knowledge of the caries-related scale
The following 9-item scale statements, which we developed, were used to assess the mothers’ knowledge regarding caries and dental care services: “We have two sets of teeth in a lifetime”; “Incisors are rectangular and used for cutting food”; “Canines are triangular and used for tearing food apart”; “When newborns or young children have no teeth, we do not need to help them clean their mouths”; “Although parents kiss their children without brushing their teeth, this will not cause children to have dental caries”; “The Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) provides children with fluoride varnish twice a year”; “We should pay attention to the cartoon images on a toothbrush when choosing a toothbrush”; “Dental plaque is caused by bacteria on the tooth surface”; and “The four factors of dental caries are teeth, food, bacteria, and time.” Possible responses included true, false, or unknown with possible scores ranging from 0 to 9; higher scores indicated a better degree of knowledge regarding caries and oral health. A 0.72 on the Kuder-Richardson reliability test was deemed acceptable.
Eighteen questions regarding attitude, including attitudes toward oral hygiene (9 items), attitudes toward diet (4 items), and parental indulgence attitudes (5 items), were based the research by Skeie et al. . The questionnaire was measured on a 5-point Likert scale with ratings from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Cumulative scores were summed for each attitudinal scale, with higher scores reflecting more positive attitudes toward oral hygiene, diet, and child rearing. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the 3 scales ranged from 0.63 to 0.84.
Maternal oral health behaviors
Mothers’ oral health behaviors consisted of mother’s oral health behaviors (13 items) and their behaviors toward oral health of children (10 items). Participants responded to questions such as “How many times do you brush your teeth each day?” in the domain of the mothers’ oral health behaviors and “How old was your child the first time you assisted him or her in brushing his or her teeth?” in the domain of mothers behavior toward oral health of children. The items of the oral health behavior of mothers and their children were described elsewhere .
This study explored the relationship among the variables using STATA version 10.0. The chi-square test was used to compare the new immigrant and native groups regarding the demographic distribution. A two-sample t test compared the new immigrant and native mothers for caries-related knowledge, attitudes toward oral hygiene, attitudes toward diet, and parental indulgence attitudes; The chi-square test was used to compare differences in the oral health behavior of both groups. A p value < .05 indicated a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. In order to assess the unadjusted and adjusted association, both univariate and multivariate regression models were estimated. Only the maternal behaviors that were found to be significant associated with racial difference in the univariate regression were put into the multiple regression models. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were reported for the multivariate analysis.
This study was approved by the IRB of KMU Hospital, and we obtained letters of consent from all participants.
The demographic distribution of immigrant and native mothers
Demographic information of immigrant and native mothers
Immigrant (n = 150)
Native (n = 440)
> = 30
Less than high school
College or higher
Married, living together
Divorce or others
Comparison of the caries-related knowledge and attitudes in immigrant and native mothers
Comparison of the mothers’ caries-related knowledge, attitudes toward oral hygiene, attitudes toward diet and parental indulgence attitudes in the immigrant and native group
Attitudes toward oral hygiene
Attitudes toward diet
Parental indulgence attitudes
Oral health behaviors of mothers and their children
Distribution of oral health behaviors among immigrant and native mothers and their children
Maternal oral health behaviors
How many times do you brush your teeth every day?
Three times or more
How many minutes do you spend brushing your teeth?
Three minutes or more
How long do you replace your tooth brush?
Within three months
More than three months
When it broke
Do you use dental floss?
Do you use fluoride toothpastes?
How many times per week do you consume sweeten beverages?
Three times or more
How many times per week do you consume sweets?
Three times or more
Do you regularly visit a dentist?
Yes, every six months
Have you visited the dentist in the past two years?
Maternal behaviors toward oral health of their children
Cleaning teeth of children
How old was your child the first time you assisted him/her in brushing his/her teeth?
Before aged one year
Aged one to two years
After aged two years
How often do you replace your child’s toothbrush?
Within three months
More than three months
When it broke
Do you use a feeding bottle before your child goes to sleep?
Do you direct your child to brush his/her teeth?
How many minutes does your child spend brushing his/her teeth?
Three minutes or more
Diet habit of children
How many times per week do your children consume sweets?
Three times or more
How many times per week do your children consume sweeten beverages?
Three times or more
Dental visit of children
Do you regularly take your child to the dentist?
Yes, every six months
Have you taken your child to the dentist in the past two years?
The following 2 questions regarding maternal diet behaviors were significantly different for the 2 groups: “How many times per week do you consume sweeten beverages?” 31.25% of immigrant stated 3 or more times per week compared to 42.01% in native mothers; for “How many times per week do you consume sweets?” 22.22% of immigrant mothers responded to 3 times or more per week; however, 32.18% of native mothers answered 3 times or more per week. For mother’s dental visit behaviors, both groups did not visit the dentist regularly, with rates of 86.49% and 76.59% in immigrant and native mothers, respectively (p = .010). Fewer immigrant mothers (71.92%) visited a dentist in the past 2 year, compared to native mothers (89.20%) (p = .001).
The 3 following questions regarding maternal behaviors toward cleaning teeth of children showed significant immigrant-native differences: “How old was your child the first time you assisted him/her in brushing his/her teeth?”; 62.33% of immigrant mothers responded with 1 year of age or older, but 61.73% of native mothers responded with under 1 year of age; for “How often do you replace your child’s toothbrush?” 64.38% of immigrant mothers stated within 3 months, but 73.97% of native mothers replaced it within 3 months; only 30.30% of immigrant mother responded with 3 minutes or more to “How many minutes does your child spend brushing his/her teeth?”
Regarding dietary habits of children, 54.42% of immigrant mothers reported 3 times or more a week to “How many times per week do your children consume sweets?” compared to 56.35% of native mothers (p = .013). For dental visit of children, only 53.69% of immigrant mothers brought their children for regular dental check-ups, but 86.53% of native mothers brought theirs. Fewer immigrant mothers (71.72%) brought their children to visit a dentist in the past 2 years, compared to native mothers (86.50%). Both questions were significantly different, as shown in Table 3 (p < .001).
Racial difference related to oral health behaviors
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of racial difference related to maternal oral health behaviors
> = 30
College or higher
Less than high school
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of racial difference related to maternal behaviors toward oral health of their children
> = 30
College or higher
Less than high school
Compare to native mothers, the immigrant mothers were less likely to take their children to regular dental check-up (aOR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17-0.83). Those mothers who have high level of knowledge score were more likely to assist child in brushing before the age of one (aOR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.08-1.40). Mothers who have positive attitudes toward oral health were more likely to replace child’s toothbrush within three months (aOR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.01-1.07) and take child regular dental check-ups every 6 months (aOR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.02-1.08).
Our study is the first to identify a correlation between immigrant-native disparities and oral health behaviors in urban mothers and their children in Taiwan. According to our results, immigrant-native differences in knowledge, attitude and behaviors toward oral health of mothers and their children were observed. Our findings also confirmed that racial difference was related to oral health behavior of mothers and their children.
The findings of this study showed significantly lower level of caries-related knowledge in immigrant mothers which indicate a higher demand for immigrant mothers for oral health knowledge. Moreover, our study shows that immigrant mothers have more negative attitudes toward oral hygiene, diet, and parental indulgence compared to native mothers. Attitudes are derived from targeted beliefs; each belief and behavior are connected to a specific result, leading to the implementation of production .
In this study, the frequency of immigrant mothers’ oral health behaviors was lower than for native mothers. Less than 40% of immigrant mothers assisted their children in tooth brushing before the age of one. Skeie found that the rate of helping children younger than 1 year brush their teeth for immigrant mothers was lower than for native mothers. Fewer regular dental checkups in immigrant mothers and their children were also observed in our study. Cultural differences in dental attendance and self-care practices of children and their parents, such as higher percentage of sweet consumption and lower percentage of dental health practice among immigrant children have been reported in previous studies [22, 23]. The study showed that at age seven, 53% of native Danish and 84% of Albanian children were founded infected with dental caries. The mean caries infection was more serious among Albanian children than native Danish children (13.8 vs. 3.5). Socio-behavioral factors are responsible in making dental caries prevalence and severity among these two groups of children. Despite dental visits for children aged 6 years and under being free of charge under Taiwanese health insurance coverage, our study found that few immigrant mothers were aware that “The Bureau of National Health Insurance provides children with fluoride varnish twice a year”, indicating that mothers lack of health information regarding this protective service.
A greater level of knowledge and a more positive attitude toward oral hygiene are a prerequisite for successful caries preventive behaviors. Studies have reported that there is a link between the behavior of preschool children, such as brushing habits, and mothers’ awareness, attitudes and behaviors [9, 10]. In the present study, mothers who have higher level of caries-related knowledge were more likely to use of dental floss, fluoride toothpaste and dental visit in the past 2 years, as well as assist child in tooth brushing before the age of one. Our findings also showed that positive attitude toward oral health was associated with the oral hygiene behavior. Mothers who have positive attitudes toward oral health were more likely to replace child’s toothbrush within three months and take their child regular dental check-ups.
A positive relationship was found between preventive health care for children and the SES of their families . Dental caries can be prevented by professionally applied topical fluorides, dental sealants, and the use of fluoride toothpastes. However, children from low income families were found to have worse oral health outcomes, fewer dental visits, and fewer protective sealants . Immigrant mothers are often limited by their language barriers and low SES, resulting in a lower utilization rate of preventive health care and services. In addition, a lack of message readiness may explain the lower access to dental visits. Studies have reported that a link exists between access to health information and socioeconomic status [26, 27]. In this study, immigrant families showed evidence of a low economic and living standard; more than half were living in households with the lowest household income and parental education levels. Exposure to media messages has increased in Taiwanese society, but health information is still not readily available for lower socioeconomic segments of the population.
The data in our study was collected from self-reported questionnaires. Mothers may not have presented the actual situation due to social desirability considerations. Nevertheless, the questionnaires were anonymously recorded; consequently, the validity doubts regarding answer errors should have been avoided. The data obtained in this study may not be generalizable to all communities within our county. However, the study methodology and research network might be extended to areas where Southeast Asian immigrant women in arranged transnational marriages are common.
Immigrant-native differences regarding caries-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were identified. A lower level of knowledge, negative attitudes toward oral hygiene, and the frequency of oral health behavior in immigrant mothers may affect the oral health of their children. A lack of message readiness among these immigrant mothers with a language barrier may explain the lower access to dental visits. The findings suggested a need of designing effective health communication in cross-cultural caries prevention programs for these immigrant minorities to raise risk awareness and dental services aimed at reducing immigrant-native disparities in child oral health care.
This work was supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan [grant numbers NSC 99-2314-B-037-036-MY2; NSC 101-2314-B-037-039-MY3].
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:59a4ebd4-e696-4539-bf41-cdb524d273af> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6831-14-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173866.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00123-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919363 | 6,443 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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The Maine Indians
Posted By Dennis On In Maine,Native American | No Comments
Before the encroachment of pale faced settlers, the entire valley of the Saco and its tributaries was peopled by the numerous Sokokis Indians. These were considered the parent tribe of the Abenaki Nation, which at one time peopled the whole of Maine. One of the most eloquent and statesmanlike of their chiefs once said in council, “We received our lands from the Great Father of Life; we hold only from Him.” Their title was unquestionable and unmolested, they roamed the valley from their village at the Lower Falls (Saco) to the settlement on the great bend, on the intervales of Fryeburg. These were in many respects a noble race of red men, evincing unmistakable evidence of having descended from a higher state, and still retained a fine sense of honor and personal dignity.
The Sokokis tribe1 was once so numerous that they could call nine hundred warriors to arms, but war and pestilence reduced their number to a, mere handful.1 The residence of the sagamores was on Indian Island, above the lower falls. Among the names of the chiefs who dwelt hereabout were those of Capt. Sunday, the two Heagons, and Squando who succeeded Fluellen. For some years these Indians lived with the white settlers in peace and quietness, some of them acquiring a fair knowledge of the English language by their intercourse. When the increasing number of colonists encroached upon their lands, and hatred and discontent had been engendered by the ill treatment of the whites, these Indians gradually moved up river and joined their brethren who lived in the villages at Pequawket and on the Ossipee.
As early as 1615, there were two branches of the Sokokis tribe under the leadership of two subordinate chiefs. One of these communities was the Pequawket settlement and the other was at the mouth of the Great Ossipee, where before King Phillip’s War, they employed English carpenters from down river to build them a strong timber fort, having stockaded walls fourteen feet in height, to protect them against the blood-thirsty Mohawks whose corning these Indians anticipated. Upon the removal of these people from the locality of their early home on the lower waters of the river to the interior, their names were changed to Pequawkets and Ossipees; the former word meaning the crooked place, the other either taking the name of or giving their name to the river and lake upon which they lived.
A terrible fatal pestilence, thought to have been the small pox, which prevailed in 1617 and 1615 among the Indians of this and other tribes, swept them away by thousands, some of the tribes having become extinct from its effects. At a treaty assembled at Sagadahoc in 1720, there were delegates from the Winnesaukes, the Ossipees, and the Pequawkets. When the treaty was holden in Portsmouth in 1713, the Pequawket chiefs were present. Adeamando and Scawesco signed the articles of agreement with a cross at the treaty held at Arrowsic in 1717.
Some have assumed that the whole community of the Pequawkets lived together on the intervale at Fryeburg in a compact village. This conjecture is not true, for we find that these keen warriors had out-posts some distance above and below the village to guard against surprise. While the larger body of the Indians lived on the great water loop, there were clusters of houses in various places down the Saco valley. One of these hamlets was situated just south of Indian Hill in North Conway and consisted of about twenty lodges. In the present town of Hiram, not far from the mouth of the Great Ossipee river, there is a high bluff upon the top of which there is a nearly level plateau of about two acres in extent where several families of the Sokokis Indians once lived. A peculiar Indian burial mound seventy-five feet long, fifty feet wide and about twenty-five feet high was discovered on the west side of Lake Ossipee and south of Lovewell’s river soon after the Revolution. This mound, which is located upon a beautiful intervals is filled with the skeletons of thousands of Indians entomed in a sitting posture and circling around a common center facing outward. These form concentric circles which were added one after another until the outer one was formed when another tier was begun above them. The bodies seem to have been packed closely together and covered with about two feet of coarse sand, while around the foot of the mound were placed stones taken from the river bed to prevent the mound from washing down. This mound is estimated to contain no less than eight or ten thousand skeletons which would seem to speak of either a numerous or a long established race in this locality.
The Pequawkets seem to have been a peaceful race when not molested by hostile tribes or encroaching settlers. There is no record of any hostile action on their part to warrant the expedition against them made by Capt. Lovewell and his company in 1725. On the other hand there is a record in the office of the Secretary of State in Boston of a petition made by John Lovewell, Josiah Farwell and Jonathan Robbins for a bounty to be paid for scalps of “enemy Indians” that they might be able to take while ranging the woods for the period of one year for that purpose. A liberal bounty was offered, and a company of forty-six men was organized by Capt. Lovewell for an expedition against the Pequawket settlement.
Saco Valley Settlements and Families. ↩
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_____ are not cognitive linguistic(organizational) or perceptually based problems
positional constraints are discovered, the organization or phonotactics may not be intact
when no pattern can be discovered, (the client produces the sounds correctly in some words and incorrectly in others. factors should be considered:
1. phonetic context
2. possibility of emerging sound
guidelines for beginning therapy
2. correct production of sound in a specific context.
3. sounds affecting intelligibility
4. developmentally earlier sounds
phonemic organizational scheme are:
1. inventory of speech sounds
2. distribution of speech sounds
3. syllable shapes and constraints
4. phonological contrasts
5. phonological error patterns
main goal fo syllable shapes analysis
determine whether the client has basic syllable structures and which ones.
if 2 ore more phonemes are represented by same sound production, this indicates
contrastive phonemic function has not been realized
child who demonstrates persistence of early simplifying processes together with patterns that are characteristic of later stages of phonological development
systematic sound preference
single phonetic realization for several different phonemes.
variable use of processes
process operating on one target sound may in one context still be active and in another already suppressed,
factors influencing speech sound intelligibility include:
number, type and consistency of speech sound errors.
intelligibility of utterance is influenced by:
1. loss of phonemic contrasts
2. difference between target and its realization
3. frequency of abnormality in client's speech
4. extent to which listener is familiar with client's speech
Sounds patient can produce:
produced only upon request; not used consistently, meaningfully or constrastively; not used in connected speech
phonetic disorders are based on difficulty
learning to physically produce the intended phonemes.
problem with articulators
treated by teaching the child how to physically produce the sound and having them practice its production until it becomes natural
phonemic disorder, child is having trouble learning
the sound system of the language, failing to recognize which sounds contrasts contrast meaning.
treated using minimal pairs to draw child's attention to difference and its effect on communication
for a client with a ______ disorder, a phonological assessment battery will be introduced
organizational categories for phonological assessment battery include:
1. inventory and distribution of sounds
2. syllable shapes and constraints
3. phonological contrasts
4. phonological rules/patterns
inventory of speech sounds
list of speech sounds that the client can articulate within normal limits.
distribution of speech sounds
refer to where the norm and aberrant articulations occurred within a word.
syllabication analysis procedure is based
on where the consonants occur relative to the vowel nuclei. | <urn:uuid:22c620a3-bd83-41a5-817b-18bdced6e5ad> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://quizlet.com/5329015/phonemic-vs-phonetic-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990114.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00080-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891082 | 582 | 3.296875 | 3 |
In rich and ancient history of Morocco, there are much more medieval and walled medinas than those which are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage. In this site we cluster them in 3 groups.
The first group focuses on several coastal urban assemblages, and the establishment of castles, fortresses, and medina’s (in geo-strategic points) along Morocco’s Mediterranean and Atlantic coastline.
The second group highlights the important medinas in the interior of north Morocco.
The third group highlights the important medinas in the interior of mid-south of Morocco.
Morocco has been ruled by several Dynasties, including the Fatimiden, the Maghrawaden, the Almoraviden, the Almohaden, the Meriniden, the Wattasiden, the Saadi, and finally the Alaouiten. During this period, there have been 4 (main) empirical capital cities: Fez, Marrakech, Rabat, and Meknes. Some of these Dynasties played a pivotal role in the development of cultural heritage in Morocco, especially in the development of the current old (empirical) cities, also called ‘medina’.
A ‘medina quarter’ is a distinct city section found in many North African cities. The medina is typically walled, with many narrow and maze-like streets, and often contains historical fountains, palaces, mosques, and other interesting monumental buildings. Because of the very narrow streets (they can be less than a metre wide), the medina’s are generally free from car traffic, and in some cases even motorcycle and bicycle traffic. This typical feature makes them unique among highly populated urban centres. Moreover, these narrow street designs were also used to confuse and slow down invaders.
Source picture (with kind permission): Victoria L. Bergesen
The word ‘medina’ itself simply means ‘city’ or ‘town’ in modern day Arabic. The ‘medina’ is the old historic part of a town divided into Quartiers. Each quartier has a mosque, a hammam, a communal bread oven, a madrasa, and a water fountain which serve that community. | <urn:uuid:d891d091-0dcc-4e9c-a7fd-7f03aee06926> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.mo-srocco.com/mo-s-themes/mo-s-walles-medinas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949506.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330225648-20230331015648-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.945815 | 466 | 3.15625 | 3 |
What is a Bond ?
A bond is a loan borrowed by a company or government to finance it’s operations
Par value or Face value : This is the principal amount that is borrowed
Coupon : This is the interest rate that the company is obliged to pay it’s lender
Maturity : The time when the bond is matured. i.e at the end of maturity, the company pays back the principal and the accrued interest to the lender
E.g. A company needs $5 million to open a new unit. It will raise money by issuing 1000 bonds each having a face value of 5000$ with annual coupon 10% and maturity of 10 years.
Note : The coupon will be paid semi annually. i.e, From previous example, the company will be paying 250$ every 6 months and will return the principal 5000$ after 10 years.
These bonds are traded in bond market just like shares are bought and sold. The market price of the bonds depends on the prevailing interest rates on the market.
If the coupon rate is less than the prevailing market interest rates, then the bond prices goes up.
If the coupon rate is more than the prevailing market interest rates, then the bond price goes down.
E.g. We have a bond of company A with following details
Coupon rate – 5%, Face value 1000$, Maturity 5 years.
After 2 years, the interest rates went up to 6%. i.e, if you were to buy a new bond, it will come with a coupon rate of 6%.
In that case, the bond of company A which gives just 5% coupon seems unattractive and hence it’s market price goes down. | <urn:uuid:0d818419-9a00-4c7f-8813-67f08ab7e8ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://ananthdivakaruni.wordpress.com/2017/07/05/debt-mutual-funds-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424889.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724162257-20170724182257-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.93822 | 351 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Arterial disorders that may lead to arterial obstruction include arteriosclerosis obliterans, thromboangiitis obliterans, arterial embolism, and an aneurysm of the lower extremity. A sudden occlusion usually causes tissue ischemia and death, whereas a gradual blockage allows for the development of collateral vessels. Usually, Arterial occlusive diseases are only part of a complex disease syndrome that affects the entire body. Complications include severe ischemia, skin ulceration, gangrene, leg amputation, and sepsis.
Causes of Arterial Occlusive Disease
Arteries can become occluded by atherosclerotic plaque, thrombi, or emboli. The most common cause of acute arterial insufficiency is embolization, with cardiac sources accounting for more than 70% of emboli. Subsequent obstruction and damage to the vessels can follow chemical or mechanical trauma and infections or inflammatory processes. Arteriosclerosis obliterans is marked by plaque formation on the intimal wall of medium-sized arteries, causing partial occlusion. In addition, there is calcification of the media and a loss of elasticity that predisposes the patient to dilation or thrombus formation. Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease), which is characterized by an inflammatory infiltration of vessel walls, develops in the small arteries and veins (hands and feet) and tends to be episodic. Risk factors include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and smoking.
Nursing care plan assessment and examination
Elicit a history of previous illnesses or surgeries that were vascular in nature; ask if the patient has been diagnosed with arterial occlusive disease in the past. Determine if a positive family history exists for hypertension or vascular disorders in first-order relatives. Ask if the patient smokes cigarettes; eats a diet high in fats; leads a sedentary lifestyle; or is subject to emotional stress, anxiety, or ulcers. Determine if the patient has experienced any pain, swelling, redness, or pallor. Establish a history of signs and symptoms that may point to the site of occlusion.
Determine if the patient has experienced any transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) because of reduced cerebral circulation. Elicit a history of such signs and symptoms as unilateral sensory or motor dysfunction, difficulty in speaking (aphasia), confusion, difficulty with concentration, or headaches, all of which are signs of possible carotid artery involvement. Ask if the patient has experienced signs of vertebrobasilar artery involvement, such as binocular visual disturbances, vertigo, dysarthria, or episodes of falling down. Determine if the patient has experienced lameness in the right arm (claudication), which is a sign of possible innominate artery involvement.
The specific finding in PAOD is intermittent claudication. The pain is insidious in onset, occurring with exercise and relieved by resting for 2 to 5 minutes; determining how much physical activity is needed before the onset of pain is crucial. The onset of pain is often related to a particular walking distance in terms of street blocks, helps to quantify patients with some standard measure of walking distance before and after therapy.
Determine if the patient’s mesenteric artery is involved by asking if he or she has experienced acute abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Ask the patient if she or he has experienced numbness, tingling (paresthesia), paralysis, muscle weakness, or sudden pain in both legs, which are all signs of aortic bifurcation occlusion. Determine if the patient has experienced sporadic
claudication of the lower back, buttocks, and thighs or impotence in male patients, all of which are indicators of iliac artery occlusion. Elicit a history of sporadic claudication of the patient’s calves after exertion; ask if the patient has experienced pain in the feet—these are signs of femoral and popliteal artery involvement.
Observe both legs, noting alterations in color or temperature of the affected limb. Cold, pale legs may suggest aortic bifurcation occlusion. Inspect the patient’s legs for signs of cyanosis, ulcers, or gangrene. Limb perfusion may be inadequate, resulting in thickened and opaque nails, shiny and atrophic skin, decreased hair growth, dry or fissured heels, and loss of subcutaneous tissue in the digits. Check the patient’s skin on a daily basis.
The most important part of the examination is palpation of the peripheral pulses. Absence of a normally palpable pulse is the most reliable sign of occlusive disease. Comparison of pulses in both extremities is helpful. Ascertain, also, whether the arterial wall is palpable, tortuous, or calcified. Auscultation over the main arteries is useful, as a bruit (sound produced by turbulent flow of blood through an irregular or stenotic lumen) often indicates an atheromatous plaque. A bruit over the right side of the neck is a possible indication of innominate artery involvement.
Occlusive diseases are chronic or lead to chronic illness. They are usually slow in onset, and much irreversible vascular damage may have occurred before symptoms are severe enough to bring the patient for treatment. Treatment is often long and tedious and brings additional concerns regarding finances, curtailment of usual social outlets, and innumerable other problems. Assess the patient’s ability to cope with a chronic illness.
Primary Nursing Diagnosis of this Nursing care plan: Altered tissue perfusion (peripheral) related to decreased arterial flow.
Nursing care plan intervention and treatment
Emphasize to the patient the need to quit smoking or using tobacco and limit caffeine intake. Recommend maintaining a warm environmental temperature of about 21°C (70°F) to prevent chilling. Teach the patient to avoid elevating the legs or using the knee Gatch on the bed, to keep legs in a slightly dependent position for periods during the day, to avoid crossing the legs at the knees or ankles, and to wear support stockings. Explain why the patient needs to avoid pressure on the affected extremity and vigorous massage, and recommend the use of padding for ischemic areas.
Stress the importance of regular aerobic exercise to the patient. Explain that activity improves circulation through muscle contraction and relaxation. Exercise also stimulates collateral circulation that increases blood flow to the ischemic area. Recommend 30 to 40 minutes of activity with warm-up and cool-down activities on alternate days. Also suggest walking at a slow pace and performing ankle rotations, ankle pumps, and knee extensions daily. Recommend Buerger-Allen exercises, if indicated. If intermittent claudication is present, stress to the patient the importance of allowing adequate time for rest between exercise and of monitoring one’s tolerance for exercise.
Provide good skin care, and teach the patient to monitor and protect the skin. Recommend the use of moisturizing lotion for dry areas, and demonstrate meticulous foot care. Advise the patient to wear cotton socks and comfortable, protective shoes at all times and to change socks daily. Advise the patient to seek professional advice for thickened or deformed nails, blisters, corns, and calluses. Stress the importance of avoiding the application of direct heat to the skin. The patient also needs to know that arterial disorders are usually chronic. Medical follow-up is necessary at the onset of skin breakdown such as abrasions, lesions, or ulcerations to prevent advanced disease with necrosis.
Nursing care plan discharge and home health care guidelines
To prevent arterial occlusive disease from progressing, teach the patient to decrease as many risk factors as possible. Quitting cigarette smoking and tobacco use is of utmost importance and may be the most difficult lifestyle change. Behavior modification techniques and support groups may be of assistance with lifestyle changes.
Be sure the patient understands all medications, including the dosage, route, action, adverse effects, and need for routine laboratory monitoring for anticoagulants.
Ensure that the patient understands that the condition is chronic and not curable. Stress the importance of adhering to a balanced exercise program, using measures to prevent trauma and reduce stress. Include the patient’s family in the plans. | <urn:uuid:d13fe5bf-6763-43cf-95b5-2aa13fbfd15f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.enurse-careplan.com/2010/06/nursing-care-plan-ncp-arterial.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914738 | 1,738 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Special words you can use in gp essays - enrich your english language vocabulary - edition 02 more related vocabularies: = good writing skills – enrich english language 2) explain the meaning of the following words, as i have used them in the above examples, and make sentences with them: – alarming. Usage: this phrase is another way of saying “in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may good essays always back up points with examples, but it's going to get boring if you use the expression “for example” every time. Master these ielts key words and expressions to get a better score on your ielts essay. Useful essay words and phrases certain words are used to link ideas and to signpost the reader the direction your line of reasoning is about to take although though after all at the same time on the other hand all the same even if x is true although x may have a good pointshowing the. To indicate a result or an effect to conclude to express an opinion to describe or make to prove to compare or contrast to indicate time to indicate certainty to indicate doubt to summarize to provide a condition to express positive words to show intelligence to intensify said noted (said) precisely numerous. This pin was discovered by timothy bateson (sci-fi and urban fantasy author) discover (and save) your own pins on pinterest.
After years of writing assignments all throughout school, you start to become repetitive when choosing what words to use in your essays but there is a whole language out there full of words that are sure to impress your english teacher teachers grow tired of reading commonplace words like “good” “says” and “ thinks” in. Writing a proper conclusion for your paper is an imperative if you want to get a good mark use these words and word combinations to enrich your writing. We're going to help you out with ten tips for writing better essays while you're learning english download: this blog create a word bank this is an interesting approach to writing your essay first, choose a topic and write a thesis a thesis is the main argument of your essay for instance, if aren't those good for you. Very good words that are very capable of replacing “very” - learn english, vocabulary,very,english - tap the link to shop on our official online store august 2015 english regents essays august 2015 english regents essay format, dissertation examples in social work narrative essay pre writing exercises preschool.
What's the good word here at alphadictionary below is a select list of his favorite words that he used in his poetry—or wishes he had 100 most beautiful words dr beard's book is a collection of the loveliest words in the english language, carefully researched and written up in small one-page essays designed to help. As a part of speech transition words are used to link words, phrases or sentences they help the reader to progress from one idea (expressed by the author) to the next idea thus, they help to build up coherent relationships within the text transitional words this structured list of commonly used english transition words. Transitions & connectives words and phrases that connect and make logical transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections of a paper generally do so in at least eight different ways: 1 to support, add or continue: 2 to compare and contrast: also just as in the same manner unlike in spite of.
I get a lot of questions about writing essays, and i've taught hundreds of students how to write effective essays (which get good grades) in this article, you'll learn 10 effective phrases that you can use to give your opinion in your essay but that's not all there are probably some new words here that you don't know. Pdf also available to help you learn the commonly used french phrases are you struggling to write essays in french in this article, i have shared a list of 30 useful french words and phrases that will help you create more sophisticated written arguments for your exam (at school or for delf exam.
Only use quotes as is, if you are convinced that paraphrasing would lower the impact or change the meaning of the original author's words or when the argument could not be better expressed or said if the quote doesn't serve any of the above then you are forcing it into the essay and this could do more harm than good. Get rid of something completely erudite very knowledgeable through study antecedent something coming before word that subsequent word refers to parallelism deliberate repetition of words or sentence structure for effect metonymy a figure of speech in which an attribute is used to represent the whole thing engender. | <urn:uuid:a01d9f38-8f55-4cf1-a421-266670f5b355> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://sxessayxafz.n2g.us/english-good-words-used-essays.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867217.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525200131-20180525220131-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.944395 | 959 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Project 2 in ARTGR698 is that creates and records sound from object with object microphone and hand recorder. The aim of this project is that I have to make a sound with object by using ten design principles: Anomaly, Symmetry, Asymmetry, Texture, Direction, Gravity, Density, Harmony, Pattern and Scale. Hand recorder and object microphone are very powerful equipment to catch the sound that I made. For this project, I chose the object that is spray paint. It is my first time to make sound with object, it’s very interesting way to study sound for me.
First, for Anomaly, I was rolling the spray with finger, but just one time, while I was repeating, I used stronger power to make anomaly sound.
Second, in order to make asymmetry sound, I used scissors. I tried to cut the spray can with scissors by different power and rhythm.
For density sound, I hit the bottom of the spray with scissors, during I was holding the spray with right hand. This density sound is very unique and wired compare others.
For making direction sound, I tilted spray and I was repeating to back and forth movement. Then the bearing that is inside the spray, moved inside and this movement could make direction sound.
In order to make gravity sound, I dropped the spray on the table. Before I dropped the spray, I attached microphone on the table not on the surface of spray. When I dropped the spray on the table, they made a kind of howling sound. | <urn:uuid:ffb629d9-436d-4754-a72e-38c1f6cb06f7> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://hewantsdesign.com/blog/archives/896 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153854.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729074313-20210729104313-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.955652 | 313 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Connect One's iChip Internet Controller embeds TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) - the language computers speak to each other on the internet - inside any device, machine or system with which it is equipped, said Alan Singer, Connect One's vice president of sales and marketing.
As long as the device has some connection to the internet, either with a line connection or a wireless modem, the iChip eliminates the need for a server to translate transmissions into and out of TCP/IP, saving designers from having to include software in the devices to connect to servers.
Perhaps more importantly, the iChip also eliminates the need to tie wireless application protocol (WAP) enabled phones into a particular service to connect with the internet. For a WAP-enabled phone to connect to the internet, the service provider must have WAP capability. An iChip-equipped phone could use any ISP.
WAP-enabled phone adoption has stalled in the US because users are limited in their subscription choices, said Franceska Nabarak, a senior technology analyst at IT market research company Yankee Group.
"People are banging their heads up against the wall trying to find a way to make the internet more friendly to cell phones," she said. "How much value is being added with WAP? I don't know. I don't see it," she said.
The iChip, and similar products under development from iReady, such as the iChip S-7600A, will serve to move internet connectivity from traditional communications devices like cell phones and computers to devices like refrigerators, cars and cameras, said Nabarak.
For example, a gas meter connected to the Web wouldn't have to be visited by a meter reader in person, saving money in transportation and salary by allowing the company to read it from an office, Singer said.
And when designers begin to make greater use of Bluetooth - a technology which allows devices to communicate wirelessly using a short-range radio transmitter integrated onto a computer chip - then iChip will come into its own. "I can imagine future products, where chips like this can be Bluetooth-enabled," Nabarak said. "The ability to embed this chip, along with a Bluetooth chip, will make this what they call a killer application." | <urn:uuid:3a759153-6900-4f97-bac3-11cf30a9c626> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/81538/off-the-shelf_chip_offers_wireless_net_connects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608765.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527021224-20170527041224-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.94762 | 463 | 2.625 | 3 |
Here are some helpful tips as to what you can do to help keep our water clean:
Agriculture & Lawn Care
- Manage animal waste to minimize contamination of surface water and ground water, and obey local animal waste laws.
- Keep leaves, grass clippings and other debris away from storm drains, gutters and waterways. These outlets drain directly into lakes, streams and rivers and can contribute to harmful algae blooms and fish kills.
- Run your mower with the vent closed. Clippings left on the lawn can dramatically reduce the need for additional nitrogen (from fertilizers).
- Choose plants, trees and other landscaping elements that will do well in your area with little watering.
- Start a compost pile of leaves and grass clippings to serve as a naturally rich fertilizer and mulch. Otherwise, bag leaves and grass and sit out for pick-up.
- Whenever possible, protect drinking water by using less pesticides and fertilizers.
- Dispose of pesticides, containers and tanks according to directions on containers.
- If you spill an engine degreaser, oil, brake fluid, tire cleaner or anti-freeze, do not hose it off. It will then eventually reach local streams and lakes. Instead, sprinkle sawdust, cornmeal, cat litter or a commercial absorbent over the spill. Let soak and sweep up.
- Consider taking your car to a car wash or washing it on the grass, where the ground can absorb water and pollutants can be filtered.
- Fix any car leaks to avoid contaminating our watershed with oil. One quart of motor oil can contaminate up to 2 million gallons of water.
- Dispose of oil, antifreeze, paints and other household chemicals properly and according to instructions on containers.
Conservation & Prevention
- Save hundreds of gallons of water with ease use by putting a spray nozzle on your hose and turning off the hose between rinses.
- Ask carpet cleaners, painters and contractors how they keep pollutants from entering the groundwater system.
- Before draining swimming pool, let water stand until it no longer contains chlorine and other pool cleaners.
- Clean and maintain boats away from water. Use a drop cloth and vacuum paint chips and dust.
- Fuel up cars and boats carefully. | <urn:uuid:f82235db-7916-4e97-8014-c4934f061ea7> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://vienna-wv.com/portal/departments-2/public-works/utility-board/helpful-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814857.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223213947-20180223233947-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.894256 | 471 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Web Server Testing Tips
The world has become a global village. The Application Programming Interface is the core factor that has contributed to the world becoming connected. Have you developed an application and you are not sure of its performance? API testing will ensure your application is covered for success and accuracy.
What is API Testing?
This is a testing performed on a system that has a collection of API (connects an application to the web and other APIs) to figure out if they meet the functionality, reliability, performance and security expectations.
- Putting in check return values of API based on the input condition.
- Confirming if there is nothing in return from the API.
- Confirming if the API is updating any structure of data.
- Confirming if the API makes a call to another API or initiates some other event.
How the Testing Works
- It verifies functionality and exposes failures by exploring boundary conditions and ensuring that the test harness varies API calls parameters.
- Verifies the calls with two or more parameters by generating more value to added parameter combinations.
- Considers the external environment conditions like peripheral devices, files amongst others in order to verify the API behavior.
- Verifies the API calls sequence and checks if useful results are produced by the APIs from successive calls.
- It’s important to understand that if you’re testing shared web hosting servers, you might need to do the testing a little differently and interpret the results differently that you would on a VPS or dedicated server, according to Web Hosting Buddy. This matters because you need to ensure that you are fair in your testing, otherwise you could end up with bad data and a biased view against one company or another.
Types of Testing
There are various types of API testing that you can use to test your API for:
- Functional testing- Involves checking if the API is able to work technically
- Reliability testing- Checks for the consistency in connecting to the API and the expected outcome
- Usability testing- Checks if the API can be worked with easily.
- Load testing- Verifies if the API can withstand simulation of high levels of traffic of calls
- Creativity testing- Verifies if the API can handle diverse use.
- Security testing- Checks if the API vital data is protected by its defined security requirements, that is, authentication, permission and access controls.
- Proficiency testing- API increases the developer’s performance
- Discovery testing- Verifies that the API documentation guides the user easily.
This testing is faster and takes a shorter time when a code is checked in. No other testing is better to ensure that your application is connected to the web and other APIs successfully as a complete project. Go ahead and give your application value. | <urn:uuid:107fca64-a3e2-4d2e-b314-48195a09c2e2> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://gepardenforelle.com/web-server-testing-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578586680.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423035013-20190423060131-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.904602 | 567 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Designers, engineers, students and professors, architects, and social entrepreneurs from all over the globe are devising cost-effective ways to increase access to food and water, energy, education, healthcare, revenue-generating activities, and affordable transportation for those who most need them. And an increasing number of initiatives are providing solutions for underserved populations in developed countries such as the United States.
Encompassing a broad set of modern social and economic concerns, these design innovations often support responsible, sustainable economic policy. They help, rather than exploit, poorer economies; minimize environmental impact; increase social inclusion; improve healthcare at all levels; and advance the quality and accessibility of education. These designers’ voices are passionate, and their points of view range widely on how best to address these important issues. Each object on display tells a story, and provides a window through which we can observe this expanding field. Design for the Other 90% demonstrates how design can be a dynamic force in saving and transforming lives, at home and around the world.
On view at Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum through September 23, 2007. | <urn:uuid:d47c2ad0-ba27-4110-8dbe-efe9a5574b16> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.cooperhewitt.org/2011/04/22/cooper-hewitt-design-for-the-other-90/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00304-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931396 | 227 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This product is milk to which acidophilus culture (beneficial bacteria) has been added. However, the milk is not actually cultured as yogurt. In the process of making yogurt, milk and an added starter (beneficial bacteria) are placed in a warm environment (such as a temperature-controlled yogurt maker) so the flora can ferment the milk, thickening the milk. Acidophilus milk has the same culture, but has not gone through the full thickening process.
Originally a by-product of butter making, buttermilk is now a milk product cultured with lactic acid. It is available in both skim and low-fat varieties. Some buttermilk has reduced lactose content, which can make it an option for people who have difficulty digesting the lactose in regular milk.
Evaporated or condensed milk
To make this concentrated product, half of the milk’s moisture is removed by evaporation before it is canned. Evaporated milk is sometimes used in cooking, both because it is easy to store and because it curdles less easily when heated than other milk. Unopened, it can be kept at room temperature for up to six months. Once opened, it should be transferred to a clean container and used within three to five days.
Sweetened condensed milk
This type of canned milk, also made by removing half of the water from whole milk, is highly sweetened, and also very high in calories.
Goats’ milk is very similar to cows’ milk; it is higher in calcium by a very small margin but also notably higher in fat. Some people with allergies find they have fewer problems with goats’ milk.
In the homogenization process, milk fat is broken into particles so small that it is emulsified and held within the milk, instead of floating at the surface. In the United States today, almost all milk is sold homogenized.
Jersey and guernsey milk
Jersey and guernsey cows produce exceptionally rich milk that has a higher percentage of cream and butterfat.
With its reduced lactose (milk sugar) levels, created by adding the enzyme lactase, this milk is available for people who, because they lack the enzyme lactase, have difficulty digesting milk.
Pasteurization is the heat process used to destroy potentially harmful bacteria in milk. Two basic processes are currently in use: in the first, milk is heated to at least 161°F (71.6°C) for 15 seconds; in the second, the milk is heated to 280°F (137.7°C) for two seconds.
This product is popular with cooks and budget-minded milk drinkers. To create it, some of the water is evaporated from the milk, and then the milk is sprayed into a drying chamber to further reduce its moisture content, resulting in milk powder or flakes. The powder, available in several forms, including instant nonfat dry milk and dehydrated buttermilk, is easily reconstituted for use by adding water.
Raw milk is unpasteurized milk, meaning it has not undergone the heat process used to destroy potentially harmful bacteria. The risk of bacteria (such as listeria and salmonella) in raw milk has prompted states to impose restrictions on its sale. However, raw milk has many proponents who claim that health benefits are lost in the pasteurization process. If choosing raw milk, make sure that it is produced hygienically and stored properly.
Several types of milk products have been developed over the years that have a long shelf life, such as canned milk, powdered milk, and ultrapasteurized milk. All these products can be stored without refrigeration in unopened packages or tightly sealed containers for up to six months.
Ultra-high-temperature (or UHT) milk is processed at temperatures that produce a product with extended shelf life. Packed in presterilized, aseptically sealed, brick-style cartons (like juice boxes), UHT milk can be stored without refrigeration for about six months. Like canned milk, this milk requires refrigeration once the container is has been opened. | <urn:uuid:d97b3430-e465-4ef6-ad49-cf22623ba1de> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.koshervitamins.com/shop/stores_app/healthnotes.asp?%2Fus%2Fassets%2Ffood-guide%2Fmilk%2F~default | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00080-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965189 | 857 | 3.234375 | 3 |
THE POWER OF AGRICULTURE TO FEED THE FUTURE
Partners for over 40 years, USAID and IFPRI have worked together to unlock the potential of agriculture to end hunger, malnutrition, and extreme poverty. In 2010, the US government launched Feed the Future--the country's global hunger and food security initiative, with a comprehensive approach that draws on partnerships across sectors, country leadership, and a focus on achieving results. IFPRI has been providing technical, analytical, monitoring and evaluation, meeting, and communication support to the program, contributing to important successes for Feed the Future.
Feed the Future week celebrates the outcomes of this program, which include providing critical support to developing countries that allows them to drive their agricultural development, advance nutrition for the most vulnerable, strengthen resilience, and empower women in agriculture. Several key outcomes with IFPRI include the following:
- IFPRI and partners developed the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) to monitor and support the inclusion of women in agriculture under the US Feed the Future initiative. Versions of the WEAI are now in use in nearly 39 countries.
- In Bangladesh, the comprehensive, nationally representative survey IFPRI developed, the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey, has informed policy decisions, program improvements, and investments that led to a 16 percent decline in national poverty according to the 2016 Feed the Future Progress Report.
- The Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) supports the successful implementation of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) by providing IFPRI research on policy-relevant data; facilitating dialogue among stakeholders; monitoring progress in reviewing goals; and strengthening mutual accountability processes at continental, regional, and national levels. ReSAKSS receives funding from several different donors, the largest being USAID. The primary users of the ReSAKSS evaluation include the Feed the Future (FTF) program and USAID Missions.
- IFPRI and partners including USAID's Feed the Future carried out an analysis of Tanzania’s policies to address food insecurity, with a particular focus on the impacts of Tanzania’s 2011 ban on maize exports. After the team presented its results of the maize study to the Government of Tanzania, officials pledged to end the use of export bans and to seek alternative measures to address food insecurity.
- The Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) is playing a catalytic role to scale out healthy rice seedlings in the Feed the Future Zone in Bangladesh. CSISA has focused on a two-pronged approach to scale-out the use of healthy rice seedlings. IFPRI is responsible for carrying out the policy research agenda of CSISA. CSISA's policy research agenda seeks to promote evidence-based policy reforms to strengthen the institutions and markets required for sustained adoption of sustainable intensification technologies and practices at scale in the region’s most risk-prone geographies. | <urn:uuid:af68de0b-af05-49a5-b043-f70fa92ccc5d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.ifpri.org/topic/feed-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813322.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221024420-20180221044420-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.904889 | 599 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Current Scenario
No country can exist without transportation via roads. The development and growth of all nations are invariably connected with their roads. Despite the intrinsic nature of these improved surfaces for the purposes of conveyance of traffic, it carries with them one of the cruelest things to have ever befallen society – Road Accidents.
WHO estimates that 1.3 billion people succumb to their deaths owing to road accidents, every year. In such a deteriorating scenario, road mishaps have accounted for 1.5 lakh fatalities in India in 2021 alone. The current environment warrants the need to conjure innovative solutions to tackle this menace.
With time, the world has become more fast-paced, incorporating in itself new technologies. Technology has also paved the way for safer drives and safer roads by curbing road accidents and improving transportation. Technology has time and again proved its potential to mitigate the issues concerning road safety. Let us understand a few ways in which technological infrastructures have reduced road accidents –
The automobile industry is also growing in leaps and bounds. witnessing a significant rise in technology penetration resulting in the introduction of newer features,
One of the finest cutting-edge technology that is believed to have contributed to reducing road accidents is the Automated Emergency Braking System. AEB, which has been designed to prevent imminent vehicle collisions by sensing stopped traffic, enables the rapid application of brakes, even if the driver is unable to respond promptly. Another feature that aids in averting potential accidents while changing lanes is the Blind Spot Warning which signals the driver if there is a vehicle in their blind spot. There are various versions available of this sensor and the most common type is signaling via symbols or sounds.
Adaptive headlights are the next technology that has made remarkable progress in furthering road safety. Unpaved roads, dark nights, etc. drastically increase the possibility of an accident. However, with Adaptive Headlights, drives become safer, especially during night time as the headlights move according to the movement of the steering wheel and thereby, adapt to the driving environment. Other such novel technologies integrated into the mechanics of the vehicles include lane departure warning, forward collision system, and curve speed warnings among others.
Cameras in collaboration with technologies have offered much-needed visibility into various aspects that help in mitigating road accidents.
At an individual level, vehicles equipped with camera sensors function as drowsiness detectors, wherein the camera is monitoring the drivers’ eyelids and tracks their head movements to gauge if they are tired or drowsy. Tiredness or drowsiness of drivers leads to distracted driving which is a major cause of road accidents. This camera set-up will enable the drivers to rectify their situation by sending them alerts or warnings.
Cameras can also be used in another capacity when they are installed along the roads. Here, the cameras are used to monitor the roads by being vigilant about speeding. Overspeeding poses a grave threat to the lives of drivers and pedestrians alike and these cameras are able to capture data as to when a car crosses the designated speed limit. This permits the concerned authorities to take stricter measures against the offenders and allows them to foster a better environment regarding adherence to speed laws. Although not that common, cameras are also used with traffic lights by countries like the U.K. to identify a larger number of pedestrians waiting to cross the road and lengthen the period the ‘walk’ symbol is on. This helps in mainly controlling collisions with pedestrians.
Enhanced Emergency Services
A leading cause of road fatalities is delayed medical care and technologies have now been designed to solve this issue. It ensures that proper medical treatment reaches the concerned victims with minimal loss of time. Vehicles are now equipped with different features to help this cause. Some vehicles can send instant messages to different parties in the event of an unfortunate incident. While others have the ability to send a list of potential injuries to ensure correct treatment accordingly. Such a system helps in reducing the time required for emergency health care to reach the place of the accident, especially on roads and lanes with lesser traffic. Companies are continuously striving to design technologies that provide rapid assistance in the delivery of medical care and reduce the time required in post-accident response.
Monitoring Driving Behaviour
The human error takes the position of the highest contributor to road accidents. Mistakes on their part led to the drastic loss of lives of many. This issue usually stems from the unsafe driving practices people are often engaged in. Drivers recklessly indulge in habits that are counterproductive to their safety. They make themselves and others on the road vulnerable to road accidents. Technology has developed so that something as simple as a mobile can now track behaviors of drivers that are risky and may lead to accidents.
Such technology will alert the drivers of their rash driving, highlighting mark-ups of unsafe driving such as overspeeding or phone usage. These insights will help people understand their own driving and encourage them to improve their performance. Such technologies change the unsafe behavior of drivers, thus eliminating one of the root causes of road accidents. Some companies have also rolled out Driving Safety Solutions to ensure the safety of field employees in particular who are rendered more vulnerable to road accidents due to their nature of work.
Message boards are often used at various intersections along the roads. It is used to display important information that pedestrians and drivers need to know. These messages pertain to anything related to road safety such as reminders to wear seatbelts/helmets, maintain the speed limit, etc. Now, the boards have evolved to include real-time data like traffic status, upcoming congestion, or ongoing roadwork. This feature is helpful to drivers.
These message boards are controlled remotely and can be coupled with cameras for better control over the traffic. The cameras will have the ability to tilt, zoom, or pan, providing the operators with a better view. Remote video monitoring will facilitate better road safety measures.
Smart road infrastructure is now a reality due to the prevalence of technology. With IoT sensors, connected traffic lights, etc. cities can enjoy improved roadways. Technology makes it possible for the concerned authorities to collect and analyze day-to-day data. It therefore essentially creates an environment of effective traffic management. The same can also be used to gather real-time road accident data and study its causes. Smart roads also contribute to fulfilling sustainable development goals.
The Road Ahead
The future of technology and the mobility industry is still undergoing a lot of developments. to introduce new technologies such as connected cars. They are working towards reducing road accidents as much as possible and aim to make road safety accessible to all. The current situation calls for a dire need for solutions to help save lives. This landscape of technology and road safety will grow phenomenally with further research. By leveraging the power of technology to reduce road accidents, the coming days seem a little brighter. Continued efforts will ensure that families don’t lose their dear ones and the economy doesn’t incur a severe financial loss. | <urn:uuid:810abc8c-9c0c-427d-91c1-b1108caa8196> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://uriotnews.com/how-can-technology-help-in-reducing-road-accidents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474948.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301030138-20240301060138-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.956548 | 1,412 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Advances in biochemistry and molecular genetics have led to the
discovery of such a large number of metabolic diseases of the nervous
system that it taxes the mind just to remember their names. As the
causes and mechanisms of the diseases included in this chapter (and
in several that follow) are increasingly being expressed in terms
of molecular genetics, it seems appropriate, by way of introduction,
to consider briefly some basic facts pertaining to the genetics
of neurologic disease. A complete account of this subject may be
found in the four-volume text edited by Scriver and colleagues.
The reader is referred to the continuously updated Online
Mendelian Inheritance in Man, a catalog of genetic disorders
developed by V.A. McKusick and his colleagues and the National Center
for Biotechnology Information (queried through: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omim).
The biochemistry of every human organism is, of course, unique.
Constitutional predispositions to disease lie in the variations
of DNA of the chromosomes of each cell. Knowledge of the molecular
basis of these diatheses may ultimately provide the means of diagnosis,
prevention, and perhaps treatment of many human diseases.
The diseases grouped in this chapter and the next represent four
particular categories of genetic abnormality: (1) monogenic disorders
determined by a single mutant gene that follow a mendelian pattern
of inheritance; (2) multifactorial disorders, again following a
mendelian pattern of inheritance but in which intrinsic (i.e., genetic)
factors interact with exogenous environmental ones—susceptibility
to these agents probably depend on single nucleotide polymorphisms
within normal genes; (3) nonmendelian chromosomal aberrations, characterized
by an excess, a lack, or a structural alteration of one or more
of the 23 pairs of chromosomes (these are considered in the next
chapter, with the developmental disorders); and (4) mitochondrial
transmission of disease in a nonmendelian, mainly maternal pattern.
As stated in the monograph of Scriver and colleagues, 6 to 8
percent of diseases in hospitalized children are attributable to
single-gene defects and 0.4 to 2.5 percent to a chromosomal abnormality.
Another 22 to 31 percent have a disease thought to be gene-influenced.
In the general population, when multifactorial inheritance of late-onset
diseases is included, the latter figure has been estimated to rise
to approximately 60 percent. Mitochondrial inheritance of mutations
is much less frequent.
The nervous system is more frequently affected by a genetic abnormality
than any other organ system, probably because of the large number
of genes implicated in its development (an estimated one-third of
the human genome). Approximately one-third of all inherited diseases
are neurologic in some respect; if one adds the inherited diseases
affecting the musculature, skeleton, eye, and ear, the number rises
to 80 to 90 percent.
Although only a minority of inherited diseases is identified
as an enzymopathy, this group represents the most direct translation
of mendelian disorders to primary defects in proteins. These constitute
only one-third of the known recessive (autosomal and X-linked) disorders.
Most of the enzymopathies ... | <urn:uuid:50702a5f-74f2-4424-bd44-68663d105ad0> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=354§ionid=40236350 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812327.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219032249-20180219052249-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.918554 | 724 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Blue Mountains
When most people imagine Jamaica they think of tropical white-sand beaches, swaying palm fronds and the laid-back island culture of the Caribbean. Jamaica lives up to these wonderful clichés, but can also confound them. Traveling deep into the interior of the little-visited eastern part of the island, beaches give way to undulating hills dotted with small villages and coffee farms that patchwork the land like a quilt. As their name suggests, a faint blue haze seems to hang suspended over these rolling ridge tops.
From the air, the Blue Mountains appear to rise up dramatically from the sea. Traveling north over the capital, Kingston, the sprawl of the city trickles away to small villages as you go deeper into the Blue Mountains. Eventually even the outline of villages disappears and all that remains is a lush carpet of hillsides. Underneath this green blanket ancient tree ferns rise from mossy banks, colorful tropical birds dart through sunbeams in the forest, and crystal clear steams trickle down to the sea. Away from the hot, humid air of the lowlands, the air up here is cool and inviting.
In the villages
Idyllic as it all appears from the air, on the ground it is often no easy task traveling into the Blue Mountains. Roads ascending the hills zigzag in elaborate, and often, nausea-inducing directions. To warn of their approach, drivers lay on their horns coming down steep switchback curves barely big enough for two vehicles, while in some places heavy rain and landslides may have obliterated the roads altogether.
Despite the difficulty of traveling into the Blue Mountains, many small communities of people exist here. Hardy and self-sufficient, most villagers rely upon farming the steep hillsides to survive. Home to dozens of communities, children like these are a common sight along the roadsides, staring curiously from doorways or walking the foot trails home from school every afternoon.
The coffee lands
Hillsides lined with coffee bushes such as this one are a defining feature in the Blue Mountains, where many farmers may grow little else. Coffee was first introduced to the Blue Mountains during British rule as far back as 1728. More coffee farmers arrived after fleeing the Haitian Revolution in 1792, further boosting the industry.
Today, Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee has become widely recognized and justifiably famous, fetching top dollar prices in the world coffee market. With over 80 percent of the crop sold every year to Japan, where it is considered a delicacy, a cup of Blue Mountain joe is a rare and special treat for many a coffee aficionado.
The Blue Mountains' coffee is so prized because of the unique microclimates produced in these mountains. The cooler, misty climate, coupled with acid soils and abundant tropical sun, gives Blue Mountain coffee a subtle, but distinct taste prized by connoisseurs.
The Blue & John Crow Mountains National Park
Beyond the mountain villages and coffee plantations, thick tropical broadleaf forests march up the slopes to as high as 7,403 feet (2,256 meters) at Blue Mountain Peak, the highest point on the island. These forests serve as the living heart of Jamaica, filtering the air through their respiration and safeguarding the innumerable waterways that feed the island's crops and drinking water reserves. These forests also hold the steep mountain soils in place and serve as a refuge to a fantastic array of plants and animals.
Recognizing the value of the forests as a great reservoir of life, water and livelihoods for the entire island, the Blue Mountains and adjoining John Crow Mountains were designated as the country's first national park in 1993. The park covers some 196,000 acres (79,321 hectares) of closed canopy broadleaf forest and is the major watershed for Kingston and all of Eastern Jamaica. With over 500 flowering plants 40 percent of which are found nowhere else and at least 200 species of birds, the park contains some of the highest numbers and rarest types of species in the whole Caribbean.
The Jamaican Tody (Todus todus) is just one of many unique creatures found within the Blue Mountains. A distant relative of kingfishers, locals call this bird the Rastabird for its colorful Rastafarian-esque plumage. These cute, colorful and curmudgeonly little fellows are relatively common in these forests, but can be found nowhere else outside of Jamaica. Sitting nonchalantly on twigs and branches, they are most often noticed as small darting blips of color snatching insects under the canopy. Though small, they come with a voracious appetite, capable of eating well over their weight in insects in a single day!
The Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park is a refuge for the Tody and innumerable other plants and animals. Surviving in metaphorical "islands" of forest in the middle of the small island of Jamaica, creatures like the Tody occupy an increasingly fragmented and isolated natural world hemmed in by people.
With people have come many other organisms that otherwise couldn't have gotten here without human help. Some of these accidental newcomers have learned to thrive in their new homes, invading at the expense of local species. Island ecosystems such as Jamaica's are especially fragile to invaders since the species that have evolved on them have no prior evolutionary experience with mainland predators and newly arrived competitors.
Some invasive plants like this Ginger Lily (Hydicium spicatum), originally native to South Asia, have become so prolific in the Blue Mountains they can literally smother you! With such steep competition for sunlight, nutrients and water, it is no wonder many native species have a hard time surviving. Other problematic invasives like mongoose and feral cats are such adept predators that they can easily silence forests of native birds.
The story is always the same once an invasive species becomes established it is difficult or near impossible to get rid of. With active eradication and restoration programs the spread of invasives can be kept at bay, though increasingly in the world today we are having to learn how to live with invasives while balancing the protection of native species.
The Rio Grande valley
To the northeast of the Blue Mountains, the John Crow Mountains crease the island's flanks. Black vultures, also called John Crow birds in Jamaica, are a common site, cruising the high thermal updrafts over these ranges which are named after them. This region is also known for the mighty Rio Grande River, a major river of Jamaica.
As the John Crow Mountains are in the direct path of the easterly winds that flow over the island, abundant precipitation feeds the Rio Grande River's path to the sea. Warm, moisture-saturated air from the Caribbean is pushed up the slopes by easterly winds. Confronted there by cooler air able to hold less water, clouds dump their excess moisture as rain over the mountain slopes. Sometimes over 39 inches (1 m) of rain a year falls here, making this region one of the wettest places on Earth
>Small fish and shrimp, many found nowhere else, thrive in these upland valley streams shaded by tall native trees like Water Mahoe (Talipariti elatum). With luck you may even catch a glimpse of the rare Giant Swallowtail Butterfly (Papilio homerus). At 6 in (15 centimeters) in length it is one of the largest butterflies in the world. Endangered by logging of its habitat and hunted by collectors, the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park is a last refuge for this butterfly and many other species.
Roots, shoots, and fruits
Clearing land for farming is the greatest threat to biodiversity in and around the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park. Ways to make farming more environmentally friendly can go a long way towards conserving biodiversity while providing a healthy and sustainable food supply for the population. This type of agroecological farming is only just beginning to be applied in the Blue and John Crow Mountains where a wide variety of roots, shoots, fruits and vegetables are grown from the rich island soils.
Markets in Jamaica are a wholly interactive and sensory experiences. Bright colors, pungent smells, a constant chorus of market sounds and, of course, delicious tastes are all part of the experience. Looking around, the kaleidoscopic variety of fresh, locally grown and wild ingredients in these markets create a Jamaican cuisine unique to the Caribbean.
In addition to the usual fruits and vegetables, a visitor is likely to come across exotic crops like dasheen and yuca, both root vegetables consumed throughout Jamaica. Mangos, pineapple and papaya also prevail, as well as fruits less familiar, such as breadfruit, which tastes as it sounds, and a strange yellow fruit called ackee that looks and tastes like scrambled eggs when cooked. Top it off with fresh herbs and spices like escallion, nutmeg and scotch bonnet peppers for a mouthwatering experience.
Several communities along the Rio Grande valley trace their descent from escaped slaves who fled deep into the mountains. These people are called the Maroons and fill a unique place in Jamaican history and culture.
Rebelling against British soldiers and sailors, the Maroons established their own independent and autonomous communities in the wilds of the Blue and John Crow Mountains. Maroon culture and identity still remain strong in this part of Jamaica today. The community of Moore Town in the nearby Rio Grande valley serves as the center of Maroon culture and is an easy excursion from the nearby city of Port Antonio, the parish capital of Eastern Jamaica.
To get their crops to market in the past, farmers in the John Crow Mountains would pole their wares on bamboo rafts down the Rio Grande River to Port Antonio. In its heyday in the 1930's Port Antonio was a bustling banana exporting port of call. Since the decline of the banana industry in Jamaica over the past several decades, Port Antonio feels more like a sleepy coastal town these days. With its laid-back atmosphere, delicious food and old colonial buildings, Port Antonio is a great base to explore the nearby mountains and white sand beaches.
In the Blue and John Crow Mountains you can sit up on a high hillside and watch the sun glitter over the waters of the Caribbean Sea far below while mountain mists roll in like a cloudy memory to obscure the view. As the sun sets in the misty darkness, tree frogs croak as Jamaican fireflies, called peeneewallies, drift through the night like blinking Christmas lights. So close to the warm Caribbean and yet so far away, you bundle up your jacket in the cool air and snuggle into a warm sleeping bag to fall asleep to the chorus of frogs.
This is the Wild Jamaica I remember best and hold onto. To experience the Blue and John Crow Mountains for yourself, or to learn more about how to help conserve these forests, contact the Jamaica Conservation and Development Trust (JCDT) at www.jcdt.org. As an organization devoted to finding ways to protect and conserve the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park, the JCDT trains local park guards, provides microfinance for environmentally inspired enterprise and oversees various research, monitoring and conservation outreach opportunities. They are always looking for volunteers to make a difference. | <urn:uuid:4b632563-9e02-45fc-9104-07cfaf232fa2> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.livescience.com/29816-exploring-wild-jamaica.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626008.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616190205-20210616220205-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.940937 | 2,306 | 2.703125 | 3 |
My baby is 11-months-old now and weened from the breast just recently. Since age 6-months, she would take nothing but water in her sippy cup and would never accept a bottle. Since my milk production decreased, she has consumed a lot of city tap water. I just found out that fluoride is dangerous to infants.How will I know if I hurt her and when can she safely drink fluoridated tap water?
To put things in perspective, remember that it’s an excess of fluoride that is dangerous. You shouldn’t worry or suffer a lot of maternal guilt thinking that you might have endangered your baby’s health by giving her tap water to drink. For decades, mothers were advised by dentists and pediatricians to give their babies fluoridated tap water to prevent dental cavities later in life. In recent years, however, researchers have found that fluoride in infancy isn’t necessary, and if babies get too much of the mineral, it can increase the risk of a condition called fluorosis. While most cases of fluorosis are mild, causing a few white spots or patches on the teeth, more severe cases can cause a brownish mottling and weaken the tooth enamel. These cases are almost always caused by fluoride supplementation or ingestion of toothpaste, rather than just drinking city water! But because of the risk for dental fluorosis, and the lack of evidence demonstrating a true benefit to children who ingest fluoride before their teeth erupt, the American Dental Association now recommends that children under 12 months of age should not consume fluoridated water.
Again, you shouldn’t be hard on yourself, because this is a relatively new recommendation. For decades, mothers have been giving their babies fluoridated city tap water with no ill effects. Chances are excellent that when your daughter gets a mouthful of teeth, they’ll be perfectly pearly white. | <urn:uuid:7f1d0807-f82a-4c06-929f-8806c61d6d46> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.parents.com/app/advice/print.jsp?questionId=10050000quest&catref=AB4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988650.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00280-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964729 | 387 | 2.75 | 3 |
Any of several trees from the Picea family native to North America. Spruce trees, in general, have light weight, soft wood with a straight, even grain. The strong wood is easily worked. It is used for musical instrument sounding boards, ladders, cabinets, boxes, Paper pulp, and rayon.
Synonyms and Related Terms
Eastern spruce; épicea (Fr.); Schwartztanne (Deut.); picea (Esp.); espruce (Port.); black spruce (Picea mariana); blue spruce (Picea pungens); Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii); red spruce (Picea rubens); Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensi); white spruce (Picea glauca)
Physical and Chemical Properties
Paper fiber type: Softwood. Using transmitted light microscopy, fibers are identified by the presence of very small, oval, piceoid ray parenchyma pits, 2-4 across. May show cupressiod or taxodiod features. Ray tracheids are non-dentate. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: varies with pulping method . Average dimensions of fibers: length, 3.4mm width 3.1 μm. Common pulping method: kraft and sulfite. It is difficult to distinguish spruce fibers from Hemlock fibers in pulp.
Sources Checked for Data in Record
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 758
- F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965 Comment: Picea glauca density = 23-33 ppcf
- Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
- External source or communication Comment: Northern Pine Manufacturers: air-dry weight = 27pcf
- Marja-Sisko Ilvessalo-Pfäffli. Fiber Atlas: Identification of Papermaking Fibers (Springer Series in Wood Science). Springer, 1995.
- Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
- Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
- CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=30-44 ppcf (0.48-0.70 g/cm3) | <urn:uuid:d8840c9c-a4b8-4a4c-b846-2b5505a60b45> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Spruce&direction=next&oldid=70914 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585696.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023130922-20211023160922-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.70345 | 568 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Shore power supply is usually limited by a 4 to 10A circuit breaker. After a day of sailing the ships batteries may be heavily discharged. If the battery charger is switched on while a heavy on-board appliance is being used the circuit breaker may be activated. The Smart fuse avoids this by disconnecting the power supply when a preset threshold is reached.
-Disconnects power supply when current reaches or exceeds a given set
-Current limit can be set through a simple button interface in steps of 2 ampere up to a maximum of 16 amperes.
-The current is displayed by a LED array in percentage of the set point.
-When the set point is exceeded, the Smart Fuse can switch to an alternative power supply if available.
-External output to power up generator.
The Smart fuse is operated using three buttons. The power source can be selected by pressing the left button (i.e. inverter or shore power).
The button in the middle sets the current limit. Each time the button is pushed the set point increases by two amperes with a maximum value of 16 amperes. The button on the right resets the Smart fuse when an overload condition has occurred.
An acoustic signal will be generated when an overload occurs. The switch off delay is determined by the height of the overload current.
Installation is simple and can be done in a short time. Connections are made by universal ‘fast-on’ connectors. | <urn:uuid:d12107db-1a29-433f-ad98-29d7c4031964> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.liemo.nl/smartfuse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.862463 | 323 | 2.546875 | 3 |
One of the easiest ways to describe the Yukon Ice Patches is to explain what they are not. Ice Patches are not glaciers. Glaciers are massive bodies of ice that move slowly over land. Ice Patches are large stationary accumulations of snow that compress into ice over thousands of years. According to a 2004 scientific journal there are eighty-five such ice patches in southern Yukon. Sixty-five of which have been ground surveyed, in part. Occupying a study area of 18,000km2, many of the sites are accessible only by helicopter. As for why the ice patches are important—the first question most commonly asked of anyone involved with the Ice Patch Project—the answers are many.
Established in 1997, after sheep hunters Kristin Benedek and her husband Gerry Kuzyk found an arrow near Kusawa Lake in Southern Yukon, the Yukon Ice Patch project was formed between the Government of Yukon and the six Yukon First Nations on whose traditional lands the patches are located. Ranging in age from a late 18th-century musket ball to a dart shaft more than 9000 years old, the patches have revealed more than 200 archaeological artifacts and 1700 faunal remains. Artifacts that have become visible only because the ice patches are melting – a direct result of global warming.
Now residing in the collections of the Government of Yukon Archaeology Program, these artifacts of archaeological significance indicate ‘a tradition of alpine hunting that spans most of the Holocene epoch and provides evidence of traditions from ancient technologies of throwing arts to bows and arrows and musketry’ (Hare et al. 118). Of special importance, these artifacts mostly used for hunting caribou indicate an abrupt technological replacement from throwing dart to bow and arrow in the last 1200 years. Revealed when the covering ice melts, the artifacts are found atop thousands of years of accumulated caribou dung, many feet in depth.
In 2004, the substantial remains of a leather moccasin with drawstring was retrieved from the Gladstone Ice Patch. The size of a contemporary men’s size five shoe, the moccasin was made from three pieces of hide, sewn together using sinew thread with traces of what is thought to be ochre painted on the heel.
Through the retrieval of objects and faunal remains Iand-use patterns and caribou patterns can be documented. Prior to 1997, it was difficult to identify specific areas of resource harvest that formerly relied upon ethnographies and oral histories.
The ice patches occupy the traditional territories of six Yukon First Nations: The Carcross/Tagish, Champagne and Aishihik, Kluane, and Kwanlin Dün First Nations, and the Ta’an Kwächän and Teslin Tlingit Councils. All of these self-governing First Nations are partners in the Yukon Ice Patch Project. Far beyond ‘representing’ something, according to authors Sheila Greer (Champagne and Aishihik First Nations) and Diane Strand (Champagne and Aishihik First Nations), for these First Nations the ice patches are a tangible connection to the past that communicate intangible cultural heritage, an opportunity to strengthen culture, enhance citizens’ understanding of their history, and a vehicle to express First Nations values regarding cultural resources (Greer and Strand 136).
Beyond markers of a physical past, artifacts connected to caribou hunting—animals which are now found only in a limited area in the southern Yukon—are vital to the history and culture of local first Nations. Caribou are frequently mentioned in traditional stories set in the long-ago time when animals and humans could talk together. (Hare et al. 9) .
Together, the collaborative Ice Patch Project Group consists of Yukon and First Nation governments and research institutions. These are the principal partners: Yukon Government Department of Environment; Yukon Government Department of Tourism and Culture; Carcross/Tagish First Nation (CTFN); Champagne and Aishihik First Nations (CAFN); Kluane First Nation (KFN); Kwanlin Dün First Nation (KDFN); Ta’an Kwäch’än Council (TKC); and Teslin Tlingit Council (TTC). In the past decade partners have included University of Alberta, University of Alaska, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, the Henry Wellcome Ancient Biomolecules Centre at Oxford University, Geological Survey of Canada, and Icefield Instruments Inc. In addition, many Yukoners have assisted with fieldwork – visiting the ice patch sites. And many others have assisted with laboratory studies.
As for what this project is, and what it may become…Everywhen* it is not a means to communicate already well documented facts about the Yukon Ice Patches, the Ice Patch Project, or the groups involved with the IPP. Rather, the aim is for it to be an evolving, process driven, exploratory artistic investigation of the individuals and their procedures in relation to the Ice Patch Project work. For the most part, the details l have shared here, the inclusion of others’ research, and the direction to other sources of information will constitute the totality of this reiteration of fact. Going forth, Everywhen will delve into the nuances of overlapping story, opinion, conflict, histories, and desires. In this way, Everywhen will be a cultural artifact of a particular undertaking inextricably tied to place and time. It will be an artifact of today.
*Note: currently the title Everywhen is a placeholder working title; one of which I am still ambivalent. Some sources cite the term ‘everywhen’ as originating in a 1956 essay by Australian anthropologist WEH Stanner in relation to the concept of Jukurrpa as related to the belief systems of Indigenous Australian Peoples. This is in addition to the commonly known anglicized versions of ‘dreaming’ or ‘dreamtime’, which are also contentious terms. | <urn:uuid:346dad8a-89c6-4ce9-82ee-cd16e484f9f4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://risdmaharamfellows.com/2020/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585460.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022052742-20211022082742-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.927598 | 1,243 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Karl's program can be seen as a slide show on Slideshare.net http://www.slideshare.net/JudyMJohnson/hoenke-perspectives-9-26-09-2156706
Musings on Dark Ages, Climates and Connectedness Context & Perspectives
by Karl Hoenke
27 September 2009, Marquette, MI
Five separate areas of perspective were illustrated, as described below.
The human creature emerged at least twice from Africa, the most important being around 50,000 BP (before present). The first “try” at 100,000 BP was met with Neanderthal resistance and an environmental event around 70,000 BP which is estimated to have reduced mankind’s numbers to perhaps 3,000 individuals. The second “try” successfully led to Homo Sapiens populating the world. However, until 10,000 BP, numbers were low and “civilization” as we know it did not develop. Only since 10,000 BP has there been agriculture, populations centers (i.e. cities) and large numbers of individuals. Why?
Graphs of Average World Temperature over this 100,000 year period resemble a picket fence, peaking and troughing several times each 5,000 year interval. And the range was often as much as 20-25°F! With the peak average staying at least 9°F lower than at present. The present Average World Temperature is 57°F. That means for most of mankind’s first 90,000 years the climate was extremely variable and cold.
The most recent 10,000 have been both warmer (that 57°F) and stable, thus enabling people to predict and plan for food supplies. Nevertheless, during these 10,000 years, several severe environmental disruptions have occurred and toppled civilizations. Seven key dates were discussed: 11,000 BC -- 5,500 BC – 2,354 BC – 1,628 BC – 1,159 BC – 207 BC – 540 AD. The irony is that “severe” in these cases means colder temperatures which threatened man’s existence, but were only on the average of 2-3°F lower than now.
The orthodox paradigm is that North America was populated by Clovis people 11,000 years ago over the Bering land bridge, and then not visited by anyone from over either ocean until Columbus showed up. The weight of evidence refutes this position, despite the stranglehold its adherents have on research and teaching. A few tables of foods and diseases “out of place” were introduce, being exerpted from work by Sorenson and Johanesson. For example, cocaine and tobacco were found in 3,000 year old Egyptian mummies and Columbus was asked to bring back turkeys from his initial voyage – meaning our American turkey was known in Europe before America was “discovered”!
Several key maps known to exist before Columbus, and known to show features of North America, were described to demonstrate Columbus (and other “explorers”) KNEW where they were going and how to get there. They had maps.
A brief graph of ancient copper mining timing in the Upper Peninsula was shown to overlap closely with the rise and fall of Minoan civilization in the Mediterranean. This is consistent with other evidence suggesting Minoans were involved with the trade of Michigan copper to ancient Europe.
A bibliography of key sources was also provided.
PRESENTATIONS BY LEE & JOY PENNINGTON
See at Slideshare.net:
Lee & Joy Pennington presented their film Eyes That Look at the Sky: The Mystery of Easter Island. The film presents an overview of the history of Easter Island--the various stages of development, the devastation of the 19th Century Spanish slave raids, the constructing the giant moais, the modern recovery of the island. There is a breakthrough in the discovery of the meaning of certain petroglyphs on the island, when Lee and a fisherman team up to view petroglyphs with fishing motifs, and the moment is captured on film.
Lee Pennington presented an assessment of Roman coins being found along the Ohio River and elsewhere. This year (2009) alone, two hoards of Roman coins have been found near Louisville, KY. The coins match up with previous other Roman coins found along the Ohio and along the Wisconsin River. In addition, Lee was able to discover information concerning five Roman swords found along the very same waterways where Roman coins were found--Paducah, KY; St. Louis, MO; Nashville, TN; Norwood, OH; and St. Paul, MN. Nearly 100 Roman coins have been found over the years and the majority of the coins are third century Roman. It's hard to imagine another scenario that better explains the coins being found in America than some country using such currency traveling to American and losing them here.
At Slideshare.net site you will also find:
- Roman Coins Found on the Ohio River- by Lee Pennington
- AAPS History and Goals, 1999-2009- by Judy M Johnson; Where we've been and where we may be going...some thoughts to ponder on our future.
- Copper Country Petroglyphs & a Plan to Protect Them- by Robert Wheeler
- Time and Travel -by Karl Hoenke an exciting overview of earth through millions of years...and how earth cycles have affected man's life and travels
- The Mysterious Little MacIntosh Stone
- Ocean Migration -by Jeff Bennett
-The Curious Donut Mounds at Forest Lake - by Judy M Johnson | <urn:uuid:9e1c2c53-776b-4331-a0f7-26bae209f982> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://aaapf.org/scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829399.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218123521-20181218145521-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.957411 | 1,161 | 3.15625 | 3 |
89. Jesus Before the High Priests.
Jesus declared to Annas that he had taught the Jews openly wherever they gathered and that the people knew his teachings. He spoke with such authority and lack of submissiveness that an official hit him for being disrespectful to the old high priest. With simple logic Jesus asked the man either to correct his error or consider why he struck him if he was in the right.
The important Jews gathered in the house of Caiaphas and questioned witnesses and Jesus there, while Peter and another disciple waited with the servants. Since the witnesses were lying, it was difficult to arrive at a coherent version of what Jesus said which could be charged against him. In the midst of this scattered energy Jesus simply remained silent.
Finally Caiaphas focused the energy by asking in the name of the living God if Jesus was the Christ. This direct question from the high priest Jesus answered, knowing that they would not believe him but prophesying that in the future they would experience this Christ consciousness as plain as day. When they phrased their perception of what he had declared as a question, he simply pointed out what they understood. The Jewish authorities felt that for a man to claim to be the son of God was a blasphemy against God and should be punished by death. From then on the guards treated him with contempt, making fun of his clairvoyant abilities. | <urn:uuid:f71509ae-a979-4e2c-a3ad-93ecf838d8d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://1worldpeace.org/san.beck.org/GoodMessage/Jesus-Int-89.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524230905-20170525010905-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.989049 | 281 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Apart from all the implications involving the unconscious that Freud attributed to humor, it is a delectable resource and an often irresistible device for adding color to even the most technical prose. And so it was that, as I read the cover story of this month’s Pesquisa FAPESP, I suddenly burst out laughing with delight at the witty comment from geologist Lucas Warren as he explained the new and powerful evidence indicating that, half a billion years ago, a shallow seaway covered a portion of what is now East Central Brazil. “That must have been the last beach Minas Gerais ever had,” he said, offering an inventive variation on the way people from Rio de Janeiro and other coastal areas love to tease people from Minas Gerais about that state’s landlocked setting.
That brief quip was enough to let me envision how much pleasure he took in telling our special editor Marcos Pivetta about last year’s discovery by a team of geologists and paleontologists from USP and Unesp. They found tiny fragments of marine animals of the genus Cloudina, embedded in a steep wall and in outcrops of rocks in the municipality of Januária, in northern Minas Gerais State. In geological terms, the fossils were found in the Sete Lagoas Formation, part of the Bambuí Group, a sedimentary unit of the São Francisco watershed. The animal remains provide virtually irrefutable proof that a seaway existed 550 million years ago in that part of Brazil, as now proposed by the researchers and described in an article published this May in the journal Geology, with Warren as the principal author. It is well worth perusing this compelling “story” of our distant past, beginning on page 16.
And, still on the topic of compelling and intriguing matters of science, I recommend the article by our colleague Igor Zolnerkevic (page 32), about a proposal from a group of São Paulo-based theoretical physicists who believe that the energy in a vacuum and its oscillations, usually too subtle to be noticed except at microscopic scales, can be amplified to astronomical scales, to the point of destroying entire stars. This is due to an effect that the researchers call awakening of the vacuum, violent storms that arise in nearly empty space.
Moving on to the Science and Technology Policy section, do stop and linger over the article from our editor Fabrício Marques, about the efforts underway in Brazil to end the use of animals for testing the safety and effectiveness of products, including vaccines and cosmetics (page 26). A more systematic effort was launched in 2012, and the so-called alternative testing methods, such as artificial skin kits, are gaining ground. However, we are still far from being able to entirely forego the use of guinea pigs, in particular for drug safety and research into physiological or pathological processes that are essential to the creation of knowledge about the human body. In the Technology section, I recommend the article by assistant editor Dinorah Ereno, about the arsenal of weapons being developed to control dengue through diagnosis and treatment. One notable innovation is a biosensor, developed in the laboratories of the University of São Paulo in São Carlos, which can diagnose the disease in 20 minutes, as compared to the seven days required by the current methods (page 58).
And lastly, I bring to your attention the interview granted to our special editor Carlos Fioravanti and FAPESP News Agency reporter Karina Toledo by Francis Collins (page 22), one of the leaders of the Human Genome Project from 1990 to 2003, who now heads the National Institutes of Health in the United States and coordinates the huge project to map the human brain, announced by President Barack Obama in 2013. Collins is one of the world’s leading figures in genetics and science today, which alone would be enough to justify interest in his interview, but readers can also examine his consistent scientific forecasts.
Enjoy your reading, and I wish you a splendid and peaceful World Cup!Republish | <urn:uuid:86c0c5ee-c68b-4b72-9121-a3733eed698b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/good-humored-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369054.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304113205-20210304143205-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.947605 | 837 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Tepui Tinamou, a strict Venezuelan endemic, is unquestionably one of the most poorly known tinamous. To date, it is known solely from three tepuis in southern Bolívar state, where its global range is estimated at just over 400 km2. Its voice only recently has been documented with certainty, and so the species might yet prove to be more widespread than is presently known. This tinamou long was known from just two peaks in the southwest of its currently known distributional range. Much of the small geographic range of this species remains inaccessible, and therefore populations of Tepui Tinamou are not considered to be at risk. Tepui Tinamou inhabits dense subtropical cloud forests at 1350–1800 m, and its life history is virtually wholly unknown. Tepui Tinamou is a mid-sized dark ruddy brown tinamou, without any barring or spotting, but becoming more rufescent over the breast, and has gray cheeks and throat. | <urn:uuid:49580b27-5f8d-4032-a52d-0078d3b38b6a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/teptin1/overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247487595.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218155520-20190218181520-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.968691 | 207 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Akagera National Park
Akagera National Park (also known as Kagera National Park), located in northeast Rwanda along the border with Tanzania, is Rwanda’s largest national park covering over 400 square miles of savannah, swamplands and rolling highlands. Founded in 1934 to protect Rwanda’s wildlife and flora, Akagera National Park was named for the Kagera River which flows along its eastern boundary. Originally Akagera National Park was nearly 1,000 square miles; however, in the late 1990s, over half of the national park became farmland for returning refugees of the Rwandan Civil War, and the related Rwandan Genocide.
Akagera National Park has very high levels of biodiversity, in part because of the many different ecosystems found in this national park. Much of the national park is savannah and grasslands. Akagera National Park is home to many savannah animal species, including the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), African cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), zebra (Equus quagga boehmi), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), olive baboons (Papio anubis), vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythus),blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis), topi (Damaliscus lunatus topi), reedbuck (Redunca redunca), impala (Aepyceros melampus), oribi (Ourebia ourebi), defassa waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa), klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus), duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), eland (Taurotragus oryx), Bushbabies or Galagos (Galago moholi and Otolemur crassicaudatus), leopard (Panthera pardus), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), serval (Leptailurus serval), side-striped jackal (Canis adustus) and several species of mongoose.
Akagera National Park also has many freshwater lakes, including Lake Ihema. These lakes and their associated papyrus swamps form one of the largest protected wetlands in Africa. Many wetland animal species make their home in the papyrus swamps of Akagera National Park, include the Sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), papyrus gonolek (Laniarius mufumbiri) and the elusive shoebill (Balaeniceps rex).
Akagera National Park is home to nearly 500 species of birds, including the marabou stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus), saddle-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) and white-breasted cormorant (Phalacrocorax lucidus).
Two animal species noticeably missing from Akagera National Park are the lion (Panthera leo) and the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Both of these species former lived in this region, but were completely exterminated within the national park. Plans have been made to re-introduction the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) into Akagera National Park in future and the first lion (Panthera leo) re-introductions were made in 2015.
Unlike many of the most popular national parks in the world, Akagera National Park is not crowded with dozens of other tourist following right behind you. When you visit Akagera National Park it feels like you are in your very own private game reserve, although this may change once the secret of this rare gem becomes more widely known. | <urn:uuid:75830c7e-0d17-423b-8c0e-1b7db7c69e08> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://worldnationalparks.com/2014/01/30/akagera-national-park-rwanda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304572.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124155118-20220124185118-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.884001 | 838 | 3.140625 | 3 |
World Heritage Cities Programme
The World Heritage Cities Programme is one of six thematic programmes formally approved and monitored by the World Heritage Committee. It aims to assist States Parties in the challenges of protecting and managing their urban heritage. The programme is structured along a two-way process, with 1) the development of a theoretical framework for urban heritage conservation, and 2) the provision of technical assistance to States Parties for the implementation of new approaches and schemes.
Concerned by the multitude of World Heritage Cities facing difficulties in reconciling conservation and development, the World Heritage Committee at its 29th session in Durban, South Africa (July 2005) requested the development of a new standard-setting instrument to provide updated guidelines to better integrate urban heritage conservation into strategies of socio-economic development. The World Heritage Committee relegated this task to UNESCO in view of the fact that such challenges were faced by all historic cities, not only those inscribed onto the World Heritage List, to muster the broadest possible support from the international community, and to underline the role of UNESCO as standard-setting organization.
As part of this policy process that lasted 6 years UNESCO set up the Historic Urban Landscape initiative, an international working group comprising ICOMOS, IUCN and ICCROM (as Advisory Bodies to the 1972 World Heritage Convention) and other partner organizations, including UIA (International Union of Architects ), IFLA (International Federation of Landscape Architects ), IFHP (International Federation for Housing and Planning), OWHC (Organization of World Heritage Cities), the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, IAIA (International Association of Impact Assessment), the World Bank, UN-Habitat, UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), IDB (Inter-American Development Bank), ISoCaRP (International Society of City and Regional Planners), the J. Paul Getty Foundation and WMF (World Monuments Fund), as well as individual experts from different geo-cultural regions and professional backgrounds.
From 2006 to 2010, eight international expert workshops were organized in Jerusalem (June 2006), UNESCO Headquarters in Paris (September 2006), Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation (January 2007), Olinda, Brazil (November 2007), Chandigarh, India (December 2007), UNESCO Headquarters in Paris (November 2008), Stone Town, Zanzibar (December 2009) and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (December 2009). The meetings identified new threats and challenges to historic cities preservation that were not present when the last UNESCO Recommendation on this subject, i.e. the 1976 Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas, was adopted and suggested inclusion of concepts that have emerged since 1976, such as those of cultural diversity, intangible heritage and the role and traditions of local communities, among others. Please click here to see the previous activities.
New Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape
On 10 November 2011 UNESCO’s General Conference adopted the new Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape by acclamation, the first such instrument on the historic environment issued by UNESCO in 35 years. The Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape will not replace existing doctrines or conservation approaches; rather, it is an additional tool to integrate policies and practices of conservation of the built environment into the wider goals of urban development in respect of the inherited values and traditions of different cultural contexts. This tool, which is a “soft-law” to be implemented by Member States on a voluntary basis.
In order to facilitate implementation, the UNESCO General Conference recommended that Member States take the appropriate steps to:
- adapt this new instrument to their specific contexts;
- disseminate it widely across their national territories;
- facilitate implementation through formulation and adoption of supporting policies; and to
- monitor its impact on the conservation and management of historic cities.
It further recommended that Member States and relevant local authorities identify within their specific contexts the critical steps to implement the Historic Urban Landscape approach, which may include the following:
- To undertake comprehensive surveys and mapping of the city’s natural, cultural and human resources;
- To reach consensus using participatory planning and stakeholder consultations on what values to protect for transmission to future generations and to determine the attributes that carry these values;
- To assess vulnerability of these attributes to socio-economic stresses and impacts of climate change;
- To integrate urban heritage values and their vulnerability status into a wider framework of city development, which shall provide indications of areas of heritage sensitivity that require careful attention to planning, design and implementation of development projects;
- To prioritize actions for conservation and development;
- To establish the appropriate partnerships and local management frameworks for each of the identified projects for conservation and development, as well as to develop mechanisms for the coordination of the various activities between different actors, both public and private.
The Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape was adopted on 10 November 2011 at the 36th session of the General Conference. The Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, including a glossary of definitions can be found from [here].
- New Historic Urban Landscape website Friday, June 20, 2014
- The OWHC’s Regional Secretariat for Northwest Europe publishes position paper Friday, February 7, 2014
- Report on the Historic Urban Landscape Workshops and Field Activities on the Swahili coast in East Africa 2011-2012 Sunday, August 18, 2013
- Historic Urban Landscape approach explained Friday, June 14, 2013
- New Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape Wednesday, May 9, 2012
- Application of the Recommendation concerning the historic urban landscape in the Arab region - Workshop on the city of Muharraq (Bahrain) Apr 23, 2013-Apr 25, 2013
- Meeting on the Historic Urban Landscape Action Plan for Durham World Heritage site, UK Oct 26, 2012-Oct 27, 2012
- Regional Conference of the OWHC Region of North Western Europe Sep 12, 2012-Sep 14, 2012
- International colloquium on the conservation and management of World Heritage cities May 31, 2012-Jun 1, 2012
- 11th OWHC-World Congress on "World Heritage Cities and Climate Change", Sintra (Portugal) Nov 22, 2011-Nov 25, 2011 | <urn:uuid:38329927-8df0-4e3f-b6de-fac84c13f66a> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115867507.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161107-00081-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904925 | 1,283 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Iranian government has promised to break the U.N. seals on its Isfahan nuclear plant today and resume the conversion of yellowcake into uranium gas. Members of the U.N.'s nuclear oversight group, the International Atomic Energy Agency, will be on hand to inspect the seals once they're removed. What's a U.N. seal?
A tamper-proof tag placed on doors, containers, file cabinets, and any other sensitive part of a nuclear facility. The IAEA, which monitors about 900 nuclear facilities worldwide, uses around 26,000 seals per year to ensure that equipment has not been used, moved, or otherwise manipulated. Both sections of a facility and entire installations can be sealed; the Isfahan complex got shuttered last November.
To close a site for 24 hours, an inspector might wrap the door handles with an "Improved Adhesive Seal." This type of seal is the simplest and quickest to apply—it looks something like a sticky bracelet you'd get at a rock show. The most commonly used seal comprises a pair of metal discs each about the size of a quarter attached to a thin piece of wire. The IAEA installs and checks about 20,000 of these metallic seals every year.
The wire on a metallic seal might be run through a handle or latch in the manner you'd use a cable lock to secure a laptop. The ends are then pinched between the metal discs, one of which is embossed with "IAEA" and a special identification number. The wire isn't meant to prevent entry; it's just sturdy enough to withstand accidental bumps and tugs. But broken seals can't be reinstalled without a new pair of discs, and they're very difficult to counterfeit.
Once the metal coins are removed at the Isfahan plant, IAEA officials will take them back to agency headquarters. Each seal has a series of lines of varying orientations scratched into its inside surface. Inspectors can verify the seal's authenticity by comparing its unique scratches to photographs the agency keeps on file.
Metallic and adhesive seals are good for one use, and then discarded. In the case of materials that must be safeguarded and checked for extended periods, the agency uses more sophisticated contraptions. In a fiber optic seal, strands of fiber optic wire are pressed together in a clear, plastic case upon installation and cut in an irregular pattern. Unlike the metallic seal, the fiber optic device doesn't need to be broken to be checked for tampering—inspectors can simply take a digital photograph to examine the cut ends. The IAEA also uses an electronic seal that detects breaks using a beam of light that circulates every quarter of a second. Any interruption of that pattern gets stored online; inspectors can review evidence of tampering by downloading this information.
In North Korea, as in Iran, U.N. seals didn't seal the deal. In 2002, the North Korean government broke IAEA seals and destroyed surveillance equipment at a five-megawatt nuclear reactor north of Pyongyang.
Explainer thanks Corey Gay Hinderstein of the Institute for Science and International Security and Terence Taylor of the International Institute for Strategic Studies. | <urn:uuid:b30173c5-7a30-450b-909d-af405fa7eeec> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2005/08/how_do_you_seal_a_nuclear_plant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446997.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00240-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930883 | 649 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Finding online safety curriculum for elementary students that in informative and engaging isn’t always easy. The other day I stumbled upon two online stories that make learning about online safety fun and educational.
Both resources are from Media Smarts, Canada’s Centre for Digital and Media Literacy.
The first is “Privacy Playground: The First Adventure of the Three Cyberpigs” (http://mediasmarts.ca/game/privacy-playground-first-adventure-three-cyberpigs).
This interactive story, which is designed for ages 8-10, introduces the CyberPigs who play on their favorite website and encounter marketing ploys, spam and a close encounter with a not-too-friendly wolf.
Follow this adventure with “CyberSense and Nonsense: The Second Adventure of the Three Cyberpigs” (http://mediasmarts.ca/game/cybersense-and-nonsense-second-adventure-three-cyberpigs).
Now the Cyberpigs learn about authenticating information they see online and learn that you can’t believe everything you read.
Both come with an accompanying Teacher’s Guide that explains how to play the game, gives background information, and provides activities and handouts for classroom use. | <urn:uuid:426f71e4-db1b-4606-91d1-aca54c243280> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://blog.discoveryeducation.com/blog/2012/09/17/online-safety-lesson-material/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358469.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128043743-20211128073743-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.868037 | 271 | 3.734375 | 4 |
During his first five years of life, light and dark helped him navigate his world. Then, his blindness became complete. Yet even as his sight quenched, Esref Armagan drew, using touch to capture the external world, then re-creating those mental images in sand, his fingers tracing the edges to make sure the pictures matched those in his brain.
Today, Armagan renders his mental representations onto paper fixed to a rubberized tablet. His fingers are guided by his pencil’s depressions, allowing him to produce an image resembling the one his brain has built.
To investigate how this artist’s brain constructs a visual world from touch alone, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, an HMS professor of neurology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and colleagues turned to functional magnetic resonance imaging. As expected, as Armagan drew, the frontal–parietal region of his cortex became active—this area is known to transform perception into two-dimensional imagery and to coordinate sensory–motor information in sighted and nonsighted artists alike. What surprised the researchers was the robust activity in Armagan’s occipital cortex, a region devoted to visual processing.
These findings suggest to Pascual-Leone that the occipital cortex plays a key role in supporting mental representations—even without the aid of vision. | <urn:uuid:8369f0f0-0dc7-458d-8dc2-8037bba510d1> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://hms.harvard.edu/news/harvard-medicine/magic-touch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987775.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00174-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967114 | 280 | 3.484375 | 3 |
In conversation today with James Reed, he and I enjoyed another twist: “I feel therefore I may become.”
Here’s the passage from Robinson:
Descartes said, ‘I think therefore I am.’ As Robert Witkin pointed out, an equally powerful starting point would have been, ‘I feel therefore I am.’ Feelings are a constant dimension of human consciousness. To be is to feel. ‘Feelings’ encompass a wide range of subjective states, from calm intuitions to raging physical furies. Feelings are evaluations: for example, grief at a death, elation at a birth, pleasure at success, depression at a failure, disappointment at unfulfillment. Feelings are forms of perception. How we feel about something is an expression of our relationship with it. We experience a wide range of feelings precisely because of the complexity of our perceptions of events, other people and ourselves. …
Throughout the history of state education there has been a contest between the mainstream view that ‘reason’ and ‘objective’ knowledge should dominate education, and those who have argued for forms of education based on personal development and the expression of feelings. These views have come respectively from the rationalist traditions of the Enlightenment and the expressive traditions of the Romanticism. They have led to two different concepts of individualism. Both have compounded the division of intellect and emotion. This tension is not only in education. It bubbles up in many different ways in Western culture at large.
[Update: A related piece, from Neil Postman and Charles Weingartner’s Teaching as a Subversive Activity.]
[P]eople ‘happen’ as wholes in process. Their ‘minding’ processes are simultaneous functions, not discrete compartments. You have never met anyone who was ‘thinking,’ who was not at the same time also ’emoting,’ ‘spiritualizing,’ and for that matter, ‘livering.’ When the old progressive educationists spoke of teaching ‘the whole child,’ they were not being idealistic. They were being descriptive. Teachers have no other alternative than to teach the whole child. The fact that teachers exclude ‘the emotions’ and ‘the spirit’ from their lessons does not, of course, mean that those processes are unaffected by what the teacher does. Plato said that, in order for education to accomplish its purpose, reason must have an adequate emotional base, and Dewey spoke often of ‘collateral learning,’ by which he meant most of the learnings that occur while the teacher is dealing with ‘the intellect.’ | <urn:uuid:37fa05af-e7c9-4901-badc-bd3a156ab358> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.solvingforpattern.org/2013/05/06/to-be-is-to-feel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922463.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031211812-20201101001812-00657.warc.gz | en | 0.971171 | 564 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Pocket Wilderness Areas
Pocket Wilderness Areas are part of a conservation program involving a corporate-state partnership. Beginning in 1970, the Hiwassee Land Company of the Bowater Southern Paper Corporation developed in Tennessee four pocket wilderness areas, defined as "a pocket of land set aside for preservation in its natural state, with no logging or development other than hiking trails permitted within its boundaries." (1) The areas contain national and state recreational trails and are designated state natural areas. The first pocket wilderness area was the Virgin Falls State Natural Area, which contains 317 acres along the Caney Fork River in White County. Its most spectacular attraction is the 110-foot Virgin Falls. Laurel-Snow State Natural Area, located near Dayton in Rhea County, contains 710 acres. It includes two stunning waterfalls, Laurel Falls and Snow Falls. The Stinging Fork State Natural Area has 104 acres near Spring City; it features the 30-foot-high Stinging Fork Falls. The Honey Creek State Natural Area in Scott County is within the Big South Fork National Recreational Area. Honey Creek's 109 acres lie along the creek's gorges at the junction with the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River and the area has a rugged five-mile trail. Many groups have commended the pocket wilderness program, including the Tennessee General Assembly, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the Tennessee Conservation League, and the Tennessee Trails Association.
Published » December 25, 2009 | Last Updated » January 01, 2010 | <urn:uuid:475328f7-85ec-441e-b849-298c51574651> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1065 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540975.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00235-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931553 | 301 | 2.78125 | 3 |
European Union: Unemployment and Poverty
The number of people that are unemployed in the European union as a whole stood at over 18 million in 1994, almost 11% of the workforce and, though the prospects over the next year or two are for some increase in the growth of employment, the number of unemployed seems unlikely to decline very rapidly in the near future. Unemployment therefore remains the major economic and social problem confronting the European Union. While countries inthe Union face a common problem, however, its scale and characteristics vary a good deal between countries, and between regions within countries.
Recent Changes in Employment
The recent recession had a severe impact on employment in most member states. The numbers employed in the European Union as a whole declined by 4% in the three years 1991 to 1994, twice as much as any previous fall over a comparable period since World War II. As a result, 6 million jobs were effectively lost over this period.
A rough measure of success of economies in providing jobs for their citizens is the ratio of employment to population of
working age, the employment rate. Across the Union as a whole, the employment rate peaked at 62% in 1992 and fell to under 60% in 1994, after 8 years of continuous increase. This compares with rates of 70% in the US and 78% in Japan.
Recent Changes in Unemployment
The widespread fall in employment led to a steep rise in unemployment. After falling to 7,5% in 1990 from a peak of just under 10% in 1985, the average rate rose to a new peak of just over 11% in 1994. By contrast in the US, unemployment fell to under 6,5% in 1994 and in Japan, it remained below 3%.
The increase in unemployment was particularly pronounced in Finland and Sweden, the rate rising from 3,5% to 18,5% in Finland, and from under 2% to almost 10% in Sweden, in both cases after many years of unemployment below the European average.
In the former East Germany, unemployment rose from under 11% in 1991 to almost 16% in 1994. In Spain the rate rose from just over 16% to over 24%, still the highest in Europe.
Since the peak rate reached in the Spring of 1994, unemployment in the Union has come down, but only very slowly. Although growth of GDP in the Union seems to have resumed in mid–1993, this as yet has had a minimal impact on the number of people out of work.
Employment of Men and Women
A long term trend has been for the number of men in employment to decline and for the number of women to increase. In the ten years before 1985, the number of men employed fell by 4%, while the number of women expanded by 10%. In the years of high job growth at the end of the 1980s, the trend decline in male employment was halted and the number with work went up by 4,5%. Since 1990, however, the long–term trend has resumed and the number of men in employment has fallen markedly. While the employment of women has also fallen, the decline has been very much less.
The main cause for this is the decrease of jobs in industries where men account for 75% of the workforce.
Unemployment of Men and Women
Despite the larger job losses suffered by men, the rate of unemployment among women remains higher (averaging around 12,5%) than for men (averaging just over 9,5%). The only member states where the reverse is the case are Finland, Sweden and the UK. Since the peak unemployment rate in 1994, the rate for men has fallen slightly more than that for women, in the European Union.
Labour Force Growth
The numbers in the labour force, which expanded by almost 1% a year in the second half of the 1980s as employment increased, contracted during the recession years between 1990 and 1994. The lack of job opportunities led men in particular to either withdraw from the labour force or to delay entry. At the same time the upward trend in the proportion of women looking for work slowed appreciably during the last four years. These developments had a marked effect in preventing unemployment rising even more than it did.
It also indicates that there is a substantial amount of people who do not appear in the unemployment figures but who, nevertheless, would like to work if only jobs were available.
Re–employment: The Strategy of the European Union
Five key areas of policy were emphasised by the European Council as being of major importance for tackling the Union’s employment problems:
* improve employment opportunities for the labour force by promoting investment in vocational training. There is a strong long–term shift in the structure of jobs from less skilled to more skilled.
* increasing the employment intensity of growth, in particular by
- a more flexible organisation of work time and hours of work
- a moderate wage policy (below increases in productivity)
- the promotion of initiatives, particularly at regional and local level, that create jobs which take account of new requirements, e.g. in the environmental and social service spheres.
* reducing non–wage labour costs
* introducing incentives to the individual to continue seeking employment; move from a passive to an active labour market policy
* implementing particular measures to help school leavers who have virtually no qualifications, by offering them either employment or training.
Equal Opportunities for Women?
Women for the past 20 years or more have accounted for the entire growth of the Union’s work force. The Union advocates that women have equal access to education and training.
In 1994, 14,5% of women with no qualifications beyond basic schooling were unemployed (men 12%), and just over 7,5% of the women with university degrees or the equivalent were unemployed (men 5,5%).
Education therefore is not sufficient to overcome apparent discrimination. Prospects for women’s employment in relatively low skilled activities such as sales and general services are, in fact, better than for men, but while growth in these areas may help to absorb the large numbers of women unemployed, whether openly or hidden, there is also a need to increase the opportunities for women in middle and higher level jobs.
In 1994 only 5% of women in employment were classified as managers, as opposed to 8,5% of men. Just under 16% of women worked as tecnicians as against just under 12% of men, and a slightly higher proportion of women than men were classed as professionals.
Overall, therefore, proportionately more women than men are in jobs likely to require relatively high skills. At the same time more detailed studies suggest that a much smaller proportion of these women than men work in private business as opposed to the public sector –in education, for example– and that, in general, their level of authority and responsibility tends to be lower than that of men.
In almost all countries of the Union participation rates of women of 15 to 24 in education and training are similar to those of men, though fewer study science, engineering and technology–related subjects. But equality in education does not automatically mean equality in access to jobs commensurate with their skills. Women who leave the labour market when they have children face particular problems when they return.
A savings bank in Denmark in which 57% of staff were women, but only 5% of whom held serious managerial posts as against 93% who were secretaries, introduced training courses for women wanting to become managers. The aim was to overcme perceptions of career advancement being an "all or nothing process" and to help women define a long term career plan, combining the company’s needs with their personal circumstances. In a few years, the number of women managers has increased to 20%.
Reduced Working Time as a Means of Increasing Employment
A widespread, though very gradual trend is towards greater flexibility in working time arrangements. This has been accompanied by a growth of part–time working, a reduction in the standard full–time week and (in some countries) the introduction of career break options.
Though the precise impact on jobs is hard to estimate, average hours have tended to decline over the long–term in the Union and this has contributed to increasing or maintaining the total number of people in employment. Between 1985 and 1990 average hours worked declined from just under 40 per week to 39. In the years of recession from 1990 to 1994 the rate of reduction was less.
In many countries there has been an increased focus on part–time working. While in many cases basic conditions of employment may not be greatly inferior to those for full–time workers, it is, nevertheless, the case that part–time employees may be penalised in a number of ways, such as in terms of their career prospects or exercising their trade union rights.
The occurence of part–time work differs per country: 36,5% in the Netherlands, whereas in Spain, Italy and Portugal it still represents under 8% of employment.
The growth of part–time working raises a number of issues to do not only with reductions in working time and work–sharing, but also with the terms and conditions of employment attached to such jobs and the status of the people taking them. From one perspective, part–time jobs are a means of enabling women especially but also some men to more easily reconcile family responsibilities with working careers. From another perspective, they represent inferior jobs with limited career prospects which are taken up o nly because those concerned have no alternative option. In 1994, two–thirds of all women working part–time were doing so because they did not want a full–time job, though only one–third of men.
Unemployment of Young People
Despite the efforts made in the last decade, the rate of youth unemployment in the Union was in 1995 not much different, at over 20% for both men and women, from the level reached in the mid–80s. Rates in Spain (42%) and Italy (34%) remain extremely high, as they do in Finland, France and Greece (all over 25%).
There remains a serious problem of youth unemployment in the Union, and in most countries it relates to the 20 to 24 age group.
The scale of long–term unemployment has not changed greatly overthe past decade. In 1994, almost half (48%) of those unemployed had been out of work for a year or more, and more than half of these for two years or more.
Apart from Italy and Greece, more than elsewhere, it is particularly a problem of the young, long–term unemployment affects older members of the labour force more than younger ones. Of the unemployed in the Union aged between 55 and 59 in 1994, 55% had been so for a year or more, and almost two–thirds of them had been looking for a job for at least two years.
Poverty and Social Exclusion
Data on poverty and social exclusion are in many cases not available or of only limited comparability. In 1989 the Council of Ministers adopted a resolution on combating social exclusion. An "Observatory on National Policies to combat social exclusion" was created by the European Commission, and an annual report is produced by independant experts, to study the efforts of Member States.
In the second annual report, social exclusion is defined in relation to social rights of citizens. "Within the countries of the EU, it is generally taken for granted that each citizen has the right to a certain basic standard of living and to participate in the major social and occupational institutions of the society. This right may or may not be expressed in legal terms; it may or may not be rooted in custom and tradition; and it may be precise or only vague in its formulation."
Social rights are not the same across the member states. Nor do rights remain the same over time. During recent years many governments have changed social security legislation and increased the use of means–tested benefits, carrying the risk of stigma, and discretionary benefits, where the element of rights is much weaker.
The estimate is that across the European Union more than 52 million people (15%) people live in poverty. In 1989 the European Council defined poor people as "those whose resources (material, cultural and social) are so low that they are excluded from the minimum acceptable ways of life in the Member State where they live".
In 1995 the European Commission in its report on the Poverty 3 programme referred to estimates of poverty in the member states around the year 1988, based on research done by the Erasmus University Rotterdam. The research estimates how many households live under the threshold of 50% of the average income. It is stressed that the information was prepared before the unification of Germany, and for years in which there was economic growth and jobs were created. Since this date, poverty has certainly increased.
|Country||Year||% of households under 50% of average income|
* Before the unification
The Second Annual report of the Observatory on National Policies to combat social exclusion examines among other things the risk for social exclusion of specific population categories.
The report says that there is good evidence that because of improvements in occupational and state pension schemes the elderly form a declining proportion of the low income population in most EC countries. Despite this general improvement, some older people remain relatively neglected by the existing welfare systems. This is true in particular of women. However, the pattern of neglect varies significantly between countries.
The report points at two developments which could increase the risk of neglect faced by elderly people at the hands of welfare systems. First, the high unemployment of the 1980s is likely to produce a new generation of pensioners among whom significant numbers will have incomplete insurance contribution records. In their retirement, the long–term unemployed of today will continue to be disadvantaged relative to their contemporaries.
Second, the ageing of the elderly population will become even more pronounced over the next 20 years or so. This has two consequences: growing pension costs, and increasing numbers of old people requiring long–term social care, which in many countries is underdeveloped.
People With Disabilities
Detailed information about people with disabilities varies greatly between countries.
People with disabilities are at considerable risk of becoming socially excluded: in part because of inadequacies in social care services, in part because of barriers to labour market participation.
Some countries stipulate quota of jobs which are reserved for (partially) disabled people. In others the emphasis is upon employers to take people with disabilities into ordinary jobs. In general these schemes seem to be ineffective.
Women tend to be confined within low paid jobs; and most of them enjoy less social protection than men. They are more likely to be confined at home, caring for the very young and the very old, especially as policies for the elderly increasingly stress the role of "community care" and take for granted that the burden of this can fall on those with informal carers, mostly women.
These disadvantages must be understood as being in part the result of the major social, fiscal and employment policies in these fields. In some countries the tax system discriminates against earnings by married women; and the social welfare system can also create disincentives for married women to work. So can childcare costs, and the non–availability of childcare facilities.
Women are over represented among single parents, a population group at considerable risk of being on low incomes.
Migrants and Ethnics Minorities
Migrant workers and their families within the EU countries enjoy rights –or suffer from a lack of rights– depending primarily upon their nationality. EU nationals will increasingly enjoy the same formal rights as citizens of the host country; legal immigrants from outside the EU have much more restricted rights; clandestine immigrants have the fewest. Corresponding to this graduation of rights, such migrants and their families will be –and are– exposed to insecurity in the whole range of social policies.
The second annual report on social exclusion in 1992 mentions some examples of discrimination and disadvantage:
* In Italy, immigrants are excluded from public housing, although some regions include them if they have been legally resident in Italy for at least one year; in Rome almost one fifth of immigrants are homeless. Many are not registered for health care and end up using hospital emergency services.
* In the UK, unemployment rates for minority ethnic workers in 1990 were higher than those for whites, although they had been falling at a faster rate since 1986. Unemployment among West Indian or Guyanese men, for example, fell from 26% in 1986 to 13% in 1990; but it remained nearly double the rate for all men, which was 7%.
Clandestine immigrants are, almost by definition, excluded socially and in many other ways. Without social security and concentrated in the black economy, these people have fewest prospects within the host country. During the 1990s policy debates in relation to migration are likely to be dominated by concern over clandestine immigration from poorer countries outside the European Union. For some in the European Union this is seen as a threat to the existing are "social order", and xenophobic attitudes become more common.
In the beginning of the 90s national policies in some countries appeared to oscillate between repression and amnesty. There are also now more active deportation procedures in some countries, with little right to appeal.
With substantial increases in the numbers of people seeking asylum, new measures to control asylum have been introduced by governments and new controls on fraud have been proposed and adopted in several countries. | <urn:uuid:998ef906-e030-4061-b15f-14aed2697e30> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.socialwatch.org/node/11330 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645191214.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031311-00062-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968712 | 3,525 | 2.96875 | 3 |
- Animals: poultry
- Animal Production: feed/forage, free-range, grazing management, manure management, pasture fertility, pasture renovation, grazing - rotational
- Crop Production: no-till, nutrient cycling, organic fertilizers
- Education and Training: demonstration, display, farmer to farmer, networking, on-farm/ranch research, youth education
- Farm Business Management: new enterprise development, budgets/cost and returns, feasibility study, agricultural finance, whole farm planning
- Pest Management: biological control, competition, cultural control, physical control
- Production Systems: transitioning to organic, organic agriculture, integrated crop and livestock systems
- Soil Management: composting, organic matter
- Sustainable Communities: community planning, ethnic differences/cultural and demographic change, infrastructure analysis, leadership development, local and regional food systems, urban/rural integration, analysis of personal/family life, community services, sustainability measures
Poultry and egg production on Guam has been limited to backyard and small farm production. All larger production farms have shut down operations and have closed due to adverse weather, degradation of facilities and increased feed costs. Guam imports 95% of all its consumables. Fuel surcharges continue to increase, the result is an increase of those consumables. As the price of feed continues to rise it becomes increasingly difficult to operate a small poultry farm. Feed cost consist of well over 30% of farm cost.
Vegetable and fruit production are the larger percent of agriculture industry on Guam. The increase cost of material and supplies also influence horticulture farms. All fertilizers sprays and manures are all imported. Fertilizers are heavily used because of the lack of Nitrogen components in the islands soils.
This project was designed to combine poultry egg production and small scale vegetable production using a paddock style rotation. Moving poultry stock to new pasture at correct time intervals can reduce commercial feed input by open grazing and leaving manure residue resulting in minimum or no added fertilizers to soils. Problems with conventional poultry design to include high concentrations of manures resulting in ammonias and other gases unhealthy to the livestock and human counterparts.
Pullets being used for this project arrived Guam on August 12 2016. Three hundred were separated in two different brooders. At 1 month pullets were put on the ground. October new hen house completed. At 2.25 months pullets were separated into perspective locations. Total mortality rate to this point was at 15 percent. Preliminary Pasturing of hens began at 4 months. Observation of feed usage begins. Current age of Hens are at 5 months. Anticipation of egg production is at 6 months. Project will also conclude egg production quantity differences and product quality with two different practices. The next phase of this project will conclude outcomes and challenges and can educate the islands community on economic sustainability through proper production management.
Budget Expenditures to date, New Pullets $1095.00, Materials and Supply $2501.32. Commercial Feed $3211.50. Labor $600.00, Total $7502.82
1. Determine feed consumption and cleanup times to reduce feed input and maximize available pasture.
2.Establish and manage small scale vegetable crop production through use of livestock manure deposits and their ability to control pests while improving environmental and soil fertility conditions.
3.Showcase the importance of livestock production through pasture management decreasing the need and use of commercial feed.
4. Provide an easy step by step guide on efficient poultry and egg production for local farmers and producers through planned field survey days when egg production stabilizes. | <urn:uuid:9fb12fda-621f-4f3c-b004-6400f2b90634> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://projects.sare.org/sare_project/fw16-030/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743732.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117185331-20181117211331-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.919809 | 735 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Q: Here’s one that’s been bugging me. When referring to something written, is it fair game to use the verbs “say,” “tell,” “talk,” and “speak”? I’m thinking of a sentence like this: “She told me in an email she’d be late.” And, by extension, can a watch or a radio say something? For example, “My watch says we’re five minutes late.”
A: All of the verbs you mention – “say,” “tell,” “talk,” and “speak” – can be used to refer to written as well as oral communications. Here’s what the Oxford English Dictionary has to say (see what I mean?) about each of them.
(1) “Say”: One meaning is “to utter or pronounce (a specified word or words, or an articulate sound). Also, in wider sense, used of an author or a book, with quoted words as object.” The word is used “of a speaker, writer; also of a literary composition, a proverb, etc.”
So well-established is this sense of “say,” according to the OED, that “its use with reference to written expression does not ordinarily, like the similar use of speak, involve any consciousness of metaphor.”
As for whether a watch or a radio can say something, this is a legitimate usage too. The OED notes that “say” can be used “with an inanimate item as subject: to communicate or represent; esp. of a clock, calendar, etc., to show (a certain time or date); of a notice, to state (a certain message).”
(2) “Tell”: One of the definitions given is “to make known by speech or writing; to communicate (information, facts, ideas, news, etc.); to state, announce, report, intimate.” No problem there either.
(3) “Talk”: The primary meaning is of course to communicate by using speech. But the OED says it is also used “by extension: To convey information in some other way, as by writing, with the fingers, eyes, etc.”
(4) “Speak”: Principally, this means “to utter or pronounce words or articulate sounds; to use or exercise the faculty of speech; to express one’s thoughts by words.” But another meaning is “to state or declare in writing, etc.”
And here’s another use: “Of a writer, literary composition, etc.: To make a statement or declaration in words; to state or say.” And “speak of” means “to mention, or discourse upon, in speech or writing.”
Although it’s fine to say a book “speaks” or “talks” of something, I think it’s venturing a little too far into metaphor to use those verbs with a newspaper. A newspaper article or columnist may “speak” or “talk,” but I’m not ready to accept that a newspaper itself can.
How about other inanimate physical objects? Can they speak or talk? Only if they produce sounds, like radios, TVs, smartphones, computers and so on. | <urn:uuid:118305aa-0f8f-4d93-8d03-85d604c38435> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.grammarphobia.com/blog/2009/06/a-few-telling-remarks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273663.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00263-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948831 | 749 | 3.203125 | 3 |
My first grade students orally retold The Paper Bag Princess by Robert N. Munsch (1980). It’s a fun, classic fairy tale with a twist–featuring a princess who rescues a rather arrogant prince. Retelling is such a great exercise to reinforce understanding of sequence. But it’s not just about organizing and describing events, it’s also about vocabulary and language skills.
I really enjoyed this project. I believe allowing the kids to use the retelling rope, holding each “disc” as they were organizing their thoughts, really helped them. Some of the retellings were more fluid than others, some more expressive than others. I loved seeing my students’ personalities on display!
We began by reading and discussing the book. We then spent a considerable amount of time identifying the various story elements (setting, characters, problem/solution, beginning, middle, and end) before completing a graphic organizer.
For some fun and also to introduce the idea that stories should be read and told with expression, we listened to the story read by the author himself on Tumblebooks. If you have access to the database, I encourage you to listen to Munsch’s very expressive and highly engaging reading.
To aid student retelling, I created retelling ropes to serve as visual cues. Feel free to use the template below to create your own. Or, if you have some extra funds, you could also purchase retelling ropes.
Using a rope, I modeled retelling the story for the students. Then the kids practiced in groups of three (pairing the more advanced kids with the lower kids really helped) before I recorded each student. | <urn:uuid:64b43312-8f1f-4b56-b680-47d22e82e5c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://liquidliteracy.com/2013/12/13/retelling-the-paper-bag-princess/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105108.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818194744-20170818214744-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.954362 | 346 | 3.4375 | 3 |
This is a guest post by Denny Dew. Denny writes with great passion on the subject of teenage depression. See if you agree with Denny’s take on the subject and comment below.
Depression in teenagers, and depression in general, can have a multitude of causes, amongst which fear has a major role.
Dorothy Rowe, in her book Beyond Fear, explains brilliantly how fear is transformed into depression.
It’s hard to appreciate the role of fear in producing depression, because in Western cultures repression of feelings is very strong. Fear is denied because it’s unwanted, or judged as unjustified.
Needless to say, however strong denial is, unwanted feelings keep eroding our psychological well-being until they explode in one way or another, or just make us unhappy without apparent reason.
A healthy attitude towards feelings would mean we allow ourselves to express them completely. I know that this sounds risky. We should accept this risk as we should accept the inevitable presence of risk in life. Training to manage risk should be offered to us from a young age.
Once acknowledged, fear can be transformed into courage instead of depression. This is hard to do because it requires us to defy social conformity which in Western societies is very strong.
Conformity is strong and, at the same time, we pretend to be free. This conundrum produces conflicts and a sense of guilt.
Causes of depression in teenagers: educated to be docile consumers
Human beings can, unfortunately, be psychologically manipulated in many ways. Propaganda is a well known way to manipulate people and it has a long history. Recently, it has also benefited from some scientific discoveries about the functioning of the human brain.
C.G. Jung called attention to the limits of psychological manipulation. Human nature can be manipulated, but not at leisure. It reacts eventually. Depression is one of the many possible reactions to manipulation.
If it’s true that most people accept being manipulated and live all their life accordingly, it’s also true that more and more people unconsciously foster a rejection of this manipulation that they feel offensive to their true nature.
We are manipulated first by making us emotionally dependent on our teachers who will decide what we have to learn and when. They will also instill in us the idea that our value has to be determined whether low or high, and that it will always be someone else who performs such evaluation.
This manipulation is intended to make us feel bad if we don’t conform to the expectations others have on us.
This psychological damage is intentional, and its purpose is to create an army of docile workers and consumers who have also to think of themselves as enjoying freedom when they actually don’t, and can’t think a truly autonomous thought for fear of disapproval.
Manipulation is employed to create the docile consumer who doesn’t know any more why they are consuming. To consume is a conditioned response to them.
You can hear people tell that they have to buy something to keep the economy running. This is a meaningless thought, but I’m not saying that these people are dumb, I say that they are manipulated to be dumb.
Consumption has been deliberately transformed into a conditioned response advancing the excuse that man is an animal and must be treated as such and its responses can and must be conditioned.
Many psychological schools collaborate to manipulate people by providing depictions of human nature that are intended to justify manipulation.
Actually, man is much different from an animal, and would like some respect that people driven by their selfishness can’t give.
If most of the people resign themselves to this inhuman treatment, many react with depression. Others react with violence.
This reaction can be sedated by drugs which sometimes are life-saving, and most of the times are a clear sign of the decline of humanity in our way of life.
Symptoms of depression in teenagers
Fear is on its way to becoming depression in a teenager if he or she shows one or more of these symptoms:
- disorders in regulating food intake
- troubles with sleeping; the depressed teenager could sleep too much or too little
- experiencing feelings that can be traced back to fear like anger, sense of guilt, irritability, agitation
- lack of concentration, hopelessness, worthlessness
- consumption of drugs, alcohol and smoke can be signs of depression, and they should have their causes investigated instead of being judged negatively
Depressed teenagers need immediate help if they are having thoughts of suicide.
Treatments for depression in teenagers
Depression in teenagers is a result of fear, and fear is a result of how we see ourselves and of what we think about ourselves.
The depressed teenager fears becoming a docile consumer renouncing their humanity to become well-adjusted machines in a profoundly sick society.
Very effective treatments for depression in teenagers are based on challenging and transforming the teenager’s thinking patterns into ones that are more respectful of their human nature.
During the therapy, depressed teenagers are taught to see themselves as what they actually are: human beings.
As human beings, they are capable of enjoying true freedom to buy or not without obeying the conditioned response society trains them to have.
They can regain the status of human being that society wants to deny them to transform them into dumb consumers.
Art therapy is also very effective with depression in teenagers. Art forms like music, drama, painting and writing are proposed by a trained therapist to help depressed teenagers to express freely their authentic feelings without feeling guilty or wrong in the process.
Art is therapeutic also because it’s far from being a conditioned response. It’s instead an activity the teenager can be the active subject of. They don’t have to obey any expectation, and will not suffer from any sort of emotional dependence.
With artistic expression, depressed teenagers can begin to trust their feelings instead of repressing them. They can do something they can control, instead of always obeying others. They aren’t despised if they don’t obey.
A space of truly free artistic expression is created for them to remind themselves that they aren’t animals to be conditioned.
Depression in teenagers can find solace in individual artistic creation while waiting for our culture to give space and prominence to forms of collective art.
This is a guest post by Dennis Dew. He is the author of Depression Teens Help, a web site where you can learn about depression in teenagers, its causes, symptoms and treatments. You can follow Dennis on Twitter. His handle is @DennyDew. | <urn:uuid:cdff478f-1071-4cd2-bc10-9c41c3ccd066> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://toodepressed.com/guest-views/depression-in-teenagers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997889001.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025809-00090-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958462 | 1,356 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Displaying Your Mineral Collection
IT'S WORTH SAYING in bold letters.
The focus of mineral displays should be the minerals.
You don't want the display itself to distract from your proud collected works. We've seen displays entered into competitive shows and, likely without realizing it, the owners went to a lot of trouble to make the display ineffective. Here are some suggestions to help you.
Supporting the minerals
A simple stand, if the piece won't stand up by itself, is much preferred over an elaborate decorative support, which causes the eye to compete for attention with the mineral.
For protection and storage, plastic perkey boxes work well. They snap open and closed for easy viewing, even under a microscope.
If you choose to glue the mineral into a styrofoam-lined plastic box, use a white school glue that can be soaked off. Putty for holding pictures on the wall will also work. Don't use a glue that will permantly attach to your mineral. You can press a depression into the styrofoam to make the specimen sit upright, and sometimes it takes a touch of adhesive to stay put.
Lead your eye to the minerals
Contrast your light-colored minerals against a dark background when you can. And vice versa. Clear quartz is beautiful against the dark jewel colors: deep blue, purple and burgundy, but washed out when displayed on a white or neutral gray background. If you keep your specimens in open cardboard trays, you can spray paint the individual boxes. If you are storing them in perky boxes, the styrofoam inserts can be painted using floral spray paint. Be careful with colors though, as if a background is not tastefully chosen, it will detract from, rather than enhance the viewing of the mineral.
If you have a larger display with shelves, mirrors behind your specimens are nice, but therein lies a danger. Besides the minerals and your admiring faces, what else will the mirror reflect? If you have an enormous stack of weathered cardboard flats across the room, do you really want to double the appearance of them? Next time you are at one of the museums, look at how they have their collection displayed. What parts of it look best to you and how could you use their display tactics in your own collection?
Lighting makes the difference
If your display is tastefully done, but in the dark, you have a problem. To fully appreciate what you're showing off, lighting is the difference between an okay display and one that is a prize winner. If your collection is on a shelf in your room, or in a bookcase, under-the-cabinet fluorescent lights may be a very good choice for you. If you have a place you can mount a swing arm lamp or two, being able to move the light around might be an alternate choice.
A memorable display
What makes a display effective? Not the size, for these things apply to all manners of displays, home as well as museum.
1. Attractive, clean specimens.
2. Well-trimmed pieces reveal a great deal of care going into the collection.
3. Thoughtful arrangement and sorting of pieces, showing understanding of the minerals and their associations.
4. Unobtrusive stands that enhance the viewing of the specimens, when necessary.
5. Accurate display labels that give enough, but not too much information.
6. Colors and contrast well suited to the specimens, if appropriate.
7. An attractive case that matches with the surroundings, and if possible lets the minerals be seen from different angles.
8. Good lighting.
9. Restraint in the number of pieces, reducing crowding of specimens.
One of the most memorable displays I ever saw was a simple hand-held case of thumbnail minerals. Several things made it a professional display. The case was a small wooden tray, about the size of a shoebox lid. It was constructed to perfectly hold the plastic boxes housing the minerals. The boxes and minerals were a uniform size. The minerals were brilliantly colored, and arranged by types and locations. The lid of the case held the labels, just like a Whitman Sampler cholocate candy box. The minerals were simply outstanding - showy representatives of their type. You could hold it in the light, and take out a box to see under a microscope if you wished to. It was like having a museum in your hands. Nothing from the way the case was designed detracted from the minerals. I should add that it was the result of a lifetime collection by an enthusiast, who collected, bought, sold and traded specimens.
The kind, size and number of pieces to exhibit will determine how you set up your display. You will need some kind of container - shelf, box, drawer, cabinet or bookcase. A dedicated showcase lets the viewer know these are the important items you want to display. It will keep them organized, and if covered in glass or plastic, will keep them clean.
Not everyone can afford custom cabinetry or furniture for their home display, so consider smaller alternates. Over the years Mike has graduated from one display set up to another. All have involved getting pieces of furniture that fit our spaces and showcase the minerals well. Over the years he has purchased some antique wooden cabinets with narrow drawers, some more glass cases, and some curio cabinets with lights from a furniture store. For a while, the hunt turned from bringing home rocks to finding ways to showcase them. Since you enjoy hunting and collecting, keep your eye out for cases. Sometimes other collectors can be a good source in your buying, selling and swapping. You can continue to upgrade your display as you get opportunities. If someone asks what you want for your birthday, here's a chance to ask.
What I'm saying is that a cabinet or piece of furniture might be the thing that makes your mineral collection stand out, but also shadow boxes or a collector's table might be the thing for you.
If you go to rock shows, you will need a more portable case, and that's a different story. Lighting as well as security become issues at shows. When you are at a show, look at the setups dealers have. See what is attractive, and if you would like to have something similar to it. See what the judges award prizes to, and the reasons they did so. Determine what would be best for your situation, and set your mind to achieving it. | <urn:uuid:eb9be5c3-4c83-4350-8be6-69c40698e114> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://rockhoundingar.com/display.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170823.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00105-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947222 | 1,325 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Flashcards in Clinical Vignettes Deck (12):
Please describe the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.
Lifelong buildup of Amyloid-ß42, leads to plaques; these plaques cause inflammatory responses, neurofibrillary tangles, and widespread neuronal dysfunction and loss.
What role does post translational amyloid precursor protein processing play in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease?
When the amyloid precursor protein is first cleaved by ß secretase and then by γ secretase and the remaining protein is 42 kilobases (Aß42) a disease state is possible.
What are some interventions that could delay onset or prevent development of Alzheimer's?
Find a better vaccine that creates safe antibodies to amyloids Optimally find a way to decrease beta secretaseIncrease Aß42 clearance w/statins/other drugsDecrease Aß42 toxicity
What is the relationship between prion proteins and infectious prions at the protein level?
The prion protein is the product of a chromosomal gene. All mamillian brains contain the gene that codes for the prion protein. The infectious prion is simply an alternative form of the prion protein.
How can prion disease be sporadic?
Two normal forms of the prion protein can associate and spontaneously turn into the beta pleated sheet infectious version of the same protein.
How can prion disease be infectious?
One can be exposed to dangerous prions through food or surgery and become infected.
How can prion disease be heritable?
About 10% of cases occur this way. There can be a mutation in the prion protein gene that leads to the formation of the infectious prion protein.
What is the relationship between bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD)?
In Britain, the peak in vCJD occurred about 6-8 years after the peak in BSE in cattle. This is because people were eating the cattle and the prion was taking its sweet time to come into effect as some do. Moo.
What is a prion strain"?"
Some types of prions have distinct characteristic features such as incubation time in defined host, clinical signs, distribution of protease resistant PrP in brain of affected animal. These features are stable on serial propagation. Certain biochemical properties of PrPSc appear to be strain-specific.
Describe the criteria for classifying a hereditary cancer syndrome as Li Fraumeni syndrome.
Threefold:1. Proband with sarcoma diagnosed before 45 years of age, AND2. A first degree relative with any cancer under 45 years of age, AND3. A first or second degree relative with any cancer under 45, or a sarcoma at any age.
What is the Knudson two hit hypothesis?
First, a hit could damage a germline p53 allele and mutate it (tumor suppressor). Then, a second hit to the DNA could damage another gene, like an oncogene, and activate it. Then you get cancer. | <urn:uuid:fe76c3ed-805b-491a-a43e-d88f969843d4> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/clinical-vignettes-4382764/packs/6553933 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211935.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817084620-20180817104620-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.913522 | 647 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Western blue flag [Iris
missouriensis Nutt.][Bayer code: none][CDFA list: C] Photographs
Douglas iris [Iris douglasiana
Herbert][Bayer code: none][CDFA list: C] Photographs
SYNONYMS:western blue flag: wild iris
DESCRIPTION:Perennials with creeping
rhizomes, showy flowers, and tall, erect, sword- or grass-like leaves.
Both species are native to California and under most circumstances
are not troublesome weeds. However, in highly disturbed places,
such as heavily grazed meadows and some forestry sites, these hardy plants
can aggressively proliferate and form extensive, dense stands as other native
plants decline. Leaves and rhizomes are toxic if ingested, but rarely consumed
by livestock because of the bitter taste.
SEEDLINGS:Leaves similar to those of mature plants, but much smaller.
PLANT:Leaves alternate, oriented in 1 plane,
parallel-veined; with bases overlapping, sheathing and sharply folded along
the midvein. Leaf surfaces covered with a waxy cuticle.
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and UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES:Rhizomes tuber-like,
creeping, with shallow fibrous roots.
FLOWERS:Parts in 3s. Stigmas flat, scale-like on the underside
of the petal-like style branches.
and SEEDS:Capsules oblong, 3-chambered.
Seeds numerous, vertically compressed, in 1 or 2 rows in each chamber.
PROPAGATION/PHENOLOGY:Reproduce vegetatively from rhizomes and by seed. Leaves
die back during periods of drought or below freezing tempertatures.
disturbance aids survival of other native species and helps keep iris populations
SPECIES:Yellowflag iris [Iris pseudacorus L.][IRIPS],
a yellow-flowered introduction from Europe, can be troublesome in moist
soils near pond margins, irrigation ditches, and wetland sites in the San
Francisco Bay region and southern San Joaquin Valley. Only yellowflag iris
has all of the following characteristics: rhizomes 3-4 cm diameter,
branched flower stems 50-150 cm tall, stigmas rounded,
leaves 1-2.5 cm wide, capsules 5-8 cm long. To 100 m (330 ft).
In addition, there are at least 11 other native Iris species in California.
However, these species are typically not weedy and do not have all of the
highlighted characteristics listed for each species above.
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Prevention and control:
These Iris spp. are native to California, but have been reported as problematic
in some heavily grazed meadow and pasture areas of the state. Iris missouriensis
grows in montane areas, usually in moist sites, but I. douglasiana occurs
more in open fields and along the coast, generally in areas that are not wet.
It tends to intergrade inland in a complex pattern associated with I. macrosiphon,
I. purdyi and perhaps I. fernaldii, none of which survive in wet areas.
Western blue flag has been reported to be toxic to livestock, but both species
are highly unpalatable and poisoning is very rare. These species can withstand
heavy trampling due to rapid regeneration from rootstocks. Overgrazing and
excessive trampling result in a weakening of other vegetation, and allow Iris
to increase, thus becoming a problem to ranchers. Dense stands of iris may
also result in reduced quality of wildlife habitat. Meadow forbs are an important
component of the meadow sage grouse diet, and may decline where Iris is overabundant.
It is important to recognize that these Iris spp. are a natural component
of the meadow ecosystem, and should not be eradicated. However, in situations
where they have become the dominant species, employing management strategies
may be beneficial for both ranchers and wildlife. There are, however, limited
solutions for iris management after it has become a problem. Therefore, the
best solution is to develop a grazing management plan, which prevents livestock
from excessive meadow utilization. At minimum, a rough estimate of iris populations
should mapped, to determine their initial distribution. Subsequent observations
should be made to determine if Iris appear to be increasing. Rapid increases
in the population may be an indication of overuse of the meadow, and the current
grazing strategy may need to be modified.
In situations where iris dominate the meadow composition, a more aggressive
strategy may be needed. Iris plants may be hand dug and the roots exposed
in the sun to dry. Grazing should be deferred until grasses and forbs recolonize
the disturbed areas. Iris may also be suppressed by mowing. However, regrowth
will likely occur, especially if soil moisture is plentiful.
Iris may also be chemically controlled with spot applications of 2,4-D. Application
rate should be 2-4 lbs ae 2,4-D per 100 gallons of water. Applications should
be made when iris is in early bloom. These Iris spp. have a thick waxy cuticle
and thorough wetting of the foliage is critical for control. 2,4-D may injure
or kill broadleaf plants it contacts. Therefore spot applications directly
to individual plants may improve selectivity.
There has also been some research that indicated removing grazing for three
years may effectively reduce iris populations to normal levels, with or without
herbicide use. This type of passive management strategy may depend upon environmental
conditions and the vegetational composition of the meadow. No details of these
factors were reported, and the underlying reasons for the iris reductions | <urn:uuid:317419e2-345f-40e8-980b-ef0647fe4f95> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/iris.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737833893.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221713-00048-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878458 | 1,257 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In 1886, after serving as acting librarian for three years, George William Harris was officially appointed Librarian of Cornell University. Born in Nova Scotia, Harris was a graduate of the Cornell Class of 1873.
Under Harris’s administration, Cornell continued to expand its library. In 1885, Cornell acquired the Merritt King Library, some 4,060 volumes. This collection became the nucleus of the library for the new Law School, officially established in 1886. At the same time, Andrew Dickson White had also decided to present his personal library of more than thirty thousand volumes to the University, in exchange for a new fireproof building for the University Library. His impressive library included volumes on witchcraft, the Protestant Reformation, the French Revolution, and the Civil War.
During this time, Cornell pioneered the use of electricity for lighting, both outdoors and indoors. By 1885, the library became one of the first in the country to be lit by electricity, allowing it to be open in the evenings. Library hours were now from 8 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Meanwhile, the Cornell Library had outgrown its quarters in McGraw Hall. In 1892, the University Library (now Uris Library) was constructed to house the expanding collections. It was designed by Ithaca architect William Henry Miller, with a tower that has become the symbol of Cornell. The building itself was regarded as the finest college library in the country. The stacks were fireproof, and the building provided ample seminar and lecture rooms. It had space for 400,000 books. At the time, the Cornell collection included some 105,000 volumes.
With the move into the new building, Harris created his own classification system. Based on the British Library system, it was a fixed location device, consisting of shelf numbers that followed a loose systematic arrangement by subject.
Harris also oversaw the creation of Cornell’s third unit library, with the establishment of the first state-supported college at Cornell, the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, in 1894. Former Governor Roswell P. Flowers gave $5,000 for a library for the school in 1897, and four years later, his widow added a $10,000 endowment for the Flower Library in his memory.While serving as Librarian, Harris also edited the ten year book of 1888 (Cornell’s first alumni directory) and the library bulletin. he resigned his position as Cornell librarian in 1915. | <urn:uuid:f4cb694b-9a2f-403a-9c18-05601d87250c> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/libraryhistory/librarians/harris.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296951.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00052-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976759 | 504 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The Kayapo are a powerful and well-known Brazilian tribe who inhabit a vast area of the Amazon across the Central Brazilian Plateau.
The Kayapo people are a tribe of about 8,638 indigenous (native) peoples who live in the Amazon Rainforest.
5 • RELIGION The Kayapos believe that at death a person goes to the village of the dead, where people sleep during the day and hunt at night. There, old people become younger and children become older. In that village in the afterlife, Kayapos believe they have their own traditional assembly building.
The Kayapo also call themselves “Mebengokre,” which means “people of the wellspring.” The Kayapo live in part of the Amazon rainforest. The Kayapo grow vegetables, eat wild fruits and Brazil nuts, and hunt fish, monkey, and turtle to eat. They use over 650 plants in the rainforest for medicine.
Kayapo have fiercely protected their vast territory but face increased pressure from illegal incursions for goldmining, logging, commercial fishing, and ranching.
Mẽbêngôkre, sometimes referred to as Kayapó (Mẽbêngôkre: Mẽbêngôkre kabẽn [mẽbeŋoˈkɾɛ kaˈbɛ̃n]) is a Northern Jê language (Jê, Macro-Jê) spoken by the Kayapó and the Xikrin people in the north of Mato Grosso and Pará in Brazil.
The Kayapo’s land is also under threat from logging and some farmers want to clear the rainforest to make fields for cattle. In an effort to preserve some of the remaining natural wilderness, laws have been passed banning development in sections of the rainforest. These protected areas of land are called reserves.
The Kayapo people protect one of the largest regions of the Amazon Rainforest in the world. With this way of life, PURE Energies found it inspiring and embarked on a journey to learn from the Kayapo people what independence, leadership and sustainability mean in the most remote corners of the world.
The Kayapó (ka-yah-POH), who call themselves Mẽbêngôkre (meh-bingo-KRAY), are a dynamic Indigenous people of more than 12,000 individuals. Surviving centuries of warfare and forced migration, they use their warrior heritage to protect their lands from new invaders.
The Korubo, also known as the “clubber Indians” because of their war clubs, live in the region surrounding the confluence of the Ituí and Itaquaí rivers in the Javari valley. Most of the population (more than 200 people) still lives in isolation, moving between the Ituí, Coari and Branco rivers.
The Kayapo people use shifting cultivation, a type of farming where land is cultivated for a few years, after which the people move to a new area. New farmland is cleared and the old farm is allowed to replenish itself.
Language Information Most tribes will speak some Portuguese or Spanish along with their tribe’s particular language and perhaps neighboring tribes as well. Some of the largest language families of the Amazon are Tupian, Macro-Je, Cariban, Arawakan, Panoan and Tuanoan.
Since the early 1980s, several Kayapó communities have acquired considerable wealth by allowing outsiders to exploit their natural resources ( especially gold and timber ) and receiving a portion of the proceeds.
Recently featured on the cover of National Geographic, the Kayapo are adopting modern technology like cell phones and Facebook while continuing to maintain their cultural traditions and protect the forest.
Indigenous Peoples are distinct social and cultural groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live, occupy or from which they have been displaced. There are between 370 and 500 million Indigenous Peoples worldwide, in over 90 countries.
Our rainforests are not just home to animals and plants; they are also home to groups of people. There are many tribes of people who call the rainforest home but the most well-known are the Yanomami tribe, the pygmy tribe and the Huli tribe. The Yanomami Tribe. The Yanomami tribe live in the South American rainforest. | <urn:uuid:41df1e33-4201-40e4-97d2-71b0cf4a4499> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://mundomayafoundation.org/interesting/where-is-the-kayapo-tribe-located-top-5-tips.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710808.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201085558-20221201115558-00655.warc.gz | en | 0.953075 | 918 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Teachers know it is absolutely key to incorporate holiday themed learning throughout the month of December. Otherwise, we lose our students to Santa Claus, gifts, ornaments, and frosted cookies! This expanded form Christmas tree is a great way to practice writing numbers in standard form and then converting them to expanded form, without leaving the season far behind.
Expanded Form Math Christmas Activity requires some preparation of paper strips, or you can have the students do their own cutting. The activity is easily differentiated, because you can choose numbers based on individual skill levels. Put on some holiday tunes, grab your scissors and markers, and let’s learn math!
Materials needed for the Expanded Form Christmas Tree:
- Red card stock
- Green card stock
- Brown card stock
- Card stock in various colors (for the gift bows)
- Cut green paper strips that measure 1/4 inch by 4 inches. Students that are ready for the task could cut and measure their own strips.
- Cut one long strip of brown paper for the tree trunk (approximately 6 inches by 1 inch).
- Use the red paper to cut many small squares for the packages.
- Create bows for the packages with other colors.
You can easily involve the students in the project preparations, or simply have it ready to go for them. Following step-by-step directions and cutting are both valuable skills in themselves.
Expanded Notation Form Math Christmas Activity
Breaking down numbers into their expanded form helps children understand the value of each digit. A good understanding of place value helps students solve problems and understand operations better as they learn more advanced math concepts.
Begin this activity by writing one number on each gift. You can give your students a list of numbers, or ask them to create their own 2- or 3-digit numbers.
Next, students should write the numbers in expanded form addition on the green strips.
Finally, start building the Christmas tree! Use glue to attach the trunk to a piece of paper. Match each green strip expanded form number to each gift numeral form number.
Start at the top to create the Christmas tree. Alternate gluing the green strip on the tree with gluing the matching gift under the tree.
Show students how to stagger the top of the strip as they build the Christmas Tree.
Have fun exploring and playing with hands-on math with this expanded form math Christmas activity!
How to Extend the Expanded Form Activity
The versatility of this math project means you can really make it work for ALL of your students!
- Ask students to also write the numbers in word form
- Practice reading the expanded form numbers aloud
- Ask students to find the sum of each digit and then compare/contrast with the expanded form version
- Challenge students with 4-digit numbers (5,000 + 800 + 20 + 1) | <urn:uuid:93a50b47-c6b5-4b2c-b69d-4817c7644a3e> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://lifeovercs.com/expanded-form-math-christmas-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.912311 | 584 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Assign this text to deeply engage your students!
Actively Learn provides free ELA, science, and social studies digital content—short stories, primary sources, textbook sections, science articles, novels, videos, and more—and embeds them with standards-aligned assignments to assign immediately or customize for your students.
Whether you’re looking for “The Tell-Tale Heart,” The Hate U Give, “The Gettysburg Address,” or current science articles and simulations, Actively Learn is the free go-to source to help you guide your students' growth in critical thinking all year.
Nazi concentration camps began as a way to control and punish people who were seen as opponents of Nazi Germany. By 1935, the government also began to send Jews and other people they believed were racially or biologically inferior to the camps. \n<br><br>\n<i><u>Literature Set: The Diary of a Young Girl (Text 4)</u> -- This text provides background information and context that can help students better understand Anne Frank's Holocaust diary. Have students read this text after reading the Oct. 9, 1942 entry to help them understand Anne’s fears about people being sent to concentration camps.</i>\n<br><br>\n<a href="https://files.activelylearn.com/Teaching%20Guides/Teaching%20Guide%20The% | <urn:uuid:fac103ad-f137-4ad9-a573-463613c93697> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.activelylearn.com/catalog-text/teaching-nazi-concentration-camps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.912308 | 295 | 3.84375 | 4 |
LISTENING CLOSELY AND TAKING NOTES: COLONIAL TRADE PODCAST ABOUT THE WHEELWRIGHT
To prepare for this lesson, download the following podcast for students to listen to as a whole class: http://podcast.history.org/2007/09/03/carriages-carts-and-wagons/?search=wagons
The podcast is about 15 minutes total. But in this lesson, students listen through only 6:11. To support students with their listening practice, this 6-minute segment is played once for students to get the gist. Then (in both Parts B and C of Work Time), students listen again to these same 6 minutes, but broken into two shorter 3-minute chunks. See notes in the body of the lesson. | <urn:uuid:548508cf-faba-48cc-b7ca-7e4b1de7604f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://mc-14193-39844713.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com/resource/grade-4-ela-module-2a-unit-2-lesson-11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813014639-20200813044639-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.883752 | 162 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Table of Contents
Gallon Short Form
Gallon short form is gal, GL, G, etc. The most common Gallon abbreviation is “gal” in measurement.
What is Gallon?
Gallon is an archaic measure of liquid material such as gasoline, water, and milk volume that corresponds to the capacity of a gallon (US). There are many other measurements that are more common, including liters, quarts, and Kg. Nearly every country has different measurements of volume.
How much does 1 gallon mean?
The United States has 5 US gallons in a US gallon, which is defined as 231 cubic inches. It is used in the Caribbean countries as well as Latin American countries.
The UK uses the imperial gallon, which is taller and has a capacity of 277.4 cubic inches or 4.54609 liters. Finally, Australia uses the metric gallon with an equivalent capacity of 3785.4 cubic inches.
One gallon consists of 4 quarts or 3.785 liters. | <urn:uuid:a3eed7ee-3865-4382-b8ef-62499b4745d9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.fullform-shortform.com/gallon-short-form/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948223038.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305060427-20240305090427-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.941057 | 210 | 3.21875 | 3 |
POP (Post Office Protocol) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) both have their place, but for most customers Runbox recommends that IMAP is used.
POP and IMAP are both ways in which an email program (client) can access your messages on an email service (server). This client-server relationship needs the two systems to communicate with each other and depending on which of these you choose your options for managing your email will be different.
Generally speaking IMAP can be regarded as synchronising what is on the server (which you can see in the Runbox webmail) and what is on the device or computer that is using IMAP. With the increase in the number of devices we each use if you want your email contents to be the same across all your devices, then IMAP is the best option.
Online v Offline
POP is quite different to IMAP and the basic idea is to allow you to download messages from an Inbox on a server and remove them from the server. The idea behind this was that it would be particularly useful if you have intermittent Internet access and want to manage your email on your device. POP clients also have the option to leave email on the server in case you want to keep it there as a backup or download it to another device later. Some clients also have an option to delete the email after a certain period of time.
However, caching (keeping a copy) of messages in the email program also allows IMAP to provide a way of working without an Internet connection. POP still has the advantage that generally speaking all your email is downloaded and you can be confident it is stored on your machine whereas with IMAP you may need to ensure specifically that the email you want to access offline is downloaded.
Another of the key differences between POP and IMAP is that with IMAP email that is sent from a device is usually copied to the Sent folder on the server. This means if you start using a different IMAP device or access your email via the webmail you can also see your Sent messages sent on all other devices. Sent messages are never copied to the Sent folder when using POP and are stored locally only on the device that sent the message.
IMAP allows you to structure your email in a variety of folders and these are reflected across your devices. POP only allows access to messages from a particular folder, usually the Inbox (though Runbox has a feature called “POP from folder” that allows you to access a particular folder in your account).
If you regularly access your email then POP could mean you only need a small amount of server storage and therefore cost you less in hosting charges. For example, if you always download you email and delete it from the server then you won’t need as much storage space compared to someone who leaves all their email on the server using IMAP and may also have a folder structure they need to maintain that wouldn’t be possible with POP.
Of course with IMAP you can also copy messages to a local folder in your email program and then delete them from the server, but this needs a bit more effort whereas with POP it is a feature of this way of accessing messages in the first place.
Using POP to download all your email and at the same time deleting it from the server does mean that you might want to consider making your own backups of your email. With IMAP your email is stored on the server and this acts as a kind of backup in itself. Runbox also makes backup snapshots of your account (unless you opt out of this), but if you download all your email using POP and leave little on the server, then there might not be anything for us to make a backup snapshot of.
Why we generally recommend IMAP
Generally speaking if a customer asks us whether IMAP or POP is best for them we will recommend IMAP. There are a number of reasons for this, and some are listed below:
- The experience across devices and between devices and the webmail is consistent.
- It’s easy to set up two or more devices and know that you will see all the email that is in your account.
- If you need to remove the account from a device and set it up again you won’t automatically lose your messages (with POP you would need to make a local copy first).
- It’s easy to change your mind about what email program you want to use because email is stored on the server.
When we would recommend POP
A customer might have a specific reason for not leaving email on the server. They may want to keep their storage plan small so that they don’t need to upgrade over a period of time. They may also want to ensure that data is not stored on our servers for too long, or in our backup system.
They may also need to filter email for different purposes using the filters built in to every Runbox account, and then just access a particular folder as if it was the Inbox using the POP from folder feature mentioned above.
The server details for POP and IMAP are very similar, except that you use port 995 for POP and 993 for IMAP. You will find the full details on our server details page.
If you need any further information about POP and IMAP just contact Runbox Support. | <urn:uuid:172cbdcc-66d3-4e7b-a2e4-61311ffd9c0a> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://blog.runbox.com/author/dbowdley/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540503656.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207233943-20191208021943-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.947876 | 1,090 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Never has there been a greater magic trick than what cauliflower can transform into. Potatoes are no longer in mash; pizza dough is no longer just flour, water, yeast and salt. Pasta no longer has eggs in it. And who’s next in joining the cauliflower party you may ask? Chickpeas. While they have been staples in Middle Eastern cuisine for centuries, we are only just learning about all the benefits and their versatility. And lucky for us, they’ve become trendy and you can find them everywhere and in everything.
Read more: What are the health benefits of alcohol?
Whether you’re for it or not- we can’t deny that they’re pretty good.
The benefits of chickpeas:
They’re full of nutrients
Chickpeas provide a variety of vitamins and minerals, as well as a satisfactory amount of fibre and protein.
A 28-gram serving provides the following nutrients:
- Kilojoules: 192kJ
- Carbs: 8 grams
- Fibre: 2 grams
- Protein: 3 grams
- Folate: 12% of the RDI
- Iron: 4% of the RDI
- Phosphorus: 5% of the RDI
- Copper: 5% of the RDI
- Manganese: 14% of the RDI
Read more: Unlock the power of 10 for a healthy life
They support blood sugar control
This is because chickpeas have a relatively low glycemic index (GI). GI is a marker of how rapidly your blood sugar rises after eating food. Diets including many low-GI foods have shown to promote blood sugar management. Chickpeas are also a good source of fibre and protein, which are both known for their role in blood sugar regulation.
Boosts heart health
health gets a boost in two different ways from chickpeas. First, the high levels of soluble fibre help to balance cholesterol levels and aid in preventing atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes. Second, this legume can also reduce the amounts of LDL (bad) in the blood.
Helps to improve bone health
Chickpeas are rich in iron, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and zinc are very good for bone health. Many of those minerals are essential to improve bone mineral density and prevent age-related conditions like osteoporosis. Chickpea consumption can also have anti-cancer effects due to the fatty acid butyrate. Butyrate is credited with reducing colorectal cancers.
- Helps to balance hormones. Eating chickpeas can be a safe and natural way to counter menopausal and symptoms like night sweats, mood swings, and hot flushes. Chickpeas contain plant hormones known as phytoestrogens, which mimic the body’s natural female hormone estrogen.
We’ve compiled six of our favourite chickpea products that are yummy and good for you too! | <urn:uuid:6ec3b414-3a8b-4dda-8975-8eac02128803> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.essentials.co.za/home-page-slider/are-chickpeas-the-new-cauliflower | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900614.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709162634-20200709192634-00421.warc.gz | en | 0.9254 | 618 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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