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Guidelines and Legal Information
Paraprofessionals: Who are they?
The Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) provided a guidance document on the support and supervision of paraprofessionals in Local Education Agencies: The Virginia Paraprofessional Guide to Supervision and Collaboration with Paraprofessionals: A Partnership (PDF). According to this guidance document, a paraprofessional is a school employee who works under the supervision of a licensed staff member to assist in providing instruction, behavioral support and other services to students and their families (Adapted from A.L. Pickett, Director for the National Resource Center for Paraprofessionals, City University of New York, 1997). Services can be instructional or non-instructional in nature. The prefix "para" means "along side of." Therefore, it is correct to assume that a paraprofessional works along side of an educator. Currently, due to the increase in the population of students with autism spectrum disorder throughout Virginia, a large number of paraprofessionals are performing a variety of roles. These roles include but are not limited to:
- Implementing teacher planned instruction
- Monitoring and providing assistance to students during classroom activities
- Supporting students using instructional modifications for lessons prepared by the classroom teacher
- Reinforcing skills taught previously
- Communicating with the student's team members about his/her program
- Recording and charting data
- Preparing instructional materials
- Supervising students
- Setting up and cleaning up after class activities
- Providing behavioral and social support
- Implementing behavior management plans developed by the teacher or the team
- Facilitating peer interactions
- Assisting with individualized student plans in educational settings
- Assisting with individualized student plans in community learning settings
- Assisting with personal care including feeding, toileting and hygiene support
- Assisting students with unique motor or mobility needs
- Assisting students with unique sensory needs
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is the federal legislation that governs special education in the United States. This legislation provides provisions for school divisions to provide special education services for individuals with disabilities. IDEA also includes some information about paraprofessionals. For more information about IDEA, please visit the U.S. Department of Education's site on IDEA.
What Does IDEA Say About Paraprofessionals?
IDEA indicates that paraprofessionals should receive professional development when appropriate. The following is a brief section of IDEA that describes professional development activities that may be appropriate for paraprofessionals working with students receiving special education services.
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1454 (2004). SEC. 654.
(a) Professional Development Activities.--A State educational agency that receives a grant under this subpart shall use the grant funds to support activities in accordance with the State's plan described in section 653, including 1 or more of the following:
(ii) involve collaborative groups of teachers, administrators, and, in appropriate cases, related services personnel;
(iii) provide training in methods of--
(II) scientifically based reading instruction, including early literacy instruction;
(III) early and appropriate interventions to identify and help children with disabilities;
(IV) effective instruction for children with low incidence disabilities;
(V) successful transitioning to postsecondary opportunities; and
(VI) using classroom-based techniques to assist children prior to referral for special education;
(v) provide training for special education personnel and regular education personnel in planning, developing, and implementing effective and appropriate IEPs; and
(vi) provide training to meet the needs of students with significant health, mobility, or behavioral needs prior to serving such students.
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act
The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act is the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which gives provisions for education in the United States. This act includes provisions about qualifications of staff, requirements for examining student achievement, and professional development. NCLB also provides information related to paraprofessionals in public school systems. NCLB defines a paraprofessional, discusses the qualifications for paraprofessionals, and provides some guidance on professional development. NCLB clearly outlines that paraprofessionals must be qualified and that parents have the right to know whether their child is receiving services provided by a paraprofessional and, if they are, the qualifications of that paraprofessional. Below you will find information on what NCLB says about paraprofessionals. For more information about this Act, please visit the U.S. Department of Education website on NCLB.
What are the Qualifications for a Paraprofessional According to NCLB?
Paraprofessionals must be qualified. NCLB has provided guidance on these qualifications and states the following:
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110, § 115, Stat. 1425 (2002).
SEC. 1119. QUALIFICATIONS FOR TEACHERS AND PARAPROFESSIONALS.
(B) obtained an associate's (or higher) degree; or
(C) met a rigorous standard of quality and can demonstrate, through a formal State or local academic assessment-
(ii) knowledge of, and the ability to assist in instructing, reading readiness, writing readiness, and mathematics readiness, as appropriate.
(e) EXCEPTIONS FOR TRANSLATION AND PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT ACTIVITIES- Subsections (c) and (d) shall not apply to a paraprofessional-
(2) whose duties consist solely of conducting parental involvement activities consistent with section 1118.
What Does a Paraprofessional Do According to NCLB?
A paraprofessional works under the supervision of a licensed professional, such as a teacher. NCLB provides information on the acceptable duties of a paraprofessional in a school division:
A paraprofessional may be assigned-
(B) To assist with classroom management, such as organizing instructional and other materials;
(C) To provide assistance in a computer laboratory;
(D) To conduct parental involvement activities;
(E) To provide support in a library or media center;
(F) To act as a translator; or
(G) To provide instructional services to students in accordance with:
(B) May assume limited duties that are assigned to similar personnel who are not working in a program supported with funds under this part, including duties beyond classroom instruction or that do not benefit participating children, so long as the amount of time spent on such duties is the same proportion of total work time as prevails with respect to similar personnel at the same school.
What is a Highly Qualified Paraprofessional According to NCLB?
NCLB discusses what makes school personnel "highly qualified," including paraprofessionals. In order to be considered highly qualified under NCLB, a paraprofessional has not less than 2 years of:
- Experience in a classroom
- Postsecondary education or demonstrated competence in a field or academic subject for which there is a significant shortage of qualified teachers.
What Does NCLB Say About Professional Development for Paraprofessionals?
NCLB states that "high-quality and ongoing professional development for teachers, principals, and paraprofessionals... [should be provided] to enable all children in the school to meet the State's student academic achievement standards."
Though NCLB does not indicate specific training standards for paraprofessionals, it is clear from the legislation that paraprofessionals should be considered when developing and planning for professional development in school divisions.
The Virginia Department of Education and Paraprofessionals
The Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) provides the following information and guidance about paraprofessionals.
The Virginia Paraprofessional Guide to Supervision and Collaboration with Paraprofessionals: A Partnership
The Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) has published a manual describing the regulations and best practices regarding paraprofessionals in Virginia. The manual includes sections with nformation on:
- Paraprofessionals and Supervision
- Team Building: Working with the Paraprofessional
- Communication, Observation, and Feedback
- Solving Performance and Interpersonal Problems
- Related Services Paraprofessionals
- Framework for Professional Development
What Does Highly Qualified Mean in Virginia?
In order to be considered highly qualified in Virginia, a paraprofessional must have a high school diploma or its recognized equivalent. Additionally, paraprofessionals must meet one of the three following options:
- Complete two years of study at an institution of higher education
- Obtain an associate's (or higher) degree
- Meet a rigorous standard of quality and be able to demonstrate, through a formal state or local academic assessment, knowledge of and the ability to assist in instructing, reading, writing, and mathematics (or, as appropriate, reading readiness, writing, readiness, and mathematics readiness)
The Board of Education has approved the Parapro assessment as the formal state academic paraprofessional assessment. For more information on this topic, please visit the Virginia Department of Education website on Highly Qualified Teachers & Paraprofessionals.
What about Professional Development for Paraprofessionals in Virginia?
In April 2012, the Virginia General Assembly passed House Bill 325 which requires that by September 2014, paraprofessionals who are assigned to work with a teacher who has primary oversight of students with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) receive training in student behavioral management within 60 days of assignment to such responsibility. In January 2013, the Virginia Board of Education passed the training standards related to this bill. The document, entitled Training Standards for Paraprofessionals Assigned to Work with a Teacher Who Has Primary Oversight of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders (PDF), is now available. For more information on these requirements, please see our House Bill 325 and Training Standards page. | <urn:uuid:21527fbe-5032-435a-864a-34d1303bbbd4> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.vcuautismcenter.org/parapro/guidelines.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163066444/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131746-00086-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92361 | 2,144 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Environmental considerations and a reduction in the combustion of precious fuels are crucial factors in the development of new eco-friendly technologies for the automotive sector.
Automatic start-stop systems are good examples, providing a 5 to 7% improvement in fuel economy and a similar reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.
More than half of the cars currently produced are equipped with start-stop systems that reduce CO2 emissions and save fuel. The OE trend points upwards. By 2022, it is expected that start- stop systems will be fitted as standard on more than 82% of the vehicles sold in Western Europe.
The vehicle comes to a standstill, the engine is stopped and then restarted after a brief period of time. It is a process that increases the vibrations and the strain throughout the accessory drive, via the crankshaft pulley and engine mount.
On average, an ordinary pulley and engine mount will have to withstand up to 50,000 to 70,000 starts. A start-stop pulley and engine mount, on the other hand, will have to endure 500,000 to 700,000 starts.
Developing engine mounts or pulleys that can withstand ten times as many starts without breaking or failing, poses enormous challenges. Extensive research, development and testing makes it possible to deliver the solutions. Counterfeit parts are exposed to none of these and therefore cannot match OE requirements.
There are over 20,000 Vibration Control, Sealing and Filtration products and more than 1,410 of these are specifically for start-stop applications.
The Corteco range already includes: | <urn:uuid:ee2f6cc0-5e9a-4747-9606-c5af6ff2cf73> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://corteco.com/en/start-stop/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711162.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207121241-20221207151241-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.938646 | 325 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Perimeter defenses can no longer be solely relied upon to protect an organization's network. There are many ways that perimeter defenses can be circumvented and internal network access obtained by attackers. If there are no internal network defenses, an attacker who merely breaches the perimeter will have unrestricted access to critical systems and information. The internal network itself must have defensive measures in place to protect against attackers who have already breached the perimeter.
The French Network and Information Security Agency (Agence nationale de sécurité des systèmes d’information or ANSSI) developed the "40 Essential Measures for a Healthy Network" to assist organizations in safeguarding the security of information systems within a network. Following these measures, or rules, for a healthy network will provide basic protection for an organization's critical data. ANSSI states that the majority of IT attacks that have involved ANSSI stepping in could have been prevented had the IT measures set out in the guide been applied.
This dashboard aligns with Section VI of the ANSSI 40 Essential Measures for a Healthy Network guide: Secure the Inside of the Network. This section contains four rules:
- Rule 20 focuses on monitoring user access rights within Active Directory or LDAP environments. This rule recommends reviewing the rules set out within the article entitled “Auditing permissions in an Active Directory environment”, which provides a list of safety recommendations for Active Directory.
- Rule 21 emphasizes the need to compartmentalize networks, in order to isolate and protect critical systems on the network. Critical systems should be placed within a sub-network that is protected by an interconnection gateway. This provides an additional layer of protection so that an intruder on a non-critical machine will not have immediate, unrestricted access to those critical systems.
- Rule 22 advises against using wireless infrastructures. However, if the use of wireless technology cannot be avoided, organizations should separate the wireless access network from the rest of the network. In addition, organizations must be able to control access, restrict traffic, and implement secure encryption solutions.
- Rule 23 recommends using secure applications and protocols throughout the network. Insecure protocols contain vulnerabilities that can be easily exploited by attackers; these protocols should be replaced by their secure equivalents. Organizations should take into account security risks when developing applications and make sure any underlying technologies can be updated as required without breaking the applications.
This dashboard enables organizations to effectively monitor and defend the internal network. Organizations will be able to obtain the latest information on product and protocol vulnerabilities, user access control and least privilege issues, and wireless network concerns. This information will assist the organization in protecting assets and safeguarding critical data across the enterprise.
Compliance checks include detailed information related to Active Directory, LDAP services, and user access controls, which can assist in identifying security policies and privileges that need to be modified. Information about new and existing wireless devices can alert analysts for any suspicious wireless activity or rogue wireless devices that can provide attackers with the ability to pivot deeper inside the network. Vulnerabilities detected from web browsers, protocols, and web applications can help to assist in identifying unauthorized and insecure applications currently in use. Leaving these vulnerabilities unpatched may allow for attackers to intercept credentials, obtain confidential information, and gain control over critical systems. In addition, detections of unsupported products, such as unsupported operating systems and applications, can alert analysts to products that need to be upgraded or that may contain zero-day vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities are also presented by subnet, which can highlight both the internal structure of the network and those sections of the network that are the most vulnerable.
This dashboard is available in the SecurityCenter Feed, a comprehensive collection of dashboards, reports, Assurance Report Cards, and assets. The dashboard can be easily located in the SecurityCenter Feed under the category Compliance & Configuration Assessment. The dashboard requirements are:
- SecurityCenter 5.3.2
- Nessus 6.7.0
- LCE 4.8.0
- PVS 5.1.0
Tenable SecurityCenter Continuous View (CV) is the market-defining continuous network monitoring solution, and can assist in securing an organization’s internal network. SecurityCenter CV is continuously updated with information about advanced threats, zero-day vulnerabilities, and new regulatory compliance data. Active scanning periodically examines systems and portable devices to determine vulnerabilities and compliance concerns. Agent scanning enables scanning and detection of vulnerabilities on transient and isolated devices. Passive listening provides real-time discovery of vulnerabilities on operating systems, protocols, network services, wireless devices, web applications, and critical infrastructure. Host data and data from other security products is analyzed to monitor internal network activity. SecurityCenter CV provides an organization with the most comprehensive view of the network and the intelligence needed to secure the internal network and safeguard critical assets and information.
The following components are included in this dashboard:
- ANSSI - AD/LDAP Compliance Checks: This table presents a list of Active Directory and LDAP compliance related issues.
- CSF - Wireless Detections: This component presents a breakdown of detected wireless access points, wireless vulnerabilities, and wireless event activity on the network.
- CSF - Unsupported Products: This table displays all unsupported products by name, sorted by severity. This component identifies unsupported products by filtering on the text "unsupported" in the vulnerability plugin name.
- CSF - User Access and Least Privilege Compliance Checks: This component displays user access and least privilege compliance information in areas such as password requirements, lockout policy after failed logins, and controlled use of administrative privileges.
- Vulnerabilities by Plugin Family - Product Type Families: This component presents vulnerabilities discovered in product type plugin family groupings, and can assist an organization in identifying vulnerabilities, prioritizing remediations, and tracking remediation progress.
- Vulnerabilities by Plugin Family - Web Families: This component presents vulnerabilities discovered in web-related plugin family groupings, and can assist an organization in identifying vulnerabilities, prioritizing remediations, and tracking remediation progress.
- Vulnerabilities by Plugin Family - Protocol Families: This component presents vulnerabilities discovered in protocol plugin family groupings, and can assist an organization in identifying vulnerabilities, prioritizing remediations, and tracking remediation progress. | <urn:uuid:7dd8db18-168f-4d14-9240-2ca1a9b5ddb9> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.tenable.com/sc-dashboards/anssi-vi-secure-the-inside-of-the-network | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704792131.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125220722-20210126010722-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.890253 | 1,273 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The architecture of the autistic brain is speckled with patches of abnormal neurons, according to research partially funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), part of the National Institutes of Health. Recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine, the study suggests that brain irregularities in children with autism can be traced back to prenatal development .
In today’s hectic, fast-paced world, all too often we hear people say they haven’t gotten enough rest and plan to “catch up” on sleep over the weekend. However, new research suggests chronic sleep loss may be more serious than previously thought and may even lead to loss of brain cells .
Researchers from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) report in the October 29th issue of the journal Neurology that elevated levels of the protein alpha-synuclein can be detected in the skin of Parkinson’s disease patients . The finding offers a potential biomarker to enable doctors to identify and diagnose Parkinson’s before the disease has reached an advanced stage.
At the convergence of biotechnology and nanotechnology, a new project to map the active human brain may eventually lead to an understanding of human perception and consciousness, as well as therapies for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and autism.
This week is Brain Awareness Week (BAW), an annual observance dedicated to raising public awareness about the progress and benefits of brain research. Coordinated by the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives and the European Dana Alliance for the Brain, every March, BAW unites the efforts of partner organizations around the world in a week-long celebration of the brain. | <urn:uuid:3ae2bd62-c5d8-4c9f-b000-c138b3db9aad> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.highlighthealth.com/tag/neuron/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476990033880.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020190033-00050-ip-10-142-188-19.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934828 | 341 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The answer lies in the question itself: they’re neighborhoods, which by definition holds both spatial and social qualities.
While physical boundaries define it on a map, we would argue that a neighborhood’s degree of social capital — its networks of relationships that foster “neighboring behavior”— is what makes it relatively stronger or weaker. (While this argument makes intuitive sense, it is also backed by research.)
With high social capital comes the sense of belonging and identity that in turn improves overall safety, health and wellbeing for residents. In short, strong neighborhoods help people and communities thrive.
Strong by Design
Bellingham’s older neighborhoods hold undeniable appeal: the trees are big, the alleys are secret and the memories – past and future – float sweetly through the air like the scent of lilacs on a soft spring morning. But make no mistake: it is not their age that makes them strong. It’s their design.
These neighborhoods all share certain spatial characteristics: Short blocks. Small lots. Nice parks. Sidewalks and alleys. Modest or large, modern or traditional, the homes have public front porches, private back yards. Basic stuff, but together these characteristics help bind people together: they meet each other in the park or admiring the view, on a walk or taking out the recycling, over the backyard fence or picking up the mail. Neighbors hold events, meet at school functions, discuss neighborhood issues, share garden bounty, socialize; they become invested in each other and their shared place. Security, stability, a sense of belonging ensue.
This is not about the blocks or lot sizes per se. It’s about providing connections to each other, to neighborhood assets, and the broader community. It means providing places for kids to play, people to walk, plants and trees to grow. Human scale, visual interest and individual expression and nearby nature all matter.
As cities have ceded neighborhood planning to misguided market formulas inadvertently perpetuated by the real estate industry (and perhaps reinforced by a “lock your doors” media mentality). Newer neighborhoods may or may not include the social, functional, environmental and aesthetic considerations that broader planning principles take into account.
Instead, introverted lots, big garages that cut houses off from the street, security systems, lack of community connections and even lack of sidewalks at times create gated communities in effect if not in fact. This in turn creates the kind of exclusionary isolation that tends to divide people rather than bring them together.
With every new residential project comes an opportunity to create a vibrant neighborhood — as a firm and as a community we’d be crazy to pass that up.
Measure What Matters
All the more reason RMC keeps them at the forefront. With every new residential project comes an opportunity to create a vibrant neighborhood — as a firm and as a community, we’d be crazy to pass that up. So while Telegraph Townhomes, the Eleanor Apartments or Cornerstone may not have intimate alleys or back fences, they are all carefully designed to help people, neighborhoods and communities thrive.
But we want to go further. By formalizing a process for exposing social capital opportunities embedded in projects we design, we hope to enrich the conversation about housing in our communities, and help point to a future of neighborhood pride for all.
Shuck, Amie and Dennis Rosenbaum 2006 “Promoting Safe and Healthy Neighborhoods: What Research Tells Us about Intervention” The Aspen Institute | <urn:uuid:c9fe95fc-dab4-4d55-b963-08a1c2a9f9a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://rmcarchitects.com/2017/06/all-our-neighborhoods-should-reflect-these-characteristics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334332.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925004536-20220925034536-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.948494 | 733 | 2.59375 | 3 |
St. Mark’s Adult Education Meeting Summary
Lecture Series Led By Rev. Mike Kreutzer
Sunday, March 25, 2007
Luke, Session 6:
The Ministry in Jerusalem (Luke 19:29 – 21:38)
This section of Lk begins with the entry into Jerusalem and concludes with a summary statement about Jesus’ public ministry in the temple area (21:37-38).
It is important to unlearn other sources in order to fully hear this one.
Lk differs from Mt and Mk in the emphasis that he places on Jerusalem as the place where Jesus completes his ministry and the place where the church begins its mission. In Mt and Mk, the risen Jesus instructs his disciples to meet him in Galilee; in Lk, he tells them to remain in Jerusalem until they receive the Holy Spirit.
The church has compressed the story of the Jerusalem ministry into eight days, from Palm Sunday through Easter. This is not, however, apparent from the text. It may have lasted much longer. Some scholars have suggested that the feast surrounding the Palm Sunday events was actually Tabernacles, which occurs in the fall, extending the Jerusalem ministry from approximately November until April.
19:29-48 the entry into Jerusalem – Lk provides three units (again):
the entry itself (vss. 29-40) – The colt seems to be owned by a disciple, but its use by Jesus is not something that was pre-arranged: it is a divine plan. An animal that has never been ridden was sometimes used in sacred rites. Jesus and his disciples are in the procession. The disciples shout praises, not the crowds who will later condemn him. The disciples’ motivation is faith in Jesus. There are in Lk no “Hosannas”, palms or branches, which are signs of nationalistic triumph. Unique to Lk is the objection of the Pharisees to the disciples’ acclamation; this could stem from a variety of motives.
Notice that, at the birth of Jesus in Luke chapter 2:14, the angels sang of peace on earth. Here (19:38), the disciples sing of peace in heaven.
the lament over the city (vss. 41-44) – In the person of Jesus, God has visited Jerusalem, offering peace, but that offer was rejected. Lk describes the consequences in terms of the Roman destruction of the city in 70 C.E.
the cleansing of the temple and Jesus’ teaching in the temple (vss. 45-48) – In Lk, this action is a work of purification and a part of Jesus’ teaching, not an announcement of the temple’s destruction. Vss. 47-48 soften the event of the cleansing, as Jesus makes the temple the center of his teaching. The chief priests, scribes and leaders of the people are trying to kill him, but the crowds provide protection.
20:1 – 21:4, controversies in Jerusalem
20:1-8, the question of authority
20:9-19, the parable of the tenants – Jesus has been speaking to two audiences: the people and the authorities. Here he addresses the parable to the people, but his intended audience, the authorities, is standing there listening. In the end (19) they recognize that the parable is actually intended for them. The vineyard was a familiar prophetic image (cf. e.g. Is. 5). Included here is reflected the movement of the gospel from the Jewish leadership to the Gentiles along with the Jews. The final verse again reflects the intent of the leadership to kill him, but the support of the people holding them at bay.
20:20-26, tribute to Caesar – The issue of paying taxes to Caesar was an especially contentious one in Galilee. Josephus says that in 6 C.E. Judas the Galilean declared that it was treason against God to pay taxes to the Emperor. He was killed by the Romans.
Jesus has continued to elude the traps set by his opponents, so they send “spies”, pretending to be honest, in order to try to trap him. In order to put him to death, they need a civil charge to present to Pontius Pilate. This trap could force him to alienate at least half his audience, no matter which way he answers.
Jesus’ answer does not set up two lists: obligations to God, obligations to the Emperor. The tension between the two continues to be an issue for each age to address, even as they assert that ultimate allegiance belongs to God alone.
20:27-40, the question about resurrection – The Sadducees here show no interest in learning or in honest inquiry. They are simply baiting Jesus. Unlike the Pharisees, they were part of a movement, aligned with the priests, that asserted that the Torah alone was the basis for both belief and practice; so Jesus argues from the Torah to refute them. The scribes (39) commend him; they were aligned with the Pharisees, who accepted not only the Torah, but the Prophets, the Writings, and the “oral Torah” as well.
20:41-44, a question from Jesus about the Son of David – This passage is unusual in that it is Jesus, not his opponents, who brings up a contentious question. Jesus does not argue with the term itself, even as it has been applied to him, but with its interpretation. For many, the title had taken on political and military connotations, which Jesus rejects. Craddock (p. 241) notes: “Perhaps Luke’s point in our text… is that no single title or descriptive term should be the sole normative designation for Jesus. He was son of David, but not that alone. He was David’s Lord, but not that alone. We have already seen in Luke that Jesus was Elijah-like and Jonah-like. Perhaps Luke can teach us to think in analogies in our Christologies, but not to insist on closure in an impatience to locate and label the heretics.”
20:45 – 21:4, a warning about the scribes and an example from a poor widow — Jesus does not romanticize the widow’s small gift. As a criterion for giving, he asks how much is left after the gift is given. The giving of her all is the great example.
21:5-38, Jesus’ apocalyptic discourse – Both the apocalyptic passages in the gospels and the entire book of Revelation join together historical events with a sense of what is going on behind and beyond history, putting historical events into the broader context of God’s purpose. This type of literature makes use of symbols, signs and mysterious figures of speech.
Luke places Jesus’ words in the temple, not on the Mount of Olives as in Mk and Mt. Jesus speaks first of the fall of the temple and is then asked “Where?” and “When?” His response comes in seven sections:
1) 8-11 signs of the times
2) 12-19 the time of testimony preceding the end
3) 20-24 the fall of Jerusalem
4) 25-28 the coming of the Son of man
5) 29-31 the parable of the fig tree
6) 32-33 the time of the coming of the Son of man
7) 34-36 the conclusion of the discourse
Craddock (p. 245) comments: “faithfulness and endurance under threat, under arrest, and under penalty of death are the qualities of disciples during the time of witnessing. Disciples are not exempt from suffering. There is nothing here of the arrogance one sometimes sees and hears in modern apocalyptists, an arrogance born of a doctrine of a rapture in which believers are lifted above the conditions of persecution and hardship.”
Lk places his hearers in a time in between the destruction of Jerusalem and the coming of the Son of man, who will bring redemption.
37-38, a summary of Jesus’ activities during his ministry in Jerusalem – He would spend the night on the Mount of Olives; and in the morning he would return to the temple where all the people would gather to listen to his teaching.
With these verses, Lk brings the story of Jesus’ public ministry to a close. | <urn:uuid:0afe9c63-f4f7-4184-9417-683539656262> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://stmarksdayton.org/worship/education/adult/winter-2006-2007/sunday-mar-25-2007-luke-session-6.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.96567 | 1,748 | 2.625 | 3 |
On March 2, Senator Marco Rubio reintroduced legislation that the Senate unanimously approved by voice vote in 2022 without a single public hearing. The Sunshine Protection Act, which would permanently move standard time one hour earlier in states that currently observe daylight saving time, could increase the danger to kids going to school, damage the mental health of all Americans, and mess with our body clocks. The bill would legislatively move our clocks one time zone to the east, requiring Americans to wake up an hour earlier each day relative to sunrise, the equivalent of permanently setting your alarm an hour earlier. States on the West Coast would change their clocks to what is now Mountain Standard Time, Mountain Standard Time in Denver would move to Chicago’s Central Standard Time, and Chicago would permanently move to New York City’s Eastern Standard Time.
This nationwide change would be permanent. No more seasonal falling back or springing forward. This legislation is not about protecting sunshine. Instead, it should be called “An Act to Force Americans to Wake Up an Hour Earlier Each Day.”
The timing of exposure to sunlight each day is the human reset button for our internal circadian clocks, which regulate our ability to consolidate sleep and wakefulness and impact many aspects of body and mental function. The legislation would permanently create less morning light exposure. Less morning light is associated with depression and would also impact the safety of tens of millions of schoolchildren as they go to school largely in the dark. Yes, daylight saving time gives us those long evenings of sunlight, but for the human body and our internal circadian clocks, that late-day sunlight is too late and not enough to give our bodies and brains the reset that morning sun provides.
Studies have shown that people sleep less during daylight saving time because they are exposed to more light at later hours, which pushes their internal circadian clocks later. When the alarm rings under a permanent daylight saving time, we wake earlier than our brain’s circadian clock, cutting sleep short. Insufficient sleep is a nationwide problem that has already been linked to increased rates of diabetes, mood disorders, errors and accidents, and impaired learning and driving, especially for sleepy adolescents.
And on the western edge of any time zone, people are already sleeping less without this radical change — especially people with children and jobs that start work before 7 a.m., which disproportionately affects those who earn lower wages and come from disadvantaged backgrounds. Overall, wages also decrease by 3 percent in the western edge of a time zone compared to the eastern edge of that same time zone.
Living on the western edge of a time zone also significantly increases the risk of some types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Data suggest that advancing the nation’s clocks eastward as mandated by the Sunshine Protection Act could eventually cause up to an additional 100,000 cancer cases per year, including 5 percent to 10 percent more breast cancer cases and 15 percent to 30 percent more uterine cancer, liver cancer, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases.
In the end, while the legislation is couched in language that dreamily offers more daylight to Americans (which Congress cannot provide), the likely outcome would significantly degrade public health and safety. Congress should commission the National Academy of Science to conduct a study on the health, safety, economic, and other implications of moving our clocks one hour later. Our children and families deserve to know how the so-called benefits compare to the dire drawbacks.
Dr. Charles A. Czeisler cofounded and directs the Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School, where he is the Frank Baldino Jr. PhD Professor of Sleep Medicine and a professor of sleep medicine. He teaches undergraduate courses at Harvard College and is founding chief of the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Dr. Elizabeth B. Klerman is a professor of neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. | <urn:uuid:0a99ed65-9ea8-4916-aa2b-02bd0049934e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/03/13/opinion/making-daylight-saving-time-permanent-would-mean-losing-sleep-lives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.946336 | 796 | 3 | 3 |
How trauma centers in India can help kids overcome trauma
Studies have shown that repeated traumatic events can severely impair the development of kids. It can lead to behavioral problems in the future and also contribute to physical and mental health problems in them. 80% of a child’s brain develops within first three years, and research says that early childhood trauma till six years creates a lasting effect on a child’s psyche. Imagine the amount of suffering children go through in their early years while facing vulnerable situations. The main causes of trauma include dysfunctional family life, domestic violence, verbal, physical, emotional or sexual abuse, bullying, and neglect by loved ones.
Due to the ongoing pandemic situation, it is even harder for both, adults and children to maintain a balanced mental state. Adults across the world, including India, are facing a four-fold increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms. The high rates of emotional distress leading to increased substance misuse, suicidal thoughts, and behaviors are reported in adolescents and young adults in the age group of 18 to 25. Along with the health threat and trauma that the pandemic has brought about, it has also created damaging effects on children’s mental health disrupting their daily life. Children are now bereft of everyday activities like going to school daily, visiting playgrounds, participating in hobbies, and mingling with peers. These activities that children participate in on a daily basis help them build their character and play an important part in maintaining their emotional health and bringing stability in a child’s development. This turmoil is negatively impacting their overall well-being.
The situation in India is grimmer. We are among the nations with highest rates of child abuse, depression, and suicide in the world, which is a huge concern. Usually, resilient children bounce back from traumas easily. They don’t see themselves as victims. However, those with low resilience should be given strong, supportive treatment and care as they tend to surrender to the situations easily. Timely treatment is important in both cases.
How can trauma centers in India help?
It is important to understand how traumatic events affect children. This is possible with early diagnosis and taking immediate steps to help them overcome it. Approaching a treatment centre will help parents or close ones to understand the reasons for certain behaviors and emotions in their children and how to cope with them. Not all children can handle traumatic stress. With proper support and evidence-based trauma treatment, they will be able to adapt and overcome such experiences. The recovery starts with the trauma centers as they provide effective therapies to children. Trauma centres generally have the following treatment procedures:
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or CBT
It’s a short-term and goal-oriented therapy that helps in recognizing one’s way of thinking. This therapy positively changes the thinking or behavior pattern of the affected children by focusing on their thoughts, mental images and beliefs. It includes cognitive restructuring—that helps the children to make sense of bad experiences— and exposure therapy that helps children to handle their fears.
- Individual, Group, and Family Therapies
- Individual therapy: The kids are engaged in a self-reflective process of their emotions and behaviors. This therapy is about a one-to-one relationship with the therapist. Here, the child can openly address his/her traumatic experiences.
- Group therapy: It includes dynamic interaction of children among members of the group. The main aim is to help them understand how they are perceived and how their behavior affects other members while learning from others’ feedback.
- Family therapy: This therapy is usually provided by a psychologist, clinical social worker, or licensed therapist, and with their assistance, the child puts his/her negative experiences in front of the family members.
Give your child the required help on time!
It’s the responsibility of family members to look after their children and ensure that things are smooth sailing. Today’s complex and uncertain environment is creating challenges for a child’s delicate mind.
Athena is one of the top trauma centers in India providing highly effective therapies to children suffering from trauma. We ensure that the essence and subtlety of kids remain intact by providing the best treatment. With us, they can easily overcome the traumatic experiences, coming in their way to overall growth. Contact us on our 24/7 helpline number – 9289086193 and chat online with our representatives to get further details about our treatment programs. | <urn:uuid:7d630484-8081-4058-8cb8-fa3ad9fe0647> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.athenabhs.com/how-trauma-centers-in-india-can-help-kids-overcome-trauma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662595559.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526004200-20220526034200-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.952843 | 914 | 3.125 | 3 |
Teen's Lifelong Learning
Chapter 6 of Unoffendable: "Beautiful Exceptions"
1. On pp. 39–40: The author emphasizes that the Messianic worldview is NOT cynicism: we get to marvel at the goodness that humans often produce. Give an example of a "beautiful exception" from your own life or someone else's.
2. On p. 40: Yes, the world is ___________. But don't be ____________ by it. Instead, do what? ________________________________________
3. On p. 40: Discuss the author's correct assertion: God's kingdom/kingship is breaking through, bit by bit. Recognize it, and wonder at it.
4. On pp. 40–41:
War is not exceptional ____________ is!
Worry is not exceptional ____________ is!
Decay is not exceptional ____________ is!
Anger is not exceptional ____________ is!
Selfishness is not exceptional _____________ is!
Defensiveness is not exceptional ____________ is!
Judgmentalism is not exceptional ____________ is!
5. On p. 41: Discuss unoffendability when someone cuts you off on your commute.
6. On p. 41: In the midst of all the mess of the world, how can we provide beautiful glimpses of God's kingdom/kingship, defined by love?
7. On p. 44: Discuss the author's final conclusion: "One drains the very life from you. The other fills your life with wonder. Choose wisely." | <urn:uuid:f708cec6-f5ac-49fa-ae13-d06d321c32a3> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://bethmessiahyouth.weebly.com/blog/unoffendable-chp-6-beautiful-exceptions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648594.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323200519-20180323220519-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.839549 | 334 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Yet another scientific paper presents evidence that the Arctic region was warmer than recent decades during the 1930s, leading scientists to conclude there is “still-insufficient knowledge of the mechanisms governing the Arctic Climate System.”
Image Source: Araźny et al., 2019
A comparison of bioclimatic conditions on
Franz Josef Land (the Arctic) between the
turn of the 19th to 20th century and present day
“Air temperature in 1899–1914 during three expeditions was 1.8–4.6 °C lower than the modern period in winter (Oct–Apr). However, during the 1930/31 expedition it was 4.6 °C warmer than the years 1981–2010. Our results relate to what has been called the ‘1930s warming’, referred to by various authors in the literature as the ETCW or the ETCAW.”
“In individual months, the highest negative anomalies were identified in Calm Bay (hereafter CB) in January 1914 (− 7.4 °C) and in February 1900 (− 6.8 °C). In contrast, during the 1930/31 expedition, it was 4.6 °C warmer than the present day in CB [Calm Bay]. Such a high thermal anomaly was influenced by a warm autumn and winter, especially February 1931, when the average monthly temperature was 10.7 °C higher than in the modern period.”
“In approximately the last 140 years, there have been two periods of significant temperature increases in the Arctic. The first began in around 1918–1920 and lasted until 1938 and has been called the ‘1930s warming’ (Bengtsson et al. 2004). Other works have referred to this period as the ‘Early Twentieth Century Warming’ (ETCW, Brönnimann 2009) or the ‘Early Twentieth Century Arctic Warming’ (ETCAW, Wegmann et al. 2017, 2018). Our results confirm the observations for the last expedition from the historical study period in 1930/1931. These years covered the warmest part of the ETCW. In turn, the second increased warming of the Arctic began around 1980 (Johannessen et al. 2004) or according to Przybylak (2007) in about the mid-1990s. Changes in overall atmospheric circulation have long been believed to have been the cause of the ETCW (e.g. Scherhag 1937). As the modern climate warming (since 1975) has progressed in a largely similar manner to the progression of the ETCW (Wood and Overland 2010; Semenov and Latif 2012), there has been renewed interest in the insufficiently well-explained causes of the ETCW using the latest research methods, including, primarily, climate models. An analysis of the literature shows that the cause of such a significant warming in the present period is still not clear. There is even controversy over whether the main factors in the process are natural or anthropogenic, although the decided majority of researchers assign a greater role to natural factors (Bengtsson et al. 2004; Semenov and Latif 2012). It would appear that the greatest differences of opinion on the causes of the ETCW are to be found in works presenting climate models (see, e.g. Shiogama et al. 2006; Suo et al. 2013), which is an excellent illustration of the still-insufficient knowledge of the mechanisms governing the Arctic Climate System.”
Image Source: Araźny et al., 2019
Another new paper indicates that West Greenland retreat rates were much higher “(400-800 m/yr)” during the 1930s and 1940s than “after 2000 (>200 m/yr)”.
A reconstruction of warm water inflow to Upernavik Isstrøm
since AD 1925 and its relation to glacier retreat
“A link between the physical oceanography of West Greenland and Atlantic SSTs has indeed been suggested previously: a positive phase of the AMO [Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation] is related to an increase of warm Atlantic waters flowing towards and along the SE and W Greenland shelf (Drinkwater et al., 2014; Lloyd et al., 2011). Our data indeed supports that the AMO influences bottom water temperature variability along the West Greenland shelf and shows that this influence is strong within Upernavik Fjord.
“Despite differences in the timing and magnitude of the retreat of the different glaciers, they broadly share the same retreat history. High retreat rates occurred between the mid ‘30s and mid ‘40s (400-800 m/yr), moderate retreat rates between 1965-1985 (~200 m/yr, except for Upernavik) and high retreat rates again after 2000 (>200 m/yr).”
“[O]ur study shows that while warming of ocean waters in Upernavik fjord likely contributed to the retreat phases during the 1930s and early 2000s, ocean warming is not a prerequisite for retreat of Upernavik Isstrøm.”
“This is important since it implies that the future potential oceanic forcing of Upernavik Isstrøm will depend on changes related to circulation in the North Atlantic (i.e. the AMO). Since the meridional overturning circulation strength and associated heat transport is currently declining, (Frajka-Williams et al., 2017), this may lead to cooling bottom waters during the next decade in Upernavik Fjord and most likely also other fjords in West-Greenland.” | <urn:uuid:4e9e164a-d2cd-4ce4-8456-2d0ec7e4e242> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://notrickszone.com/2019/03/07/new-study-reveals-the-arctic-region-was-4-6c-warmer-than-recent-decades-during-the-1930s/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154897.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804174229-20210804204229-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.943045 | 1,180 | 3.515625 | 4 |
For many pet owners, their animals are their pride and joy. Dogs are known to be excellent companions and are sometimes treated as if they were just another member of the family. So when it comes to your dog’s health report, it is important to cover all of your bases, and that includes checking for symptoms of rabies.
When the thought of a rabid dog comes to mind, the image is normally a gruesome slobbery hound vomiting white foam. The reality is, all dogs could fall prey to this fatal virus if the right precautions are not taken. Just as you would check your dog for any other ailment or disease, rabies is just one more health concern to have on your radar. By educating yourself about the virus and which symptoms to look out for, you will ultimately be protecting both you and your pet from an undesirable outcome.
What Is The Rabies Virus?
The rabies virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that is transmitted through the exchange of blood or saliva from an infected animal and can affect the brain and spinal cord of any mammal. In some cases, it can be caught by breathing in the escaping gases from decomposing animal carcasses, but this process of transmission rarely happens.
There are two forms of rabies: paralytic and furious. Furious rabies is characterized by extreme behavioral changes, including overt canine aggression and attack behavior. Paralytic rabies, also referred to as dumb rabies, is characterized by weakness and loss of coordination, followed by dog paralysis.
In the early stages of the rabies infection, your dog will show only mild signs that seem suspicious. Most dogs will then progress to either the furious stage, the paralytic stage, or a combination of the two. While this disease is preventable, once the host becomes infected, the outcome results in death.
Symptoms & Signs of Rabies in Dogs To Look For
For most common house pets, catching rabies seems extremely far-fetched. But would you know the symptoms of rabies should your dog become infected? When it comes to your pet’s health, it is always better to be safe than sorry.
So what are rabies symptoms in dogs? The most common sign of rabies is a noticeable shift in your dog’s mood or personality. A friendly dog with a great temperament might all of a sudden become irritable, while a normally excitable dog might become very shy and timid. The key is knowing what behavior is normal for your pet, which will help you to determine what is out of character and what could simply be an off day.
The following are possible symptoms or clinical signs of rabies in dogs:
Protecting Your Dog From Infection
Animals who have rabies typically carry the majority of the virus through their saliva, which is why the disease is primarily passed to dogs through a bite from an infected animal. Rabies can also be passed along to your dog if they are scratched and the infected saliva makes contact with a fresh sore or open wound.
The risk runs highest if your dog has had exposure to wild animals. The most common carriers of the rabies virus are bats, raccoons, skunks and foxes. In order to prevent your dog from potentially catching this virus, make sure to avoid these animals as much as possible. But if you and your pet like to spend a lot of time outdoors or in places where these creatures like to call home, make sure to pay close attention to possible symptoms that could be signs of infection. This will help to significantly decrease the chances of rabies being transmitted to your dog.
Another carrier of the disease to look out for are cats. If your dog-dwelling home also has a feline on the premises, it’s important to make sure he is vaccinated and kept indoors. You also want to be aware of cats that could be living in the surrounding area that could potentially come into contact with your dog. If you typically let your dog stay outdoors for long periods of time or without supervision, be sure to pay close attention to your pet’s overall health and seek medical attention if you suspect they may have been infected.
Another way to help keep your dog protected against rabies is to keep him up-to-date on his vaccinations. There is no treatment for rabies, but it can be prevented which is why as loving dog parents, having your pet vaccinated for rabies is the least we can do to keep him safe and healthy. And if you are not sure which vaccine is right for your dog, check with your veterinarian and discuss an appropriate vaccination schedule. In many parts of the country, it’s already mandatory that all domestic animals are vaccinated after the age of three months. | <urn:uuid:9f0fc0c7-0441-4e6e-a5bb-5750d503bb4a> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://canna-pet.com/what-are-rabies-symptoms-in-dogs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202635.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322054710-20190322080710-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.968024 | 967 | 2.984375 | 3 |
friction and elastic force
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Oh know! if I fall, the pack of wild animals will eat me
their attacking Me!
The static friction from his hands and feet are allowing farmer John to stay on the rock wall.
NO!!! Curse you!!!
the air made the farmer slow down when falling so he landed on his feet. This is fluid friction.
Farmer John got back up from the wild animals not evan scratched. He ties a rope to himself and attaches it to the top of the wall. He wants to fly away from them using elastic force.
Farmer John is now stuck to the side of the wall, not able to climb. He is not aware if the elastic forces.
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Eating healthy during pregnancy is imperative to the development of a baby in the fetus. It is important to make sure that the child gets the right nutrients with a balanced diet. The development of a baby is hard work on a woman’s body, so it is important to supply he body with the best types of food to help grow healthy and develop normally.
Eating a healthy and balanced diet can hep prevent the following:
- Excessive weight gain
- Gestational diabetes
- The probability of needing a C-section birth
- Infections in the mother
- Poor healing
- Early birth of the child
- A Low birth weight for the baby
Eating For Two people
There is no one healthy weight for pregnancy, as it can vary depending on the woman. Some general guidelines can follow.
The average total weight gain for a healthy woman during pregnancy is 25 to 35 pounds.
If a female is an overweight, she should only gain 10 to 20 pounds during her pregnancy, so that risk are not alleviated to higher levels.
An underweight woman pregnant with twins or more should between 35 and 45 pounds during the pregnancy.
You should ask your doctor how much weight you should gain during your pregnancy to remain in a healthy range.
When people say eating for two, it does not mean eating twice as much food. Pregnant women only need about 300 extra calories a day. The most important part is what type of calories you are eating.
Eating junk food and sweets, will add calories to your diet without providing the proper nutrients that are vital for the baby’s development.
In this case, the baby will start to take the critical vitamins and minerals it needs from the mother’s body and the mother’s health will suffer because she is not getting the nutrients she needs. The mother must look out for her health as well as the baby’s health.
Rather than eating junk food, the mother should choose foods that are:
- Low in Fat
- High in protein
Low in sugar and carbohydrates ( Sugar provides empty calories)
There other nutritional needs for a growing baby.
The baby needs calcium to grow healthy
Iron helps the baby’s blood supply and prevents anemia from developing in the mother.
Folic acid helps reduce the risk of Spina Bifida (which is the unfinished closing of the spinal column) and other birth defects such as anencephaly, a defect of the brain.
What Should A Pregnant Mother Eat
Eating A sufficient diet with the appropriate amount of nutrients and getting at least 30 minutes of calories per day is important to maintain a healthy pregnancy.
Around 1,800 calories per day during the first trimester
Around 2,200 calories per day during the second trimester
Around 2,400 calories per day during the third trimester
Carbohydrates – Bread Cereal Pasta and Rice
Eat 8-10 Serving a day, as this food give you carbs to turn into energy for your body and to aid in the baby growth. Eat whole grains and fortified foods with iron and folic acid
The vegetable is a must have – Vegetables will provide the mother and baby with Vitamins A and C as well as folic acid, iron, and magnesium. You should eat between 4-5 servings a day would be a good practice, with at least two with green leafy vegetables.
Eating 3-4 servings of fruit a day is recommended for vitamins A and C, fiber, and potassium. Fresh fruits are better than frozen canned fruits. Avoid juices with sugar or sweeteners added, eat plants of vitamin C citrus fruits, berries, and melons.
Dairy products such as milk yogurt and cheese should be eaten three servings a day.Dairy products offer an excellent source of calcium, phosphorus, and protein. However, be careful to limit calories and cholesterol intake and choose nonfat dairy options.
Protein foods such as eggs, nuts, meats poultry, fish, and dry beans can be eaten three times a day. These foods provide Vitamin B, protein, zinc and iron.
Fats and Oils
A pregnant mother must also have some fat in her diet fro the baby; Fats offer long term benefits like energy, that every baby needs for growth and brain development.
Women with special needs diets should plan their meals carefully to ensure that get all of their nutritional needs. You should consult a dietitian particular if you have special diets such as lactose intolerant, gluten-free, vegetarian or vegan restrictions.
Fluids and Vitamins
Pregnant women should drink plenty of liquids. Try to avoid sugar and caffeine drinks. You should ask your doctor how much fluids you should drink each day.
Prenatal vitamins are also a good idea to ensure that you get the vitamins and minerals that are essential during pregnancy. Your doctor may give you a prescription for vitamins, but you also can get them over the counter.
Any one particular reason can not explain food cravings. Many pregnant women have cravings for particular food. It may because by hormonal shifts, but they often fade after the first three months of pregnancy.
As long you getting all the nutrients and minerals needed for you and the baby, it completely fine to have food cravings now and then.
There were occasions when women can have a craving for things that are not food, such as dirt, clay or ice chips. This is called Pica and may be due to too little iron in the blood. If you have these types of cravings, let your doctor know. | <urn:uuid:ea571a07-7e5d-420b-bc02-7f6dbb2c5846> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://healthlifemedia.com/healthy/how-to-eat-during-pregnacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986697439.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019164943-20191019192443-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.956195 | 1,155 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Anxiety is characterized by excessive worry and stress that a person cannot control. It is mainly caused by any anticipated event, such as a stressful occasion, or a traumatic event. It can present as a restless, irritable, worried, and debilitating stress response, which can last from a few minutes to hours.
Signs Of Anxiety
The following signs and symptoms can present in a person suffering from Anxiety:
Emotionally it can present as:
- Panic attacks
- Excessive worry
- Sleep disturbance
Physically it can present as:
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Muscle pain
- Increased heart rate
Tips To Reduce Anxiety
Following are the tips to combat Anxiety:
Stress and Anxiety can tense your body’s muscles, such as those of the head, neck, and shoulders. Also, you may experience problems such as insomnia, diarrhea, and heartburn. Short workout sessions can help in stress relief. It causes the release of relaxing hormones within your body that helps relax the tensed muscles and relieve tension.
Deep breathing helps in reducing stress and maintaining blood pressure. It can help you to relax and reduce your Anxiety. Other benefits of deep breathing include:
- It ebbs and maintains blood pressure
- It relaxes muscles and the mind
- It provides relief from joint and body aches.
How to relax with deep breathing?
- Try to do this exercise in the fresh air in your garden or lawn. If not possible, you can do it inside your house too.
- Take deep breaths slowly. Inhale and exhale at a slow pace.
- While inhaling, you may feel your ribcage expanding. Take a deep breath and occupy all of your lungs completely.
- Remember to take deep, slow breaths, so you do not catch a breath.
- Repeat this two times a day.
Meditation is considered a medicine for your mind and soul.
- Mindfulness meditation is a form of meditation in which you go through the feelings and sensations you are experiencing at the present moment. Mindfulness meditation improves your memory and your attentional capacity. It relieves stress and Anxiety as you focus on the present moment and keep aside all the stresses in your mind. By focusing on the present moment with your conscious mind, you tend to lower cortisol levels in your body, which is the stress hormone. In this way, you can get relief from stress-related disorders such as hypertension, headache, and indigestion.
- Another type of meditation is walking meditation, also known as “kinhin.” It refers to mindful walking with eyes closed and focusing on feelings and sensations in the present moment. It is the best way to relax your mind and body.
Reading your favorite novels can help you relax and enjoy your free time. It helps your mind escape all the worries and takes you to another dimension where you completely forget all your stresses and worries.
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Nouha is a passionate journalist and a beauty lover with valuable knowledge in the health and wellness industry. Nouha worked closely with nurses and doctors treating patients with diabetes, sleeping disorder and anxiety. Nouha is currently studying to become a nurse at the University of Glasgow, Scotland. | <urn:uuid:1627698a-f051-4418-9f6e-f204968dde09> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://beautylifemagazine.com/how-to-reduce-and-relief-anxiety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100290.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201151933-20231201181933-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.94087 | 667 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Starting in central Canada and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi Flyway is the name given to the route followed by birds migrating from their breeding grounds in North America to their wintering grounds in the south…
Whimbrel birds stand a height of 1.5 feet and are known to be migrating birds, referred to as long haul fliers, as they are able to travel distances of up to three thousand five hundred miles without resting in between and can maintain speeds of fifty miles per hour. Before they migrate they ready themselves by packing on weight, and will weigh approximately double their usual weight before migrating. What is truly amazing is a bird named Chinquapin that took on Hurricane Irene.
The impressive Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) is the largest of all falcons. Its body measures roughly 60 cm in length and its wingspan may be as wide as 130 cm. The male is usually about one third smaller than the female and the bird may weigh between 2 to 4.5 pounds. The plumage of the Gyrfalcon [...]
The King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) is a magnificent bird, receiving its name due to the male’s orange knob on the bill and marvelous blue crown. Whilst the female doesn’t compare to the male in physical attractiveness, both genders are remarkable sea-faring birds and certainly worth looking out for. With the silhouette of a large diving [...]
The Arctic is a harsh environment and most birds that travel to this harsh environment do so in summer to breed, and then migrate back home. The Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus), Ptarmigan and the snow bunting are some of the few arctic birds that will live there all year round on the snowy tundra. It [...]
The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) is a relatively small bird that is able to achieve staggering feats of flight. They are easily recognizable by their rounded heads that are covered in smooth black plumage, while the rest of their bodies are white in color. Another interesting fact about the Arctic Tern is that its bright orange beak changes color to red during the breeding. But it is the Arctic Tern migration that has made this little bird specie famous. | <urn:uuid:0da9f2db-3e0f-4232-88fe-e6878dc6c418> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.birds.com/blog/tag/arctic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909035923-00311-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963329 | 467 | 3.09375 | 3 |
He was born in Cooperstown, New York to Axel Eckbo, a businessman, and Theodora Munn Eckbo. In 1912, the family moved to Chicago, Illinois. After Eckbo's parents divorced, he and his mother relocated to Alameda, California where they struggled financially while he grew up. After Eckbo graduated from high school in 1929, he felt a lack of ambition and direction and went to stay with a wealthy paternal uncle, Eivind Eckbo, in Norway. It was during his stay in Norway that he began to focus on his future. Once he returned to the U.S., he worked for several years at various jobs saving money so that he could attend college.
While Eckbo was at Berkeley he was influenced by two of the programs faculty members, H. Leland Vaughan and Thomas Church, who inspired him to move beyond the formalized beaux-arts style that was popular at the time. The Beaux Arts-movement is defined as being carefully planned, richly decorated and being influenced by classical art and architecture. Eckbo graduated with a B.S. in landscape architecture in 1935 and subsequently worked at Armstrong Nurseries in Ontario near Los Angeles where he designed about a hundred gardens in less than a year. After working at the Nurseries, he was restless to expand his creative horizons and entered Harvard University's Graduate School of Design by way of a scholarship competition, which he won.
Beginning his studies at Harvard, Eckbo found that the curriculum followed the Beaux-Arts method and was similar to the one at Berkeley but more rigidly entrenched. Eckbo, along with fellow students Dan Kiley and James Rose resisted and began to "explore science, architecture, and art as sources for a modern landscape design." Eckbo began to take architecture classes with the former Bauhaus director Walter Gropius, who was then head of the architecture department while continuing to take classes in the landscape architecture department. Gropius and Marcel Breuer introduced Eckbo to the idea of the social role in architecture, the link between society and spatial design.
Eckbo was also influenced by the works of several abstract painters, including Wassily Kandinsky, László Moholy-Nagy and Kasimir Malevich. Eckbo would convey a sense of movement in his designs by the layering and massing of plants as inspired by the artists' paintings.
Professional Work and Philosophy
After receiving his MLA degree from Harvard in 1938, Eckbo returned to California where he worked in the San Francisco Office of the Farm Security Administration. He designed camps for the migrant agricultural workers in California's Central Valley. He applied his modernist ideas to these camps attempting to improve the workers living environments. "The Grapes of Wrath' was our bible," he said of John Steinbeck's 1939 novel about farmers dislocated by the dust bowl. The F.S.A. was a remarkable experience because it had the really creative atmosphere a public agency can have if it's not inhibited by some frustrating force."
Those major organizational plantings of Chinese elms, cottonwoods, mulberries, sycamores and other hardy species were softened with magnolias, oaks and olives for shade and almond and plum trees for color. The landscape architect sees nothing extraordinary about going to such trouble for the dispossessed. "You were conscious of social problems that existed, and you tried to think of ways to improve them," he said.
During World War II, the agency shifted its focus to housing for defense workers. Mr. Eckbo designed site plans for 50 such settlements on the West Coast. But peace brought a different public attitude. "There were products we wanted to buy, things we wanted to do, a great outflow of energy, demand and desire. Prosperity is bad for morale," he said. "It makes us greedy."
Mr. Eckbo had a leading hand in planning what many scholars consider the postwar period's finest subdivision scheme, the 256-acre Ladera Housing Cooperative near Palo Alto. But the project was never fully realized without Federal Housing Authority financing, which was probably withheld because the community was racially integrated.
In 1946 Eckbo resettled in Los Angeles to take advantage of its growing opportunities for private practice. Never a puritan, he threw himself with gusto into defining the landscape of a new American dream. "L.A. is larger, looser, a place of freer movement socially than the Bay Area," he said. "The years I spent there were the best of my professional life."
Mr. Eckbo's eagerness to experiment during the 1950s was epitomized by his theatrical Beverly Hills swimming pool design for the owner of Cole of California, the bathing suit company. The landscape architect cantilevered a steel beam spanning the width of the pool to support a masonry wall and a series of concrete diving platforms that allowed models to swim under the backdrop unnoticed and then emerge like Esther Williams from the deep.
In other projects, Mr. Eckbo advanced the quintessential California mode of indoor-outdoor living, casual recreation and the flexible use of space. "In the landscape profession," Mr. Eckbo explained, "small gardens are not seen as our highest aspiration. If you can do a 50-acre park, it must be more important. But for me the private garden has always been a laboratory for developing new ideas and concepts. Any family that has a quarter-acre backyard has got a real project. Any improvement of any space is a step forward."
Many of Eckbo's gardens accompanied well known leading modernist architect housing design, including Raphael Soriano, Richard Neutra and Robert Alexander (including Orange Coast College<"Rare Neutra, Alexander, Eckbo Campus Collaboration May be Demolished" by Barbara Lamprecht, John Linnert AIA, 17 July 2014, The Cultural Landscape Foundation></https://tclf.org/landslides/orange-coast-college-at-risk>) and were photographed by Julius Shulman.
In 1956, the Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA) asked Eckbo to create a garden containing large amounts of aluminum, for the company's publicity purposes. Aluminum had been widely used during the war years as a component in airplane manufacture, but ALCOA was interested in promoting the metal's peacetime use as well.<ALCOA Forecast Garden, Los Angeles, CA, 1952-1966calisphere, University of California></http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/28722/bk0000m892r/><Environmental Design Archives Exhibitions, Berkeley></http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/cedarchives/exhibitions/items/show/811>
In 1963 he returned to Berkeley to head the department of landscape architecture where he had been a student.
The very successful firm of Eckbo, Royston and Williams designed hundreds of projects including residential gardens, planned community developments, urban plazas, churches and college campuses.
He would eventually form the highly successful firm Eckbo, Dean, Austin and Williams in 1964, which in 1973, officially adopted the moniker, EDAW. Guided by a progressive vision of the leadership role of landscape architecture, EDAW became involved in sustainable planning at the regional scale as early as the 1960s when the firm created the California Urban Metropolitan Open Space Plan for the State.
In a period in history when suburban sprawl was ascendant, EDAW’s open space plan for the state of California was as innovative as it was provocative. The very idea of an ‘open space plan’ was a novel one. The firm drew up plans to preserve open spaces in danger of encroachment on the fringes of the greater Los Angeles-San Diego, Palm Springs, San Francisco Bay and Lake Tahoe areas. In addition to protected county, state and federal lands existing at the time, EDAW’s plan identified a further 330,000 acres for protection. In strong language, it warned against the automobile and foretold the climate crisis. "A new ethical attitude about land use is needed," intoned EDAW’s report, "in order to protect the environment for everyone’s benefit."
EDAW also began to work internationally, with projects in New Delhi, India (Lodi Park and the Ford Foundation Headquarters) and Osaka, Japan (Civic Center) among other locations worldwide. Eckbo famously said: "design shall be dynamic, not static. Design shall be areal, not axial. Design shall be three dimensional, people live in volumes, not planes."
Growth in the firm continued apace in the 1970s and ‘80s, with new satellite offices in Alexandria, Virginia, and Atlanta, Georgia. In 1979 Eckbo left EDAW, the firm he helped to found. EDAW was acquired by AECOM Technology Corporation in 2005, whose work continuously strives to include cross-disciplinary work and link environmental and social goals to improve quality of life.
Leaving the firm in 1979, Eckbo first formed the firm Garrett Eckbo and Associates and finally Eckbo Kay Associates with Kenneth Kay.
Throughout Eckbo's career he maintained his vision of the interaction of art and science to create environments that were functional and livable, while maintaining the social, ecological and cultural approach to design.
In 1964, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1994. In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.
He received numerous awards, including UC Berkeley's College of Environmental Design Distinguished Alumnus of 1998, the American Society of Landscape Architects Medal of Honor in 1975, the Architectural League of New York's gold medal in 1950 and the American Institute of Architect's merit award in 1953. In 1970, he won an American Society of Landscape Architects' merit award for Lodi Park in New Delhi, India.
"Art emotionalizes the intellect. Science intellectualizes the emotions. Together, they bring order to nature and freedom to man," he wrote in his 1969 book, "The Landscape We See."
"Today, one finds the center of city or town only by the increasing height of buildings, the increasing clamor of lights and signs, and the increasing congestion of traffic," he wrote. "We still build temples and palaces and many other splendid structures, but they are lost in the modern urban jungle."
"Over the years I've done a lot of flying across the country," he said in an interview to Martin Filler of the New York Times, "and from an airplane it looks as if nobody knew what they were doing or where they were building. There's a near total absence of physical community in America today, no sequence of qualitative connections and experiences. What we landscape architects are about is to try to bring some intelligence to that pattern."
Mr. Eckbo's great success in doing just that is evident in the more than 1,000 highly varied schemes he produced for clients ranging from migrant farm workers in California's Central Valley to Gary Cooper in Beverly Hills. But despite his important role in creating a distinctive new style of American landscape design during the expansive postwar years—when his lively, innovative gardens were the horticultural equivalents of the architecture and furniture of Charles and Ray Eames—Mr. Eckbo is still not as widely known outside certain practical and academic architectural and landscape circles, although his students and colleagues bear testament to his teachings and humanity.
Other books by Eckbo include "Landscape for Living" and "Urban Landscape Design."
Linda Jewell, professor of landscape architecture at the University of California, Berkeley, where Eckbo taught said Eckbo's books always contained numerous illustrations of his observations and theoretical positions. Some of the illustrations reflected actual projects, others were proposals that Eckbo thought should be real, she said.
"He was always an advocate for the underclass," she said. "Everything he did had a social agenda behind it." <Linda Jewell "Garrett eckbo, UC Berkeley professor known for inspiring the modern landscape movement, dies at 89"><by Kathleen Maclay, 08 Jun 2000/http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2000/06/08_eckbo.html>
Eckbo died on May 14, 2000 after a stroke. He was survived by his wife, Arline, of Oakland; daughters Marilyn Kweskin and Alison Peper of Los Angeles; six grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.
- 1935: Landscape design for architect Edwin Lewis Snyder, Berkeley, CA
- 1938-44: Housing for migrant workers in California, Arizona and Texas
- 1946: Park Planned Homes (architect: Gregory Ain), Altadena, CA
- 1947-48: Community Homes (architect: Gregory Ain), Reseda, CA (unbuilt)
- 1947: Ladera Cooperative (architects: John Funk and Joseph Allen Stein), Palo Alto, CA
- 1948: Avenel Homes (architect: Gregory Ain), Los Angeles, CA
- 1948: Mar Vista Housing (architect: Gregory Ain), Los Angeles, CA
- 1952: Alcoa Forecast Garden (Eckbo residence), Los Angeles, CA
- 1962: Long-range development plan for the University of New Mexico
- 1964-68: Union Bank Plaza (architect: Harrison & Abramovitz), Los Angeles, CA
- 1966: Fulton Mall, Fresno, California
- 1968: Lodhi Garden (architect: Joseph Allen Stein), New Delhi, India
- 1970: Tucson Community Center, Tucson, AZ
Eckbo taught at the School of Architecture at the University of Southern California from 1948-56. Among his students were architect Frank Gehry. Gehry credits Eckbo and Simon Eisner, who taught city planning, in encouraging him to follow his "liberal political do-gooder leanings" and apply to Harvard Graduate School of Design for graduate work in city planning: "they also knew I wasn't interested in doing rich guys' houses and that I would be more emotionally inclined toward low-cost housing and planning."<Frank Gehry><Conversations with Frank Gehry by Barbara Isenberg/Knopf, April 21, 2009>
He was the chairman of the Department of Landscape Architecture at UC Berkeley from 1963-69.
Eckbo's social inquiry techniques, environmental, landscape and living teachings have continued to exert influence internationally through the practice of the firms he founded, including the large and international EDAW / AECOM and international students at UC Berkeley, such as Mexican architect and landscape architect Mario Schjetnan.
At the request of UC Berkeley's Institute of Governmental Studies, Eckbo wrote "Public Landscape," ranking architectural and planning successes and failures from the public arena.<Kathleen Maclay><Garrett Eckbo, UC Berkeley professor known for inspiring modern landscape movemen, dies at 89/http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2000/06/08_eckbo.html>
In 1997, the UC Berkeley Art Museum mounted a "Garrett Eckbo: Landscape for Living" exhibit.
Though he gave up designing when he turned 80, he continued to write for several years after, includingPeople in a Landscape,'a summation of humanistic principles that at the time in the decade of the late 1990s may have seemed novel to a generation that grew up in a very different climate for design in the public realm than the social and economic transformations Eckbo lived through during the Great Depression and post war period.
The alleged guardians of the landscape look at what we call good sense as an intrusion on their prerogatives, Mr. Eckbo said. That's the feeling put out by the people who make money by putting it out, in the true spirit of enterprise. What should happen in the next century is a developing understanding of the basic relations between society and nature. There is a social ideal that's badly mangled but still around -- that we should all work together cooperatively. That's a simple and powerful idea. <Martin Filler "Landscape Visionary for a New American Dream", 2 February 1997, New York Times></http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/02/arts/landscape-visionary-for-a-new-american-dream.html>
- 1950: Landscape for Living (Duell, Sloan & Pearce)
- "a seminal book in landscape architecture"
- republished in 2002 (Hennessey & Ingalls)
- 1956: Art of Home Landscaping (McGraw-Hill)
- 1964: Urban Landscape Design (McGraw-Hill)
- 1969: The Landscape We See (McGraw-Hill)
- Treib, Marc; Imbert, Dorothée (1996). Garrett Eckbo: Modern Landscapes for Living. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20779-3.
- Goedeken, E. A. (October 2002). "Garrett Eckbo". American National Biography Online. Retrieved 2004-09-24.
- "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" January 30, 1968 New York Post
- Denzer, Anthony (2008). Gregory Ain: The Modern Home as Social Commentary. Rizzoli Publications. ISBN 0-8478-3062-4.
- UNM Heritage Preservation Plan
- Francis, M. & Hester, R. T. Jr. (eds): The Meaning of Gardens. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 1990. ISBN 0-262-06127-9
- Rogers, E. B.: Landscape Design: a Cultural and Architectural History. New York, NY: Harry Abrams, Inc.; 2001. ISBN 0-8109-4253-4
- Treib, M & Imbert, D: 'Garrett Eckbo: Modern Landscapes for Living'. University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 0520207793
- Maclay, K. (2000, June 8). Garrett Eckbo, UC Berkeley professor known for inspiring the modern landscape movement,dies at 89. Retrieved Sep 7, 2004.
- Schwenk, K. (2001). "Garrett Eckbo: Pioneer of Modern Landscape". UNM-Quantum 2001. Retrieved August 30, 2004.
- Treib, M. (2000). Thomas Church, Garrett Eckbo, and the Postwar California Garden (PDF file, 49 KB).
- Garrett Eckbo Collection, Environmental Design Archives, University of California, Berkeley | <urn:uuid:149f4734-ba61-4882-991f-01bb6de77dff> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Eckbo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097246.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00048-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950649 | 3,870 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Editor’s note: Some outdated racial terms that today are considered insensitive or offensive are used in this story, not out of disrespect but solely because of their appearance on official records.
Growing up, she was urged to not speak of her Indigenous roots.
“In our family, we were told not to talk about it,” recalled Marilyn Berry Morrison, chief of the Roanoke-Hatteras Tribe of the Algonquian Indians of North Carolina.
This fear, which “has been embedded” from generation to generation, is often still found among local Roanoke-Hatteras descendants today.
“We have active tribal members who don’t want to put in their paperwork to make them an official tribal member,” Morrison said.
Centuries of fear of forcible removals, government-sanctioned land-stealing and even government-sanctioned murder took its toll.
“Many years ago, if you claimed to be Indian or Native American, you were killed, OK? So that fear has trickled on down through generations,” Morrison explained. “Even having President Theodore Roosevelt say that ‘a good Indian is a dead Indian’… it really had a tremendous impact on being called Native American. And that is who we are.”
She has become an outspoken advocate of the tribe and believes others will follow suit.
“I believe in time we’ll get rid of that (fear) once they accept who they are and know who they are, and speak about who they are,” she said. “That will give them the confidence that I feel is what impacts the feeling of fear.”
Morrison has led the effort for official state tribal recognition for the past 12 years — an involved, frustrating process that inherently doesn’t make sense to her.
“We have a rich heritage and have been able to prove and establish who we are, and we just don’t know understand why it is taking so long,” said the Elizabeth City resident, whose parents and both their families were from Manteo.
“Our families never left,” she said of many members and descendants of the Roanoke-Hatteras tribe.
They were the subject of anthropologist Frank G. Speck’s field studies in 1916, when he noted the Indigenous ancestry of the local Berry, Daniels, Pugh and Wescott families, according to the nonprofit Algonquian Indians of North Carolina Inc.’s website. Speck wrote in 1924 that more than 100 Indigenous descendants lived on the islands.
Between the 1890s and 1900s, Morrison’s ancestor, Joseph Hall Berry, along with Lemuel Collins and Thomas Scarborough, bought property in Roanoke Island’s Butt Swamp area — land that “would become the center of the distinct Indian community on Roanoke Island,” according to ncalgonquians.com.
Archaeological research shows that Native Americans have lived in northeastern North Carolina “for at least 10,000 years and probably longer,” according to “Archeological Studies in the Northern Coastal Zone of North Carolina”by David Sutton Phelps.
That’s 41 times the length of the United States’ existence as a country.
And long before conservation efforts were ever dreamed of — or needed —stewardship was simply an innate part of everyday life, Morrison said.
“The forests, the swamps, the rivers, the landscapes were all nurtured by our people,” she said.
“We lived with nature, and everything that we had came from nature — our food, our clothes, our shelter — and we were appreciative of that,” she continued. “Our creation story also centers around the ocean, the sand and the coast.
“Hatteras was our fishing ground, and Roanoke was hunting grounds,” she said. “You have lot of mixture or intermarrying between the tribes, and that’s one reason why we carry two names: Roanoke-Hatteras.”
Algonquian was the language all local tribes spoke; each was part of the Algonquian Nation.
“The North American continent was divided up in nations,” she said. “There was an early treaty, so I’m told, that required each nation to protect a certain portion of the continent. The Algonquian Nation is the east gatekeeper, so it was our responsibility to protect the east land that runs from Canada through the southern tip of Florida.”
She added: “So I guess we didn’t do a good job by letting the Europeans get in and mess up our land.”
The first English venture into North America was at Croatoan, present-day Hatteras.
“The original name was Croatoan, which was changed to Croatan; and then the English for some reason changed it to Hatteras in the early 1700s,” Morrison said.
Historically, Morrison said the tribe gardened, hunted and fished, using bones and shells for utensils and regalia. Tanned animal skin and fur became clothing.
“We also only took from the land what we needed, and there was no waste; so conservation is key,” Morrison said. “Mother Earth was sacred to us, so we didn’t have to worry about trashing. We were a very clean people.”
The Roanoke-Hatteras also worked with natural environmental transitions.
“Everything was free-flowing,” Morrison said. “Water flowed in one direction, so you know not to block that off. It wasn’t until we had all this development that we disturbed Mother Nature.”
Morrison continued: “We are keepers of the land. It hurts to see that they built a dog park on sacred land up at the airport (in Manteo), and it further hurts seeing developers coming in and ruining Nature’s land. That strips the animals of their homes and also kills our forests and wetlands. The greed of man is a downfall.”
She suggests taking small steps to help address climate change.
“If we learn to reduce and reuse and recycle, and buy less stuff — and only buy what you need — that would be a good thing we can contribute to help address this global issue,” Morrison said.
Sharing with Others: A Way of Life
Centuries before the phrase, “Southern hospitality” was coined, it was an intrinsic cultural practice of the Indigenous people here.
In 1584, foreigners arrived at the coast of present-day North Carolina for the first time.
Chief Wingina ruled several tribes then, including the Roanoke-Hatteras, with more than 30 sub-chieftains under him. His wife stood on the shore and invited in these Europeans, according to tribal oral history.
“She welcomed them in the village; and, because they didn’t know what she was saying, she had braves come out,” Morrison said.
The braves swam out and carried these foreigners in on their backs, then washed their clothes and fed them, she explained. Some stayed, but when their rationings were depleted, they left. Following a disagreement about a silver cup, the foreigners beheaded a tribal chief – but not Wingina, who was also beheaded, but later.
“After we had taught them how to survive on our land and opened our homes to them, they in turn beheaded our chief,” Morrison said.
David Stick wrote in “Dare County: A Brief History” that soldier Ralph Lane led 107 men in the second English expedition to the area, staying on Roanoke Island through the winter of 1585-86.
Lane depended on the Native Americans to provide food for him and his men as they searched for gold in the sounds and rivers to the west.
“Despite their friendliness Lane considered the Indians savages and barbarians and treated them in a high-handed manner, culminating in a surprise attack on an Indian village in which a Roanoke chief and several other Indians were killed,” Stick wrote. “From then on the Roanoke Indians refused to give further help to the Englishmen and by spring Lane’s forces were suffering from an acute shortage of food.”
Lane’s attack on the locals who were feeding him didn’t make sense to the tribe then, or now.
“It’s hard to understand what their plight was,” Morrison said. “Many books tell us we were ‘savages.’ We were not the savages. We didn’t scalp. That was not our custom; that was a custom that was brought here.”
Wanchese viewed the Europeans “as being not very good for us, and he also helped Wingina see it that way,” Morrison said. “I know things separated, especially when Manteo was made ‘Lord of Roanoke;’ that didn’t really sit well with us, followed with Wingina being beheaded.”
She added, “Manteo is a touchy subject with me because I look at him as being a traitor. He sold us out.”
The custom of hospitality nonetheless lived on, according to Morrison.
Algonquian practice at hunting quarters was for all to partake of any game killed, so “all fare alike,” F. Roy Johnson wrote in his 1972 book, “The Algonquians: Indians of That Part of the New World First Visited by the English.”
Morrison’s grandfather, commercial fisherman Capt. Josephus “Joe” Berry, staunchly practiced that ethic. His longtime mate William K. “Billy” Brown’s 2006 book includes “the things he learned from my grandfather,” Morrison said. “A number of the things that he learned were Native American customs in regards to trapping, fishing, hunting (and) just how to conserve.”
“As a fisherman, Joe Berry was one of the very best,” Brown wrote in “Mullet Roar and Other Stories by an Outer Banker.”
“Joe had one habit that may have been a weakness or strength, depending on how you looked at things,” Brown wrote.“Whenever Joe found fish, he always called other boats that were in the area and invited them over to share in the catch.”
He continued: “I used to say, ‘Captain Joe, maybe we should catch a few before we call anybody.’ He’d always say, ‘I was not raised that way, Bill. I was taught to share my good luck with others.’ Every captain at Oregon Inlet knew this about Joe and respected his rare generosity.”
‘They Killed Us on Paper’
The 1940 Census lists Capt. Joe Berry and his family members each as “Negro” — including son Wheeler C. Berry, Morrison’s uncle, who would later become a Roanoke-Hatteras Tribe elder.
But racial categories eliminated Indigenous people as effectively as the many other government-sanctioned means, including the Trail of Tears, employed for this purpose.
In Morrison’s father Joseph Berry’s family, “prior to the 1900s, every member in his mother’s and father’s household was listed as white; and then they changed it to Black,” Morrison’s older sisters told her.
“Believe it or not, on my mom’s wedding certificate it says she was white,” Morrison said. “It says in her early years, she was mulatto, and then she became Black. So, when we ask genealogists to work with us, they are ready to tell us, ‘Oh, well, you aren’t Indian.’ How can they tell me who my ancestors are when I know who I am? That’s another way they killed us on paper. The records are not correct.”
Only her cousin Eagle Collins, who is in his 60s and was born in Hawaii, has a birth certificate that includes “Native American” on it, Morrison said.
Her family spans all skin tones — “from the whitest of whites to the blackest of Black,” she said. “We have blue eyes, green eyes, gray eyes, but we’re all the same blood.”
A 1991 article by Susan Greenbaum, “What’s in a Label? Identity Problems of Southern Indian Tribes” published in The Journal of Ethnic Studies, confirms this pervasive issue for Indigenous Southerners.
“In Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia, and other southern states, the terms ‘mulatto,’ ‘colored,’ and even ‘black’ were frequently used to designate either full-blooded Indians, or mixtures of White and Indian. After the removals, ‘Indian’ ceased to be an operative census category in most counties in the south,” Greenbaum wrote.
“Indians who remained were categorized somewhat capriciously among the various remaining options,” she continued. “Designations were highly unstable; the same person could shift back and forth between Black, White, and mulatto.”
Greenbaum found in 1896-1902 poll tax records for the Mowa Choctaws in Alabama that 62% of tribal members “had been enumerated as both white and colored at different intervals during that brief period.”
During the country’s era of enslavement, Native Americans were often listed as “free persons of color,” and they sometimes “bought” enslaved Africans in order to rescue them. Europeans attempted to enslave Native Americans, but because they knew the land better than the foreigners, they were able to escape. The Africans, brought from another continent, did not have that advantage, Morrison explained.
One distant relative, Abijah, bought her husband Solomon; “and at her death, she willed her husband to her son, to make sure that he would never be enslaved again,” she said.
Because there were laws against Native Americans marrying white or Black people, “that was one way they got around it,” she explained. “And she was not the only one.”
According to oral history tradition, Morrison’s great-great-grandfather, Rev. Zion Hall Berry, planted more than seven churches in northeastern North Carolina — always by waterways — and facilitated escapes for formerly enslaved persons. These churches ranged from Haven Creek Baptist Church in Manteo to Antioch Baptist Church in South Mills to Corner Stone Missionary Baptist Church in Elizabeth City.
Morrison believes in correcting the untruths regarding Indigenous history: “We have a story that has gone untold far too long.”
“Those who are standing in fear need to stand boldly and speak about our culture, our heritage and tradition,” she continued. “We need to start speaking out boldly so we can reconstruct all these lies and start telling the truth about what actually happened. That’s the only way our children are going to be enlightened and learn to grow and be able to pass these truthful stories on to their children in the future.”
The Roanoke-Hatteras Tribe hosts an annual powwow in August that is open to the public, which was cancelled the past two years due to COVID-19. The tribe is planning one for 2022. Other future hopes include creating a museum for public display of tribal artifacts and building a senior center for older relatives.
Morrison said the tribe welcomes monetary or land donations toward these goals. For more information about the tribe, visit www.ncalgonquians.com. | <urn:uuid:1c24f4f2-9ae4-4e6e-9036-9e52bb96ddea> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://coastalreview.org/2021/10/roanoke-hatteras-algonquian-the-tribe-that-never-left/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233505362.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921073711-20230921103711-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.978664 | 3,417 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Subject: What is inside a tooth that has been pulled out of your mouth?
Date: Mon Sep 25 17:22:41 2000
Posted by Sheena Patel
Grade level: 7-9
School: Henderson Middle School
City: No city entered. State/Province: Georgia
Country: No country entered.
Area of science: Anatomy
I am asking this, because i have to tell the similarities between an
eggshell's ingredients and a tooth's ingredients.
Re: What is inside a tooth that has been pulled out of your mouth?
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© 1995-2000. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:e801566d-5998-4c86-9f4b-24b2556464cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-09/970184624.An.q.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948612570.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218083356-20171218105356-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.849698 | 205 | 3.21875 | 3 |
As a nurse and a daughter, I strive to give my mom the right kind of nutrition she needs. But recently I noticed my mom wasn’t finishing her meals. In fact, there were times when the caregiver or I would put a meal in front of her and she wouldn’t even touch it. She would make silly excuses, leave the table, and putter off, busying herself with some irrelevant task. When I’d ask her about it, she’d say she just wasn’t hungry, and that food just didn’t appeal to her anymore. Elderly Nutrition can be quite a challenge. Just figuring out why they are not eating right, and then trying to adjust to their changing needs can be quite a challenge.
Is feeding your senior difficult? Are they saying they’re “not hungry”, “can’t taste the food”, “don’t have an appetite”, “are tired of the same food”?
As we get older, we tend to have a bit more difficulty eating due to a number of factors:
- Taste buds are often not as sensitive as we age and we can even lose the sense of taste altogether.
- Seniors are not as active physically so they are not getting the benefit from the appetite stimulation that movement and exercise affords us.
- Depression, loneliness, and sadness can wreak havoc on appetite.
- Illness or disease or some medications can suppress appetite
Seniors typically need to eat smaller amounts of food and more often. Protein and high quality fats are important for brain function, hormones, energy production, and blood sugar regulation.
Here are some ideas for quick and easy to cook meals and/or snacks. All of these small meal/snack ideas can be served at any time, breakfast or lunch or dinner.
1) Nut butter on crackers (unsweetened almond butter, unsweetened peanut butter, cashew butter).
2) Sliced apples dipped in various nut butters. Peel the apples for easier chewing if apple skin is a problem.
3) Another way to serve nut butter and fruit is to put a small amount of nut butter in a bowl and mix in some small pieces of banana. Can be eaten with a spoon or spread on warm soft bread or crackers. (berries or apples work well for this too)
4) Avocado slices (¼ to ½ avocado) spread on crackers or warm lightly toasted soft bread. Sprinkle some salt or a seasoning called “Spike” on the avocado.
5) Cottage cheese with fruit pieces mixed in (try pineapple, cantaloupe, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, or bananas).
6) Cottage cheese sprinkled with either the seasoning “Spike” or “Lawry’s Season Salt”.
7) Scrambled eggs with small chunks of cream cheese melted into the warm eggs. Cheddar or jack cheese is good too but cream cheese is delicious and decadent.
8) Cheese slices with crackers and sliced apples. If they have difficulty chewing, make sure you give saltines or crackers that are easily dissolved in the mouth. If there is difficulty chewing the sliced apples, then cut an apple in half, take out the core, and with a spoon shave and scoop out the inside of the apple, avoiding giving them the skin.
9) A few slices or pieces of meat: turkey, chicken, sliced steak or roast beef, leftover bacon or sausage. It is a really good idea to always have a little leftover meat available to add to a meal or snack. After 3 days, I like to throw out the meat and make a fresh batch (or give to the dog or cat if they can tolerate people food).
10) Another thing you can do with leftover meat (chicken, turkey, beef) small chunks or slices of meat (either cold or warmed up) spruce it up by dipping in mayonnaise mixed with salt and pepper or any other seasoning they like.
11) For a quick vegetarian meal, take a can of beans (pinto, black, kidney, or cannellini beans) drained and rinsed and a can of tomato pieces and heat this up together in a small pan. If tolerated, cook in some finely chopped onion. Add some salt or mild seasoning if necessary. Before serving, sprinkle with a few small chunks of avocado on top. Optional, add a dollop of sour cream.
12) Make an open face melted cheese sandwich: add thin slices of fresh tomato and/or avocado to the bread before adding the cheese and place in a very hot oven until the cheese is bubbly and melting. A delicious seasoning for this is a little garlic powder and salt (optional).
13) Cooked pasta with butter and sprinkle with grated or shaved parmesan cheese. Add pieces of sausage if you have some prepared.
14) This idea takes a bit more preparation but is a very healthy snack. Cook a whole bunch of different chopped vegetables in chicken broth. Onions, garlic, broccoli, kale, cauliflower, squash, carrots, celery to name a few. Cook as many different ones together as you can, making sure to cook them just until they are done, do not overcook. Season the soup with salt and pepper and a little turmeric or other spices. Then, place a serving of this soup in a blender and blend until it is a smooth puree. Serve either alone or you can mix in a few bites of leftover meat such as sausage or ham or chicken or beef. This is easy to digest, delicious, and extremely nutritious. One thing I would note, please only blend the soup just before you serve it, it is not as tasty and nutritious if it is pureed and then reheated.
The key to keeping up with elderly nutrition is to be a detective: ask a lot of questions about food preferences and family history. Find out how your senior is feeling; mentally and physically. If they are not sure, ask specific questions about pain and discomfort, temperature, changes in the surroundings, new people in the home…sometimes they have a difficult time expressing what’s wrong and you need to do some digging to find out.
For more information on Elderly Nutrition, here are some helpful resources: | <urn:uuid:556bbbe0-0709-4205-b784-984127536534> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://blog.athomecaresacramento.com/14-simple-healthy-meals-and-snacks-for-elderly-nutrition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509960.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016010149-20181016031649-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.938716 | 1,319 | 2.703125 | 3 |
- Medicine Access and Rational Use > Primary Health Care
- Traditional Medicine > Traditional, Complementary and Herbal Medicine
(1995; 86 pages)
C. EVALUATE THE PROGRESS OF A TRAINING PROJECT
Assessing the progress of trainees is one of the most important responsibilities of a trainer. Evaluation activities should be integrated into the overall training plan to determine how effectively the training efforts are progressing.
Among the most common types of evaluations are those that measure progress during the course of training. Measures can be taken at different stages on a daily or weekly basis. When you evaluate as you go along it avoids the undue stress on students of a single final examination; it gives trainees more incentive to learn throughout the course; and you can get useful information to identify problems as they arise. You can then give attention to those problems and change the course so that it more effectively meets the needs of the trainees.
Evaluating the performance of students and trainers will also enable you to learn how effective you perform as a teacher and will help ensure that students will be able to perform health tasks competently when they return to work in the community. | <urn:uuid:0a9ca70a-5ad5-449b-8065-7481f58f53d8> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2940e/7.3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768831.100/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00058-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942669 | 238 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In preparing for a district webinar, I have been looking at and soliciting feedback from my peers about a variety of technology resources that support formative assessment. While probably not a complete list, these resources are an asset to quality formative assessment in your classroom.
Exit slips have always been a great formative assessment tool. Utilizing a Google form instead of paper allows you to more easily look at the data, saving you time and providing a better way to look at data trends. A Google form can be embedded on a website or it can simply be a link. Students can access this exit slip in class or it could be something they access at home once an assignment is completed. This exit slip data is now all in one easy to read spreadsheet that you can analyze quickly. I recommend creating a generic exit slip form that you can use over and over. Once you are done with this formative data, it can be erased and the form can be used again. See the video below to setup a Google form.
Answer Garden - http://answergarden.ch
Answer Garden is an easy to use feedback board that requires no user account and minimal setup. This makes it great for formative assessment. A teacher just needs to go to Answer Garden, click on "create an answer garden", and enter a question or statement. Once a few other options are selected, the user clicks on create. Now your Answer Garden is ready to use. Students will need the URL so it will need to be posted for them. Students can then respond in a maximum of 20 characters. The short character limit does not allow students to give complete answers but this resource could be used for students to give their feelings about a subject.
Here is a sample: http://answergarden.ch/view/47265
Socrative - http://socrative.com
Socrative is a great tool for formative assessment. It can be used on the fly or assessments can be created before a lesson. This flexibility allows teachers to use Socrative in a variety of ways. Another advantage of using Socrative is the accompanying student and teacher app. These apps allow the teacher to control everything from their phone or it allows the students to use their mobile devices (IOS and Android) to answer. No smartphone, no problem. Socrative also works with your computer using any browser. Learn how to use Socrative in your classroom by taking a tour through Socrative with the video below.
Infuselearning - http://infuselearning.com
Infuselearning is a tool that is very similar to Socrative. With Infuselearning, teachers can assess students on the fly or create assessments ahead of time. Students are able to respond to a variety of questions, including the exclusive draw response where students can answer the question with a picture. Although it does not have its own app, students can use a computer, tablet, or smart phone to respond to questions. The only exception to this will be students trying to use Internet Explorer. Learn how to use Infuselearning for formative assessment by watching the video below.
For districts that use Microsoft SharePoint, the survey tool could be used as a formative assessment tool. Teachers using SharePoint can create a survey with formative assessment questions. Students would log into the teacher's websites and respond to the survey questions. Once completed, the results can be downloaded into an Excel spreadsheet for easy analysis. With this data, the teacher can make informed decisions about instruction.
All of these resources are great tools for formative assessment. Each has its own strengths, weaknesses, and uses. Check them out and use them in your classroom. | <urn:uuid:1cd49da7-7977-4eb8-9e58-98aba230f4b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://itechbob.blogspot.com/2013/01/formative-assessment-with-technology.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806225.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120203833-20171120223833-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.931284 | 752 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Some researchers in a study said they found Aleve could increase the risk of heart attacks or strokes. But others say the results are not conclusive.
The study was conducted by the National Institutes of Health over three years and involved 2500 people. It was suspended after researchers said preliminary results indicate naproxen, commonly known as "Aleve," could increase the risk of heart attack or stroke.
Aleve is a popular over the counter pain reliever that has been sold for 28 years. Advertised as long-lasting relief for everything from arthritis to the common cold, it is also the latest drug called into question for potentially causing harm. ABC News' medical editor, Dr. Tim Johnson, is urging caution.
"Let's hold tight before we write off Aleve. We may find that the results are not applicable to the general population. We are really flying blind here now until we get results," Johnson said.
The new study, designed to test whether Aleve reduces the risk of Alzheimer's, found that the medicine could increase other risks. Those taking Aleve had a fifty percent greater incidence of heart attack or stroke than those taking a placebo.
Officials at the Food and Drug Administration call the study confusing, and inconclusive. NIH officials say only further tests will determine whether Aleve is actually dangerous. What should patients do now?
Dr. John Breitner is the study's principal investigator: "They should probably be a little more concerned today and their doctors should be a little more concerned today than they were, for example, yesterday because we have new information," said Breitner.
The FDA is urging consumers to follow label guidelines. Don't use Aleve for more than ten days in a row, and don't take more than three pills in any given 24-hour period. | <urn:uuid:dab8989d-8e2c-4c02-b67d-1d707c5b27be> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.wtok.com/home/headlines/1303826.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645378542.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031618-00252-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966817 | 365 | 2.625 | 3 |
Posted By Marc Friedland
Despite tremendous progress in reducing the incidence of polio, it still exists. Polio will continue to threaten children everywhere as long as it exists somewhere. In this age of global travel, a new outbreak of polio might only be a plane ride away. Did you know that…
- Before eradication efforts began in 1988, polio paralyzed more than 1,000 children a day, which totaled about 350,000 children annually. The incidence of polio has since declined by more than 99 percent.
- Vaccinations easily can stave off polio. Vaccinations have prevented an estimated 500,000 children per year from contracting polio. A child can be protected against polio for as little as 60 cents (US) worth of vaccine.
- Only four countries are still polio endemic — an all-time low: Nigeria, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
- Rotary International is the spearheading member of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative and is the largest private sector donor. It has contributed more than US$600 million to the polio eradication activities in 122 countries. In addition, tens of thousands of Rotarians have partnered with their national ministries of health, UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and with health providers at the grassroots level in thousands of communities.
Polio is a highly infectious disease that primarily affects children under the age of three and can cause paralysis within hours. A polio-free world is within our grasp. Join Rotary’s effort to end this crippling disease. Learn more about Rotary’s ongoing effort to eradicate polio and how you can help through contributions to PolioPlus and PolioPlus Partners. For more information, please visit www.rotary.org.
The PolioPlus Division of The Rotary Foundation supports Rotarians’ efforts to achieve Rotary International’s and its Foundation’s goal of the certification of the eradication of the wild poliovirus. This support includes the provision of quality education and information to promote the efforts of Rotarians directly involved in polio eradication activities, and the membership at large; facilitation of interaction, particularly between Rotarians in polio free and polio affected countries, collaboration with Rotary’s partners in the Polio Eradication Initiative, and grants to Rotarians and partner organizations. | <urn:uuid:8ef29315-54e4-4c26-af04-7ac1f2649ccd> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.charlottesouthrotary.com/about-polioplus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172831.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00592-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932439 | 483 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Bryan Killett is a physicist working on the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. GRACE is a joint mission of NASA and the German Aerospace Center which collects satellite data to learn about Earth's changing gravity field, specifically the high frequency changes associated with ocean tides. As the high tide comes in, more water is present, so gravity in that location is temporarily strengthened. These changes are detected with GRACE and used to improve ocean tide models. Dr. Killett provides the open source (GPLv3) code used to process GRACE data on his home page. Bryan has agreed to take a break from measuring gravity fields and answer your questions about GRACE and the climate changes it has revealed. Feel free to ask as many as you like but please confine your questions to one per post. | <urn:uuid:4c458be1-362d-4ea6-baf8-ba24b5527c1a> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://news.slashdot.org/story/12/08/02/1656258/ask-dr-bryan-killett-about-climate-change-and-grace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832475.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00269-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933061 | 173 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Une version française est disponible ici.
Over the past several years the HIV prevention toolbox has expanded significantly. This is due to a rapid growth in our knowledge of effective approaches that help prevent the transmission of HIV. However, to maximize the impact on the HIV epidemic, we must effectively increase awareness, uptake and proper use of these approaches.
The CATIE statements summarize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of three approaches to help prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. These statements were developed to help service providers in Canada adapt their programs and incorporate this evidence into their messaging.
There are three highly effective strategies to reduce the risk of the sexual transmission of HIV:
- The consistent and correct use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) by people living with HIV to maintain an undetectable viral load
- The consistent and correct use of oral Truvada as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
- The consistent and correct use of condoms
When any highly effective strategy is used consistently and correctly as part of a comprehensive plan for sexual health, the risk for HIV transmission ranges from very low to negligible.
The following statement focuses on the use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) by people living with HIV to maintain an undetectable viral load. A simple key message is followed by recommendations for service providers and a list of available tools and resources. A review of the evidence is also provided that service providers can use for more specific discussions around risk according to clients’ needs. Please consult the companion statements for more information on the other two highly effective strategies.
The consistent and correct use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) by people living with HIV to maintain an undetectable viral load is a highly effective strategy to reduce the risk of the sexual transmission of HIV. When this strategy is used consistently and correctly as part of a comprehensive plan for sexual health, the risk for HIV transmission is negligible.
Negligible = so small or unimportant as to be not worth considering; insignificant.
For more information, please see the evidence review at the end of this statement.
Recommendations for service providers
In addition to improving the health of people living with HIV, it is now clear that ART also has important HIV prevention benefits when it is used to maintain an undetectable viral load. People working in HIV have an important role to play in promoting this approach as a highly effective prevention strategy.
Below are recommendations on how you might better integrate the use of ART for prevention into your programming.
1. Improve awareness of the use of ART to maintain an undetectable viral load as a highly effective HIV prevention strategy, including the factors that are important for maximizing its effectiveness. Any educational and counselling activities provided for clients (both HIV positive and HIV negative, but particularly for those in serodiscordant relationships) should include information on the prevention benefit of ART and how to use it correctly.
Education and counselling activities should also include discussion of other prevention strategies such as, but not limited to, condoms and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Encourage clients to choose the combination of strategies that will work most effectively for them.
It is important that clients – whether people living with HIV or those at risk for HIV – be given information and offered counselling about the use of ART to maintain an undetectable viral load as a highly effective strategy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. This should include the factors necessary for maximizing its effectiveness. Emphasize that:
Adherence to ART is essential for this prevention approach to be effective. The achievement and maintenance of an undetectable viral load (defined as less than 40 or 50 copies of the virus per millilitre of blood) is dependent on the consistent daily use of antiretroviral therapy.
Achievement of an undetectable viral load after starting ART is critical to the effectiveness of this approach. It may take six months or more to achieve an undetectable viral load. A viral load test is the only way to know if the viral load has reached undetectable levels.
Maintenance of a sustained undetectable viral load is necessary for this approach to be effective. Regular viral load testing is the only way to monitor for a sustained undetectable viral load.
Regular clinic visits are required. Clinic visits will include the provision of regular care, including viral load monitoring.
When discussing with a client the use of ART to maintain an undetectable viral load, it is important to recognize that each client has the right to decide whether or not to take ART based on their own assessment of what is best for their health and well-being.
You can also lead or support efforts to improve awareness of the use of ART to maintain an undetectable viral load as a prevention approach among a range of service providers in your area including doctors, nurses, pharmacists and non-clinical staff at community-based organizations.
2. Facilitate and support appropriate uptake of the use of ART to maintain an undetectable viral load as a prevention strategy. Several treatment guidelines now recommend the offer of ART to all people living with HIV, regardless of their CD4 count. This recommendation is based on the health benefits of starting ART early for people living with HIV, although an important secondary benefit is the reduced risk of HIV transmission. If your client is HIV positive, you should help the client link to HIV care if they are not already in care. The client’s decision to start ART should be well-informed. ART requires a life-long commitment to daily pill-taking and regular visits with a healthcare provider. Facilitating informed decision-making for clients may require provision of services that support the doctor–patient relationship.
Support clients who are using ART with education about its consistent and correct use to maintain an undetectable viral load as a prevention strategy. You may have to deliver, or link clients to, interventions to support medication adherence and continued engagement in medical care. Encourage clients who, in addition to the benefit to their own health, decide to use ART to maintain an undetectable viral load for prevention to have regular viral load testing. They should also discuss their viral load test results with their partner(s) on an ongoing basis (if possible).
Encourage and support clients to communicate openly with their sex partner(s). Clients may need support to disclose their HIV status to a sex partner. Important discussion topics may also include whether there are sexual partners outside the relationship, and the results of viral load monitoring and sexually transmitted infection (STI) tests. Educating HIV-negative clients about HIV viral load and what it means to be undetectable may give them a better understanding of the concept of treatment as prevention.
3. Encourage a comprehensive plan for sexual health. Discuss how the use of ART to maintain an undetectable viral load fits into a comprehensive plan for sexual health. When used consistently and correctly, the use of ART to maintain an undetectable viral load is a highly effective strategy to reduce the risk of the sexual transmission of HIV. However, there are still rare circumstances in which HIV transmission can occur within the context of a serodiscordant relationship when the positive partner is on ART. There is a risk of HIV transmission just after starting ART before an undetectable viral load is reached. There is also a risk of HIV transmission due to virological failure. Virological failure occurs when ART fails to maintain the positive partner’s viral load at undetectable levels. This can be due to poor treatment adherence, drug resistance, and drug toxicity. However, the main risk for HIV transmission within non-monogamous serodiscordant relationships in which the HIV-positive partner is on successful ART (and has an undetectable viral load) comes from sexual partners outside the relationship.
It’s important that clients understand these risks and the options available to them so they can make an informed decision about using ART as part of a comprehensive sexual health plan to further minimize the risk for HIV transmission over the long term. A comprehensive sexual health plan also helps to protect against STIs because ART does not provide any protection against STIs.
4. Address underlying risk of HIV transmission. HIV prevention counselling offers an opportunity to engage individuals at risk for acquiring or transmitting HIV in additional services. You can help your clients address the underlying factors that may increase their risk for acquiring and transmitting HIV, such as depression or alcohol and other substance use; reinforce safer sex strategies; and facilitate the increased use of all appropriate prevention strategies. You may find that risk-reduction counselling alone is not enough. You may need to provide – or link clients to – appropriate and relevant support services.
5. Offer comprehensive couples-based counselling. For couples, you may want to offer to counsel both partners in the relationship at the same time (couples-based counselling) as this may be more effective than counselling partners individually. Couples-based counselling can create a supportive space where clients can come to a consensual agreement on how to reduce their risk of HIV transmission, develop ways to support each other in using HIV prevention strategies consistently and correctly, and discuss potentially sensitive issues relevant to HIV prevention. Be prepared to discuss issues such as what a couple wants from sex and the type of sex they enjoy most; the desire for pleasure, intimacy, conception, and monogamy or non-monogamy; and disclosure of sex outside the relationship. This counselling can also support non-monogamous clients to develop strategies or agreements to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV or STIs from outside partners, such as the consistent and correct use of condoms for sex outside the relationship.
6. Incorporate information about the use of ART to maintain an undetectable viral load as prevention into all prevention programming to increase its impact. In-person counselling is one way to convey information about ART as a highly effective prevention strategy. However, this information can be integrated into a variety of other communication channels, such as print publications, websites and campaigns to increase its reach and impact.
Tools and Resources
Condoms, PrEP, and the use of antiretroviral treatment to prevent HIV – webinar
Treatment and viral load: what do we know about their effect on HIV transmission? – Prevention in Focus
Negligible Risk: Updated results from two studies continue to show that antiretroviral treatment and an undetectable viral load is a highly effective HIV prevention strategy– CATIE News
Insight into HIV transmission risk when the viral load is undetectable and no condom is used (overview of the PARTNER study) – CATIE News
Quebec develops expert consensus on viral load and HIV transmission risk – CATIE News
Guiding principles on the use of HIV treatment as prevention: an international community consensus statement – CATIE News
Couples HIV testing and counselling – Prevention in Focus
Guidelines, position papers and consensus statements
Canadian Consensus Statement on the health and prevention benefits of HIV antiretroviral medications and HIV testing – CTAC, CATIE, positivelite.com
Risk of sexual transmission of HIV from a person with HIV who has an undetectable viral load: Messaging primer – Prevention Access Campaign
Community Consensus Statement on access to HIV treatment and its use for prevention – AVAC, EATG, MSMGF, GNP+, HIV i-Base, the International HIV/AIDS Alliance, ITPC, NAM/aidsmap
Expert Consensus: Viral Load and Risk of HIV Transmission – Institut National de Santé Publique du Quebec (INSPQ)
Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations – World Health Organization (WHO)
In people living with HIV, successful ART can reduce the amount of virus (viral load) in the blood and other bodily fluids to undetectable levels, usually within a few months of starting treatment. In Canada, an undetectable viral load is usually defined as fewer than 40 or 50 copies of the virus per millilitre of blood.
We now know that the amount of HIV in the fluid of someone living with HIV is an important predictor of HIV transmission to an HIV-negative person after a sexual exposure. Research shows that a lower blood viral load is associated with a reduced risk of sexual HIV transmission.1 When the viral load in the blood decreases, it also decreases in the sexual fluids (semen, vaginal fluid and rectal fluid) that are commonly involved in the sexual transmission of HIV.2
The first study to conclusively show that ART has a prevention benefit was the randomized-controlled trial known as HPTN 052.3 In this trial, interim results showed that treatment reduces the risk of HIV transmission by 96% among heterosexual serodiscordant couples who have mostly vaginal sex. In the final analysis of HPTN 052, 78 HIV-negative partners became infected with HIV during the entire study.4,5 Genetic analysis of the virus from the previously HIV-negative partners showed that 26 of the 78 (33%) were infected by a sexual partner outside of the primary relationship, and 46 (59%) came from the HIV-positive partner with whom they enrolled in the study. Of the 46 HIV infections that originated from the HIV-positive partner that was enrolled in the study, only eight occurred when the partner was on ART.4,5 However, despite being on ART the viral load of the HIV-positive partner was likely detectable in all eight cases. Four infections occurred within the first three months of the HIV-positive partner starting ART and four occurred in couples who had experienced virological failure (when the viral load returns to detectable levels). The results of HPTN 0524,5 support the findings from three previously conducted observational studies among heterosexual serodiscordant couples that ART substantially reduces the risk of HIV transmission.6–8
Results from a large observational study known as PARTNER showed that an undetectable viral load dramatically reduces the risk of HIV transmission for both heterosexual and same-sex male couples in the absence of other forms of HIV prevention (condoms, PrEP or PEP).9,10 Overall, there were a large number of unprotected sex acts (no condoms, PrEP or PEP) when the viral load was undetectable – approximately 22,000 among gay couples and 36,000 among heterosexual couples enrolled in the study. By the end of the study, 11 of the HIV-negative partners had become infected with HIV (10 gay men and one heterosexual person). Genetic analysis of the virus from the previously HIV-negative partners showed that all 11 were infected by a sex partner outside of the relationship, and not by the HIV-positive partner with whom they enrolled in the study. This meant that there were no HIV transmissions between the couples enrolled in the study, despite the large number of unprotected sex acts between them.10
A preliminary analysis of an observational study similar to PARTNER, called Opposites Attract, also found no HIV transmission among serodiscordant same-sex male couples when the viral load was undetectable despite over 5,000 condomless anal sex acts.11
Although these results are extremely promising and all point towards negligible risk, it is not possible to conclude the risk for HIV transmission is zero when the HIV-positive partner is undetectable. The PARTNER and Opposites Attract studies are continuing to follow same-sex male serodiscordant couples to increase confidence in the results for anal sex.
While there have been no HIV transmissions between serodiscordant couples enrolled in PARTNER and Opposites Attract when the HIV-positive partner had an undetectable viral load, there is one suspected case in the literature in which HIV transmission may have occurred when the HIV-positive partner had an undetectable viral load at the time of transmission.12
All study participants in the HPTN 052, PARTNER and Opposites Attract studies were in stable serodiscordant relationships and engaged in ongoing healthcare services, including adherence counselling and regular medical care to monitor viral load. Partners in all three studies were also tested and treated for STIs on an ongoing basis and received prevention counselling, including free condoms. The risk reduction provided by ART may be lower for couples who do not receive similar appropriate supports. For example, in several observational studies of stable heterosexual serodiscordant couples where study investigators did not provide these additional services and supports, ART was not as effective at reducing the risk of HIV transmission.13 In fact, in two studies, ART was less than 10% effective.14,15 This is likely because many participants in these studies were not adherent to their medications.
While all of this evidence strongly supports the ability of ART to substantially reduce the risk of HIV transmissions, this is contingent on the achievement and maintenance of an undetectable viral load. Achieving an undetectable viral load can take time – up to six months or more. HPTN 052 conducted an analysis to determine how long it takes to achieve an undetectable viral load. In HIV-positive participants on ART the cumulative percentage of participants who achieved an undetectable viral load by three, six, nine and 12 months were 76%, 87%, 90%, and 91%.5 Maintenance of an undetectable viral load over time is also critical; however, virological failure can occur (when the viral load returns to detectable levels). Virological failure happens when ART fails to maintain a person’s viral load at undetectable levels due to poor treatment adherence, drug resistance, or drug toxicity. People experiencing virological failure are not aware of this until their next viral load test. This time period between viral load tests provides an opportunity for the transmission of HIV if virological failure has occurred. A change in therapy or adherence support may be required to suppress the viral load if virological failure does occur.
Several studies show that STIs can increase the risk of HIV transmission, but these studies did not measure the viral load of the HIV-positive partner.16 Evidence from the PARTNER study suggests that STIs may not impact transmission in the context of an undetectable viral load – having an STI was not associated with HIV transmission in this study. However, regular STI testing and treatment should be part of any comprehensive sexual health plan.
Based on studies where participants were in stable serodiscordant relationships, we conclude that the consistent and correct use of ART to maintain an undetectable viral load, when combined with a comprehensive sexual health plan, is a highly effective strategy to reduce the risk of the sexual transmission of HIV.
Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 Mar 30;342(13):921–929.
Baeten JM, Kahle E, Lingappa JR, et al. Genital HIV-1 RNA predicts risk of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission. Science Translational Medicine. 2011 Apr 6;3(77):77ra29.
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011 Aug 11;365(6):493–505.
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375:830–9. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1600693
Eshleman SH, Hudelson SE, Redd AD, et al. Treatment as Prevention: Characterization of partner infections in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficieny Syndromes. 2016 Aug 16. [in press]
Reynolds S, Makumbi F, Nakigozi G, et al. HIV-1 transmission among HIV-1 discordant couples before and after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2011;25:473–477.
Melo MG, Santos BR, Lira RD, et al. Sexual Transmission of HIV-1 among serodiscordant couples in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008;35:912–915.
Donnell D, Baeten J, Kiarie J, et al. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet. 2010;6736(10):2092–2098.
Rodger A et al. HIV transmission risk through condomless sex if HIV+ partner on suppressive ART: PARTNER study. In: Program and abstracts of the 21st Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, March 3 to 6th, 2014, Boston, U.S., abstract 153LB.
Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2016;316(2):171–81. Available from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2533066
Grulich AE, Bavinton BR, Jin F, et al. HIV transmission in male serodiscordant couples in Australia, Thailand and Brazil. 22nd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, USA , 2015. Late breaker poster 1019 LB.
Sturmer M et al. Is transmission of HIV-1 in non-viraemic serodiscordant couples possible? Antiretroviral Therapy. 2008;13:729-32.
Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2013;4:CD009153.
Lu Wang, Zeng Ge, Jing Luo, et al. HIV transmission risk among serodiscordant couples: A retrospective study of former plasma donors in Henan, China. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficieny Syndromes. 2010;55:232–238. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058178/
Birungi J, Min JE, Muldoon KA et al. Lack of effectiveness of aantiretroviral therapy in preventing HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Uganda: An observational study. Plos One. 2015 July 14: 10(7):e0132182.
- Ward H, Rönn M. The contribution of STIs to the sexual transmission of HIV. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 2010 Jul;5(4):305–10
This article previously appeared at CATIE, here.
Une version française est disponible ici. | <urn:uuid:f7662aae-3511-49ae-a99a-fadd17534bc8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://positivelite.com/news/tag/news/condoms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188824.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00323-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92208 | 4,801 | 3 | 3 |
At the Plymouth settlement in present-day Massachusetts, the leaders of the Plymouth colonists, acting on behalf of King James I, make a defensive alliance with Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoags. The agreement, in which both parties promised to not “doe hurt” to one another, was the first treaty between a Native American tribe and a group of American colonists. According to the treaty, if a Wampanoag broke the peace, he would be sent to Plymouth for punishment; if a colonist broke the law, he would likewise be sent to the Wampanoags.
In November 1620, the Mayflower arrived in the New World, carrying 101 English settlers, commonly known as the pilgrims. The majority of the pilgrims were Puritan Separatists, who traveled to America to escape the jurisdiction of the Church of England, which they believed violated the biblical precepts of true Christians. After coming to anchor in what is today Provincetown harbor in the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts, a party of armed men under the command of Captain Myles Standish was sent to explore the immediate area and find a location suitable for settlement. In December, the explorers went ashore in Plymouth, where they found cleared fields and plentiful running water; a few days later the Mayflower came to anchor in Plymouth harbor, and settlement began.
The first direct contact with a Native American was made in March 1621, and soon after, Chief Massasoit paid a visit to the settlement. After an exchange of greetings and gifts, the two peoples signed a peace treaty that lasted for more than 50 years. | <urn:uuid:47333a1c-5ffd-48cf-a723-2be8b4e8f535> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-pilgrim-wampanoag-peace-treaty | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583874494.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122202547-20190122224547-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.967913 | 330 | 4.53125 | 5 |
Ap bio lab 7 cell division
Organisms use cell division to replicate, grow, and, in the case of a process called meiosis, to make gametes for reproduction this lab explores. Both mitosis and meiosis are forms of cell division that produce daughter cells containing genetic information from the parent cell (a) ap biology free-response questions 2015 teaching resources created date: 2/19/2015 7:52:53 am. Ap lab simulations online cell anatomy & structure animation cell division animation (ap biology) cell anatomy & structure animation cell division animation cell membrane animation cell signaling simulation from dna learning center. Ap biology home about agenda levels exams meiosis project unit 7: mitosis & meiosis in investigation: cell cycle regulation pogil and lab 4: normal and abnormal cell division video: cell cycle control (khan academy.
Mitosis is the first of these studied in this lab it is easily observed in cells that continue reading lab 3 sample ap mitosis & meiosis skip to content telophase i then prepares the cell for its second division. Ap biology exam review guide page 7 ap biology: 2013 exam review concept 2 - cells 1 centrioles- used in cell division i plant chloroplast- double membrane site of photosynthesis (glucose synthesis. Mitosis is the first of these studied in this lab ap bio lab 7 cell division mitosis and meiosis answers it is easily observed in cells lab 3 sample ap mitosis & meiosis ap bio lab 7 cell division mitosis and meiosis answers cell for its second division meiosis ii. Cell division lab austin cao, ap biology part a: getting started mitosis is the process by which a cell's nucleus replicates itself this is an integral part of the cell cycle that allows cells to quickly reproduce themselves.
View lab report - ap_lab_7_part_2_meiosis_and_crossingover from gt bio 3115y at coppell h s ap biology lab 7: cell division part 2 meiosis and crossing over procedure: meiosis 1 on the pictures of. Information on mrs chou's classes mrs chou's classes search this site welcome ap biology ap biology ap bio lab 7 cell division: mitosis & meiosis selection file type icon file name description size revision time user. Investigation 7 - cell division, mitosis and meiosis ap biology lab 5: cellular respiration ap & regents biology.
Lab manual overview ap biology investigative labs: corrections, clarifications, sample data tables for investigation 7, and an updated version of the ap biology equations and formulas appendix lab 7: cell division: mitosis and meiosis pdf. Here's an example of what might be on the ap biology exam lab 7 - genetics of organisms principles of cell division: - cell division occurs for growth, repair, and to perpetuate life. Apb lab 7: cell division (sordaria and crossing over) ap biology lab notebook rubric plus organization of lab 5 order of components 5 neatness and legibility 8.
Ap bio lab 7 cell division
Free practice questions for ap biology - understanding the cell cycle includes full solutions and score reporting ap biology help cellular biology cell functions cellular division understanding the cell cycle example question #1. Ap biology investigation #7 cell division: mitosis and meiosis wwwnjctlorg summer 2014 slide 2 / 35 investigation #1: artificial selection pre-lab guided investigation - parts 1 & 2 independent inquiry c l i c k o n t h e t o p i c t o g o t o t h a t s e c t i o n.
- And maintenance or repair of body parts are accomplished through mitotic cell division meiosis _____ ap biology - lab 10 page 7 of 10 procedure: in the example below, two strains of sordaria (wild type and a mutant variety lab 10 - meiosis and tetrad analysis.
- Ap biology mitosis lab 1 answer key big idea investigation 7 t123 3 investigation 7 cell division: mitosis and meiosis how do eukaryotic cells divide to produce genetically identical cells or to produce gametes with half the normal dna.
- Name: _____ ap biology - lab 09 page 1 of 9 lab 09 - cell division introduction: one of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and pass on genetic information to the next generation cell division in.
Ap biology essay questions the questions are organized according to units the lab-based questions have been removed unit 1 (basic chemistry and water) 7 discuss the process of cell division in animals include a description of mitosis. Ap biology investigation #7 cell division: mitosis and meiosis wwwnjctlorg summer 2014 slide 3 / 35 investigation #1: artificial selection pre-lab guided investigation - parts 1 & 2 independent inquiry slide 7 / 35 pre-lab return to table of contents. Tue, 06 mar 2018 01:11:00 gmt lab 7: cell division: mitosis and meiosis - college board - ap biology lab 3 mitosis and meiosis overview in this lab you will investigate the process of advanced placement biology laboratory 3 mon. Ap biology labs the ap college board lists 13 labs for its recommended teachers are not limited to only using their versions of the lab ap biology teachers submit a curriculum for review and approval and must include laboratory exercises that align investigation 7: cell division. Ap biology lab (not ap): population genetics ap biology lab 7: mitosis & meiosis essay 1987 discuss the process of cell division in animals include a description of mitosis and cytokinesis, and of the other phases of the cell cycle do not. | <urn:uuid:e2504e93-657d-492b-9b49-1a97757e7370> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://hxassignmentufsk.larryclark.us/ap-bio-lab-7-cell-division.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863980.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621001211-20180621021211-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.863764 | 1,149 | 3.84375 | 4 |
New study demonstrates that regular moderate exercising lowers the risk of heart diseases in middle-aged people.
According to the article published in the Circulation, people who were engaged in the recommended 2.5 hours of exercise a week had lower levels of inflammatory markers in their blood.
Inflammatory markers are important because their high levels have been linked to increased heart risk, experts say.
Researchers believe exercising should not be limited to hard toil in a gym, suggesting that activities such as gardening, brisk walking and many other similar activities may have similar effects.
Conducted by Professor Andrew Steptoe and Dr Mark Hamer from UCL Epidemiology and Public Health, the study of over 4,000 people showed that even those who start exercising in their late 40s and 50s can benefit from the advantages.
The results confirmed that people who had consistently performed the recommended amount of exercise for the entire 10-year study period had the lowest inflammatory levels overall.
Lower levels of inflammatory markers were also seen in those who had started doing the recommended amount of exercise in their 40s. The result is considerable particularly when compared with people who had never performed enough exercise.
"We should be encouraging more people to get active for example walking instead of taking the bus. You can gain health benefits from moderate activity at any time in your life," said Dr Hamer who led the research. | <urn:uuid:37db82f1-f34c-4fb4-ac81-27685396879d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://sabaideetspnews.blogspot.my/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815500.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224073111-20180224093111-00732.warc.gz | en | 0.982332 | 280 | 2.90625 | 3 |
While autism is a poorly-understood neurological disorder that can impair an individual’s ability to engage in various social interactions, this 5-year-old girl named Grace from the UK is the perfect example of the unexpected gifts that autism can also grant. Likened to the famous French impressionist, Claude Monet, many of her fans and customers are floored by her incredibly beautiful paintings that demanded her exceptional focus and attention to detail.
Though children are normally expected to begin to speak at least a few words by the age of 2, little Iris is still slowly learning to speak because of her health condition. As she goes through speech therapy, her parents gradually introduced her to painting, which is when they discovered her art talent.
“We have been encouraging Iris to paint to help with speech therapy, joint attention and turn taking,” Iris’ mother, Arabella Carter-Johnson, explains on her website. “Then we realised that she is actually really talented and has an incredible concentration span of around 2 hours each time she paints. Her autism has created a style of painting which I have never seen in a child of her age, she has an understanding of colours and how they interact with each other.”
Ms. Johnson-Carter also shared that she first noticed effective art was with Iris when she was trying to establish joint attention, she would draw stick men and make up stories and Iris would laugh and guide my hand to do more. She would tape down large sheets of wall paper liner down onto a wooden coffee table and they would work or draw together.
With no exceptions of her mother, Iris has opened up many people’s eyes to the possibilities in life with her stunning artworks. | <urn:uuid:808dc4c6-9cea-494b-bd8b-38a9036fcffe> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://realitypod.com/story/this-autistic-5-year-old-gets-rather-magical-with-paint-brushes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141191692.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127103102-20201127133102-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.984025 | 351 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Web pages and links form a graph. Datacenter computers and cables form a graph. Application processes and connections form a graph. Facebook users and friendships form a graph. Facebook groups and memberships form a graph. Neurons and synapses form a graph. Threads and shared data structures form a graph. Processes and sockets form a graph.
Not only are all of the above situations visually described by graphs, but also their essential behavior (as best as we understand it) is the same in all cases: Independent processing units, pairwise-interlinked by sequential channels—both channels and processors emerging and disappearing asynchronously.
Three decades ago, before the above examples were within practical reach, a British gentleman—named Tony Hoare—had noticed that this essential behavior was exhibited by virtually all identifiable interacting physical (as well as man-made abstract) entities: People interacting with people, people interacting with vending machines, components of vending machines interacting with each other, animals interacting with animals, cells interacting with cells, proteins interacting with proteins, and so on.
He called this high-level behavioral model of the world (or discernable subsystems thereof) Communicating Sequential Processes. Hoare's model is nothing more and nothing less than a minimal abstraction of how we see and understand (and subsequently will to control) the world from an observer—i.e. third person—point of view.
I prefer to call such systems circuits both for brevity and for the fact that electrical circuits were probably the first man-made manifestation of communicating sequential processes that was rich, flexible and not present in untouched nature.
Today's connected Internet services and devices are no different than electrical components on a circuit: They are independent processing units communicating via sequential streams of data, as opposed to sequential streams of changes in electrical voltage. The difference between circuits analog and digital is entirely linguistic: It is the difference between a floating-point number (the voltage) and a data structure (a digital message).
If it is indeed the case that most things that we program or that we program about are circuits at the end of the day, then it is only appropriate to complement Hoare's model of everything with an appropriate programming language. This is the goal of Escher. | <urn:uuid:43d3fa34-e21b-4127-a72b-0f5c4d4723d7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://gocircuit.github.io/escher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249595829.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190224044113-20190224070113-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.954818 | 459 | 2.921875 | 3 |
One sign of autism appears in early infancy
Boys who go on to develop autism begin losing interest in other people's eyes between 2 and 6 months of age, according to a study published in Nature, as reported by the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative. This is the earliest sign of autism that has been reported. Researchers used eye tracking equipment to measure what babies looked at when they viewed a video of a woman addressing the camera as though she were talking to a baby. Return to News section. | <urn:uuid:6dade823-3c7a-4ead-8ef5-ec112a31cace> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://iancommunity.org/one-sign-autism-appears-early-infancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863650.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620143814-20180620163814-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.982372 | 100 | 2.59375 | 3 |
AP Psychology with Mr. Duez Biological Bases of Behavior
Directions: 1) Read & underline important information. 2) Circle anything you do not understand. 3) Write notes: left side.
4) Write a summary at the end. 5) Write one question that you had regarding this article at the end.
What Makes You Who You Are?
By Matt Ridley, TIME Magazine, June 2, 2003
Which is stronger—nature or nurture?
The latest science says genes & your experience interact for your whole life
One perennial debate about nature and nurture—which is the more potent shaper of the human essence?—is constantly rekindled. It flared up again in the London Observer of Feb. 11, 2001. revealed: the secret of human behavior, read the banner headline. environment, not genes, key to our acts. The source of the story was Craig Venter, the self-made man of genes who had built a private company to read the full sequence of the human genome in competition with an international consortium funded by taxes and charities. That sequence—a string of 3 billion letters, composed in a four-letter alphabet, containing the complete recipe for building and running a human body—was to be published the very next day (the competition ended in an arranged tie). The first analysis of it had revealed that there were just 30,000 genes in it, not the 100,000 that many had been estimating until a few months before.
Details had already been circulated to journalists under embargo. But Venter, by speaking to a reporter at a biotechnology conference in France on Feb. 9, had effectively broken the embargo. Not for the first time in the increasingly bitter rivalry over the genome project, Venter's version of the story would hit the headlines before his rivals'. “We simply do not have enough genes for this idea of biological determinism to be right,? Venter told the Observer. “The wonderful diversity of the human species is not hard-wired in our genetic code. Our environments are critical.”
In truth, the number of human genes changed nothing. Venter's remarks concealed two whopping non sequiturs: that fewer genes implied more environmental influences and that 30,000 genes were too few to explain human nature, whereas 100,000 would have been enough. As one scientist put it to me a few weeks later, just 33 genes, each coming in two varieties (on or off), would be enough to make every human being in the world unique. There are more than 10 billion combinations that could come from flipping a coin 33 times, so 30,000 does not seem such a small number after all. Besides, if fewer genes meant more free will, fruit flies would be freer than we are, bacteria freer still and viruses the John Stuart Mill of biology.
Fortunately, there was no need to reassure the population with such sophisticated calculations. People did not weep at the humiliating news that our genome has only about twice as many genes as a worm's. Nothing had been hung on the number 100,000, which was just a bad guess. But the human genome project—and the decades of research that preceded it—did force a much more nuanced understanding of how genes work. In the early days, scientists detailed how genes encode the various proteins that make up the cells in our bodies. Their more sophisticated and ultimately more satisfying discovery—that gene expression can be modified by experience—has been gradually emerging since the 1980s. Only now is it dawning on scientists what a big and general idea it implies: that learning itself consists of nothing more than switching genes on and off. The more we lift the lid on the genome, the more vulnerable to experience genes appear to be.
This is not some namby-pamby, middle-of-the-road compromise. This is a new understanding of the fundamental building blocks of life based on the discovery that genes are not immutable things handed down from our parents like Moses' stone tablets but are active participants in our lives, designed to take their cues from everything that happens to us from the moment of our conception.
For the time being, this new awareness has taken its strongest hold among scientists, changing how they think about everything from the way bodies develop in the womb to how new species emerge to the inevitability of homosexuality in some people. (More on all this later.) But eventually, as the general population becomes more attuned to this interdependent view, changes may well occur in areas as diverse as education, medicine, law and religion. Dieters may learn precisely which combination of fats, carbohydrates and proteins has the greatest effect on their individual waistlines. Theologians may develop a whole new theory of free will based on the observation that learning expands our capacity to choose our own path. As was true of Copernicus's observation 500 years ago that the earth orbits the sun, there is no telling how far the repercussions of this new scientific paradigm may extend.
To appreciate what has happened, you will have to abandon cherished notions and open your mind. You will have to enter a world in which your genes are not puppet masters pulling the strings of your behavior but puppets at the mercy of your behavior, in which instinct is not the opposite of learning, environmental influences are often less reversible than genetic ones, and nature is designed for nurture.
Fear of snakes, for instance, is the most common human phobia, and it makes good evolutionary sense for it to be instinctive. Learning to fear snakes the hard way would be dangerous. Yet experiments with monkeys reveal that their fear of snakes (and probably ours) must still be acquired by watching another individual react with fear to a snake. It turns out that it is easy to teach monkeys to fear snakes but very difficult to teach them to fear flowers. What we inherit is not a fear of snakes but a predisposition to learn a fear of snakes—a nature for a certain kind of nurture.
Before we dive into some of the other scientific discoveries that have so thoroughly transformed the debate, it helps to understand how deeply entrenched in our intellectual history the false dichotomy of nature vs. nurture became. Whether human nature is born or made is an ancient conundrum discussed by Plato and Aristotle. Empiricist philosophers such as John Locke and David Hume argued that the human mind was formed by experience; nativists like Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant held that there was such a thing as immutable human nature.
It was Charles Darwin's eccentric mathematician cousin Francis Galton who in 1874 ignited the nature-nurture controversy in its present form and coined the very phrase (borrowing the alliteration from Shakespeare, who had lifted it from an Elizabethan schoolmaster named Richard Mulcaster). Galton asserted that human personalities were born, not made by experience. At the same time, the philosopher William James argued that human beings have more instincts than animals, not fewer.
In the first decades of the 20th century, nature held sway over nurture in most fields. In the wake of World War I, however, three men recaptured the social sciences for nurture: John B. Watson, who set out to show how the conditioned reflex, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, could explain human learning; Sigmund Freud, who sought to explain the influence of parents and early experiences on young minds; and Franz Boas, who argued that the origin of ethnic differences lay with history, experience and circumstance, not physiology and psychology.
Galton's insistence on innate explanations of human abilities had led him to espouse eugenics, a term he coined. Eugenics was enthusiastically adopted by the Nazis to justify their campaign of mass murder against the disabled and the Jews. Tainted by this association, the idea of innate behavior was in full retreat for most of the middle years of the century. In 1958, however, two men began the counterattack on behalf of nature. Noam Chomsky, in his review of a book by the behaviorist B.F. Skinner, argued that it was impossible to learn human language by trial and error alone; human beings must come already equipped with an innate grammatical skill. Harry Harlow did a simple experiment that showed that a baby monkey prefers a soft, cloth model of a mother to a hard, wire-frame mother, even if the wire-frame mother provides it with all its milk; some preferences are innate.
Fast-forward to the 1980s and one of the most stunning surprises to greet scientists when they first opened up animal genomes: fly geneticists found a small group of genes called the hox genes that seemed to set out the body plan of the fly during its early development—telling it roughly where to put the head, legs, wings and so on. But then colleagues studying mice found the same hox genes, in the same order, doing the same job in Mickey's world—telling the mouse where to put its various parts. And when scientists looked in our genome, they found hox genes there too.
Hox genes, like all genes, are switched on and off in different parts of the body at different times. In this way, genes can have subtly different effects, depending on where, when and how they are switched on. The switches that control this process—stretches of DNA upstream of genes—are known as promoters.
Small changes in the promoter can have profound effects on the expression of a hox gene. For example, mice have short necks and long bodies; chickens have long necks and short bodies. If you count the vertebrae in the necks and thoraxes of mice and chickens, you will find that a mouse has seven neck and 13 thoracic vertebrae, a chicken 14 and seven, respectively. The source of this difference lies in the promoter attached to HoxC8, a hox gene that helps shape the thorax of the body. The promoter is a 200-letter paragraph of DNA, and in the two species it differs by just a handful of letters. The effect is to alter the expression of the HoxC8 gene in the development of the chicken embryo. This means the chicken makes thoracic vertebrae in a different part of the body than the mouse. In the python, HoxC8 is expressed right from the head and goes on being expressed for most of the body. So pythons are one long thorax; they have ribs all down the body.
To make grand changes in the body plan of animals, there is no need to invent new genes, just as there's no need to invent new words to write an original novel (unless your name is Joyce). All you need do is switch the same ones on and off in different patterns. Suddenly, here is a mechanism for creating large and small evolutionary changes from small genetic differences. Merely by adjusting the sequence of a promoter or adding a new one, you could alter the expression of a gene.
In one sense, this is a bit depressing. It means that until scientists know how to find gene promoters in the vast text of the genome, they will not learn how the recipe for a chimpanzee differs from that for a person. But in another sense, it is also uplifting, for it reminds us more forcefully than ever of a simple truth that is all too often forgotten: bodies are not made, they grow. The genome is not a blueprint for constructing a body. It is a recipe for baking a body. You could say the chicken embryo is marinated for a shorter time in the HoxC8 sauce than the mouse embryo is. Likewise, the development of a certain human behavior takes a certain time and occurs in a certain order, just as the cooking of a perfect soufflé requires not just the right ingredients but also the right amount of cooking and the right order of events.
How does this new view of genes alter our understanding of human nature?
Take a look at four examples.
Language Human beings differ from chimpanzees in having complex, grammatical language. But language does not spring fully formed from the brain; it must be learned from other language-speaking human beings. This capacity to learn is written into the human brain by genes that open and close a critical window during which learning takes place. One of those genes, FoxP2, has recently been discovered on human chromosome 7 by Anthony Monaco and his colleagues at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics in Oxford. Just having the FoxP2 gene, though, is not enough. If a child is not exposed to a lot of spoken language during the critical learning period, he or she will always struggle with speech.
Love Some species of rodents, such as the prairie vole, form long pair bonds with their mates, as human beings do. Others, such as the montane vole, have only transitory liaisons, as do chimpanzees. The difference, according to Tom Insel and Larry Young at Emory University in Atlanta, lies in the promoter upstream of the oxytocin- and vasopressin-receptor genes. The insertion of an extra chunk of DNA text, usually about 460 letters long, into the promoter makes the animal more likely to bond with its mate. The extra text does not create love, but perhaps it creates the possibility of falling in love after the right experience.
Antisocial behavior It has often been suggested that childhood maltreatment can create an antisocial adult. New research by Terrie Moffitt of London's Kings College on a group of 442 New Zealand men who have been followed since birth suggests that this is true only for a genetic minority. Again, the difference lies in a promoter that alters the activity of a gene. Those with high-active monoamine oxidase A genes were virtually immune to the effects of mistreatment. Those with low-active genes were much more antisocial if maltreated, yet—if anything—slightly less anti social if not maltreated. The low-active, mistreated men were responsible for four times their share of rapes, robberies and assaults. In other words, maltreatment is not enough; you must also have the low-active gene. And it is not enough to have the low-active gene; you must also be maltreated.
Homosexuality Ray Blanchard at the University of Toronto has found that gay men are more likely than either lesbians or heterosexual men to have older brothers (but not older sisters). He has since confirmed this observation in 14 samples from many places. Something about occupying a womb that has held other boys occasionally results in reduced birth weight, a larger placenta and a greater probability of homosexuality. That something, Blanchard suspects, is an immune reaction in the mother, primed by the first male fetus, that grows stronger with each male pregnancy. Perhaps the immune response affects the expression of key genes during brain development in a way that boosts a boy's attraction to his own sex. Such an explanation would not hold true for all gay men, but it might provide important clues into the origins of both homosexuality and heterosexuality.
To be sure, earlier scientific discoveries had hinted at the importance of this kind of interplay between heredity and environment. The most striking example is Pavlovian conditioning. When Pavlov announced his famous experiment a century ago this year, he had apparently discovered how the brain could be changed to acquire new knowledge of the world—in the case of his dogs, knowledge that a bell foretold the arrival of food. But now we know how the brain changes: by the real-time expression of 17 genes, known as the creb genes. They must be switched on and off to alter connections among nerve cells in the brain and thus lay down a new long-term memory. These genes are at the mercy of our behavior, not the other way around. Memory is in the genes in the sense that it uses genes, not in the sense that you inherit memories.
In this new view, genes allow the human mind to learn, remember, imitate, imprint language, absorb culture and express instincts. Genes are not puppet masters or blueprints, nor are they just the carriers of heredity. They are active during life; they switch one another on and off; they respond to the environment. They may direct the construction of the body and brain in the womb, but then almost at once, in response to experience, they set about dismantling and rebuilding what they have made. They are both the cause and the consequence of our actions.
Will this new vision of genes enable us to leave the nature-nurture argument behind, or are we doomed to reinvent it in every generation? Unlike what happened in previous eras, science is explaining in great detail precisely how genes and their environment—be it the womb, the classroom or pop culture—interact. So perhaps the pendulum swings of a now demonstrably false dichotomy may cease.
It may be in our nature, however, to seek simple, linear, cause-and-effect stories and not think in terms of circular causation, in which effects become their own causes. Perhaps the idea of nature via nurture, like the ideas of quantum mechanics and relativity, is just too counter-intuitive for human minds. The urge to see ourselves in terms of nature versus nurture, like our instinctual ability to fear snakes, may be encoded in our genes.
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Making Net Zero Energy a Reality
- Mar 31, 2011
In Portland, Ore., Jean-Pierre Veillet recently completed ecoFlats, an 18-unit apartment community that is working with Oregon Energy Trust in pursuit of a net-zero standard. Veillet, founder of Portland-based Siteworks Design|Build, has done what many in the industry say is, if not impossible, then certainly very difficult: He has built net zero without any added expense.
“We are trying to deliver net zero for standard costs,” he explains. “We are not adding costs to the pro forma; we take the rents of the neighborhood and try to redesign what goes into a building in order to afford renewable energies.”
Defining net zero
There are multiple ways to define net zero, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), whose goal is to create the technology and knowledge base for cost-effective, zero-energy commercial buildings (ZEBs) by 2025.
“You can define net zero as how much energy within one year a building uses, versus how much it produces,” says Ilana Judah, Int’l Assoc. AIA, LEED AP, BD+C, director of sustainability at New York-based FXFowle Architects LLP, which has designed two net-zero commercial projects.
“The difference should be zero or net-positive, which means [the building] would produce more energy than it uses throughout the course of the year,” she explains. While a building may consume more energy than it produces at certain points of the year, it can produce a surplus at other times.
Net zero can also be defined by source energy, which is “a building that produces and exports at least as much renewable energy as the total energy it imports and uses in a year, when accounted for at the source,” according to the DOE.
“When you actually draw 100 kilowatts off the grid, there is a factor that, let’s say, approximates a factor of three,” Judah explains. “In order to draw 100 kilowatt-hours from your receptacle, the power plant would need to produce 300 kilowatts because there are all sorts of loss and transmission factors and inefficiencies.”
A third way to define net zero is according to energy costs. This situation occurs when the amount that a utility pays the property owner for the energy the building exports to the grid is at least equal to the amount the owner pays the utility for the energy used over the year.
Finally, net-zero energy emissions occurs when “a building produces and exports at least as much emissions-free renewable energy as it imports and uses from emission-producing energy sources annually,” according to the DOE, which also points out that the definition the team agrees upon will affect the design of the project (see table).
Striving for net zero
Encouraging energy efficiency is the first step to achieving net zero, and reducing energy consumption should begin during the construction process. One innovative method that has recently garnered some attention is the use of goats to clear the land. Because they can work on any terrain, goats are an extremely eco-friendly and low-cost (though somewhat more time-intensive) alternative to large, gas-guzzling machinery, as Machen Advisory Group discovered during work on a new office building in Charlotte, N.C.
A more traditional method to reducing energy during construction is off-site prefabrication. San Francisco-based ZETA Energy Communities, which builds net-zero, cost-effective structures off-site, produces its communities in an efficient “factory [that] runs on clean energy provided by our local utility,” notes Shilpa Sankaran, cofounder and vice president of marketing for ZETA.
Reducing efficiency on-site doesn’t have to be expensive or difficult, though, says Dimitris Kapsis, vice president, energy management solutions at American Utility Management (AUM), who points to lighting retrofits as one of the best ways to increase efficiency. Even for those properties that performed a retrofit as recently as five years ago, he notes, there are many more product options on the market today.
Preventative maintenance and equipment-monitoring are also key low-hanging fruit, he adds. “By monitoring the changes in the internal and external environments, you can easily adjust your equipment to react to those changes in a more efficient way,” he says.
It is critical to define the goals of the project, including its boundary conditions and whether or not this area, which is often larger than the building itself, “should be considered for on-site renewable energy production,” according to “Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition,” a 2006 white paper put out by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the U.S. Department of Energy. Oftentimes, only the area within the building’s footprint may be used for on-site energy production, but some municipalities have solar access ordinances.
Challenges to designing a net-zero building stem from both climate and building type, according to many experts; some projects are much more conducive to achieving net zero than others. Regions with more temperate climates, for example, are better suited for the design of net-zero projects, as heating and cooling requirements are not as demanding. Furthermore, these climates provide greater opportunity to utilize daylighting.
But Veillet, whose project is located in an admittedly temperate climate, doesn’t think these are good excuses. “Understand the building [you’re] doing and its specific geographical location, its orientation,” he advises. “Do we need to hyper-insulate a building in the Northwest? No. We need to understand where we are; stop building glass towers in the deserts and start building buildings that are appropriate to where they are geographically located. That will save a ton of money.”
In terms of the building’s physical characteristics, a large site with a relatively low building height provide the greatest opportunity to generate renewable energy, notes Judah, as roof areas tend to be more generous for the placement of solar panels. But high-density multifamily communities may pose a greater challenge, as roof space, and therefore PV potential, becomes limited at that point, Sankaran points out. Shading issues associated with higher density communities may also make PVs less effective.
At ecoFlats, Veillet shifted the apartments to one side of the building, with exterior entries on all floors. All common areas are exterior, eliminating the need to heat, condition or light these spaces. Daylighting, LED lighting, natural ventilation and a 21-kilowatt PV array, which, Veillet says, “more than exceeds the entire usage of the building,” generating up to 12,000 gallons of 180-degree water per day, top it off. The main idea, he says, was to “eliminate the assumed necessity for certain energy-consuming devices.”
Even with a large site and a climate that’s reasonably temperate, the greatest challenge for multi-housing communities is engaging residents and having a proper facilities person on-site who can manage the process, says Judah.
“You really have to have everyone engaged—not just the people who are building it, but the people who are using and operating the building,” she adds. “There has to be a very holistic approach with respect to the user group.”
With that in mind, Veillet has installed monitors in the ecoFlats mailroom that show residents how much energy the community as a whole is consuming, as well as how individual units compare to one another.
“Positive reinforcement is a simple answer,” Veillet says. “We incentive people hitting their baseline and a community as a whole achieving the baseline. We are trying to positively reinforce the idea that if we get there together, there’s a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.”
While billing residents directly for their energy consumption will certainly make them more aware of how much they are using on an individual basis—and, in turn, likely decrease their usage—the owner or operator often doesn’t know how much his property is consuming as a whole.
At ecoFlats, however, “we’ll learn a lot about how people really use energy and how they need to use it,” Veillet points out. “We’re going to gather data to answer the question: How much energy do we really need to consume per household to support a good lifestyle?”
To know whether a building has actually achieved net zero, the owner or operator needs to know the property’s starting point. But, Kapsis adds, privacy laws dictate that “the utility does not have to provide you [with the information about] what your residents are using,” he adds.
“Are there solutions for owners? There are a few, but it will require capital outlay from the owner to install central submeters to be able to … quantify what the entire property is using, without knowing what each individual apartment is using. It’s doable, but will an owner do this just to collect total usage for their property?”
For multifamily communities, net zero will remain difficult to accomplish as long as owners remain unable to quantify their carbon footprints. Even with rebates for energy-efficient upgrades, whoever provides the upfront capital will likely require a quantifiable result.
“You might have to start stepping on peoples’ toes as far as privacy, but an important legislation could be every single property … should have a central meter, which is prior to all the other submeters, that could identify how much usage that particular property has and [its] impact to the electric grid or the natural gas grid,” Kapsis suggests.
“Data is king. If you don’t know what you have, you don’t know where you’re headed, and you definitely don’t know whether you have succeeded with the projects that you’ve accomplished,” he adds.
At the same time, more and more legislation is moving toward achieving a greater level of energy efficiency. In order to achieve the challenge set up by Architecture 2030, a nonprofit established in response to climate change, which asks the building community to adopt certain reduction targets (70 percent in 2015, 80 percent in 2020, 90 percent in 2025 and carbon-neutral in 2030)—“many municipalities have established carbon-emission reduction goals by 2020 or 2030,” Judah adds. “It’s the bar that things are being set to at this point.”
What’s more, ASHRAE standards have become significantly stricter each year, says Judah. The 2010 standard, for example, jumped significantly in terms of energy reduction requirements. (More than 30 percent energy savings can be achieved using the 2010 version of Standard 90.1 versus the 2004 standard, according to ASHRAE.)
While the industry has certainly taken great strides toward increasing energy efficiency across the board, Judah points out that community planning is just as critical. “We have to think about net zero not just within the boundaries of the building,” she notes, “but really within the context of the community and how much energy we are using to get from place to place.”
Net zero for zero added cost
The goal of ecoFlats in Portland, Ore., which opened for occupancy in the beginning of March, was “to deliver net zero for standard costs,” says Jean-Pierre Veillet, founder of Siteworks Design|Build. But with everyone saying that it costs more to be green, how was this possible?
Veillet credits having complete control of the design, construction and development process as a tremendous benefit, which allowed his team to make many of the “little decisions” along the way. For instance, rather than accepting that LED lights were too expensive, the team at Siteworks shopped the products until they found something that met their affordability criteria.
“Design is very important and has to be appealing,” adds Veillet. “It also has be built with standard skills [in mind] … instead of implanting gizmos that may or may not work for people.”
The City of Portland has a variety of programs that encourage transit-oriented development, low energy consumption and LEED-certified building structures. According to Veillet, Portland provided “very-low-interest money on gap financing,” which includes no interest during the construction period and up to six months after, followed by 3 percent interest loans, “which looks like equity to banks” and lowers the LTV for them.
Additionally, Oregon Energy Trust, which created the Path to Net Zero pilot program, provides incentives for net-zero site energy buildings, including $10,000 for early design assistance and up to $0.10/kWh and $0.80/therm, based on the energy savings calculated in the energy studies, up to a cap of $50,000. Installation, monitoring and reporting incentives are also available.
“Some of this—PVs, solar—doesn’t cash flow on a pro forma,” Veillet acknowledges. “It’s more [about] investing in future technology and betting that costs will be more significant for energy in the future.”
Finally, Veillet received transferable business energy tax credits through the Oregon Department of Energy. “If you have a depreciable asset like a building, and you may not see any value in the energy tax credits that you get for doing this sort of development, you can sell them or trade them to people who might find value in it,” he notes. “It’s complicated, but it does pencil out for businesses that know they will be in business for the next five years. They can get a tax deduction for purchasing these kinds of credits that we generate.”
While the bank expected lease-up of ecoFlats to take 12 months, Veillet projects that it will be fully absorbed within 60 days of opening, based on recent trends. “People are entering the rental market in order to live here,” he observes.
Those interested in the project are already embracing an eco-friendly lifestyle. “By creating this project,” Veillet adds, “[we’ve] preselected who will live there. It’s not closed to anyone, but there’s a wave of interest from people who are conscientious in trying to do the right thing.”
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In the world of education, sage on the stage is a phrase that’s sometimes used to describe the all-too-familiar scene of the knowledgable teacher delivering lectures to passive students who memorize information for the sake of spitting it back out again on testing day. This method of teaching assumes that the child is an empty vessel, waiting to be filled with information, and doesn’t give the child much opportunity to think for themselves. As you can probably imagine, the problem with this type of instruction is that while the learner may appear to “know” information, he or she doesn’t really learn all that much.
In order to really understand something, humans need the motivation to generate knowledge and meaning through their own experiences, rather than regurgitate information that’s been fed to them. Back to the world of education, this active form of learning is often referred to as constructivism, a learning theory supported by instructors (or parents) who act as facilitators rather than teachers. You’ll know a constructivist environment when you see discussion, analysis, prediction, problem solving and posing, active learners, and facilitators who ask open-ended questions.
Huh? But I’m a parent, not a teacher!
Right! But there’s a world of research on how constructivist learning environments can foster creative thinking skills, skills that are critical for children to embody in order to thrive in this ever-changing world, and we have the perfect opportunity to steal some good ideas from the world of education and put them to work in our own homes.
Putting it into action
- Take a step back. If you find yourself on the “teaching soapbox,” find opportunities to be the guide on the side, rather than the sage on the stage.
- Be an active listener. Listen to your child, and respond to what they’re interested in. If they aren’t yet talking, follow their gaze and respond with descriptive dialogue about the object/s they’re looking at. For example, “I see you’re looking at the big, red ball. Would you like me to bring it to you? What do you think about it? Oh, you’re feeling it. It’s soft, isn’t it?”
- Ask open-ended questions such as “tell me about this picture,” “what do you think will happen now?” or “I wonder what we could make with this play dough?” This will empower your child to think independently, come up with novel conclusions, and express his or her ideas.
- Follow their lead. If your child takes an interest in the birds outside the window, paint a birdhouse together, watch videos of different kinds of birds singing on YouTube, buy a bag of birdseed to feed some birds, make bird noises together, find books about birds at the library, etc.
Jacqueline G. Brooks and Martin G. Brooks, In Search of Understanding: The Case for Constructivist Classrooms (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1999)
Alison King, From Sage on the Stage to Guide on the Side. 1993. College Teaching. v41 no1 p30-35. | <urn:uuid:d530ce18-528b-4871-b8d3-8f4735cb99aa> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://tinkerlab.com/category/developmental-stage/babies/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609521512.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005201-00020-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943257 | 692 | 3.40625 | 3 |
An Old Catholic History...
The history of the Old Catholic Movement within Catholicism is significant
for our faith community because it is from the Old Catholic Church that the Catholic Church of America derives her apostolic succession.
This excerpt of the article was written by an Old Catholic Benedictine brother
who lived in an Old Catholic community in
The vicissitudes of time and the machinations of men give words strange connotations. Often they no longer fit the mental pictures they create. When Woostockians looked up to Overlook Mountain and saw high on its slopes the gray clad figures of a religious community rehabilitating the deserted little chapel below Mead’s Mountain House, they were puzzled to hear the several young men calling themselves "Old", displaying an evangelistic enthusiasm for a faith they called "Catholic". They were completely nonplused when one of the older men of the community in overalls addressed a similarly clad younger man "Father".
With the passage of days, however,
Except for the fact that "they never past a collection plate" at Saint Dunstan’s Church but believe instead in laboring with their own hands at crafts that are both beautiful and practical many good folk still know little of their past, their future hopes, their unique doctrinal and ecclesiastical position or of their modern and adaptable approach to the world’s problems. To let them know that in the first place "Old Catholicism" is not merely a local and new cult but a long existent world wide "Movement" -- that their ministrations are not bound within the limited horizons of creed and denominationalism but extend to the boundless need of people weary of religious disunity and eager for a genuine expression of Christ-likeness, is their own self-desire.
To adequately portray the gray habited Benedictines of the Old Catholic
Church necessitates a major historical operation. Out of the pages of Christian
history one must find the path that identifies their purpose. Of the various
Christian movements in
The division of Christendom into two great categories, Protestantism and Catholicism, is familiar to all. But while most people know more or less of the various denominations of Protestantism, what is known as the Catholic Church has its administrative and disciplinary divisions with which few people, not historians or theologians, are familiar. Holding the same essential faith, the Eastern Orthodox Church with 180 million souls and the Roman Catholic Church with its 240 million souls, each hold a different concept of administration. The Old Catholic Church is unique in that it holds the Catholic faith, being in union with the Eastern Orthodox Church, representing the Catholic Church in the western world, but disavowing the administrative peculiarities of the Latin (Roman) Church.
To hold a position of any kind obviously admits that there must be a counter position -- both of which must have been arrived at through the consequences of some action in the past. The touchstone of how closely the Old Catholic movement represents primitive Christianity can only be shown by proving its fidelity to the faith of the undivided Church and through the unbroken succession of its Episcopate (Bishops).
The different conceptions of truth that people hold, like words, are
paradoxical. But truth, unlike words, remains unchanging. What was truth in the
What was Christ’s Church like, then, before words like "schism", "heretic", "sect" were used by Christians to describe one another? We know that the Church was one, that its faith was Catholic in the sense best described by St. Vincent of Lerinz, "Such teaching is truly Catholic as has been believed in all places, at all times, and by all the faithful." By this test of universality, antiquity, and consent, all controversial points in belief must be tried.
Until the year 1054 AD when the first unhappy division took place, the Church was as it should be, "One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic." What happened after the division of course appears differently to the mind of every individual and the truth becomes hard to discern. It is safe to say then, that the only way of proving the truth of any contemporary interpretation of Christianity, is to submit it to the examination of the common mind of the Christian Church before its division took place. Was it believed by all Christians everywhere, at all times before the year 1054 A.D.? -- is the test every question of faith should meet.
The Old Catholic Movement maintains that the obvious basis of reuniting the several divisions of the Christian Church is the common acceptance of the Faith of the entire Church prior to the first division in the year 1054 A.D. from whence all the familiar divisions of today ultimately stem. This theory admits that the 16th century Reformation is not principally responsible for the "unhappy divisions" that beset the Christian religion in the western world.
What caused the first division was not a point of faith so much as it was a
matter of jurisdiction and administration. History reveals that the early Church
was governed by the Apostolic authority vested in all the bishops. Matters of
faith and morals affecting the whole Church were brought before an Ecumenical
Council (of which there were seven universally accepted) over which the five
great bishops of Christendom presided. These bishops, whose Sees represented the
important cities of
If we are to single out the primary cause of the first division of this
Church, it would be the deeply rooted objection of the Patriarch of Rome to this
particular theory of Church government.
But with the Church of the West developing a strong belief that a kind of primacy resided in the Roman bishop by divine enactment, the breach widened into an open division and henceforth the Christian Church in the East and in the West was to be distinct and divided. In the East, to this day, the patriarchal theory of the Church’s government is held, while in the West the emphasis on the personal supremacy of the Pope over all Christendom was gradually increased from the year 1054 until the final definition of Papal infallibility was decreed in the Vatican Council of A.D. 1870 as a dogma which all Christians were bound to accept as an article of faith.
In explanation of the abridged nature of these earlier chapters, the writer would plead his intention of placing before the reader’s eye as a picture, as vivid and complete as possible on the state of the early Church, without touching in a controversial spirit upon the sore points of its later history. But since it has been necessary to go this far to bring to light the basic reason for the existence of the Old Catholic Movement, let it be noted, that only the salient points of early history are touched upon, and those wishing to enter more fully into details of the causes that led to the division of Christianity are asked to refer to the pages of ordinary church histories.
What is important for our immediate purpose is merely to establish the basis upon which a school of thought regarding the Church’s administration developed within the Roman Church, flourishing time and again in such celebrated and glorious figures as Savanarola, Paulo Sarpl, the Scholars of Port-Royal, the so-called "Jansenists", the Church of Holland and others, to develop finally in the twilight of the nineteenth century into what came to be known as "primitive" or "old" Catholicism.
We are left free now in the following chapters to touch upon the stirring and romantic history of the Port-Royalists of France, the rise of the movement within the Church of Rome and finally the dramatic Vatican Council which culminated in the definite formation of the present Old Catholic movement whose purpose is not a new reformation from without, but a quiet restoration of the Christian Church to its original state from within.
From 1054 A.D. to the very threshold of our own times, the question of defining the extent of Papal authority continually occupied the growing Catholic Church in the West. A struggle was manifested in two distinct schools of thought.
One school of thought maintained the belief that the supreme teaching authority within the Church rested in the Ecumenical Councils on the ground that all Catholic Bishops have equal pastoral authority.
The other school in opposition advanced the principle called "ultra-montanism," which maintained that the Pope was above the authority of the Councils.
During the 17th Century "ultra-montanism" found its principle
resistance in the
The entire body of French clergy drew up a declaration in 1682 A.D. in order
to protect the canonical rights of the
The Declaration, signed by 34 Archbishops and Bishops and formulated under
the guidance of Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, reaffirmed the position which had at
all times been dear to the
Italian Ultra-montane writers attacked the French clergy. In response, Bishop
Bossuet wrote a "Defense of the Declaration" which so powerfully
influenced belief in the principles held by the
However, the most powerful factor in preserving the "Old" Catholic
Francois Mauriac, whose judgment of Port Royal is obviously biased by
personal predilections, nevertheless admits, in his recent book on
Port Royal in France was not only the vessel containing the mental and spiritual giants of its day, but it proved a major influence in preserving for our time the Tradition of the Church, that her children believe, and that the Saints knew, loved, lived, and died for.
To trace the origin of
The community of nuns of Port Royal flourished during the 14th and 15th
centuries and attained certain fame, but in the 16th century the religious wars
and the war with
The regeneration of
To escape the unhealthy conditions engendered by the swamp land surrounding
the Abbey, the community was required to take a house in
About 1636 A.D. a remarkable group of men--physicians, men of letters, soldiers, scholars and ecclesiasts, influenced by a friend of Port Royal, the Abbe de S. Cyran, took up their residence at Les Grange, near Port Royal des Champs, where they resolved to lead a life of self-renunciation and consecration and took for their rallying cry "Thought allied with faith", making redemption of souls their mission. These men were the Solitaires. They took no vows, but systematically divided their time between religious exercises, literary pursuits, teaching and manual labor.
The Solitaires were regarded as forming a joint community with the nuns of
The Abbey of Port Royal was more than a convent of reformed nuns and the
community of "Solitaires" more than a band of holy men gathered
together from every walk of life to give themselves wholly to God. They had
ideas which, supported by brilliant minds and holy lives, were considered
dangerous to the pretensions of ultra-montanists, scholastics and ecclesiastical
politicos. Saint Cyran had worked with Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres, in a
study of the early Fathers in an attempt to restore vitality to the lifeless
theology of the time and restore the Church to the simplicity and purity of
primitive times. Jansen’s work culminated in the publication of "Petrus
Augustinus" in which their theories, based on the writings of
Richelieu, who had not been able to win Saint Cyran, whom he considered the
"most learned man in
But the Port Royalists did not flee fro the ordeal. Saint Cyran, upon the
The ruin of
Pasquer Quesnel, the last of the so-called "Jansenists" connected
Quesnel fled to
The French cause upheld by the Gallican Bishops against the growing claims of the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, was to be crushed under the heel of Napoleon, who proved an unwitting ally of ultra-montanists. However, the Tradition and Episcopate of the Catholic Church was to be carried on through the Church of Holland and preserved until the day when the ultimate goal of ultra-montanism, the Declaration of Papal Infallibility, was to enslave all Roman Catholics to the will of a few and leave a portion of the Catholic flock, that adhered to the old and unchangeable faith of the Christian Church, without shepherds.
Here the intervention of the Hand of God, through the agency of Dominique Mary Varlet, Roman Catholic Bishop of Ascalon, forged the link by which Old Catholics the world over were to receive an Episcopate of undeniable Catholic authority and Apostolic succession.
In 1697, exercising this customary privilege, the Chapter elected Peter Codde, their Vicar General and already Bishop of Sebaste, as their Archbishop. The Pope would not recognize this election and substituted a person of his own appointment, Theodore de Cock, who was expelled by the Chapter. But with the death of Archbishop Codde the See of Utrecht became vacant and Rome, refusing to accept Bishops elected by the Metropolitan Chapter, adopted a policy of withholding the Episcopate from the Church of Holland in the hope that the independent Church of Holland would submit to the will of the papacy or die a natural death.
Bishop Varlet, a French refugee in
There were Catholics in countries other than
William E. Gladstone in his book "Vaticanism" quotes Bishop Baine,
a Roman Catholic Bishop in
The ultra-montanists hoped to eliminate this belief amongst the Roman
Catholics of Great Britain and
Up to the eve of the famous Vatican I Council we have shown, in the preceding chapters, the uninterrupted existence within the Roman Church of "old" Catholics struggling always to maintain an unmutilated faith in the Catholic Church. But with the curtain rising on the first Vatican Council, we enter the final phase of their struggles, a period that is, from any point of view, the most critical in the history of the papacy. On the 18th of July 1870 the transition of Roman Catholicism into a new phase of Catholicism took place, to leave only a remnant of the faithful clinging to what the Church had always, everywhere believed--the "old" Catholic Faith, unchanged, yet progressively revealing.
Sensing the growing intellectual freedom of Catholics everywhere, the
Ultramontanists felt that only by an absolute dictatorship over the thoughts and
conscience of the faithful could
Up to the time of this Council the personal infallibility of the Pope was considered nothing more than a "pious opinion" held by a faction within the Church. The larger part of the Catholic Church so little believed in it, that when Protestants reproached them with this superstition, Roman theologians regarded it as a calumny. The Vatican Council was a bold step in an attempt to make what had formerly been regarded as a ‘Protestant invention’ into the keystone of the Catholic Faith.
Pius IX, an aging pope without much theological culture, who had been
inspired by the Jesuits into sensing his own personal infallibility,
accordingly, to secure the official recognition of the Church by a so-called
General Council in this matter, summoned the Vatican Council to open on the
Feast of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (8th December
1870). On that very day, fifteen years earlier, Pius IX had himself proclaimed
this new dogma, and a fervid prelate, who had just returned from a visit to
In the Vatican Council the representatives of the great majority of Roman Catholics, the German, French, Austrian, English, Czech, Irish and American bishops, oddly enough formed the minority. The great majority was to be found in Italian Bishops representing numerous diminutive dioceses and in titular Bishops without dioceses, whose expenses, Cardinal Schwarzenburg said, "the Pope was obliged to pay entire, even to their very socks, so that they voted blindly at his bidding. The minority had little opportunity of voicing their opposition to the creation of the new dogma. An order of business described by a Roman Catholic Archbishop who was present at the Council as "a cursed congeries of pitfalls," precluded all free discussion.
If the minority could not be heard in Council and wished to have a memoir of
their opposition printed, the printing houses of
In a last minute appeal to the Pope, when several bishops were allowed an
audience, the proud bishop of
With all opposition dispersed the ultramontanists sealed their triumph in the final vote with still two negative voices on July 18th, 1870. On that day, in the midst of one of the fiercest storms to break across the city of Rome, accompanied by thundering and lightning, while rain poured in through the broken glass of the roof near him, Pius IX rose in the darkness, and by the aid of the feeble light of a candle, read the momentous affirmation of his own infallibility. "We declare it to be an article of faith that the Roman Pope possesses infallibility in any doctrine relating to faith and morals. If anyone shall oppose this our decision, which God forbid, let him be accursed,"
The storm has been variously interpreted by friend or foe, as comparable to
the solemn legislation of
With the declaration of the doctrine of papal infallibility at the closing session of the First Vatican Council in 1870, a new condition of faith was to be imposed on all Catholics. As far as the ultramontanists were concerned, the question that stirred men’s hearts within the church for centuries past was now settled--in their favor. "The Pope had spoken" indeed, but the cause was by no means ended. In fact, the real struggle was now taking shape.
There were able and learned members of the Roman Catholic Church to whom it was impossible to reconcile the new dogma with what they had always believed. The Catholic consciousness of early ages presented a theory out of which papal infallibility could never legitimately grow. The primitive theory, as the Councils of the Church made plain, placed final authority in the ecumenical council of all the bishops of the entire church and the transference of this authority from the entire body of the church to one individual was no true Catholic development at all, but a dislocation of the original constitution of the Church.
If most of the Bishops were coerced or threatened by official intimidation to
accept the new belief, there were others that officialdom could not touch nor
frighten. Several Bishops refused to publish the new dogma within their diocese.
But once again if Bishops were to prove as "timorous as women" in
the face of official displeasure, then it remained for theologians and scholars
to defend the faith. Such men as von Shulte, Reinkins, Lord Acton, von Dollinger
and other distinguished scholars of northern
A revulsion to the new dogma arose like a swift tide amongst lay-folk and
clergy throughout northern
Shortly before this, forty-three professors and teachers of the University of Munich, not members of the theological faculty, drew up a similar declaration, and this was followed in April 1871 by the "Munich Museum" address with eighteen thousand signers, which went to the government, its purpose being "to prevent the adoption in church and school of the new dogma and to revise the relations of church and state."
These lay-folk looked to brave men for leadership who now came to the front
in the struggle for the restoration of the ancient faith. In
The actual rebuilding of the church was far more difficult than the creation of thousand-voiced protests. How should it take shape? These men, pious Catholics, inflamed with the passion for truth, desired to remain where they were. For this very reason genuine Catholicism, not the ultra-montanist, but the ideal Catholicism of the Church as it had always, everywhere been known was the cherished hope of their souls and the pattern after which they wanted to build. Irrevocably outlawed by the Roman Church it was not to take form outside of that body and its destiny lay in their hands.
In this sense, the Munich Congress, made up of three hundred delegates from
They rejected the newly created dogmas of Pius IX, including that of the immaculate conception of Mary, and further declared, "We aim, with the cooperation of theological and canonical science, at a reform of the church which, conceived in the spirit of the ancient church, shall remove the existing defects and abuses, and in particular meet the just wishes of the Catholic people for constitutionally regulated participation in church affairs."
Under brilliant leadership the movement rose to meet the challenge of persecution and intimidation which its larger erring sister church of Rome now leveled at it. Priests were cut off from their pensions unless they subscribed to the new dogma of Papal Infallibility which soon became known amongst them as the "hunger dogma." Boycott and social ostracism and even the arm of the state were employed by the infuriated ultramontanists in their attempts to force the submission of the recalcitrant Catholic population to their wishes. Against all this the conscientious faith of thousands of earnest Christians stood firm.
Though these Catholics preserved the faith as they had always believed it, the question that was not fearfully evident to the bishopless flock was how to continue the succession of this faith for unborn generations. It was necessary with the establishment of the Old Catholic Church order and its independent government that a bishop be chosen. But how could a legitimate bishop be obtained, since according to Catholic conception, such a one could be consecrated only by another legitimate bishop?
The Dutch Archbishop, Loos, in 1872, had helped the German Old Catholics with
confirmation and was willing to consecrate their bishop, but it was necessary
first for the movement to have the recognition of the state. Dr. von Schulte
applied to the Prussian Government and received Royal recognition, as a
Catholic, for the bishop to be elected, as well as a grant of 48,000 marks for
the expenses of the bishop and his administration. Old Catholicism, without this
recognition of the state, would have been, in the eyes of many European peoples,
a sect, and it would have meant a renunciation on the part of the Old Catholic
movement of its legal standing and its right to the same support which the Roman
Church enjoyed if it had not sought this recognition. With this accomplished the
delegates of the German congregations, both clerical and lay, in the manner of
the ancient Church in the chapel of the City Hall of Cologne June 4th, 1873,
unanimously elected Professor D. Reinkins, of Bonn, as their future Bishop. As
Archbishop Loos had just died, Bishop Heykamp of
Out of the hard struggles of countless intrepid little bands of Catholic priests and laymen all the elements within the Church that rebelled against the corruption of its faith and realized the original Christian Ideal of the one Flock of Christ, were drawn together and, if at first in the shape of a small model only, assumed the form of the ancient Church again.
But the greater works of this small church were only now to begin even if its
martyrs and saints, the progenitors in small numbers through the ages, lay in
eternal sleep. A new spiritual impetus, an evangelical Catholic spirit was to be
borne on the first winds of the twentieth century as they swept, first across
The Archbishop and his little flock in
Certain unprincipled elements of this "Anglo-Catholic" group
exerted pressure on the
The clique of English churchmen continued to use this disreputable stratagem against the Old Catholics in the English speaking world even after Bishop Mathew’s death. Bishop Mathew, however, maintained a high standard of Christian tolerance and continued his work, unmoved by the persistent noisiness of his detractors who nonetheless caused him much pain.
As evidence of their confidence in Archbishop Mathew, the Dutch Bishops had
him participate in every consecration of
A noted author and historian, Bishop Mathew had an excellent knowledge of the Orthodox Church and established the most cordial relations between the English Old Catholics and the Patriarchal See of Antioch through his Eminence the Most Reverend Archbishop Gearrasimos Messara of Beruit, Syria, who on August 5th, 1911, received the Old Catholics under Bishop Mathew into union and full communion with the Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. Thus a genuine and practical rapprochement between the Catholics of the East and of the West was for the first time established after a breach which had lasted almost 10 centuries.
What distinguished the scholarly Archbishop Mathew and the Episcopate he established in Scotland and America from that of the continental Old Catholics was his insistence on the inviolable Episcopal authority of each national body of Old Catholics. This had been in the minds of the original Old Catholic congresses, but the German Episcopate, because of its preponderance of numbers and wealth attempted to create a small hierarchical system patterned on the Roman administration with the Archbishop of Utrecht in the position of ranking prelate or "little pope." The English Old Catholics, seeing in this the possibilities of the former mistake of the Western Church with a Germanic, instead of an Italian, spiritual protectorate over the whole Christian world, restated the original Old Catholic principles of autonomy and have received the support of their Orthodox friends in this respect.
Bishop Mathew’s personal contribution to the Old Catholic Movement can be summed up as a broadening of the Catholic mind to an acceptance of the necessity of the unifying of Christ’s Church on the basis of the original tenets of the Christian Faith as it was once believed by all Christians everywhere, and the recognition that this can only be accomplished by complete cooperation with Christians of the Eastern Churches, whose proximity in language, in tradition, and in mind with the early Christians, makes them the ideal vehicle.
After Bishop Mathew’s death the small body of Old Catholics in
By far, one of the most important early 19th century events in the
development of the Old Catholic Movement has been the Mariavite*
Order in Poland. The nucleus of this movement was a community of nuns, founded
in 1893 and organized under the Rule of Saint Francis for the promotion of
asceticism and the moral purification of the
These two communities were solemnly bound by an understanding that their work
was to begin with a moral regeneration amongst their own kind within the Church
-- the clergy and religious orders. From the first they were actively opposed by
the Polish Jesuits and at last an order came from
A period of bitter persecution set in, but somehow they managed to keep together and increase their numbers. The Polish peasants were stirred up against the "Mariaviten" and their woman leader, "The Little Mother," to such a degree that armed attacks were made against the followers when they gathered together in religious meetings. The Roman authorities at one time circulated a report that the Sacrament consecrated by the Mariavite priests became not the Body of Christ, but an Incarnation of the Devil, and in consequence terrible sacrileges were committed against Mariavites and several of their churches were burned to the ground.
With the growth of its numbers and in increasing necessity of Episcopal
supervision for its parishes the Order at last decided to ask the Old Catholics
to consecrate a bishop for them. Accordingly the bishop-elect Brother Jan
Michael Kowalski and two of his brethren were sent to the international Old
Catholic Congress in
For the next several years, the Old Catholic Church in
Driven by the boycott of their Roman Catholic neighbors to depend more and more upon their own efforts, the members of the Mariavite movement soon developed a civil as well as a religious form of community amongst themselves. They worked and traded with each other, supporting one another, creating their own industries and soon, by cooperation, they rendered themselves entirely independent. Cooperation stores in villages and lodging houses in towns were organized. Hospitals staffed by their own doctors and nurses, orphanages, schools, homes for the aged, soup kitchens, milk dispensaries, fire departments, cultural activities, farms of magnificent acreage, factories -- in fact all the necessary prerequisites of modern living -- were developed and organized within their own groups and used to serve their neighbors.
Though this social and industrial reorganization greatly improved the
position of the Old Catholics in
Underlying the power and vitality of this movement which led to wholly new social groupings and industrial experiments was the ever present guidance of a strong and inspired leader -- a woman, Mary Francis Felicia, devotedly acknowledged by all as "Mateszka." Simple and unassuming in manner she nonetheless provoked a religio-social movement worth the consideration of the world’s serious minds. She proved to be, in the fullest sense, the "little mother" of her people.
The *Mariavite Movement was, up to that time, significantly different from any similar religious manifestation. It is in effect the working out of a practical application to life of the social significance of the Gospel The foundress of the movement, the Little Mother, Mary Francis Felicia, believed and taught that the Kingdom of God on Earth is to be understood as a divinely human society -- a society in which justice, brotherhood, equality and the general welfare of all its members prevailed. Basically, the Little Mother established her theory on the formula that for God’s Kingdom to come on earth His will must also be done.
The Mariavites believe that the curing of all social ills rests in properly relating the human element to the spiritual regeneration of family, nation and society. But since ethical theories and social realignments in themselves are not enough, they maintain that the "direct action of God" working on the human spirit is essential. "The direct action of God," they say, "is fulfilled in the partaking of Holy Communion, which, in the opinion of the Mariavites, must be the ‘daily bread’ of men and women." In this sense the entire religious and social life of the Mariavites centers upon the Holy Eucharist at which the faithful communicate as a means of daily regenerating the human spirit and as the first step toward the regeneration of society and the realization of the Kingdom of God on earth.
Christianity, according to the Mariavites, is to be lived. Worship enters
into every field of human activity. Its end and sole purpose cannot be found in
religious gatherings held at stated periods alone. The act of worship, the
liturgy, is an active and motivating experience in the lives of all who take
part in it. During World War II more than 350,000 followers in
Oddly enough, women play the important part in this religious movement. It was first founded by a woman who also directed its social possibilities. The administration of major communities of the movement in many parts of the country was in the hands of women. The work of the sisters had been of such beneficial influence that they have been asked by the populace of many sections to administer parochial activities. Of the total number of about 1571 religious workers, including clergy, brothers of the Order and the sisterhood, more than one thousand of them are women actually engaged in the administration of the movement. The General Chapter which meets to elect new officers and to decide the general administrative policy of the movement has an equal representation of women with votes. The Mother General of the Sisters must take part in the election of a new Archbishop as well as in all proceedings of the General Chapter.
The religious workers of the Movement were grouped into three categories. First there were the priests and members of the brotherhood who lived under the Rule of Saint Francis. The community of nuns, about 600 in number, compose another group to which were added about 400 deaconesses under the supervision of the Mother General. Under the third grouping some 500 [persons following a modified religious rule, gave their time and energies to the movement. Of this last number a great many consist of married couples voluntarily devoting their lives to buttress the work of the clergy and the sisterhood. Joy is a paramount requisite of a Christian life and the Mariavites everywhere radiate a warm and becoming mirth.
The zeal of the Movement touched the peasant populations of central
The Old Catholic Church under the administration of the Mariavite Order in
Mariavites supported themselves with the labor of their own hands and offered
their ministrations freely to all without salaries, mission funds are not a
necessary consideration of the movement., The Church, they would say, is here to
give every assistance to people both for their spiritual and material
well-being; it does not have to take from them. Perhaps it might yet be said of
the Mariavites everywhere in the world, as it was then said of them in
The growth of the Old Catholic Movement in America presents a pattern at once
historically unique and tragic, revealing as it does the unfriendliness with
which its participants were received and the unhealthy persecution which certain
religionists have consistently leveled at it. Here in this land where at last a
free religion was finding expression where such an expression was
constitutionally guaranteed it was regarded with distrust and suspicion by the
more Catholic-minded Protestants who felt the movement to be an
"intrusion" and did everything possible to confuse its people. That
the Old Catholic Church has survived the heart-breaking opposition of certain
denominational Christians to whom she has held out her hands for an expression
of brotherliness and understanding, and that her clergy have continued in their
ministrations, undaunted by the trying circumstances into which the ignorance of
their detractors often placed them, is the more wonderful. The general
sentiments directed against the Old Catholic Movement by those who might have
been its greatest friends was aptly summed up in the words of Frederick Cook
Morehouse, Editor of the Living Church, who wrote an editorial in that paper of
January 26, 1907, concerning the first Old Catholic Bishop, "Consecrated in
1897, Bishop Kozlowski began his Episcopate against the indignant protests of
American churchmen at what was deemed an act of intrusion on the part of his
consecrators. No friendly hand was outstretched to meet him from the
Stemming out of the dissatisfaction of several foreign-born groups of Roman
Catholics for the temporal administration of their ecclesiastical superiors the
Old Catholic Movement soon developed in America into three channels each
dominated and limited by its own language. Belgians under the guidance of a
former Roman Catholic, Pere Joseph Rene Vilatte, were centered chiefly in
At the Old Catholic Congress of Olten, 1904, Bishop Kozlowski was accompanied
by Mgr. Tichy who had been sent to the Old Catholics by the American Czechs as
their Bishop to pray for consecration at their hands. In 1905 Mgr. Tichy
was appointed by Archbishop Gul of
In the meantime, a group of English-speaking Old Catholics were being
gathered together by the untiring efforts of a former Roman Catholic monk, the
learned Dom Augustine de Angelis (William Harding), who had organized a
community of men devoted to the Religious Rule of S. Benedict at
In 1914 Monsignor Francis was elected to be Consecrated Bishop of the Diocese
formerly held by Bishop Tichy whose ill health forced him to give up his duties.
Since by this time relations between the American movement and the Old Catholic
In the meantime a Bishop of the Old Catholic Church, consecrated by
Archbishop Mathew of
In the spring of 1916, at the request of the European Old Catholic Bishops,
Bishop de Landas took up residence with the Old Catholic community at Waukegan,
Illinois, and, with the direct authorization of Archbishop Mathew of England, he
consecrated Monsignor William Henry Francis to the Episcopate on October 3rd,
1916, in the community Church in the presence of a large congregation (friends
and relatives of the present writer were also in attendance). Although Bishop de
Landas was received with the greatest cordiality and respect by his many friends
within Protestant communions to whom he always showed the greatest of Christian
brotherliness, he received, as did all English-speaking Old Catholic Bishops,
the implacable enmity of the "
With the passing away of Bishop de Landas the weight of responsibility in
administering the Movement was placed entirely in the hands of the young Bishop
Under the guidance of Archbishop Francis the Old Catholic Movement in
From a heterogeneous group of transplanted and isolated foreigners, the Old Catholic Movement became a cohesive one, thoroughly aware of its responsibility to the needs of the age. Like the history ht of the making of the American nation, that of the Old Catholic Movement has been made of up many tongues and many peoples to offer a spiritual haven of freedom and a home for all who sought refuge from the oppression of tyranny--and expression of religious liberty indigenous to the land it serves.
As the Old Catholic Movement combines the tradition of the great spiritual leaders of the latter ages of the Christian Church it has also effectively united the factors in Catholic Christendom that Hague untiringly labored to preserve the first administrative principles of the Apostolic Church--to hold in violate "the faith once for all delivered to the Saints." The undaunted spirits of the great Christian revolutionaries, the Port Royalists, the so-called Jansenists, the Mariavites and many others have served to prove by their struggle against ecclesiastical intolerance and pharaseeism, that in every age within the church they loved the same struggle has been manifest in the lives of but a handful of people at al times--the torch they carried from age to age many have been dimmed at times but it has always been carried forward, never dropped, never entirely extinguished. Today their efforts are merged in handfuls of many people in almost every part of the world to whom the sympathetic hands of the great Oriental Christian Church lends strength.
Added to the growing Old Catholic Movement in
Thus the Catholic Church in America though autonomous and self governed by its own synod of bishops is an organic part of the Old Catholic Church in the Western world and the great Orthodox Churches of the East, united in the faith of the first century Christian fellowship and differing only in the language and customs of its different units.
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You want to start your first vegetable garden, but you're wondering how much of your time will it take. The answer is both simple and elusive; vegetable gardening can take as much or as little time as you want. It all depends on what you plant, how much you plant and how your garden is set up. If time is at a premium, you can make choices that will enable you to maximize what you grow while minimizing your hands-on gardening time.
Setting Up the Garden
Getting your garden started right is the best of all time-savers. That means starting with a clear, weed-free planting bed and good sun exposure. For really efficient gardening, raised beds provide easier access for planting, weeding and harvesting. They also give you the opportunity to start with clean soil that's free of weed seeds and pathogens, saving you weeding time and lost crops due to disease. Whether you plant in raised beds, in containers or directly in the ground, work compost into the soil before you plant in order to give your plants the best possible start.
Vegetables depend on regular moisture, but hand-watering is terribly time-consuming. A drip irrigation system, preferably on an automatic timer, will not only spare you the hands-on watering time, but also get the water right where it needs to be, near your plants' roots. Watering foliage wastes water as well as time and can lead to the spread of some plant diseases.
Mulch, whether it's in the form of wood chips, compost, or even plastic, is the busy gardener's best friend. Not only does it help reduce evaporation and keep the soil evenly moist, it also helps suppress weeds and minimize soil erosion. By laying down a 3- to 4-inch layer of mulch when you plant, you'll spend less time watering, pulling weeds and treating sick plants later on.
Choosing the Right Plants
There's no denying that some plants are just needier than others, so select your plants with care. Annuals require more planting time than perennials, such as artichokes (Cynara scolymus), which grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 7 to 9, or asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), hardy in USDA zones 4 to 8. You plant perennials once and then harvest year after year. Reseeding annuals like arugula (Eruca sativa) re-sow themselves and come back season after season with no additional planting help from you. Most importantly, by selecting the right plants for the right location so they have the right growing conditions, you'll create a vegetable garden that can be productive with the least possible time and effort.
- YouTube: How Much Time Does Vegetable Gardening Take
- Edible Landscaping; Rosalind Creasy
- California Fruit and Vegetable Gardening; Claire Splan
- Digital Vision./Digital Vision/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:e417648f-dee0-479d-be4b-c5a18e7e3be1> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/much-time-investment-per-week-grow-vegetable-garden-70537.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258948913.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072908-00241-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93895 | 610 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Foragers to First Peoples: The Kalahari San Today
As the original inhabitants of southern Africa, the San lived for millennia as independent hunters and gatherers. The rich heritage of rock art there is attributed to ancestral San. The San represent for many an unspoiled “natural humanity” living in harmony with nature, and the works of Laurens Van Der Post and films like The Gods Must Be Crazy reinforce this romantic image.
The reality for present-day San is different. They are second-class citizens in the lands of their birth, and suffer daily discrimination at the hands of other ethnic groups. Not so long ago, Tswana tribespeople referred to their San servants as “bulls” and “heifers.” One Motswana, seeing a group of San children playing, said, “If only they went to school they would be people.” (Quoted by Michael Taylor, 2000; see page 57)
The San’s history is not unique. Virtually all southern African peoples have experienced wrenching cultural change, war, dispossession, and ethnocide. But the San’s plight was compounded by their status as social outcasts, not only in the eyes of European settlers, but by their fellow Africans as well. As described in the important comprehensive five-volume study, Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa, edited by James Suzman (2001), surviving San were the subjects of special statutes in every country they lived in. Their nomadic ways, essential to their survival, were treated as vagrancy and suppressed. In certain areas repression and violence continue to the present.
It is a tribute to San resilience and cultural strength that they have overcome many obstacles to retain their language, culture, and religious beliefs, even if circumstances have forced them to give up foraging. Coming to political consciousness, some San have recreated themselves as First Peoples, and, with the assistance of sympathetic outsiders, have fought successfully for land and civil rights. While discrimination remains, governments in the region have begun to recognize the San’s uniqueness and to institute at least some policies in support of San development aspirations. This special issue of the Cultural Survival Quarterly will pinpoint areas where serious injustices persist, but will also give examples of communities where small victories have been won in the fight for cultural survival.
The San in History Ancestral San peoples have lived in southern Africa since ancient times. The oldest unequivocal remains of Homo sapiens sapiens—dated to 125,000 B.C.E.—have been excavated at Klassies River Mouth east of Cape Town. For thousands of generations the San people lived, hunting and gathering, as the sole occupants of southern Africa. Archaeological evidence records that they lived in small mobile groups with a complex microlithic stone tool technology. Around the time of Christ some of the San hunters began to herd goats and sheep and later cattle, becoming in time the Khoi peoples, also known as Hottentots. Both San and Khoi retained the unique click languages for which they are famous. In the early years of the Common Era, proto-Bantu-speaking peoples crossed the Zambezi and began their famous southward migration that led to the formation of the powerful Zulu, Xhosa, Tswana, and Sotho chiefdoms whose descendants form the large majority of South Africa’s population today.
In the East, San and incoming Bantu peoples mixed and intermarried and the latter adopted the click sounds of the Khoisan languages. In the western part of the subcontinent, however, San and Khoi retained their autonomy. They were at the Cape of Good Hope on that fateful day in 1652 when Jan Van Riebeck of the Dutch East India Company landed to establish the first European settlement in what is now South Africa.
The ensuing centuries constitute one of the most tragic chapters in the history of European colonialism. As the Dutch expanded north, they conquered the Khoi tribes, who eventually assimilated and reemerged as the so-called Cape Coloured people. But because they resisted Dutch advances so successfully, the San were branded as incorrigible bandits and hunted down relentlessly by the Dutch (now naturalized as Boers or Afrikaners) in annual extermination raids. By the end of the 19th century, San people were believed to be virtually extinct in South Africa.
But beyond the reach of Boer guns, in the German colony of South-West Africa and in the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, San peoples survived and even thrived, and it is in contemporary Namibia and Botswana that most of today’s San live. Distance, and the isolation of the Kalahari Desert and its surrounding regions, proved to be the San’s salvation. Nearly 80,000 San are found there today, with smaller numbers in Angola, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In the 20th century, a number of San groups continued to maintain the small-scale nomadic hunting and gathering way of life recorded by anthropologists and filmmakers. A larger percentage, however, were drawn into oppressive work conditions and deeper poverty under the domination of both African and White powerholders.
In a surprising development, the end of Apartheid brought to light in South Africa San peoples speaking languages long believed to be extinct. They had blended into the rural landscape on White farms or on the fringes of towns until the end of Apartheid allowed them to reveal their identities.
Defining San Peoples Today
Four criteria are usually applied to identify San peoples and distinguish them from other Africans:
—A history of hunting and gathering subsistence.
—The possession of click languages.
—Self-identification as San.
—(Least reliably) a distinct physical type.
When all four criteria are present, status as San is virtually certain. But few San today hunt and gather for a living, while some, fearing discrimination, prefer to conceal their San identity. To further complicate matters, many San people identify as such and speak a click language, but in appearance are tall and dark, indistinguishable from their non-San neighbors. A history of hunting and gathering and self-identification as San are probably the best guides to who the San people are.
In the 21st century, San vary widely in their proximity to their hunting and gathering past. Some, like the Nyae Nyae and Dobe Area Ju|’hoansi, were foraging well into the 1960s and 70s (see articles by Biesele and Hitchcock, and by Lee), while others, like the Ts’exa (see Taylor) and the Hai||om (see Widlok) have practiced a mix of hunting, farming, and herding for decades. The majority of present-day San, like the Omaheke Ju|’hoansi of the Gobabis district of Namibia (see Sylvain), live on White farms or in proximity to cattle posts of African neighbors, like the northern !Kung in Ovamboland (see Takada).
Thus, San are today found in at least four different kinds of settings:
—In independent villages practicing a mixed economy (some Ju|’hoansi, Hai||om, Ts’exa).
—Attached to Bantu villages and cattle posts (northern !Kung).
—Working on commercial farms and ranches (Omaheke).
—As part of government resettlement schemes (New Xade, some Ju|’hoansi).
This issue begins with case studies representing the range of situations in which contemporary San are found.
The first four are representatives of the !Kung language cluster. Megan Biesele, Robert Hitchcock, and Richard Lee report on the Nyae Nyae and Dobe Ju|’hoansi. Immortalized through anthropological writing and films about them as successful hunters and gatherers, they are probably the best known of all San peoples. Renée Sylvain reports on the Ju|’hoansi of the Omaheke, a commercial farming district in Namibia where San people exist in a super-exploited, underpaid work environment strongly reminiscent of the Apartheid era. Far to the northwest of Namibia live the northern !Kung, reported on by Akira Takada. These !Kung, distantly related to the Ju|’hoansi, divide their time foraging on their own and working for Ovambo neighbors on farms and cattle-posts.
The last three case studies describe the all-too-common experience of San people who have been displaced by the demands of wildlife conservation. Thomas Widlok reports on the Hai||om, who occupied a game-rich area in northern Namibia until they were forcibly removed from what is now the Etosha National Park, the largest wildlife preserve in Africa. While the Hai||om now eke out a mixed subsistence in less favorable areas, they are currently mobilizing politically along with other San through their membership in the Workgroup for Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA). Michael Taylor reports on the Ts’exa Basarwa of northern Botswana, who are part of a cluster of San peoples known as the River Bushmen of the Okavango Delta, which is a key wildlife area and prime tourist destination. The Ts’exa Basarwa speak eloquently of their history of dispossession. Susan Kent’s work among the Kutse San of central Botswana chronicles another group’s displacement by wildlife interests.
Peoples in Crisis
Of the serious crises facing San peoples today, this issue will highlight four: forced removals in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, insurgency in the Caprivi Strip, resettlement of refugees on San lands, and the threat of AIDS.
Since 1997, more than 1,000 San have been removed from a game park in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) and resettled in dysfunctional townsites far from their traditional lands. The adjustment period has been a difficult one, compounded by allegations of arbitrary arrests and torture by overzealous wildlife officers. Robert Hitchcock, who has been tracking the CKGR story for over 20 years, reviews the history of the area and the political, legal, and human rights issues at stake. Junko Maruyama has researched New Xade, the government townsite to which the San people were brought after removal. She documents the ingenious strategies the |Gui and ||Gana have improvised for making a living in a new land. Kazuyoshi Sugawara vividly records the silenced voices of the dispossessed |Gui and ||Gana peoples.
The CKGR situation has dominated news of the San in world media, but less well-known flash points pose even greater threats. The Caprivi is a narrow strip of Namibian territory stretching 300 kilometers eastward into central Africa. The Khoe San, the oldest inhabitants of the Strip, have been caught in the crossfire between the opposing forces on the tense border between Namibia and Angola. Robert Hitchcock and Megan Biesele describe how roughly 1,000 Khoe have fled into Botswana to escape harassment, torture, and extra-judicical killings by one side or the other.
Refugees also lie at the heart of a third crisis facing the San. The largest refugee camp in Namibia is at Osire in the center of the country, where refugees from Angola and other African countries are being housed in overcrowded and inadequate conditions. A recent proposal by the Namibian government would settle more than 20,000 refugees at a new location, 200 kilometers northeast of Osire, at M’Kata, in the center of Tsumkwe District West. But this destination is the present home of some 3,000 San people. The residents of the Tsumkwe district argue that the introduction of so many settlers, a seven-fold increase over current population numbers, would overwhelm the local populace and permanently foreclose their own development opportunities. Robert Hitchcock and Joram |Useb investigate the issues.
Soon after the triumph of non-racial democracy in 1994, Nelson Mandela’s South Africa faced a new and ominous threat. Today southern Africa has the highest rates of HIV/AIDS in the world, ranging from 19.54 percent in Namibia to a staggering 35.8 percent in Botswana. Geographically, the San people are at the epicenter of the world region hardest hit by AIDS. Based on five years of HIV research in Namibia and Botswana, Richard Lee and Ida Susser explore how the AIDS epidemic has affected the San.
After years of facing overwhelming problems, the San are at last seeing some small victories, particularly in the areas of cultural production (music and art) and natural resource management.
In the early 1990s a group of San in the village of D’Kar, Botswana embarked on a project to produce works of art in a unique San style. In media such as acrylics and printmaking, the Kuru Artists Group’s output has been exhibited in galleries in South Africa and Europe. Mathias Guenther provides a sense of the social context of San art, and discusses another San artist group at Schmidsdrift, South Africa. San music has also found an international audience. Emmanuelle Olivier, a Paris-based ethnomusicologist, has brought troups of Ju|’hoan singers and dancers to Europe, where they have been well received. Their music recordings are finding a niche in contemporary world music.
Robert Hitchcock describes one of the most promising developments for the San—the emergence of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) schemes, where local groups can manage their own resources in programs that combine subsistence with tourism and conservation. In the last five years, 28 of these schemes have been launched in Botswana alone with another 14 in Namibia. Hitchcock also reveals that recent policy shifts in Botswana could seriously affect these programs and even reverse their successes. Because tourism remains a controversial topic on the agendas of indigenous peoples, Kxao ‡Oma, a prominent Ju|’hoan political activist, and Axel Thoma, a long-time development worker with the San, discuss its pros and cons and conclude that tourism can actually benefit the San—as long as they can exercise control over it. And John Arnold, elected head of the San Traditional Authority in Tsumkwe District West, describes the successes and failures of the Omatako Rest Camp, a pioneering tourism program in his district. TOCADI (the Trust for Okavango Cultural and Development Initiatives), based in Shakawe, Botswana, is currently drilling boreholes in the Dobe area to facilitate tourism ventures and make a bid for San land rights. Kabo Mosweu, a San trust development worker, describes the trials and tribulations of finding water and securing land rights for the Dobe Ju|’hoansi.
San Political Mobilization The past 30 years have witnessed a marked change in world public opinion on the question of indigenous rights—a change highlighted by the UN’s declaration of 1995-2004 as the Decade of the Rights of Indigenous People. Crucial to this development has been the growth of political consciousness among indigenous peoples themselves. Delayed by isolation, lack of schooling, and ongoing discrimination, the wave of consciousness raising that swept the indigenous world in the post-WWII years did not reach the San peoples until the 1980s. The decade since 1990 has seen a burst of political organizing for change on the part of the San people. This issue of the Cultural Survival Quarterly carries a series of reports on non-governmental organizations in which San and sympathetic outsiders have combined to address past wrongs and support San aspirations for a better life. The section opens with in-depth reports on WIMSA, an umbrella organization based in Windhoek, Namibia, and on the Kuru Development Trust and TOCADI, both based in Botswana. Sidsel Saugestad reports on the University of Botswana/University of Tromsø San Initiative. Three reports cover the work of the South African San Institute (SASI): Nigel Crawhall explains the Northern Cape Language Recovery Project, SASI lawyer Roger Chennells reports on the ‡Khomani land claim, and Irene Staehelin covers the !Khwa ttu San Culture and Education Centre. A report on the Kalahari Peoples Fund, a Texas-based nonprofit foundation supporting San development initiatives since 1973, concludes the section.
How You Can Help
The final section includes a directory of the non-governmental organizations supporting San people, along with contact addresses, phone and fax numbers, and email and Web addresses. Lists of films and recent writings on the San will help readers looking for more information. | <urn:uuid:f2010782-ae33-4597-82cb-a5b72802fe33> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/foragers-first-peoples-kalahari-san-today | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202589.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322014319-20190322040319-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.94495 | 3,483 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Father’s Day in Kenya is celebrated on the third Sunday in June like much of the rest of the world. It is not a public holiday, but is generally a day of rest and family time due to always falling on the weekend.
|2020||21 Jun||Sun||Father's Day|
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Father’s Day is not so profit-oriented as in western countries. Here, it is more focused on the family and on simply letting your father know how much you love him. This may be done with a special card, gift or meal, a phone call home or travelling back to your home town to visit.
In many ways, Father’s Day is an American holiday that was first conceived and popularised there during the early twentieth century.
The cynical view of this holiday is that it was promoted in the US for purely commercial reasons along with the modern Mother’s Day which was also being popularised around the same time.
However, Father’s Day and Mother’s Day also became socially and commercially successful because they were inherently positive and sensible. Therefore, today it is a celebration that many families take seriously as an opportunity to let dads know that they are loved and valued. | <urn:uuid:02de4eb8-d157-4876-aabf-58afd0336fe4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://publicholidays.co.ke/fathers-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371665328.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407022841-20200407053341-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.973957 | 305 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The University of Southern California is testing a giant 3D printer that could be used to build a whole house in under 24 hours.
Professor Behrokh Khoshnevis has designed the giant robot that replaces construction workers with a nozzle on a gantry, this squirts out concrete and can quickly build a home according to a computer pattern. It is “basically scaling up 3D printing to the scale of building,” says Khoshnevis. The technology, known as Contour Crafting, could revolutionise the construction industry.
The entire article can be read here: http://innovation.uk.msn.com/design/the-3d-printer-that-can-build-a-house-in-24-hours | <urn:uuid:daf05b3a-5c9f-44ef-95f9-ab8fd2d451c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://futuresfoundation.org.au/3d-printer-can-build-house-24-hours/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104612.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818063421-20170818083421-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.927666 | 156 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Protein can be a confusing subject. Some people don’t realize how much they need and how important it is while others seem to consume very high quantities, and often times, not the best sources of protein.
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and there are 9 amino acids which are essential, meaning that they need to come from our diet. But don’t worry - there are a lot of foods that contain a spectrum of amino acids and you can get them from vegetables, animal products, legumes, nuts and seeds. It is important to eat a varied diet to ensure you are getting all your amino acids which help repair and grow tissue in all parts of our body.
So what do we need protein for? Protein is essential for, again, tissue in our body, muscles, hemoglobin, antibodies, blood sugar levels, organs, and some hormones.
Below is a basic calculation you can use to get a basic idea of how many grams of protein you should consume per day but its also important to remember that this differs from person to person based on genetics, metabolism and level of physical activity.
- Take your body weight (lbs) and divide by 2.2 = your weight in kg.
- Then take that number and multiple it by 0.8 to get grams of protein/day
- For example 150lbs/2.2 - 68 kg x 0.8 = 54 grams/day
Again this is just a rough calculation so you may be wondering: how do I know if I'm getting enough protein? Well, if you are deficient you may be suffering from various symptoms such as fatigue, muscle wasting, poor memory, blood sugar fluctuations, poor immune function, etc. In this case, this could be a sign of protein deficiency and you should look at ways to increase it and also consider visiting your health care practitioner.
Don't fret - there are so many great sources of proteins! Whether you're a vegan/vegetarian, or not, there are a lot of great sources of healthy protein. There are beans/legumes, nuts, seeds, vegetables, grains, spirulina, collagen, grass-fed animal protein, fish, eggs, and sprouted protein powders.
One thing I get asked about a lot lately is collagen, which seems to be gaining a lot of popularity lately. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and has be been linked to improving joint, skin, hair, nail and gut health. It is important that we have enough collagen in our body since production decreases as we age which can lead to loss in bone density and skin elasticity. You can buy collagen in a powdered form which can be added to drinks, smoothies, protein balls, and baked goods.
What Does it Mean to be Plant-Based?
A plant-based diet focuses on foods that come from plants such as nuts, needs, legumes, grains, and of course vegetables. Some people who follow a plant-based diet still have some animal product whereas others do not. There is no one way to define plant-based.
What are the benefits?
Many people decide to follow a plant-based diet due to the added health benefits. I am not a fan of labels because they can create unnecessary restrictions and guilt for some individuals. However, plant-based is a bit more of a flexible label that can be tweaked for individual's health needs. Since this type of eating limits the consumption of foods, like red meat, it has been linked to decreased in blood pressure and heart disease. If you are eating plant-based and also avoiding other unhealthy foods like processed, refined and packaged foods, this may help with energy levels, mental clarity, sleep and overall health.
Now, this is a diet consists of mostly plant-based foods but whether or not you prescribe to a plant-based diet, its important to incorporate lots fruits and veggies into your meals. Check out some plant-based protein sources below:
- Black beans
- Nutritional yeast
- Edamame and soy products
- Sea vegetables
Protein Banana Pancakes
- 1 banana, mashed
- 2 eggs
- 1/4 cup chickpea flour
- 2 tbsp collagen
- 1/4 cup hemp seeds
- 1 tbsp avocado oil
- 1/4 tsp baking soda
- maple syrup to top
- Mix banana and eggs well
- Then add remainder of the ingredients except the avocado oil to a bowl and mix well
- Add the avocado oil to a frying pan over medium
- Pour the batter and flip half way through
Enjoy and if you need support reach out to Nicole at email@example.com to book a free discovery call! | <urn:uuid:59daa50d-2aa0-455f-bf7d-7885aae01015> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.randomwellnessco.com/blogs/randomwellness/the-truth-about-protein-and-simple-banana-protein-pancake-recipe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103322581.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626222503-20220627012503-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.952346 | 1,017 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A hot dog is a cooked sausage, traditionally grilled or steamed and served in a sliced bun as a sandwich. Hot dog variants include the corn dog dipped in corn batter and deep fried, pigs in blankets wrapped in dough, baked, and served as hors d’oeuvres, and Beanie Weenies chopped and mixed with baked beans. Typical hot dog garnishes include mustard, ketchup, onions, mayonnaise, relish, cheese, chili, and sauerkraut. The sausages were culturally imported from Germany and popularized in the United States, where they were a working class street food sold at hot dog stands that came to be associated with baseball and America. Hot dog preparation and condiment styles also vary regionally across the United States. The hot dog’s cultural traditions include the Nathan’s Hot Dog Eating Contest and Wienermobile.
Claims about hot dog invention are difficult to assess, as stories assert the creation of the sausage, the placing of the sausage (or another kind of sausage) on bread or a bun as finger food, the popularization of the existing dish, or the application of the name “hot dog” to a sausage and bun combination most commonly used with ketchup or mustard and sometimes relish. The word frankfurter comes from Frankfurt, Germany, where pork sausages similar to hot dogs originated. These sausages, Frankfurter Würstchen, were known since the 13th century and given to the people on the event of imperial coronations, starting with the coronation of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor as King.
Wiener refers to Vienna, Austria, whose German name is “Wien”, home to a sausage made of a mixture of pork and beef (cf. Hamburger, whose name also derives from a German-speaking city). Johann Georg Lahner, a 18th/19th century butcher from the Franconian city of Coburg, is said to have brought the Frankfurter Würstchen to Vienna, where he added beef to the mixture and simply called it Frankfurter. Nowadays, in German speaking countries, except Austria, hot dog sausages are called Wiener or Wiener Würstchen (Würstchen means “little sausage”), in differentiation to the original pork only mixture from Frankfurt. In Swiss German, it is called Wienerli, while in Austria the terms Frankfurter or Frankfurter Würstel are used. Around 1870, on Coney Island, German immigrant Charles Feltman began selling sausages in rolls. Carts selling frankfurters in New York City, circa 1906.
The price is listed as “3 cents each or 2 for 5 cents”. Others have supposedly invented the hot dog. The idea of a hot dog on a bun is ascribed to the wife of a German named Antonoine Feuchtwanger, who sold hot dogs on the streets of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, in 1880, because his customers kept taking the white gloves handed to them for eating without burning their hands. Anton Ludwig Feuchtwanger, a Bavarian sausage seller, is said to have served sausages in rolls at the World’s Fair–either the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago or the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St Louis –again allegedly because the white gloves he gave to customers so that they could eat his hot sausages in comfort began to disappear as souvenirs.
The association between hot dogs and baseball began as early as 1893 with Chris von der Ahe, a German immigrant who owned not only the St. Louis Browns, but also an amusement park. Another claim of inventing the hot dog is told by Harry M. Stevens, an American sports concessionaire whose vendors sold German sausages and rolls to spectators at the old New York Polo Grounds during the winter. He called them “Dachshund sandwiches”, but a New York Post cartoonist “couldn’t spell dachshund, so when he drew the cartoon, he called them hot dogs.”
In 1916, a Polish American employee of Feltman’s named Nathan Handwerker was encouraged by Eddie Cantor and Jimmy Durante, both working as waiters/musicians, to go into business in competition with his former employer. Handwerker undercut Feltman’s by charging five cents for a hot dog when his former employer was charging ten. At an earlier time in food regulation, when the hot dog was suspect, Handwerker made sure that men wearing surgeon’s smocks were seen eating at Nathan’s Famous to reassure potential customers.
The term dog has been used as a synonym for sausage since 1884 and accusations that sausage makers used dog meat date to at least 1845. In the early 20th century, consumption of dog meat in Germany was common. The suspicion that sausages contained dog meat was “occasionally justified”. According to a myth, the use of the complete phrase hot dog in reference to sausage was coined by the newspaper cartoonist Thomas Aloysius “TAD” Dorgan around 1900 in a cartoon recording the sale of hot dogs during a New York Giants baseball game at the Polo Grounds. However, TAD’s earliest usage of hot dog was not in reference to a baseball game at the Polo Grounds, but to a bicycle race at Madison Square Garden, in The New York Evening Journal December 12, 1906, by which time the term hot dog in reference to sausage was already in use.
In addition, no copy of the apocryphal cartoon has ever been found. The earliest known usage of hot dog in clear reference to sausage, found by Fred R. Shapiro, appeared in the December 31, 1892 issue of the Paterson (New Jersey) Daily Press. The story concerned a local traveling vendor, Thomas Francis Xavier Morris, also known as “Hot Dog Morris”. Somehow or other a frankfurter and a roll seem to go right to the spot where the void is felt the most. The small boy has got on such familiar terms with this sort of lunch that he now refers to it as “hot dog.”
“Hey, Mister, give me a hot dog quick,” was the startling order that a rosy-cheeked gamin hurled at the man as a Press reporter stood close by last night. The “hot dog” was quickly inserted in a gash in a roll, a dash of mustard also splashed on to the “dog” with a piece of flat whittled stick, and the order was fulfilled. But… how is really made Hot Dog today ? Just watch the video below and then decide if you will eat Hot Dog again in your life. | <urn:uuid:d2fce229-71dc-4a3b-872f-c30b5397fd47> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.5election.com/2014/03/08/hot-dogs-how-are-really-made-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529406.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723130306-20190723152306-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.967774 | 1,419 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a variety of symptoms including impaired vision and numbness. It can be challenging to compile a definitive list of signs to look out for because the same symptoms can be caused by other disorders. Moreover, MS symptoms greatly vary from one person to another, and early signs can be subjective.
While symptoms vary from patient to patient, many of the possible early signs of MS are fairly consistent among most MS patients. Below is a list of common and not-so-common signs that are sometimes observed in the early development of MS.
Feelings such as numbness or tingling in some parts of the body, such as the arms and legs, is a very common initial sign of MS.
Fatigue is one of the most common signs of MS and is often described as a feeling of exhaustion even while carrying out simple day-to-day tasks. Fatigue can significantly affect daily chores and can rapidly progress following physical exercise, exposure to hot temperatures, and during times of infection.
A common vision problem called optic neuritis is regarded as an early sign of MS. It is considered a more “concrete” sign compared to “vague” neurological signs such as tingling or numbness. Optic neuritis may cause temporary vision loss, color blindness, pain in the eye, and double vision.
Another common sign of MS is heat intolerance. Patients usually feel dizzy or uncomfortable in hot temperatures or during sunbathing. Heat intolerance can also aggravate other MS symptoms.
Muscles usually feel stiff or weak in people with MS. Muscle contractions are painful and resist movement.
MS results in two forms of pain:
- Neuropathic pain: caused by nerve damage and includes stabbing, pricking, and burning sensations in the face and limbs
- Musculoskeletal pain: sometimes causes pain in the neck, back, and joints
People with MS can find it difficult to attain balance, which can greatly affect mobility. The most common symptoms that affect mobility in MS patients include:
MS patients experience problems with thinking, memorization, and learning. Additionally, many people with MS find it hard to multitask due to shortened attention spans. MS patients are also slow to process visual information, like a map. Cognitive dysfunction is not specific to MS, however, as many other neurological conditions can cause this symptom.
Bladder problems associated with MS include frequent visits to the restroom (especially at night), urinary incontinence, and urinary tract infections.
MS affects bowel function and causes constipation and bowel incontinence.
Mental health issues
MS affects the mental health of patients and causes depression, anxiety, and sometimes rapid mood swings.
Some MS patients have slurred speech or dysarthria, while some others experience difficulty in chewing or swallowing (dysphagia).
Although it is clear that the most common early signs of MS include numbness, eye problems, and tingling, these signs and symptoms can be caused by many other disorders and are not always signs of MS. Also, not all MS patients experience the same symptoms.
Timing is a crucial factor that helps determine MS as MS signs typically last for a few days to a few weeks. Hence, it is important to be aware of the early signs of MS so that if the signs persist for days, you can inform your doctor and get the symptoms checked. As in most diseases, the earlier the diagnosis, the more effective the treatment. | <urn:uuid:44396366-e0e8-4cb3-a0d5-ca1e32a1992f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.news-medical.net/health/Early-signs-of-Multiple-Sclerosis.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148671.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229053151-20200229083151-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.945541 | 712 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Hawaiian efforts to move towards renewable energy have a powerful ally in the form of Mark Glick, chief administrator of the State Energy Office, part of the Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism.
By 2030 Glick’s office hope to implement policies allowing Hawaii to achieve 70 percent reliance on clean energy.
There are a number of projects already under development that could assist the archipelago to reach its goals.
But, Glick is under no illusions about the problems Hawaii faces in accomplishing these goals. During an interview last month with Honolulu Civil Beat, when asked about the biggest challenges facing Hawaii in switching to renewable energy Glick replied, “Our remoteness and market/population size limit our options. We don't have the ability to stabilize the grid for higher concentrations of RE through interstate transmission of electricity as is the case on the mainland. And the lack of other conventional fuels means that we're stuck with expensive diesel and fuel for power generation for whatever we don't produce from renewable means.”
The more well known renewable energy sources – solar, wind and biomass, all have their pluses and minuses for development in Hawaii.
But there is a renewable technology being developed in America’s 50th state which savvy investors should keep a weather eye on.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differentials between deep, cold ocean water and warm, tropical surface waters to run a heat engine to produce electricity.
It is in deep tropic waters that OTEC offers the greatest possibilities, as it is there that the temperature differentials are highest, with surface waters often reaching up to 80 degrees Fahrenheit, while deep water can be as low as several degrees above water’s freezing temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat from the warm surface water is used to vaporize ammonia, which turns a turbine to drive a generator to produce electricity.
OTEC has the potential to offer global amounts of energy that are 10 to 100 times greater than other ocean energy options such as wave power and unlike solar and wind power, OTEC plants can operate continuously providing a base load supply for an electrical power generation system. Energy specialists estimated that that 10 OTEC plants producing 100 megawatts of electricity could power all of Oahu.
But if that’s the good news the downside is that OTEC facilities have a typical conversion rate of 3-4 percent, as opposed to controversial coal or oil steam fired plants, whose temperature variants of up to 500 degrees can produce thermal conversion efficiency rates of 35-40 percent.
The idea has a long genesis, with the theory first being proven in the 1930s by Frenchman Georges Claude, who deployed a small OTEC plant in Cuba. In the 1970s during the post 1973 Arab-Israeli War, which caused oil prices to triple, the federal government poured $260 million into OTEC research, which saw Lockheed Martin begin to cooperate with Oahu-based Makai Ocean Engineering. After Ronald Reagan won the 1980 presidential election, federal OTEC funding essentially ceased.
Makai Ocean Engineering has soldiered on however, and over the past three years, surging hydrocarbon energy prices, rising environmental concerns and new U.S. Department of the Navy energy policy have led to government and commercial support to improve key OTEC technologies, which among other things caused Makai Ocean Engineering and Lockheed Martin to rekindled their earlier OTEC collaboration of nearly forty years previously.
That partnership in July led to the opening by the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) of a new testing facility at Keahole Point on The Big Island, to be overseen by - Makai Ocean Engineering. NELHA CEO Jan War said, “It certainly falls within our initial goals to provide a support facility for research on the OTEC process.”
Hawaii currently has no OTEC commercial scale facilities, but that is Makai Ocean Engineering’s ultimate goal. The new Keahole facility will test different coatings or alloys for increasing heat exchange efficiency. Makai Ocean Engineering is investing $2.3 million in the project while Lockheed Martin provided some of the structural parts for the test facility’s 40-foot tower.
But the issue is still investment money, which hinges upon the project’s success in improving the heat exchange ratios.
The Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, a research group and part of the University of Hawaii Manoa director Richard Rocheleau stated bluntly, “People are not going to invest in this if the heat exchangers aren’t tried and tested to the fullest degree” even as Makai Ocean Engineering Vice President Reb Bellinger complained, “The whole effort hinges upon how much money we can get in certain periods of time. We can’t just stop part of the project because we don’t have enough money.”
And Makai Ocean Engineering has a mainland competitor, Baltimore-based OTEC International, which last month NELHA selected for lease negotiation to build a one megawatt ocean thermal energy conversion demonstration plant on six acres of its 870-acre ocean, science and technology park on the Big Island. While negotiations of a lease agreement and terms have yet to be finalized, NELHA executive director Greg Barbour estimated the cost of the project at $30 million.
What is puzzling about the NELHA- OTEC International arrangement is that the one megawatt ocean thermal energy conversion demonstration plant is to be onshore, rather than in the deep ocean. On its website OTEC International states that the onshore plant will “demonstrate the OTEC power cycle before it undertakes the capital intensive offshore, deep-ocean floating platform. This one megawatt pilot plant will demonstrate the OTEC power cycle and the scalability of the technology in the near term, enabling OTI to proceed to commercial scale projects more quickly.”
So, OTEC is proceeding, and you have two engineering companies racing to develop a scalable OTEC deep ocean platform, one partnered with the world’s largest defense contractor, the other largely underwritten for the last 11 years by the Baltimore-based nonprofit Abell Foundation.
Investors, place your bets.
By. John C.K. Daly of Oilprice.com | <urn:uuid:72573223-7377-4def-817f-116fdc725538> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/Hawaii-About-To-Crack-Ocean-Thermal-Energy-Conversion-Roadblocks.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824113.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00261-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933493 | 1,284 | 3.09375 | 3 |
In ancient Egypt chairs appear to have been great richness and splendour. Fashioned of ebony and ivory or of carved gilded wood, they were covered in costly, rare materials and supported upon legs of beast or figures.
Greek and Roman chairs dates back to the 6th and 7th century BCE. Exambles can be found carved on the frieze of the Parthenon.These chairs were mostly carved from marble. The oldest know is the chair of St.Peter in the St.Peters church in Rome.
Chinese chairs before the Tang Dynasty(618-907 AD) were not in existance. The predominant setting position was the lotus position on the floor. A remarkable change happened during the Tang period. A small mobile folding stool developed into a more stationary stately chair with a high back.After that the chair was common in all of China.High back chairs are still in high use in China today.
In Europe, it was owing in great measure to the Renaissance that the chair ceased to be a privilege of the State and became available to anyone who could afford to buy a chair or had the skill to make one. By the 17th century wood chairs in Britian were common. Fabric and leather soon were used to cover and make the chairs more comfortable.
English chairs came into there own during the Tudor period. During Charles II's reign they became the most decorative. During the reign of William and Mary, the chair form became more solid and rigid.Makers like, Hepplewhite,Sheraton,Adams and Chippendale all left there ever lasting mark on English chair design.
18th century chairs are when the French took over. The French Rocco style soon became the rage, with caberiole legs, carved backs and open arms. The bergere chair was also born in Louis XIV France.
19th century chairs are when the Art Nouveau school produced chairs of simplicity with a movement like no other style before or since. Arts and Crafts movement produced heavy,straight ,minimally ornamental chairs.
American chairs: Rocco Revival, Gothic and Empire Revival and Eastlake, are the names that come to mind. Makers like John Henry Belter brought these forms to all all time height and for the first time an American chair maker was considered as important as one from Europe. The Rocco chair was the American version of the French Louis XVI. Bigger in scale and heavier- but very much the same lines.
Every maker and ever period since the Roman Empire have made Diminutive or children's chairs. One early example was found in the Sun King's tomb in Egypt. Also known as the child King as he took the throne at the age of 9. The French especially, were known for it's children's chairs. Some times whole sets were made and thrones were copied for the Heir apparent. Louis XVI was one who did this and the exambles are on display today.
Most of my children's chairs are more fun than rare and not extremely valuable. I have always been attracted to them and seem to want every one I see. I have them all about the house-usually in the way, I often fall over them. I love them anyhow. I have 2 very good ones. One is a American Gothic Revival and the other is a high Victorian .Both are made in America of walnut and from the early to middle 1800's. My little great nieces and nephews love to set in my small chairs. I often catch the adults in them as well. They are usually very strong and can hold up well. But the two special ones, I always say, no-no!
I am also sharing several pictures from the garden as spring continues in Missouri. It is one of my favorite times. After a long hard winter it is much appreciated.
I hope you enjoy my little kids chairs and maybe someday you can come by for a tour and see them in person. I will leave the lights on and Sissy Dog will meet you with a jump and a kiss.
|My Sissy Dog, always with me and always a friend.|
I hate to sound like a broken record, but I can't seem to help myself. I am so proud of the fact that , My Old Historic House, is featured in this issue of Victorian Homes Magazine. Please go to the news stands and get a copy. If you like it, let the editor know.Editor-Hilary Black at firstname.lastname@example.org
|My Old Historic House during the great flood of 2008, Mississippi River, Clarksville,Mo.| | <urn:uuid:f0f6b144-5909-4cad-b6fa-53151e63ee1f> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://myoldhistorichouse.blogspot.com/2011/05/diminutive-chairs-god-bless-children.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738017788.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222017-00009-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98296 | 952 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Special Education services are available for those students with identified learning disabilities. Students experiencing difficulty with learning tasks may need to be referred by their teacher to the SST. Should general education interventions not provide the needed support to ensure student success, the SST team may refer the child, as appropriate, for in-depth testing to determine a potential learning disability, and possible eligibility for a specific program. Programs at MHS include:
RESOURCE SPECIALIST PROGRAM (RSP): The Resource Program serves students needing help in an academic area as defined in their Individual Educational Plan. Students may be out of their regular classroom for up to 49% of the day for these services, but more commonly, students are out less than 1.5 hours per day. MHS’s Resource Specialist is full-time and has a 30-hour per week instructional assistant. Additionally the RSP teacher may supervise additional assistants who may support students in need in the general education setting.
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPY: Our SLP works with students who need assistance with speech and language development. This may include therapy for articulation, language delays, and/or language processing which impacts learning.
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY (OT): School-based occupational therapists assist students with performing the necessary activities to participate in school activities and foster meaningful learning. A school-based occupational therapist looks at a variety of areas affected by a child’s disability such as self-care, motor function, sensory processing and awareness, oral motor function, function of the hands, visual and perceptual abilities and pre-vocational activities.
ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION (APE): APE is for those students who need special instruction with large and small muscle skills.
SPECIAL DAY CLASS (SDC): MHS houses one Special Day Classes for the District. These classes are distinguished by the fact that there are fewer students in them, usually 10-15, who need a small-class setting all day to meet their particular educational needs as defined by their IEP. Our SDC students integrate and participate in our general education classes at all opportunities as specified by the IEP. The SDC class has a 30-hour per week instructional assistant for the teacher as well as other assistants who aide in mainstreaming students in the general education classes.
Please refer to the following websites for additional information: | <urn:uuid:20ef5df2-05c9-4b15-9e35-11515d79ec29> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://monterey.spusd.net/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=758232&type=d&pREC_ID=1165032 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488504838.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621212241-20210622002241-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.962734 | 489 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Inattentional Blindness is the event in which an individual fails to recognize an unexpected stimulus that is in plain sight. The term inattentional blindness was coined by Arien Mack and Irvin Rock in 1992 and was used as the title of Mack and Rock's book published by MIT press in 1998. Here, they describe the discovery of Inattentional Blindness and include a collection of procedures used in exemplifying the phenomenon. Research on inattentional blindness, also sometimes referred to as perceptual blindness, suggests that this phenomenon can occur in all individuals, independent of cognitive deficits. It is simply impossible for one to attend to all the visual stimuli in a visual field, and as a result, a temporary "blindness" effect can take place. That is, individuals fail to see objects or stimuli that are unexpected and quite often salient.
The following criteria are required to classify an event as an inattentional blindness episode: 1) the observer must fail to notice a visual object or event, 2) the object or event must be fully visible, 3) observers must be able to readily identify the object if they are consciously perceiving it, and 4) the event must be unexpected and the failure to see the object or event must be due to the engagement of attention on other aspects of the visual scene and not due to aspects the visual stimulus itself. Individuals who experience inattentional blindness are usually unaware of this effect, which can play a subsequent role on behavior.
Inattentional blindness is related to but distinct from other failures of visual awareness such as change blindness, repetition blindness, visual masking, and attentional blink. The key aspect of inattentional blindess which makes it distinct from other failures in awareness rests on the fact that the undetected stimulus is unexpected. It is the unexpected nature of said stimulus that differentiates inattentional blindness from failures of awareness such as attentional failures like the aforementioned attentional blink. It is critical to acknowledge that occurrences of inattentional blindness are attributed to the failure to consciously attend to an item in the visual field as opposed the absence of cognitive processing.
Findings such as inattentional blindness - the failure to notice a fully visible but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task, event, or object - has changed views on how the brain stores and integrates visual information, and has led to further questioning and investigation of the brain and importantly of cognitive processes.
The Cognition Debate - Early vs. Late Selection of AttentionEdit
One of the most foremost conflicts among researchers of inattentional blindness surrounds the processing of unattended stimuli. More specifically, there is disagreement in the literature about exactly how much processing of a visual scene is completed before selection dictates which stimuli will be consciously perceived, and which will not (i.e. Inattentional Blindness). There exists two basic schools of thought on the issue - those who believe selection is done early in the perceptual process, and those who believe it is done only after significant processing. Early selection theorists propose that perception of stimuli is a limited process requiring selection to proceed. This suggests that the decision to attend to specific stimuli occurs early in processing, soon after the rudimentary study of physical features; only those selected stimuli are then fully processed. On the other hand, proponents of late selection theories argue that perception is an unlimited operation, and all stimuli in a visual scene are processed simultaneously. In this case, selection of relevant information is done after full processing of all stimuli.
While early research on the topic was heavily focused on early selection, research since the late 1970s has shifted mainly to the late selection theories. This change resulted primarily from a shift in paradigms used to study inattentional blindness which revealed new aspects of the phenomenon. Today, late selection theories are generally accepted, and continue to be the focus of the majority of research concerning inattentional blindness.
Evidence for Late SelectionEdit
A significant body of research has been gathered in support of late selection in the perception of visual stimuli.
One of the popular ways of investigating late selection is to assess the priming properties (i.e. influencing subsequent acts) of unattended stimuli. Often used to demonstrate such effects is the stem completion task. While there exist a few variations, these studies generally consist of showing participants the first few letters of words, and asking them to complete the string of letters to form an English word. It has been demonstrated that observers are significantly more likely to complete word fragments with the unattended stimuli presented in a trial than with another similar word. This effect holds when stimuli are not words, but instead objects. When photos of objects are shown too quickly for participants to identify, subsequent presentation of those items lead to significantly faster identification in comparison to novel objects.
An interesting study by Mack and Rock has also revealed that showing a word stimulus differing from the participant's name by one letter did not generally call conscious attention. By simply changing a character, transforming the presented word into the observer's first name, the now highly meaningful stimulus is significantly more likely to be attended to. This suggests that the stimuli are being extensively processed, at least enough to analyze their meaning. These results point to the fact that attentional selection may be determined late in processing.
The evidence outlined above suggests that even when stimuli are not processed to the level of conscious attention, they are nonetheless perceptually and cognitively processed, and can indeed exert effects on subsequent behavior.
Evidence for Early SelectionEdit
While the evidence supporting late selection hypotheses is significant and has been consistently reproduced, there also exists a body of research suggesting that unattended stimuli in fact may not receive significant processing.
For example, in an fMRI study by Rees and colleagues, brain activity was recorded while participants completed a perceptual task. Here they examined the neural processing of meaningful (words) and meaningless (consonant string) stimuli both when attended to, and when these same items were unattended. While no difference in activation patterns were found between the groups when the stimuli were unattended, differences in neural processing were observed for meaningful versus meaningless stimuli to which participants overtly attended. This pattern of results suggests that ignored stimuli are not processed to the level of meaning, i.e. less extensively than attended stimuli. Participants do not seem to be detecting meaning in stimuli to which they are not consciously attending.
Theories of Inattentional BlindnessEdit
This particular hypothesis bridges the gap between the early and late selection theories. Authors integrate the viewpoint of early selection stating that perception is a limited process (i.e. cognitive resources are limited), and that of the late selection theories assuming perception as an automatic process. This view proposes that the level of processing which occurs for any one stimulus is dependent on the current perceptual load. That is, if the current task is attentionally demanding and its processing exhausts all the available resources, little remains available to process other non-target stimuli in the visual field. Alternatively, if processing requires a small amount of attentional resources, perceptual load is low and attention is inescapably directed to the non-target stimuli.
The effects of perceptual load on the occurrence of inattentional blindness is elegantly demonstrated in a study by Fougnie and Marois. Here, participants were asked to complete a memory task involving either the simple maintenance of verbal stimuli, or the rearrangement of this material, a more cognitively demanding exercise. While subjects were completing the assigned task, an unexpected visual stimulus was presented. Results revealed that unexpected stimuli were more likely to be missed during manipulation of information than in the more simple rehearsal task.
In a similar type of study, fMRI recordings were done while subjects took part in either low-demand or high-demand subtraction tasks. While performing these exercises, novel visual distractors were presented. When task demands were low and used a smaller portion of the finite resources, distractors captured attention and sparked visual analysis as shown by brain activation in the primary visual cortex. These results, however, did not hold when perceptual load was high; in this condition, distractors were significantly less often attended to and processed.
Thus, higher perceptual load, and therefore more significant use of attentional resources, appears to increase the likelihood of inattentional blindness episodes.
The theory of inattentional amnesia provides an interesting alternative in the explanation of inattentional blindness. It suggests that this phenomenon does not stem from failures in capture of attention or in actual perception of stimuli, but instead from a failure in memory. The unnoticed stimuli in a visual scene are attended to and consciously perceived, but are rapidly forgotten rendering them impossible to report. In essence, inattentional amnesia refers to the failure in creating a lasting explicit memory; by the time a subject is asked to recall seeing an item, their memory for the stimulus has vanished.
While it is difficult to tease apart a failure in perception from one in memory, some research has attempted to shed light on the issue. In a classic study of inattentional blindness, a woman carrying an umbrella through a scene goes unnoticed. Despite stopping the video while she is walking through and immediately asking participants to identify which of two people they have seen - leaving as little delay as possible between presentation and report - observers very often fail to correctly identify the woman with the umbrella. No differences in performance were identified whether the video was stopped immediately after the unexpected event or moments later. These findings would seem to oppose the idea of inattentional amnesia, however advocates of the theory could always contend that the memory test simply came too late and that the memory had already been lost.
The very phenomenon of Inattentional blindness is defined by a lack of expectation for the unattended stimulus. Some researchers believe that it is not inattention that produces blindness, but in fact the aforementioned lack of expectation for the stimuli. Proponents of this ideology often state that classic methods for testing inattentional blindness are not manipulating attention per se, but instead the expectation for the presentation of a visual item.
Studies investigating the effect of expectation on episodes of inattentional blindness have shown that once observers are made aware of the importance of the to be presented stimuli, for example stating that one will later be tested on it, the phenomenon essentially disappears. While admitting to possible ambiguities in methodology, Mack, one of the foremost researchers in the field, holds strongly that inattentional blindness stems predominantly from a failure of attentional capture. He points out that if expectation does not mediate instances of very closely linked phenomena such as attentional blink and change blindness (whereby participants have difficulty identifying the changing object even when they are explicitly told to look for it), it is unlikely that inattentional blindness can be explained solely by a lack of expectation for stimulus presentation.
Classic Experiments Demonstrating Inattentional BlindnessEdit
Invisible Gorilla TestEdit
The Invisible Gorilla Test is one of the most widely known experiments pertaining to inattentional blindness. It was done by Daniel Simmons from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and Christopher Chabris from Harvard University. Their study was a revised version of earlier studies conducted by Ulric Neisser and Becklen in 1975. It consists of asking participants to look at a video of two teams, one black and one white, with three people on each. The participants are asked to count how many times a basketball is passed between members of the white team. While this is happening, a person dressed in a gorilla costume walks and stands in front of the camera, thumps its chest, then walks off camera. It is on screen for about 9 seconds. After watching the video, the participants are asked if they noticed anything out of the ordinary, and about half of them were so focused on counting, also known as selective attention, that they did not notice other stimulus in their eyesight, the gorilla. There are also other versions of this experiment, in which a woman walks through the scene carrying an umbrella, or in which the participants are asked to only count either aerial passes or only bounce passes. In a subsequent and similar study by Daniel Memmert, the gorilla video was used but in addition, the eye movements and fixations of the participants were recorded and analyzed. It was found that the participants who failed to perceive the gorilla still spent about 25 frames or a total of one second fixated on it.
This classic study is a clear example of how people can fail to perceive a stimulus that is fully visible when their attention is focused on a different task, and as shown in the following example, inattentional blindness is applicable to real-life situations as well.
Perception and Inattentional Blindness-A Real-world ExperimentEdit
In 1995, Officer Kenny Conley was chasing a shooting suspect. An undercover officer was in the same vicinity and was mistakenly taken down by other officers while Conely ran by and failed to notice. A jury later convicted Officer Conley believing he had seen the fight, yet he stood by his word that he had, in fact, not seen it.
Christopher Chabirs, Adam Weinberger, Matthew Fontain and Daniel J. Simons took it upon themselves to see if this scenario was possible. They designed an experiment in which participants were asked to run about 30 feet behind Officer Conley himself, and count how times he touched his head. A fight was staged to appear about 8 meters off the path, and was visible for approximately 15 seconds. The procedure in its entirety lasted about 2 minutes and 45 seconds, and participants were then asked to report the number of times they had seen Officer Conley touch his head with either hand (medium load), both hands (high load), or were not instructed to count at all (low load). After the run, participants were asked 3 questions: 1) If they had noticed the fight; 2) if they had noticed a juggler, and 3) if they had noticed someone dribbling a basketball. Questions 2) and 3) were control questions, and no one falsely reported these as true.
Participants were significantly more likely to notice the fight when the experiment was done during the day as opposed to in the dark. Additionally, sightings of the fight were most likely to be reported in the low load condition (72%) than in either the medium load (56%), or high load conditions (42%). These results exemplify a real world occurrence of inattentional blindness, and provide evidence that officer Conley could indeed have missed the fight because his attention was focused elsewhere. Moreover, these results add to the body of knowledge suggesting that as perceptual load increases, less resources remain to process items not explicitly focused on, and in turn episodes of inattentional blindness become more frequent.
Limitations of Perception or Memory?Edit
Arien Mack and Irvin Rock’s findings on inattentional blindness is summarized in their 1988 book which comes to the generalized conclusion that no conscious perception can occur without attention. Evidence through research on inattentional blindness contemplates that it may be possible that inattentional blindness reflects a problem with memory rather than with perception. It is argued that at least some instances of inattentional blindness are better characterized as memory failures then perceptual failures. The extent to which unattended stimuli fail to engage perceptual processing is an empirical question that the combination of inattentional blindness and other various measures of processing can be used to address.
The theory behind inattentional blindness research suggests that we consciously experience only those objects and events to which we directly attend. That means that the vast majority of information in our field of vision goes unnoticed. Thus if we miss the target stimulus in an experiment, but are later told about the existence of the stimulus, this sufficient awareness allows participants to report and recall the stimulus now that attention has been allocated to it. Mack and Rock, and their colleagues discovered a striking array of visual events to which people are inattentionally blind. However the debate arises whether this inattentional blindness was due to memory or perceptual processing limitations.
Mack and Rock note that explanations for inattentional blindness can reflect a basic failure of perceptual processes to be engaged by unattended stimuli. Or that it may reflect a failure of memorial processes to encode information about unattended stimuli. It is important to note that the memory failure does not have to do with forgetting something that has been encoded by losing access to the memory of the stimulus from time of presentation to time of retrieval, rather that the failure is attributed to information not being encoded when the stimulus was present. It seems that inattentional blindness can be explained by both memory and perceptual failures because in experimental research participants may fail to report what was on display due to failures in encoded information (memory) or a failure in perceptually processed information (perception).
Neuropsychological analogies of Inattentional BlindnessEdit
There are similarities in the types of unconscious processing apparent in inattentional blindness and in neuropsychological syndromes such as visual neglect and extinction. The analogy between these phenomenon’s seems to generate more questions as well as answers. These answers are fundamental for our understanding of the relationship between attention, stimulus coding and behavior.
Research has shown that some aspects of the syndrome of unilateral visual neglect appear to be similar to normal subjects in a state of inattentional blindness. In neglect, patients with lesions to the parietal cortex fail to respond to and report stimuli presented on the side of space contralateral to damage.
That is, they appear to be functionally blind to a range of stimuli. Since such lesions do not result in any sensory deficits, shortcomings have been explained in terms of a lack of attentional processing, for which the parietal cortex plays a large role. These phenomena draw strong parallels to one another, as in both cases stimuli are perceptible but unreported when unattended.
In the phenomenon of extinction, patients can report the presence of a single stimulus presented on the affected side, but then fail to detect it when a second stimulus is presented simultaneously on the 'good' (ipsilateral) side. Here the stimulus on the affected side seems to lose under conditions of attentional competition from stimuli in the ipsilesional field. The consequence of this competition is that the extinguished items may not be detected.
Similar to studies of inattentional blindness, there is evidence of processing taking place in the neglected field. For example, there can be semantic priming from a stimulus presented in the neglected field, which affects responses to stimuli subsequently presented on the unimpaired side. Apparently in both neglect and inattentional blindness, there is some level processing of stimuli even when they are unattended. However one major difference between neuropsychological symptoms such as neglect and extinction, and inattentional blindness concerns the role of expectation. In inattentional blindness, subjects do not expect the unreported stimulus. In contrast, in neglect and extinction, patients may expect a stimulus to be presented on the affected side but still fail to report it when another it may be that expectation affects reportability but not the implicit processing of stimuli.
Further explanations of the phenomenon of inattentional blindness include inattentional amnesia, inattentional agnosia and change blindness.
An explanation for this phenomenon is that observers see the critical object in their visual field but fail to process it extensively enough to retain it . Individuals experience Inattentional Agnosia after having seen the target stimuli but not consciously being able to identify what the stimuli is. It is possible that observers are not even able to identify that the stimuli they are seeing are coherent objects. Thus observers perceive some representation of the stimuli but are actually unaware of what that stimulus is. It is because the stimulus is not encoded as a specific thing, that it later is not remembered. Individuals fail to report what the stimuli is after it has been removed. However, despite a lack in ability to fully process the stimuli, experiments have shown a priming effect of the critical stimuli. This priming effect indicates that the stimuli must have been processed to some degree, this occurs even if observers are unable to report what the stimuli is.
Inattentional blindness is the failure to see a stimulus, such as an object that is present in a visual field. However, Change Blindness is the failure to notice something different about a visual display. Change blindness is a directly related to memory, individuals who experience the effects of change blindness fail to notice something different about a visual display from one moment to the next. In experiments that test for this phenomenon participants are shown an image that is then followed by another duplicate image that has had a single change made to it. Participants are asked to compare and contrast the two images and identify what the change is. In inattentional blindness experiments, participants fail to identify some stimulus in a single display, a phenomenon that doesn’t rely on memory the way change blindness does. Inattentional blindness refers to an inability to identify an object all together where as change blindness is a failure to compare a new image or display to one that was previously stored in memory.
Additional Factors Exhibiting Effects on Inattentional BlindnessEdit
Age and ExpertiseEdit
In 2006, Daniel Memmert conducted a series of studies in which he tested the how age and expertise of participants affect inattentional blindness. Using the gorilla video, he tested 6 different groups of participants. There were 2 groups of children (average age=7) half with no experience in basketball, and the other half with 2 years experience; 2 groups of juniors (average age=13) half with no experience in basketball, and the other half with 5 years of experience; and 2 groups of adults (average age = 24) half with no experience in basketball, the other half with over 12 years of experience. He then instructed all the groups to keep track of how many passes the people on the black team made.
Overall, the children with or without any basketball experience failed to perceive the gorilla more than the juniors or the adults. There were no significant difference between the inexperienced junior and adult groups, or between the experienced junior and adult groups. This pattern of results suggests that until the approximate age of 13, presumably because certain aspects of cognition are still under development, inattentional blindness occurrences are more frequent, but become consistent throughout the remainder of the life span.
Additionally, the juniors with basketball experience noticed the gorilla significantly more than the juniors with no basketball experience; and the group of experienced adults noticed the gorilla significantly more than the non-experienced adults. This suggests that if one has had much experience with the stimuli in a visual field, they are more likely to consciously perceive the unexpected object.
Similarity Between StimuliEdit
A series of studies conducted to test how similarity can influence the perception of a present stimulus. In the study, they asked participants to fixate on a central point on a computer screen and count how many times either white or black letters bounced off the edges of the screen. The first 2 trials did not contain an unexpected event, but the third trial was the critical trial in which a cross that had the same dimensions as the letters and varied in colour (white/light gray/dark gray/black) moved from the right side of the screen to the left side and passed through the central point. The results revealed the following: during the critical event, the more similar the colour of the cross was to the colour of the attended letters, the more likely the participants were to perceive it, and the less similar the colour of the cross was to the attended colour decreased the likelihood of the cross being noticed. For the participants attending to the black letters, 94% perceived the black cross; 44% perceived the dark gray cross; 12% perceived the light gray cross, and only 6% perceived the white cross. Similarly, if the participant was attending to the white letters, they were more likely to notice the cross it was white (94%) than if it was light gray (75%), dark gray (56%), or black (0%). This study demonstrates that the more similar an unexpected object is to the attended object, the more likely it is to be perceived, thus reducing the chance of inattentional blindness.
Benefits of Inattentional BlindnessEdit
William James addressed the benefits of attention by saying, “Only those items which I notice shape my mind – without selective interest, experience is utter chaos”. Humans have a limited mental capacity that is incapable of attending to all the sights, sounds and other inputs that rush the senses every moment. Inattentional blindness is beneficial in the sense that it is a mechanism that has evolved with attention to help filter out irrelevant input, allowing only important information to reach consciousness. Several researchers, notably James J. Gibson, have argued that, even before the retina, perception begins in the ecology, which has turned perceptual processes into informational relationships in the environment through evolution. This allows humans to focus our limited mental resources more efficiently in our environment. For example, New et al. maintain that survival required monitoring animals, both human and non-human, to become part of the evolutionary adaptiveness of the human species. They found that when participants were shown an image with a rapidly altering scene where the scene change included an animate or inanimate object that the participants were significantly better at identifying humans and animals. New et al. argue that better performance in detecting animals and humans is not a factor of acquired expertise, rather it is an evolved survival mechanism in human perception.
Although the bulk of inattentional blindness research has been conducted in laboratory studies, the phenomenon occurs in a variety of everyday contexts. Depending upon the context, the occurrence of inattentional blindness could range from embarrassing and/or humorous to potentially devastating.
Inattentional Blindness and SafetyEdit
Several recent studies of explicit attention capture have found that when observers are focused on some other object or event, they often experience inattentional blindness. This finding has potentially tragic implications for distracted driving. If a person’s attention is focused elsewhere while driving, carrying on a conversation or text messaging, for example, they could fail to notice salient and distinctive objects, such as a stop sign, which could lead to serious injury and possibly even death. There have also been heinous incidents attributed to inattentional blindness behind the wheel. For example, a Pennsylvania highway crew accidentally paved over a dead dear that was on the road. When questioned regarding their actions, the workers claimed to have never seen the dead deer.
Many policies are being implemented around the world to decrease the competition for explicit attention capture while operating a vehicle. For example, there are legislative efforts in many countries aimed at banning or restricting the use of cell phones while driving. Research has shown that the use of both hands-free and hand-held cellular devices while driving results in the failure of attention to explicitly capture other salient and distinctive objects, leading to significantly delayed reaction times, as well as inattentional blindness. Alarmingly, a study published in 1997, based on accident data in Toronto, found the risk involved in driving while using a cell phone to be similar to that of driving drunk. In both cases, the risk of a collision was three to six times higher compared to a sober driver not using a cell phone. Moreover, Strayer et al. (2003) found that when controlling for driving difficulty and time on task, cell-phone drivers exhibited greater impairment than intoxicated drivers, using a high-fidelity driving simulator.
Inattentional blindness is also prevalent in aviation. The development of Heads-up display (HUD) for pilots, which project information onto the windshield or onto a helmet-mounted display, has enabled pilots to keep their eyes on the windshield, but simulator studies have found that HUD may cause runway incursion accidents, where one plane collides with another on the runway. This finding is particularly concerning because HUDs are becoming more common in automobiles, which could lead to potential roadway incursions. When a particular object or event captures attention to the extent to which the beholders’ attentional capacity is completely absorbed, the resulting inattentional blindness has been known to cause dramatic accidents. For example, an airliner crew, engrossed with a blinking console light, failed to notice the approaching ground and register hearing the danger alarm sounding before the airliner crashed.
Inattentional Blindness and MagicEdit
Collaborative efforts to establish links between science and magic have examined the relationship of the processes underlying inattentional blindness and the concept of misdirection—a magician’s ability to manipulate attention in order to prevent his/her audience from seeing how a trick was performed. In several misdirection studies, including Kuhn and Tatler (2005), participants watch a “vanishing item” magic trick. After the initial trial, participants are shown the trick until they detect the item dropping from the magician’s hand. Most participants see the item drop on the second trial. The critical analyses involved differences in eye movements between the detected and undetected trials. These repetition trials are similar to the full-attention trial in the inattentional blindness paradigm, as both involve the detection of the unexpected event and, by detecting the unexpected event on the second trial, demonstrate that the event is readily perceivable.
The main difference between inattentional blindness and misdirection involves how attention is manipulated. While inattentional blindness tasks require an explicit distractor, the attentional distraction in misdirection occurs through the implicit yet systematic orchestration of attention. Moreover, there are several varieties of misdirection and different types are likely to induce different cognitive and perceptual processes, which vary the misdirection paradigm’s resemblance to inattentional blindness.
Although the aims of magic differ from those of neuroscience; magicians wish to exploit cognitive weaknesses, whereas neuroscientists seek to understand the brain and the neuronal significance of cognitive functions. Several researchers have argued that neuroscientists and psychologists can learn a lot from incorporating the real world experience and knowledge of magicians into their fields of research. The techniques developed over centuries of stage magic by magicians may also be utilized by neuroscience as powerful probes of human cognition.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Rock, I., Linnet, C. M., Grant P.I., & Mack, A. (1992). Perception without attention: Results of a new method. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 502-534.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Driver, J. (1998). The neuropsychology of spatial attention. In H. Pashler (Ed.), Attention. (pp. 297-340). London: Taylor Francis
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Spinks. J.A., Zhang, J.X., Fox, P.T., Gao, J-H., & Tan, L.H. (2004). More workload on the central executive of working memory, less attention capture by novel visual distractors: evidence from an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 23, 517-524
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lavie, N., & Tsal, Y. (1994). Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention. Perception & Psychophysics, 56(2), 183-197
- ↑ Kahneman, D., & Treisman, A. (1984). Changing views of attention and automacity. In R. Parasuraman & D.R Davies (Eds.), Varieties of Attention (pp. 29-61). New York: Academic Press
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mack, A. (2003). Inattentional blindness: Looking without seeing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 180-184.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Mack, A. and Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional Blindness, MIT Press
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Mack, A. (2001). Inattentional blindness: Reply to commentaries. Psyche, 7(16), 1-7.
- ↑ Rees, G., Russell, C., Firth, C., & Driver, J. (1999). Inattentional blindness versus inattentional amnesia. Science, 286, 849-860.
- ↑ Fougnie, D., & Marois, R. (2007). Executive working memory load induces inattentional blindness. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(1), 142-147.
- ↑ Simons, D.J. (2000). Attentional capture and inattentional blindness. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4(4), 147-155.
- ↑ Wolfe, J.M. (1999). Inattentional amnesia. In V. Coltheart (Ed.), Fleeting Memories (pp.71-94). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- ↑ Becklen, R., & Cervone, D. (1983). Selective looking and the noticing of unexpected events. Memory & Cognition, 11(6), 601-608.
- ↑ Braun, J. (2001). Its great but not necessarily about attention. Psyche, 7(6), 1-7.
- ↑ Chabris, C. Clifford, E. Jimenez, R. Most, S. Scholl, B. Simons, D. (2001) "How Not to be Seen: The Contribution of Similarity and Selective Ignoring to Sustained Inattentional Bindness." Psychological Science. Vol 12 No. 1.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Memmert, D. (2006). The effects of eye movement, age, and expertise on inattentional blindness. Consciousness and cognition, vol 15, 620-627.
- ↑ Chabris, C. Fontaine, M. Simmons, D. Weinberger, A. (2011) “You do Not Talk About Fight Club if You Do Not Notice Fight Club: Inattentional Blindness For A Stimulated Real-World Assult.” i-Perception. 2: 150-153
- ↑ Moore, C. M., & Egeth, H. (1997). Perception without attention: Evidence of grouping under conditions of inattention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 339-352.
- ↑ Rafal, R. (1998). Neglect. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The Attentive Brain (pp.489-526). Cambridge. MA: MIT Press.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Humphreys, G.W., Romani, C., Olson, A., Riddoch, M.J. & Duncan, J. (1994). Non- spatial extinction following lesions of the parietal lobe in humans. Nature, 372, 357-359.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Mack, A., Tang, B., Tuma, R., & Rock, I. (1992). Perceptual organization and attention. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 475-501.
- ↑ Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- ↑ Yantis, S. (1999). Seeing is attending. Contemporary Psychology, 44, 314-316.
- ↑ Most et al. (2001). How not to be seen: the contribution of similarity and selective ignoring to sustained inattentional blindness. Psychological Science, vol 1: 9-17
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Canadian Aviation Maintenance Council. (2002). Inattentional Blindness: Let’s Not Blame The Victim Just Yet. 18(1), 23-29. Retrieved from http://www.camc.ca/fr/SMS_40/Articles_270/8.html
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Ohman, A. (2007). Has evolution primed humans to “beware the beast”? Proceedings of the National Sciences of the United States of America, 104(42). Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/104/42/16396.full#xref-ref-2-1
- ↑ Simons, D. J. (2000). Attentional Capture and Inattentional Blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(4), 147-155. Retrieved from ftp://lsr-ftp.nei.nih.gov/lsr/ArchiveDB/p0000128.pdf
- ↑ Simons, D. J., Clifford, E. R., Most, S. B., and Scholl B. J. What You See Is What You Set: Sustained Inattentional Blindness and the Capture of Awareness. American Psychological Association: Psychological Review, 112(1), 217-242. Retrieved from http://perception.research.yale.edu/papers/05-Most-EtAl-PsychRev.pdf
- ↑ Horrey, W. J., & Wickens, C. D. (2006). Examining the Impact of Cell Phone Conversations on Driving Using Meta-Analytic Techniques. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 48(196), 196-205. Retrieved from http://dept.wofford.edu/neuroscience/NeuroSeminar/pdfFall2011/HorreyWickens2006_wk1_driving.pdf
- ↑ Incantalupo, T. (2003, July 22). Driving Under Influence of a Phone. Newsday. Retrieved from http://www.newsday.com/news/driving-under-influence-of-a-phone-1.474713
- ↑ Strayer, D. L., Drews, F. A., & Crouch, D. J. (2003). Fatal Distraction? A Comparison of the Cell-Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver. University of Utah. Retrieved from http://www.psych.utah.edu/AppliedCognitionLab/DrivingAssessment2003.pdf
- ↑ Kuhn, G., & Tatler B.W. (2005). Magic and fixation: Now you don't see it, now you do. Perception, 35(9), 1155-1161.
- ↑ Kuhn, G., & Tatler, B. W. (2010). Misdirected by the gap: The relationship between inattentional blindness and attentional misdirection. Consciousness and Cognition, doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.013
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Kuhn, G., & Tatler, B. W. Misdirected by the gap: The relationship between inattentional blindness and attentional misdirection. Consciousness and Cognition (2010), doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.013
- ↑ Martinez-Conde, S., & Macknik, S. L. (2008). Magic and the Brain. Scientific American, December 2008, 72-79. Retrieved from http://macknik.neuralcorrelate.com/pdf/articles/sciam08.pdf
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ASEAN At 50
SINGAPORE: We live in troubled times, with pessimism clouding even the most prosperous parts of the planet. Many are convinced that the international order is falling apart. Some fear that a clash of civilizations is imminent, if it has not already begun.
Yet, amid the gloom, Southeast Asia offers an unexpected glimmer of hope. The region has made extraordinary progress in recent decades, achieving a level of peace and prosperity that was previously unimaginable. And it owes much of this success to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which marks its 50th anniversary this month.
Southeast Asia is one of the world’s most diverse regions. Its 640 million people include 240 million Muslims, 120 million Christians, 150 million Buddhists, and millions of Hindus, Taoists, Confucianists, and Communists. Its most populous country, Indonesia, is home to 261 million people, while Brunei has just 450,000. Singapore’s per capita income of $52,960 per annum is 22.5 times that of Laos ($2,353).
This diversity puts Southeast Asia at a distinct disadvantage in terms of fostering regional cooperation. When ASEAN was founded in 1967, most experts expected it to die within a few years.
At the time, Southeast Asia was a poor and deeply troubled region, which the British historian C.A. Fisher had described as the Balkans of Asia. The Vietnam War was underway, and the Sino-Vietnamese War was yet to be fought. Many viewed the five non-Communist states that founded ASEAN – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand – as dominoes, set to be tipped over by a neighbor’s fall to communism or descent into civil strife.
But ASEAN defied expectations, becoming the world’s second most successful regional organization, after the European Union. Some 1,000 ASEAN meetings are held each year to deepen cooperation in areas such as education, health, and diplomacy. ASEAN has signed free-trade agreements (FTAs) with China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand, and established an ASEAN economic community. Today, ASEAN comprises the world’s seventh-largest economy, on track to become the fourth largest by 2050.
As I explain in my book The ASEAN Miracle, several factors have underpinned the bloc’s success. At first, anti-communism provided a powerful incentive to collaborate. Strong leaders, like Indonesia’s Suharto, former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammed, and Singapore’s founding father Lee Kuan Yew, held the group together.
It helped that as ASEAN was getting off the ground in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the strategic interests of America, China, and the bloc’s members converged. But even when the Cold War ended, the region did not erupt into conflict, as the real Balkans did. ASEAN countries maintained the cooperative habits that had become established in Southeast Asia in the 1970s and 1980s.
In fact, ASEAN’s erstwhile communist enemies – Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam – decided to join the bloc. So, too, did Myanmar, ending decades of isolation. ASEAN’s policy of engaging Myanmar attracted criticism from the West, but it helped lay the groundwork for a peaceful transition from military rule. (Compare this to the West’s policy of isolation toward, say, Syria, which certainly won’t lead to a similar outcome.)
To be sure, ASEAN is far from perfect. Over the short term, it seems to move like a crab – two steps forward, one step back, and one step sideways.
Yet ASEAN’s long-term progress is undeniable. Its combined GDP has grown from $95 billion in 1970 to $2.5 trillion in 2014. And it is the only reliable platform for geopolitical engagement in the Asia-Pacific region, unique in its ability to convene meetings attended by all of the world’s great powers, from the United States and the European Union to China and Russia.
ASEAN continues to face serious challenges. Territorial disputes in the South China Sea have created deep divisions, and the intensifying geopolitical rivalry between the US and China poses a further threat to cohesion. And domestic politics in several member states, including Malaysia and Thailand, is becoming increasingly chaotic.
But ASEAN’s history suggests that the bloc can weather these storms. Its impressive resilience is rooted in the culture of musyawarah and mufakat (consultation and consensus) championed by Indonesia. Imagine how other regional organizations, such as the Gulf Cooperation Council or the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation, could benefit from adherence to such norms.
The EU once amounted to the gold standard for regional cooperation. But it continues to struggle with a seemingly never-ending series of crises and weak economic growth. Add to that the impending departure of the United Kingdom, and it seems only prudent to seek other models of cooperation. ASEAN, however imperfect, provides an attractive one.
The EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012. But ASEAN’s approach may turn out to be the way of the future, enabling other fractious regions to develop sturdy bonds of cooperation, too. | <urn:uuid:84889293-622d-4220-b4a5-5249c0798bf9> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/19299 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525483.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718001934-20190718023934-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.950544 | 1,117 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Our professional development videos will help you learn and implement successful teaching strategies for elementary mathematics. These videos include workshops, activities, and educators' advice about developing measurement concepts in your classroom. There are great tips from John Van de Walle, celebrated math instructor and best-selling textbook author, about teaching children the fundamentals of measurement and how this can change your approach in the classroom.
You can purchase the Van de Walle Professional Mathematics Series, which provides practical guidance along with proven strategies for practicing teachers, directly from the publisher's Website.
During this measurement activity, students learn about volume by examining the capacity of several containers.
Children use 36 tiles to explore fixed areas, in this classroom math activity.
Measurement vs. Geometry
John Van de Walle makes a distinction between measurement and geometry, in this interview.
The Meaning of Measurement
In this interview, John Van de Walle discusses how to teach children what it means to measure.
Learn a student-centered approach for teaching children to measure area without a ruler.
John Van de Walle discusses degrees, wedges, and a student-centered strategy for teaching students about angles and protractors.
Further enhance your math curriculum with more Professional Development Resources for Teaching Measurement, Grades K-5.
Asian-Pacific-American Heritage Month
May is Asian-Pacific-American Heritage Month! Don't overlook this opportunity to study and enjoy activities about the history and culture of Asian-Pacific American communities.
Top 10 Galleries
Explore our most popular Top 10 galleries, from Top 10 Behavior Management Tips for the Classroom and Top 10 Classroom Organization Tips from Veteran Teachers to Top 10 Free (& Cheap) Rewards for Students and Top 10 Things Every Teacher Needs in the Classroom. We'll help you get organized and prepared for every classroom situation, holiday, and more! Check out all of our galleries today.
May Calendar of Events
May is full of holidays and events that you can incorporate into your standard curriculum. Our Educators' Calendar outlines activities for each event, including: Children's Book Week (5/13-19), Biographers Day (5/16), and Memorial Day (5/27). Plus, celebrate Asian-Pacific-American Heritage Month, Clean Air Month, and Physical Fitness & Sports Month all May long!
Common Core Lessons & Resources
Is your school district adopting the Common Core? Work these new standards into your curriculum with our reading, writing, speaking, social studies, and math lessons and activities. Each piece of content incorporates the Common Core State Standards into the activity or lesson. | <urn:uuid:d2172845-2d5f-45c7-9a43-f54104020d5b> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.teachervision.fen.com/measurement/pro-dev/57073.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698958430/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100918-00097-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89068 | 526 | 3.421875 | 3 |
How monsters wish to feel
One morning I woke with the resounding idea to write a children’s story to explain the concept of resilience to children, their teachers and their families. The idea struck me like a chord and the name of that story was: How Monsters Wish to Feel.
How Monsters Wish to Feel is about a journey to develop emotional resilience. It describes the behaviour of seven monsters who live in a fantasy land and who go on a journey which ultimately transforms them. Each monster carries a strange cup to help them drink from a nearby river. Each cup has a problem specific to that monster and their way of relating to the world around them, which means the monsters never fully quench their thirst. To begin with, the characters are too preoccupied with their problems: the flaws in their cups and their thirst. These problems over-shadow not only their needs, but also their capacity to be loved and to be resilient, turning them into ‘monsters’ who live in a forgotten forest.
One night, there is a flood, and the monsters are swept away by the current of the river. The displaced monsters are finally washed up on a beach near the sea. Weary and worn down, the monsters seek each other’s support, comfort and friendship and huddle together for warmth by the edge of the sea. The story concludes with an imbalance having been redressed. The children’s vulnerabilities and apparent ‘brokenness’ have been outweighed, outshined by protective factors and strengths – their eventual gilded cups being a visual representation of this transformation and ultimately depicting a shift in our own perception of the monsters.
Are we seeing the child?
How Monsters Wish to Feel is a story about how a child’s needs can sometimes become distorted, so that the needs we see expressed through outward behaviour (the monster) mask the true, hidden emotional needs that go unmet. It therefore depicts a tale of expressed needs versus hidden needs (Geddes, 2005) through the analogy of ‘monsters’.
The story also alludes to the importance of focusing on the strengths and protective factors in a child’s life, rather than the problems and risks, in order to promote emotional resilience. A key message of the story is that adults must also consider carefully how they perceive vulnerable children. Children with social, emotional and mental health needs can be described as ‘damaged’ or seen as ‘little monsters’. However, as Richard Rose (2012:13) summarises:
In essence: children are not monsters; they have had monstrous things happen to them and sometimes these monstrous things are replicated by them as they communicate their trauma.
As adults we can acknowledge that we too are sometimes ‘so bothered by their thirst’ that we don’t help students to ‘fill their cups’. In other words, we focus on the expressed behaviour, the problems, and not the hidden unmet needs. Contrasted against the very visible outward behaviour lie invisible emotional needs that may remain unrecognised.
There are children and young people who come into school with a feeling that a monster rages inside of them. These monsters are not the cute, cuddly monsters from cartoons; rather, these monsters are the very real chimeras typical of classical mythology who represented elements of the human condition. Towering monsters of grief, torment, loss and separation that engulf and paralyse children, inhabit their inner world, leaving them completely swamped, overcome and exhausted – with little space to focus on learning. Adults around the child or young person need to delve deeper to discover what lies beneath the ‘monstrous’ behaviour of the troubled child or young person; to allow them an outlet for their complex inner worlds, in order to support them to learn and relate better in the outer world of the school and wider environment.
Shifting from ‘risk’ to ‘resilience’
Research in the social and behavioural sciences has historically adhered to a problem-focused approach when studying human and social development (Benard, 1991). This ‘pathology’ or ‘deficit’ model of research has traditionally examined problems, disease, illness, maladaptation, incompetence, or deviance, and attempted to identify their concomitant risk factors (ibid., 1991; Henderson and Milstein, 2003). There are several conceptual problems with risk research (cf. Howard et al., 1999). There are also important methodological difficulties.
Problem-focused studies are often retrospective in design: a group of adults with identified problems are examined to find specific past ‘risk factors’ such as family addiction, poverty, neglect, negative school climate, community disorganisation, and lack of access to basic human needs that correlate with their current environmental conditions (Henderson and Milstein, 2003). This does not clearly show cause and effect. More significantly, risk research paints an inaccurate impression of the outcomes of risk exposure and uses a research design that only serves to ‘perpetuate a problem perspective and implicate an inevitability of negative outcomes’ (Benard, 1991:2).
These difficulties with risk research led to two major new developments in the area of risk. Firstly, in the 1950s several researchers who had become dissatisfied with the deficit model of studying human development began to focus on individual and systemic strengths (Howard, et al., 1999). Their aim was therefore to try to understand what makes people ‘rise every time they fall’, or, ‘resilient’. Later on, several researchers aimed to study risk using a prospective research design. It was thought that the children studied in these projects would develop various problems as they grew into adolescence and adulthood. However, instead, a consistent and unexpected finding emerged: a greater percentage of the children studied developed into healthy, competent young adults (Benard, 1991).
Two of the most important studies of children ‘at risk’ were carried out by Werner and Smith (1988, 1990) and Garmezy and Rutter, (1983). Both Garmezy and Rutter’s (1983) study of more than 200 children in urban settings in mainland USA and Werner and Smith’s (1988) seminal study of 700 children, born on the Hawaiian island of Kauai in 1955, found that the majority of children, despite the high risk environments in which they grew up, developed into healthy conventionally defined ‘successful’ young adults (Howard et al., 1999). Werner and Smith (1992:202) have concluded that what is needed is ‘a corrective lens – an awareness of the self-righting tendencies that move children towards normal adult development under all but the most adverse circumstances’. This was considered to have great potential for educators.
Harnessing resources to ‘tip the balance’
Nowadays psychologists generally acknowledge that ‘Resilience is the process of harnessing biological, psychosocial, structural and cultural resources to sustain wellbeing’ (Panter-Brick and Leckman, 2013). This definition implies that resilience is a process – not a characteristic. For the process of resilience to occur there needs to be, first, resources available to an individual or group and, second, the individual or group also need to be capable of ‘harnessing’ the resources.
Gilligan (2009:9) encourages professionals to ‘tilt the balance in the child’s life in favour of protective factors’. He uses the image of weighing scales with negative or adverse weights on one side, and positive or protective factors on the other; we can either remove weights from the negative side, or add countervailing weights to the positive side. However, it should be acknowledged that it may be sometimes more feasible to add positive weights than to remove negative weights.
Resilience is not sweeping the negative away; it is expanding our view of the negative to make sense of it, whilst also assimilating and allowing greater focus on what matters, what is needed to support a continued course towards a desired and meaningful outcome – our life’s wishes. In other words, we can galvanise the strengths in a young person’s life to bring about a kind of alchemy within that young person; a seemingly magical process of transformation, creation or combination, which ultimately welds together brokenness.
Resilience, not invulnerability
Adults can view children more accurately with a ‘resiliency attitude’ that recognises that all children have strengths, silver linings and nuggets of gold in their lives, no matter how small, that can be used to promote their powers of resilience and help them to heal. But this does not mean that we sugar coat difficulties, cover problems with a sticking plaster, or view risks with rose-tinted glasses as if they are not really there; nor does it mean that we do nothing to prevent cracks from appearing in the first place by safeguarding children as far as possible from risk of harm. It is unrealistic and unhelpful to rely on a strengths or resilience-led perspective in circumstances of extreme adversity (Fraser et al., 1999).
Resilience is not about invulnerability, but our capacity to cope. Robbie Gilligan warns that children are not indestructible in the face of continuous and extreme adversity (2009:9):
A child who may show resilience is not invulnerable. Children cannot withstand unscathed, ever-increasing levels of stress. Past a certain threshold of increasing adversity, any child is likely to buckle and succumb to the pressure.
In other words, resilience needs to be nurtured in children and young people, but sometimes it needs fighting for by the adults around the child.
Alongside resilience research runs a golden thread of nurturing relationships. Resilience in development has been described perfectly by Masten (2014) as ‘ordinary magic’. Ann Masten (2014:7-8) affirms that:
Evidence strongly suggests…that resilience is common and typically arises from the operation of basic protections. There are exceptional cases, where children overcome heavy odds because of extraordinary talents, luck, or resources, but most of the time, the children who make it have ordinary human resources and protective factors in their lives. Resilience emerges from commonplace adaptive systems for human development, such as a healthy human brain in good working order; close relationships with competent and caring adults; committed families; effective schools and communities; opportunities to succeed; and beliefs in the self, nurtured by positive interactions with the world.
The way we perceive a child, our beliefs and description of that child, profoundly influences the way we behave towards them and their own path of development; it can be the difference between humanising and de-humanising, between inclusion and exclusion, between salutogenesis and pathogenesis and between resilience and risk. The therapist Michael Durrant, has articulated this in his book on residential child care:
My experience is that, the more I strive (and, sometimes, struggle) to see my clients as competent and successful so the more they tend to demonstrate these characteristics (and, at the same time, the more I simply don’t notice their deficits or pathology).
(Durrant, 1993:186 quoted in Gilligan, 2002:25)
Resilience then, is like beauty; it is often in the eye of the beholder. An attitude of resiliency is about adults holding out hope for a child or young person – looking for the faintest rainbow amid a storm of adversity or kindling a bright flame from the smallest spark. All of these little things can help a young person to develop and strengthen their own ‘self-righting’ mechanisms so they can continue life on an even-keel:
One thing going well may change a child’s perception of themselves, and what is possible.
With this comes the suggestion that a pre-written, pre-determined narrative of risk does not have to dictate the life story of a child at risk; resilient children can and do emerge from behind the mask of a negative identity. Children can change, and many will heal, without any need for costly or complicated interventions, if only our education system afforded young people the free time and protected space within school in which to do so.
Change is always possible
The idea that change is possible is a simple yet powerful message of hope for vulnerable children and young people. Being able to change safely is important for all students, not just those at risk.
As such, let us maintain the sanctity of childhood, rather than imposing our own adult paradigms upon it. Let us keep school as sanctuary; free play as sacred and teach children the wonderful vocabulary of resilience. Teach them the lexicon of love, strengths, interests, friendships and creativity. These key elements of resiliency will nurture their backbone of steel, their inner keel and an outer armour to help them face (if not embrace) adversity.
So, how do Monsters wish to feel?
The last paragraph of the story answers the question inherent in the title of the story, ‘How do monsters wish to feel?’ They want to feel beloved, as well as to feel empowered, engaged, connected and able to cope. This story therefore hopes to validate the importance of positive psychology and the use of a strengths-based approach when working to facilitate change with children and young people, be that as a teacher, therapist or parent.
This is an abridged and edited extract from the book: Nurturing Emotional Resilience in Vulnerable Children and Young People by Juliette Ttofa published by Routledge in October 2017.
Juliette was invited to write this feature article following the publication of her books
Benard, B. (1991). Fostering Resiliency in Kids: Protective Factors on the Family, School and Community. Portland, OR: Western Regional Centre for Drug-Free Schools and Communities.
Fraser, M., Richman., J. and Galinsky, M. (1999). Risk, protection and resilience: Towards a conceptual framework for social work practice. Social Work Research , 23 (3), 131–143.
Garmezy, N. and Rutter, M. (1983). Stress, Coping and Development in Children. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Geddes, H. (2005) Attachment in the Classroom: The Links Between Children’s Early Experience, Emotional Well-Being and Performance in School: A Practical Guide for Schools. Duffield: Worth Publishing.
Gilligan, R. (2001). Promoting Resilience in Children in Out of Home Care. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering. The Glasgow Centre for the Child and Society, 18th March 2003.
Gilligan, R. (2009). Promoting Resilience: Supporting Children and Young People Who Are in Care, Adopted or in Need. London: BAAF.
Henderson, N. and Milstein, M.M. (2003). Resiliency in Schools: Making it Happen for Students and Educators. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Howard, S., Dryden, J. and Johnson, B. (1999). Childhood resilience: Review and critique of literature. Oxford Review of Education, 25 (3): 307–323.
Masten, A (2014). Ordinary Magic: Resilience in Development. New York: The Guilford Press.
Panter-Brick, C. and Leckman, J.F. (2013). Editorial commentary: Resilience in child development – interconnected pathways to wellbeing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54 (4): 333–336.
Rose, R. (2012). Life Story Therapy With Traumatized Children: A Model for Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Werner, E. and Smith, R. (1988). Vulnerable But Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of Resilient Children and Youth. New York: Adams, Bannister and Cox.
Werner, E. and Smith, R. (1990). Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children From Birth to Adulthood. New York: Cornell University Press.
Werner E. and Smith, R. (2001). Journeys From Childhood to Midlife: Risk, Resilience and Recovery. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. | <urn:uuid:ef1a2212-b831-4e6c-b8ba-db9fa8999af8> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://edpsy.org.uk/features/2018/how-monsters-wish-to-feel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258058.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525124751-20190525150751-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.939601 | 3,406 | 3.5625 | 4 |
New reading-heavy SAT raises ELL concerns
The redesigned SAT seeks to expand opportunities for all students to go to college—but its focus on reading comprehension may make the exam more difficult for English-language learners and low-income students.
The SAT updates were announced two years ago, and first rolled out in March. The new test aligns with the Common Core, and asks students to analyze lengthy reading passages rather than work through the stodgy vocabulary sections of the past. This focus on comprehension extends to the math section, which will cover fewer concepts but test a deeper level of knowledge, says Cyndie Schmeiser, the College Board’s chief of assessment. Also, the essay section is now optional.
“The new SAT is an achievement test focused on what research says is most important for college readiness” Schmeiser says. “These are exactly the skills teachers are teaching every day in the classroom.”
But some critics worry the increased focus on reading comprehension will only measure—rather than close—the achievement gap between wealthy and low-income students.
Representatives from Kaplan Test Prep and other national SAT prep providers expressed concern that the wordiness of the math problems would hurt students exposed to fewer rich texts at home, especially those from immigrant backgrounds, according to published accounts.
“What we see measured in standardized test scores is who has opportunity and who doesn’t” says Flynn Ross, associate professor of teacher education at the University of Southern Maine. “The SAT is not an aptitude test, but an achievement test.”
College Board provides all students with free, online SAT prep through Khan Academy. It also waives college application fees and added more than $180 million in scholarship opportunities for low-income and minority students this year.
“These resources are intended to help [disadvantaged] students” Schmeiser says. The new test includes fewer questions and fewer words in general. “We were mindful of not adding verbal load to the test, and keeping words to a minimum.”
The SAT was created in the 1920s, and the content was last modified in 2005. At that time, a separate essay section was added, raising the total possible points a student could achieve to 2400 from 1600. The new exam returns to the 1600 scale, with a separate score for the optional essay. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers.
Several past studies argue that the 2005 version of the SAT did not accurately predict a student’s potential. A preliminary College Board study of the redesigned test showed a positive relationship between SAT scores and college grades. The company will conduct a major study of the 2017-18 freshman class to determine how well test scores predict college achievement. | <urn:uuid:607a5388-f05c-4ca0-8953-839810d8c2a5> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://districtadministration.com/new-reading-heavy-sat-raises-ell-concerns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526237.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719115720-20190719141720-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.951944 | 563 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Paths to the Law in Late-Victorian Africadia: The Odyssey of James Robinson Johnston
By Barry Cahill
In September 1893, a young school teacher from Trinidad, Henry Sylvester Williams – afterwards known to the African Diaspora as the founding father of Pan-Africanism – arrived at Dalhousie Law School. His time there as a student was brief and unsuccessful; within a year or two he had departed for London where in 1902 he was called to the English Bar. During his sojourn at Dalhousie, Williams could hardly have been unaware of the only other person of African descent studying there.
James R. Johnston, nine years younger than Williams and only the second native-born Black person to attend a provincial university, was entering the second year of his Bachelor of Letters course. (That was the BA equivalent, modern European languages taking the place of classical Greek and Latin.) It seems probable that Williams and Johnston, despite the difference in their ages, would have met and discussed their hopes and plans for the future.
Johnston, the son of an old and distinguished African Nova Scotian family from the North suburbs of Halifax, was Dalhousie’s first Black graduate; yet it seems unlikely that he went to university at age 16 consciously intending to become a lawyer. It is far more likely that Williams’s example and experience planted the idea in Johnston’s mind. Better educated than the older man (who lacked a university degree), Johnston entered Dalhousie Law School at a time when it had no academic requirements for admission other than junior matriculation.
In the 1890s, “Dalhousie’s little law school” was something of a cross between academic faculty and vocational school. The Nova Scotia Barristers’ Society had not been involved in its establishment in 1883 except incidentally: one of the school’s promoters and founders was Attorney General John S.D. Thompson, President of the Society at the time. The Society’s indifference, if not hostility to university legal education prompted a complaint from LLB candidates in 1894 that the governing Council of the Society did not take Dalhousie’s faculty of law seriously.
Most lawyers in Nova Scotia then did not possess the LLB, which neither substituted for articled clerkship nor was required or sufficient for call to the Bar. The LLB simply augmented the existing customary system of apprenticeship to a practising barrister. It was not a qualification, much less a prerequisite, for becoming a lawyer. It was not even recognized by the Society until 1893. The most the LLB could do was reduce articled clerkship from four years to three. Sceptical local lawyers, some of whom held LLBs from Harvard, wondered how Dalhousie’s LLB could deliver effective legal education if law school admission standards were so low. The minimum academic requirement for admission was junior matriculation (Grade XI), which was also the university’s entrance standard.
Yet Dalhousie’s faculty of law reflected what university historian P.B. Waite has described as Dalhousie’s “maturing confidence”: “in the 1890s [the Law School] set about its task of imbuing its students with the idea of duty to the public and the state with becoming modesty.” The school’s ethos would have resonated with both Williams and Johnston. It even resonated with the professors. In 1896 the dean of the faculty ceased to be an MP after nine years while the secretary of the faculty became one.
Johnston’s first exposure to the law school came during the junior year of his Letters course, 1894-95. He attended classes as a “general” (that is, an auditing or non-degree student). By the time he graduated BL in April 1896, he had made up his mind to go to law school and become a lawyer. The BL graduates were few in number by comparison with the BA – only Johnston and two young women. The Convocation address to graduates that year was delivered by Benjamin Russell, professor and secretary of the faculty of law. “One feature of this convocation which is remarkable,” Russell stated, “is that one of the class is a coloured young man, the first in the history of Dalhousie – J.R. Johnston of this city. He has been a good student all through and has honourably won his degree. Mr Johnston has more than ordinary ability and will doubtless make his mark in the legal profession upon which he intends entering.”
The class biography was less respectful but more candid and playful:
Jimmie Johnston loved notoriety and got it. He didn’t aspire for classes, however, so in that field alone he missed his desire; but to this Halifax youth their phenomenal scarceness was perhaps a fame in itself. Jimmie had a silvery voice and a laugh that bubbled often and long upon the ears of the straining pluggers in the Arts library. He has entered upon the study of law and his fellows have offered a reward to any genius who has inventive powers enough to devise some means which may be successful in fixing Jimmie’s attention upon one thing and one person for a brief period per day. Long may he live to be the chosen pleader for his race in the police court of the city.
The subconsciously racist narrative provokes interest. Though most of Johnston’s clients would be the criminally accused, the proceedings would lie in the Supreme Court, not in the equivalent of today’s Provincial Court, and many of them were not Black clients but lower- or lower middle-class white people. He knew what was expected of him, but he was determined to defy expectations. And he did.
In September 1896, Johnston went directly into the second year of the law degree program. Combining the courses of first and second year not only demonstrates his ambitious precocity but helps explain why he did not distinguish himself academically. A young man in perhaps too great a hurry, he had to study some combination of real property, criminal law, contract, torts, constitutional history and law, equity jurisprudence, partnership and companies, “Negotiable Instruments,” conflict of laws, and shipping and insurance. Among Johnston’s contemporaries that year was one Max Aitken, better known to the world as Lord Beaverbrook; he lasted no longer at Dalhousie Law School than Williams had.
The class was 54 strong, a large increase over previous years; only 15 were from Halifax, which shows how the law school’s reputation had spread well beyond the metropolitan area and throughout province and region. According to the Herald, the law students met on Saturday evening, September 5, “and reorganized for the coming session. It was decided to have a mock [Model] Parliament as usual this year and Robert F. Phelan was elected Speaker thereof ... A law students society is to be formed, and Richard O’Donoghue, James Dunn and John C. O’Mullin were appointed a committee to frame by-laws for the association’s guidance. After the meeting the boys took charge of an electric car and ‘did’ the town.”
September 1896 was an interesting time to be beginning the study of law. Canadian lawyers had just been summoned to Montreal to form a Canadian Bar Association. Among the promoters of this important initiative was Professor Benjamin Russell.
Inevitably, the arrival of Johnston as the second Black student in the law school reminded contemporaries of the only other one there had been. The March 1897 issue of the Dalhousie Gazette featured an article about Sylvester Williams and his participation in the Model Parliament, a fixture of student life until the 1970s. He was not named and scarcely needed to be. The occasion was memorable not so much for Williams’s eloquent advocacy of representative government for Trinidad and Tobago as for a prankster playing a dirty trick on him. The gas lighting in the chamber was progressively extinguished while he was speaking. Perhaps the law school contributor to the Gazette was warning Johnston to expect similar treatment. It appears that Johnston, though latterly extremely active in partisan politics as a Conservative, never participated in the Model Parliament.
It was also in March 1897 that Johnston commenced articled clerkship with Frank Weldon Russell, junior partner in Benjamin Russell’s father-and-son law firm. (Frank Russell, holding the LLB from Dalhousie and LLM from Cornell, was the best-educated, most scholarly young lawyer in Halifax; Johnston was indeed fortunate to have been articled to him.) Towards the end of his clerkship Johnston appears transferred from Frank Russell to John Thomas Bulmer, a sole practitioner in Halifax whose firm he joined after he was called to the Bar and whose criminal law practice he took over when Bulmer died suddenly in February 1901.
Bulmer was a Christian Socialist radical and freethinker and an outstanding champion of civil rights for Black people in Halifax. He had played a part in desegregating city of Halifax schools in the mid-1880s, an achievement from which Johnston benefited personally, and he was probably the only lawyer in Halifax who accepted Black people as clients. Johnston acted as solicitor for the estate of Bulmer, who died intestate. One wonders whether he also came by default into possession of Bulmer’s law library, said to be among the best in the country and worth $20,000.
In April 1898, the month of his graduation, Johnston participated in mock trials in the basement of Cornwallis Street African Baptist Church. Their purpose was both to accustom the people among whom he had grown up to the prospect of having a Black lawyer to attend to the legal needs of Black people, and to prepare Johnston himself to argue before judge and jury by gaining real-time experience of what it was like to be a trial lawyer declaiming in open court. However, there may have been another, more pressing reason for Johnston’s use of his church for that purpose. Perhaps he was made to feel unwelcome at the weekly moot court, a practicum that was a mandatory feature of student formation at Dalhousie Law School. No evidence exists as to how other undergraduates interacted with Johnston, whom they had to accept as a classmate but may not have taken seriously as a prospective barrister nor regarded as an absolute equal. The point is – he not only graduated law school but was called to the Bar, a far more momentous achievement. Whatever else he may have been, Johnston was no forelock-tugging, deferential Uncle Tom. If anything, he was Canada’s Booker T. Washington, whom he is known to have admired and may just possibly have met. In later years, Johnston hoped to recreate in Halifax the very institution in which Washington himself had been educated: Virginia’s Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (now Hampton University).
The 25-member law class of 1898 was the largest there had been in the 15 years of the school’s existence and included a young New Brunswicker from Bathurst later and better known to the world as Sir James Dunn. April’s convocation exercises at the Academy of Music – on the site of today’s Maritime Centre – were remarkable for their lack of decorum. According to a Halifax newspaper,
Some of the speakers were listened to, others not, the uproar was so deafening. All kinds of antics were indulged in; bottles on strings lowered from galleries regardless of those below; pigeons and fowls set a-flying around, hurdy-gurdies operated, negro minstrelsy interspersed with sacred hymns ... Many ladies in the audience earnestly wished that they had stayed at home and – taking yesterday as an example – will not be in a hurry to endure such an infliction again. It was the general expression that all previous records in this line were broken.
“James Robinson Johnston,” wrote the Dalhousie Gazette in its tongue-in-cheek collective portrait of the graduates,
was no unimportant member of this important class. His beaming face was always welcome amongst us. He has a particular fondness for the fair sex and in consequence always took a prominent part in the College “At Homes.” Jimmie still shows a longing for Dalhousie, and he is taking the lectures in Procedure with us again. He will, we understand, put out his shingle in Halifax. He deserves great credit for the admirable way he has overcome obstacles to obtain a thorough preparation for the Bar, and no doubt his untiring efforts will secure for him a prominent place in the future of our country.
Among the obstacles Johnston had to overcome was his lack of Latin, then (and until 1949) a requirement for call to the Bar. Another indication of the challenges he faced and his need for supplementary study is that two years were to elapse between graduation and call. Usually that time frame would be weeks or months, a year at most. Though the Council of the Barristers’ Society prescribed examinations separate and distinct from the law degree examinations, there was no Bar Admission Course such as we know it today.
Johnston’s clerkship expired in March 1900. He served three years instead of four because Nova Scotia’s modern Barristers and Solicitors Act, which came into force on July 1, 1899, provided that holding the arts or letters degree when articled or the LLB when applying for admission reduced clerkship by one year. Johnston met both conditions, though either sufficed. It was a claim that not every intending lawyer of the time could make.
My story ends on Wednesday, July 18, 1900 – the date on which James R. Johnston was called to the Bar: “a red-letter day in my life” as he described it in a letter to his closest friend. Johnston was now a full-fledged practising barrister. One local newspaper proudly proclaimed him Canada’s first Black lawyer; in fact he was the third, the first having been called in New Brunswick in 1882 and the second in Ontario in 1886. Their paths to the law had been far more tortuous than Johnston’s. Five other lawyers were also called that day, including William Lorimer Hall, a future leader of the provincial Conservative Party, attorney general and justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. A second, Cecil Killam, practised law in Vancouver for 60 years and was among the founders of the University of British Columbia. A third, James William Maddin, was afterwards a prominent criminal defence counsel in Sydney whose daughter would grow up to be one of Nova Scotia’s early woman lawyers. July 18, 1900 was a red-letter day in another respect as well, for that afternoon the Nova Scotia Barristers’ Society unveiled in the Halifax County courthouse a life-sized, full-colour bronze bust of the late Prime Minister Sir John S.D. Thompson, who had died in 1894. It was a memorable event at which Johnston would certainly have been present.
While Johnston was becoming a lawyer in Halifax, Sylvester Williams (not yet a lawyer) was organizing the world’s first pan-African conference in London. Though Johnston did not attend, a tradition exists that he was invited to and wanted to. That raises the intriguing possibility that these two Black pioneers whose paths crossed briefly in Halifax in the early 1890s kept in touch after Williams left Nova Scotia and Canada, never to return. The presence of a young Black Canadian lawyer at that world-class history-making event would undoubtedly have attracted much attention.
Lawyer Johnston, as he was known among Black people, went from strength to strength as a criminal defence counsel and activist, ending his 15-year career as the paramount leader of Black Nova Scotians. In 1901, epitomizing as he did the apex of racial uplift, Johnston was presented to their royal highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales on the occasion of the royal visit to Halifax.
The end of things came with tragic unexpectedness on March 3, 1915, nine days shy of his 39 birthday, when Johnston was shot to death in his own home by his wife’s brother. Though the killer was twice tried, twice convicted and twice sentenced to death, he was reprieved. The mystery of motive has never been solved. Paroled, the killer died of natural causes some 20 years later without ever explaining why he had murdered James R. Johnston. Speculation abounds, much of it irresponsible and defamatory, but one thing is certain. On that awful late winter’s evening, African Nova Scotians lost their best man. According to historian Judith Fingard, Johnston’s “short career represented the apogee of 19th-century African Nova Scotian ambitions.” James R. Johnston was unique. There would not be another native-born African Nova Scotian lawyer for 35 years.
Paper presented to Department of Justice Canada, Atlantic Regional Office (Halifax), Black History Month Event, February 28, 2012.
Copyright © 2012 BARRY CAHILL. All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:80f356d2-82fd-4d94-9c43-2bd5a8307d9a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://nsbs.org/james-robinson-johnston | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812579.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219091902-20180219111902-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.983599 | 3,575 | 2.953125 | 3 |
This was the annual joint lecture of the Cirencester Science & Technology and Archaeological & Historical Societies.
Professor Bell has been exploring the Severn estuary for more than 20 years and presented details of findings at sites on the Eastern Shore at Brean Sands on the Western Shore mainly at Goldcliff. Excavation at sites such as Goldcliff is particularly challenging since the lowest areas are only exposed for about two hours during the spring tides. Evidence has been found of Mesolithic, Iron and Bronze Age settlements. Before the 1980’s, there was little awareness of the richness of the coastal area of the Severn Estuary.
Professor Bell outlined how a knowledge of the geology of the area particularly the wind blown laminated silt layers combined with the archaeological findings has led to a much greater understanding of how the early hunter-gathers lived. About 6000 BC, rising sea levels drowned a large area of forests and an area of the Welsh shore at Goldcliff became an island. It is on the edges of this that a complex of Mesolithic sites has been found.
Findings such as human, bird and cattle footprints, pollen and human intestinal parasites together with seasonal differences identifiable in the different types of silt layers have led to a reassessment of the some of assumptions about the lives of the early settlers. It is now believed that they used the rich salt marshes for cattle on a regular basis each summer/autumn and occasionally in the spring.
Bronze and Iron Age findings include evidence of rectangular wooden structures with animal stalls and well-defined tracks from settlements, some leading to towards the sea.
At Brean Sands the Bronze Age structures were circular and yielded abundant artefacts including high status gold bracelets, acquired possibly through exchange for salt, which the Bronze Age community were known to be extracting from seawater. | <urn:uuid:e84330e5-89af-4780-9629-fd6aa1e33c40> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.cirenscience.org.uk/resources/lecture-reports/the-geoarchaeology-of-the-severn-estuary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419593.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601180335-20200601210335-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.969307 | 377 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Considering the amount of rain we've had this summer, the cautious among us may feel an urge to start construction of a large vessel and advertise for pairs of animals to occupy it. But even the less worried may have a more immediate concern: moisture problems in the home.
Moisture problems intensify this time of year, and we may have an even worse season than usual, in spite of being spared Hurricane Hugo. Moisture-damaged wood not only is weakened and likely to get covered in mold, but it also becomes a much more attractive home for carpenter ants and, possibly, termites. In this case, a little knowledge can help provide a lot of preventive measures.
For information on preventing wood deterioration in buildings, I contacted Joseph Loferski with the Department of Wood Science at Virginia Tech. Loferski was so knowledgeable and enthusiastic on this subject, that it made sense to ask him to come to the Peninsula and present a class on preventing wood deterioration for local residents. We lucked out: the class will be conducted free of charge at 7 p.m. Oct. 24 at the York County Library on Route 17.
A question that may have puzzled you, as it has me, is why some wooden structures last for centuries and others seem to disappear in front of your eyes. Loferski will explain the structure of wood and the conditions that predispose it to deterioration. Fungi, insects, mechanical abrasion and weathering all take their toll on wooden structures and can lead to decay. Homeowners will be taught to recognize conditions that encourage wood rot, and some simple procedures that provide remarkable protection.
The four main ingredients needed to cause wood deterioration are moisture, proper temperature, oxygen and a food source for the decay organism (your home or porch is frequently that food source). Choosing decay-resistant wood species or pressure-treated lumber can help reduce the likelihood of deterioration occurring in your structure, but moisture control will still be essential. Loferski will cover moisture control procedures from rain wetting, faulty plumbing, foundation and ground water problems and condensation on walls and roofs.
Outdoors, make sure your lawn is graded to slope down away from the house, carrying rain water somewhere other than under your home. Be sure that foundation vents are open and free of plant growth or stacked material that may interfere with air circulation. Keep gutters and downspouts clear and in good working repair to direct runoff away from the foundation of the home. Consider placing a polyethylene vapor barrier in the crawl space to reduce soil moisture under the house.
If you already have mold growing on the timbers supporting your home, don't despair. The problem may be only cosmetic. Gently probe the wood with a blunt ice pick or thin screwdriver. If the wood is still firm and hard, no damage has occurred yet and you have time to correct the problem by controlling future moisture excesses. If the sight of the mold keeps you awake at night, it can be superficially killed by spraying with bleach, but this does not solve the problem.
If probing the wood reveals that it is soft and porous, you have a problem. No chemical spray can control the decay at this point because the chemicals are only capable of killing mold growing on the very surface of the wood; they can not penetrate to where the decay is occurring.
To learn detection, prevention and control of wood deterioration, register for Dr. Loferski's course by calling either the Newport News (599-8899) or York County Extension Service offices (898-0050).
* Sargent is a Virginia Tech Cooperative Extension agent in Newport News. Anyone desiring further gardening information can call the service at 599-8899. | <urn:uuid:6a9a51f5-482c-4f3b-9eef-e220cfdafdc7> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://articles.dailypress.com/1989-10-15/features/8910130092_1_moisture-roofs-decay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172404.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00146-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944292 | 766 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Only really discovered by the West in the early 60s, the traditional use of Mumuye lagana figures (also called jagana, iagalagana or supa among Southern Mumuye and janari in the North) is still not very clear. A number of sources point to varied and sometimes contradictory uses of these figures - healing, prestige, protection and/or divination.
For example, in the book Central Nigeria Unmasked: Arts of the Benue River Valley2, Arnold Rubin describes how among the Southern Mumuye people, lagana figures are used by diviners for healing purposes; the figures are consulted to determine the cause and appropriate cure for illnesses and misfortunes such as fertility problems and smallpox. However Arnold Rubin also mentions that these same figures are also used to support elders and chiefs within a given community; it is believed that janari figures ensure the wellbeing of the community by offering protection from drought and disease.
This observation is inline with Jan Strybol's—he states that "figurative sculpture enhanced the influence and reputations of leaders and religious specialists in Mumuye society by furthering their efforts to predict the future, heal the sick, and make rain fall."3 This description overlaps somewhat with Barry Hecht's description of supa figures used as a symbol of status by elders.1 Supa figures are indistinguishable from the figures used by diviners but instead of providing protection for the community, supa figures are instead used to highlight the prestige and authority of their owners.
Finally, some sources point to Mumuye lagana figures as physical representations of ancestors; they are used as vessels to facilitate communication with ancestors and spirits. What's clear is that more research needs to be done to identify the role these Mumuye figures play in their traditional setting.
Mumuye lagana figures come in a wide variety of forms. However the below are common features of these figures: | <urn:uuid:f0e98408-0caa-40ca-a8fd-51c9657da355> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.imodara.com/discover/nigeria-mumuye-lagana-divination-figure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363217.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302034236-20210302064236-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.942642 | 398 | 3.21875 | 3 |
How to Create an Executable from Python 3 Code using py2exe
First, install py2exe
Let's build an executable for a sample Python project. We have an addnumbers.py:
that references another module to help add two numbers.
Let's create a Python file (based on this example
) to help build the executable :
from distutils.core import setup
from calc import add
Note that we needed to import the add module from our calc package.
I usually create a batch file (build_exe.bat) to run the Python script:
python build_exe.py py2exe
In PyCharm I now see the files:
Open the directory containing the files and run (double-click) the batch file:
Inside the dist directory is an executable:
Running the executable from the command prompt:
We get our result!
If you'd like, you can download the project here: | <urn:uuid:73b003c7-0485-45e0-b944-2ad2fe504e3f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://simpletutorials.com/c/2075/How+to+Create+an+Executable+from+Python+3+Code+using+py2exe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500426.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331084941-20200331114941-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.713612 | 197 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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Energy & Resource Development of Continental Margins is a collection of papers that addresses issues in the development of energy technology and exploration of energy sources. The title first covers concerns in geological and geochemical explorations. Next, the selection deals with the issues in utilizing novel methods for energy resource recovery. The text also tackles environmental constraints and pollutant analysis. The last section talks about the social impact and safety of onshore and offshore activities. The book will be of great use to scientists, engineers, and technicians involved in the research, development, and implementation of energy technology.
List of Contributors and Their Affiliations
I. Geological and Geochemical Exploration
1. Exploring for Oil and Gas on the Continental Shelf
2. Seismic Risk and Resource Development in the Coastal Zone
3. Estimated Undiscovered Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Continental Shelf of the United States
4. Offshore Frontier Basins of the Pacific States and Alaska: Some Generalizations about Their Geologic Setting and Petroleum Potential
II. Novel Energy and Resource Recovery Methods
5. Energy and the Oceans: Myths and Realities
6. Novel Methods for Recovery of Marine Kerogen and Bitumen
7. Urban and Fish Processing Wastes in the Marine Environment: A Case of Wasted Energy at Terminal Island, California
8. A Comparison of the Alcan Plan with the Methanol Approach for Prudhoe Bay Natural Gas
III. Environmental Constraints and Pollutant Analysis
9. Variability in Response of Marine Organisms to Petroleum under Different Conditions
10. The Use of GC/MS in the Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water
11. Development of a Novel Hydrocarbon-in-Water Monitor
12. Has the Clean Air Act Really Stopped Industrial Growth?
IV. Social Impact and Safety of Onshore and Offshore Activities
13. Crude Oil Transportation and Oil Spills: A Brief Overview of the Implications for Southern California
14. The LNG Decision Problem
15. The Management of Federal Energy Resources in the United States
16. The Regulatory Nightmare: Catch 22!
17. OCS Impact on Recreation — The Southern California View
18. Effects of a Power Plant Effluent on Intertidal Organisms at Humboldt Bay, California
- No. of pages:
- © Pergamon 1980
- 1st January 1980
- eBook ISBN: | <urn:uuid:b158946b-202c-4712-ad8b-e8bba03498b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.elsevier.com/books/energy-and-resource-development-of-continental-margins/yen/978-0-08-025127-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.809747 | 519 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What is a Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro)?
A keratoprosthesis is essentially an artificial cornea. The Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro) is a plastic cornea implanted into the center of a transplanted donor cornea. The front lens is placed through a central hole in the cornea graft, through the back plate and then secured with a locking ring. Like one’s natural cornea, the artificial cornea focuses light. There are various focusing strengths available for the Boston Keratoprosthesis. We try to pick the strength that will minimize the need for postoperative glasses.
Who should have the KPro?
A KPro offers the best chance for improved vision when a patient cannot have a conventional full thickness corneal transplant (penetrating keratoplasty or PK). These include patients with multiple failed previous transplants, epithelial stem cell deficiency, and severe ocular surface disease.
Some patients’ immune systems aggressively reject and opacify multiple previous transplants, Even if the immune system rejects and opacifies the living outer portion of the KPro, its artificial plastic center can stay clear allowing for good vision.
In corneas that cannot maintain a healthy epithelial skin layer because of corneal epithelial stem cell deficiency, the KPro offers another option instead of a corneal epithelial stem cell transplant with subsequent PK. This option is particularly useful for patients who are not good candidates for the systemic immune suppression that is required in epithelial stem cell transplants. In cases of epithelial stem cell deficiency, a cornea cannot maintain clarity. A standard corneal transplant would not solve the problem as it would become cloudy like the original cornea. The plastic visual aspect of the KPro will not become cloudy even if epithelial stem cells are deficient.
Eyes with significant ocular surface disease, who have a scarred, dry surface from burns or autoimmune disease, often develop cloudy sick corneas. Such patients don’t do well with a standard corneal transplant because the surface disease would cause the transplant to fail and lose its clarity. Here again, if the outer living part of the KPro opacifies, the patient can still see well through the central plastic portion. However, the living portion of the KPro is more likely to breakdown in eyes with ocular surface disease. Such breakdown carries significantly increased infection risk if not recognized quickly. An alternative surgical option for such patients would be an epithelial stem cell transplant combined with ocular surface reconstruction and / or conjunctival transplant. After the surface would heal, a regular PK may have hope of surviving.
Visual recovery with a KPro is typically faster than with a standard living cornea transplant.
What are the disadvantages of a KPro?
A KPro reduces one’s peripheral (side) vision. Normally we can detect objects 60 degrees towards the nose and 90 degrees toward the temple when looking straight ahead. A KPro limits the side vision to about 40 to 50 degrees in both directions.
There are more potential long term complications with a KPro than with standard cornea transplant. Some of these complications can be serious and threaten the eye. Patients are instructed to RSVP: come see us for new Redness, Sensitivity to light, Vision reduction, or Pain. For the rest of their life, any patient with a corneal transplant needs to seek immediate care if they ever develop these symptoms. Patients need to follow up on a regular basis in efforts to detect problems before they become serious. Patients typically need to be examined at least every 2 to 3 months for life.
It is difficult to measure eye pressures after KPro surgery. The center of a KPro is hard plastic which prevents accurate pressure measurements. We therefore have to estimate eye pressure by gently touching the top of the eye through the eyelid. High pressure in the eye damages the optic nerve (glaucoma) that can cause vision loss. Glaucoma patients typically don’t notice any symptoms until significant irreversible damage has occurred. A patient with a KPro thus has to have frequent glaucoma screening tests. If glaucoma damage is ever detected, medical and surgical treatment may be required.
As many as 10% of KPro patients may develop eye inflammation and require injections of corticosteroids around or inside their eye to help control it. These steroid injections can sometimes cause an elevation in eye pressure. This inflammation is reported to be rare or as high as 10% depending on the reports.
A membrane of cells can grow on the back of the artificial portion of the KPro in about 20 to 30% of cases. This can blur the vision. If it is significant enough, a laser is necessary to polish away the membrane. Surgical excision of the membrane is sometimes needed if it is too dense for the laser.
All corneal transplants carry a risk of infection, and this risk if higher with a KPro which can occur in up to 15% of patients. The tissue around a KPro can also break down over time which could lead to extrusion of the graft and/or a serious infection inside the eye that could cause blindness or even loss of the eye. To reduce these risks, a patient with a KPro needs to take antibiotic drops for the rest of their life. Infection is more common in eyes with ocular surface disease or when patients stop taking their antibiotic drops exactly as directed.
Patients must always wear a bandage contact lens. Because the hard plastic of the keratoprosthesis can irritate the delicate tissue on the back of the eyelids, this soft bandage contact lens must be worn to protect the eye and keep it comfortable. This lens is not removed even when sleeping. The doctor will change it out about every 2 to 3 months.
How long do KPro’s last?
How long a KPro lasts depends on the health of the eye surface and how well the patient complies with their prescribed medication and followups. There is certainly no guarantee that the KPro or the eye with a KPro in it will last a lifetime.
Do we typically perform KPro on both eyes if they need it?
KPro is usually a surgery of last resort for a blind eye that has no other options. In general it is performed on only one eye, and if it fails a KPro may be considered for the other eye. If the second eye has an unstable surface, we may consider other options to keep that eye stable in case it is ever needed.
Can a KPro be removed?
Yes. It is possible to remove a KPro and replace it with a standard living cornea transplant. | <urn:uuid:8d1d6a61-3366-4439-8ce6-3ca9f3cdfccf> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.eyecenters.com/corneal-transplant-surgeries/prosthetic-cornea-transplant-keratoprosthesis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947968.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425213156-20180425233156-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.925807 | 1,379 | 2.5625 | 3 |
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2010)|
The Ladby ship is a major ship burial, of the type also represented by the boat chamber grave of Hedeby and the ship burials of Oseberg, Borre, Gokstad and Tune in South Norway, all of which date back to the 9th and 10th centuries. It is the only ship burial discovered in Denmark. It was discovered southwest of Kerteminde on the island of Funen.
Discovery and excavation
The grave is situated within an ordinary burial site, from the Viking Age. Excavations revealed an abundance of grave goods consisting both of objects and of animals. It was previously dated to the early 10th century, based on a gilded link of bronze for a dog-harness, decorated in Jelling style, that was found there.
The grave had been extensively disturbed and, since only a few small human bones were found, this has been interpreted to be a translation, i.e. removal from a heathen to a Christian grave. Another more likely interpretation is that the struggle for dominance by King Haraldr Blátönn and his heir, Sveinn Tjúguskegg, may have led to the grave being desecrated. It was, after all, a symbol of power very visible to all who travelled or lived in the area, glorifying the minor king buried there. By removing the deceased and chopping all his grave goods into hundreds of pieces within a few years of the burial, the attackers presumably gave his heirs a great blow to their family prestige.
The site was discovered on or around February 28, 1935, and the excavation was performed by conservator G. Rosenberg and pharmacist P. Helweg Mikkelsen, between 1935 and 1937. Their original drawings constitute the primary source-material for information on the find. P.Helweg Mikkelsen also showed himself to be a patron of historical landmarks by paying for an arched building to be raised above the site, which was then covered with earth and grass. This was then given to the National Museum, which had full responsibility for the site until 1994, when it passed to the department of Archaeology and Landscape at the Viking Museum at Ladby (part of The Museums of Eastern Funen).
Viking Museum Ladby
Now the Viking Museum at Ladby displays many of the original finds and offers an engaging overview of the Viking era as it unfolded on the north east of the island of Funen. The new building from 2007 also contains a reconstruction of the ship burial. It shows the scene as it may have looked right after the funeral, with the deceased chieftain lying on a bed in a full-scale replica of his ship, with all his grave goods, near his dogs and his eleven horses. There is also an interpretive movie about the Vikings' beliefs regarding the journey to the realm of the dead, based on Norse myths and the images on the Gotlandic Picture stones.
- Sørensen, Anne C.: Ladby. A Danish Ship-Grave from the Viking Age, Ships and Boats of The North, Vol. 3; Viking Ship Museum in collaboration with the National Museum of Denmark and Kertemindeegnens Museer, Roskilde 2001, ISBN 8785189440
- "History of the Museum". Viking Museum Ladby (in Danish). Retrieved 20 June 2014.
- Summary of: Ladby. A Danish Ship-Grave from the Viking Age Viking Ship Museum Roskilde.
- The Ladby Ship 1001 stories of Denmark, The Heritage Agency of Denmark. Audio-file available. | <urn:uuid:8429e730-b1b6-4734-b157-dd12007e5850> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladby_ship | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430453791682.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501041631-00062-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960726 | 756 | 3.25 | 3 |
A biography is a comprehensive account of a person’s life. It covers more than the standard facts of the person’s life, and also typically includes a person’s experiences of those events. Biographies are a great method to find out more about an individual, and also to appreciate the achievements of people you appreciate.
A bio can focus on someone or a group of people. For instance, Captain Charles Johnson’s A General History of the Pirates (1724) catalogued the lives of pirates as well as helped establish popular culture photos of pirates. Or, a smaller sized group could be the subject of a biography, such as the Indigenous Americans. David Hajdu created a biography of the very early life of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, that includes stories of the very early folk scene in New york city.
Bios have been created throughout history and also are just one of the earliest forms of literary works. Because ancient times, authors have been tape-recording the lives of globe leaders as well as various other considerable people. Originally considered as historic files, biographies gradually became social epics. As an example, Plato’s Apology recounts part of Socrates’ life, while the 4 gospels of the Christian scriptures include biographies of Jesus Christ. The twentieth century saw James Boswell reshape the suggestion of biography with his Life of Samuel Johnson.
Bio is a craft that requires research study and also evaluation. An author must be careful not to misstate their topic, and also must acknowledge their resources for information. The author needs to likewise prevent utilizing personal prejudice when writing a bio. It is very important to acknowledge the resources used to create the biography and to recognize their work. Throughout the research study process, new concerns will come up, which will additionally form the direction of the biography. This process is important to the deepness of the bio.
A biography can focus on teams of individuals, such as a gang of people, or a single person. Bios concerning teams can be historically exact and inform the story of how a team formed the globe. It is essential to keep in mind that biographies do not always have murder. However, the author might use their viewpoint to reveal the globe in a favorable light.
Bios need to be written in such a way that they record the rate of interests of those that review them. Bio authors should attempt to stay clear of making use of completely dry, boring truths when composing a biography. It is very important to keep in mind that people are picked since they are interesting. As opposed to boring, completely dry facts, biographers must begin their biography with an appealing statement, an unknown truth, or an engaging event.
An excellent biography should additionally consist of info about the person’s history, including their current position as well as primary responsibilities. A superb bio must likewise consist of a person’s previous positions as well as locations of proficiency. This information will offer the visitor a much better idea of the person in question. It is also vital to use third-person viewpoint when writing a bio, as it makes the details better to the target market.
A biography can be anything from a basic description of a person’s life to a comprehensive account of their life. It can consist of information regarding family relationships, major occasions in their childhood years, and much more. It must likewise provide a clear image of an individual’s characteristics and also individuality. A bio can be a beneficial tool in enhancing sales and awareness.
Bios are not quickly classifiable, nevertheless, there are some identifiable kinds. In fact, several of these types shade into each other, so it is tough to specify what a biography is specifically. There is no single common classification system, but the adhering to essential departments give a good starting point for comprehending exactly how bios vary.
A biography should include details concerning the person’s background. Include quotes regarding the individual, preferably. It should also consist of a photo of the individual. If the bio is a specialist piece, it ought to additionally consist of a summary of his job. In this manner, the visitor can get a concept of the individual.
Biographers should check out numerous sources for precise info. They should analyze a topic’s viewpoint against a number of inconsistent resources. In addition, biographers have to also think about the viewpoint of several witnesses. Those that have a personal link to the topic will be most likely to generate a much more accurate bio.
Biographies are preferred with visitors across every age groups. They compose a steady portion of publications published every year. They can additionally be made right into plays as well as movies. An effective instance is the Unbroken (2014) film adjustment. Bios are an excellent source of enjoyment as well as information. They are additionally a wonderful way to tell a story.
Biographers need to recognize exactly how the subject lived and also worked in the world around them. By making these details clear, a biography aims to produce an illusion of life lived by the subject. To put it simply, they need to choose and also get realities in a manner that will illuminate the subject’s personality as well as actions. hendersonville
Memoirs are in some cases based on diaries. Although journals may be used as sources, it is very important to adhere to a sequential order. They might also consist of recalls or flashforwards. All the same, the memoir needs to be meaningful and also comply with a sequential order. An autobiography is a very individual file. | <urn:uuid:a71444f1-a179-4eba-b439-82134c8874da> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://tadalafil4cialis4.com/terrific-bio-and-whatever-you-required-to-understand-about-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.970467 | 1,135 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The age of a mother at menopause may foreshadow her daughter's fertility. Researchers examined the ovarian reserves of daughters by checking hormone levels and ovarian reserves. They used these numbers and compared them with the age of menopause in their mothers.
The team discovered these levels fell quicker in women whose mothers had menopause before the age of forty-five compared to women's whose mothers had it later in life.
Study authors say this is the first study to suggest ovarian reserves are influenced by hereditary factors; however they urge further long-term follow-up studies to confirm their results.
Findings appear in the journal "human reproduction." | <urn:uuid:1ef3b315-8813-4aa7-ae7b-47dca7631a4d> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.wctv.tv/health/healthalert/headlines/Health-Alert-11-8--177895621.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131305143.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172145-00075-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973002 | 131 | 2.75 | 3 |
The 2018 average life expectancy for Nigerians is now 55 years, a global data shows.
According to the latest World Health Organisation data published for 2018 life expectancy in Nigeria, a male given birth to in Nigeria in 2018 is expected to live approximately 54.7 years while a female is expected to live approximately 55.7 years in good health. The data shows Nigeria has a World life expectancy ranking of 178 out of 192 ranked countries.
However, the average life expectancy at birth in Nigeria is 55.2 years, an improvement from the previous figure, 47.
Meanwhile, the released statistical report by Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS) for 2017 has it that females can live for approximately 51 years while males can live for just 47 years.
The report shows that residents in Nigeria are liable to die of sicknesses and diseases, as well as other causes.
Causes of death listed in the report are influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, stroke, HIV/AIDS, coronary heart disease, liver disease, prostate cancer, diabetes mellitus, maternal conditions, malaria, breast cancer, meningitis, cervical cancer, lung disease and low birth weight.
Other causes include accident, road traffic and birth trauma among others.
A study published last week had said life expectancy in Nigeria can increase to 74.8 years by 2040.
The study, “Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016-40 for 195 countries and territories using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016,” was carried out by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME).
IHME is an independent global health research organisation at the University of Washington that provides rigorous and comparable measurement of the world’s most important health problems and evaluates the strategies used to address them. | <urn:uuid:745a1804-8892-4b05-9efc-fe51cdc476d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://effiezy.com/2018/10/25/life-expectancy-in-nigeria-now-55-years-who/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348493151.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605045722-20200605075722-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.928575 | 390 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Few experiences are more stressful for families than emergency room visits and hospitalizations for children. According to the Office of Minority Health:
- African Americans had asthma-related emergency room visits 4.5 times more often than Whites in 2004.
- Black children have a 260% higher emergency department visit rate, a 250% higher hospitalization rate, and a 500% higher death rate from asthma, as compared with White children.
LIKE BlackDoctor.org on Facebook! Get Your Daily Medicine…For LIFE!
Fortunately, while some hospitalizations are unavoidable, they can be minimized, and even sidestepped, with proper home care. Recent research suggests that there are many causes for asthma attacks, ranging from air pollution and roach droppings to immune system changes that result from the presence, or lack of, certain microbes (allergy-causing organisms that can’t be seen with the naked eye). The biggest problem, however, is that few parents realize just how toxic the home environment can be for young asthmatic children.
The Visiting Nurse Service of New York, the nation’s largest not-for-profit home health care organization, has developed in-depth expertise to provide the best care to New Yorkers in their homes, including those families with asthmatic children.
According to Sandra Eger-McTernan, RN, MSN, CPNP, a VNSNY pediatric nurse specialist, “While there are a number of different views on the causes of pediatric asthma, there are several surefire steps that parents can take at home to reduce the risk of hospitalizations.” | <urn:uuid:0baa236c-8503-47a1-99cd-7089b82989d7> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://blackdoctor.org/443504/asthma-proof-your-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096579.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00033-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95076 | 332 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Jewish Question an Empirical Examiniation Ideas and Data.pdf
The Jewish Question: an Empirical Examiniation | Ideas and Data
The Jewish Question: an Empirical Examiniation
APRIL 24, 2018APRIL 27, 2018
This post will be about the Jewish Question. Specifically, I am going to empirically document the
Jews are vastly overrepresented in positions of power and cultural influence
Jewish elites are far to the left of gentile elites and have moved shifted the distribution of political
opinion among American elites from centrism to leftism
Jewish leftism and success can partly be explained by their mean IQs, living in large cities,
personality traits, and possibly certain cultural values, but ethnocentrism also plays an important
role that should not be ignored.
After documenting these claims, I am going to spend some time on what implications can be drawn
from them, and how people interested in White identity politics should act in light of them.
A Brief Word on Jewish History
The exact origins of the Jewish people are somewhat unclear, but it began somewhere around Israel
more than three thousand years ago. Since then, Jews have migrated out of Israel numerous times,
creating a diaspora. Through this process, a fairly large number of Jewish populations have existed
throughout history in places as far from Israel as China. Today, most of these populations only exist in
Israel, with more than 95% of the worlds non-Israeli Jews being Ashkenazi Jews, a group which
migrated from Israel to central and northern Europe sometime before the year 600 AD.
In 629 AD, King Dagobert of France expelled Jews from his kingdom. Following the Norman
Conquest of 1066, some Jews moved to England, but they were expelled in 1290. The same occurred in
Austria in 1298, France in 1394 and in Germany sometime in the 1400s, Spain in 1492, Naples in 1493,
Portugal in 1496, and all Papal states but Rome in 1569. Having been expelled from Western Europe,
the Jewish people moved to Eastern Europe. By the late 1800s, however, the Russian empire had
begun the pogroms, and 50 years later the Nazis got going. This all caused an immigration wave of
Jews moving to Anglo nations worldwide, South America and, later, Israel.
Two facts immediately standout about Jewish history. First, Jews still exist. This itself is noteworthy. It
is difficult to keep a population genetically isolated for over a thousand years in a foreign land. To do
so multiple times over, across as wide a range of nations of the Jews have lived in, is truly remarkable.
Jews accomplished this feat by genetically and culturally isolating themselves from the populations
they lived among. The second thing that stands out about Jews is that anti-Semitism seems to follow
them everywhere they go including, most recently, the middle east. Anti-Semitism is in part the result
of the economic success of Jews, but it is also related to the first noteworthy fact about Jewish history,
their isolation from the populations they live among. Thus, the long history of the Jewish people
works as a kind of preface for an analysis of what Jewish people have been up to in the last hundred
years or so.
Anti-Semites are fond of pointing out that Jewish people control various industries or are vastly
overrepresented in various positions of power. As it turns out, empirical data strongly supports these
claims. (I eventually stopped citing stuff in this section. Unless otherwise noted, it all comes from
Lynn, 2011 (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0071Q8DDM/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?
_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1), which one can find a free pdf of online). | <urn:uuid:d949970a-ecc3-4821-8e0d-041f90f381eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.pdf-archive.com/2019/09/23/the-jewish-question-an-empirical-examiniation--ideas-and-data/preview/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605014501-20200605044501-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.931388 | 833 | 2.921875 | 3 |
(With acknowledgment to the Trains Magazine Grain issue, April 2009.)
Until the late 1950s, all grain traffic traveled in temporarily-modified box cars, shipped in units of one between the local grain elevators, to be found typically within ten miles (and certainly within 25 miles) of every grain-shipping farm in North America, and their diverse destination at milling plants, terminal elevators at ports that exported the grain, or other diverse users. As unit lots, these box cars traveled in standard manifest trains following the normal routes of such trains between the origination and destination points for each car (except on the branch lines where their originating and/or destination points may have been). While the grain traffic represented perhaps the third heaviest traffic of the times, it was not normally represented as separate train flows in this time period.
By the 1990s, Unit Grain Trains represented one of the major freight flows in contemporary North American Railroading, not quite in the same league as intermodal and coal, but certainly in the top five. (Grain shipments falls into commodity groups that comprise 9% of total shipments and 13% of total revenue, between 2005 and 2007.) Depending on the size of a particular flow, unit trains may comprise "shuttles" of 110 cars, or smaller unit trains of 52 cars or 26 cars (perhaps combined with other such "units" for parts of their journey); historically, these have been developed from the smaller numbers of cars, growing to the larger numbers.
There are two major types of grains grown in North America: wheat and small grains (oats and barley), grown in North and South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta (durum and red spring wheat); Kansas, Oklahoma, southwestern Nebraska (red winter wheat); and parts of Washington, Idaho and Oregon (durum); and feed grains (corn, soybeans, and sorghum), grown in a belt from eastern Nebraska, eastern South Dakota, and northeastern Kansas, through southwestern Minnesota, Iowa, northern Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and southwestern Michigan to western Ohio. More than half of US corn production is used to feed animals, and moves from the corn belt to cattle feedlots in the southwest, poultry producers in the south, and dairy farms across the USA; about 20% is made into ethanol, while about 12% becomes food products, with 17% exported (mostly to Mexico).
BNSF hauls more grain than any other North American railroad. Former Great Northern and Northern Pacific lines in (mainly) North Dakota, along with Eastern Montana and far west Minnesota, serve many types of originating elevators in the wheat-growing areas. A relatively small number of these originating elevators comprise those contracted to provide the facilities needed for loading the 110-car "grain shuttles" that mainly run from the originating elevators to ports in the Pacific Northwest (primarily Portland, OR, but also Kalama, Tacoma and Seattle, WA), and feedlots at Plymouth, Attalia, Ritzville and Templin, WA, over the former GN Transcon, the former NP main line and the still-operating portion of the former Milwaukee Road (now owned by BNSF), east to Chicago and beyond on those same lines, and ports on the Gulf Coast, via various BNSF lines (see Other Routes, below) south to Sioux City and thence to Kansas City, taking the former Santa Fe route onwards to the Gulf Coast, as well as to large flour millers, such as those in the Twin Cities, also accessed over the former GN and former NP main lines, but heading east for these flows. Some grain also flows to Duluth/Superior for onward transport on the Great Lakes.
On the map on page 67 of the Trains Magazine Grain issue (April 2009), there appear to be 32 shuttle-capable elevators on BNSF lines, along with four more on 'captive' shortlines, for a total of 36 (with perhaps 18 more in the southern parts of South Dakota and Minnesota); 35 elevators capable of handling 50+ cars on BNSF lines, along with ten more on captive shortlines (45 total); and 17 elevators capable of handling 25-49 cars on BNSF lines (along with eleven more on captive shortlines (28 total).
There are eight shuttle-enable grain elevators on the former CB&Q Denver main line in southern Nebraska and southern Iowa, all of them in the corn belt. There are destination/combination shuttle-enabled elevators on this same line, westward towards Denver, serving feedlots as well as dry-farmers in the western portions of the wheat-growing area.
The former Santa Fe passenger main line in western Kansas lies in the Kansas-Oklahoma-Texas wheat belt, and has a number of shuttle-originating elevators located along it, at Coolidge, Garden City, Dodge City, Ensign (on a branch), Wright and the Hutchinson area. Two of these places (Garden City and Ensign) also have shuttle unloading facilities. The freight Transcon and its feeder lines has shuttle-originating elevators at Wichita (which also has shuttle unloading facilities) and Wellington.
The former Santa Fe main line from eastern Kansas through Kansas City to Chicago lies in the corn belt, and has a number of shuttle-originating elevators located along it, at Hardin, MO, and Ruff and Ransom, IL. Grain from the elevator at Ransom, IL, for example, takes shuttle trains to Texas or Mexico.
Most of the grain carried on the westerly portions of the former Santa Fe Transcon is feed-corn headed for feedlots in such places as the Amarillo to Clovis section of the Texas Panhandle (Amarillo, Hereford, Summerfield, and Friona, TX, and Clovis, NM), as well as Shattuck, OK, located right on the Transcon, and the Central Valley of California (Stockton, Hughson, Kings Park, Guernsey and Trigo), accessed via the Tehachapi route.
The routes from the wheat-growing areas to the Gulf Coast ports traverse areas roughly orthogonal to the traditional transcontinental main lines, and comprise lines from Willmar, MN, and Aberdeen, SD, south to Sioux City, IA, and thence to Kansas City, taking the former Santa Fe route onwards to the Gulf Coast, via Oklahoma City and Fort Worth. (Prior to the BNSF merger, in September, 1995, these trains would have taken the former Frisco south from Kansas City, via Tulsa and Fort Worth, and the former Burlington-Rock Island south of Fort Worth.)
The former Soo line branches, including those still run by CP and those now operated by shortlines, largely overlap those of the BNSF east of a line from Portal and Minot, ND, to Willmar, MN. In this area, there appear to be 17 shuttle-capable (100 cars on the CP) elevators on CP lines, along with ten more on captive shortlines (27 total); eleven elevators capable of handling 50+ cars on CP lines (and eleven more on captive shortlines), for a total of 22; and 5 elevators capable of handling 25-49 cars on CP lines (along with 17 more on captive shortlines), for another total of 22.
Soo-Line-originated grain shuttles use the UP Overland Route and Oregon Short Line to deliver grain to Pacific Northwest points.
The CP Main Line and its feeders between (roughly) Winnipeg and Calgary lie in the Canadian Wheat Belt. All wheat in Canada must, by law, be sold through the Canadian Wheat Board, which directs the destinations of shipments of wheat from the originating elevators along the main and feeder lines. CP operates grain trains to the ports of Vancouver, BC and Thunder Bay, ON (for onward shipment through the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway). In 2007, the number of grain elevators in the wheat belt of Canada was down from a peak of more than 5,700 elevators in more than 2,000 locations to just over 300 primary elevators in about 250 locations. Less than half of these would be on the CP.
The Iowa lines of the former Illinois Central, now owned by CN, lie in the northern reaches of the US corn belt. There are six CN-served shuttle-enabled originating grain elevators in Iowa. CN operates 100-car grain shuttles south along its former IC main line to the Gulf Coast ports along the Mississippi River west of New Orleans
The CN Main Lines and their feeders between (roughly) Winnipeg and Edmonton lie in the Canadian Wheat Belt. All wheat in Canada must, by law, be sold through the Canadian Wheat Board, which directs the destinations of shipments of wheat from the originating elevators along the main and feeder lines. CN operates 100-car shuttles from the Canadian prairies to the ports at Vancouver and Prince Rupert, BC, Thunder Bay, ON (for onward shipment through the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway), and (for a very few trains a year), Churchill, Manitoba. In 2007, the number of grain elevators in the wheat belt of Canada was down from a peak of more than 5,700 elevators in more than 2,000 locations to just over 300 primary elevators in about 250 locations, the majority of them on the CN.
The historic Overland Route, eastward from the middle of Nebraska to the fringes of Chicago, lies in the US corn belt. There are 41 UP-served shuttle-enabled originating grain elevators in Iowa and far southern Minnesota (and 21 more in Nebraska). UP can deliver this grain, as well as unit grain trains originating at points on the former Soo line, to Pacific Northwest ports, such as Portland, OR, (and Kalama, Tacoma, and Seattle, WA), or to feedlots, such as in Wallula, WA, Mountain Home, Bliss and Gooding, ID (and Burley, ID, on a branch), and Ogden, UT, using the Overland Route and its subsidiary lines (such as the Oregon Short Line). On the Salt Lake Route or its feeders, there are shuttle-unloading facilities at Nephi (on a branch) and Milford, UT
The California shuttle destinations at Stockton, Turlock, Delhi, Traver, Goshen, Tulare, Pixley and Famoso are all located on the former SP San Joaquin Valley line, accessible off the Overland Route or the Golden State Route.
Union Pacific's train symbols have separate symbols for Grain Empties, Grain Loads, Grain Dedicated and Grain Shuttle, thus providing for three classes of loaded grain train!
There are shuttle-originating elevators at Topeka, Hutchinson, Haviland, and Plains, KS, and Optima, OK, the latter also with shuttle-unloading facilities, on the former Rock Island section of the Golden State Route.
There are shuttle-destination elevators on the Sunset Route (which connects with the Golden State Route at El Paso) at Maricopa and Roll, AZ, and Calipatria (on a branch) and Kaiser, CA.
UP operates lines that reach from the corn belt south to the Gulf Coast ports along the Mississippi River west of New Orleans, and in the Beaumont, Galveston, and Houston areas of Texas. These include the directionally-operated former MoPac and former Cotton Belt lines, south from St. Louis through Texarkana, and the lines shared with unit coal trains south from Kansas City, through Fort Worth. Grain shuttles (75 cars or 100 cars on the UP) headed from the corn belt (or the wheat belt to the north of it) to those ports use these lines.
There are eleven CSX-affiliated shuttle-enabled originating grain elevators around the thumb in northeast Michigan, and at least one more elsewhere in Michigan (Newaygo). CSX operates 65-car and 90-car unit grain trains from these elevators to compliant unloading facilities, such as those on its lines in North Carolina (Shelby, Mount Olive, Rose Hill), South Carolina (Bascomville and Kershaw, both on a shortline), Georgia (Camilla (on a shortline), Valdosta, Brunswick), Florida (Lacoochee) and Alabama (Banks).
KCS operates 75-car and 110-car unit grain trains, southward from Kansas City, to destinations in Oklahoma (Broken Bow), Arkansas (Waldron), and Louisiana (Arcadia), as well as Gulf Ports.
Norfolk Southern operates 75-car unit trains of feed corn from the corn belt, through which its former Wabash lines run, to Southern feed mills, such as those on its lines in Georgia (Baldwin, Gainesville, Lavonia (on a shortline), Maysville, Rockmart, Forsyth, Surrency and Adel), North Carolina (Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Roaring River (on a shortline), and Raleigh), and South Carolina (Monetta). | <urn:uuid:9cd5b3c8-3dfb-41d8-8b35-b4eb83e3e0dd> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.donwinter.com/Railroad%20Infrastructure%20and%20Traffic%20Data/Grain%20Freight%20Flows.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257836392.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071036-00215-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953228 | 2,720 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Few concepts cause as much confusion as biodegradability (or degradability). Popular culture has led many to believe that burying the nation’s waste in landfills is sort of like creating big compost heaps, and eventually all the waste will just go away. In fact, modern landfills are designed to minimize the breakdown of waste. So contrary to popular belief, most garbage does not readily biodegrade in them. Instead, a large plot of land is filled with a community’s waste (except construction debris and hazardous materials). Once filled, the space is covered and often utilized as an airport, a park, or another function.
Varying Degrees of Biodegradability
Many plastics do not biodegrade to any significant degree, while some do so very slowly if exposed to air, water, and light—these are best recycled or used for their stored energy. Some plastics have been engineered to biodegrade reasonably quickly in a large composting facility that intentionally accelerates biodegradation in a highly controlled environment using copious air, water, and light. These plastics also will break down eventually if left alone in the environment—but much more slowly since the environment does not “intentionally accelerate” biodegradation. However, similar to other biodegradable materials, plastics likely will not break down in modern landfills. | <urn:uuid:78068bc5-6bc9-46d4-a66e-a0ba1e169e67> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.plasticpackagingfacts.org/plastic-sustainability/landfills-biodegradability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370752.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305091526-20210305121526-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.956074 | 281 | 3.796875 | 4 |
MP Board Class 12th General English Letter Writing
Students can also download MP Board 12th Model Papers to help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.
नोट-Letter writing में बोर्ड द्वारा निम्नलिखित प्रकार के Letters पाठ्यक्रम के लिए निर्धारित हैं
(A) Personal/Informal letters
(B) Applications for job/formal letters
(C) Business or official letters
(D) Letters to the editor पत्र दो प्रकार के होते हैं
(1) अनौपचारिक पत्र (Informal Letters)—ये पत्र रिश्तेदारों, अति निकट के लोगों तथा मित्रों के लिए लिखे जाते हैं। .
(2) औपचारिक पत्र (Formal Letters) ये वे पत्र हैं जो ऑफिसों के लिए व व्यापार सम्बन्धी कार्यों के लिए लिखे जाते हैं। ये निम्नलिखित प्रकार के होते हैं
(ii) Business or official letters,
(iii) Letters to the editor. अच्छे पत्र की विशेषताएँ
1. भाषा (Language)-पत्र की भाषा सरल तथा स्पष्ट होनी चाहिए।
2. स्पष्ट विचार (Clear views)-विचार स्पष्ट और संक्षिप्त होने चाहिए।
3. नम्र स्वभाव (Polite nature)—पत्र में नम्रतापूर्वक अपनी बात कहनी चाहिए। कठोर भाषा का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए।
4.लिखावट (Handwriting)-पत्र लिखावट सुन्दर होनी चाहिए, ताकि उसे सभी लोग पढ़ सकें।
5. संक्षिप्तता (Brevity)—पत्र संक्षिप्त होना चाहिए। अनावश्यक बातों को पत्र में नहीं लिखना चाहिए।
A. Formal Letters
1. You are the monitor of the class. Your classroom is not cleaned regularly. Write an application to the principal of your school requesting him to look into the matter.
August 25, 20
The Principal, .
Govt. H. S. School,
With due respect I beg to draw your kind attention towards our dirty class-room. It has been quite some time that our classrooms are not cleaned. When we enter the room in the morning, the room, the tables and the chairs are dirty. We cannot sit on them. The floor is full of dirt. We have to clean the room and the tables before the teacher enters the classroom. This is causing bed effect on the health of the students.
I request you to look into the matter and ask the sweeper to clean the room regularly.
2. You are Sheetal Verma, have passed XII class. Write an application to the Principal of S. N. P. W. H. S. School, Dewas, M.P. to issue you School Leaving Certificate as you have to join for higher studies in other cities. [2015,17]
October 24, 20……..
S.N.P.W.H.S. School Dewas, M.P.
With due respect, I want to state that 1 have passed Xllth standard from your school in this session. I have got selection in police department as constable. I need my School Leaving Certificate to join higher studies.
Therefore, I request you to kindly issue me a School Leaving Certificate. I shall be thankful.
3. Write an application to your principal requesting him to issue a character certificate.
45, Anand Nagar
M. G. Road
Govt. H. S. School
With due respect I want to say that I have passed Xllth standard from your school in this session. I have been selected in Electricity Department as a clerk. I have been asked by the Department to submit character certificate issued by the Principal of the college last attended.
I, therefore, request you to please issue me a character certificate. I shall be thankful.
4. Write an application to the Manager, State Bank of India, Bhopal for the post of a clerk.
123, Ashok Nagar
State Bank of India,
In response to your advertisement ¡n ‘The Hindustan Times’, Thursday, dated 18. 5. 20…, for the post of a clerk, I wish to offer my candidature for it. So far as my academic qualifications are concerned, I am to submit as follows:
My typing speed in Hindi is 30 w. p. m. My date of birth is July 23, 19 I am a young man of strong physique. I was a member of the cricket team of my college during the years 20…. – 20 ……… .
I am enclosing herewith, the attested copies of certificates, degrees and testimonials which will testify to my’ conduct and ability. I may be permitted to submit that if given a chance, J shall leave no stone unturned in serving your reputed organisation.
5. Write an application to the Director of Education, M. P. Bhopal, asking for a job as a teacher in an educational institution.
C/o Ram Gopal Rastogi 100,
Ratlam [M. P.]
The Director of Education,
With reference to your advertisement in The Times of India, dated March 11, 20…., for the post of teachers in trained graduate grade, I beg to offer myself as a candidate.
As regards my academic qualifications, I beg to state that I passed my B. A. examination in 20…. from Meerut University, Meerut with English Literature, Economics and Geography as my subjects. I took my B. Ed. degree from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh in 20 I have been teaching in a local High School for about one year with full satisfaction to all.
I am a young man of about 25 years. I am a good player of cricket and football. I may assure you, sir, that if I am given an opportunity, I shall do my utmost to prove myself worthy of the job.
Encl. : Xerox copies of all certificates.
II. Letters to the Editor
1. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper against the practice of begging in your city.
96, Chandan Nagar,
October, 15, 20….
I shall be grateful to you if you permit me to express my views on street begging in our city through the columns of your esteemed daily. I wish to draw the attention of the public as well as the Government against this menance.
Begging in Ranikhet has become a common sight. Turn where you may, you will always find one or two beggars with their begging bowls asking to spare a few coins for them. Some of these beggars are quite hale and hearty and can jolly well earn their living but they seem to have taken to easy money out of the pockets of others. Let me tell you that these beggars do not spare even the tourists to this area. It is indeed a reflection of our culture and country. I would therefore, appeal to the public not to encourage these beggars and to the Government that the Anti-Beggary Law should be stringently implemented to uproot this social evil.
R. K. Luthra
2. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper drawing attention towards acute shortage of water in your city.
3, Laxmi Nagar,
Sept. 6, 20….
The Editor, .
I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the acute shortage of drinking water in our city causing unavoidable inconvenience to the public.
For the last one month a very serious problem has come out about drinking water in this city. A month or so ago the Water Works of this town got the tanks cleaned. Now we get water but when we keep it still for an hour or so, a great deal of dust particles collect in the bottom of our vessels.
Our verbal request to the municipal authorities have gone unheeded to so far. The existing water supply which is polluted, will also lead to spread of diseases. In the interest of health of the public, I once again request the municipal authorities to pay heed to the genuine problem of drinking-water of this city at the earliest. It is needless to say that all the citizens are paying their municipal taxes and are entitled to the minimum civic facilities like drinking water.
3. Write a letter to the Editor, The Dainik Bhaskar, Rewa drawing attention of the authorities towards the repairs of the road.
233, Nehru Nagar,
The Dainik Bhaskar,
Through the columns of your esteemed daily, we wish to draw the attention of the authorities of Nagar Mahapalika towards the bad condition of the roads of Kaiju Nagar. It has been impossible for us to move on this road for the last four months. In dark nights, it is dangerous for four-wheelers to pass this road. Pregnant women cry with pain while moving through this road. Many children have broken their legs due to big holes on the road. I make an appeal to the concerned authorities to immediately look into this matter and order for immediate repairs of the road.
III. Business or Official Letters
एक अच्छे व्यापारिक पत्र (Business letter) में बात पूर्णतः स्पष्ट होनी चाहिए। ऐसे शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाये जिससे कि पाठक को Dictionary का सहारा न लेना पड़े।
पत्र यथासम्भव संक्षिप्त होना चाहिए। आज के व्यस्त युग में व्यापारी के पास अधिक समय नहीं होता। अनावश्यक पत्र व्यवहार से बचने के लिए पूर्ण बातें लिखनी चाहिए ताकि लेखक का मन्तव्य स्पष्ट हो सके। ऐसा न हो कि पाठक को पत्र लिखकर पूछना पड़े कि लेखक क्या चाहता है अथवा जो पत्र लेखक जानकारी देना/लेना चाहता था वो अधूरी हो और पुनः पत्र लिखना पड़े और अनावश्यक देरी हो।
- जिस फर्म को पत्र लिखा जाता है उसका पता बायीं ओर लिखा जाता है। यदि किसी व्यक्ति को पत्र लिखा जाता है तो नाम के पहले Mr. या Shri लिखा जाता है। फर्म के नाम के पहले M/s या Messers लिखा जाता है। अच्छे व्यापारिक पत्र में संक्षेप में वह विषय दिया जाता है जिस सम्बन्ध में पत्र लिखा जा रहा है।
- फर्म के लिए Dear Sirs तथा व्यक्ति के लिए Dear Sir लिखा जाता है।
- किसी पत्र के जवाब में उस पत्र का Reference (सन्दर्भ) दिनांक सहित दिया जाता है और भविष्य के पत्र व्यवहार के लिए अपने पत्र का Ref. No. दिया जा सकता है। ताकि यदि पत्र का जवाब मिले तो पता चल सके कि किस पत्र का जवाब है।
- पत्र की समाप्ति Your faithfully और हस्ताक्षर से करते हैं। फर्म के नाम से पहले For लिखते हैं और हस्ताक्षर करने वाले का नाम व पद लिखते हैं।
1. Write a letter on behalf of M/s Gupta & Sons, 14, Hauz Qazi, Delhi to M/s Sita Ram Om Prakash, L. I. G. Colony, Jabalpur asking quotations for woollen clothes and their rate of discount and terms regarding payment.
Gupta & Sons
14, Hauz Qazi,
M/s Sita Ram Om Prakash,
L. I. G. Colony,
Please send us your price-list and quotations for woollen clothes within a week after the receipt of this letter.
We also request you to kindly let us know the rate of discount and terms regarding payment and delivery.
Hoping to receive an early reply.
For Gupta & Sons,
Ramesh Gupta Manager
2. Write a letter to M/s Deepali Stationery Mart New Market, Ratlam asking them to send their rates and terms of supply of stationery items.
28, Civil Lines,
10 June, 20…..
M/s Deepali Stationery Mart,
Sub.: Quotation for supply of Stationery Items.
We intend to place an order for supply of stationery items like registers, paper rims, carbon sheets, staplers, pens and other stationery items. We would also like to have your terms and conditions for the supply of these items. Thq details to required items are:
Please let us know the mode of payment. Defective and substandard items will not be accepted. Kindly reply at the earliest.
1. Last month you bought a digital camera from Shan Electronics, Bhopal. Now you find something wrong with it. Write a letter to the dealer complaining about the problem.
I purchased a Sony digital camera WX 501D from your shop on March 25,20…. I am facing some problems with it. The flash does not work and the camera hangs in the middle while processing the photo.
I would like to claim the warranty on my camera and, therefore, request you to get the defective parts replaced. A photostat copy of the invoice and warranty card are attached with this letter.
2. Write a letter to the Manager, Agarwal Cycle Company, Jabalpur complaining about a Cycle you bought last week.
L. I. G. Colony,
Jabalpur March 5, 20..
Agarwal Cycle Co.,
I purchased one cycle no. X-216879 Hercules MTB from you on March 1, 20 I regret to inform you that some of its parts are defective. The handle
has lost the polish and the saddle has given way.
I, therefore, request you to take this defective cycle back and deliver me a new cycle.
3. Write a letter to the Post Master of your area complaining against the postman of your area.
19, Rajmahal Colony
July 17, 20
Subject : Complaint against postman
I regret to lodge a complaint against the postman of our area Mr. Satish Charan. He is very careless and irregular in discharging his duties. Usually he brings the dak very late. He often delivers our private letters to wrong persons. Letters are many a time tom owing to his careless handling. He demands tips for delivering money orders and insured articles. It causes us great difficulty.
Hence I request you to warn him to mend his ways and be careful and responsible or to transfer him to some other area.
A quick action is solicited.
Dinesh Kumar Singh
Orders And Replies
1. Write a letter to a sports dealer placing an order.
42, Anand Nagar,
Please send me the following games material by railway parcel to my address and send the receipt for payment :
Thanking you for early compliance.
2. Write a letter to the General Electrical Co., Ujjain placing an order for the supply of fans.
August 25, 20
The General Electrical Co. Ltd.,
Please supply us by goods train the following items within a fortnight:
2 dozen Ceiling Fans 48″
1 dozen Ceiling Fans 56″
4 dozen Table Fans 16″
R/R may please be sent through the Central Bank of India, New Delhi.
For the Northern Electrical Stores,
R. L. Agarwal,
Reply to the above
The General Electrical Company Limited
August 30, 20
The Northern Electrical Stores,
We thank you very much for your esteemed order of the 25th instant. We have despatched the articles this day by goods train.
The invoice for the articles amounting to Rs. 12,547/- is enclosed. This includes all incidental charges.
R/R No. A 000153 dated the 30th Aug. 20…….. is being sent through the Central Bank of India, New Delhi.
Assuring you always of our best services.
For the General Electrical Co. Ltd.,
3. Write a letter to the Manager, Central Bank, Indore to allow over-draft facilities.
The Central Bank of India,
We propose to keep a good stock of woollen cloth for the season. We shall, therefore, need adequate funds during October and November.
We shall feel obliged if you please allow us overdraft facilities up to Rs. 40,000/- for these two months. We are prepared to entrust you Government Securities to the value of Rs. 40,000/-.
We hope this will satisfy you.
Soliciting the favour of an early reply.
For Khanna Brothers,
Signature and Designation
1. Write a letter to the Superintendent of Police/SDM about the nuisance of loudspeakers and requesting him to ban the use of them during
the examination days. [2013, 15, 18]
B-l 1, Chanakyapuri,
The. Superintendent of Police/SDM,
I want to draw your kind attention to the nuisance caused by the use of loud-speakers. I am a student of class XII appearing at the Board examinations. It is a time when all the students are busy day and night preparing for the coming examinations. Their success depends much on the proper use of their time and the concentration of their minds. It is regrettable that majority of citizens do not realise the importance of this time for students. They enjoy full liberty to use loud-speakers at their highest pitch to celebrate every occasion that comes to their hands. The result is that we are unable to make preparations in the right way.
I, therefore, request you to kindly impose a ban on the use of loud-speakers for the period of Examinations and punish those who are found guilty.
2. Write a letter to the Collector of your District about the lack of facilities and malfunctioning of the government hospital of your area.
[2011, 14, 18]
31, Malviya Nagar Itarsi
The District Magistrate Itarsi.
I wish to draw your kind attention towards the lack of facilities and malfunctioning of the government hospital of our area. The hospital has reached a sony state of affairs. The doctors and the staff are never in time and leave the hospital premises much before the hospital hours. The wards are not cleaned by the sweepers. The operation theatre wears a worse look. It is neglected by the doctors and the staff. Patients’ are forced to purchase medicines from medical stores in the market. Even serious patients are not properly attended by the doctors on duty.
As a result of this, unrest is growing among the residents of the locality. They have made several complaints against all this to the incharge of the hospital but no action has been taken so far.
I, therefore, request you to look into this matter immediately so that the government hospital of the area comes back on the track.
K. K. Bhardwaj
3. Write a letter to the SSP, Rewa about increasing goondaism in your locality.
19, Rajmahal Colony,
August, 18, 20
The Senior Supdt. of Police
I have the honour to draw your kind attention to the increasing ‘goonda’ activity in our locality. It has become a normal practice of the goonda elements to assemble at the chaurahas of this colony. Several cases of molesting and assaulting girls and women have been registered with the Police in the last two months. It has become very difficult for couples to go for a short walk late in the evening. Many cases of robbing pedestrians, and snatching away of gold chains and ear-rings from women have gone unre ported. There is tremendous fear and a feeling of insecurity among the citizens of this area. Inspite of the repeated complaints, the Police of this area seem to be unconcerned and ineffective as they have failed to take any effective step to curb the activities of ‘goondas’.
May I hope-that you will make seripus efforts to mobilize and activize the Police of this area and keep the undesirable elements under strict vigilance in order to ensure order and peace to the citizens of this area.
Radhey Shyam Bajaj
B. Informal/Personal Letters
Informal Letters के अन्तर्गत Letters to relatives, friends और अन्य सभी friendly (मैत्रीपूर्ण) Letters आते हैं।
ऐसे पत्रों की setting निम्न प्रकार से होनी चाहिए।
1. पत्र लेखक का पता प्रथम पृष्ठ पर ऊपर बायीं ओर लिखा जाना चाहिए।
5/77, L. I. G. Colony
Note मकान नं. के बाद अर्द्ध-विराम आवश्यक नहीं है। पते की प्रत्येक पंक्ति के बाद अर्द्ध-विराम तथा अन्त में पूर्ण विराम प्रायः लगाया जाता है।
2. तारीख-पते के ठीक नीचे लिखी जानी चाहिए। यह कई प्रकार से लिखी जाती है; जैसे, 31 August 20…..; 31st August, 20……; August 31, 20…..; August 31st, 20……: 31/8/20……: 31.8.20…….
तारीख बिना विरामों के अधिक प्रचलित हो रही है।
Note-पता तथा तारीख की सभी पंक्तियाँ एक ही सीध में लिखी जा सकती हैं।
5/77, L. I. G. Colony,
3. सम्बोधन (Salutation) इसका स्थान पत्र के प्रथम पृष्ठ पर बायीं ओर, तारीख से कुछ नीचे होता है। सम्बोधन के कई प्रकार होते हैं :
Dear Father; My dear Father; Dearest Sister; My dearest Sister; My dear Pankaj; Dearest Pankaj; My dearest Pankaj;
अधिक सुरक्षित ढंग है Dear + वह नाम जिससे आप उस व्यक्ति को पुकारते हैं, जैसे- Dear Pankaj; Dear Papa.
यदि आप किसी को Mr. (या Shri) Saxena कहते हैं तो लिखिए : Dear Mr. Saxena
4. पत्र का मुख्य भाग (Main Body of the Letter) निम्नलिखित बातें इस भाग के लिए किसी भी पत्र के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण हैं :
- यदि पत्र बहुत छोटा न हो तो उसे विषय-भेद के अनुसार Paragraphs में विभाजित कीजिए।
- भाषा सरल, स्पष्ट व सीधी होनी चाहिए। वाक्य छोटे और सरल होने चाहिए।
- पत्र को बहुत लम्बा न होने दीजिए।
- सूक्ष्म होते हुए भी पत्र में पूरी बात होनी चाहिए।
- पुनरावृत्ति से बचिए।
- शब्दों को रेखांकित न कीजिए।
- इस प्रकार लिखिए कि जैसे आप सम्बोधित व्यक्ति से आमने-सामने बात कर रहे हों।।
- सम्बोधित व्यक्ति से अपने सम्बन्ध के अनुसार ही Familiar terms का प्रयोग करिए।
- Punctuation पर ध्यान दीजिए।
- लिखने से पूर्व सोच लीजिए कि क्या लिखना है।
5. पत्र का अन्त (Subscription या Courteous Leave-taking)-दस भाग को पत्र की समाप्ति पर नीचे बायीं ओर लिखा जाता है।
पत्र का अन्त कई प्रकार से किया जाता है। परिवार के किसी सदस्य या किसी घनिष्ठ मित्र को लिखे गये पत्र में—Yours affectionately, Yours affectionate friend, Your affectionate (या loving) son, आदि।
अन्य पत्रों में—Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours; Yours cordially; Cordially yours.
1. You are Mohit Verma residing at 15 Abhinav Homes, Raipur. Write a letter to your friend advising him to study English and General Knowledge for competitive exams.
15, Abhinav Homes
26 April, 20….
I am fine here and hope the same for you. I am glad to know that you have passed Higher Secondary Examination with very good marks. You are studious and have rightly decided to sit for the competitive exams. I would like to advice you regarding preparations for the exams. Please pay due attention to the study of English along with subjects of General Knowledge and Current Affairs. You will be required to qualify various sections like English, Reasoning and Economy. I wish you all the best for your future. Please pay my regards to your parents and love to your brother.
2. You are Bharat Singh residing at 192, Dwaraka Colony, Bhind. Write a letter to your friend Harish, congratulating him on his brilliant success in the Higher Secondary Certificate Examination. [2013, 18]
You are Naina Bhawsar residing at 2/80, Nayapura Colony, Indore. Write a letter to your friend congratulating him/her on his/her grand success in PET exams. [2014,16]
192, Dwaraka Colony,
10 April, 20
I am glad to learn that you have topped your school with distinction marks in the Higher Secondary Certificate/PET Examination. 1 offer my congratulations to you on your brilliant success.
I wish that you will get better success in future. Give my regards to your parents.
3. You are Vivek. Write a letter to your younger sister advising her to celebrate Diwali without crackers. [2012, 16]
Sept. 09, 20
My Dear Sugandha,
I am quite well here and hope you are all happy and cheerful. Diwali is about 10 days away and you must be preparing for the festival. This year I will advise you to celebrate Diwali without crackers. You know that it is vety risky to fire crackers. One may be injured any time. Sometimes crackers injure eyes also. Not only this, crackers spread noise pollution and harm the environment. Keeping this in view I hope you will not celebrate Diwali with crackers this time.
Please pay me regards to mother and love to younger brother.
4. Write a letter to your brother telling him how you spent your last summer vacation.
I am fine here and hope the same for you. My classes have started and I have started preparing for the up coming first term test. I would like tell you about my visit to Agra. Last summer I got a chance to stay with Uncle and Aunty at Agra. Agra is a historical city. It was the capital of Mughals. There are various historical monuments in Agra. We visited the Sikandra [Akbar’s tomb], Itmaduddaula [the tomb of Noorjahan’s father], the Agra fort, Fatehpur Sikri [the capital of Mughals before Agra] and the Taj Mahal. It was built by Shahjahan in the fond memory of his wife. Twenty thousand artisans took twenty years to complete it. It is made of white marble and studded with coloured stones. It is the pride of not only Agra but also our country. There are four big temples of Lord Shiva on the four comers of the city.
I can never forget my visit to Agra. It was a wonderful experience. I think you should also visit Agra when you get a chance to do so. I hope your studies are going well. Do write to me when you get free time.
5. Write a letter to your father explaining why you could not get good marks in the half-yearly examination.
Write a letter from a son to his father informing him of his progress at School.
17, Saket Colony,
June 9, 20…
My dear Father,
I received your letter yesterday evening. I am sorry to note that you are not satisfied with my half-yearly examination marks. As I wrote to you, I was ill during the examination days. Therefore, I could not do well. Otherwise my preparation was good. You should not worry about my studies. I shall get much better marks in the next quarterly examination.
Yours affectionate Son,
6. Write a letter to your father requesting him to send you Rs. 1000/- for school and hostel fee, school uniform and books.
15, Saket Nagar,
I am quite well here. I am studying veiy hard and regularly these days. Next month I have to pay my school and hostel fee. I also need to buy my school uniform and books.
Therefore, I shall need some extra money. I request you to send me one thousand rupees more.
With best regards to dear mother and love to Neera.
7. Your friend is worried about the coming examinations. Write a letter to him giving moral support for success in the examination.
21, Civil Lines Katni
10 April, 20….
I am fine here and hope the same for you. I received your letter two days ago. Your performance in the Home examinations is quite satisfactory but you should work hard in Maths and English. You still have two months time to prepare for Final exams. You should make a schedule for study and give some extra time to these two subjects. Fm sure you will do well in your final exams. 1 wish you all the best. Please pay my regards to your parents.
8. Write a letter to your father about your future plan.
6, L.. I. G. Colony,
I couldn’t write to you since long. You might be feeling worried about me. Father, this year I gave my nights and days to my studies. So I didn’t get time. Now my examinations are over and I am feeling very much relaxed. Dear father, you will be glad to know that I have done well in all the papers and expect to get a first and even some position in the university.
Many of my friends are very studious and they have decided to sit for the competitive examinations. 1 have also made up my mind to appear in the I. A. S. examination. I am working’ very hard from right now. I have decided not to waste even a single minute unnecessarily. 1 shall harness my entire time and energy to this great task. I shall not get time to come home during the summer vacations.
Please tell about my thoughts to my mother also.
With love and regards to all,
Yours loving son,
9. Write a letter to your friend Abhinav Solanki describing a recent exciting cricket match in which your team won. Suppose you are Devendra Kumar residing at 15/K Preet Vihar, New Delhi. [2011, 15]
15/K, Preet Vihar,
New Delhi April 7,20…
1 am fine here and hope that my letter will find you in a good health too. I want to share a good news with you. Recently our school cricket team participated in Inter-School Cricket Tournament. Our team won the tournament. The .final match was very exciting. Our captain decided to field first. We were given a target of 151 runs in 20 overs. We lost first wicket on the first ball. Soon we lost two more wickets at a score of 71 runs in 8 overs and we lost all hope of winning the match. But our captain played very well. I supported him with my score of 47 runs not out. Later I was awarded man of the match for making 47 runs and taking 3 important wickets. All the players were given certificates, medals and a cash prize of one thousand rupees. We got praise and appreciation from all the teachers and the principal. I shall neyer forget this match. I am very eager to show you my certificate and medal when we meet.
Please pay my regards to your parents and love to your younger brother.
Exercises For Practice
- Write a letter to your friend inviting him and his parents to a dinner party, you are hosting to celebrate your brother’s success in I. A. S. examination. [Do not write your name].
- Write a letter to your friend inviting him/her to attend the marriage
ceremony of your sister.
- Write a letter to your elder brother telling him why you failed to pass the examination. [Do not write your name].
- Write a letter to your father requesting him to send you some more money next month. Give’ reasons for demanding additional money. [Do not write your name].
- Write a letter to your elder brother telling how you are struggling hard to maintain your position in the coming examination and some of the difficulties that are coming in your way.
- Write an application to the Principal of your college requesting him to issue you a character certificate. [Do not write your name].
- Write an application to Manager of a Sugar Mill requesting him to appoint you as a clerk in his staff. [Do not write your name].
- Write an application to the Principal of your college requesting him to instruct his office clerk to be prompt and regular in paying stipends to students. State facts about the delay, hardship caused to the students in this regard. [Do not write your name].
- Write an application to the District Supply Officer to issue a permit for 50 kg of sugar for the marriage of your sister. [Do not write your name].
- Write an application to the Principal of your college requesting him to give you a transfer certificate.
- You are the Manager of Bhatia Watch Company, Mumbai. You want to purchase 100 pairs of shoes for the workers of your company. Write a letter to the Liberty Shoe Company inviting quotations.
- You are Varsha/Rohan living at 28, Geeta Enclave, Indore. Write a letter to M/s Bajaj & Company, Station Road, Bhopal requesting them to cancel your order for the electric goods. Give reasons for your cancellation.
- You are Ashok from M/s Shanker Steel Almirah Company, Station Road, Katni. Write a letter to your customer, M/s Gauri Steel Furniture Company, Hanidia requesting for early payment.
- Write a letter to M/s Sharma Bros., 29, Industrial Area, Noida complaining that the sewing machine supplied by them is giving trouble. Sign yourself as Umesh of E-29, Radha Nagar, Rewa. | <urn:uuid:b8658df5-f1d1-4064-91f9-fb8109e28f9b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.mpboardsolutions.com/mp-board-class-12th-general-english-letter-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.839865 | 11,983 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Los Nevados National Park, like most national parks is distributed along three large areas. Tomila, Quindio and Risaraldi in Colombia. This 225 square miles of exceptional scenery is one of the natural wonders found in South America. The park is elevated to a height of 8,528 to 17,400 feet.
The Los Nevados National Park is found near the central area of Colombian Andes Mountain Ranges. It has become one of the world’s most well known wildlife sanctuary and houses a wide variety of palnt and animal species. This maybe the reason why is so blessed with many wonderful places that are worth visitng and mentioning.
- Nevado del Tolima is a stratovolcano located in Tolima area of Colombia, south of the famous Nevado del Ruiz volcano. This three sided snow capped mountain has erupted several times in the last century.
- Nevado del Quindío which is literally translated as “Snow Mountain of Quindio” is also a volcano. It is considered as the highest points of Quindío and Risaralda. The volcano has been called Snow Mountain of Quindio since it has no records of erupting and is considered a dormant volcano. The sad thing about is that the Snow Mountain of Quindio is threatened by global warming, it has been decreasing in size since the 1980’s.
- Lake Otún is an undersized lake found near the Risaraldi area. The water in the lake is of glacial origin, proof of the alarming in the Nevado del Quindío. The lake is also the lifeline of the Otún River, which supplies and provides the drinking water for the cities of Pereira and Dosquebradas. | <urn:uuid:f251b34f-fa5a-4a8c-b371-aebee8f2b161> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://naturalwondersofsouthamerica.com/los-nevados-national-park/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323970.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629121355-20170629141355-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.956226 | 365 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Wearhead is a village in County Durham, in England. It is situated at the top of Weardale between Cowshill and Ireshopeburn. It is named after the nearby source of the River Wear which runs eastwards for approx 40 miles to Sunderland.
The first settlement at Wearhead may have been a farmstead, possibly a summer base for the Bishop's cattle which would have been taken to lower ground in winter. East of the village lies a steep hillside, which has evidence of shallow shafts and hushes which were the early methods used to extract lead and iron. In County Durham there were rich deposits of lead lying within a circle of about 10 miles radius drawn around Wearhead, hence the lead-mining industry of Weardale and Teesdale.
In 1858 the Post Office Directory listed - Beer Retailer, Grocer / Draper, Tailor / Draper, Grocer, Joiner / Postmaster, Grocer and Drapers / Joiner. In 1915 the Post Office Directory listed - The Bank of Liverpool. In 1971 Barclays Bank (formerly Martins Bank) was sold and the property became a Butcher shop, which has since closed.
Wearhead stands 1,104 feet above sea level and has some of the highest peaks in County Durham, Killhope Law (673m) and Burnhope Seat 2,452 feet (747 m). Burnhope Reservoir is approx 1 mile from Wearhead. In the construction six farms were submerged when water rose to fill the man-made reservoir in 1937. | <urn:uuid:ec2316a5-7357-451c-adbc-1d0f849270ab> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Place:Wearhead%2C_Durham%2C_England | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983580563.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201940-00213-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970737 | 318 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A student in kindergarten this week led a great center on the solar system. He came up with a variety of activities that had students engaged through the entire class period. Thanks to a set of planets and posters lent to the enrichment room by Mrs. Ayer, students used a poster of the solar system to line up planets in their orbitals. Students independently read the planet names and worked together to create the orbitals! Students also spent time in the classroom library looking at books and learning about space rovers. At another table students were using pictures of the planets to draw their own planets using pastels. As a culminating activity the student had created his own paper planets which he used to play a game of hide and seek in the classroom.
I continue to be amazed at the great work that kindergarteners share each week and I can hardly wait for the next class to see what everyone will learn! | <urn:uuid:50306405-8718-4c86-ad43-7f620b484a6d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://enrichmentatres.blogspot.com/2013/04/solar-system-in-kindergarten.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320338.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624203022-20170624223022-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.975262 | 180 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Below is one of the proofs from the first maths book ever, entitled “The Elements”, and written by a mathematician (or group of mathematicians: we don’t know) named Euclid, in Alexandria, Egypt, about 300 BC.
For centuries “The Elements” was also the basic textbook for everyone who got to study maths beyond everyday arithmetic. Most people didn’t get enough years of school to do that, but for those who did, maths was Euclid.
In the 20th century, Euclid was replaced by newly-written textbooks, but those textbooks considered themselves obliged to cover most of Euclid’s arguments, and more or less in Euclid’s terms. Below the excerpt from Euclid is an excerpt from C V Durell’s A new geometry for schools, first published in 1939 and reprinted again and again at least until 1970, as a textbook for the School Certificate and then O level (rough equivalent to GCSE). This is how I was taught maths when at school.
Durell uses Euclid’s proof of Pythagoras’s theorem, although there are hundreds of other proofs, and many generally reckoned to be more vivid (click here for three).
Durell sets out the proof in a way easier to read than Euclid, with each line of reasoning under the previous line, and generous spacing between lines. In fact, Durell’s setting-out is a model of clarity which newer textbooks would do well to copy, and which working mathematicians use as a model when they write by hand.
That is not just because Durell was good at it, though he was; for most of the centuries since Euclid, paper had been very expensive, and squashing up your writing into the minimum space was an economic obligation.
You notice that Durell has proofs (a lot of them: there is a section in the book instructing students on how to write formal proofs), and that words (chosen, concise words) play an indispensable part in those proofs. He does not give long chains of algebraic manipulation with no words (not even in his Algebra textbook – see excerpt below). (Click here for a discussion of how proof dropped out of school maths). | <urn:uuid:f7ffb40f-80f9-4ec6-a84d-2bba34f353f1> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://mathsmartinthomas.wordpress.com/2017/03/04/what-maths-meant-to-most-people-for-2300-years-euclid-and-durell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257396.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523204120-20190523230120-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.970166 | 473 | 3.5625 | 4 |
We grow up honing our ability to apply pressure and tension physically – cracking an egg, ripping open a packet of crisps, hammering a nail, closing the car door and so forth. We develop a sense of the amount of strength, pressure and tension that we need to apply to the tasks at hand.
The same also applies to effectively leverage the potential of our minds. We may hone these mental skills through meditation. For example, during single pointed meditation such as meditation on the breath, we focus and place our mind onto the object of meditation. However, the state of our mind cannot be too lax or we would be in a general state of dullness, nor should the state of the mind be too tense, with too much pressure applied resulting in the grasping at the object of meditation.
During mediation, we experience the dancing of 2 ‘minds’
- the mind that focuses on the object of meditation, and
- the mind that is aware of what the mind is focusing on
The ability to apply the necessary amount of ‘pressure’ on our object of meditation, and to apply a gentle amount of ‘force’ to guide our minds back to the object of meditation requires practice. | <urn:uuid:0abc0718-29d7-48e9-ade0-87cc05610797> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://desmondkoh.com/just-the-right-amount-of-pressure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946565.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424061343-20180424081343-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.927729 | 249 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Remarkable achievements are often the products of remarkable lives. The following collection of recently published and forthcoming books from Yale present a stunning assortment of biographies which cover a huge range of subjects, from poets to actors, composers to explorers. Each subject featured in the titles listed here has had an indelible impact, not just on their field of work, but also on the cultural landscape in which they operated. The lives these people lived differ wildly, but each of their histories give an astounding insight into the work they produced and provides a foundation for our understanding of the world today.
Leonard Bernstein was a charismatic and versatile musician – a brilliant conductor who attained international super-star status, and a gifted composer of Broadway musicals (West Side Story), symphonies (Age of Anxiety), choral works (Chichester Psalms), film scores (On the Waterfront), and much more. Bernstein was also an enthusiastic letter writer, and this book – published in October – is the first to present a wide-ranging selection of his correspondence. The letters have been chosen for the insights they offer into the passions of his life – musical and personal – and the extravagant scope of his musical and extra-musical activities. Bernstein’s letters tell much about this complex man, his collaborators, his mentors, and others close to him. His galaxy of correspondents encompassed, among others, Aaron Copland, Stephen Sondheim, Jerome Robbins, Thornton Wilder, Boris Pasternak, Bette Davis, Adolph Green and Jacqueline Kennedy-Onassis. This collection of largely unpublished letters provide a glimpse of the man behind the legends: his humanity, warmth, volatility, intellectual brilliance, wonderful eye for descriptive detail, and humour.
Novelist, satirist, poet, photographer, painter, alchemist and hellraiser – August Strindberg was all these, and yet he is principally known, in Arthur Miller’s words, as ‘the mad inventor of modern theatre’ who led playwriting out of the polite drawing room into the snakepit of psychological warfare. This biography, supported by extensive new research, describes the eventful and complicated life of one of the great literary figures in world literature. Sue Prideaux organizes Strindberg’s story into a gripping and highly readable narrative that both illuminates his work and restores humour and humanity to a man often shrugged off as too difficult. Even more than most, Strindberg is a writer whose life sheds invaluable light on his work. Recounting the playwright’s journey through the “real” world as well as the world of belief and ideas, Prideaux marks the centenary of Strindberg’s death in 1912 with a biography worthy of the man who laid the foundation for Western drama through the twentieth century and even into the twenty-first.
Irresistibly magnetic on stage, mesmerizing in movies, seven times an Academy Award nominee, Richard Burton rose from humble beginnings in Wales to become Hollywood’s most highly paid actor and one of England’s most admired Shakespearean performers. His epic romance with Elizabeth Taylor, his legendary drinking and story-telling, his dazzling purchases (enormous diamonds, a jet, homes on several continents), and his enormous talent kept him constantly in the public eye. Yet the man behind the celebrity faade carried a surprising burden of insecurity and struggled with the peculiar challenges of a life lived largely in the spotlight.
This volume publishes Burton’s extensive personal diaries in their entirety for the first time. His writings encompass many years-from 1939, when he was still a teenager, to 1983, the year before his death-and they reveal him in his most private moments, pondering his triumphs and demons, his loves and his heartbreaks. The diary entries appear in their original sequence, with annotations to clarify people, places, books, and events Burton mentions.
Franz Kafka was the poet of his own disorder. Throughout his life he struggled with a pervasive sense of shame and guilt that left traces in his daily existence – in his many letters, extensive diaries, and especially in his fiction. This stimulating book investigates some of the sources of Kafka’s personal anguish and its complex reflections in his imaginary world. In this biography, Saul Friedlander probes major aspects of Kafka’s life (family, Judaism, love and sex, writing, illness, and despair) that until now have been skewed by posthumous censorship. Contrary to Kafka’s dying request that all his papers be burned, Max Brod, Kafka’s closest friend and literary editor, published and edited the author’s novels and other works soon after his death in 1924. Friedlander shows that, when reinserted in Kafka’s works, deleted segments lift the mask of “sainthood” frequently attached to the writer and thus restore to sight previously hidden aspects of his individuality.
This landmark biography of celebrated Romantic poet John Keats explodes entrenched conceptions of him as a delicate, overly sensitive, tragic figure. Instead, Nicholas Roe reveals the real flesh-and-blood poet: a passionate man driven by ambition but prey to doubt, suspicion, and jealousy; sure of his vocation while bitterly resentful of the obstacles that blighted his career; devoured by sexual desire and frustration; and in thrall to alcohol and opium. Through unparalleled original research, Roe arrives at a fascinating reassessment of Keats’s entire life, from his early years at Keats’s Livery Stables through his harrowing battle with tuberculosis and death at age 25.
Roe is the first biographer to provide a full and fresh account of Keats’s childhood in the City of London and how it shaped the would-be poet. The mysterious early death of Keats’s father, his mother’s too-swift remarriage, living in the shadow of the notorious madhouse Bedlam–all these affected Keats far more than has been previously understood.
The Marquess of Queensberry is perhaps as famous for destroying one of our greatest literary geniuses as he was for helping establish the rules for modern-day boxing. The trial and two-year imprisonment of Oscar Wilde, following a series of events inspired by Wilde’s romantic interest in his son, remains one of history’s great tragedies. However, Linda Stratmann’s riveting biography of the marquess, also known as John Sholto Douglas, paints a far more complex picture by drawing on new sources and unpublished letters. In his forties, Douglas was altered by a series of setbacks. The events of the Wilde affair – told for the first time from the marquess’ perspective – were directly linked to them. Through the retelling of pivotal events from Douglas’ life, including the death of his brother on the Matterhorn, his fruitless search for him, and the suicide of his father, the book reveals a well-meaning man often stricken with a grief he found hard to express, who deserves our compassion.
In his Autobiography, Gandhi wrote, “What I want to achieve – what I have been striving and pining to achieve these thirty years – is self-realization, to see God face to face…All that I do by way of speaking and writing, and all my ventures in the political field, are directed to this same end”. While hundreds of biographies and histories have been written about Gandhi (1869 – 1948), nearly all of them have focused on the political, social, or familial dimensions of his life. Very few, in recounting how Gandhi led his country to political freedom, have viewed his struggle primarily as a search for spiritual liberation. Shifting the focus to the understudied subject of Gandhi’s spiritual life, Arvind Sharma retells the story of Gandhi’s life through this lens. Sharma explores the eclectic religious atmosphere in which Gandhi was raised, his belief in reincarnation, his conviction that morality and religion are synonymous, his attitudes toward tyranny and freedom, and, perhaps most important, the mysterious source of his power to establish new norms of human conduct.
Leaving so few traces of himself behind, Thomas Aquinas seems to defy the efforts of the biographer. Highly visible as a public teacher, preacher, and theologian, he nevertheless has remained nearly invisible as man and saint. What can be discovered about this man, his mind, and his soul? In this short, compelling portrait, Denys Turner clears away the haze of time and brings Thomas vividly to life for contemporary readers – those unfamiliar with the saint as well as those well acquainted with his teachings. Building on the best biographical scholarship available today and reading Thomas’ texts with piercing acuity, Turner seeks the point at which the man, the mind, and the soul of Thomas Aquinas intersect. Reflecting upon Thomas, a man of Christian Trinitarian faith yet one whose thought is grounded firmly in the body’s interaction with the material world, a thinker at once confident in the powers of human reason and a man of prayer, Turner provides a more detailed human portrait than ever before of one of the most influential philosophers and theologians in all of Western thought.
David Livingstone (1813-1873) is revered as one of history’s greatest explorers and missionaries, the first European to cross Africa, and the first to find Victoria Falls and the source of the Congo River. In this exciting new edition, Jeal draws on fresh sources and archival discoveries to provide the most fully rounded portrait of this complicated man – dogged by failure throughout his life despite his full share of success. Using Livingstone’s original field notebooks, Jeal finds that the explorer’s problems with his African followers were far graver than previously understood. From recently discovered letters he elaborates on the explorer’s decision to send his wife Mary back home to England. He also uncovers fascinating information about Livingstone’s importance to the British Empire and about his relationship with the journalist-adventurer Henry Morton Stanley. In addition Jeal here evokes the full pathos of the explorer’s final journey. This masterful, updated biography also features an excellent selection of new maps and illustrations. | <urn:uuid:bfca79d9-1e40-46d1-9e62-d63c79f7bead> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://yalebooksblog.co.uk/2013/07/02/remarkable-lives-a-collection-of-extraordinary-biographies-from-yale/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00365-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96895 | 2,110 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Photo: Lance Cheung (USDA)
A new report from researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future says a lack of legal rights for migrant workers leads to increased risks for food safety.
The report, “Public Health, Immigration Reform And Food System Change,” calls for immigration reform that would give legal status to undocumented workers so they can organize, get access to health care, and fight for better conditions.
The report estimates that up to 70 percent of farm workers in the U.S. lack citizenship and work authorization.
The authors concluded that “security and resiliency of the U.S. food system is jeopardized by the health impacts facing immigrant workers.”
The American Farm Bureau Federation has called for immigration reforms to prevent worker shortages that can crush the agriculture sector and increase food prices.
Worker shortages cost American farms more than $300 million in 2010.
Farm workers have a high risk of injuries, exposure to harmful chemicals and other hazards that they are reluctant to report for fear of deportation.
The Johns Hopkins report also calls for provisions for whistleblowers, raising minimum wage, providing a path to citizenship, and allowing visa holders to switch employers. | <urn:uuid:5fc72e3f-437f-44d5-aca3-be883bc32a9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/eartheats/lack-protection-migrants-puts-food-system-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425254.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725142515-20170725162515-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.939943 | 245 | 2.609375 | 3 |
It’s more than simply building robots and doing science experiments. STEAM is about applying knowledge from multiple learning areas to solve real-world problems. Here we explore way educators are integrating maths, science, art, engineering, and technology into hands-on learning activities.
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Reading INTERFACE Magazine is the perfect place to start, keeping you up with the latest ideas, resources and trends in e-learning! If you or your school don’t currently subscribe but would like to see what we’re all about, we can send you some free copies. Simply get in touch at email@example.com and say you’d like to take us up on this special offer. | <urn:uuid:fd2bfb28-8693-402c-8cea-41f1158a8a0c> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://interfaceonline.co.nz/2018/08/03/are-you-picking-up-steam-in-your-classroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825363.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214044833-20181214070333-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.91619 | 218 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The main body and the New Fork and upper tongues of the Wasatch Formation and the Fontenelle, middle and upper tongues of the Green River Formation are recognized in the Cumberland Gap area. The main body of the Wasatch Formation corresponds to Oriel's La Barge Member of the Wasatch Formation. The main body is a flood plain deposit derived from tectonically active areas to the W. of the basin. Both the New Fork and the upper tongues of the Wasatch Formation are delta deposits that extend from their source areas, the Wind River Mountains and the Uinta Mountains respectively. The upper tongue and probably the New Fork are divisible into beds deposited in terrestrial areas and areas of lacustrine fluctuation. The terrestrial beds (nearest the source) are brilliant red beds, and the beds deposited in areas of lacustrine fluctuation (furthest from the source) are drab-green and variegated red and green beds. The New Fork and upper tongues of the Wasatch Formation were deposited in response to tectonic uplift and not in response to a retreat of the lake shore. During Green River time, the first significant uplift was in the Wind River Mountains (as marked by the New Fork tongue) and this was followed by major uplift in the Uinta Mountains (as marked by the upper tongue of the Wasatch Formation). | <urn:uuid:9e96a314-f95a-4f3f-9b9e-a7078d333e66> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/uwyo/rmg/article-abstract/2/2/151/110672/origin-of-the-wasatch-formation-cumberland-gap?redirectedFrom=fulltext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510932.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017002502-20181017024002-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.940836 | 280 | 3.15625 | 3 |
President Barack Obama on Monday became the first president to use the word “gay” in an inaugural address in reference to sexual orientation, making two references to gay rights as he began his second term.
“Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law — for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well,” Obama said during his speech.
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POLITICO searched all prior inaugural addresses online and found no previous uses of the word “gay” in regard to sexual orientation.
Obama also invoked the Stonewall Riots, a historic event in the gay rights movement, coupling it to references to signature legendary moments in the civil rights and women’s suffrage movements. The riots were sparked by a 1969 police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in Greenwich Village.
“We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths — that all of us are created equal — is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall,” Obama said.
Immediate after the speech, commentators said Obama’s references to the gay rights movement were historic for a president.
“For a president who only recently, to use his word, evolved on the issue of same-sex marriage, he made very forceful statements in this inaugural address, actually, historic statements on equal rights for gay and lesbian Americans,” said CNN’s Anderson Cooper, who is openly gay.
“Putting in the same category Seneca Falls back in 1848 when a Women’s’ rights convention was held there, in Selma, Alabama, 1965, when Alabama state troops attacked civil rights marchers, in those same category as Seneca Falls and Selma, he put Stonewall, the Stonewall Uprising which took place in New York’s Greenwich Village in 1969 on June 27 when police raided a small gay bar called The Stonewall and tenants and patrons at that bar fought back,” he continued. “And that was really the spark the modern day civil rights movement for gay and lesbian Americans, and he went on to talk about gay and lesbian Americans, saying ‘our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law, for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well.’ I think that’s the first time … in an inaugural address where gay and lesbian Americans were particularly cited.” | <urn:uuid:af4571bd-dbc0-4a88-ab6c-67e2c67f1715> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/first-inaugural-use-of-the-word-gay-086499 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584519757.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124080411-20190124102411-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.96434 | 559 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Children’s mouths grow quickly and changes occur that cannot be seen in a visual exam. Your child’s dental exam typically will include x-rays every 12-18 months to evaluate the teeth and mouth for conditions such as cavities, erupting teeth, extra or missing teeth and bone disease. In some cases, x-rays will be required more frequently. To protect your child, our office uses the most recent digital technology, which has greatly improved the safety, comfort and speed of x-rays:
- Exposure to radiation is reduced by 80 - 90%!
- A sensor that is placed in the mouth replaces the awkward biting down on plastic cases.
- With images available in seconds, there is no waiting for film to develop and visits are shorter.
- Images can be enhanced to show the fine details, allowing the doctor to diagnose conditions in the very early stages.
With digital x-rays, the staff at Heath Pediatric Dentistry can provide the safest and most pleasant dental experience for you and your child. | <urn:uuid:043cdf8f-675f-4a52-a112-862bf493cb53> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://heathpediatricdentistry.com/services/digital-xrays/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402093104.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929221433-20200930011433-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.939985 | 211 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Veterinarians play a major role in the healthcare of pets, livestock, and zoo, sporting, and laboratory animals. Some veterinarians use their skills to protect humans against diseases carried by animals and conduct clinical research on human and animal health problems. Others work in basic research, broadening the scope of fundamental theoretical knowledge, and in applied research, developing new ways to use knowledge.
Veterinarians often work long hours, with well over one-third of full-time workers spending 50 or more hours on the job. Those in group practices may take turns being on call for evening, night, or weekend work; and solo practitioners can work extended and weekend hours, responding to emergencies or squeezing in unexpected appointments.
About a Career as a Veterinarian
About Health Care Careers
Note: The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges has reviewed this overview.
Twenty Years Later: What I Know Now That I Wish I Had Known Then
What Does a Bat Have to Do with My Health Care Career?
A Conversation with Veterinarian William Hill
Part 1: How to Attend College Without Going into Too Much Debt
Part 2: Anxiety and Its Impact on Performance
Part 1: Anxiety and Its Impact on Performance
Criminal Background Check? But, I’m Not A Criminal!
Questions to Ask Before Making a Financial Investment in Your Health Sciences Education
Making the Most of Your Shadowing Experiences
Part 1: Accreditation Matters
Applying for Financial Aid (Part II)
Are You Credit Ready and Credit Worthy?
Why Diversity Matters in the Health Professions
Start Preparing for Your Health Care Career in High School
Reconciliation Act of 2010 Includes Significant Student Aid Provisions
Healthcare Reform 101
Keep Past Mistakes from Limiting Your Future Health Care Career
Making a Major Decision
Veterinarians: Caring for Animals, People and the Planet Too
Three Things to Look for in a Pre-health Enrichment Program
Prospective veterinarians must graduate from a four-year program at an accredited college of veterinary medicine with a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M. or V.M.D.) degree and obtain a license to practice. The prerequisites for admission vary by veterinary medical college. Many of these colleges do not require a bachelor's degree for entrance; but all require a significant number of credit hours—ranging from 45 to 90 semester hours—at the undergraduate level. However, most of the students admitted have completed an undergraduate program.
The Veterinary Medical College Application Service (VMCAS) allows students to apply to multiple schools using a single application. You can also connect with VMCAS and other pre-veterinary students through Facebook. The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) also has a Facebook page.
There is a growing need for vets with post-graduate education in particular specialties, such as molecular biology, laboratory animal medicine, toxicology, immunology, diagnostic pathology, or environmental medicine. The veterinary profession also is becoming more involved in aquaculture, comparative medical research, food production, and international disease control.
Applicants to veterinary medical school are not required to have a bachelor's degree, but more than 90% of all entering students do. The other 10% choose to start veterinary school after their junior year of college.
AAVMC publishes a summary of course prerequisites required by veterinary schools.
Search for funding opportunities related to this career
Search for enrichment programs related to this career
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Last updated: June 9, 2016
©2012 American Dental Education Association | <urn:uuid:ab282003-8e9e-423d-84ec-139279275b76> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://explorehealthcareers.org/en/Career/26/Veterinarian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90041 | 742 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In 2014, President Obama set out an ambitious goal to double the number of apprenticeships to 750,000 by the end of 2018, and to diversify them as well. This year the half million mark was passed. However, despite their increasing popularity and proven benefit to workers, apprenticeships are not fully understood in the United States, especially from the point of view of U.S. employers. The skilled trades that support our nation’s construction industry still represent the core of American apprenticeships, but many other industries, like health care and information technology (IT), are adopting apprenticeships to create a skilled workforce for jobs they cannot otherwise fill easily, if at all. Along the way, firms are not only starting apprenticeships in new occupations and industries but also opening doors for women and minorities.
The basic components of apprenticeships are the same today as in 1937, when the National Apprenticeship Act set the foundation for apprenticeships in the United States. Apprentices enter into a structured training program of classroom and paid on-the-job training under the guidance of a mentor. As their skills increase, so do their wages. Upon completion of the program, apprentices earn an industry-recognized credential and usually are hired into a job that marks the start of a career. The payoff for workers is clear: 91 percent of apprentices find employment after completing their program, and their average starting wage is above $60,000.1 Because of these positive results, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) has invested $265 million since 2015 to expand apprenticeships. Many states are increasing funding for technical assistance, tax credits to employers, and career and technical training to prepare students for apprenticeships.2
The biggest investment in apprenticeship programs, however, is made by businesses themselves. Yet surprisingly little is known about the payoff to businesses from these investments. Our study is one of a very few to examine these returns to business, and it attempts to avoid methodological issues common in the other studies. We examine 13 businesses and intermediaries from a variety of occupations, industries, and regions and ask: What motivated them to create apprenticeships? What are the costs and benefits? And if not apprenticeships, how else would they fill their workforce needs?
Within the apprenticeship framework, companies found great flexibility to adapt the model to their needs. As a result, apprenticeship programs vary significantly in length and cost. The longest program we studied lasted more than four years; the shortest, one year. Not considering start-up costs, the most expensive program in our sample of firms cost $250,000 per apprentice; the least less than $25,000. Apprentices’ compensation costs over the duration of the program were the major cost for all companies, and together with program length were the major factor in the cost differences among the programs in our study. Other important costs were program start-up, tuition and educational materials, mentors’ time, and overhead. One cost that was largely absent was the loss of apprentices from poaching by other companies; few companies noted poaching fears or reality.
The Benefits and Costs of Apprenticeships: A Business Perspective
The companies in our study were unanimous in their support of apprenticeships. They found value in the program and identified benefits that more than justified the costs and commitments they made to the apprentices. Our study team worked with two firms to analyze in detail how company performance was tied to their apprenticeship program. Using internal production data, we analyzed certain productivity metrics to put a dollar value on some of the benefits these two companies reap from their apprenticeship programs.
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock in Lebanon, New Hampshire, found that apprenticeship was essential to a major expansion and re-organization of its provision of medical services. The apprenticeship program cost of $59,700 per medical assistant (MA) apprentice was offset by a $48,000 per- apprentice reduction in overtime costs and $7,000 per apprentice in increased revenue from medical appointment bookings. The program nearly paid for itself within the first year and had an internal rate of return of at least 40 percent. In addition, reducing the long-term use of overtime helped relieve staff burnout and turnover. Our analysis also showed that the quality of care was at least as high after the MA apprentices were introduced.
- Siemens USA obtains at least a 50 percent rate of return on its apprenticeship program, compared to hiring machinists off the street. Most of the gains stem from the way that apprenticeship allows Siemens to more flexibly fill its capacity in Charlotte, North Carolina. The plant makes generators for electric utilities and seeks work repairing generators when it has capacity left over from making new products. Because apprentice graduates have a strong grasp of the principles of their work, they are particularly well suited for tasks like repair work, which involve more judgment than standard projects. Apprentice graduates’ flexibility helps the plant make full use of its capacity. We find that this ability to perform a variety of tasks is enormously valuable. In fact, one year of this additional capacity is worth an amount similar to the cost of a worker’s apprenticeship program. Apprentices also were more likely to finish their work on time and were slightly more productive than machinists hired off the street.
All of the firms we studied believe that apprenticeships improve their overall performance and provide a competitive advantage over other firms. Companies most often turned to apprenticeships because they could not find labor that met their minimum standards. We can measure the benefits to the apprenticeship model, which is often referred to as “earn and learn,” using three types of metrics:
- Production: Companies gain the value of output by apprentices and later by apprentice graduates, plus a reduction in errors.
- Workforce: Companies experience reduced turnover and improved recruitment, gain a pipeline of skilled employees, and develop future managers.
- Soft skills: Apprenticeships lead to improved employee engagement, greater problem-solving ability, flexibility to perform a variety of tasks, and a reduced need for supervision.
Certain employer decisions greatly affect program costs, benefits, and design, such as: program length, apprenticeship wages, training equipment, and program management. Whether companies work alone or in partnership with other businesses, educational institutions, unions, or non-profits also affects the start-up and ongoing costs. In the least expensive programs, employers often worked with the local public school system, especially in states that explicitly connected their career and technical training programs to apprenticeships. Grant funding also offset costs for some firms.
Once a decision has been made to include apprenticeships in a company’s workforce strategy, the key to sustaining an apprenticeship program over time is to balance the interests of the employer, the apprentices, and the incumbent workforce. A successful program is one in which all three groups see benefits. It can be tempting for employers to focus too narrowly on their own short-term interests in structuring apprenticeship programs. However, to attract good apprentices, employers must offer a competitive package of current pay, portable credentials, and a relatively high probability of a good job. Similarly, incumbent workers also must benefit from having apprentices by seeing them as teammates helping the company grow and not as competitors for their jobs or promotion opportunities.
Companies generally recognized these multifaceted costs and benefits of apprenticeships but typically measured only some. Surprisingly few calculated the return on their firm’s investment in their apprenticeship program. Because there is no existing toolkit for employers to measure the benefits and costs of apprenticeship programs and few firms explicitly collect data to do so, this report provides a roadmap to help employers get started. | <urn:uuid:e96a6616-f7c5-40b6-bd8f-cc3f3b76be3a> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.esa.gov/reports/benefits-and-costs-apprenticeships-business-perspective | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864626.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522053839-20180522073839-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.97371 | 1,555 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Hunger, appetite and addictions– Funny, it is said that superior sales people are never fat. This research suggests people not interested in food (like me) have more interest in novel experiences (me too!)
“Neurons that control overeating also drive appetite for cocaine
Researchers at Yale School of Medicine have zeroed in on a set of neurons in the part of the brain that controls hunger, and found that these neurons are not only associated with overeating, but also linked to non-food associated behaviors, like novelty-seeking and drug addiction.
In attempts to develop treatments for metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, researchers have paid increasing attention to the brain’s reward circuits located in the midbrain, with the notion that in these patients, food may become a type of “drug of abuse” similar to cocaine. Dietrich notes, however, that this study flips the common wisdom on its head.
- increased appetite for food can actually be associated with decreased interest in novelty as well as in cocaine, and on the other hand, less interest in food can predict increased interest in cocaine,”
- “We found that animals that have less interest in food are more interested in novelty-seeking behaviors and drugs like cocaine,”
- “This suggests that there may be individuals with increased drive of the reward circuitry, but who are still lean. This is a complex trait that arises from the activity of the basic feeding circuits during development, which then impacts the adult response to drugs and novelty in the environment.”
Horvath and his team argue that the hypothalamus, which controls vital functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst fatigue and sleep, is key to the development of higher brain functions. “These hunger-promoting neurons are critically important during development to establish the set point of higher brain functions, and their impaired function may be the underlying cause for altered motivated and cognitive behaviors,” he said.
“There is this contemporary view that obesity is associated with the increased drive of the reward circuitry.
But here, we provide a contrasting view: that the reward aspect can be very high, but subjects can still be very lean. At the same time, it indicates that a set of people who have no interest in food, might be more prone to drug addiction.”
Identifying Influential and Susceptible Members of Social Networks June 21, 2012
A representative sample of 1.3 million Facebook users showed that:
- younger users are more susceptible than older users,
- men are more influential than women,
- women influence men more than they influence other women, and
- married individuals are the least susceptible to influence in the decision to adopt the product we studied.
- influential individuals are less susceptible to influence than non-influential individuals and that they cluster in the network, which suggests that influential people with influential friends help spread this product.
- homophily (the tendency for individuals to choose friends with similar tastes and preferences and thus for preferences to be correlated amongst friends),
- confounding effects (the tendency for connected individuals to be exposed to the same external stimuli)
- simultaneity (the tendency for connected individuals to co-influence each other and to behave similarly at approximately the same time)
Influencers – Not Really So
One particularly controversial argument in the peer effects literature is the “influentials” hypothesis—the idea that influential individuals catalyze the diffusion of opinions, behaviors, innovations and products in society. Continue reading
exposure to microbes early in life may fine-tune the immune system so that it can regulate its response to acute and low-grade infections more efficiently—much in the same manner as the so-called “hygiene hypothesis” predicts that children who are exposed to microbes, such as on farms, for example, are less likely to develop allergies later in life. Indeed, the rural Shuar foragers are very lean and healthy, with low rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, says Snodgrass.
Others agree with these conclusions. “McDade’s general point that the immune system is dysregulated in the absence of pathogen exposure early in life is extremely important—and seems to have downstream consequences on many seemingly unrelated diseases,” says biological anthropologist Michael Gurven of the University of California, Santa Barbara.
In the absence of these organisms that co-evolved with us, people living in industrialized nations developed a defect in their immune regulation, says microbiologist Graham Rook of University College London, who proposed in 2003 that with urbanization, humans are not exposed to as many pathogens, such as parasites and bacteria in dirty water and mud. Poorly controlled inflammation, he notes, “occurs not in people living in third-world countries, riddled with infections, but rather in rich, infection-free, urbanized populations.” In other words, says McDade, “chronic inflammation may be a disease of affluence.”
MUTLTITASKING MAY HURT YOUR PERFORMANCE, BUT IT MAKES YOU FEEL BETTER (excerpts)
COLUMBUS, Ohio – People aren’t very good at media multitasking but do it anyway because it makes them feel good, a new study suggests.
The findings showed that multitasking often gave the students an emotional boost, even when it hurt their cognitive functions, such as studying.
“There’s this myth among some people that multitasking makes them more productive. But they seem to be misperceiving the positive feelings they get from multitasking. They are not being more productive – they just feel more emotionally satisfied from their work.”
Take, for example, students who watched TV while reading a book:
- They reported feeling more emotionally satisfied than those who studied without watching TV
- but also reported that they didn’t achieve their cognitive goals as well
- “They felt satisfied not because they were effective at studying, but because the addition of TV made the studying entertaining. The combination of the activities accounts for the good feelings obtained,”
…People show poorer performance on a variety of tasks when they try to juggle multiple media sources at the same time: for example, going from texting a friend, to reading a book, to watching an online videoBut surveys show that media multitasking is only becoming more popular.
The results showed that:
- participants were more likely to multitask when they reported an increase in cognitive needs (such as study or work) or habitual needs or both
- “They are not being more productive – they just feel more emotionally satisfied from their work.
- ”That means, for example, that the students were more likely to multitask when they needed to study (a cognitive need).
But one of the key findings of the study is that this multitasking didn’t do a very good job of satisfying their cognitive needs which actually motivate the multitasking in the first place.
That’s probably because their other media use distracted them from the job of studying. However, the students reported that the multitasking was very good at meeting their emotional needs (fun/entertainment/relaxing) – interestingly, a need they weren’t even seeking to fulfill.
the results showed that habits played an important role in the use of media multitasking“Our findings showed that habitual needs increase media multitasking and are also gratified from multitasking,” she said.
This suggests that people get used to multitasking, which makes them more likely to continue.
“We found what we call a dynamical feedback loop. If you multitask today, you’re likely to do so again tomorrow, further strengthening the behavior over time,”
“This is worrisome because students begin to feel like they need to have the TV on or they need to continually check their text messages or computer while they do their homework. It’s not helping them, but they get an emotional reward that keeps them doing it.
The brains of psychopaths showed:
- less gray matter in the anterior rostral prefrontal cortex and temporal poles
- These areas of the brain are activated when people think about moral behavior and they are responsible for empathy and understanding other people’s emotions and intentions
- They also influence a response to fear and self-conscious emotions such as guilt, embarrassment, and remorse.
- The offenders without the pathology had gray matter volumes similar to non-offenders.
The Structure of a Psychopath
June 1, 2012
What are psychopaths made of?… Is it violence and aggression and defiance? That’s what psychopaths are made of. At least, that’s how they behave. And, new research sheds light on brain structure that could explain the violent behavior and seeming lack of conscience. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:9364e5f7-113c-4c74-a76d-736c5ec1405a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://brain4biz.wordpress.com/2012/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510019.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016051435-20181016072935-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.962125 | 1,839 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Great Explorers Activity Book Great Explorers Oxford University Press Espaa youngexplorers Toys Games Electronics Crafts Explorers A to Z
Popular Ebook, Great Explorers 1: Activity Book - 9780194507011 By Charlotte Covill This is very good and becomes the main topic to read, the readers are very takjup and always take inspiration from the contents of the book Great Explorers 1: Activity Book - 9780194507011, essay by Charlotte Covill. Is now on our website and you can download it by register what are you waiting for? Please read and make a refission for you
Great Explorers Oxford University Press Great Explorers JOIN THE JOURNEY Start on a journey of discovery where children learn about the world around them, explore language, and gain confidence in expressing themselves in English. Top Famous explorers Biography Online Great Explorers Unit In the Garden Flashcards Start studying Great Explorers Unit In the Garden Learn vocabulary, terms, and with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Great Explorers iPack demo Oxford Care Great Explorers Class Book GREAT EXPLORERS UNIT IN THE TREES Frases Start studying GREAT EXPLORERS UNIT IN THE TREES Frases Learn vocabulary, terms, and with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Great Explorers Providing meaninful input YouTube Sep , Nina discusses skill development with young learners and the need to be patient during the silent period She talks about how to support our students learning by providing meaninful input For Great Explorers Go While many may think the world has been explored that all the great journeys have already been undertaken, that is not so The surface has been skimmed and maps charted but today s travelers can delve deeper and still find the sense of wonder and spirit of discovery that drove those first explorers Great Explorers Building routines YouTube Sep , How can Great Explorers help you build routines in your classroom and support classroom management Find out in this video For further information please vi Great Explorers Oxford University Press Espaa Great Explorers has an optional phonics programme for levels and Everything you need to accelerate your pupils literacy skills Everything you need to accelerate your pupils literacy skills. List of explorers Famous British explorer who led three voyages to the Pacific He is known for exploring and charting many islands in the ocean such as Polynesia, New Zealand, The Hawaiian Islands, and the eastern coast of Australia .
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Title: [PDF] ↠ Free Download ✓ Great Explorers 1: Activity Book - 9780194507011 : by Charlotte Covill Ö | <urn:uuid:a971ec47-de67-4cf5-8aa5-d2b5f4cd495a> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://modelwatches.co.uk/0194507017-great-explorers-1-activity-book-9780194507011/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998250.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616142725-20190616164549-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.87999 | 557 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Wednesday, February 1, 2017
Short video illustrating Frank Jackson's knowledge argument against physicalism and his related thought experiment of Mary, the colorblind super scientist. Philosopher Galen Strawson explains.
Tuesday, January 17, 2017
I'm gearing up for the Spring 2017 semester of my own philosophy of mind course at William
- What is the difference between substances and properties, and what is at least one argument for property dualism, and what is at least one objection to that argument?
- What is panpsychism, what is at least one argument for it, and what is at least one objection to that argument?
- What is behaviorism, one argument for it, and one argument against it?
- What is the distinction between types and tokens, and how is it used to spell out the key difference between mind-brain identity theory and functionalism?
- What is the relevance of each of the three following notions in arguing for eliminative materialism: scientific realism, degenerate research program, and folk psychology?
- What are the following four ideas and how are they related: swampman, Twin Earth, externalism, and internalism?
- What is the difference between first-order and higher-order mental states, and what relevance do they have in explaining consciousness?
Wednesday, October 29, 2014
From Pete Mandik's Brain Hammer blog:
Monday, September 22, 2014
Rock video about Frank Jackson's "Mary" thought experiment: | <urn:uuid:aa412f0d-c710-4009-b462-ce22ae45e20d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://tipom.blogspot.ca/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945793.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423050940-20180423070940-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.919093 | 303 | 2.90625 | 3 |
With the current situation having changed the way classes are taught and with the explosion of distance learning, teachers must now adapt their pedagogical tools and change their way of conceiving a class, in order to succeed in offering an effective distance learning experience, which will capture the attention of their students. Whether it is for higher education or for high school students, distance learning modules are now legion, and the educational team has several options available. Virtual classrooms, teaching platforms, etc... No need to attend a classroom to teach students what they need to succeed in their studies. Thus, the teacher must use effective digital tools, and it is within this framework that effective software and peripherals such as a graphics tablet can become real assets for holding virtual classes. We will see below how this new standard requires to adapt to its audience, how to realize interactive virtual courses, both for the trainers and for the students, and also how digital pedagogical innovations become an essential factor to realize this new training offer.
Innovative equipment for distance learning.
To achieve a quality pedagogical approach, from elementary school to tertiary education, including open and distance learning courses, adding innovative technology tools to a learning platform can be a real solution to enable learners to be more proactive during distance learning classes. These tools provide flexibility for a wide range of interactive educational activities and the creation of training modules that are directly related to the students. To teach in college or in classes requiring to catch the attention and the curiosity of the students, going beyond the devices provided by the school board, allows to involve the students by making them actively participate in the course. This makes many teaching resources usable and editable in real time, and makes online classroom teaching much more engaging for school children and students.
Among the tools that are affordable and usable by the greatest number of people, we find first of all the video conferencing software and the graphic tablet. Video conferencing software is an essential educational tool to keep the link between the teacher and the student. Many companies offer their software today, and among the most famous are Zoom, Meet, or Teams, with many options to facilitate classes in a dynamic way to capture audiences.
As for the drawing tablet, it will be a real plus to the organization of certain distance learning courses. While it may seem that many subjects and disciplines cannot be taught remotely, especially those requiring live writing or drawing (such as engineering, or even learning to write letters for the little ones), the drawing pad can introduce a new pedagogy, and offers live writing and drawing, just as one would do on a blackboard in a classroom. Teaching new skills to students becomes easier, and the compatibility of some drawing tablet, such as the ISKN Repaper, with whiteboards and online video conferencing software, makes it much easier to set up distance learning.
For teachers and trainers, the fact remains that using these tools imposes a learning process that can sometimes be time-consuming, especially in the urgency imposed by the widespread use of videoconferencing classes. Choosing the right tablet is important to be able to communicate the concepts of the course in an easy and natural way for the students. This is where the "scanner" drawing tablet comes into play. Contrary to a drawing tablet without a screen, which will require a particular hand-eye coordination, the latter requiring to write on the black touch surface with a stylus, while looking at the screen to see the result displayed live, the scanner tablet, like the ISKN Repaper, allows the user to affix a sheet of paper directly on the touch surface, and thus teach and illustrate words with a simple paper and pencil. The result of each stroke is then instantly transcribed in the graphics software or in the whiteboard of the videoconferencing software, thanks to the technology of this type of tablet, which brings fluidity to your lesson, and attracts the attention of the participants. This makes it easier for the teacher to focus on the concepts to be taught to the students, and to distill the lesson naturally, without having to concentrate on the strokes he or she is trying to draw. Everyone can use this tool easily and instantly, without being trained beforehand.
Distance learning, a new norm requiring adaptation.
The widespread use of courses conducted remotely from the teaching site, via computer tools, arrived very quickly, and teachers soon found themselves having to train themselves, but also to train learners, to use this type of distance learning device. Designing a lesson, sometimes in the context of a hybrid set-up combining a face-to-face and a virtual classroom, via video-conferencing, can become a real challenge for teachers and tutors.
The learning environment: a real change from one place to another.
The support of the learners and the training of the teachers will be very different depending on the learning structure in which the teaching is located. For an independent training organization or for professional training, the resources put in place are generally the same as for the general public or companies. It is then simple to be trained to use them, but it will require an independent organization from the class leader, so that each student can have access to the links leading to the pedagogical contents, to the schedule of each one or to the virtual classes. For schools, the Ministry of Education provides real support to teachers via a pedagogical platform, and access to digital resources is facilitated by a portal where each student will find lessons, exercises, and links to online classes. It is then easier to organize, but these digital learning tools may require training for teachers who are not necessarily comfortable with them. Moreover, contrary to the general public tools, which are really adapted to the computer peripherals that can be used to give more dynamism to the courses, it can be more complicated to synchronize them on the software provided by the national education.
Adapt to your audience.
The audience you are addressing has a real impact on the way you run a course entirely at a distance from the teaching site. While for people in vocational training, or those who have chosen open distance learning, student motivation is not a concern. Digital teaching for high school students as well as for college students requires the design of educational modules and the availability of numerous educational resources. These ensure attendance by allowing learners to follow these courses via the Internet. In all instances, tutoring several dozen students at a distance requires interactivity, which implies designing a clever device to make the class come alive. It is thus possible to interact with the students, thanks to adapted equipment, such as a whiteboard software and a pen tablet in order to meet the learners' expectations and to ensure their presence in each class. This maximizes the primary goal: the validation of the required competencies. Moreover, in the context of a hybrid course, using digital tools that reproduce the experience of being in the classroom ensures that a student who is not normally involved will not turn distance into absence.
Teaching at a distance differently.
Engage your students during the video conference.
What student would be assiduous enough to attend 7 hours of class, without any interaction? In order not to lose a number of your students and to secure their presence at a remote location, making the class more collaborative is a necessity that should not be neglected. Organizing moments of intervention for the students, during a remote course, can be easily done thanks to the tools made available by video conferencing software. Playing little games, such as answering a binary question (yes or no), by turning on or off the webcam, can be a first step to involve participants, and at the same time verify that they are all in front of their computer screen. Setting up small quizzes on a regular basis can also be an activity where students become active by answering questions asked by the teacher or trainer. Lastly, you can even actively engage your students by inviting them, individually, to write on the digital whiteboard you use to facilitate the class. Doing level assessments, and making the time collaborative between the teacher and the student is thus not far from what you can find in a standard classroom, despite the distance.
Suggest numerical exercises.
Successful training also requires the delivery of exercises to participants. In order to get students out of their daily routine, and to make them want to participate in your distance learning classes, offering them homework in the form of digital educational activities can be an interesting solution. In video, audio, or in the form of a drawing, the exercises can become fun, and bring a real plus for the motivation of the student to take part in the next sessions. This new way of teaching is really worth considering, especially at a time when the majority of the population has a computer and a smartphone.
Use all available options.
Video conferencing software offers many possibilities to conduct courses in an interactive and fun way. It would be a shame to overlook them. Whether it's activating or deactivating the participants' microphone, for greater clarity when someone speaks, without having to be cut off by someone else, or using the "raise your hand" button to know who wants to speak, using communication tools with all these options will make your classes less disorganized and more pleasant for everyone. Another interesting option for large classes is the creation of sub-classrooms. For assignments that require group work, this is an excellent alternative for less chaotic student follow-up.
Send course highlights as a video.
At the end of the class, feel free to send a short interactive video of the key points of the lesson. This can be done in advance, or live if you have a drawing tablet with a video export function, as found on the ISKN Repaper. This allows you to export everything you wrote during the lesson on the digital board, what you had planned, but also the answers to unexpected questions from some students.
Distance learning is available to everyone.
As we have seen, if you have the right tools, in addition to conventional digital educational resources, distance learning becomes accessible and much more attractive to all participants, whether students or teachers. While it's true that you won't work the same way with a class of elementary or middle school students as you would with adults in distance learning or doing graduate work at university, offering a fun, interactive and collaborative class will make students want to attend and participate in every digital class session. With these tips, it's up to you to use them and twist them to engage your students and make your classes a must. | <urn:uuid:db25c8d3-5975-496c-a0a6-2b4cc300ca7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.iskn.co/uk/discover/fc7e7f56/key-elements-for-teaching-remotely | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662580803.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525054507-20220525084507-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.955366 | 2,139 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Laird of Glenaladale and Glenfinnan, philanthropist, colonizer, soldier, born in Glenaladale, Scotland, about 1742; died at Tracadie, Prince Edward Island, Canada, 1811; he was the son of Alexander and Margaret (MacDonnell of Scotus ). He entered the Scots College, Ratisbon, Bavaria, in 1756, and there completed his education. Returning to Scotland, his high personal character and distinguished mentality were quickly recognized. The MacDonalds of Glenaladale are the senior cadet branch of the MacDonalds of Clanranald, and Captain MacDonald was chosen "Tanister" or second in command to, and representative of, his chief. It was an evil time for Jacobite Scotland, especially for Catholic Jacobite Scotland. The Catholic Jacobite was cruelly persecuted, and Alexander MacDonald of Boisdale, South Uist, a former Catholic, outdid others in severity by compelling his tenants either to renounce their faith or lose their land and homes. They chose to emigrate to America, but, being utterly destitute, found this impossible. Hearing of their pitiable condition, Captain MacDonald went to investigate. What he saw moved him to an act of heroic abnegation. It is said: "As a nursery for the priesthood, no old Highland house can rival that of Glenaladale, from the time Laird Angus became a priest in 1676, to Archbishop Angus, Metropolitan of Scotland, in 1892". Captain MacDonald proved himself a worthy son of his house, when he decided to mortgage his estates to his cousin in order to aid his distressed compatriots. With the money thus obtained he purchased (1771) a tract of land in Prince Edward Island. The following year the South Uist tenants with other Catholics from the mainland of Scotland embarked for Canada. Glenaladale, who had from the first resolved to exile himself with them, came a year later. In the Revolutionary War he and General Small raised the 84th (Royal Highland Emigrant ) Regiment. Captain MacDonald and his men fought so well for the king that he was offered the governorship of Prince Edward Island, but the Test Act being still in force, he could not, as a Catholic comply with the statutory conditions. From this time until his death he was actively engaged in the service of the new colonists, both in regard to their temporal and spiritual affairs. His kindness and generosity knew no bounds and, extending to those of other faiths, did much to create a feeling, rare enough in those days, of mutual toleration and esteem. He himself never became wealthy, and his Scotch estates eventually passed to the cousin to whom they had been mortgaged. His people, however, increased richly in numbers and in fortune. He gave his tenants nine hundred and ninety-nine year leases at a trifling rental, and from this came much of their prosperity.
Captain MacDonald married, first, Miss Gordon of Baldornie, aunt of Admiral Sir James Gordon; second, Marjory MacDonald of Ghernish (Morar). Many of his descendants embraced the religious life, notably his two grandsons, John Alaistir MacDonald and Allan McDonell, both of the Society of Jesus.
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online | <urn:uuid:b9aa2d41-3493-4629-9ce9-f79431dce9b8> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=7330 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277313.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00202-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969684 | 1,038 | 2.78125 | 3 |
It’s no secret that dogs love sandy beaches and the great outdoors and Fraser Island surely has these aspects!
Fraser Island seems like an ideal place for bringing man’s best friend, however, they are not allowed on Fraser Island. Dogs may carry diseases or viruses that are harmful to dingoes and they also put stress on native animals. Domestic dogs are incompatible with our national parks and wildlife.
While this is disappointing, the reasons behind the rule are very important.
To really understand why dogs aren’t allowed on the island, it is important to realize what factors play into the decision. Below are the primary reasons why dogs aren’t permitted on Fraser Island.
Reasons Why Dogs Aren’t Allowed On Fraser Island
The Island Is Home To Fragile Plants And Flora
Fraser Island is an ancient sand island with many fragile plants and flora that grow on the island. A lot of these plants have been growing on the island for many, many years, including the rainforest that grows straight out of the sand.
Bringing dogs onto the island could disturb these precious plants.
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Considering that the island is a world heritage site, which means the naturalistic properties on it are held with high significance, it simply isn’t a good idea to bring a dog into that type of environment.
Most dogs are curious by nature and exposing them to such a densely vegetated area could pose some risks to the dog or the island’s natural structure.
There Are Packs Of Wild Dingoes Roaming The Island
Dingoes are wild dogs that roam freely on Fraser Island and can be considered quite dangerous.
Generally, dingoes will only attack if they are provoked. Moreover, the dingoes are protected by Australian law and their conservation on the island is important to their species.
It is estimated that the island has around 30 packs of dingoes, with anywhere between 3 to 12 dingoes per pack.
While that seems a lot, considering the massive size of Fraser Island, it isn’t too terrible. The important to remember is that they can appear.
Bringing a pet dog to the island could pose a risk to the safety of the pet as well as the dingoes.
Dogs have a natural instinct to be protective, so it could be possible that a pet dog could attempt to protect its owner.
Moreover, dingoes could attack a pet dog trying to establish dominance.
In order to really protect a pet owner, a pet dog, and the population of dingoes on the island, it is best to not bring dogs onto Fraser Island.
In addition to the risk of danger to the dingoes and pet dogs, there is also the risk of crossbreeding between the dingoes and the pet dogs.
Because of this danger to the dingo population, this particular reason is the primary reason behind dogs not being allowed on the island. Any crossbreeding would destroy the dingo population’s pure-bred status.
The Waters Around Fraser Island Aren’t Safe
When a dog goes to the beach, they love running up and down the beach making pitstops to splash in the water.
On Fraser Island, this isn’t a good idea because the waters aren’t very safe. The waters can have strong currents but the biggest issue with the waters are the sharks that are known to frequent them.
Australian waters have a wide variety of dangers including stingers, sharks, rare poisonous fish, etc. It is critical to always be aware of potential dangers that could be in the water when going to a destination.
The Beach Isn’t Appropriate For Dogs On The Island
One of the most popular beaches on the island is 75 Mile Beach. This beach stretches along the eastern coast of the island and is a thrilling place for humans to explore.
The biggest attraction to the beach is that it is considered a highway as visitors can drive 4×4 vehicles up the coastline at low tide.
Because the main beach area on the island is typically full of vehicles, it is simply unsuitable for pet dogs. There is too much of a danger of them getting injured.
These reasons are important to protecting the safety of pet dogs. While dogs aren’t allowed on the island, the mainland has many dog beaches and parks.
These areas vary from coast to coast but there is a wide variety of them that range from off-leash to on-leash locations as well as specific hours that they can be accessed.
Is Fraser Island Pet Friendly?
Fraser Island is not pet friendly. While there are various accommodation sites on the island including resorts and camping spots, it just isn’t a good idea to bring a dog to the island.
This can be concerning for travellers who have their beloved pups with them while on holiday.
These accommodations are great for enjoying a holiday on the mainland with pets.
However, since Fraser Island isn’t suitable for pets, it can be difficult for visitors who want to visit but may not have a way to house their pups. Some of the caravan or RV parks offer dog-sitting services.
Generally, this is a pretty affordable service and is an excellent choice for pet owners who want to travel to Fraser Island.
They can have peace of mind that their dogs are being cared for while they explore Fraser Island.
Are Assistance Dogs On Fraser Island Ok?
While regular pet dogs aren’t allowed on Fraser Island, assistance dogs are allowed. Assistance dogs aren’t like regular pets.
They are used to help hearing or sight impaired people navigate the world in a more efficient manner.
Because of this, they are permitted on the island. It is important to note that these pups are trained to help impaired people and do not act like pet dogs.
They won’t be found running around or straying away from their owners. Their main mission in life is to stay by their owner’s side so that their owners are kept safe.
Permits are required for assistance dogs that are brought to the island. These permits showcase that the dog is actually an assistance dog so that people aren’t simply taking advantage of trying to bring pets to the island.
In fact, visitors who are found bringing their pets to the island can face some pretty serious fines.
These fines are put in place to showcase the seriousness and necessity of keeping pet dogs off the island.
As expressed, the dingo population cannot be put at risk by domestic dogs. Because of the conservation efforts of Fraser Island’s dingo population, the dingoes are the purest bred population in the world.
Travelling with a pet dog is a great way to enjoy a holiday, however, it is important to remember that they aren’t allowed on Fraser Island.
There are plenty of options for boarding their pets when visiting this iconic island. From dog sitters to leaving a pup with a loved one, guests don’t have to miss out on a Fraser Island adventure!
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Fraser Island is one of Queensland, Australia's biggest attractions. This incredible sand island sits off of the eastern coast in the Hervey Bay region of the state. The island is popular due to...
Fraser Island is a world-renowned island off of the eastern coast of Australia. This giant sand island is full of beautiful lakes, an ancient rainforest, and so much more. However, much like the... | <urn:uuid:d4115f94-5546-46cc-a940-496ec1701997> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.discoverherveybay.com/can-you-take-a-dog-to-fraser-island/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703587074.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125154534-20210125184534-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.950758 | 1,638 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The word periodontal means “around the tooth.” Periodontal disease is a bacterial infection which attacks the gums and the bone that support the teeth. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria which if not removed, causes inflammation which begins to destroy the gums and bone. Periodontal disease is usually characterized by red, swollen, and bleeding gums, but in some instances, may show no signs.
Periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss for those over 35 years of age. An estimated 80 percent of American adults currently have some form of the disease.
Not only is it the number one reason for tooth loss, research suggests that there may be a link between periodontal disease and other diseases such as, stroke, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and increased risk during pregnancy. Research is ongoing to determine how inflammation and bacteria associated with periodontal disease affects these systemic diseases and conditions. Smoking also increases the risk of periodontal disease.
Good oral hygiene, a balanced diet, and regular dental visits can help reduce your risk of developing periodontal disease.
Signs and symptoms of periodontal disease:
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FEATURE: LIME VS CEMENT16th April 2018
As a young architect I used to wonder why older architects were so resistant to new ways of doing things and to using new materials. But having spent many years conserving Scotland’s beautiful architectural heritage, I now fully understand their reasons. In the great mortar debate, I have seen difficult-to-repair damage caused by using cement on prized old buildings where I know lime should have been used.
Our practice is currently working on four historic listed buildings which have been damaged by the unfortunate use of cement mortars over the last 70 years. This is a theme for most conservation architects today. The problems include damp interiors caused by a thin cement render applied over original lime render, which can be a contributory cause of dry rot. Another common one is causing spalling stonework around joints in ashlar walling leaving the cement-pointing standing proud of the surrounding decayed stone. Also, inappropriate cement repairs and pointing can cause accelerated decay of architectural features.
Portland cement became widely used from the 1930s. The perceived advantage of the product was a faster build time, and harder, stronger mortar. This can be fine in some modern construction but on traditional buildings with stonework and with solid walls it just doesn`t work.
Relearning old methods
The building conservation industry has been relearning and applying the skills of using lime mortar. Something that used to be commonplace has had to be rediscovered. The body leading this in Scotland (and in fact the world) is the Scottish Lime Centre in Fife. We use them for mortar sample analysis, advice on sources of sands and aggregates, and for help with specifications generally. They are an invaluable resource and it’s great to see effort being put into repairing our historic buildings properly.
To strengthen the foundations of my lime knowledge I attended a course there. Following some classroom sessions, we were outside building a lime kiln and burning limestone to make quicklime. We then slaked the quicklime by adding water, which boils violently in an exothermic reaction to form lime putty. You then add the aggregate (we used a course well-graded sand) and knock up the mix with long-handled trowels until it’s the right consistency. The next day after some further manipulation of the mix it can be used.
This hands-on training continued with hammers and chisels removing the pointing from a wall to just deeper than the first finger joint, cleaning out the joints and pointing with the lime mortar using a pointing iron. The joints were then beaten using a stiff brush.
So, what’s the point of using lime?
Lime work does take more knowledge and care than most modern building materials, and it can go wrong if mistakes with the mix proportions are made, or even if the weather is too cold. So, expertise is key. But, the key reason that we use it over cement is because it allows buildings to breathe, to take on moisture and to give it off again while also providing a weathertight envelope.
Lime’s other advantage is that it eliminates the need for movement joints. It is also extremely attractive, as anyone will know who has compared the look of lime-pointed stone buildings or lime-washed lime harling to buildings where cement has been used.
As architects, we need to think years ahead for the buildings we design and build. We must make sure that this sort of detailed work is being done properly on site. That was my excuse anyway, for a few days out of the office at the Scottish Lime Centre. But I would recommend the experience to anyone who wants to get involved in historic buildings. And, for me, this extra hands-on knowledge has proved invaluable in the certainty of doing conservation work properly. | <urn:uuid:6ec0b06d-8d8b-4365-9ea5-2fb1019eac5a> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.thomasrobinsonarchitects.co.uk/blog/feature-lime-vs-cement-the-great-mortar-question | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662564830.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524045003-20220524075003-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.96617 | 781 | 2.8125 | 3 |
I had high hopes for today’s Algebra 1A lesson on scatter plots and introduction to trends and correlation. I was going to use the Movie Compatibility idea found here, but I chose to use the top 10 songs on the Billboard chart. The students and I have had lots of discussions about music. They always want to know about what I think of some song I’ve never heard of and I in turn put on my music. I’m an old school jazz fan, so I get lots of groans. I was looking forward to the delight when I had an assignment with the cool kid new music. Dun dun dun…. that was my mistake. Apparently the Billboard Top 10 is a terrible representation of the teenagers I work with. I assumed since I hadn’t heard of the songs, my students must have 🙂 One student had heard only 2 of the songs, and I think the most was someone who had heard of 7. We had to scrap that plan and move on.
Instead, we did a sorting activity where students took two variables at a time and decided whether they would have positive, negative, or no correlation. I found the activity here, and since it was an in the middle of class change, I didn’t update or change it. I had the students match the graphs first and then share ideas of things that would fit in each category. Then we added the notes in blue. then in pairs or alone, the cut out and sorted the different scenarios and taped them into the correct flap. One of the better debates was around age and height.
My most common line of the day was “If you can defend it…” I like that even in a card sort, there is not necessarily a right answer, and a seemingly true answer is no good if you can’t justify reasoning. I’m going to look for some crazy correlations to share tomorrow. We touched on correlation/causation today, but I think I can drill home the need for proof with a few example like: “The per capita consumption of cheese, people who die by being tangled in bed sheets” .
Side Note: I tasked the students with going home and listening to the 10 songs that we tried to rank today so that they could rank them tomorrow. I like the idea of generating data, especially without the typical measuring labs. I tried to play the songs in class today, but they failed the internet safety filter. I never assign homework, so I scared a few today when I told them they had homework. When they figured out it was listening to the songs, they were excited though. Hopefully tomorrow should be smoother. | <urn:uuid:9add003d-7b97-4ddb-86ae-345a24d5236a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://alternativemath.wordpress.com/2015/03/30/scatter-plots-and-trends/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646213.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319023123-20180319043123-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.984975 | 544 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Powertran has been manufacturing dry-type transformers in Michigan since 1956. Transformers are very commonly needed, and Powertran is proud to provide this hardware to machine builders and automation specialists.
Transformers mainly consist of three components: the winding conductor, which can be copper or aluminum; electrical, or “high silicon,” steel; and cardboard.
The first step at Powertran is to wind the coils, with one coil corresponding to each phase of the transformer. For example, a 3-phase transformer will have three coils. Single-phase transformers can have one or two coils.
Each coil consists of many layers of copper and paper, wrapped around an open-ended cardboard box. Conductors are wrapped in parallel, in many different gauges depending on how many amps the application needs.
Powertran’s next step is to build the steel hardware, which consists of many layers of electrical steel that the windings will encase when the build is complete. The steel components are assembled by machine for smaller transformers, while larger units are built by hand.
The assembled transformer is then tested and sealed in varnish, both processes necessary for ensuring the transformer is suitable for use in the field.
To learn about the entire process in detail, watch the video above for the full tour. If you need information about transformers for your own application, contact our experts today! | <urn:uuid:9cdcf5e5-b05a-4101-830b-967890ddeb8a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://blog.galco.com/powertran-factory-tour/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317113.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822110215-20190822132215-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.933565 | 288 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Permissive Parenting Definition
Permissive parenting is a parenting style with low demands and high responsiveness. It is a more like the opposite of Authoritarian Parenting. Parents show more loving expressions and provide few guidelines and rules. They tend to be more like a friend to their children rather than showing a figure of parent. They also do not much expecting mature behavior from their children. It seems like to be a “no-discipline” approach.
Permissive parents are very lax and rarely make rules or structures enforcement. They never hover over their children’s move. This type of parents are warm and loving and only make a little attempt to control their children. They have motto that “Kids will always be kids“.
Experts sometimes call Permissive parenting as indulgent parenting. Demands over the children is relatively only few from this type of parents. They are also only have low expectations of self-control and maturity from their parents.
Permissive parents are more responsive than they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation.
Permissive Parenting Characteristics
Some of the typical traits of permissive parents including:
- Permissive parents only have few rules or standards of behavior. They are often inconsistent, if any.
- Parents are usually very nurturing and loving. They shows a figure of friend to their children rather than a parent.
- Toys, gifts and food are popular bribes for the parents to get children to behave
- Emphasize their children’s freedom rather than responsibility
- Children’s opinions is involved on making major decision
- If the children make mistakes, the parents rarely make consequences
The Effects of Permissive Parenting
Research suggests overly relaxed parenting approach can lead to many negative effects. Children may experiencing lack of self-discipline and having poor social skills. Furthermore, due to lack of boundaries and guidance from their parents, they also may feel insecure.
Children raised by permissive parents may display low achievement in many aspects especially in academic aspect. They do not have anything to strive forward because their parents have little expectations of them.
Research also found that children raised by permissive parenting were more likely to increase level of aggression over time. This study involves 281 American children at the age of 9 years. (Underwood et al 2009). They also tend to make poor decisions since permissive parents seldom enforcing any type of rules or guidelines. These kids also have bad problem-solving and decision-making skills.
Lack of demands and expectations make negatives outcome that children with permissive parents may have only a little sense of self discipline. In the school, they may disobey some rules and have less motivation to study due to the lack of boundaries in the home.
Children raised by permissive parents may lack of social skills since these parents have few requirements for mature behavior. They may have good interpersonal communication, but lack of other important skills.
Solutions for Permissive Parenting
Parents who use permissive parenting as their approach should consider looking for ways to develop your practice to be “more authoritative“. It is useful for them who is struggling to enforcing rules for their children. Parents can consider below suggestions:
- Developing some household basic rules. Parents should let children know about their expectations and how they should behave.
- Making some consequences if children breaking rules. It is useful when children know that they can get consequences if they breaking the rules. They might lose some privileges for the consequences.
- Giving reward for having good behavior. This can motivate the children to always make good behavior. Parents can give some more privileges to them.
Bottom Line for Permissive Parenting
Permissive parenting is actually a good approach, although not the best. However, this approach can lead to a number of problems and permissive parents need to utilize a more “authoritative approach”. Parents should think of ways that you can help your children understand parents’ expectations and guidelines. Parents also should be consistent about rule enforcement. Children can learn skills they need in life in order to be success if parents could provide a good balance of structure and support. | <urn:uuid:20c20848-bae8-4a78-af94-a1469ce3b1b6> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://authoritativeparenting.net/permissive-parenting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999041.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619204313-20190619230313-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.964653 | 861 | 3.234375 | 3 |
John M. Chowning (; born August 22, 1934 in Salem, New Jersey) is an American composer, musician, inventor, and professor best known for his work at Stanford University and his invention of FM synthesis while there.
Chowning is known for having discovered the FM synthesis algorithm in 1967 (Johnstone 1994; Schottstaedt 0000; Chowning 1973). In FM (frequency modulation) synthesis, both the carrier frequency and the modulation frequency are within the audio band. In essence, the amplitude and frequency of one waveform modulates the frequency of another waveform producing a resultant waveform that can be periodic or non-periodic depending upon the ratio of the two frequencies.
Chowning's breakthrough allowed for simple--in terms of process--yet rich sounding timbres, which synthesized 'metal striking' or 'bell like' sounds, and which seemed incredibly similar to real percussion. (Chowning was also a skilled percussionist.) He spent six years turning his breakthrough into a system of musical importance and eventually was able to simulate a large number of musical sounds, including the singing voice. In 1974 Stanford University licensed the discovery to Yamaha in Japan (Mattis 2001), with whom Chowning worked in developing a family of synthesizers and electronic organs. This patent was Stanford's most lucrative patent at one time, eclipsing many in electronics, computer science, and biotechnology.
The first commercial musical instrument to incorporate FM Synthesis was the Synclavier I, introduced by New England Digital Corporation in 1977. Their Synclavier II, introduced in 1980, was frequently used in the production of popular music beginning that year. The first Yamaha product to incorporate the FM algorithm was their GS1, a digital synthesizer that first shipped in 1981. Some thought it too expensive at the time, Chowning included. Soon after, in 1983, Yamaha made their first commercially successful digital FM synthesizer, the DX7.
Another important aspect of Chowning's work is the simulated motion of sound through physical space. In 1972 he was first able to create the illusion of a continuous 360-degree space using only four speakers, in his composition Turenas (Mattis 2001).
Chowning graduated from Wittenberg University with a Bachelor of Music in 1959 (Nelson 2015,[page needed]). He studied music composition for two years (1959-61) with Nadia Boulanger in Paris and received his PhD in 1966 from Stanford, where he studied under Leland Smith. He was the founding director in 1975 of the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) at Stanford University (Mattis 2001).
Chowning married Elisabeth Keller and they had two children, John and Marianne. Both John and Marianne had two children, Madeline, Jade, Sam, and Evan. John's second marriage is to Maureen (Doody) Tiernay and they had one child named James Scott.
One of Chowning's most famous pieces is called Stria (1977). It was commissioned by IRCAM for the Institute's first major concert series called Perspectives of the 20th Century. His composition was noted for its inharmonic sounds due to his famous FM algorithm and his use of the golden mean (1.618...) in music.
Other famous compositions include Turenas (1972), which was one of the first electronic compositions to have the illusion of sounds moving in a 360-degree space (Tyranny n.d.). With Phoné (1980-1981), he became the first to put FM over voice synthesis (Anon. 2001). | <urn:uuid:c9b4baac-6f05-4057-a404-9957755f7bb0> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.popflock.com/learn?s=John_Chowning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221216475.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820140847-20180820160847-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.966088 | 744 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Before you became a parent, everyone told you how much joy a child would bring into your life. And that promise has certainly come true. But nobody warned you about the worries that would come along with parenthood.
While it’s been a great experience watching your children grow from infancy to adolescence, you know that the teenage years can be the most dangerous of all. Your child has begun to learn to treasure her independence, self-reliance, and judgment—and that sometimes means paying less attention than she should to wise advice from adults. Even your advice.
And now she’s learning to drive.
Three principles for keeping your child safe on the road
You want your daughter to be a safe Pennsylvania driver. From your own experience, you know that there are two complementary parts to safe driving:
- Personal responsibility behind the wheel—so you don’t endanger yourself, your passengers, and other people.
- Alertness to road conditions and other drivers’ mistakes—so you can anticipate and avoid dangerous situations, and reduce your chances of being involved in a Pennsylvania traffic accident.
- Your child has to learn these for herself. You can’t step in and do the job for her. However, you can give her the enormous advantage of your experience. You can become an essential part of her learning process—and the bond between you will become stronger for your efforts.
Follow these three principles to help prepare your child for her future as a safe driver in Pennsylvania:
- Communicate. Talk to your child often about your expectations for responsible driving, car upkeep, and acceptable behavior. Now is the time to finally have that talk about drinking and driving. Make sure you discuss important safety issues, such as seat belt use, texting and cell phone use, and the distraction of friends in the vehicle. Share lessons from your own experiences on the road.
- Commit. Budget time from your schedule to ride with your child as she practices driving. Observe her in as many different weather and traffic conditions as possible. Be generous with safety tips that you have learned; you’ll be surprised how often helpful advice will occur to you. Take time to address her questions and apprehensions.
- Model. Don’t just rely on your words to convince your child you’re serious about Pennsylvania road safety; your behavior behind the wheel should reinforce your safety messages. Show you’re a smart driver by reducing distractions, controlling your emotions, and following traffic rules. Give your daughter an example she will want to emulate.
When your teenager is learning to drive in Pennsylvania, everything you do to get involved will pay off later in life. Unfortunately, all the precautions in the world cannot control every risk. If you or your daughter becomes a victim of a traffic accident in Dauphin County or the surrounding communities, you need information fast. Contact a auto accident lawyer in Harrisburg from Schmidt Kramer by calling 717-888-8888 or (717) 888-8888 toll-free to schedule a free, confidential case review. Just for calling, we will send you a FREE copy of our client book, Who Pays The Bills When You Are Injured In An Automobile Accident?, as an introduction to our firm. | <urn:uuid:14aa6ac3-8402-41c5-bff5-fc1cb7ecdf7a> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.schmidtkramer.com/library/your-teenage-driver-a-guide-for-parents.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00663.warc.gz | en | 0.962691 | 669 | 2.875 | 3 |
Welcome to The Community Guide! Let us know what you think of the website by completing this quick survey.
Community Health Workers Help Patients Manage Diabetes
The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) recommends interventions that engage community health workers to help patients manage their diabetes. The finding is based on a systematic review that shows patients who receive these interventions improve their glycemic and lipid control and reduce their healthcare use. Additionally, the available economic evidence suggests these interventions are cost-effective.
What are Community Health Workers (CHWs)?
Community health workers (including promotores de salud, community health representatives, community health advisors, and others) are frontline public health workers who serve as a bridge between underserved communities and healthcare systems. They are from, or have a close understanding of, the community they serve. CHWs often receive on-the-job training and may work as volunteers. CHWs may work alone or as part of an intervention team comprising counselors, clinicians, or other health professionals.
How do Community Health Workers (CHWs) Improve Diabetes Management?
Interventions engaging community health workers for diabetes management aim to improve diabetes care and self-management behaviors among patients. These interventions use one or more of the following models of care:
- Screening and health education
- Outreach, enrollment, and information
- Member of a care delivery team
- Patient navigation
- Community organizers
Overall, interventions engaging community health workers improved patients’ glycemic or blood sugar control (HbA1c, proportion at goal A1c [A1c < 7.0%], fasting blood glucose) and reduced their healthcare use. Improvements were also seen for self-reported lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and improved nutrition.
Why is the CPSTF Recommendation Important?
- More than 23 million Americans are living with diagnosed diabetes (CDC 2017 ).
- The total direct and indirect estimated cost of diabetes has risen from $174 billion in 2007 to $245 billion in 2012 (CDC 2017 ).
- Diabetes increases patients’ risk of heart attacks, strokes, nerve damage, eye damage and blindness, kidney disease, and more. When properly managed, however, patients can reduce these risks (CDC 2017 ).
What are the CPSTF and Community Guide?
- The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) is an independent, nonfederal panel of public health and prevention experts whose members are appointed by the CDC Director. CPSTF provides information for a wide range of decision makers on programs, services, and other interventions aimed at improving population health. Although CDC provides administrative, scientific, and technical support for the Task Force, the recommendations developed are those of CPSTF and do not undergo review or approval by CDC.
- The Guide to Community Preventive Services (The Community Guide) is a collection of all the evidence-based findings and recommendations of the Community Preventive Services Task Force and is available online at www.thecommunityguide.org.
Additional CPSTF Recommendations on Community Health Worker Interventions:
- Cardiovascular Disease: Interventions Engaging Community Health Workers
- Diabetes Prevention: Interventions Engaging Community Health Workers
For More Information
- The Community Guide
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Diabetes Prevention Program
- American Diabetes Association
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: The CHW Toolkit
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Community Health Worker Resources | <urn:uuid:8379bc98-7793-4230-8ace-e0888706df85> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.thecommunityguide.org/content/community-health-workers-help-patients-manage-diabetes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334596.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925193816-20220925223816-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.921031 | 704 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Research scientist, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
Pages: 20 Published: Jan 1978
The cyclic inelastic deformation and fatigue resistance characteristics of a typical rail steel in use by American railroads have been determined. Uniaxial smooth specimens were obtained from the head of an unused section of rail and subjected to a variety of test conditions—static tension, static compression, and fully reversed constant-amplitude strain cycling. Additionally, a study of “history effects” was made. Included in this study were tests to examine the influence of orientation, mean stress, initial prestrain, and periodic overstrain, both the cyclic deformation response and the fatigue resistance being reported for each condition. Results obtained from these tests are discussed in light of predictive models for rail failure, particular attention being paid to the influence of stress state on deformation response and fatigue resistance.
steels, railroad tracks, deformation, fatigue (materials), stresses, strains
Paper ID: STP27121S | <urn:uuid:dfdb8049-4a7b-4121-85c1-d171d010ea7c> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/STP/PAGES/STP27121S.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163879441/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133119-00034-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924911 | 209 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Submitted to: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 1/4/2014
Publication Date: 3/20/2014
Publication URL: http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/59365
Citation: Sharma, V.K., Casey, T. 2014. Escherichia coli O157:H7 lacking qseBC encoded quorum sensing system outcompetes the parent strain in colonization of cattle intestine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80(6):1882-1892.
Interpretive Summary: Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) are Shiga toxin-producing bacteria that infect humans through the consumption of contaminated meats, such as ground beef, unpasteurized dairy products, fresh produce and water. Human infections with O157 generally produce mild diarrhea but in children and elderly, the Shiga toxins produced by O157 could lead to bloody diarrhea, kidney malfunction, and even death. Cattle generally carry these bacteria in their intestines without experiencing any damage or disease to themselves, but can shed O157 in their feces at variable magnitudes and duration. Cattle feces are the major risk factor for the contamination of animal hides in feedlots and carcass contamination at slaughter plants leading to the downstream contamination of meat products. Cattle manure is also a major risk factor for the contamination of water resources and environmental spread of O157. According to CDC estimates, O157 causes over 73,000 human illnesses per year with over 2,000 cases of hospitalizations and 61 deaths. Combined economic losses due to human illnesses and food contamination are estimated at almost a billion dollars. Thus, a concerted approach is needed to identify factors that promote intestinal colonization and fecal shedding of O157 in cattle. By engineering and testing specific mutants of O157 that we hypothesized to be compromised in sensing stress hormones, which are produced by cattle and all mammals, we discovered that these mutants were better in colonizing the digestive system (established by many studies to be terminal portion of the large intestine) of cattle. The better colonization capacity of mutant O157 bacteria were indicated by their increased shedding in the feces of cattle experimentally fed these mutant bacteria. These findings have facilitated identification/confirmation of O157 factors for developing novel or improving existing vaccines for reducing colonization and persistence of O157 in cattle that is critical for reducing the risks of downstream contamination of meats, produce, water, and human infections.
Technical Abstract: The qseBC encoded quorum-sensing system (QS) regulates motility of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in response to bacterial autoinducer-3 (AI-3) and mammalian stress hormones epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). The qseC gene encodes a sensory kinase that post-autophosphorylation in response to AI-3, E or NE phosphorylates its cognate response regulator QseB. In the absence of QseC, QseB down-regulates bacterial motility and virulence of the qseC mutant in animal models. In this study, we determined if the qseBC encoded QS provides competitive advantage to EHEC O157:H7 in colonization and fecal shedding in calves. Eight to ten months old weaned calves inoculated orally with a mixture containing equivalent numbers of the wild-type EHEC O157:H7 and its isogenic qseBC mutant showed significantly higher fecal shedding of the qseBC mutant. In vitro analysis revealed similar growth profiles and relative motilities of the qseBC mutant and the wild-type strain in the presence or absence of NE. The magnitude of response to NE in the qseBC mutant, as indicated by the enhancement in its motility, was similar to the wild-type strain. Transcriptional analysis showing no significant differences in the expression of flagellar genes flhD and fliC correlated with similar motilities of the qseBC mutant and the wild-type strain on media with or without NE. The expression of ler, the positive regulator of locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), the ler-regulated secreted protein EspA, and csgA encoding curli fimbriae were increased in the qseBC mutant compared to the wild-type strain. On the other hand, growth, motility, and transcriptional levels of flagellar, LEE, and csgA genes were significantly reduced in the complemented qseBC mutant. Thus, in vitro gene expression data indicate that the near-wild-type motility and enhanced expression of LEE, and curli genes might in part be responsible for the increased colonization and fecal shedding of the qseBC mutant in calves. | <urn:uuid:7dbd3a10-f406-409c-b662-33f03ec28796> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=298623 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648850.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602172755-20230602202755-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.912477 | 1,027 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Did you know that ‘proprius’ means ‘one’s own’ or ‘very near’ in Latin? Proprioception refers to the sense information received in the brain from the movement of joints, tendons, muscles, ligaments and bones. The young developing brain is nourished and fed by impressions received directly from the body, providing essential information about ‘oneself’ through sensation.
I thought you’d be interested in a short video clip from a staff development workshop I gave recently in northern New Jersey. I’m presenting early childhood activities based on my Circle Songs CD and Activity Song Book created specifically for the preschool years. In the clip we’re exploring different ways to sing ‘Open Shut Them’ by changing up the lyrics, making tempo changes, and exploring teaching dynamics.
To order my Circle Songs CD and/or Activity Songbook click here!
Open Shut Them
Circle Songs! CD ©2005
Verse 1 – Traditional finger play lyrics:
Open shut them, open shut them, give a little clap,
Open shut them, open shut them, put them in your lap.
Creep them, crawl the, creep them, crawl them, right up to your chin,
Open wide you little mouth, and do not let them in.
Verse 2 – Added body movement lyrics:
Open me, shut me, open me, shut me, give myself a clap,
Open me, shut me, open me, shut me, fold me over in my lap.
Raise me, lower me, right me, left me, turn me all the way around,
Open wide my little self, and do not let me be found.
Verse 3 – Added eye movement lyrics:
Open the eyes, shut them, open the eyes, shut them, give a little blink,
Open the eyes, shut them, open the eyes, shut them, give a little wink.
Look up, look down, look right, look left, circle them all the way around,
Open wide your little eyes and do no let them be found. | <urn:uuid:27c3c453-081d-43a2-a70a-e0a191f420fc> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.sukeymolloy.com/movement-grows-learning-with-open-shut-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829429.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218143757-20181218165757-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.908168 | 447 | 3.296875 | 3 |
WASHINGTON, DC — Researchers have demonstrated that a new mapping approach based on near infrared spectroscopy can distinguish between fat and muscle tissue in the heart. This distinction is critical when using radiofrequency ablation to treat a serious heart rhythm problem known as ventricular tachycardia.
Radiofrequency ablation, the only treatment for ventricular tachycardia, involves identifying areas of the heart that are triggering abnormal signals and then heating them to the point that abnormal signals can no longer be transmitted. During the procedure, it's important, yet challenging, to identify precisely where to deliver energy while avoiding healthy tissue.
In The Optical Society (OSA) journal Biomedical Optics Express, research team leader Christine P. Hendon from Columbia University and a multidisciplinary group of colleagues show, for the first time, that an ablation catheter incorporating near-infrared spectroscopy mapping can successfully distinguish various tissue types in hearts donated from patients with cardiovascular disease.
"Ventricular tachycardia is the single largest cause of sudden death in the US, with an estimated 300,000 deaths per year occurring from the condition," said Hendon. "We hope that our technology can be translated to the clinic to increase the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation therapy and reduce related complications for ventricular tachycardia patients."
An optical option
Today, most clinical heart mapping systems are based on functional measurements such as voltage. "An optical measurement that provides information about the underlying tissue composition has the potential to be used with standard functional methods to improve ablation success rates," said Hendon.
The researchers used near infrared spectroscopy, which works by shining light with a broad range of wavelengths onto the tissue and then detecting the light that is reflected back. This reflectance spectrum provides information about tissue composition based on its absorption and scattering properties.
"By using near-infrared wavelengths in addition to visible wavelengths, we can probe deeper into the tissue," said Hendon. "The technique lets us distinguish various types of tissue within human hearts because fat, muscle, and ablation lesions all have different scattering and absorption wavelength dependent properties."
The approach could not only be used to guide ablation procedures and evaluate how well they worked, but might also provide information that could be used to develop new computational models that would help advance the understanding of mechanisms involved in arrhythmia.
"Once an abnormal area has been identified and heated to form an ablation lesion, it is important for the operator to know if that lesion was placed successfully and had the desired effect," said Hendon. "Direct measurement of tissue characteristics affords the possibility of improved ability both to find abnormal tissue and to determine how well it has been treated."
Inside the heart
Using near-infrared spectroscopy during radiofrequency ablation required the researchers to develop new ablation catheters that incorporated optical fibers for emitting and detecting light, as well as a custom tip for tracking the instrument. They also developed new signal and data processing techniques, a workflow for rendering anatomical tissue maps and a catheter tracking system to enable spatial mapping of the tissue.
Using the new catheter, the researchers tracked the position of the instrument as it moved along the heart surface. At each location they recorded reflectance spectra and used this to compute an optical index for both fat and lesion tissues. The experiments were performed on donor hearts from deceased people with cardiovascular disease to replicate what would likely be encountered in the clinic.
"So far we have extremely encouraging results," said Hendon. "Our work shows that optics can have a large and impactful role within the field of cardiac electrophysiology."
The researchers are now working on a new catheter prototype that would more fully integrate the mapping processes. They also plan to demonstrate the method in large animals to test how well it works with heart muscles moving and blood circulating through the heart.
- This press release was originally published on the OSA website | <urn:uuid:7918f594-4da1-40c3-8b1b-3e5729e6eaae> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.labmanager.com/news/how-spectroscopy-could-help-treat-serious-heart-arrhythmia-23236 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710662.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128203656-20221128233656-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.947753 | 806 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Events were held across Canada on November 20 to celebrate National Child Day, and one such event was held at the Family Resource Centre in Kamsack.
Families with children age 0 to prekindergarten were invited to participate in activities for National Child Day that included crafting a calm-down bottle, a musical activity and a nutritious snack. KamKids Daycare and Wild Pigeon Daycare of Cote First Nation were also invited to participate in the day’s activities.
Organizers were Andrea Veregin and Megan Peters, early years facilitators at the Family Resource Centre.
Jackie Washenfelder of Yorkton, a music therapist who operates Positively Music Therapy of Yorkton, was there and, along with her daughter Halle, led the youngsters in a spirited session of music in which the youngsters were encouraged to participate and move along to the music.
Peters led the youngsters in a crafting project where each youngster made a “calm down bottle,” explaining that the exercise was all about “self-regulation,” and was part of the My Curious Brain program from the Saskatchewan Prevention Institute.
National Child Day is celebrated on November 20 each year, said information found on the website. National Child Day has been celebrated across Canada since 1993 to commemorate the United Nations' adoption of two documents centered on children's rights: the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child on November 20, 1959, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child on November 20, 1989.
By ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991, Canada made a commitment to ensure that all children are treated with dignity and respect. This commitment includes the opportunity for children to have a voice, be protected from harm and be provided with their basic needs and every opportunity to reach their full potential.
“Celebrating National Child Day is about celebrating children as active participants in their own lives and in communities, as active citizens who can and should meaningfully contribute to decision-making,” the information concluded. | <urn:uuid:0ba2f428-70e4-40fc-82f9-4542ca3755ce> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.kamsacktimes.com/news/local-news/family-resource-centre-celebrates-national-child-day-1.24019823 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370507738.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402173940-20200402203940-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.973627 | 423 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Feature of the Month
Two days ahead of the G20 summit in Germany, the international medical humanitarian organisation Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and the Stop TB Partnership released the third edition of ‘Out of Step,’ a report highlighting the need for governments to increase efforts to combat tuberculosis (TB). The report reviews TB policies and practices in 29 countries – which account for 82% of the global TB burden – and shows that countries can do much more to prevent, diagnose and treat people affected by TB. Although TB is preventable and treatable, it remains the world deadliest infectious disease. In 2015 alone, 1.8 million people died from it. In 2015, the majority (54%) of the 10.4 million people with TB lived in the countries represented at the G20 summit. Despite its deadly toll, most countries lag behind in implementing the new tools that are available to tackle TB. Read on to know more.
This collection of files includes an overview of the whole process of conducting a mortality survey and templates for concept papers, the protocol, questionnaires and consent and other related forms.
Surveys that use this standardised intersectional protocol do not require MSF Ethics Review Board (ERB) review if the Medical Director of the relevant section takes responsibility for addressing the ethics issues. The exemption criteria of the MSF ERB for standardised intersectional survey protocols must be followed. See http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/handle/10144/618799
Jai Defranciscis is an Australian nurse with a passion for paediatrics and education in resource-poor settings. Last year she joined the international medical aid organisation Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) – also known as Doctors Without Borders – heading to South Sudan for a year, working with refugees fleeing fighting between armed groups. This is her account.
Although HIV/AIDS has been anything but neglected over the last decade, opportunistic infections (OIs) are increasingly overlooked as large-scale donors shift their focus from acute care to prevention and earlier antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation. Of these OIs, cryptococcal meningitis, a deadly invasive fungal infection, continues to affect hundreds of thousands of HIV patients with advanced disease each year and is responsible for an estimated 15%–20% of all AIDS-related deaths. Yet cryptococcal meningitis ranks amongst the most poorly funded “neglected” diseases in the world, receiving 0.2% of available relevant research and development (R&D) funding. The debate over whether or not cryptococcal disease is an NTD detracts from cryptococcal meningitis being both HIV related and also urgently needing the interventions (funding, policy drives, and drug pipelines) from which NTDs benefit. This paper calls on the global health community, PLOS NTDs, UNITAID, The Global Fund, and WHO to declare cryptococcal meningitis an NTD and press for urgent funding and policy drives to target optimisation and rollout of CrAg-screening programs.
Evidence is urgently needed from complex emergency settings to support efforts to respond to the increasing burden of diabetes mellitus (DM). Médecins Sans Frontières conducted a qualitative study of a new model of DM health care (Integrated Diabetic Clinic within an Outpatient Department [IDC-OPD]) implemented by MSF in Mweso Hospital in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The paper aimed to explore patient and provider perspectives on the model in order to identify factors that may support or impede it. The study concludes that the importance of community awareness of DM and the value of treatment support, including psychosocial and educational support to DM patients and their families, and culturally sensitive, low-cost dietary advice, to ensuring the adoption and maintenance of DM treatment.
Although neonatal mortality is gradually decreasing worldwide, 98% of neonatal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, where hospital care for sick and premature neonates is often unavailable. Médecins Sans Frontières managed eight specialised neonatal care units (SNCUs) at district level in low-resource and conflict-affected settings in seven countries to assess the performance of the MSF SNCU model across different settings in Africa and Southern Asia. The study also aimed to describe the set-up of eight SNCUs, neonate characteristics and clinical outcomes among neonates from 2012 to 2015. It was concluded that the standardised SNCU model was implemented across different contexts and showed in-patient outcomes within acceptable limits. Low-tech medical care for sick and premature neonates can and should be implemented at district hospital level in low-resource settings. | <urn:uuid:4445dc1a-2f64-499a-8d86-ed074114a216> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.msfindia.in/medical-research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257100.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523043611-20190523065611-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.925291 | 978 | 2.734375 | 3 |
I am currently filling in for my colleague who teaches the weekend class, which is working from the advanced textbook, so I have suddenly been confronted with words like ‘multitasking’ and ‘mindfulness’, which I haven’t taught about for a long time. The reading about multitasking says ‘Multitasking is a natural everyday occurrence … we can talk to a friend while walking down the street without bumping into anyone’. One of the comprehension questions (true/false) is ‘It is often dangerous to chat to a friend while walking down the street’. (This can possibly be answered from real life, without even looking at the reading.) In one pair, one student said ‘false’ (the ‘correct’, or at least ‘expected’, answer) and another said ‘true’, and they were deep in conversation about what kind of ‘chat’ this sentence meant. The first student and I thought that it meant actual talking, which would make the sentence false, but the second student was adamant that it meant text/email/video chat, which would indeed make the sentence true. If this was a test, and I was marking his answers, I would have to mark it incorrect. Fortunately for him it was a lesson, so we were able to talk about it. For me, ‘chat’ is, all else being equal, actual talking. Both of the students are about the same age (?late 20s), and the first first is from a country largely associated with electronic communication, while the second isn’t. | <urn:uuid:c63916ea-0d7b-421b-ae74-136dfa37b529> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://neverpureandrarelysimple.wordpress.com/2017/06/25/chat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937780.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420120351-20180420140351-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.979613 | 337 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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