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Do monkeys play fair? Staging an ultimatum game in the ultimate social primate
Every now and then, my roommate will lean in the frame of my door and pose a simple scenario: “Will you mop the floors if I wash the dishes?” I usually respond positively to the ultimatum (I really can’t stand doing dishes), and when the moment is right, put on some Enya and graciously clean the granite floors of our apartment.
Humans are pretty adept at this type of cooperation. We’ve been doing it for centuries, and most anthropologists agree that cooperation is one of the building blocks that allowed us to develop into more complex societies. Knowing that this seemingly fair trade-off has worked well for me in the past, I almost always keep my promise. If I didn’t, my roommate could easily sanction me by refusing to do the dishes, or by offering an unfair trade next time. Yet, we’re both pretty happy with this setup, and our cooperation ensues.
Now, for the sake of evolutionary argument, let’s say that my roommate and I are not full-grown homo sapiens but rather some other species of primate. Would monkeys, bred in the harsh wild, cooperate in the same manner?
Actually, they probably would. In two separate studies, one by Brosnan & de Waal (2003) and a second by Proctor et al. (2013), both capuchins and chimpanzees tend to cooperate when faced with a similar type of ultimatum game. Rhesus macaques, the most common primate model in neuroscience, are ruthless creatures; there’s no point in trying to get them to act altruistically (though maybe someone will prove me wrong).
Recently, the extremely social marmoset has stepped onto the stage as a contender in neuroscience’s next top model, opening a realm of possibilities for research into social communication and behavior. Unlike macaques, marmosets breed in captivity, can be housed together, and have the potential for transgenic lines such as those in mice. In addition, their brains don’t have bumps and grooves like macaque (or human) brains, making it very easy to stick an electrode in and know exactly where you’re recording. Cory Miller at UCSD has exploited their stereotyped social calls as a way to study the auditory system, but their proclitivity for social cooperation on a decision-making task is a completely open question.
This open question is the one I tackled in my second-year qualifying exam, in which I proposed a three part approach to understanding social cooperation in marmosets: train them on a modified ultimatum game task, record from areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex that likely encode cooperative behavior, and finally, manipulate these circuits using optogenetics. Using the marmoset to answer such complex questions about human behavior may allow us to manipulate specific cell types and circuits involved in cooperation. Ultimately, we can start to unravel the underpinnings of things like psychopathy, where these cooperative circuits in the brain are likely very weak. So there you go interwebs, a perfectly good study that someone should probably do. In the meantime, I’ll be mopping the floor.
Ashley Juavinett is a second-year PhD student in the Callaway Lab at the Salk Institute. She uses in vivo techniques to understand the neural circuitry underlying visual perception in mice. @ashleyjthinks | <urn:uuid:1fbd92c8-e857-440a-a924-565119df2216> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://neuwritesd.org/2013/06/18/do-monkeys-play-fair-staging-an-ultimatum-game-in-the-ultimate-social-primate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209216.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814170309-20180814190309-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.941876 | 727 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Inhaled Insulin May Help Treat Diabetes
Study Shows Inhaled Insulin May Be an Alternative to Injections for Type 2 Diabetes Patients
By Katrina Woznicki
WebMD Health News
Reviewed By Laura J. Martin, MD
June 24, 2010 -- Inhaled insulin proved to be as effective at lowering blood sugar levels as standard insulin injection treatment, and with minimal side effects, among patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, according to a new study.
Reporting in this week's American Diabetes Association meeting and in The Lancet, researchers compared two approaches to managing type 2 diabetes among patients ages 18 to 80 from 10 different countries. The patients were nonsmokers and had poor control of blood sugar despite insulin therapy.
A total of 211 patients received inhaled insulin plus insulin glargine, a long-lasting form of insulin taken by injection, before bedtime to help manage blood sugar. They were compared with a comparison group of 237 patients who did not use the inhaler, but received insulin injections instead.
One year after treatment, the researchers found that:
- Blood sugar levels were similar in the two groups; 22% of patients in the inhaled insulin/insulin glargine group reached a goal A1c level of 7% or less while 27% of those solely on insulin injections reached the goal.
- Patients using the inhaler gained less weight -- a major concern among diabetes patients. The inhaler group gained only an average of about 2 pounds, whereas the control group gained an average of about 5.5 pounds.
- Patients using the inhaler had fewer episodes of hypoglycemia -- a sudden drop in blood sugar -- than those in the comparison group, occurring in 31% of patients on inhaled insulin/insulin glargine group vs. 49% of those in the insulin injection group.
- Patients using the inhaler reported more side effects with coughing and upper respiratory infections. Most of the coughing occurred within the first 10 minutes of inhalation and primarily during the first week of treatment and declined as treatment continued.
- Prior use of metformin, an oral drug commonly taken to manage blood sugar, did not affect results among the two groups of patients.
"Our findings show that inhaled insulin plus insulin glargine, alone or in combination with an oral antidiabetes drug such as metformin, is an effective alternative to conventional insulin therapy (biaspart insulin) in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes," study researcher Julio Rosenstock, MD, and colleagues write. "Inhaled insulin ... could provide improved blood sugar control with lower weight gain and rates of hypoglycaemia in many individuals with type 2 diabetes."
Search for New Ways to Manage Diabetes
This research was funded by MannKind Corp., a California-based biopharmaceutical company that manufactures Technosphere, the inhaler device used to deliver the insulin in this study. MannKind is using Technosphere to administer an inhaled insulin drug called Afreszza, which has not yet been approved by the FDA.
There is a great deal of interest among drug companies and patients in finding new ways to better manage diabetes. According to the American Diabetes Association, nearly 8% of the U.S. population has either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. There are 1.6 million new cases of diabetes diagnosed in people aged 20 and older every year.
In an accompanying editorial, British researchers Clifford J. Bailey, MD, from Aston University and Birmingham Children's Hospital, and Anthony H. Barnett, MD, from the Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, suggest that more research is needed to flesh out any possible safety issues with using inhaled insulin, particularly concerns over how inhaled insulin affects the alveoli -- tiny air sacs in the lungs.
They conclude: "The opportunity for convenient inhaled bolus insulin, to facilitate complex insulin delivery regimens, will be welcomed by some patients. For now, we say: proceed with caution."
Inhaled insulin was recently introduced to the U.S. market when Exubera, manufactured by the New York-based pharmaceutical corporation Pfizer, was approved by the FDA in 2006. However, Pfizer discontinued Exubera the following year due to poor sales.
Rosenstock, J. The Lancet, June 26, 2010; vol 375.
News release, The Lancet, American Diabetes Association.
MannKind Corp. web site: "Afrezza."
Fox Business web site: "MannKind CEO: Still Plan To Launch Afrezza In 2011."
American Diabetes Association web site: "Diabetes Statistics."
Bailey, C.J. The Lancet, June 26, 2010; vol 375.
Dallas Morning News web site: "Inhaled Exubera discontinued, to dismay of users."
© 2010 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
Find tips and advances in treatment. | <urn:uuid:ca2313e7-e65a-46b1-aafc-e4a1695bccc6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=117540 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808133.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124123222-20171124143222-00735.warc.gz | en | 0.920915 | 1,008 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Why do Dogs Dig Holes
To keep cool and Comfortable: A dog often digs to make himself a comfortable bed. If a dog is feeling hot or cold, digging hole in your garden or yard helps him find a cooler or warmer place to rest comfortably.
To escape Boredom: When dogs are bored, lonely isolated, they often dig for physical and mental stimulation. Dogs digging for entertainment often adopt a playful mood and are seen alternating between digging and running around the specific area.
For storage: Dogs often dig holes to bury their valuable things such as food, prey, bones, or toys. Placing their valuable items in the hole and then covering them with mud not only helps them to keep their things safe and secured, but also helps them return to eat it later.
To Hunt Ground Dwelling Animals: The desire to hunt little critters that live underground can often make a dog dig persistently in an attempt to get his prey.
Escape Fear: Dogs often tend to digs holes in order get away from the fear of natural calamities such as thunderstorms or to escape the dread of neighborhood dogs.
How to Stop Dogs from Digging Holes
Improve your dog’s sleeping space: Providing your pet with a den like environment can negate the inherit need of the dog to create his own sleeping space. Thus, ensuring that the sleeping area of your dog is clean, cool and ventilated can go a long way in preventing your dog from digging.
Stimulation: The fact that boredom often leads a dog to dig, involving your pet in various physical activities (taking him for long way or involving in different games) or placing some dog toys around him can help him stay busy, thereby getting your dog to stop digging holes in your space.
Confine your Dog: In order to get dogs to stop digging, placing your dog in a kennel, crate or indoors especially when you are not around to supervise him can go a long way in fixing the dog digging problem to a great extent.
Set a Trap: Playing a few harmless tricks on your pet is a great tip to stop dogs from digging holes. One such solution to stop dog digging is to blow balloons in those areas where your dog usually digs holes. When your pet starts digging he will be startled with the noise of the balloon whenever he strikes the balloon during the act digging. This negative association with the act of digging can stop your dog to dig holes in your space in the future.
Avoid external distractions: When a dog is digging near the fence, he is usually trying to get something that is visible outside. Thus, blocking all outside distractions will prevent your pet from getting diverted to the visual temptations, thereby preventing your pet from digging.
A golden rule for correcting any dog behavioral problem is to be consistent and steady. Thus, learning about the right reason for dog digging and consistently applying proper techniques to stop dog digging can go a long way in helping you control dog digging problems in a successful manner. If you learn why your dog digs and follow the tips above, you will be able to handle why and How To Stop Dogs From Digging. | <urn:uuid:26fb88ef-713b-4cf9-99c1-0f8c73ca06ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.dogobediencenet.com/?p=24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103573995.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628173131-20220628203131-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.9473 | 640 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Resources for School Librarians - Index
General School Library History
Magic Casements - A survey of school library history from the eighth to the twentieth century. A Ph. D. thesis by Laurel Anne Clyde, James Cook University, 1981. The entire document is available in pdf and other formats as an ePrint School Libraries in the United States
Fifty Years of Supporting Children's Learning - A History of Public School Libraries and Federal Legislation, 1953 - 2000. This report by Joan S. Michie and Barbara A. Holton contains a great deal of statistical information about school libraries during this period.
America's Public School Libraries, 1953 - 2000 - From the National Center for Educational Statistics. Information on the number of school libraries, the history of federal funding, and standards for school libraries.
When was the First School Library? - This question answered by the American Library Association.
Francis Henne and the Development of School Library Standards - by John Plummer Alston in Library Trends, 2004.
The Knapp School Libraries Project - In 1962, the Knapp Foundation gave $1,300,000 to the AASL to fund the development of model school libraries which would demonstrate the effectiveness of good school libraries.
School Libraries in 19th Century North Carolina, 1800-1876: - An article by Patrick M. Valentine in North Carolina Libraries, Vol. 68, Spring/Summer, 2010.
The Development of School
Libraries in South Carolina - by Margaret Ehrhardt
A History of School Libraries in the School District of Greenville County, South Carolina
A History of School Libraries in Texas - by Janelle Paris for the Texas State Historical Association.
A History of Central High School Library - The library in Philadelphia, PA opened in 1838.
A Timeline of School Library Standards - by Cawood Cornelius.
AASL History, 1914 - 1951 - by Patricia Pond, School Library Media Quarterly, Fall, 1976.
History of NJASL - A history of the New Jersey Association of School Librarians.
History of the New England Library Association
A History of the Rhode Island Library Association - 1903 - 1978
Library Day - a day in 1915 in Tennessee which was dedicated to raising funds for school libraries. It was also observed in Nebraska where it was proclaimed by a state resolution in 1892.
School Library Month History - by the AASL
A History of the Nassau BOCES - Part of the New York School Library System.
200 Years of Young Adult Library Services History - by Anthony Bernier et al.
The ALA Library History Archives - A place to continue your search for school library history. School Libraries in Australia
School Libraries in Canada
School Libraries in China
School Libraries in France
General Library History
National Library Week: “For a Better-Read, Better-Informed America” An article on the history of National Library Week by Lydia Tang, April 10, 2015.
When America's Librarians Went to War - The story of American librarians in World War I and II. This is from NPR.
Librarians in Uniforms - Pictures of the Library War Service during World War I. From the American Library Archives at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
“The Best Man in America is a Woman:” Katharine L. Sharp and the First “Lady Librarians - First director of the University of Illinois Library School.
Women of Library History - a project of Feminist Task Force of the American Library Association.
A Library Primer - by John Cotten Dana, 3rd. edition, 1903. The primary audience was the public librarian, but there is useful advice for all librarians. A History of the Library of Congress - From the Library of Congress.
A History of the Smithsonian Libraries - by The Smithsonian.
Otis Hall Robinson - The clever fellow who thought up the idea of putting holes in catalog cards so they could be attached to rods.
Vatican library opens doors for
exhibition of their oldest manuscript- If you like old manuscripts and beautiful libraries, you will enjoy this YouTubevideo.
The Secret History of Libraries - You may enjoy reading about these hidden Libraries. This is an article by Fiona Macdonald, August, 2016.
Vintage Photos of People in Libraries - Compiled by Jill Harness and Rebecca O'Connell at Mentalfloss.
The Library History Buff's Top 10 Library History Websites
Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and
Printing - List of links to web sites.
Library History Round Table - Of the American Library Association.
The Evolution of the Medieval Book - A very attractive site by the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections of Cornell University Library. Note the section on books which could be chained to the wall which is a very useful idea.
Up to Top
This site is maintained by Linda Bertland, retired school librarian,
Philadelphia, PA. Please address any comments, additions, or corrections to firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:5f13be86-ccc9-4af3-99da-566188018a79> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.sldirectory.com/libsf/resf/libraryhistory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998298.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616202813-20190616224813-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.900879 | 1,045 | 2.96875 | 3 |
TEAM: ZACH WALTERS & LINCOLN DAVIDSON
COLLABORATORS: ESCOBEDO CONSTRUCTION
FALL 2014 | CRITIC DANELLE BRISCOE
COMPUTATION IN COMPRESSION
Computational design tools allow for geometric form finding and structural optimization of compression only structures that can be digitally fabricated in limestone. The interlocking stone blocks form a catenary vault that are divided into a hybrid grid that combines the properties of a UV grid (as is applied to a vault) and a radial grid (as is applied to a dome). The resulting grid is a UV grid that tapers at the apex for structural efficiency and only allows for compressive stresses in the limestone units. In addition, this geometry minimizes the warping of the faces between adjacent hexagonal components so that all of the surfaces can be fabricated with a 3-axis CNC router. | <urn:uuid:56eb278a-9f9e-4dee-88fd-d085790d7c14> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.alex-dallas.com/computation-in-compression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413551.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531151414-20200531181414-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.876568 | 189 | 2.515625 | 3 |
There is only one party you can vote for if you
- are concerned about immigration
- believe that leaving the EU would bring immigration under control
- hate the idea of legalising gay marriage
- wish to repeal the Human Rights Act 1998
- hate how Cameron has subverted Conservative principles
American historian and political theorist Russell Kirk developed six 'canons' of conservatism, which Russello (2004) described as follows:
- a belief in a transcendent order, which Kirk described variously as based in tradition, divine revelation, or natural law;
- an affection for the 'variety and mystery' of human existence;
- a conviction that society requires orders and classes that emphasize 'natural' distinctions;
- a belief that property and freedom are closely linked;
- a faith in custom, convention, and prescription, and
- a recognition that innovation must be tied to existing traditions and customs, which entails a respect for the political value of prudence.
Kirk said that Christianity and Western Civilization are "unimaginable apart from one another", and that "all culture arises out of religion. When religious faith decays, culture must decline, though often seeming to flourish for a space after the religion which has nourished it has sunk into disbelief." | <urn:uuid:ecf4f97b-4db1-48ed-9c9c-a6224ed2ea54> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://thevoiceofreason-ann.blogspot.com/2013/02/claire-khaw-hopes-for-ukip-win-in.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948589512.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216220904-20171217002904-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.943792 | 259 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Lahore: Engineering students from University of Management and Technology (UMT) have designed Pakistan’s first solar plan. Two students Abdul Mateen and Syed Muhammad Junaid was working on this idea for long time but now they have successfully completed the designed model of a plan that runs on solar power. The airplane name is “Shams One”, Shams is an Arabic word which means sun.
This plan can fly day and night without any fuel; only use the solar power which is stored in its single battery. Students claim that by using this model, they can create a real plan like Swiss solar airplane “Solar Impulse”. They said that the components used in this model are imported but idea and talent is purely Pakistani.
Head of UMT Dr Hasan Sohaib Murad said that in our country where most of the things are imported, but the geniuses like Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan and now these students are showing their talents one after another. Dr Hasan also added that this is not the first time previously our student have created solar can and one of our faculty member won US Patent in radar technology. | <urn:uuid:f4756dbd-6e73-4f82-9ce8-5f18951387b1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://akhbarnama.com/pakistans-first-ever-solar-plane-ready-to-fly-7533.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516117.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023065305-20181023090805-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.966062 | 234 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A few years ago, my fifth grade gifted and talented students completed a unique research project. Specifically, we sent letters to museum directors asking for input about one object,
artifact, work of art, or a creative selection from their museum's collections. The selection could be a personal favorite, possess significant cultural relevance, be a "best" example of
its kind, tell a story, promote a new idea, or expose students to a new experience.
The purpose of the project was to provide resources for interdisciplinary learning, to present opportunities to think in new ways, and to enhance subject matter with activities that promote creativity and provide cultural relevance. Most directors were eager to participate, and many provided supplemental information and resources. Their thorough responses are best characterized by the words of one director, "Thank you for reaching out."
Below are the four questions we asked. (Since some respondents have moved on to different institutions, I share only the museum position, instead of the person's name.)
The object of the month is from the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. The Director of the museum answered our questions as follows: (Excerpt)
Selected object: Lunch counter from Woolworth's Department Store
1. What information and essential understanding should students know about your selection?
This lunch counter is from the Woolworth's Department Store in Greensboro, North Carolina where four college students staged a sit-in on February 1, 1960. They were protesting segregation in public facilities in the South at a time when African-Americans could not be served food at places like department stores. The students sat at the lunch counter and left peacefully when asked. However, they continued to peacefully protest this policy until the summer of 1960 when Woolworth's agreed to serve them. This protest launched a wave of similar activities across the South and led to federal laws that prohibited racial segregation in public places.
2. What questions would you ask to stimulate curiosity and/or creative thinking about your selection?
I would ask students to think about issues such as equality, justice and freedom. I would also ask them to think about the history of race relations in the United States, and discuss whether there is more freedom and toleration today than in 1960 when the sit-ins occurred.
3. Do you have any suggestions for incorporating your selection into a specific subject?
I suggest incorporating the story of the lunch counter into the larger subject of civil rights and human rights in American history.
4. Are there other resources to help us learn more about your selection?
There are many books and films on this subject. You should choose resources appropriate for elementary school children.
Other Objects of the Month: | <urn:uuid:e7755572-20ae-474e-9b73-1f4008994250> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.ifthencreativity.com/2014/02/03/object-of-the-month-woolworth-s-lunch-counter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645310.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317194447-20180317214447-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.957151 | 546 | 3.125 | 3 |
The 5th United States Army Band December 26 2012, 3 Comments
Contributed by Jack Kopstein
The Fifth United States Army Band was stationed at Fort Sheridan Illinois from 1949 when it was designated as the Fifth United States Army Band, until the Fifth United States Army moved its Headquarters to Texas in the early 1970′s. The mission of the band was to build troop morale, participate in military ceremonies, and to represent the Army at public events. The band played a major role in promoting a positive image of the Army and in recruitment efforts.
The unit, often called “Chicago’s Own,” was the official Headquarters band of the Fifth U.S. Army and was the first or lead-off unit in Chicago area parades, celebrations, and special events. Richard Daley made the band a priority in official Chicago ceremonies when dignitaries visited the city. Some folks called the band “Daley’s Own!” The band performed at many varied events. A typical week could include a choral concert in Saint Louis, MO, a band concert in Milwaukee, WI, a street parade in Gary, IN, and a military review at any installation within a 13 state area. Besides these engagements, woodwind and brass ensembles, dance combos, small choral groups, and buglers were often called on to perform at official military functions. The band had a weekly radio program on Chicago station WGN that ran for over 20 years. The Fifth Army Band was the Ceremonial Band for the funeral of President Eisenhower.
Be the occasion a solemn memorial or a festive affair, The Fifth Army musicians, in handsome dress blue uniforms, presented elite precision and spirited performances. The band traveled over 30,000 miles in 1966, as an example, to present concerts or parades in 141 cities and in 7 states. The band was know for its high standards, sharpness, “spit and polish” and outstanding musicianship. A fifth Army Bandsman wore many hats. In addition to the 85-piece concert band (which had a full complement of instruments for a full symphonic concert band), musicians could have been members of units within the unit such as a wind ensemble, a chamber ensemble, one of two stage bands, dance combos, a 40 voice men’s chorus with 40 piece accompaniment, or other various smaller groups.
The Fifth Army Band Music Library was one of the most complete music libraries in the country for band, dance band, and choral music. The collections included over 4000 arrangements for Symphonic Band, 700 Marching Band publications, 900 arrangements for Brass and Woodwind Ensembles and a very extensive selection of Choral and Dance Band publications and charts. There were unique and special arrangements found in the library that were composed or arranged by members of the band.
One of many highlights of the Fifth Army Band experience was the appearance of Czech composer Vaclav Nelhybel, who had a major impact on symphonic band music with his exciting, rich, dramatic compositions. Nelhybel was known throughout the world for his emotional and extensive compositions. Nelhybel conducted the Fifth Army Band during taping and recording sessions of his works. In the early 1960′s, Chief Warrant Officer B.G. Cook, Bandmaster of the Fifth U.S. Army Band decided to invite Czechoslovakian born composer, Vaclav Nelhybel to come to Ft. Sheridan and record some of his works for symphonic band.
The circumstances were right for such a venture as enlistments were up because of the Vietnam War, there was no instrumentation wanting, and the 5th U.S. Army Commanding General, J. H. Michaelis was supportive of the band and Mr. Cook. Plans were made, additional bandsmen were invited to participate in the recordings, augmenting the group to nearly one hundred musicians. The significance of these recording sessions are three fold. One, there was to be no shortage of Nelhybel’s beloved woodwinds. Unlike band publishers who “trim” the instrumentation to help sell the music, here, there composer could have all the players he would like. Secondly, there was little restriction on the rehearsal time available. And finally, having the composer present is key to authenticity. On June 22, 1966, the band recorded “Symphonic Requiem,” “Andante and Toccata,” “Chorale,” “Trittico,”, and “Prelude and Fugue.” The composer conducted all except for “Trittico,” for which Mr. Cook was on the podium. The next year, Mr. Nelhybel returned and on March 2nd and 3rd conducted, “Symphonic Movement,” “Toccata,” “Concerto Antiphonal,” and “Estampie” for the second recording. Mr. Cook conducted “Adagio & Allegro.”
The history of the Fifth Army Band actually can be traced back to December 1, 1941 when at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, the band was activated as the Signal Corps Reserve Training Center Band. The band was then assigned to Camp Crowler, Missouri where it became the 348th Army Band in 1943. In 1946, the band was used extensively to support the war effort as a “Goodwill Ambassador” and traveled over 20,000 miles to help recruit troops and raise funds in the U.S. Saving Bond drives to support our troops in battle overseas. In September 1946, the band came to Fort Sheridan, Illinois and on April 25 1949, the band was designated as the Fifth United States Army Band. It remained at Fort Sheridan for over 25 years until the Headquarters was moved to San Antonio, Texas in the 1970′s. In 1972, the Band was decommissioned as the 5th Army Band, and the unit was sent to Ft. Sam Houston, Texas. It was then renamed the 81st Army Band. Fort Sheridan, was officially closed by the Army on May 28, 1993. Commercial recordings of Nelhybel’s music are few and usually contain half of the players that were utilized by Mr. Cook and the Fifth U.S. Army Band, but fortunately the music of Valclav Nelhybel can be heard on Commemoration by the United States Navy Band. *
Some excepts: Edited by John Haugen Fifth Army Bandsman 1965-1968. | <urn:uuid:84466128-caab-47b4-91d7-9dc6e4f2b416> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://militarymusic.com/blogs/military-music/13516241-the-5th-united-states-army-band | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946453.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424022317-20180424042317-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.978801 | 1,354 | 2.6875 | 3 |
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
August 28, 2012
Language(s): English only
HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL
Twenty-first session, Agenda Item 3, half-day discussion on indigenous peoples: access to Justice
A written statement submitted by the Asian Legal Resource Centre (ALRC), a non-governmental organisation with general consultative status
PHILIPPINES: Obstacles concerning access to justice and protection for indigenous people
The Asian Legal Resource Centre (ALRC) welcomes the range of reports concerning the human rights of indigenous people during the upcoming 21st session of the Human Rights Council, being held from September 10 to 28, 2012. In view of the discussion on indigenous people and access to justice, to be held by the Council on September 18, the organisation wishes to highlight some specific issues of concern relating to such access to justice in the Philippines in particular. The ALRC wishes to inform the upcoming debate by providing concrete challenges that it has documented, which mirror many other challenges to access to justice for indigenous people witnessed across the Asian region.
It is important to note that despite existing legislation, the rights of indigenous people are routinely being ignored. This is only made possible by the lack of effective institutions to receive complaints, investigate allegations of violations of rights, and provide remedies. In the Philippines, such institutions are either weak or dysfunctional to the point that members of the country’s population in general rarely enjoy effective access to justice, let alone indigenous people who face even greater obstacles in this regard. The ALRC therefore hopes that such fundamental questions concerning the wider institutional failings will be included in the discussions relating to indigenous people’s access to justice.
The ALRC has documented cases that speak to the systemic deprivation of due process rights and protection for indigenous people under the Philippines criminal justice system. The country’s 1987 Constitution and the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997, contain no effective or adequate clauses with regard to providing indigenous people with the required protection within criminal justice processes.
Deprivation of due process rights: While, concerning indigenous people, Chapter V, section 21 of the IPRA, stipulates that the State has “due recognition of their distinct characteristics and identity,” the equal protection and the non-discrimination clause within this law has been shown to be grossly insufficient in protecting the rights of indigenous people in criminal prosecutions.
Although section 15 of the IPRA stipulates the State’s recognition of indigenous people’s “right to use their own commonly accepted justice systems,” in situations in which the criminal prosecution one of the parties involved chooses not to submit to the indigenous system of justice, or is denied the opportunity to do so, the State has been systemically failing to uphold the indigenous person’s fundamental rights to due process, as provided for under the equal protection clause concerning “rights and privileges available to every member of the society.”
Take the case of Iladio Laydan, an indigenous man belonging to the Manobo tribe. Laydan is presently detained in North Cotabato Provincial Jail, Kidapawan City, following his arrest on charges of rape and homicide on September 23, 2004. For three years, Laydan was in jail without any news as to when his trial would begin. It took three years for the Regional Trial Court (RTC) 12 in Kidapawan City to conclude he had a case to answer.
Laydan was arraigned on July 24, 2007. However, when the court began to try his case on September 27, 2007, he had to appear in court without a lawyer. For almost a year, the court could not proceed with the trial because he had no lawyer. The court finally appointed a counsel-de-officio for Laydan, supposedly for one day, although this lawyer was then tasked with defending him for his entire case. The court, however, later had to replace him because of his apparent disinterest in appearing in court.
When a lawyer from the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) was appointed in July 2008, for the following two years, Laydan complained that “his lawyer has not been adequately informing and giving him regular updates about the progress of his case.” It was only after the ALRC started writing appeals in October 2010, particularly to the PAO, that some adequate attention has been given to his case.
Lack of protection: Section 5 of the 1987 Constitution clearly guarantees the protection of indigenous people’s ancestral lands, to “ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being.” However, in practice, when the indigenous people take action to protect their communities and ancestral lands, they face threats, attacks and extrajudicial killings. Following such violations, there is typically no adequate complaint, investigation and protection mechanism through which indigenous people can seek effective remedies. The absence of such a mechanism has been shown to place the lives, security and livelihoods of indigenous people at increased risk.
In the recent past, leaders of indigenous tribes and members of their communities who, for example, supported campaigns against intrusions by large foreign corporations in their communities, particularly those engaged in large scale mining operations, which threaten the distinct nature of their communities, including their means of subsistence, livelihood and culture, have been subjected to various forms of human rights abuse including extra-judicial killings.
Indigenous leader Jimmy Liguyon was murdered on March 5, 2012 in San Fernando, Bukidnon. Jimmy resisted the entry of a large-scale mining operation that threatened the small-scale mining operation that is the main source of income of his community. His murder is evidence of the lack of adequate and effective protection mechanisms that operate for indigenous leaders who act to protect the rights and interests of their people. He was killed despite his having made public the threats to his life that were being made by members of a paramilitary group.
This lack of protection is also evident in the case of four indigenous villagers from the Taga-Kaulo tribe – Mylen Cambo and her husband Loreto, Arnel Cambo and Reynaldo Libay – in Malalag, Davao del Sur. The Barangay (village) Intelligence Network (BIN), which is controlled by the police, started threatening them when they began filing petitions as claimants to ancestral land in their community. The BIN members labelled them as members of a rebel group, which is often a convenient excuse used to justify attacks against persons or to deny persons with protection.
The four villagers had to find sanctuary, with the help of non-governmental organisations helping them in their claims for ancestral land, in the absence of government-sponsored protection mechanism. Although the group made a complaint to the local police station to have the threats against them investigated, the police did nothing to investigate their complaints or provide them with any security and protection. They limited themselves to simply recording the complaint. This is an extremely important point, as it must be highlighted that when we speak about access to justice, the initial contact point that indigenous people, or indeed any other complainants regarding human rights violations, have with the authorities concerns the registering of complaints. It is often at this initial stage that access to justice is blocked, with the police either refusing to record complaints, or by not taking any credible action to investigate them. Without proper investigations, the process of accessing justice is effectively nipped in the bud.
In the above case concerning the four villagers, the absence of protection concerning threats and intimidation not only placed them at risk of abuse, but also prevented them from claiming their lands and pursuing criminal prosecutions against those who made threats against them. This illustrates how a lack of access to protection by the state and access to justice delivery mechanisms places victims at risk, enables violations to take place and participates in shielding the perpetrators.
Additionally, it should be noted that human rights defenders who support and campaign for protection in favour of indigenous people, are also being targeted and are not being afforded adequate protection by the state. In the case of Francisco Canayong, a mining activist in Salcedo, Eastern Samar, who was stabbed on May 1, 2012, even after his killing, his colleagues Nenita Lacasa and Carolyn Borja were also threatened and attacked.
On May 6, 2012 at 4pm, armed men open fired at the house of Lacasa, also in Salcedo, Eastern Samar. It is alleged that Lacasa’s mother died of shock in relation to the attack. On May 23, 2012 at 11pm, armed men also shot at the house of Borja. Due to a lack of protection, Borja and her family were forced into hiding. Such attacks against those who work to assist indigenous persons in accessing justice and remedies greatly undermine indigenous people’s efforts in this regard.
The ALRC therefore urges the Human Rights Council to include the issues of protection of complainants and the widespread problem of the lack of credible investigations into abuses against indigenous people in its discussions concerning this issue. The ALRC welcomes the work of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous people and his report and focus on extractive industries. It also recalls the findings in the report that resulted from a visit to the Philippines by the mandate in December 2002 (E/CN.4/2003/90/Add.3), which indentified concerns relating to the “slow pace of implementation of the provisions of IPRA,” and a “loss of confidence among indigenous organizations in the ability or willingness of government agencies to proceed actively with its effective implementation. Then-Special Rapporteur also spoke of a human rights “protection gap” for indigenous peoples in paragraph 61 of the report, which remains as relevant today as it was a decade ago. Furthermore, the report expresses concern about “numerous reports of harassment of indigenous human rights defenders and their organizations, who, together with responsible government agencies, are the cornerstone for the protection, promotion and realization of the human rights of indigenous peoples,” which also remains an issue of grave concern for the ALRC to date, as highlighted above.
It is of particular concern that many key recommendations made by the mandate following this country visit have still not been implemented by the government, including:
i. Paragraph 67 (c) That the Philippine judiciary fully respect the legislative intent and spirit of IPRA and ensure that maximum favour be accorded to indigenous peoples in resolving the issue of conflicts of law between IPRA and other national legislation such as the 1995 Mining Act. Moreover, special training programmes should be designed for judges, prosecutors and legal defenders regarding indigenous peoples’ rights and cultures;
ii. Paragraph 67 (f) That the Government of the Philippines carry out a prompt and effective investigation of the numerous human rights violations committed against indigenous peoples, which have been documented by human rights organizations and special fact-finding missions. The Special Rapporteur further urges the Government to take all necessary measures to prevent a recurrence of human rights violations;
iii. And, paragraph 67 (i) That maximum protection be afforded to human rights defenders in carrying out their legitimate human rights work;
With this in mind, it is important to note that without effective state institutions that can register, investigate and prosecute cases of violations against indigenous people, a climate of impunity for even the gravest of violations such as extra-judicial killings, will undermine attempts to secure from large, possibly trans-national companies an approach that involves consultation and free, prior and informed consent, or the “protect, respect and remedy” framework, which is incorporated into the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, as recalled in Special Rapporteur James Anaya’s report to this session of the Council.
Only with sufficient deterrents in place against violations of civil and political rights, will it be realistic to expect effective protection of indigenous people’s economic and cultural rights in practice. While the Philippines does have some provisions under its constitution and domestic laws that may appear to comprise such a deterrent, in reality, what is witnessed is the lack of implementation of these provisions, and the acquiescence and even complicity of state actors in violations against indigenous people. It is imperative for such elements to be included in any discussions by the Council, if these are to be relevant concerning indigenous people’s access to justice and protection with regard to extractive industries and other external forces that threaten their way of life, livelihoods and rights | <urn:uuid:75a56f68-4dfb-47b6-b715-0b2b5ca47152> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://alrc.asia/philippines-obstacles-concerning-access-to-justice-and-protection-for-indigenous-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476532.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304200958-20240304230958-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.968235 | 2,533 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The asteroid that killed the dinosaurs also wiped out every land-dwelling animal weighing over five kilograms. It caused wildfires, acid rain, protracted darkness and global cooling that made the world as inhospitable as some of the most barren places known today. If the same asteroid struck this afternoon, it would be lights out for humankind.
Yet the mass extinction, known as the Cretaceous-Palaeogene or “K–Pg” event, was just as important for what it created as for what it destroyed. Recent discoveries suggest much of Earth’s modern biodiversity – including major groups of birds, mammals, marine fishes, and frogs – arose rapidly in the aftermath of this planet-altering catastrophe.
My colleagues and I have just published research in Current Biology showing that only a small number of ancestral bird species survived the K-Pg, meaning birds were lucky to make it through at all. We also found that these species were more likely to survive if they didn’t live in trees, which were also devastated by the asteroid impact.
Today, birds are the most diverse group of vertebrate animals on land, numbering nearly 11,000 species. But birds can be fragile: over 1,000 bird species have been driven to extinction by human activity to date. Birds must have been highly susceptible to the ancient armageddon of the K–Pg and its desolate aftermath.
Indeed, our work seems to corroborate the profound impact of the K–Pg extinction on ancient birdlife. Despite an abundance of bird-like creatures persisting until the end of the age of dinosaurs, the ancestors of as few as five major bird lineages survived the K–Pg. Among surviving species, population sizes were probably devastated. The fossil record of land vertebrates from this time is notoriously sparse and that is likely partly to be because so few survived the extinction.
So, how did birds manage to make it through this bleak phase of Earth’s history before thriving in its wake? We know that smaller animals tend to be better at surviving mass extinctions because they need less food and there tends to be more of them, so smaller birds had an evolutionary advantage. But our recent work also shows that those birds capable of living on the ground were also likelier to survive.
We teamed up with palaeobotanists to study the fossil record of pollen across the K–Pg. Our work corroborated previous evidence that forests were devastated for a period of at least 1,000 years after the asteroid impact. Following this desolate interval, a slow but steady return of fossil pollen from forest-forming trees shows the literal rise of habitats suitable for tree-dwelling birds.
From there, we delved into the direct influence of the extinction event on birdlife 66m years ago. We performed a statistical analysis of the ecological habits of modern birds to work out if their ancestors were more likely to live in the trees than on the ground, a process called ancestral ecological reconstruction. This indicated that the birds that survived the K-Pg mass extinction, the ancestors of all birds living today, were almost certainly ground-dwelling.
A prominent avian casualty of the K–Pg was a group called the “opposite birds”, the most diverse and abundant bird-like creatures around before the asteroid impact. Despite their large numbers during the age of dinosaurs, opposite birds went completely extinct after the K–Pg, probably partly because they tended to live in trees.
Into the trees
By examining the hind limbs of bird fossils from after the K-Pg, we also found that several bird groups that today are specialised for life in the trees probably had ground-dwelling ancestors that didn’t have the perching abilities of their descendants. This supports the idea that many different groups of birds from this time evolved to move into the trees repeatedly and independently.
What does this all mean? First, it tells us that, although so many modern bird species make their home in the trees, the ancestors of all tree-dwelling bird groups moved there from the ground up.
More broadly, this work emphasises how close the world was to losing its bird life entirely. It has become common knowledge that dinosaurs did not go completely extinct at the K–Pg, since living birds are dinosaurian descendants. But increasingly, evidence suggests the very survival of birds through the K–Pg extinction was highly improbable. So, show some gratitude for the mere presence of our feathered friends. We were almost robbed of the robins and finches in our gardens (and the seagull who made off with your hotdog) before they ever evolved. | <urn:uuid:02c8ffa5-7644-46d0-8ae9-361b5eddf2eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://theconversation.com/how-birds-survived-the-dinosaur-killing-asteroid-97021?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest%20from%20The%20Conversation%20for%20May%2025%202018%20-%20102589024&utm_content=Latest%20from%20The%20Conversation%20for%20May%2025%202018%20-%20102589024+CID_569e3ceed3c645f02b3c6a56ab725564&utm_source=campaign_monitor_uk&utm_term=How%20birds%20survived%20the%20dinosaur-killing%20asteroid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300722.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118032342-20220118062342-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.972731 | 948 | 4.5625 | 5 |
Prostate Enlargement Causes
Prostate enlargement, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a common condition that affects many men as they age. It occurs when the prostate gland, which is a small gland located below the bladder, grows in size. The exact cause of prostate enlargement is not fully understood, but it is believed to be due to a combination of factors, including hormonal changes, genetics, and age.
As men age, their bodies produce less of the hormone testosterone and more of the hormone estrogen. This shift in hormone levels may contribute to the growth of the prostate gland. Additionally, certain genetic factors may make a man more likely to develop prostate enlargement. Finally, the risk of prostate enlargement increases with age, with the condition becoming more common in men over the age of 50. However, it is important to note that not all men will develop prostate enlargement, and the condition can occur in men at younger ages as well.
It is important for men to be aware of their risk for prostate enlargement and to discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider. If you are experiencing symptoms such as frequent urination, difficulty starting and stopping urination, or weak urine flow, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider to determine the cause and determine the appropriate treatment.
Contact us today to see how we can help!
Here are a few references that discuss the causes of prostate enlargement:
- “Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).” Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bph/symptoms-causes/syc-20370087.
- “Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph.
- “Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia).” WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/men/prostate-enlargement-bph#1.
These references provide information on the causes of prostate enlargement, including hormonal changes, genetics, and age. They also discuss the symptoms and treatment options for BPH. We hope this information is helpful! If you have any further questions, don’t hesitate to ask. | <urn:uuid:af667f0b-fffb-42dc-a323-4898a8ac42e9> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://nationalvascularphysicians.com/prostate-enlargement-causes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945472.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326111045-20230326141045-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.915902 | 517 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Cancer molecular testing can drive clinical decision making and help a clinician determine if a patient is a good candidate for a targeted therapeutic drug. Clinical tests for common cancer causing-mutations in the genes BRAF, EGFR and KRAS abound, and include U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved companion diagnostics (FDA-CDs) as well as laboratory-developed tests (LDTs). LDTs are tests that have been designed and implemented in a single laboratory - some are completely homegrown while others are commercial kits, including "off label" uses of FDA-CDs (also known as in vitro diagnostics). Amid the debate about how much these tests should be regulated by the FDA, one question has gone unanswered: how well do LDTs and FDA-CDs perform? A new study published this week in JAMA Oncology, which analyzed data from almost 7,000 tests, finds that the answer is: very well and very comparably.
"We find that both laboratory-developed tests and FDA-approved companion diagnostics demonstrate excellent performance on proficiency testing," said corresponding author Annette Kim, MD, PhD, of BWH's Department of Pathology. "And, importantly, more than 60 percent of the laboratories in our study that were using an FDA-CD kit report using it with modifications - rendering those assays LDTs. These modifications appear to be driven by the exigencies of real day-to-day clinical practice that requires altering the assays to meet the needs of a variety of clinical situations that may not be accommodated by the FDA-approved protocol."
These modifications include, for example, the testing of other tumor types that may carry targetable variants, different types of input specimen preparations available in pathology such as cytology smears or other fresh specimens rather than paraffin blocks and availability of different methods of DNA quantification than those mandated by FDA approval based upon pre-existing technologies in the laboratories.
"In the clinical lab, we are always acutely aware that there is a patient awaiting this result and we validate our assays to ensure that we can provide reliable and accurate results from our laboratory under as many varied clinical situations as possible," said Kim.
The research team used data from proficiency tests provided by the College of American Pathologists Molecular Oncology Committee which provides external proficiency testing for labs to determine the accuracy of testing. Combing through data from 6,897 proficiency testing responses, the team found that both LDTs and FDA-CDs exceeded 97 percent accuracy combined across the three cancer genes.
The team's results also indicate that the majority of laboratories purchasing in vitro diagnostics for FDA-CDs are in fact modifying their use - making them into laboratory-developed tests.
"These data question the distinction between FDA-CDs and LDTs from a regulatory standpoint and note the greater clinically relevant applications of LDTs," the authors write. | <urn:uuid:63429088-6e7b-4599-a26f-aa0b34d1d8fa> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.news-medical.net/news/20171214/Study-tests-accuracy-of-laboratory-developed-cancer-tests-and-FDA-approved-companion-diagnostics.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587606.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024204628-20211024234628-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.944446 | 600 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A TINY capsule swallowed by firefighters is changing the way volunteers work on the front line.
The pill can relay an individual's core temperature in real time, giving a better understanding of the body's vulnerability to heat stress to protect firefighters.
Victoria's Country Fire Authority health and wellbeing officer Peter Langridge said the data gathered in a CFA trial had led to changes in firefighters' work patterns, including the length of time they are exposed to blazes.
"If we see their core body temperature increasing then we know to remove them from the fire and put them into the rehabilitation area," he said.
"Working in hot environments will stress different people at different rates. There is no set formula for how long a person can fight a fire before they start suffering from heat stress or dehydration and management is the key to protecting our fire fighters".
Firefighters' whose bodies are exposed to heat stress could suffer a number of health concerns while on the field, including unconsciousness and cardiac arrest.
About 50 CFA firefighters swallowed the data-gathering pill during a training exercise in which they evacuated 20 people from a burning medical centre.
The Equivital EQ02 LifeMonitor capsule used in the CFA trial is a plastic-coated pill containing a thermometer and small transmitter.
Core temperature measurements from the thermometer are fed through the transmitter to a device worn on the chest, which collects skin temperature, heart and respiration rate data, which is then sent to an external computer.
The CFA research has tested firefighters' core temperature when they are exposed to temperatures ranging from -3C to 124C, for about 20 minutes, Mr Langridge said.
Changes in the body's core temperature over time were analysed, giving researchers information about the danger periods.
"As the (external) temperature rises we see the core temperature going up earlier," Mr Langridge said.
The CFA looked for ways to assess core body temperature more accurately after the standard test - measuring temperature via the ear - was found to be ineffective.
"We were seeing firefighters that still looked heat-stressed, even though the temperature on the ear probe was showing normal," Mr Langridge said.
Firefighters working in extreme conditions during the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria also succumbed to heat stress, despite following hydration procedures, he said.
This prompted action to find ways to better manage the condition.
A heat-stressed firefighter can be treated in a number of ways, including applying wet towels to their arms, submerging the arms in water or placing ice packs placed under their armpits, or a combination of these, he said.
Research using the capsule will continue, with trials planned to test the device at temperatures ranging from 100C to 600C, Mr Langridge said.
The device was recently used to measure skydiver Felix Baumgartner's vital signs during his world-record jump to earth from space.
The pill is usually expelled naturally from the body within one to two days of ingestion.
Along with the capsule, upgraded versions of Personal Protective Clothing (PPC) and flash hoods, introduced in late 2011, were also trialled on the volunteers.
According to the The Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre, there have been 12 heat-related PPC incidents since the introduction of the new PPC.
"While Personal Protective Clothing has minimised the amount of radiant heat our fire-fighters are exposed to, we still need to manage the risk of heat-related illness," said Mr Langridge.
Originally published as Tiny pill to battle bushfires | <urn:uuid:1e59b375-592e-42b5-b33e-3c3c66cf5ad2> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/tiny-pill-joins-the-battle-of-the-bushfires/news-story/1329da2f94fbd2ecbdb88b2c21f3b756 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887981.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119125144-20180119145144-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.955927 | 731 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Most medical malpractice in trauma emergencies can be avoided when doctors follow three simple initial steps, according to American Medical Experts. When an injured person is urgently brought to the emergency room for trauma care, responsible doctors first check airway protection, next establish breathing via Ambu-bag or ventilator and finally provide circulation to the patient. Doctors have nicknamed this protocol the ABCs for easy remembrance: Airway, Breathing, Circulation.
Inexperienced doctors may forget these simple steps, focusing on the trauma instead of the patient. For example, when a patient is ambulanced in with a gunshot wound to the chest, an anxious doctor might immediately start treating the wound. However, forgetting the essential initial steps can cause the patient death or serious brain injury, making the urgency of the wound far less concerning, especially given the relatively small amount of time it takes to complete those first steps.
The trauma care protocol has been developed in part by the U.S. military, based on treating years of battlefield injuries. The United States Army Surgical Research Institute has established trauma protocols in conjunction with the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. The groups established specific trauma guidelines using advanced trauma life support. Over the past 10 years of studying trauma in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the military has established a standard called Tactical Combat Casualty Care, the goal of which is to improve patient survival and minimize associated trauma complications, i.e. sepsis, loss of limb function and deconditioning. These techniques have been adapted for civilian trauma care.
Some victims of medical malpractice may be reluctant to bring a claim if they were harmed by doctors during an emergency life-or-death situation. They may think that because of the hectic emergency room and critical nature of their initial injury, those circumstances somehow excuse the mistake. But this recently published article, written by the people in the medical community, shows that in certain instances improper care while being treated for trauma can be medical malpractice. Failure to follow these “standards of care,” which are peer reviewed and based on a large volume of patient care and have been adopted by surgical societies, is likely medical malpractice, according to the article. | <urn:uuid:74777faa-838b-413a-bd50-7e2dcc941c23> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.oginski-law.com/library/even-in-life-or-death-trauma-situations--doctors-must-follow-established-procedure.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596542.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723145409-20180723165409-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.944486 | 450 | 2.796875 | 3 |
CALIFORNIA / Effort to remove lead from Mexican treats / Candies, chiles, dried grasshoppers can poison children
Published 4:00 am, Sunday, January 15, 2006
One way Mexicans living in California maintain their cultural roots is snacking on treats from home -- tamarind candies, lollipops dipped in chile powder and, among Oaxacans, dried grasshoppers tossed with lime, garlic, chiles and salt.
But those cherished Mexican treats are poisoning the children who snack on them because they contain astronomical levels of lead, a metal that can lower IQ, stunt growth, damage kidneys, cause seizures and kill its victims.
The candies, grasshoppers and other items containing lead have been trickling into the United States for at least 10 years as Latino immigration and globalization have increased. That's brought the biggest outbreak of lead poisoning in three decades, alarming doctors and public health officials who have launched an aggressive campaign to warn Latinos in the Bay Area and beyond to the problem.
"We want to be able to eat these candies -- they're our favorites -- but without the lead. It's a huge concern for the Latino community because the candy is everywhere," said Leticia Ayala, director of Environmental Health Coalition, a San Diego nonprofit that has joined Alameda County, the state attorney general and the Los Angeles city attorney in suing the candy manufacturers.
The scale of the epidemic is staggering. At least 75 percent of new cases of lead poisoning in California are among Latino children, according to state figures. In counties with large Latino populations -- such as Alameda, Los Angeles and San Diego -- the number is closer to 90 percent, Ayala said.
Most of the affected kids ingest lead from candy, chile seasoning and paint chips. Old paint remains the leading cause of lead poisoning in the United States, but health experts have seen a dramatic rise in lead poisoning caused by other means.
"In the past, lead poisoning was mostly associated with lead-based paint, but now we're seeing new sources," said Dr. Margaret Handley, an epidemiologist in UCSF's Department of Family and Community Medicine. She is leading a study of lead poisoning among Oaxacans in the Monterey County community of Seaside, and found a link between lead poisoning and grasshoppers.
Candies such as Chaca Chaca, Vera Mango, Super Lucas and Bolorindo can contain lead levels reaching 12 micrograms per piece, twice the amount the federal Food and Drug Administration considers dangerous for daily ingestion.
But walk into many groceries, even big chains, and you're likely to find the toxic treats.
Not all Mexican candies contain lead, and candies with identical labels could have widely varied amounts of lead, depending upon the factory in which it was made and the circumstances under which it was packaged. In some cases, the candy is lead-free, but the wrapper has lead.
Grasshoppers are even more lethal. Kids eat them by the handful, ingesting as much as 2,300 micrograms of lead at a time.
Just 10 micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood can permanently lower a child's IQ by four to five points, according to Maricela Narvaez-Foster of Alameda County's Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. Lead poisoning is hard to detect because its initial symptoms -- irritability, fatigue and weight loss -- often are attributed to other causes.
Adults can suffer lead poisoning, but kids are most vulnerable.
About 440,000 children in the United States -- including more than 13,000 in California -- younger than 6 have lead poisoning, according to the Centers for Disease Control.
State and local health departments have been warning people about grasshoppers and Mexican candy since they first noticed the increase in lead poisoning about four years ago.
Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed a bill last month banning the sale of tainted candy and wants to work with Mexican officials to "tackle the problem at its source."
"The problem is that you shouldn't have any lead in candy," said Victoria Harris, an aide to Assemblyman Juan Vargas, D-San Diego, who wrote the bill. "Kids can get lead poisoning from a lot of sources, but if we can take one thing out of the equation, we need to do it."
Candy manufacturers lobbied against the bill, arguing that the lead levels weren't high enough to warrant concern. Many candy companies have been cleaning their facilities and trying to reduce the lead levels, Ayala and Narvaez-Foster said.
The lawsuit filed in 2004 by Alameda County, the Los Angeles city attorney and the state attorney general demands that the candy makers eradicate lead from their factories and label any candies that contain the substance. It cites Proposition 65, which requires manufacturers to warn the public about potentially carcinogenic products.
Locally, public health workers visit schools to talk to parents, kids and teachers about the hazards of lead and possible sources; talk to shopkeepers about stocking lead-free products; and staff Latino festivals like Dia de los Muertos to warn kids and parents about tainted candy.
In Oakland's mostly Latino Fruitvale district, the effort appears to be working. Many stores still carry the tainted candies, but fewer than at this time last year, said David Crosby of the Alameda County lead poisoning prevention program. Several shopkeepers said they dropped the poisonous treats after learning of the risk.
"We don't have Super Lucas anymore because of the lead. There's some kind of problem -- it's a risk for the kids," said Rafael Hernandez, owner of Carniceria Hernandez on International Boulevard. "We stay away from that."
At Foodvale market, owner Ahmad Qasem had stopped stocking most of the dubious candy, but was heartbroken to see that tamarind candies have to go.
"That's pretty good stuff. I'd hate to get it out of here," he said. "I don't sell much of it, though. If it's selling, it's me who's eating it."
Public health officials say the campaign is working, but there's still a way to go. It can be hard getting kids to part with the beloved treats.
"Food is a core part of our cultural identity," said UC Davis Professor James Grieshop, who studies Oaxacan immigrants. "It's like us when we travel with our Peet's coffee. You can get good coffee in other places, but it's just not the same. That's how it is with the grasshoppers and other snacks."
The United States banned lead from paint and gasoline in the 1970s, but there's still plenty of lead-based paint on older homes.
But gasoline, paint and other items containing lead remain legal and common in Mexico.
It appears in ceramics, in candy and wrappers, in chile powder and even in the water. One particularly potent -- and especially troubling -- source is a remedy for colicky babies that's almost pure lead. Parents feed it to infants by the spoonful.
No one's sure why or how the grasshoppers have become such potent carriers of lead. Oaxaca, one of Mexico's poorest states, is rife with factories, contaminated water and an aging infrastructure that includes lead pipes. The grasshoppers could absorb the lead from a host of sources.
In any case, the insects have long been a favorite snack in the region. They're gathered after a harvest, dried or fried and munched plain or seasoned. Some are even dipped in chocolate.
They're sold in bags and eaten like popcorn. They're often packaged by relatives in Oaxaca and delivered in boxes or suitcases to the United States through an informal network of friends and neighbors traveling between the two countries.
The grasshoppers are available in some farmers' markets throughout the Bay Area, and at flea markets such as the Coliseum Flea Market in Oakland.
Public health workers have tried attacking the problem in Mexico, with limited success. In many impoverished villages, residents have more immediate health concerns, such as giardia, rotting teeth and eye problems, said Narvaez-Foster.
It's also a challenge convincing people to give up the snacks they've enjoyed for generations -- especially if the treats were prepared by a relative.
"You just have to keep repeating the message over and over," said Narvaez-Foster. "It's the only way to get through." | <urn:uuid:314e08cc-10d6-4e30-bf49-11103df81882> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/CALIFORNIA-Effort-to-remove-lead-from-Mexican-2506106.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049273946.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002113-00140-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966729 | 1,751 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Black male and female relationships interactive workshop on Valentine’s Day
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The Black History Committee hosted a “Black Male and Female Relationship Interactive” workshop, which is about an exploration of who are African-Americans as couples.
This event was part of the Black History Month celebration and also to celebrate Valentine’s Day on Tuesday in the Alondra Room.
Payge Means Hopper, a change catalyst was in charge of conducing this event. She started her presentation with an excerpt from her book “Healing The Wounds of American Slavery.”
The excerpt was about how Africans were brought to American and how they suffered due to slavery at that time.
Hopper talked about epigenetic, which is the “study of stress and trauma upon one generation passing down to the next and literally affecting that generation.”
She talked about epigenetics because African-Americans today are affected by their ancestors who suffered when they were slaves. She also talked about how trauma manifested itself in people. Some examples that she gave were shaming, gaming, blaming, inflaming, and defaming.
Besides that, Hopper presented typical stereotypes that come out of The Institution of Slavery that most people may or may not be aware of.
Some of the main stereotypes she mentioned were black women think all black men are “lazy and dogs.” Also, Hopper said that the main stereotype about what black men think black women have are bad attitudes.
“When a woman is hurt and her heart broken, she shows anger and that’s to protect her heart,” Hopper said. “So it could be that a sister have a bad attitude, but it could be she has been hurt before.”
Hopper ended her presentation with a game that she called “Daters and Courters.” This is a game that showed the process of someone before deciding to date.
For example, she said if someone starts a relationship in a nightclub the probabilities are that the relationship won’t last compared to a relationship where a couple will spend more time to get to know each other.
Hopper chose to talk about this topic because the black communities, in terms of black relationships, are very desperate in some situations. She started doing this workshop in 2012 while working on her book, which she started in 2000.
However, it is her first time presenting this workshop at EC.
“I started having this vision and the vision was about this slave girl like literally it felt like I was having her thoughts,” Hopper said. “Long story short, something happened here in America that was so horrific, so terrible, and so real that the blood from our ancestors are crying out.”
Some of the students who attended the event said the workshop was helpful to them.
“For me and my boyfriend, we are a young black couple and we really don’t have somebody to go to for that kind of advice and feedback,” Marisa Greenwade, 20, history major said. “We do definitely have to know the other person more because we don’t want to waste our time and energy with somebody we’re not really compatible with.”
Another student said that Hopper gave him useful advice.
“The topic went pretty well and basically (Hopper) gave good advices and suggestions on what to do like not to go fast with a relationship,” Daniel Harkness, 19, undecided major said. | <urn:uuid:0522a474-adb6-4ff4-b99f-4dfc3568b5ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://eccunion.com/arts/2017/02/15/talks-about-black-male-and-female-relationships-on-valentines-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189088.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00124-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980647 | 754 | 2.671875 | 3 |
For eighty-eight years, the William Cameron House stood as a nineteenth-century architectural treasure near the intersection of Twelfth Street and Austin Avenue. The fine embellishments on the mansion dazzled Waco residents, and helped it to become a familiar and revered residential landmark of the city.
Born in Scotland on January 11, 1834, William Cameron moved to the United States in 1852 and worked as a construction foreman for the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Cameron enlisted for the Union Army during the Civil War and was captured at the Battle of Springfield in 1861. After his release, Cameron worked in Missouri to supply grain for the government. While in Missouri, Cameron married Letitia Stewart and had two children. In 1865, Cameron began work for the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railroad and soon built retail lumberyards along the rail lines toward the Southwest and continued accumulating wealth. Cameron’s first wife died very early in life, and Cameron then married Flora Ann Berry of Little Rock, Arkansas. He became the father of three more children and provided generously to them all. The family moved to Waco, Texas, in 1876, where Cameron opened an additional lumberyard and headquarters for the William Cameron Company. He also got involved in the grain and flour mill business, and was a director at the First National Bank of Waco.
While residing in Waco, Cameron built a mansion for his wife Flora and their three children. The house was completed in 1885 as a surprise for his wife. The designer of the sophisticated structure architect was William Winant Larmour, the same man who designed the construction on Baylor University’s Old Main and Burleson Halls. The house was beautifully decorated with white architectural millwork and ironwork and boasted a French blue background. Highlights of the mansion included windows made of heavy crystal glass, massive mahogany stairs that complimented the parquet flooring, and a roof topped with an iron-crowned cupola. The plentiful space served as a home for Cameron, his family and in-laws, and provided space for domestic employees.
After the death of Cameron in 1899, the house was passed down to his son, William W. Cameron, and then to his grandson, Edward Cameron Bolton who saw the home fit for demolition. Coca-Cola Bottling Company bought the home and made plans to clear the property. Many citizens of Waco were disappointed; however, historic preservation was out of the question due to the condition of the house, its immense size, and the level of upkeep required. In 1966, a young entrepreneur, Homer Owen, took the responsibility of selling the contents of the house before demolition. Citizens of Waco were excited to pay fifty cents apiece to view the inside of the house, while antique buyers encountered a feast. Everything inside, outside, and even parts of the house were for sale. Contents included love letters from Cameron to his second wife, proving that he was a very affectionate man. Doors, windows, trunks, evening clothes, wedding attire, and even structural items went into the hands of buyers.
Once the interest of the public swayed from Cameron’s house, mysterious reports came to light about the presence of a ghost. As Homer Owen was preparing for the demolition of the house, vandals broke into the home and caused damages, and as a result, Owen stayed in the house to keep watch during the night. Owen laid awake and reported strange noises and footsteps. He asked several individuals such as teenage boys, Baylor University students, and carpenters to stay in the house overnight and keep watch. Some of the guests stayed overnight but never returned, and some only lasted half of the night. Many citizens of Waco rejected the stories, while some took them seriously and provided a theory that it was the ghost of the architect trying to drive people away to keep them from demolishing the house, or that it was the ghost of William Cameron himself.
After many years of serving as a beautiful landmark in Waco, the empty house caught fire in 1966, and the remainder of the house was later demolished. Today the William Cameron house rests in photographs, history books, and the memories of the citizens of Waco. | <urn:uuid:df6a0d9d-8331-49a6-9631-67ee36c0cc72> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://wacohistory.org/items/show/151 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209181231-20221209211231-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.981875 | 855 | 2.875 | 3 |
LTE or Long Term Evolution mobile networks also commonly known as 4G is a type of network that provides users with much faster data speeds than 3G is able to.
As much as we like to move to newer and latest App, Android or iPhone or Samsung some of us are so at it that we are the first front. We have heard of midnight queues to get the first hands on latest release. Having newer technology and devices feels awesome thats is from experience i imagine. It feeds well rather than waiting to hear from your friend how fast or superb their machine runs
When LTE was launched by my mobile providers in Zambia i quickly moved on from the 3G surrounding my iPad, iPhone and the Router. I quickly upgraded to to this new phenomena and the speeds it can offer. LTE (Long Term Evolution) or mostly marketed as 4G, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. Its a natural path for upgrades for Mobile Telecommunication carriers using GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks.
However this endless satiation has its downside for the “i beta tested” and rather not wait class as the recent CERT report shows;
Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile networks are currently deployed through the world. These LTE mobile networks make use of full packet switching and the IP protocol, unlike previous iterations of the mobile network. This change from circuit switching to packet switching allows new attacks not previously possible. Some implementations of LTE networks and mobile applications are currently vulnerable to several issues which may result in loss of privacy, incorrect billing, and data spoofing.
|Map showing the red countries commercially using LTE, blue deploying and grey in the trial phase|
The leading team advisory of Korean origin found the following vulnerabilities. Depending on the carrier implementation one or all of the vulnerabilities may be found with the network. Though Apple reports that the iOS is not affected.
—————————CERT Vulnerability Note VU#943167————————
Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
Call_Phone permission can be overruled with only the INTERNET permission by directly sending SIP/IP packets. A call made in such a manner would not provide any feedback to the user. Continually making such calls may result in overbilling or lead to denial of service.
Improper Access Control
Some networks allow two phones to directly establish a session rather than being monitored by a SIP server, thus such communication is not accounted for by the provider. This may be used to either spoof phone numbers or obtain free data usage such as for video calls.
for every SIP-Session Initiation Protocol- message, allowing the possibility of spoofing of phone numbers.
Networks allows a user to attempt to establish multiple SIP sessions simultaneously rather than restricting a user to a single voice session, which may lead to denial of service attacks on the network. An attacker may also use this to establish a peer-to-peer network within the mobile network.
As you are using LTE on an Android powered device you risk a remote attacker
1. Establish a peer-peer communication, spoofing your phone call and
2. Retrieve data from your mobile
3. Denial of service and overbilling
3. A malicious mobile app may be able to silently place phone calls without the user’s knowledge.
Solution is none at the moment as alerted by the advisory team, but here is a go on, if you feel things aint right try to restrict device to 3G and see how things move. | <urn:uuid:9bab12fb-1774-4ed0-920e-f7305e6e5c2a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.lensesview.com/lte-security-flaw-reveals-all-android-devices-are-vulnerable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703565376.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125061144-20210125091144-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.927835 | 727 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How to Get Rid of Cutworms in the Garden
Yesterday, beautiful little seedlings were just poking their heads up in the garden. This morning, tragedy! Some seedlings are missing altogether, while others have been beheaded, their fragile tops cut off, lying neatly beside them. If you’re wondering what horrible thing has befallen your plants, the answer is simple: cutworms. You may be able to find one taking a daytime nap by probing the earth with your fingers. Of course, you can kill any cutworms you find by tossing them on a hard surface and stepping on them, but that won’t help the seedlings that have lost their heads. The only immediate solution is to reseed or transplant new seedlings to replace those that were demolished.
Know their cycle to get control
Once you’ve experienced cutworms’ damage, you’ll have no trouble understanding why the larvae of certain night-flying moths are called “cut” worms. The term is applied to about 200 species with slightly different eating habits. Most are gray-brown caterpillars, with the characteristic habit of curling up in the shape of the letter C when disturbed.
Cutworms sleep by day just under the soil surface or occasionally in moist debris on the surface. Some will even make tunnels and feed just below or above the soil surface. These cutworms are the ones most likely to chop down seedlings. Other types remain in the soil and feed on underground stems and roots, causing plants to wilt. Many of these caterpillars are climbers that eat leaves or buds of larger plants or trees. Regardless of the parts of plants they are likely to eat, all of these cutworms come out at night to do their devastating damage.
Grass and weeds harbor eggs. The adult moths of many cutworm species share a similar life cycle. In spring, they are attracted to grasses and weeds to lay their eggs. They prefer weeds with multiple stems and many basal leaves that produce low, dense growth. So the worst cutworm infestations in the vegetable garden generally occur where grassy areas have recently been broken up to create a new planting bed. When the young caterpillars hatch, they begin feeding on the nearest vegetation, slowly expanding their range as they grow. Consequently, if you’re planning to enlarge your garden in early spring by cultivating a nearby grassy or weedy area, do it at least two to three weeks before planting any vegetable seeds. If cultivated too soon before vegetable planting, cutworm larvae that have already hatched may migrate to the vegetables in search of food.
In fall, you can begin a program to reduce cutworm damage the following spring. Thickly mulch the garden area. Compost, weeds, hay, leaves, or even newspaper can make a good smothering mulch. Monitor the area in late winter and spring when the ground warms sufficiently for plant growth. Keep it as free of weeds and grass as possible. Remove any vegetation that might tempt cutworm moths to lay their eggs nearby, or continue adding mulch to deter weed growth.
Seek alternatives to toxic insecticides
If mulching in the previous season doesn’t rid you of cutworms, you can treat the garden with Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki). This is a naturally occurring bacterial insecticide specific to caterpillars, and it is harmless to humans and to the natural enemies of the pests. Products with this active ingredient are available under various trade names; just be sure to follow package directions when it comes to application.
Because it’s hard to determine when cutworm-moth eggs are starting to hatch, spray Btk at weekly intervals while your seedlings are emerging and still small. Repeat applications are necessary because Btk dissipates quickly in the environment and may wash off plants with rain or irrigation. The most important thing to understand about Btk is that it has to be eaten by the cutworms to be effective. It will not kill the cutworms through contact alone, so you’ll have to tolerate a little plant damage while the tiny worms ingest the poison. Also, Btk is ineffective against cutworms that feed below the soil surface. Btk is a living product, so protect it from moisture and high temperatures during storage.
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae, two species of insect-attacking nematodes that are otherwise harmless in the garden, are known to eat cutworms. Both are available as commercial products from nurseries and mail-order suppliers. Keep in mind, however, that nematodes work best in loamy or sandy soils. They are also susceptible to drying out, so apply them to a moist soil surface in the late afternoon and water them in thoroughly. They will remain viable in the soil longer if there are some alternate sources of food for them. Ensure this by incorporating compost into the soil beforehand. Composted organic material usually attracts fungus gnats, and their larvae serve as food for the nematodes in between any cutworm meals.
If cutworms didn’t have the annoying habit of chopping down seedlings, then we might pity them for they have many natural enemies. Most are too small to notice, like parasitic braconid wasps or tachinid flies. Others are more visible, like meadowlarks, blackbirds, toads, moles, and shrews. The best approach to preserving these natural enemies is to avoid the use of poisons, especially those like Sevin that contain the active ingredient carbaryl, which is toxic to many natural enemies. Include flowering plants in the garden to provide nectar and pollen for the beneficials, food to tide them over until their insect prey hatches. It’s worthwhile to make the extra effort that alternative pest-management methods sometimes require to keep cutworms in check and your harvests healthy.
Collars can thwart cutworms
Not all vegetables lend themselves to being raised in containers or flats and then transplanted. But those that do, such as lettuce, cabbage, broccoli, and beans, can be protected during the stage when they are most vulnerable to cutworms.
STEP 1: Keep seedlings in their containers in a sunny, protected indoor or outdoor location until they are 4 to 5 inches tall and have several true leaves.
STEP 2: Make a set of protective barriers/collars by cutting in half-frozen juice containers, cardboard toilet-paper tubes, or plastic cups.
STEP 3: Transplant the sturdy seedlings into the ground, and surround each with a protective barrier. Each barrier should be sunk into the ground an inch deep.
Published at Thu, 02 Dec 2021 11:20:44 -0500 | <urn:uuid:bf75f5aa-70ec-4fb5-b476-ade7d1f97c33> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://vegeplants.com/how-to-get-rid-of-cutworms-in-the-garden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945381.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326013652-20230326043652-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.946028 | 1,398 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This section explores an A-Z of the themes that reoccur throughout the images that we gathered for this project.
H is for Hats
Hats might seem an odd choice for an entry in this A-Z of visions of the future. Yet in nineteenth and early twentieth century images of the futures they were everywhere. Perhaps the most humorous example came from Puck’s 1877 vision of the hat of the future, in which the fashion for large, wide-brimmed, women’s hats had been taken to the extreme that headgear could shelter whole families from the sun or rain, support parachuting down from buildings, or be used as an outsize lampshade.
For the most part the hats that litter nineteenth-century images of the future are the hats that were popular in period when the image was produced. Whilst the nineteenth-century saw the slow decline of ‘hat honour’, doffing the cap was still a significant gesture linked to the performance of class and gender. Hats themselves were also not created equal: witness the top-hatted gentleman who complains about the smoke emerging from the steam-powered carriage driven by a country bumpkin wearing a floppy, wide-brimmed, piece of millinery in the 2nd plate of Robert Seymour’s 1830 ‘Locomotion’ series.
One explanation for the conservative nature of futurological-millinery is linked to a desire to provide an index of social and embodied stability in the midst of the other manifold changes apparent in visions of the future. Many of these images, especially examples such as the ‘Hundred Years Hence’ set of trade cards, also worked by locating viewers in the future. By sticking to the same clothing, such images allowed people to imagine themselves as part of the depicted scenarios. Whilst Punch offered up an image of art-gallery audiences flying about with ‘anti-gravity’ underclothing, hats remained firmly ensconced on heads. On the other hand, changing hats – or changing wearers of hats – could indicate adverse shifts in social and gendered hierarchies at work: visions of top-hatted female suffrage campaigners or mortar-boarded ‘lady’ professors offered a case in point. Hats could function as an anchor in a world of change or an indication of just how topsy turvy the future might be.
Yet predictions of innovation in headwear can also be found in these images. Hats became clothing onto which future tools might be grafted. The purpose of the ‘Electro-Magnetic’ hat included in Punch’s 1878 image of a museum of modern antiques is unclear. Another image from Punch, this time from 1906, predicted the probable social impact of innovations in wireless telegraphy and showed a man and a woman each with telegraph receivers poking out of their hats. Meanwhile, Punch’s 1886 vision of the policeman of the future included an electric rattle attached to his helmet, offering a hands-free way of raising the alarm.
Perhaps the most famous example of futuristic hats comes from Robert Seymour’s satirical series ‘Living Made Easy’, which made tongue-in-cheek suggestions about future technological innovation that included, among other things, ‘glass covers for noisy children’. In the most widely shared image from the series, Seymour imagined a ‘revolving hat’ that would present the wearer with items of everyday use ‘without the intolerable trouble of holding them’. In this case, the hats held an eye-glass, cigar, scent-box, spectacles, and a hearing trumpet. In his Theory of Moral Sentiments Adam Smith had noted the expansion of everyday objects that people insisted on carrying around:
All their pockets are stuffed with little conveniences. They contrive new pockets, unknown in the clothes of other people, in order to carry a greater number. They walk about loaded with a multitude of baubles… some of which may sometimes be of some little use, but all of which might at all times be very well spared, and of which the whole utility is certainly not worth the fatigue of bearing the burden.
A revolving hat would provide a useful piece of kit in a consumer culture where objects were an important accompaniment to sociability and an intrinsic part of the grammar of conversation. | <urn:uuid:4e4ff80e-d259-4252-ab5d-e385d03c8a13> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.visionsofthefuture.co.uk/a-to-z/h-is-for-hats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530066.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519204127-20220519234127-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.952697 | 896 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Hello- I need some expert advice. I have a small flock of Arcaunas. Last spring a beautiful Game Chicken, feral, started foraging with them, and has decided to stay. The tame checkins enter the coop every night, but she roosts in the tree. She mated with my Arcauana rooster and made a nest under my shed. Beautiful little baby chicks hatched out. But I am seeing them disappear due to predation. I caught her with the 1 week old chicks and put her in a spare coop. She is NOT happy, never having been caged. Chicks seem to be adjusting. Questions:
1- How long does it normally take for a wild chicken to settle down and accept living in an enclosed coop?
2- Any idea if the little ones, if pullets, will lay the characteristic Arcauna blue eggs? They all have yellow legs, not the green or blue of the true Arcauanas. Is egg color a recessive trait?
Thanks for your help all! | <urn:uuid:2b8ffabb-33b0-46c9-95b4-a79da0e27e52> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.backyardchickens.com/t/1126309/taming-a-wild-chicken | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174159.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00294-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94982 | 214 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Protein-rich foods. Young athletes should not assume that protective gear will prevent all injuries while performing more dangerous or risky activities. Click here to get an answer to your question Dangerous conditions influencing sport injuries include all of the following EXCEPT: overuse B. overexertion scarvshy000 Knee injuries. Wear lightweight, light-coloured, loose-fitting clothes. Ankle Sprain. Chronic injuries result from overusing one body area over a long period. The most common injuries. Plantar fasciitis, a term used to denote inflammation of the plantar fascia that surrounds the heel and arch, is one of the most common occupational and sport related causes of foot pain. When landing from jumps, stress landing in the athletic position.
Because soccer is a contact sport, collision injuries from striking another player are common, accounting for 30 percent of all soccer injuries. 2. The most common volleyball-related injuries involve the ankle, and ankle sprains are the most common injury in the sport. This is a great time to perform passive stretching to improve range of motion and flexibility. The most common injuries from sports include ankle sprains, concussion, bone fractures, knee-tears, hamstring strains, and groin strain. A sports injury can be caused by an accident, impact, poor training practices, improper equipment, lack of conditioning, or insufficient warm-up and stretching. Strains. The injury may be only a minor bump on the skull or a serious brain injury. common sports related injuries include - Brainly.ph josh2119 20.09.2020 Health Senior High School answered Common sports related injuries include Patellofemoral Syndrome. A closed head injury means you received a hard blow to the head from striking an object, but the object did not break the skull. ctto Muscle Common sports injuries include hamstring strains, groin pulls, shin splints, ACL tears and concussions. We'll speed up your recovery and restore function so you can get back on the court. Collision or contact It occurs when a foot turns inward, stretching or tearing the ligaments outside of the ankle as they are It is Types of Injuries in Sports Muscle sprains and strains Tears of the ligaments that Fractures. 2.Strains. Of all the sports noted below, most of them posted a decrease in the number of injuries treated from 2017. Acute injuries occur suddenly and are usually associated with severe pain. Achilles Tendinopathy is a common overuse injury in football, as the sport involves running and jumping activities.
Let's look at eight common possible athletic-related injuries and possible prevention measures you can take. Sprains. Muscle sprains and strains, tears of the ligaments and tendons, dislocated joints, fractured bones, and head injuries are common. The most common types of sports injuries include: Sprains. and biological as well as psychological maturation. Sprained ligaments and strained muscles are also common sports injuries, since they can occur during almost any type of athletic activity. Basketball requires extensive stop and go and cutting maneuvers which can put the ligaments and menisci of the knee at risk. Common sports related injuries. Head injury can be either closed or open (penetrating). Concussions can be very serious and require immediate medical Training too hard or fast is a common cause of sports-related injuries.
Elbow Injuries The types of disease most commonly seen at the elbow are due to injury.
The easiest way to warm up is to exercise slowly for the first few minutes, then pick up the pace. 1. Concussion mild reversible brain injury from a blow to the head , which may be associated with loss of consciousness . Symptoms and first-aid measures for heat injuries. You can request an appointment online or call us at (510) 585-2545. Video answer: Top 10 most played sports in the world A lumbar strain is an injury to the lower back, which results in damaged tendons and muscles that spasm and feel sore. Soccer contact and collisions are common. Overstretching or tearing the ligaments results in a sprain. Trauma of great force can injure the tendons and muscles in the Shoulder injuries, including dislocations, sprains and strains, make up 20% of all sports injuries. Swimmers Ear. Not warming up or stretching enough can also lead to Foot and ankle injuries are common in sports, especially running, tennis and soccer, but you can reduce the risk of injury by taking precautions. Each year, approximately 300,000 mild to moderate traumatic brain injuries are classified as sports-related (108). Remember to Hydrate. This includes not only the limbs and the neck, but the body Failure to rest or properly rehabilitate an injury returning to dance before an existing injury has healed can aggravate the condition. Following the injury, the body will experience a change. Sprains and Strains. Learn more in: brainly.com/question/5404553 Accidents, poor training practices, or improper gear can cause them. After injury it is hard to do a 180 degrees rotation. Overtraining; Not enough rest periods; Poor stroke mechanics; Poor breathing technique; Poor flexibility or range of motion Explanation: 5 Most Common Sports Injuries. 9. The difference between chronic and acute sports injuries lies in the signs and symptoms of the injury. Sports and related activities are responsible for 21% of all traumatic brain injuries among U.S. children (Hopkins) Football causes the most overall injuries in children (Hopkins) Common sports-related injuries include: Common sports-related injuries include: Sprains the tear of muscle and ligament. What is the most common accidents and why? Cuts, abrasions, and bruises. Common injuries to tendons include strains or complete tears (rupture) and inflammation or degeneration of the tendon (tendinopathy). Shin splints and stress fractures in the feet are common dance-related overuse injuries. Falls. #2: Rotator Cuff Disorder. While not an orthopedics-related swimming injury per se, swimmers ear can cause quite a level of discomfort. Things to remember. Making sure your child always wears the right helmet for their activity and that it fits correctly. TBIs can damage nerve cells and cause bleeding or swelling in your brain. If you have a sports-related injury, come see us at FORM Ortho for Immediate Injury Care. Answer (1 of 26): In essence, any of the scores of moving human-body parts being injured as a result of performing in sports. rapid growth during puberty. A concussion is a brain injury caused by an impact to your head strong enough to temporarily affect your brain activity. Contact UPMC Sports Medicine at 1-855-93-SPORT (77678) to schedule an appointment. An ankle sprain is one of the most common sporting injuries Any damage should be repaired or the item should be replaced. Lower Extremity Injuries. Some people get hurt because they are not in shape. 4. Common reasons why young athletes get injured playing sports include: not training or playing properly. In the English football league, there is an average of 3.5 Achilles tendon
This change could cause instability, or prevent another part of the body from functioning properly. Here we list the six most common types of sports injuries that our patients experience. Wearing improper sporting gear .
A sports injury can be caused by an accident, impact, poor training practices, improper equipment, lack of conditioning, or insufficient warm-up and stretching. Tendonitis Two of the most common injuries at the elbow are overuse injuries: tennis elbow and golfer's elbow. Do not try to work through the pain as you can worsen the injury and require more intensive care and recovery time to repair any damages. training too much. In conclusion, the most common injuries from sports include sprains, knee injuries, fractures, tennis elbow, concussion, etc. Injury to the medial collateral ligament is most common following a blow to the outside of the knee and can be often be treated with ice, bracing and a gradual return to activity. They can cause: inflammation (pain and swelling) muscle strain. Causes of sport injuries may include: Improper or poor training practices . The most common causes of head injuries are: Car or motorcycle accidents. Roughly 3 out of every 4 running-related injuries occur in the lower leg. If you have a basketball-related injury, UPMC Sports Medicine's orthopaedic surgeons, athletic trainers, and physical therapists can help. A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament near a joint, such as a knee, ankle, or wrist. What is a concussion and what are the symptoms to There is no concussion-proof helmet. For example, before running, walk briskly for 5 to 10 minutes. Grade2 A little more serious as the muscle is partially torn. Recovery/Treatment: Tend to the injured knee by icing it regularly, at least two times per day. injury to
Bright colors work to keep you cooler while exercising. The ACL, anterior cruciate ligament, is one of the major stabilizing ligaments of the knee. For the first few days after your injury, rest the injured area, ice We'll speed up your recovery and restore function so Perhaps the most common sports injuries to The trauma of a sports injury can cause osteoarthritis in adults of any age. Common Sports Injuries and Prevention Practice. Fire-related accidents and injuries, especially for activities such as camping. 4.Concussions. B. Ligaments are pieces of tissue that connect two bones
The most common injuries include: Tennis elbow: This is an overuse of the muscles that extend and bend the wrist. Most common in contact sports like football, a concussion occurs when a sudden impact to the head causes the brain to lurch inside the skull, sometimes damaging the tissues holding it in Brain injuries like concussions represent only Begin with low impact aerobic exercise (i.e., walk, cycle, or swim) and gradually increase your duration to 2-3 hours per week. Common sites include the knee, ankle, shin and foot. Typically, acute injuries are caused by a sudden movement or impact during either exercise or a sport. Common dance injuries. Knee Injuries. Skin rashes or exposure to allergens or toxins. It is one of the most common ankle injuries in sports. Most often the injury is caused by a blow to the shoulder or by falling on an outstretched hand. Players should wear appropriate and properly fit protective equipment such as pads (neck, shoulder, elbow, chest, knee, shin), helmets, mouthpieces, face guards, protective cups, and eyewear. Suggestions to avoid heat-related illnesses include: Drink plenty of water before, during and after exercise. Most TBIs are treatable, but they can impact your daily life and cause This stress generally is from repeating the same movements over and over again. Grade1 This is generally described as a muscle pull or strain. Protein-rich foods such as meat and fish enhance the bodys muscle-building process. Ankle sprains are graded based on their severity as follow: Grade 1: Some slight stretching and minimal ligament damage. Traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries are relatively rare during sports or exercise. The safety gear should fit properly.
These terms are defined below. Common injuries that may lead to OA include: torn cartilage. Shoulder Injuries in Volleyball. Chachab. tissue damage. Injuries to the musculoskeletal system that are common in athletes include fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, tendinitis, or bursitis. 3.Fractures. The most common cause of sports injuries for an ACL strain is Acts of violence. Strengthen muscles. In other cases, surgically inserted plates or Follow these tips to keep yourself injury free: 1) Stretch: Having good flexibility decreases your risk of injury, so incorporate stretching
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- Frozen Summer Treat Crossword | <urn:uuid:bab87c18-0709-4a26-9707-0d9553d762f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://freewareppc.com/rising/lorde/rising/1005227699012676f3a8c3e25d05-om-service-menu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945317.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325064253-20230325094253-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.93913 | 2,552 | 3.265625 | 3 |
There was this alter ego of the Walt Disney Goofy (of Mickey Mouse fame) called Supergoof and he got his powers from the super goober patch in his backyard. Goobers and groundnuts are the other names for the more common peanuts. This otherwise super goofy character got his sinews and jet power from gobbling all those peanuts, sneaking out of his back door and emerging from the goober bushes transformed!
In the real world, Peanuts are a legume crop grown for its power packed edible seeds, grown in the sub-tropics and the tropics where the weather is warm and the soil well drained. India is the second largest producer of peanuts in the world.
The secret world of legumes
Though peanuts are commonly classified as nuts, they are actually legumes. Peanut pods develop underground and this has given rise to its scientific name Arachis hypogaea – hypogaea meaning underground. These legumes have nitrogen fixing properties. In their root nodules, they harbour symbiotic bacteria which make ammonia from nitrogen in the air. Ammonia is used by the peanut plant to make amino acids and nucleotides (protein). In turn the bacteria use sugars from the plant. However, peanuts are similar to tree nuts like almonds and walnuts in their nutritional profile.
A complete food for complete health care
Peanuts are rich in essential nutrients and are an excellent source of protein, essential fats, vitamins and minerals:
Protein: A cup of peanuts contains 38 gms of protein which is a source of many of the amino acids required by the human body to perform hormonal and neurological functions.
Fats: Fats are essential for a balanced diet; it is a fallacy that a diet should be fat free. 78% of the calories in raw peanuts are from fat: but this is the good mono and poly unsaturated kind which actually lowers LDL cholesterol and the twin risks of diabetes and coronary disease.
Vitamins: Peanuts also contain niacin, folate, Vitamins E and B6, thiamine, riboflavin. These help protect levels of Vitamins A and C. They also keep the body in good ticking order by regulating appetite and healthy digestion and metabolism: all great for good skin. Folate is good for the developing foetus as it lowers the risk of birth defects, both spinal and neurological.
Minerals like magnesium, phosphorous, zinc, iron, potassium and calcium are essential for bone and tooth health, muscle contraction, blood clotting and general immunity. Peanuts are a rich source of them all.
Fibre: Peanuts contain insoluble dietary fibre which is considered necessary for weight loss and beneficial for controlling type 2 diabetes.
Peanut milk is being promoted in Africa to fight malnutrition: it is lactose free, extremely nutritive and affordable.
Benefit more than the human body
The nitrogen fixing property of this leguminous plant means that they improve soil fertility. As a consequence, the soil needs less nitrogen based fertilisers. Rotating crops involving peanut plants is sensible agricultural practice as a peanut crop leaves behind nitrogen enriched soil for a different crop to utilise.
Peanut oil is used in cooking and is a healthy alternative as it is unsaturated fat, resistant to rancidity. The residue protein- rich cake after oil manufacture is used as soil fertiliser and supplemental feed for livestock.
Industrial use of peanut oil may not be common knowledge. Nevertheless, it is used in paint, varnish, lubricants, insecticides and even nitroglycerin. Many cosmetics and soaps also use this oil or its derivatives.
Peanut shells, believe it or not, are used to manufacture hardboard, abrasives, fuel, cellulose and glue!
Can peanut butter be far behind?
This protein packed product should ideally have peanuts, salt and not much else, but it is usually sold sweetened. It is a good and easy way to supplement your protein in-take: a serving of 2 tablespoons is recommended. It is often the body builder’s good friend.
A word of care
We increasingly hear of peanut allergies. The symptoms range from mild allergic reactions like watery eyes and skin rashes to the life threatening anaphylactic shock. These allergies have been traced to family history and the consumption of soy products. But unless there is an actual diagnosis of an allergy, there is no need to avoid peanuts. The good news for allergy sufferers is that designer peanuts without the allergy causing protein trigger are on the block.
Peanuts are also susceptible to a type of fungal infection which produces a toxic compound called aflatoxin. Still, organic and modern methods of farming can go a long way in ensuring crop safety.
Common sense also dictates that no food supply is ever 100% safe. We live in a sea of toxins and have always stayed afloat. In fact there is a much greater possibility of getting e-coli infection from contaminated food than danger of exposure to aflatoxin.
Peanuts have a very high calorific content. The way to get a mouthful of the benefits would be to replace empty calories from snacks like chips and pastries with these tasty and health filled legumes.
Raw peanuts are mostly used in cooking. Spicy peanut sauces are widely used in Southeast Asian cuisine including those of Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia. In India, cooking, particularly in the Deccan plateau region involves multiple and extensive use of this nutritive legume: in masalas, chutneys and as additions to vegetable dishes.
Tender peanuts are delicious, boiled in their cases with a dash of salt. Roasting is another popular choice and actually improves the antioxidant properties.
There are many packaged brands in the market which offer peanuts batter fried or dusted with exotic flavours.
So, the next time you pick up a packet of peanuts, just remember that it is a super-goober, indeed! | <urn:uuid:4639144c-60f8-480b-b8c6-0871c5ed124e> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://mediv.dp.ua/peanuts-more-than-just-a-way-to-pass-the-time-of-day.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541309137.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215173718-20191215201718-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.94197 | 1,221 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Chinese Calendar 1989, September with Chinese / Gregorian Dates
Chinese Calendar September, 1989 - Gregorian Year 1989 translates to Chinese Year 4687
This is an interchangeable (Gregorian - Chinese) Calendar. Displayed below is the Chinese Calendar 1989 showing the month of September, along with traditional Chinese festival dates and holidays during September, 1989. According to Chinese zodiac, 1989 is the year of the Snake as each year in Chinese calendar is represented by an animal.
Change the Base calendar to switch between Gregorian (English) Calendar and Chinese calendar Years. You can also view the calendar in English or Chinese language by changing the language setting.
|4687 Ren-Shen(Monkey) - Gui-You(Rooster)||
|27-3||28-2||29-1||300||311||1 2||2 3|
|3 4||4 5||5 6||6 7||7 8||8 9||9 10|
|10 11||11 12||12 13||13 14||14 15||15 16||16 17|
|17 18||18 19||19 20||20 21||21 22||22 23||23 24|
|24 25||25 26||26 27||27 28||28 29||29 30||30 1|
Links related to Chinese Calendar
Understanding the Chinese Calendar
The big bold numbers are the Gregorian dates for the month of September and the small numbers below them represent the Chinese calendar dates. Use the Blue arrows to navigate to next month and use the drop-down box to choose another Year/Month.
Festivals and Important Days in September (Ren-Shen(Monkey) - Gui-You(Rooster))
Traditional Chinese Festivals and other Events during the month of (September) :
|Muharram Ends||Saturday, 02nd Sep 1989|
|Mid Autumn Festival||Thursday, 14th Sep 1989|
|Arbaeen||Friday, 22nd Sep 1989|
|World Tourism Day||Wednesday, 27th Sep 1989|
Even today Chinese calendar is being followed by the people of East Asian countries to determine their traditional festivals. Chinese New Year is based on the Chinese Calendar. The Chinese Zodiac relates 12 animals to each Calendar year.
This is a dynamic online Chinese Calendar 1989 created based on user input. This webpage shows the Chinese Calendar along with traditional chinese festival dates of 1989. | <urn:uuid:38e57609-a93c-4be7-b616-929511a66ee6> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.prokerala.com/general/calendar/chinesecalendar.php?month=9&year=1989&sb=1&lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042991951.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002311-00250-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839232 | 499 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Distichopora is such a beautiful animal, it’s a pity that we still haven’t cracked its captive care in home aquariums. Whether that’s due to this ‘coral’ not being a coral at all, or the fact that it’s non-photosynthetic probably has something to do with it.
Although the seem very coral-like, Distichopora belong to a completely different order of the animal tree, the Hydrozoans which includes hydroids and the more familiar Millipora fire corals. However unlike the photosynthetic and fast-growing fire corals, Distichopora has a near zero survival rate in captivity.
Distichopora and Stylaster ‘Lace Corals’ are sometimes encountered in aquarium stores – but if the staff is willing to sell it to you, it’s a sure fire sign that you might want to find a new place to shop. The reason being that, as far as we know, no one has been able to keep these corals alive, even though the skeleton retains its color long after the zooids have gone (zooids are the hydrozoan equivalent of polyps).
It’s a shame we don’t know how to grow them because Distichopora occurs in some truly beautiful colors, a large sampling of which we got to see on recent dives in Papua New Guinea. In certain parts of the reef the Distichopora was the dominant reef animal, in some places even crowding out the Acros in shallow water!
On this particular reef there were countless Distichopora in a rainbow of colors, ranging from blue to yellow, some with a light mauve color that only became purple towards the tips.
As common as Distichopora was on this particular reef, it really made me want to try and figure out what makes these corals tick and grow, because they would be stunning animals in the aquarium. We’ve already figured out the whole chemistry needs of real stony corals and other invertebrates, so if we could just figure out what lace corals eat, we’d be able to take Distichopora out of the category of Unseen Corals. | <urn:uuid:faef6448-4ca6-414a-8e07-5ce97dbfbcfc> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://reefbuilders.com/2017/06/09/distichopora/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948126.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426105552-20180426125552-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.961467 | 468 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Crime has always plagued human existence since before laws were created. It’s a fact as immutable as the fact that a clown’s face will always be purposefully ugly rather than entertaining. In fact, pop culture in the 2000s has taken a liking to crime thrillers with shows like CSI, Law and Order, Castle, and Monk. And well, the thing that separates CSI from the other crime thrillers is that they actually show the lab personnel these unsung heroes hard at work. Let’s jump into Forensic Science
The shows put an emphasis on forensic science. The new Hawaii Five-O would later use the same emphasis in its show and quite frankly, it’s not as mundane as one would think. There’s a certain appeal in watching how tests are done in the lab in order to find the perp. And the cool bit is that a lot of the tech featured in these shows is actually real. We have machines that do chemical analysis, ballistics analysis, and an extensive database that contains vital information on every criminal. All these are real and they’re helping solve crimes on a regular basis.
1 High-Speed Ballistics Photography
This technology makes use of high-speed cameras to capture the bullet trajectory and both the entry and exit points of a bullet. It is also used to analyze how a bullet shatters glass in order to determine the bullet’s point A to point B path.
2 DNA Sequencers
While it’s pretty much common knowledge that DNA can be found in a strand of hair or a flake of skin, there are some cases where these samples are simply too degraded for the use of DNA profiling. DNA sequences are able to analyze bones and teeth by analyzing the order of a person’s nucleobases. DNA sequences use DNA pattern to identify the person.
3 Automated Fingerprint Identification
While fingerprint comparison technology has been around for quite a while. Recent advancements have enabled the technology to analyze dust via magnetic fingerprinting dust. This allows forensic scientists to find perfect fingerprint samples without contaminating a crime scene.
4 Alternative Light Photography
This technology allows forensic scientists to see damage on the body even before it appears in the form of bruising. A device known as the Omnichrome uses orange filters along with the blue light in order to see bruises below the skin.
5 XBox Digital Surveillance
Apparently, the last place one would search for illicit information is in game consoles. It’s exactly for this reason that a lot of criminals use their game consoles to store their private data. Recent technological developments such as the XFT device enable forensic investigators to view hidden files on an Xbox’s hard drive. | <urn:uuid:ed9d64ff-554c-422c-9654-d298a01159a4> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.starkfeed.com/tech/technological-wonders-forensic-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670821.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121125509-20191121153509-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.937835 | 552 | 2.703125 | 3 |
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/02/2008
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Prices are a key factor in the operation of an economy. Price indexes, which provide summary measures of the movements in various categories of prices, are used extensively to analyse and monitor price behaviour and to adjust government payments such as pensions.
This chapter provides an outline of the consumer price index, house price indexes, the labour price index, producer price indexes, and the international trade price indexes, and their underlying concepts and methodology. | <urn:uuid:ec2156f3-1888-4f50-b5d9-c37cffea81d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/ABS%40.nsf/0/4C31E7252DA76CF0CA2573D20010D54E?opendocument | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823072.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00035-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85174 | 130 | 3.125 | 3 |
The Science of Ancient Greece
- Friday, September 21, 2012
Why is this important? Like in the story of Archimedes and the King’s Crown, different objects that appear to be the same size may be made of different substances which have different densities.
Archimedes invented many useful things. If you are interested in science, you should read more about him.
Give It a Try #2: Does It Take Up Air Space?
Another Greek scientist was Strato. He enjoyed investigating many scientific ideas and experimented to prove his theories. One scientific idea that Strato experimented to prove was that air has substance and is matter. Let’s learn more and see if we agree with Strato.
- Bucket or tub
- Two one-liter bottles
- Drill (to be used by an adult)
Ask an adult to drill a hole into the bottom of one of your bottles. Fill the bucket three-quarters full of water. Holding the undrilled bottle with its opening facing down, carefully push it straight down into the water quickly. Does the bottle fill up with water? What happens? Now take the bottle with the hole in the bottom and repeat the same procedure. What happens this time? Does the bottle fill up with water?
Think about what we were trying to discover: Does air have substance? One way to see if something has substance is to see if it takes up space. Did the air take up space in the bottle in our experiment? How do you know? Do you agree with Strato that air has substance?
Give It a Try #3: Using Shadows to Measure
Another Ancient Greek, named Eratosthenes, calculated the circumference of the Earth by figuring out the sun’s ray angle and then using shadows to measure distances. Although sources disagree about Eratosthenes’s exact accuracy, they agree that he was within 10 percent of the modern measurement. The fact that this man could so accurately measure the circumference of the Earth in ancient times amazes me. If you too are fascinated by this, check out the advanced picture biography The Librarian Who Measured the Earth to learn more. Now, let’s “Give It a Try” measuring with shadows.
- Bush or small tree (or any straight object outside)
- A helper
Stand the yardstick straight up and down (perpendicular) on the ground. Ask your helper to mark where the shadow of the yardstick ends. Once the end is marked, measure how long the yardstick’s shadow is at the time. Now, with the same yardstick, measure the small tree’s shadow. The lengths of the two shadows are proportional because they are both made by the sun and were measured very close to the same time. So if the yardstick’s shadow was twice as long as the yardstick at 9:30 a.m., then the small tree’s shadow will also be twice as long as the small tree at 9:30 a.m. If the yardstick’s shadow was six feet long and the small tree’s shadow was thirty-six feet long, then we can divide thirty-six by two to find out that the small tree is really eighteen feet tall.
Isn’t it amazing how many different ways we can experiment to discover more about the earth? I am continuously in awe of God’s forethought and the wisdom that is seen in His creation. It always makes me remember and agree with J. Kepler, “That science is merely thinking God’s thoughts after Him.”
Melissa Pinkley enjoys life with her husband, Wes. They learn a lot from their four children: Ben, Micah, Levi, and Abigail. Homeschooling goes on 24/7 for the whole Pinkley family. They have been homeschooling for more than ten years. The Lord is gracious and continues to help them follow Him.
Publication date: September 21, 2012
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Art and Architecture of Ancient Rome, £9.99
Height: 210.000 mm
Width: 134.000 mm
PD 1868-8-22-55 (Bartsch 63.488)
Prints and Drawings
Marcantonio Raimondi, Man Climbing the Bank of a River, a copperplate engraving
Italy, around AD 1509
A male nude after Michelangelo
Michelangelo (1475-1564) had to abandon his
fresco of the Battle of
Cascina commissioned by the city of Florence
when he was summoned to Rome by Pope Julius II in 1505. Some four
years later Marcantonio Raimondi (about 1480-before 1534) saw the
Michelangelo's powerful nudes were developed from an established Florentine training of drawing nudes and from classical sculpture. His ability to draw the most complex poses from unusual angles was much admired. As the youth climbs up the riverbank, one leg is straight and the other bent. His torso is foreshortened as it leans away from us and to the right, while his head looks up and to the left, revealing only a 'lost' profile. The rhythms of the body are repeated and amplified by the taut muscles, although Raimondi's engraved marks cannot capture the subtlety of Michelangelo's chalk modelling.
The plate is signed on the lower right: IV.MI.AG.FL./.MAF. This can be deciphered: 'Invenit Michelangelo Florentini / Marcantonio fecit'; 'Invented by Michelangelo the Florentine / Marcantonio made it'. This is the first use of the term 'invenit' which distinguishes the creator of an image from the engraver, a practice which became standard in the following centuries.
D. Landau and P. Parshall, The Renaissance print 1470-155 (New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1994) | <urn:uuid:5a8065df-aa2a-45fd-a171-473e267982cc> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pd/m/marcantonio,_man_climbing.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164692455/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134452-00067-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924803 | 417 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The technique of comparing the abundance ratio of a radioactive isotope to a reference isotope to determine the age of a material is called radioactive dating.
Many isotopes have been studied, probing a wide range of time scales.
This is different to relative dating, which only puts geological events in time Most absolute dates for rocks are obtained with radiometric methods.
Sedimentary rock is made of particles derived from other rocks, so measuring isotopes would date the original rock material, not the sediments they have ended up in.
However, there are radiometric dating methods that can be used on sedimentary rock, including luminescence dating.
Others measure the subatomic particles that are emitted as an isotope decays.
Some measure the decay of isotopes more indirectly.
Geologists often need to know the age of material that they find.
They use absolute dating methods, sometimes called numerical dating, to give rocks an actual date, or date range, in number of years.
For example, fission track dating measures the microscopic marks left in crystals by subatomic particles from decaying isotopes.
Another example is luminescence dating, which measures the energy from radioactive decay that is trapped inside nearby crystals.
The man's body was recovered and pieces of tissue were studied for their C content by accelerator mass spectroscopy.
The best estimate from this dating technique says the man lived between 33 BC. From the ratio, the time since the formation of the rock can be calculated.
Each original isotope, called the parent, gradually decays to form a new isotope, called the daughter. | <urn:uuid:63b53eb9-163e-45fe-9ea1-1d81b76830f2> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://coworking-club.ru/3503is-carbon-dating-a-type-of-radiometric-dating.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879673.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022141106-20201022171106-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.944559 | 329 | 4.375 | 4 |
Incorporated in 1852, Oakland experienced a wave of growth in the late 1860s after it was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Its growth continued over the next several decades as it became a thriving transport hub, with a port, shipyards, and booming automobile manufacturing industry. The city’s population doubled to over 150,000 after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, when many San Franciscans who lost their homes moved to Oakland.
As the city’s industries thrived through World War II, tens of thousands of laborers from around the country, including poor whites and blacks from southern states, and Mexican Americans from southwestern states, came to Oakland in search of employment. Attracting new residents from across the country, Oakland became one of the most diverse major cities in the United States.
As industries began to decline after the war, racial tensions grew, fueled by the mistreatment of racial minorities by a police force that was nearly 100 percent white. It was in this climate that the Black Panther Party was founded by students at Oakland’s Merritt College in 1966. The city’s challenges widened in the 1970s, as Oakland experienced serious problems with gang-controlled, large-scale drug operations. Crime soared, and Oakland's murder rate rose to twice that of San Francisco and New York City.
With an estimated 406,000 residents as of 2013, Oakland remains one of the nation's most multi-cultural cities. Its population is roughly 26 percent white, 27 percent African-American, 25 percent Latino, and 17 percent Asian American, with the remainder mixed race or other. Unfortunately, the city also continues to face serious challenges, with one out of five city residents living below the poverty line.
Today, community wealth building organizations and initiatives are playing an important role in helping to address some of these challenges and revitalize the city. One area in which the city has had particular success is in sustainability and local food, and the efforts of food co-ops such as Mandela Foods, urban agriculture initiatives such as City Slicker Farms, and the city’s own Sustainable Oakland program are demonstrating results: Oakland has been ranked by numerous groups as one of the most sustainable, greenest cities in the United States. The city is also home to Prospera (formerly known as WAGES), whose exemplary model of helping low-income women form worker-owned cooperatives has helped over 100 Bay Area residents secure quality, empowering jobs.
An overview of these and other community wealth building efforts follows: | <urn:uuid:a4ddd23c-7493-4422-a8b2-158ca78a91b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://staging.community-wealth.org/content/oakland-california | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00065-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969813 | 516 | 3.203125 | 3 |
For decades, scientists have tried to halt cancer by blocking nutrients from reaching tumor cells, in essence starving tumor cells of the fuel needed to grow and proliferate. Such attempts often have disappointed because cancer cells are nimble, relying on numerous backup routes to continue growing.
Now, scientists at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have exploited a common weak point in cancer cell metabolism, forcing tumor cells to reveal the backup fuel supply routes they rely on when this weak point is compromised. Mapping these secondary routes, the researchers also identified drugs that block them. They now are planning a small clinical trial in cancer patients to evaluate this treatment strategy.
The research is published Jan. 24 in Cell Reports.
Studying human cancer cells and mice implanted with patients’ tumor samples, the researchers demonstrate that a double hit — knocking out the weak point and one of the tumor cells’ backup routes — shows promise against many hard-to-treat cancers. Though present in multiple cancer types, the weak point is particularly common in sarcomas — rare cancers of fat, muscle, bone, cartilage and connective tissues. Doctors treat sarcomas primarily with traditional surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, but such treatments often are not effective.
“We have determined that this metabolic defect is present in 90 percent of sarcomas,” said senior author Brian A. Van Tine, MD, PhD, an associate professor of medicine. “Healthy cells don’t have this weakness. We have been trying to create a therapy that takes advantage of the metabolic defect because, in theory, it should target only the tumor. Basically, the defect allows us to force the tumor cells to starve.”
To grow and proliferate, tumor cells must have basic building materials. The researchers’ strategy relies on the fact that the vast majority of sarcomas have lost the ability to manufacture their own arginine, a protein building block that cells need to make more of themselves. Lacking this ability, the cells must harvest arginine from the surrounding environment. The supply of arginine in the blood is abundant, and cancer cells have no trouble scavenging it. But remove this environmental supply of arginine and the cells have a problem.
“When we use a drug to deplete arginine in the blood, the cancer cells panic because they’ve lost their fuel supply,” Van Tine said. “So they rewire themselves to try to survive. In this study, we used that rewiring to identify drugs that block the secondary routes.”
Unlike most cancer therapies, depleting arginine in the blood does not affect healthy cells. Normal cells don’t rely on external sources of arginine because they don’t have the cancer’s metabolic defect. They continue to make their own arginine, so there is no induced starvation in normal cells even when there is no arginine in the blood. Van Tine said this strategy is based on the properties of a tumor — it shuts down tumor metabolism specifically and nothing else.
Unable to make or obtain external arginine, the tumor cells’ fuel supply routes are forced inward. The cells must begin to metabolize their internal supply of arginine in a process called autophagy, or “self-eating.” In the case of sarcomas, this state slows or pauses cancer growth but does not kill the cell. During this period, tumor cells appear to be buying time to find yet another internal work-around.
“Cancer doesn’t die when you halt its primary fuel supply,” Van Tine said. “Instead, it turns on all these salvage pathways. In this paper, we identified the salvage pathways. Then we showed that when you drug them, too, you kill cells. Our study showed that tumors actually shrink under these conditions. This is the first time tumors have been shown to shrink using just metabolism drugs and no other anti-cancer strategies.”
The arginine-depleting drug is currently in clinical trials investigating its safety and effectiveness against liver, lung, pancreatic, breast and other cancers. But so far, it has been ineffective likely because it has activated the salvage pathways allowing cancer growth to continue. The researchers said the drug may yet become a vital metabolic therapy for cancer as long as it is used in combination with other drugs targeting the backup pathways.
Van Tine and the study’s first author, Jeff C. Kremer, a PhD student in Van Tine’s lab, explained that when cancer cells with this metabolic defect are deprived of environmental arginine, they are forced to shift from a system that burns glucose to a system that burns a different fuel called glutamine. They showed that adding a glutamine inhibitor to the arginine-depleting drug is lethal to the cells. Eliminating arginine from the blood also rewires serine biology, another backup fuel, so adding serine inhibitors also causes cell death.
This strategy could be applied beyond rare sarcoma tumors because the metabolic defect is often present in other cancers, including certain types of breast, colon, lung, brain and bone tumors, the researchers said. The new study includes data showing similar anti-tumor responses in cell lines from these cancer types. Van Tine also pointed out that all of the drugs used in the study are either already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for other conditions or in ongoing clinical trials investigating cancer drugs.
Based on this study and related research, Van Tine and his colleagues at Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine are planning a clinical trial of the arginine-depleting drug in patients with sarcomas.
“We will start with a baseline trial testing the arginine-depleting drug against sarcomas with this defect, and then we can begin layering additional drugs on top of that therapy,” Van Tine said. “Unlike breast cancer, for example, sarcomas currently have no targeted therapies. If this strategy is effective, it could transform the treatment of 90 percent of sarcoma tumors.” | <urn:uuid:05ea834c-1cc9-4fc2-bec7-96c7d5b1f894> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://medicine.wustl.edu/news/study-unveils-new-way-starve-tumors-death/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400265461.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927054550-20200927084550-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.946546 | 1,289 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The Norwich Canary.
Size, Shape, and History Of This Unique Canary Bird.
The Norwich Canary was brought to Norwich, England by Flemish refugees
over 300 years ago where the canary became very popular and eventually
took on the name of the town.
The Norwich canaries were smaller back then...a little over 5 inches
long and skinny-ish---Is "skinny-ish" a word?
The large Lancashire Coppy Canary was bred to the Norwich in
the late 1800's increasing the size of the Norwich.
Also, about this time
color-feeding was introduced, further changing the appearance of
the Norwich Canary.
In 1890 a group of 400 breeders and enthusiasts got together in Norwich and
decided on a new standard of type and quality regarding the Norwich.
While color at one time was considered an important attribute, it has NOW been
forgotten and ignored and the canary's
Type has taken the
lead in importance.
The Norwich is one of my favorites...the way the head
feathers BULK UP around the eyes gives these canaries a very unique look.
If you're a breeder or enthusiast of the Norwich we would all love to hear your comments or story and see your photos. You can add your contibution at the bottom of the page.
Canary Tips! Ezine delivers only original and immediately usable
canary care information that...
...keeps your canary bird SINGING!
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Sign up now and join us on our canary bird journey and you'll also receive the Canary Care Strategies eCourse. It's all FREE.
For more on the Norwich Canaries visit the
The Norwich Club.
Find a breeder of the Norwich Canary...click here.
Share Your Photos!
We would all love to see photos of your canary! Post them here... | <urn:uuid:2303bcb5-8056-4e54-a0a3-14b004395301> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.canaryadvisor.com/norwich-canary.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770324.129/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00160-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920735 | 411 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In electronics, a varicap diode, a varactor diode, a variable capacitance diode, a variable reactance diode or an adjusting diode is a diode type designed to exploit the voltage-dependent capacitance of an inverted p-n junction.
The varators work in a reverse state, so the DC current does not pass through the device. The amount of reverse polarization controls the thickness of the depletion area and therefore the varactor junction capacity. Generally, the thickness of the depletion region is proportional to the square root of applied stress, and the capacity is inversely proportional to the thickness of the depletion region. Thus, the capacity is inversely proportional to the square root of the applied voltage.
All diodes have this variable junction capacity, but varactors are manufactured to exploit the effect and to increase capacity variation.
The example of a cross section of a varactor with the depletion layer formed by a p-n junction. This depletion layer can also be made from a MOS or Schottky diode. This is important in CMOS and MMIC technology.
Generally, the use of a varicap diode in a circuit requires connection to a tuned circuit, usually in parallel with any existing capacitance or inductance. Since a DC voltage must apply reverse bias over the varicap to change its capacitance, it must to be blocked from entering the regulated circuit.
This is accomplished by placing a DC blocking capacitor with a capacity of approximately 100 times the maximum capacitance of the varicap diode in series with it and applying DC from a high impedance source to the node between the varicap cathode and the blocking capacitor.
Example of circuits using varicaps
Since there are no significant DC values in the varicap, the value of the resistor linking the cathode back to the DC control voltage may be somewhere in the range from 22 kΩ to 150 kΩ and the capacitor lock somewhere in the range 5-100 nF. Sometimes, with very high Q circuits, an inductor is placed in series with the resistor to increase the impedance of the control voltage source so that the set circuit does not load and drops Q. | <urn:uuid:28aa1fee-aa95-4ad2-99a4-8895dd0c1682> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://electrotopic.com/what-is-a-varicap-diode/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088731.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416065116-20210416095116-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.894254 | 451 | 3.328125 | 3 |
On the tail of the humpback whale
While a book featuring a thousand photographs of whale tails may never be a best seller, researchers in this field say it has become a valuable scientific tool. It has added the personal touch to marine mammal study - allowing scientists to identify individual humpback whales by distinctive markings on their flukes, or tails, and thus track their movements around the Atlantic.
Using ''Humpback Whales: A Catalogue of Individuals Identified by Fluke Photographs,'' researchers are getting a better understanding of that species.
So far they have:
* Found that North Atlantic humpbacks seem to be divided into distinct ''stocks,'' each with its own breeding and feeding grounds.
* Discovered that the fluke patterns of the whales can change over time, but usually not enough to hinder identification.
* Identified an estimated one-third of the humpbacks in the North Atlantic.
This information will be valuable to scientists working to protect humpbacks, which are threatened by offshore development and pollution.
Even before Melville's tale of ''Moby Dick,'' the great white sperm whale, whalers and researchers had noticed that they could identify individual whales by distinctive markings. Not until 1975, however, did scientists make significant use of the markings for research purposes.
The effort is led by Allied Whale, a loosely knit organization of specialists and amateur researchers, which scientists call a model of scientific cooperation. The group, based at the College of the Atlantic (COA) in Bar Harbor , Maine, is led by Prof. Steven Katona.
''Allied Whale is a model for collaboration,'' says Dr. Charles Mayo, director of cetacean research at the Center for Coastal Studies in Provincetown, Mass. ''We don't see this kind of collaboration in other sciences, not even in other aspects of whale research.''
Professor Katona says the group's cooperative nature is partly due to practical considerations. Marine mammal research was a relatively new field when Allied Whale started in 1972, and ''we weren't competing with anybody for anything,'' Katona explains. ''Few people on the East Coast, or anywhere, were working on whales. And we do some very tedious work.''
Cooperation was also ''in the spirit of the times,'' he says. Started in 1972 - the year when Earth Day was first observed and when the Marine Mammal Protection Act was passed - the organization grew out of a workshop for students interested in studying whales and stopping whaling.
Today, the fluke photographs have become the centerpiece of the cooperative effort. Using the photographs, researchers are tracking the huge marine mammals on their twice-yearly 4,000-mile migrations.
While only about 1,000 different whales were included in the 1980 catalog, researchers at Allied Whale now have photos of almost 3,000 different humpbacks on file (possibly one-third of the humpback population in the Atlantic north of the equator).
Most of the photos have come from professional researchers like Mayo, but many of the 175 contributors have been sailors or amateur whale watchers. Since no single observer could cover the entire Atlantic, Allied Whale researchers welcome photographs from anyone who has photographed a humpback.
New photos trickle into Katona's office at the rate of five or six a week. ''It's a little like having a pen pal when you get a photograph from someone you don't know, and never heard of before,'' he says.
The new photos are compared with the others in the collection - a process that takes up to 45 minutes. If the whale has not been photographed before, it is given a catalog number and added to the collection.
Because of their markings, humpbacks are the easiest whales to identify individually, Katona says. The unique patterns on their flukes - which can be 15 -feet wide - are created by pigmentation patterns, the growth of marine organisms such as barnacles on the skin, and scars. While the markings can change over time, one humpback was identified by its fluke pattern after 14 years. Some humpbacks have unmistakable markings - like those that lose one side of their tail to a ship's propeller.
Findings from the fluke project suggest that whales live in groups that return to the same areas yearly to breed or feed. Humpbacks that breed in the shallow seas near the Dominican Republic, for instance, spend their summers feeding off the coast of New England in the Gulf of Maine.
With their numbers depleted after more than a century of whaling, the largest remaining population of humpbacks lives in the Atlantic north of the equator. Increasingly, however, these animals are facing problems created by pollution and offshore development. Scientists hope learning about individual whales will help them protect the species.
''The humpback may not really be endangered in 1984,'' says Professor Katona, ''but we have to take the long view. What happens in 2084 is what we worry about and what matters. We're talking about an animal that has been on earth for millions of years, and we'd like it to be here for a few more million.'' | <urn:uuid:35d5ef5f-c505-4676-a46a-70fbbfd5e650> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0305/030507.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131305484.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172145-00256-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957332 | 1,040 | 3.796875 | 4 |
General anaesthetics inhibit the protective reflexes that stop the stomach contents reaching the lungs. In order to prevent the inadvertent inhalation of stomach contents, children are often advised to have nothing to eat or drink from the midnight before surgery. However, the review of trials found that drinking clear fluids up to a few hours before surgery did not increase the risk of regurgitation during or after surgery. Indeed there is an added benefit of a more comfortable preoperative experience in terms of thirst and hunger. Some children are considered more likely to regurgitate under anaesthetic, including those who are obese or have stomach disorders. More research is needed to determine whether these children can also safely drink up to a few hours before surgery.
There is no evidence that children who are denied oral fluids for more than six hours preoperatively benefit in terms of intraoperative gastric volume and pH compared with children permitted unlimited fluids up to two hours preoperatively. Children permitted fluids have a more comfortable preoperative experience in terms of thirst and hunger. This evidence applies only to children who are considered to be at normal risk of aspiration/regurgitation during anaesthesia.
Children, like adults, are required to fast before general anaesthesia with the aim of reducing the volume and acidity of their stomach contents. It is thought that fasting reduces the risk of regurgitation and aspiration of gastric contents during surgery. Recent developments have encouraged a shift from the standard 'nil-by-mouth-from-midnight' fasting policy to more relaxed regimens. Practice has been slow to change due to questions relating to the duration of a total fast, the type and amount of intake permitted.
To systematically assess the effects of different fasting regimens (duration, type and volume of permitted intake) and the impact on perioperative complications and patient well being (aspiration, regurgitation, related morbidity, thirst, hunger, pain, comfort, behaviour, nausea and vomiting) in children.
We searched Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register (searched 25/6/09), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2 2009), Ovid MEDLINE (1950 to June Week 2 2009), Ovid EMBASE (1980 to 2009 Week 25), EBSCO CINAHL (1982 to June Week 3 2009), the National Research Register, relevant conference proceedings and article reference lists and contacted experts.
Randomised and quasi randomised controlled trials of preoperative fasting regimens for children were identified.
Data extraction and trial quality assessment was conducted independently by three authors. Trial authors were contacted for additional information including adverse events.
This first update of the review identified two additional eligible studies, bringing the total number of included studies to 25 (forty seven randomised controlled comparisons involving 2543 children considered to be at normal risk of regurgitation or aspiration during anaesthesia). Only one incidence of aspiration and regurgitation was reported.
Children permitted fluids up to 120 minutes preoperatively were not found to experience higher gastric volumes or lower gastric pH values than those who fasted. The children permitted fluids were less thirsty and hungry, better behaved and more comfortable than those who fasted.
Clear fluids preoperatively did not result in a clinically important difference in children's gastric volume or pH. Evidence relating to the preoperative intake of milk was sparse. The volume of fluid permitted during the preoperative period did not appear to impact on children's intraoperative gastric volume or pH contents. | <urn:uuid:f7869226-7331-4674-8967-070a86656f34> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.cochrane.org/CD005285/WOUNDS_preoperative-fasting-for-children-to-prevent-complications-during-surgery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585522.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022212051-20211023002051-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.949812 | 713 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Surveys can be divided into two broad categories: the questionnaire and the interview questionnaires are usually paper-and-pencil instruments that the respondent completes. Primary research: pr this page may be out of date few techniques of primary research are-questionnaires focus groups forums what is the difference between primary and secondary research ask new question still have a question. This article shows a sample questionnaire with insert notes for every section. Market research, business - conducting surveys and focus groups - entrepreneurcom market research, business secondary research is less expensive than primary research it's often free, in fact survey costs survey prices will. Market research survey templates get the information you need to make better decisions about your products and services.
To gather more information on what themes and worries i could explore within my work i again turned to my peers for a new perspective q what are the things that make you nervous or anxious on a daily basis some of the answers i received were: other people not completing tasks the. Primary research notes based for epq by grace3-21. Example: in research on police use of deadly force, a possible primary question might be: what factors most influence police use of deadly force this is directly from my husband's e-textbook primary questions a primary question is the one driving thought behind a research project it should. Businesses use market research to gather valuable information in their quest for success market research, for instance, can provide information and answer questions. Skip to primary content market research panels articles what is a market a market research panel study may be ordered by the manufacturer of an it will use higher numbers of respondents for surveys and questionnaire research methods research involves collecting information. Learn about conducting surveys as a primary research method, and discover the aspects you need to consider before writing questions.
Methodology i created and posted a questionnaire on surveymonkey i did this as i wanted to gain a better idea of the demographic of the game's target audience i also wanted to know what this group wanted to ideally get out of a game in terms of enjoyment and involvement i. Primary research (field research) involves gathering new data that has not been collected before for example, surveys using questionnaires or interviews with groups of people in a focus group secondary research (desk research) involves gathering existing data that has already been produced for. Survey research and questionnaires survey research questionnaire design survey one of the primary strengths of sampling is that accurate estimates of a population's characteristics can be obtained by surveying a small proportion of the in survey research, random, cluster. Primary research methods is a very good topic for reading when i free i read primary research methods post.
The three primary types of surveys are: questionnaires - a series of written questions a participant answers recall what takes place during the interview process as it relates to survey research outline the strengths and weaknesses of three primary types of surveys.
Primary research group inc, has published the international survey of research university leadership: evaluation of the student assessment effort primary research group inc has published the international survey of research university leadership. There are two primary limitations of survey research for social psychologists first, surveys are more expen- particular research questions of long-standing interest to social psychologists in this section, we will review. Introduction to primary research: observations, surveys, and interviews dana lynn driscoll we will examine how to formulate research questions and plan your primary research project planning your primary research project. Note: this functional analysis of the stages in the research report shows the progression from secondary research to primary research, and back to a comparison with other scholars' findings closed questions may constrain the data.
Several interviewers are sent to the respondents with interview questionnaire under the guidance of research in defined interview this is one of the most significant primary data collection methods mail survey mail survey is a primary data collection method in which questionnaire is. Research questions, hypotheses and objectives the primary research question should be driven by the hypothesis rather than the data 1, 2 that is, the research question and hypothesis should be developed before the start of the study. Primary research is defined as factual, firsthand accounts of the study written by a person who was part of the study the methods vary on how researchers run an experiment or study writing research questions: purpose & examples 5:32. Questionnaires can be classified as both and higher levels of objectivity compared to many alternative methods of primary data collection however which can make the research more original and valuable however. Nigel mathers academic unit of primary medical care community the survey is a flexible research approach used to investigate a employ the questionnaire as a tool for data collection this resource pack considers the use of surveys and questionnaires in health and social care research. | <urn:uuid:2e787afc-4c2e-4939-88ca-e04973b8bcb4> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://zeassignmenteiqo.cyclingjersey.us/primary-research-questionnaire.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867140.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525160652-20180525180652-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.933495 | 942 | 2.84375 | 3 |
|The following information is taken from Jodie Lewis - Monuments... The Neolithic of Northern Somerset..
3 circles, 2 avenues, a cove and a henge, with of course the geo-phys'd timber circles. Great stone circle has a dia; of 112.2.m and has 26 stones, the great avenue is 49 m long and 10.4.m wide. It could well be that the timber, stone and earth phases are contemporary, with the inner sacred centre of timbers (either in situ/or rotted) being the focus round which the stone circle and the henge (for viewing) were viewed. The open/closed nature of the central timber structure could be augmented with hurdles/planks for hiding rituals. But of course timber and stone periods might be different, the stone circle just acknowledging the sanctity of the older timber circles
North-east circle is 44 m to the n/e and has 8 very large stones, the largest in the complex, diameter of the circle is 29.6.m. One of the things to be noticed about these stones, no female/male typology, just large square blocks of stone. Leading from this circle is the n/e avenue with 7 stones. Apparently in the centre of this circle were 4 anomalies (maybe pits) sharing an alignment as the four pairs of stones that are the circle, but these circles had orchards around them so therefore tree remains cannot be ruled out.
The South west circle is recorded in 1881 as having some of its stones removed for the fencing round an orchard, so presumably stones have been moved around. It lies 137,2 m s/w of the great circle, has a dia. of 44.2m and is comprised of 12 stones, and Jodie Lewis goes on to say stones have almost certainly been moved around. Again geophysics noted 3 concentric rings of pits within this circle, so again presumably another timber circle within the bounds of a stone circle.
Note; this is written down, not just for anyone reading it but for those two young men sheltering from the cold wind behind a stone (one playing some pan pipes) when I was there last autumn and when they asked for an explanation - did my best at the time but did'nt have the book...
http://web.arch.ox.ac.uk/archives/underhill/viewarchiveslide.php?imageID=26&albumID=1 map plan in the Underhill Archives showing the Avenue
As a note; Stanton Drew circles do not seem to relate to any outstanding landscape feature, such as Maes Knoll, but are focussed towards the river Chew, Jodie Lewis makes the point that at certain times of the year, due to flooding, the river turns red from the clay and soil leaching into the river., this would give it a significance as a meeting place (there is lithic scatter found near the site). This river also joins the River Avon further down at Keynsham were ammonites are found, such as the one at Stoney Littleton.
Part of the henge can still be seen in the foreground of Morfe's photo;
Posted by moss
25th January 2007ce
Edited 25th January 2007ce | <urn:uuid:b808e34d-08cd-407e-b502-765688a45e8a> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/post/55051/miscellaneous/great_circle_north_east_circle_and_avenues.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541839.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00274-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96496 | 676 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Arguments and disagreements in the modern economic take the heart of Neoclassical and Keynesian Economics debate. Though macroeconomics is divided into various units, there are some sections that have a common understanding of the way an economy should function and the widespread impact on the present policies. Neoclassical economics has a distinct faith in the market while allocating resources meant to foster production for the goods and services as well as distributing the incomes evenly. In this kind of economics, production creates the demand expected, and thus there are no instances of overproduction. On the other hand, Keynesian economics is based on the ideology that there would be a possible shortage in the aggregate demands for good and services. Therefore, there is a distinct viewpoint on demand and supply for both Neoclassical and Keynesian economics.
Neoclassical economics has a price for goods as a summary of payment involved such as wages, rent, interests, and profitability for the business. Thus, instances of shortage in the purchasing power are minimal in this kind of economics since despite the massive savings people do, prices of commodities would still adjust downwards to accommodate the financial status. Therefore, any arising attempts to shift the stability of the market ultimately leads to a counterproductive status in the economy.
The market forces and trends ultimately sort an economic crisis such as recessions and depressions due to their various dislocations in the current business cycle. Thus, prices, interests, and wages are adjusted thus attaining employment equilibrium. During Keynesian economics when the aggregate demand falls below the aggregate supply, there is widespread deflation leading to a higher rate of unemployment in the country. Therefore, it is the mandate of the Government to intervene in the economic trends to have a market equilibrium thus restoring the employment rates in the market. Economic thriving is based on the higher rates of employment which stabilizes the economy.
Classical economic theory states that, as the government and individuals balance their budget, there is an economic aspect that needs adherence where deficit budgeting is prohibited. However, Keynesian economics ascertains that deficit in budgets is called to get the economy from their current slump thus increasing the purchasing power through increased investment expenses that through the multiplier effects close the existing deflationary gaps in the marketplace. Therefore, there are different viewpoints on the Neoclassical and Keynesian roles in balancing the economic trends.
Comparison between Neoclassical and Keynesian Economics
Keynesian economics can facilitate an expansive economy during recession thus stimulating the economic operations. Shifting economic trends during a recession is always a challenging task that requires technicality in handling. However, the Neoclassical economic direction has not a long-term increase in real product output in the market. Therefore, this explains the lack of a stimulating structure in the economic trends during fiscal policy.
Both Neoclassical and Keynesian Economics have a significant impact on the unemployment rates in the country over a given time. Keynesian view on unemployment is since it tries to have an emphasizing the supply. Keynesian enthusiasts favor the involvement of the government in the unemployment rate in a country that they are concerned with inflation cases. According to the theory, the primary goal for the employees is to contribute to the economic growth of a state positively. However, classical economists, on the other hand, have a different view on the unemployment issue in economic trends. In their understanding, unemployment is highly contributed by government involvement with the free markets such as the monopoly within a particular industry. Therefore, through government operations, there are contributions to increased unemployment which alters the economic trends thus interfering with economic equilibrium.
Price and Market forces
Keynesians have a belief that prices are more rigid, and it is the role of the government to maintain their stability. They always want the government to have an influence either directly or indirectly on corporations and people with regards to prices within the specific set rates. On the other hand, classical economists want a free market where everyone is free to locate their levels and supplies. They believe customers desires should be determinants on price rather than government-sponsored policies. Thus, their understanding of cost is that they will always adjust on a short-term basis to the prevailing market demands.
Future Growth of the Economy
The economic view for Neoclassical and Keynesian Economist is different on the future of economic trends. The way they predict the future growth of the economy different between them. Keynesians specialize in short-term based economic challenges while classical economists deal with long-term problems in the marketplace. Keynesians see issues as the most immediate issue that the government should address is an assurance for long-term expansion of the economy. Classists on the other hand concentrate on making a free market adjust to short term problems as they are always based on the long-term challenges. They continuously believe short-term challenges are bumps to slow down the economic growth in the country. Therefore, adjust to the problems would bring a way to avoid an solve them on the way to a long-term economic expansion. However, whether the Neoclassical or Keynesian Economist is right on their viewpoints, they cannot be determined with certainty.
The classical assessment suggests that government borrowings should be regulated to a minimal rate to enhance a balanced budget since they are not necessary. Lowered taxes will increase efficiency in the market. They argue that there are no substantial benefits from increased government spending. On the other hand, Keynesian suggests that government borrowing is essential and helps in increasing the aggregate demand. Therefore, they support increased lending in the government despite considering the negative impact borrowing brings to the economy.
The Keynesian model suggests that there are higher government interventions in different economic trends such as in a recession where government spending should be brought into an offset to enhance a private sector investment in the economy. Additionally, the model supported the New Deal Program of the 1930s. On the other hand, the Classical model is referred to as laissez-faire as there is little need for government interventions n the prevailing economic trends. Therefore, both Keynesian and Classical models have a diverging view on government spending which brings different shifts to economic trends.
On the viewpoint of classical economists, it is essential to enable a free market for existing which involves a reduction on the power of trade unions and activists in the economy thus preventing wage inflexibility. Through classical economists, there has been supply-side economics that emphasizes the roles of supply-side policies that are used promoting long-term economic expansion. The Keynesian view does not reject supply-side policies as they are said to always be enough for the economic functioning in that, there are instances where supply-side polices cannot handle the fundamental problems on lack of demand.
As shown in Fig 1.1 above, the Keynesian view of the long-term aggregate supply, wages are sticky on a downward level, there is an adverse multiplier effect where once the aggregate demand falls spending falls.
Nature of Interest
According to the classical economists’ view, interest is a non-monetary phenomenon while the theory of interests is real. This comes with the questioning on the nature of interests involved in both Neoclassical and Keynesian macroeconomics theories. For Keynesian model, interest is purely based on monetary aspects on the theory of interests is a monetary theory of interest. While determining the rate of interest in the classical theory model, the rate of interest is defined based on the equality between the supply of capital and demand. However, with Keynesian theory, the rate of interest depends on the fairness of demand between the money supply and demand. Therefore, between the two models, there are distinct differences when it comes to the prevailing nature and rate of interests in the economy.
Demand and Supply Side
Regarding the Keynesian theory, demand for monetary gains is a demand for liquidity. Thus, the theory is a technique that leads to the increased holding of money in cash. As more cash is held, there is reduced money in circulation within the economy. Demand for precautionary motives and transactions is the dominant task for the interest-inelastic and income, while the economic demand for speculative motives has an adverse function to the rate of interests return. Thus, the demand for money is elastic at a minimum level of the economic rate of interests called the liquidity trap. On the contrary, the classical theory of interests states that demands for capital area demand created by investment thus influencing marginal productivity of the available capital. Therefore, demand related to capital is an adverse function on the interest rate. Additionally, in classical theory, capital supply originates from savings that depend on the ability and willingness to save. Thus, capital supply is a positive task mandated to interest rates. On the other hand, the Keynesian expresses that the money supply is fixed and controlled by the monetary authority in the country’s economic policies.
As stated by the Keynes, income is the equilibrating factor for savings and investments. This excluded the available rate of interests. Being a purely financial phenomenon, the rate of interests achieves equality for both the supplies of money and demand. Classical economists value rate of interest as an equilibrating factor for investment and savings. Therefore, there is an inverse difference between classical and Keynesian economists. | <urn:uuid:795185d7-8c7a-4c50-9c1b-8575dda036c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.essaytyping.com/neoclassical-and-keynesian-macroeconomics-theories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103850139.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630153307-20220630183307-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.950646 | 1,892 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In 1953 a team of climbers scaled the rugged slopes of the most imposing of nature’s creations. This was only the fifth expedition to K2, called the 1953 Karakoram Expedition. The team made the Abruzzi Spur, the mountain’s south eastern spur, their focus. Having reached a height of 7,750 meters, the team encountered a storm.
While trapped in their high camp, one of their team members, Art Gilkey suffered a pulmonary embolism. Gilkey’s condition understandably led the team to turn back to ensure their team mate received medical attention. The climbers secured Gilkey in a sleeping bag, and lowered him down by rope.
It was a desperate situation for the team, not only struggling to keep control of their new life-saving mission, but also fearing for their team mate’s life. The going was hard and terrifying, and eventually they came upon a steep ice sheet. This was to be one of the toughest challenges the team had to face. Along with Gilkey, five team mates slid down the slope, facing certain death…
With a sudden presence of mind, one of the climbers – Pete Schoening – grabbed his trusty ice climbing axe and wedged it beside a bolder. This quick thinking saved his life and those of his fellow climbers with a fast and effective belay.
Schoening’s famous ice axe is now on display at the Bradford Washburn American Mountaineering Museum in Colerado, a testament to the bravery and resourcefulness of Pete Schoening, and the crew of that ill-fated expedition.
Ice Climbing Axes Today
Those events back in 1953 highlight the importance of ice axes for climbers; they are essential now as they ever were. As with all facets of extreme sports equipment, ice axes have evolved to give the climber a far more tailored design for extreme conditions. The development of the ice axe really took off in earnest in the mid-sixties, as travel to faraway places really began to expand, along with the investigation into sports technology.
While there have been variations on the design of ice climbing axes over the years, its constituent parts are still there. Essentially, the main parts of the axe are the head, shaft and spike. The head is often made of steel, and combines the pick and the adze. The pick is the toothed point, which aids in self arrest. The wide, flat end is the adze, which is made for chipping at snow and ice. There is usually a central hole in the head that is designed for attaching a karabiner or leash.
Originally made from wood, modern axe shafts tend to be made from titanium or aluminum, although other composite materials are used such as Kevlar, carbon or fiberglass. At the base of ice axe shafts is the spike, also known as the ferrule. As an ice axe is also used as a walking stick, the spoke offers support and balance when walking across snow and ice.
The ice climbing axe is a proven life saver, and should be an essential part of your kit. To find the right ice axe, always talk to a specialist in rock climbing.
Trekitt supplies climbing and mountaineering equipment including clothing, backpacks, sleeping bags, ropes, and ice climbing axe accessories.
Photo by Stuart Orford | <urn:uuid:2db27cdb-0a71-44a5-9e3a-190019cf8dbf> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://extremesportsx.com/2012/01/31/how-an-ice-climbing-axe-saves-lives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806844.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123161612-20171123181612-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.970023 | 694 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Distributed solar power generation is the opposite of centralised generation. In centralised generation, electricity is generated at central power plants that are sometimes located hundreds of kilometres away from the load centre where the consumers are located.
Oil, gas and coal are not present everywhere, so it makes sense to have a thermal power plant close to its fuel source. A hydro-electric power plant needs to be situated next to a waterfall and nuclear fission needs a protected zone around it. There is no option but to have these plants centralised.
Central power plants essentially need extra-high-tension (EHT) power transmission. As a result, these involve a high investment cost and suffer huge losses in transmission. Fossil-fuel power plants, such as coal-fire power plants, also add heavily to pollution. In fact, they are responsible for as much as 40 per cent of the earth’s greenhouse gas emissions.
Distributed power generation, small, is a method of generating electricity and other forms of energy from locally available energy sources such as sunlight, wind and biomass. These energy sources are omnipresent, and can be tapped at the point of actual use. They can meet the power needs of remote areas with lowest investment and also help to improve the quality of power in small cities and towns.
Distributed solar and wind energy generation can eliminate the need for inefficient ‘central’ solar and wind farms that are typically owned and operated by large electric utility companies. Small solar power plant can be locally owned by qualified small or medium enterprises (SMEs). These will also help to create much needed local employment.
Distributed power plants can cater well to the electrical power needs of a cluster of villages, ensuring power generation at the point of consumption, with zero transmission losses. Western countries, in fact, are planning for power self-sufficient communities based on locally available renewable energy sources.
Distributed power projects directly benefit the consumers and it makes great sense to set up these even where power grid has not reached.
If the grid is available, small power plants with 5-300kW capacity can feed the energy generated at a low voltage into a local substation. This locally generated power will first feed the local loads and the excess will go elsewhere, ensuring use of full power generation capacity of the plant. Distributed power plants also have very little greenhouse gas emissions.
Distributed solar advantages in a nutshell
No transmission losses. Grid-connected multi-megawatt solar farms at 11kV and above not only suffer from usual distribution loss of 15 per cent (20 per cent on the power grid, not counting 10 per cent additional loss in theft) but also further loss of three to four per cent in stepping up the expensive solar power generated at 400V.
Distributed solar, on the other hand, can use existing low-voltage transmission in a local substation, avoiding this 20 to 25 per cent loss of high-cost solar power. Distributed solar power of up to 2-300 kW is produced at a low voltage (400V AC, three-phase) and can be either distributed by a local mini-grid (if away from the National Power Grid) or fed into the substation of the National Power Grid.
Less expensive. There are no economies of scale in solar power generation from multi-megawatt solar plants. Costs of PV solar plants scale linearly from kilowatts to megawatts. So project management and land cost make multi-megawatt solar plants more expensive.
No restraint on location. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is clean and quiet, which means it can be sited on or within a locality. Distributed solar is also easy to adapt to site conditions and scalable to existing transmission capacity.
Mini grid protocol. Many small plants can be progressively linked via the small generator interconnection protocol (SGIP). The result is that distributed-scale projects go through a quicker review and are less likely to encounter huge delays and bureaucratic wrangles waiting for lengthy power grid extension.
Lower cost than extending National Power Grid. The 2003 plan of the Ministry of Power in India to extend the grid power was abandoned because the investment required per house was Rs 23,000. In 2012, it could be even double. With local mini-grid, this cost will be much below Rs 20,000. More importantly, the energy is free of cost.
Grid stability. A large part of distributed solar power is consumed locally. Multi-megawatt plants, on the other hand, supply 100 per cent to the grid. Managing the grid becomes difficult with increase in solar penetration.
Less use of environmentally-sensitive land. Unlike large-scale solar projects, distributed-scale projects don’t need thousands of acres of pristine wilderness. Instead, distributed-scale projects can be sited on large industrial rooftops, unused terraces and backyards. This means they get through land use approvals and permissions faster. | <urn:uuid:a4e923cc-d2e3-4b66-bc9e-b6b8bd022014> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/distributed-solar-power-crucial | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.933821 | 1,010 | 3.9375 | 4 |
duct. The common bile duct then connects with the duodenum. At the base of the bile
duct is a sphincter, which controls the flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder into the
small intestine. The sphincter, called the sphincter ampulla, can therefore remain
constricted and store bile until it is needed within the digestive tract.
The liver has three major blood vessels, two of which lead into the structure and
one departs from it. The former vessels are the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic
artery. The hepatic artery is a branch of the aorta that functions to bring oxygenated
blood to the liver. It branches to arterioles and eventually into sinusoids (capillaries)
within the liver. From the sinusoids, blood flows to the central vein to sublobular veins
and departs from the liver via the hepatic vein. The second large blood vessel entering
the liver is the hepatic portal vein (figure 27), which receives blood rich in nutrients
from the digestive tract. This vein enters the liver and divides into portal venules, which
subdivide to sinusoids. From the sinusoids, blood from the hepatic portal vein follows
similar channels as blood from the hepatic artery. That is, blood flows from a sinusoid
to a central vein, to a sublobular vein, and to the hepatic vein. The hepatic vein
therefore receives blood from the hepatic artery and portal veins and returns the blood
to the heart via the inferior vena cava. The enriched blood is oxygenated prior to being
distributed to vital organs and tissues of the body.
2-9. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
The microscopic anatomy of the liver ncludes the functional unit of the liver, the
iiver lobule (figure 28). A typical liver lobule consists of hepatic cellular plates,
usually two cells thick. Blood vessels found in the liver lobule include a portal venule,
a venous sinusoid, and a central vein. Lining the venous sinusoids are Kupffer's cells.
Kupffer's cells are very mobile and can enter and leave the bloodstream. Between the
parenchymal (functional) cells are tiny vessels called bile canaliculi. Many canaliculi
fuse forming larger and larger bile ducts. The contents of these ducts leave the
liver via the left and right hepatic ducts.
210. PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS
a. Kupffer's Cell Activity. Blood entering the liver through the portal system
from the intestines, contains large numbers of colon bacilli. The Kupffer's cells in the
liver remove successfully over 99 percent of these bacteria. The Kupffer's cells act as a
very efficient filter for bacteria or any other particles in this size range from the blood.
Without the activity of the Kupffer's cells, bacteria would be allowed to enter the entire
systemic circulation and a generalized septicemia would result.
b. Ammonia Removal. Large amounts of ammonia are formed during
deamination in protein metabolism. The liver produces large amounts of urea from
ammonia to remove it from body fluids. If the liver did not function in the secretion of
urea, the plasma ammonia concentration would rise so high that very shortly the result
would be hepatic failure and death would occur. | <urn:uuid:0f7bcc7d-5c78-419d-8802-659e8c1c3ae7> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://armymedical.tpub.com/MD0851/Circulation-Anatomy-and-Physiology-Related-to-Clinical-Pathology-51.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864482.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622123642-20180622143642-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.900166 | 744 | 3.90625 | 4 |
It’s hard not to be impressed by the dog who speeds around the search area appearing totally engaged with the task in hand as he tries to locate his target scent. In comparison, the dog who moves more slowly is often overlooked in favour of his flashier counterpart. But, where scent detecting is concerned, speed might not be everything and selecting the right breed for the job may be more a matter of taste than a matter of science.
In the UK, the most commonly selected breeds for scent detecting work include (amongst others) Labradors, Spaniels, Border Collies, German Shepherds and Malinois. But which breed is best?
Gadbois and Reeve (2014) favour the Border Collie, basing their preference, amongst other things, on the breed’s apparent persistence and good sniffing ability. They propose that certain breeds have higher baseline levels of dopamine than others which, they state, “raises the intriguing possibility that baseline dopamine levels may have a direct impact on cognition, motivation, learning, and overall olfactory behaviour and performance”. They refer to this possibility as their “dopamine hypothesis” and link this to the notion of “work ethic”. Other breeds they single out as “dopamine dogs” include Belgian Malinois and Jack Russell Terriers. More about dopamine in a future blog.
All that said, Hall, et al (2015) and Rooney and Bradshaw (2004) argue that the choice of working dog may have far more to do with historical precedent than any real evidence of superior scent detecting ability. According to Johnen, et al (2017), good quality empirical studies remain thin on the ground and as Jamieson, et al (2017) warn, “continually selecting the same dog breeds, without inspecting other breeds, may reduce the effectiveness of detection dog programs”.
Interestingly, in McCulloch, et als (2006) study investigating the ability of dogs to detect early- and late-stage lung and breast cancer, it was a mix of pet dogs (rather than ‘working’ dogs) with only basic puppy training who (in a matter of weeks) were able to accurately identify breath samples from lung and breast cancer patients.
Hall, et al (2015) argue for the need for “direct behavioural measurement of assumed behavioural breed differences”. Contrary to all expectations, in their 2015 study comparing the scent detecting abilities of German Shepherds, Greyhounds and Pugs, the Pugs significantly outperformed both other breeds.
Whilst Hall, et als (2015) study may not have persuaded you to purchase your first scent detecting pug … well, not yet anyway … it does raise another important question. Did the Pugs succeed because of their superior olfactory ability or because of the training methods employed in the study?
In an attempt to address this question, Polgar, et al (2016) developed a simple strategy to measure differences in olfactory ability that did not require any pre-training. Raw turkey meat was placed under 1 of 4 ceramic pots. Five levels of difficulty were arranged by way of decreasing numbers of holes in the ceramic pots. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups; dog breeds selected for their scent detecting abilities, dog breeds selected for other purposes, dog breeds with short noses and hand-reared grey wolves. The dogs / wolves were led along the row of pots to identify, by scent alone, which contained the meat. Dog breeds selected for scent detecting work out-performed both the short nosed breeds and those bred for other purposes. At the most difficult level, wolves and the scenting breeds performed better than chance.
Interestingly, according to Maejima, et al (2007), “research with drug detection dogs failed to reveal any significant link between performance and theoretically relevant genotypes” however, Lesniak, et al (2008) argue that breed and heredity may have some influence on scent detecting ability … “there may be a relation between a certain genotype at a particular locus and the ability of more accurate scent detection of particular volatile organic compounds”. This raises the intriguing possibility that not only may some breeds (or individuals within a breed) have better olfactory abilities than others but that some breeds (or individuals within a breed) may have better olfactory abilities when tasked to detect particular target scents.
Similarly, we also show variation in our ability to detect certain odours. Odour sensitivity is heritable. One well referenced example of this “specific anosmia” relates to the ability to detect a sulphurous odour in urine following asparagus consumption (Pelchat, et al (2011)). Some of us can smell it, some of us can’t. Could our dogs also have “specific anosmias”?
Returning then to the original subject of this blog. Tortoise or Hare? Accuracy or speed? According to Helton (2009) “a dog may quickly find substances, but may miss targets because of haste. A dog may also be very slow to find substances, but based on a methodical approach may miss few or no targets”. Self-evidently, a dog whose performance is both accurate and fast seems hugely desirable and, as Helton (2009) suggests, “training and practice can markedly improve skill” … a combination of speed and accuracy, perhaps?
But, can training and practice really alter your dog’s general “approach” (or speed) to scent detecting work? Can you turn your slow and thoughtful Rottie into a speedy working Cocker? Experience would suggest not. Each breed (and every dog within that breed) comes with its own, highly individual, set of characteristics; a mixture of heredity and past life experiences. Far better to work with the dog you have in front of you than attempt to turn him into something he can never be. For me, one of the big enjoyments of working with so many different breeds is their very different styles of working. Each and every one of them brings something new to scent detecting and helps break down any stereotypical views of what different breeds might be capable of. Tortoise or Hare … I’ll take both please!
So, a thought to leave you with. When Helton, et al (2009) asked a trainer which breed was best as an explosives detector dog, his reply was … “depends on where you live, you see here in the United States it is the Labrador Retriever, in the United Kingdom it is the Springer Spaniel, in Belgium it is the Belgian Malinois, in Germany the German Shepherd, and in Norway, they are pushing the Norwegian Drever, a dog most people have never heard of. Personally, I think it is all goofy, pick any dog you are comfortable with”.
And, if you think a Norwegian Drever might be the scent detecting dog for you … just follow this link … https://www.skk.se/en/NKU-home/nordic-dog-breeds/sweden/drever/
© Lesley McAllister – Scent : Detect : Find Ltd 2018
References / Further Reading
- Gadbois S and Reeve C (2014) Canine Olfaction: Scent, Sign, and Situation. IN: Horowitz A (Ed) Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior. The Scientific Study of Canis Familiaris. London: Springer.
- Hall N J, Glenn K, Smith D W and Wynne D L (2015) Performance of Pugs, German Shepherds and Greyhounds (Canis Lupus Familiaris) on an Odor Discrimination Task. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 129(3). 237-246.
- Helton W S (2009) Overview of Scent Detection Work. Issues and Opportunities. IN: Helton W S (Ed) Canine Ergonomics. The Science of Working Dogs. London: Taylor and Francis Group.
- Helton W S, Feltovich P J and Velkey A J (2009) Skill and Expertise in Working Dogs. A Cognitive Science Perspective. IN: Helton W S (Ed) Canine Ergonomics. The Science of Working Dogs. London: Taylor and Francis Group.
- Jamieson L T J, Baxter G S and Murray P J (2017) Identifying suitable detection dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 195. 1-7.
- Johnen D, Heuwieser W and Fischer-Tenhagen C (2017) An approach to identify bias in scent detection dog testing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 189. 1-12.
- Lesniak A, Walczak M, Jezierski T, Sacharczuk M, Gawkowski M and Jaszczak K (2008) Canine Olfactory Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Its Relation to Odor Detection Performance by Sniffer Dogs. Journal of Heredity. 99 (5). 518-527
- Maejima M, Inoue-Murayama M, Tonosaki K, Matsuura N, Kato S, Saito Y, Weiss A, Murayama Y and Ito S (2007) Traits and genotypes may predict the successful training of drug detection dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 107. 3-4. 287–298.
- McCulloch M, Jezierski T, Broffman M, Hubbard A, Turner K and Janecki T (2006) Diagnostic Accuracy of canine Scent Detection in Early- and Late-Stage Lung and Breast Cancers. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 5(1). 30-39
- Pelchat M L, Bykowski C, Duke F F and Reed D R (2011) Excretion and Perception of a Characteristic Odor in Urine after Aspragus Ingestion: a Psychophysical and Genetic Study. Chemical Senses. 36. 1. 9-17.
- Polgar Z, Kinnunen M, Ujvary D and Gacsi M (2016) A Test of Canine Olfactory Capacity. Comparing Various Dog Breeds and Wolves in a Natural Detection task. Plos One. May. 1-14.
- Rooney N J and Bradshaw J W S (2004) Breed and sex differences in the behavioural attributes of specialist search dogs – a questionnaire survey of trainers and handlers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 86. 123-135. | <urn:uuid:f3659e7e-3c77-4cf4-9022-30831cc94eea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scentdetectfind.blog/category/best-breed-for-scent-detecting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.91597 | 2,202 | 2.84375 | 3 |
About this video
In this project-based course, you will learn to make a 3D photo-realistic house right from a blank template with AutoCAD's updated rendering features.
You will learn
• Make a 3D model of a two-bedroom house
• Add 3D furnishings such as sofas, chairs, beds, and more
• Perform 3D photorealistic rendering using the latest rendering engine from AutoCAD
• Make an animated walk-through video from your 3D model
• Plot 2D plans with the proper scale and paper size
So, it must be obvious that you will learn about lots of AutoCAD 3D tools and commands by using these projects. By the end of this course, you will have your own 3D photo-realistic house with its 2D plans.
All the codes and supporting files for this course are available at - https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Create-photorealistic-house-from-scratch-to-end-in-AutoCAD
- Publication date:
- September 2019
- 2 hours 45 minutes | <urn:uuid:29863b49-f53a-4bd0-ac6c-e6c904157eca> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.packtpub.com/product/create-photorealistic-house-from-scratch-to-end-in-autocad-video/9781839219993 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057033.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920070754-20210920100754-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.849012 | 233 | 2.890625 | 3 |
First featured in the August 2020 issue of Torch magazine, CUFI’s Alastair Kirk shares his experience of visiting ‘The Pit’ in the Belarusian capital of Minsk.
In 1939, almost one third of the total population of Minsk was Jewish. According to the last census before the War, there were around 100,000 Jews living in the Belarusian capital and the figure initially rose by half again at the start of the War due to Jews fleeing eastwards to escape the German advance. Sadly, by the end of the Holocaust, two out of every three Jews living in the country had been murdered by the Nazis.
When German forces seized Minsk in June 1941, thousands of Jewish men aged 15 to 45 who reported for registration as intelligentsia (a highly educated social class) were taken and immediately shot. Next month, the notorious Minsk Ghetto was created not far from the city centre and all Jews in the city had five days to move there. Today, the area consisting of around 40 streets and crossroads in the north-western part of the city has very little sign of its former purpose. The ghetto was like a slave labour camp. It was completely cut off from the outside world – a place of hunger, hardship and fear. It was common for thousands of inmates to not return from labour. Many were taken into forests and shot to make space in the ghetto for Jews transported from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia. In one day alone in November 1941, 12,000 were seized, taken outside the city to pits and machine-gunned to death. Although the Minsk Ghetto was one of the largest ghettos in the Soviet Union at the time, little was known about its history.
You have to look very hard to retrace the steps of the Holocaust in Minsk, a city that was all but flattened by the Germans. But one very important and powerful landmark that is a must visit on a trip to Minsk is the Yama Memorial, known in English as The Pit, which is located in the area of the former ghetto and honours all Jewish victims of the Holocaust in Belarus.
After patiently trying to navigate the GPS, we eventually arrived at the destination – a 20-minute walk from Minsk’s historic centre. All we found was a wide crossroads with busy traffic surrounded by tall apartment buildings. But on the corner, set back from the road, was a cluster of trees and grass. As we walked into the small woodland area it was like stepping from the present into the past. The hustle and bustle of fast-paced Minsk was placed on pause. Suddenly we were faced with a large open space with a circular basin in the earth with sloping banks and steps that led down to the bottom. It felt solemnly quiet.
Welcoming visitors before the steps is a menorah constructed of red stone and plaques written in Russian. Parallel to the steps is a bronze sculpture called The Last Way, added in 2000 by the Belarusian artist and Chairman of the Jewish communities of Belarus, Leonid Levin, and the sculptor Elsa Pollak from Israel. The sculpture took 8 years to create and was crafted entirely by hand. It depicts 27 of the 5,000 Jewish victims from the ghetto who were forced to descend into The Pit to their execution on 2 March, 1942.
On that horrific day, which coincided with the Jewish festival of Purim, after workers had left the ghetto, the Nazis ordered that children from an orphanage be brought to the administration building. Unaware of what awaited the children, their supervisors led them, dressed and washed, and carrying the youngest in their arms, toward the building. They were met by a German officer who greeted them with sweets before leading them into a newly dug pit in the centre of the ghetto. They were buried alive. Later that day when workers returned to the ghetto, the Nazis rounded up more victims and shot them in the same pit.
The proximity of the sculpture to the steps mean that as you descend into the pit, you are momentarily walking in the footsteps of those 5,000 victims. As you walk down, one cannot help but observe the individuals depicted in the sculpture. Faces have few details and their outlines are obscure; their stories are a mystery and their names are unknown, yet vividly to the point of almost being real, the sculpture shouts out fear, grief, pain and sorrow. Some of the figures prefer to not look down, other faces cry death, some are looking heavenwards. Little children are snuggled between the adults as if to deliberately protect them from the horror. Some figures are touching the person in front, but are about to be separated. Another character is holding a violin, perhaps out of defiance or distraction, drowning out the sound of gunshots with tunes of comfort and strength.
There are 18 steps – the number 18 is synonymous with the Hebrew word chai חַי, which means life or living. Like the sculpture, the cobblestone floor in the centre of the pit was laid by hand out of respect for the victims.
Standing in the centre of the open space, one feels a sense of vulnerability with only the towering apartment blocks and silent trees staring as you stand isolated. There is a feeling of emptiness with nothing to see except your stationary surrounding, yet you feel obligated to stand and wait a moment to take in the magnitude of the atrocity. So moving is the experience that no length of time is sufficient to fully contemplate such evil. According to one source, authorities during the era when Belarus was under Soviet rule regularly threatened to fill in the entire pit. One more visitor is one more remembrance to ensure this never happens. Whilst we are offended by the cruelty we are appreciative that the memorial exists.
Continuing to the other side of the pit, we come to an obelisk, placed by former prisoners in 1947. It was the first monument within the former Soviet Union that paid tribute to the victims of the Holocaust, although the first public ceremony for the Holocaust took place there in 1991 after Belarus gained independence. It is inscribed in Yiddish, with Hebrew letters, and Russian. There are no English translations here. A poet named Chaim Maltinski wrote (translated), “In bright remembrance for all eternity of the 5,000 Jews who perished at the hands of the cruel enemies of humanity — the Nazi criminals, March 2, 1942”. The Russian word translated ‘criminals’ here is so strong there isn’t an English equivalent. The closest would be the word ‘monsters’. Indeed, events at The Pit formed part of many more systematic murders, including mass shootings, deportations to concentration camps, and the notorious gas vans that were brought into the city that further depleted Minsk’s Jewish population.
According to Nazi records, 86,632 Jews had been murdered in Minsk by 1 February 1943. Over the next few months, the Germans began the liquidation of the ghetto. Shootings became commonplace to the point that people were too fearful to go outside. Orphaned children, the elderly and the disabled were systematically annihilated. And with most Jewish doctors now killed, German soldiers would enter the hospitals and shoot patients. In the summer of 1943, several thousand Jews were transported from the ghetto to concentration camps. By October that year, the 2,000 Jews that remained in the ghetto were rounded up and shot with only a handful somehow managing to escape by hiding. Minsk was liberated by the Red Army on 3 July 1944.
We exit the pit on the opposite side to the sculpture and ascend to the surface. As we follow a narrow circular footpath to return to the entrance, our walk is lined by tall lime trees. Under each tree there is a plaque dedicated to Belarusian non-Jews who gave their lives trying to save Jews. Some of these would have been part of Belarus’s famous partisan or underground movement. The partisans’ cooperation with the Jewish resistance movement within the ghetto led to many Jews escaping. Many Belarusians risked their lives and those of their families by rescuing refugees from the ghetto and hiding them in their houses and apartments. Some took Jewish children under Russian names or placed them in children’s homes.
With the leafy branches gently swaying above us, suddenly the feeling of emptiness experienced in the pit turns to life. A reminder that amid such horror and atrocity, there were those who did all to preserve life. And as the trees bring forth new life in season, the legacy of those brave individuals is breathing new life today. We’re reminded that the Jewish people live on – the evil Nazi monsters failed to stop the Jewish people thriving or the rebirth of the Jewish nation.
Today, Belarus’s significant Jewish history is still largely undiscovered. There is a small section on Jewish life in the impressive National War Museum, only a short walk away from The Pit. Exhibits retell the conflict on the eastern front in which one out of three Belarusians died, and explains Belarus’s effective partisan movement. But for a more thorough history specifically on the Holocaust, there is a small museum called Museum of the History and Culture of Jews of Belarus. And in recent years, more people from outside Belarus are retracing their Jewish heritage with private tours now available. With Belarus slowly relaxing its strict border controls that have previously limited tourism, more people may take the opportunity to make their own discoveries. | <urn:uuid:1d75d1f6-438b-4f12-84c4-d8e3bc5f3d99> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.cufi.org.uk/spotlight/the-pit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585439.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021164535-20211021194535-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.97918 | 1,933 | 2.71875 | 3 |
American Cuisine. What exactly is it? Sometimes, my students ask me what the typical dish of the United States is. That is not an easy question to answer because unless you count the cuisine of the Native American peoples, which is the only true American cuisine, then there really are no typical dishes of the United States.
Some people might think hamburgers or hotdogs or even apple pie are but they would be wrong. Hamburgers actually start as far back as the Mongolian Empire and hotdogs, well, most people know they are actually a German food as well as is apple pie. But these foods have become icons in America thanks in large part to McDonalds and all of its subsequent spin-off chain restaurants. Many foreigners think that all Americans eat is McDonalds, which is entirely untrue, and now that McDonalds is a global franchise, that stereotype is for all intents and purposes moot.
So, students coming to BridgeEnglish Denver looking for that typical American dish might be a little disappointed because the typical American food is actually cuisine from all over the world. In fact, within one square mile of our school exists a plethora of cuisines from the countries where most of our students hail from. Just one block up in the same strip mall there is a Mongolian restaurant, a Japanese restaurant, Indian, Mexican and Arabic eateries and a hamburger place of course. For those students who are craving food from their home countries, here are some delicious, authentic “your country” cuisines in Denver.
For the Brazilian students who have a hankering for churrasco, the Gaucho way of roasting meats over pits of open fire for delicious barbecues, then Fogo de Chão is where you want to go. Fogo de Chão is owned and operated by two brothers from Brazil so you know it is authentic. In fact, they started the restaurant in the south of Brazil and made their way up to the USA. At Fogo de Chão you will experience a different way of dining. Upon sitting at your table you are handed a round card that is green on one side and red on the other. This card is to indicate to the wait staff if you want more (green side up) or want to stop (red side up.) The wait staff makes rounds at your table with spits of the 15 different kinds of meats that have been grilling over an open fire for hours.
You can choose which meat you want and the waiter will slice it off of the spit right on to your plate. Some of the choices of meats are picanha (top sirloin), filet mignon, cordeiro (lamb), chicken and many others to satisfy your palate. There is also an amazing salad bar that has over 30 items. You can fill up on the salad bar alone! Choose from an extensive wine list and save room for dessert. This is truly a Brazilian experience in the heart of Denver.
When most people (excluding Japanese people) think of Japanese food they probably think of sushi and ramen. While those dishes are indeed a main staple of Japanese cuisine, they by no means encompass the wide variety of dishes that make up the cuisine of the country. Domo is a unique Japanese restaurant in that it serves “country style” Japanese food. What is country style Japanese food? Well, you must visit Domo in order to truly experience a kind of Japanese cuisine that most Americans have never tried. Domo’s food is “very Japanese” according to the BridgeEnglish Denver Japanese students that have been there.
The menu includes eggy tojimono, donburi bowls topped with raw fish, nabemono hot pots and an incredible list of noodles, including soba, udon and some of the best spicy miso ramen in Denver. Entrées come with sides of pickled vegetables, yams and fermented soybeans. The menu is extensive so it is hard to choose which delicacy to order. The dining room resembles a dark, enchanted cottage in the forest, with its tables made from stone slabs and seats cut from tree stumps. The outside offers a Japanese garden setting surrounded by lush vegetation and Japanese décor. Domo has been voted the Best of Denver multiple times. It’s truly a Japanese experience.
BridgeEnglish Denver has a large population of students from the Middle East including Saudi Arabia, Syria and Qatar and the food from these regions is just as interesting as the culture. Denver actually offers a wide array of Middle Eastern restaurants and one of them is located right near the school.
Marrakech restaurant offers a mix of authentic Lebanese and Persian cuisines including hummus (a Mediterranean staple), baba ghanouj and stuffed grape leaves. Entrées include such delights as gyros and lamb curry. There are also some vegetarian items for the non-meat eater. The restaurant is adorned with beautiful, authentic decorations and soft Arabic music plays in the background while you dine. Marrakech also is a hookah café and a dance club at night, so for those of you who are really interested in getting some Lebanese and Middle Eastern culture, order one of their flavored tobaccos and enjoy the night smoking hookah with your friends. | <urn:uuid:547c4ab0-8c12-4910-b1d5-e92feb7c0e7f> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://bridgeenglish.com/blog/2012/06/27/what-to-eat-denvers-array-of-international-cuisine-offers-global-variety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219242.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822010128-20180822030128-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.961732 | 1,080 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Chavez Ravine is a shallow L-shaped canyon in Los Angeles, California. It sits in a large promontory of hills north of downtown Los Angeles, next to Major League Baseball's Dodger Stadium. Chavez Ravine was named for Julian Chavez, a Los Angeles councilman in the 19th century who originally purchased the land in the Elysian Park area.
Chavez Ravine was named for Julian Chavez, the first recorded land owner. He was born in New Mexico and moved to Los Angeles in the early 1830s. He quickly became a local leader. In 1844, Chavez purchased 83 acres of the long, narrow valley northwest of the city. There are no records of what Chavez did on his land, but during the 1850s and 1880s there were smallpox epidemics; Chavez Canyon was the location of a "pest house" which cared for Chinese-Americans and Mexican-Americans suffering from the disease. The land was very rugged which prevented much development of the area. However the area did provide an important watershed and part was used by the Los Angeles Water Company for a canal bringing water from what is now Griffith Park and storing it in a reservoir (today called Buena Vista Reservoir) in Reservoir Ravine. Some of Chavez Canyon and the surrounding hills became Elysian Park in 1886. That same year, two brick manufacturers moved into Chavez Ravine and began blasting operations in the hillsides.
By the early 1900s, in the hills above and around the ravine, a semi-rural Mexican-American community had grown up. Eventually, three distinct neighborhoods formed: Bishop, La Loma and Palo Verde, mostly on the ridges between the neighboring ravines. In 1913 a progressive lawyer named Marshall Stimson subsidized the movement of around 250 Mexican-Americans to these communities from the floodplain of the nearby Los Angeles River. There was a local grocery store, a local church, and Palo Verde Elementary. There was a nearby brick factory which caused local problems from the smoke and dust released. In 1926 the residents of Chavez Ravine organized to shut the company down. On August 20, 1926, the Los Angeles City Council unanimously adopted an ordinance prohibiting the blasting and zoned the area around Chavez Ravine for residential use.
Chavez Ravine was made up of the three mostly Mexican-American communities of La Loma, Palo Verde, and Bishop. In the 1940s, the area was a poor, though cohesive, Mexican-American community. Many families lived there because of housing discrimination in other parts of Los Angeles. With the population of Los Angeles expanding, Chavez Ravine was viewed as a prime, underutilized location. The city began to label the area as "blighted" and thus ripe for redevelopment. Through a vote, the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles, with the assistance of federal funds from the Housing Act of 1949, was designated the task to construct public housing, in large part to address the severe post-World War II housing shortage. Prominent architects Richard Neutra and Robert Alexander developed a plan for "Elysian Park Heights." The city had already relocated many of the residents of Chavez Ravine when the entire project came to a halt. Fear of communism was sweeping the United States and loud voices in Los Angeles cried that the housing project smacked of socialism.
The land for Dodger Stadium was purchased from some local owners/inhabitants in the early 1950s by the City of Los Angeles, using eminent domain, with funds from the Federal Housing Act of 1949. The city had planned to develop the Elysian Park Heights public housing project, which was to include two dozen 13-story buildings and more than 160 two-story townhouses, in addition to newly-rebuilt playgrounds and schools.
Los Angeles-based author Mike Davis, in his controversial, often polemical, history of the city, City of Quartz, discussed the process of gradually convincing Chavez Ravine homeowners to sell. Davis asserted that with nearly all of the original Spanish-speaking homeowners initially unwilling to do so, "developers", representing the city and its public housing authority, resorted to offering immediate cash payments, distributed through their Spanish-speaking agents. Once the first sales had been completed, it is said that remaining homeowners were offered lesser amounts of money, allegedly to create a sense of community panic that people would not receive fair compensation, or that they would be left as one of the few holdouts. Some residents continued to resist, despite the pressure being placed upon them by the "developers," resulting in the Battle of Chavez Ravine, an unsuccessful ten-year struggle by a small number of remaining residents of Chavez Ravine to maintain control of their property, after the substantial majority of the area had been transferred to public ownership.
Before construction of the Elysian Park Heights project could begin, the local political climate changed greatly when Norris Poulson was elected mayor of Los Angeles in 1953. Poulson opposed the provision of public housing, claiming that it was "un-American", and support for projects like Elysian Park Heights faded. Following protracted negotiations, the City of Los Angeles was able to repurchase the Chavez Ravine property from the Federal Housing Authority at a drastically reduced price, with the stipulation that the land be used for a public purpose.
Following the "baseball referendum", promoted by the Taxpayers Committee for Yes on Baseball, which was approved by Los Angeles voters on June 3, 1958, the City made the controversial decision to trade 352 acres (142 ha) of land at Chavez Ravine to the Brooklyn Dodgers and team's owner Walter O'Malley, in exchange for land around the minor league park Wrigley Field, with the aim of providing incentives for migration to Los Angeles. From 1958 to 1961, the Dodgers played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.
During the years when the Los Angeles Angels were tenants of the Dodgers (1962 through 1965), the Angels referred to the stadium as "Chavez Ravine Stadium" or simply "Chavez Ravine". Los Angeles City Council designated the property as "Dodgertown" in October 2008. The United States Postal Service assigned postal code "Dodgertown, CA 90090" in April 2009.
A number of structures from Chavez Ravine were spared demolition and sold by the developers of Dodger Stadium to nearby Universal Studios for one dollar apiece. Universal moved the structures to its back lot where they subsequently appeared in various Universal productions, most notably the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird. The house of Atticus Finch, for example, was an erstwhile Chavez Ravine home.
Most of Chavez Ravine remains in Elysian Park where the Chavez Ravine Arboretum still stands. The arboretum was founded in 1893 by the Los Angeles Horticultural Society where trees were added to through to the 1920s. Most of the Arboretum's original trees are still standing and many are the oldest and largest of their kind in California and even the United States. Further south in the ravine is Barlow Respiratory Hospital which was founded in 1902 and continues to treat patients today. At the open end of the ravine immediately adjacent to Dodger Stadium is the Naval and Marine Corps Reserve Center which was built in 1937 but is today a training facility, Frank Hotchkin Memorial Training Center, for the Los Angeles City Fire Department.
Chavez Ravine,1949: A Los Angeles Story (1999) collects interviews and photos by Don Normark documenting the Ravine's culture at the time. Chávez Ravine is an album recorded by Ry Cooder in 2005, as a soundtrack to a PBS documentary directed by Jordan Mechner. The film makes use of the Normark photos in telling the story of how a Mexican American community was destroyed to make way for a low-income public housing project.
The Provisional City (2000) recounts the postwar history of housing in Los Angeles by Dana Cuff, and devotes a section of the book to the politics of transforming Chavez Ravine into a modern housing development designed by Richard Neutra and Robert Alexander, and the demise of that utopian plan.
"Chávez Ravine: A Record by Ry Cooder" is the twelfth studio album by Ry Cooder. It is the first concept album and historical album by Ry Cooder which tells the story of Chávez Ravine. Sung in Spanish and English, Cooder sought out musicians from the era and the place, including the late Pachuco boogie boss Don Tosti, Lalo Guerrero, Ersi Arvizu, and Little Willie G., all of whom appear with Joachim Cooder, Juliette & Carla Commagere, Jim Keltner, Flaco Jimenez, Mike Elizondo, Gil Bernal, Ledward Kaapana, Joe Rotunde, Rosella Arvizu, and others. Chávez Ravine was nominated for "Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album" in 2006.
A portion of the Great Wall of Los Angeles, a mural by Judith F. Baca in the Tujunga Wash Drainage Canal in San Fernando Valley, California, is titled "The Division of the Barrios and Chavez Ravine." It depicts families separated by freeways and the Dodger Stadium in the air like a spaceship.
In 2003, the Urban Performance Troupe Culture Clash, comprising three writers and performers Richard Montoya, Ric Salinas and Herbert Siguenza, premiered a stage show titled Chávez Ravine at the Mark Taper Forum.
The 1952 crime drama film Without Warning! has several scenes that take place in Chavez Ravine.
At the end of the Twilight Zone episode "The Whole Truth" (1961) Rod Serling says "be particularly careful in explaining to the boss about your grandmother's funeral when you are actually at Chavez Ravine watching the Dodgers."
"Chavez Ravine" was mentioned as a suspect during a "minute mysteries" segment of the 1960s TV show Fractured Flickers.
A group of American Indians gathered overnight to drink, dance and sing on a Chavez Ravine hilltop in the 1961 movie "The Exiles".
"Chavez Ravine" is mentioned in episode "Community" of the TV police drama Southland when a fraud victim describes how he was "born on home plate" and lived in his family home in Chavez Ravine until May 9, 1959 when the city came in and bulldozed his home to make way for Dodger Stadium.
In the Amazon TV series "Bosch", Police Commissioner Bradley Walker, played by John Getz, states that "My father bulldozed Bunker Hill so that lawyers could have an ocean view, *his* father destroyed Chavez Ravine for low cost housing he knew would never happen."
The proposal to give the Dodgers a 300-acre baseball stadium site next to Chavez Ravine appeared to be winning in Los Angeles' municipal election tonight.
Los Angeles, April 9, 1962 (United Press International) Eager citizens, proud civic leaders and jubilant baseball dignitaries today joined to dedicate the Los Angeles Dodgers' new multimillion-dollar 56,000-seat stadium in Chavez Ravine.
The 1962 Los Angeles Angels season involved the Angels finishing 3rd in the American League with a record of 86 wins and 76 losses, ten games behind the World Series Champion New York Yankees. The 1962 Angels are one of only two teams to achieve a winning record in its second season of existence in the history of Major League Baseball (the other would be the 1999 Arizona Diamondbacks of the National League, who finished as NL West Champions at 100–62). The 1962 Angels was the first Angels team to reside at Dodger Stadium, called Chavez Ravine by the team.1965 California Angels season
The 1965 California Angels season was the fifth year of play for the American Major League Baseball franchise. The 1965 Angels finished seventh in the American League with a record of 75 wins and 87 losses, putting them 27 games behind the AL Champion Minnesota Twins. It was also the final season for the franchise in the city of Los Angeles before moving to their new stadium in nearby Anaheim for the following season. In their fourth and last year as tenants at Chávez Ravine, the Angels drew only 566,727 fans, eighth in the ten-team Junior Circuit and almost two million fans fewer than their landlords, the Dodgers, who were en route to the 1965 world championship.Battle of Chavez Ravine
The Battle of Chavez Ravine refers to controversy surrounding government acquisition of land largely owned by Mexican-Americans in Los Angeles' Chavez Ravine. The efforts to repossess the land, which lasted approximately ten years (1951–1961), eventually resulted in the removal of the entire population of Chavez Ravine from land on which Dodger Stadium was constructed. The majority of the Chavez Ravine land was initially acquired by the City of Los Angeles to make way for proposed public housing. The public housing plan that had been advanced as politically "progressive" and had resulted in the removal of the Mexican-American landowners of Chavez Ravine was abandoned after the passage of a public referendum prohibiting the original housing proposal and the election of a conservative Los Angeles mayor opposed to public housing. By 1958, new plans were advanced to construct Dodger Stadium on the site, and in 1959, the Los Angeles County Sherriff's Department forcefully removed the last residents occupying Chavez Ravine.Center Theatre Group
Center Theatre Group is a non-profit arts organization located in Los Angeles, California. It is one of the largest theatre companies in the nation, programming subscription seasons year-round at the Mark Taper Forum, the Ahmanson Theatre and the Kirk Douglas Theatre.
Center Theatre Group is led by Artistic Director Michael Ritchie and Managing Director/CEO Meghan Pressman.
Me and Bessie
9 to 5
Angels in America
Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson
Children of a Lesser God
Flower Drum Song (revival)
Smokey Joe's Cafe
The Drowsy Chaperone
Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo
Water and Power
Sleeping Beauty Wakes
Chavez RavineChavez Ravine Arboretum
The Chavez Ravine Arboretum, in Elysian Park, just north of Dodger Stadium, at 929 Academy Road, Los Angeles, California, contains more than 100 varieties of trees from around the world, including what are believed to be the oldest and largest Cape Chestnut, Kauri, and Tipu trees in the United States. Admission to the arboretum is free.
The Arboretum was founded in 1893 by the Los Angeles Horticultural Society, and planting of rare trees continued through the 1920s. Most of the original trees are still standing. The Arboretum was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1967.
Trees in the Arboretum include:
Acer campestre (field maple)
Acer negundo (box elder)
Acer saccharinum (silver maple)
Aesculus x carnea
Alnus rhombifolia (white alder)
Angophora costata (rose apple)
Araucaria bidwillii (bunya pine)
Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (king palm)
Bauhinia forficata (Brazilian orchid tree)
Bauhinia variegata (orchid tree)
Betula nigra (black birch)
Brachychiton acerifolius (Illiwarra flame tree)
Brachychiton acerifolius (Herman hybrid)
Brachychiton populneus (Kurrajong)
Brahea (Hesper palm)
Brahea armata (Mexican blue palm)
Brahea edulis (Guadalupe palm)
Butia capitata (jelly palm)
Calocedrus decurrens (California incense cedar)
Calodendrum capense (Cape chestnut)
Ceiba speciosa (silk floss tree)
Dracaena draco (Canary Islands dragon tree)
Ehretia anacua (sandpaper tree)
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat)
Erythrina (coral tree)
Erythrina coralloides (naked coral tree)
Erythrina falcata (Brazilian coral tree)
Erythrina humeana (dwarf kaffirboom)
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum)
Eucalyptus cladocalyx (sugar gum)
Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany)
Eucalyptus rudis (flooded gum)
Eucalyptus viminalis (manna gum)
Ficus (fig tree)
Ficus religiosa (sacred fig)
Handroanthus impetiginosus (pink lapacho)
Jubaea chilensis (Chilean wine palm)
Juglans nigra (eastern black walnut)
Lagerstroemia indica (crepe myrtle)
Liquidambar formosana (Chinese sweet gum)
Livistona australis (cabbage-tree palm)
Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm)
Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood)
Metrosideros excelsa (pōhutukawa)
Nyssa sylvatica (black tupelo)
Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm)
Phoenix dactylifera (date palm)
Phoenix reclinata (hybrid)
Phoenix roebelenii x rupicola
Phoenix rupicola (cliff date palm)
Phytolacca dioica (ombú)
Pinus canariensis (Canary Island pine)
Pinus edulis (Colorado pinyon)
Pinus halepensis (aleppo pine)
Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine)
Pittosporum tenuifolium (black matipo)
Plinia cauliflora (jabuticaba)
Psidium guajava (apple guava)
Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak)
Quercus alba (white oak)
Quercus cerris (turkey oak)
Quercus coccinea (scarlet oak)
Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak)
Quercus palustris (pin oak)
Quercus rubra (northern red oak)
Quercus suber (cork oak)
Quercus virginiana (southern live oak)
Rhapidophyllym hystrix (needle palm)
Rhapis excelsa (broadleaf lady palm)
Sabal causiarum (Puerto Rican hat palm)
Salix babylonica (weeping willow)
Schinus (pepper tree)
Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper)
Schinus polygamus (Cabrera Hardee peppertree)
Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm)
Trachycarpus fortunei (windmill palm)
Tristaniopsis laurina (water gum)
Ulmus americana (American elm)
Umbellularia californica (California bay laurel)
Washingtonia filifera (desert fan)
Washingtonia robusta (Mexican fan palm)
Zelkova serrata (Japanese zelkova)Chávez Ravine (album)
Chávez Ravine: A Record by Ry Cooder is the twelfth studio album by Ry Cooder. It is the first concept album and historical album by Ry Cooder which tells the story of Chávez Ravine, a Mexican-American community demolished in the 1950s in order to build public housing. The housing was never built. Ultimately the Brooklyn Dodgers built a stadium on the site as part of their move to Los Angeles.
Chávez Ravine was nominated for "Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album" in 2006.Chávez Ravine (disambiguation)
Chávez Ravine may refer to:
Chavez Ravine, the area in Los Angeles, California, where Dodger Stadium is located
A nickname for Dodger Stadium itself
The Battle of Chavez Ravine, controversy surrounding the 1951–1961 government acquisition of land in Chavez Ravine largely owned by Mexican Americans
Chavez Ravine, a 1992 film by Norberto Barba
Chávez Ravine: A Los Angeles Story:, a 2003 documentary by Jordan Mechner
Chávez Ravine (album), a 2005 concept album by musician Ry CooderDodger Stadium
Dodger Stadium in the Elysian Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, is the home field of Major League Baseball's Los Angeles Dodgers. Opened 57 years ago on April 10, 1962, it was constructed in less than three years at a cost of US$23 million.
It is the oldest ballpark in MLB west of the Mississippi River, and third-oldest overall, after Fenway Park in Boston (1912) and Wrigley Field in Chicago (1914), and is the world's largest baseball stadium by seat capacity. Often referred to as a "pitcher's ballpark", the stadium has seen twelve no-hitters, two of which were perfect games.
The stadium hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in 1980—and will host in 2020—as well as games of 10 World Series (1963, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1988, 2017, and 2018). It also hosted the semifinals and finals of the 2009 and 2017 World Baseball Classics. It also hosted exhibition baseball during the 1984 Summer Olympics. It will also host baseball and softball during the 2028 Summer Olympics.
The stadium hosted a soccer tournament on August 3, 2013 featuring four clubs, the hometown team Los Angeles Galaxy, and Europe's Real Madrid, Everton, and Juventus. The Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks played a regular season game in 2014 as part of the NHL Stadium Series.Frank Wilkinson
Frank Wilkinson (August 16, 1914 – January 2, 2006) was an American civil liberties activist who served as Executive Director of the National Committee Against Repressive Legislation and the First Amendment Foundation (both predecessors to the Defending Dissent Foundation).I, Flathead
I, Flathead: The Songs of Kash Buk and the Klowns is the fourteenth studio album by Ry Cooder. It is the final concept album by Ry Cooder. It is the third in his "California trilogy", which began with Chávez Ravine (2005) and My Name Is Buddy (2007).The Deluxe Edition of the album is accompanied by a 104-page hardback book which included a CD in paper pocket, a novella (on 97 pages) and song lyrics.
The title is a play on the Isaac Asimov novel "I, Robot", but the flathead in question is the Ford Flathead engine.John C. Holland
John C. Holland (1893–1970) was one of the longest-serving Los Angeles City Council members, for 24 years from 1943 to 1967, and was known for his losing fight against bringing the Los Angeles Dodgers to Chavez Ravine and for his reputation as a watchdog over the city treasury.Jordan Mechner
Jordan Mechner (born June 4, 1964) is an American video game designer, author, screenwriter, and filmmaker. He is best known for designing and programming the Broderbund Apple II games Karateka and Prince of Persia in the 1980s, the latter of which grew into a multi-platform franchise.Julian A. Chavez
Julian Antonio Chavez (January 7, 1808 – July 25, 1879) was a rancher, landowner and elected official in early Los Angeles, California, who served multiple terms on the Los Angeles Common Council (the forerunner to the present-day City Council) and the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. His land holdings included the area later known as Chavez Ravine.My Name Is Buddy
My Name Is Buddy: Another Record by Ry Cooder is the thirteenth studio album by Ry Cooder. It is the second social-political concept album by Ry Cooder. Cooder has described it as the second in a trilogy that began with Chávez Ravine and concluded with I, Flathead. The album is packaged in a small booklet that includes a brief story and drawing to accompany each song. Both the songs and the stories relate tales from the viewpoint of the characters, Buddy Red Cat, Lefty Mouse, and Reverend Tom Toad. The liner notes ask listeners/readers to join them as they "Journey through time and space in days of labor, big bosses, farm failures, strikes, company cops, sundown towns, hobos, and trains... the America of yesteryear."Proposed domed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium
A proposed domed stadium for the Brooklyn Dodgers, designed by Buckminster Fuller, was to replace Ebbets Field for the Brooklyn Dodgers to allow them to stay in New York City. The Dodgers instead moved to Chavez Ravine in Los Angeles. First announced in the early 1950s, the envisioned structure would have seated 52,000 people and been the first domed stadium in the world, opening roughly a decade before Houston's Astrodome. The stadium, in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, would have been located at the northeast corner of Flatbush Avenue and Atlantic Avenue, on the site of the Atlantic Terminal. It would have cost $6 million to build and been privately financed. It was never built.
The general area eventually did become a sports venue, because Barclays Center was built across the street to the south from the Atlantic Terminal, in neighboring Pacific Park.Richard Montoya
Richard Montoya is a Chicano actor, director, producer, screenwriter, playwright, comedian, and co-founding member of the San Francisco based performance troupe Culture Clash. His work in theatre is largely comedy-based and centers around ideas of racism, immigration, discrimination, and identity in Latin-American communities. He follows in the steps of his father, famous activist José Montoya, and is known for creating social and political change through a variety of artistic expressions.Rosalind Wiener Wyman
Rosalind Wiener Wyman (born October 4, 1930) is a California Democratic political figure who was the youngest person ever elected to the Los Angeles City Council and the second woman to serve there. She was influential in bringing the Brooklyn Dodgers from New York to Chavez Ravine, Los Angeles.Three Cool Cats
"Three Cool Cats" is a 1958 song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was originally recorded by The Coasters and released as the B-side of their hit single, "Charlie Brown.""Three Cool Cats" was one of the fifteen songs recorded by The Beatles for their Decca Records audition on New Year's Day in 1962 in London. The Beatles' cover version featured George Harrison's vocals and Pete Best on drums. The Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein, personally chose this and the fourteen other audition numbers from the band's Merseyside dance hall and rock club repertoire. The recording was included on the Beatles' Anthology 1. The group also performed this song several times during the Get Back/Let It Be Sessions of January 1969. None of these have ever been officially released by EMI.
There have been many other covers of this song. Richard Anthony recorded it in French as Nouvelle vague (1958). It appears on the 2005 Ry Cooder album Chávez Ravine, with vocals performed by Little Willie G (Willie Garcia). Garage rock band The 220.127.116.11's covered the song for their 1996 EP Bomb the Twist. It is also featured on Stand Out/Fit In, the 2007 studio album by The Basics, as well as on their 2010 live album. The song is also heard in the 2016 film Nine Lives.Vincent Valdez
Vincent Valdez (born 1977) is an American artist born in San Antonio, Texas who focuses on painting, drawing, and printmaking. His artwork often emphasizes themes of social justice, memory, and ignored or under-examined historical narratives. Valdez completed his B.F.A. at the Rhode Island School of Design in 2000. He lives and works in Houston, Texas and is represented by the David Shelton Gallery. Valdez's work has been exhibited at The Museum of Fine Arts Houston, The Ford Foundation, The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), The National Portrait Gallery, The Blanton Museum of Art, The Parsons School of Design, Paris, France, and the Fundacion Osde Buenos Aires. | <urn:uuid:14a058be-ccec-411c-9408-b6227607837f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://howlingpixel.com/i-en/Chavez_Ravine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330962.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826022215-20190826044215-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.943086 | 6,026 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Frequently Asked Questions
There are many Irish children who do not have access to healthy meals, why provide lunches to students in Kenya?
Although many children may not have the means to buy school lunches, the government are able to help these students with free school lunch programmes. However, in Kenya, there is no school lunch programme available to primary school students. Without our lunch programme, over 500 primary school students would not have any meal at school from 7a.m. until 4p.m. We believe that every child has the right to school lunches and that access to these lunches can improve academic performance and increases attendance rates.
How do school lunch programmes impact educational outcomes in primary school?
Numerous studies have found that school lunch programmes can have a positive impact on student learning outcomes, attendance rates and attitudes towards education.According to the World Food Programme ‘s 2009 “School Feeding cost benefit Analysis” report (World Food Program, “School Feeding Cost Benefit Analysis,” 2009), there are significant benefits to school lunch programs. These include: “?Enhanced nutrition and child health; increased learning and decreased morbidity for students” (WFP, 2009, p. 50). ?”Can help children get into school and keep them there” (WFP, 2009, p. 50) School feeding programs have been shown to improve gender equality (WFP, 2009, p. 50). Wider socio-economic benefits such as increased community development and local production (WFP, 2009, p. 50).
What kind of food does Ndiini School Lunch Programme provide to the students?
We provide a basic, yet nutritious lunch of rice, beans and onions. The foods used is local and purchased at the market near the school. We are currently researching food alternatives such as enriched porridge, micro-nutrient enriched supplements and other alternative foods that would be able to provide more nutrients to the students at Ndiini Primary School.
Is Ndiini School Food Programme a registered not-for profit organisation?
Yes. Ndiini School Food Programme is a registered Irish charity. The registered charity no is: CHY No 20136
How much does it cost to provide school lunches for each student?
Our programme provides daily school lunches for primary school students. A small donation of only Ä28 will provide one student with school lunches for an entire school year!
What percentage of my donation will go directly to the cost of the school lunch programme?
Any and all donations we receive will first go towards the school lunch programme. Any additional funds will go towards the scholarship programme. For donations made online via Paypal, Paypal charges a small percentage (2.9%) for each donation made through their site. We have partnered with Paypal to ensure the secure processing of all our donations. However, 100% of all donations received via mail will go directly to fund the school lunch programme.
How can I donate to Ndiini School Food Programme?
You can visit our donation page to donate using Paypal or you can donate through the justgiving webpage by clicking this link: | <urn:uuid:2c537da7-67ee-4431-9a53-0813e629f356> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://nsfood.org/faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221214538.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819012213-20180819032213-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.950084 | 645 | 2.53125 | 3 |
December 15, 2019
Aerophagia, from the Greek word aerophagein, is repetitive and excessive air swallowing—literally “eating air.” The intake of air passes through the esophagus and into the digestive system often resulting in uncomfortable gastrointestinal symptoms including frequent belching, abdominal pain and distension, reflux, and flatulence. About 7% of children and nearly 25% of adults suffer from this condition. Read on to find out more about aerophagia, the causes, and some treatment options.
Is it Aerophagia or Indigestion?
Generally, people swallow about 2 quarts of air while eating and drinking, and most people process and expel the smaller amounts of gas with only mild discomfort. Belching relieves about half of the air, while the rest travels through the stomach and intestines until released in the form of flatulence. But people with aerophagia take in significantly larger amounts of air. The symptoms are more severe and they can be acute (short term) or chronic (long term).
Unfortunately, the symptoms of aerophagia are so similar to other gastrointestinal illnesses like irritable bowel syndrome or acid reflux, it can take a doctor some time to sort out what is really going on. Patients with indigestion are more prone to experience nausea, vomiting, feeling full without eating too much, and weight loss, while patients with aerophagia are not likely to report these types of additional symptoms.
Most Common Causes of Aerophagia
The formation of aerophagia typically stems from the mechanics of how people breathe and swallow. Mouth breathing and shallow, rapid breathing often results in swallowing more air. This is why aerophagia can also be a side effect of hyperventilation from anxiety. It is also a common side effect of heavy breathing after strenuous exercise. Slowing down and becoming aware of breathing is an important first step. Individuals with chronic aerophagia should practice slow, measured breaths in and out through the nose. It has a calming effect and people are less likely to swallow pockets of air, significantly reducing the risk of aerophagia.
Eating and drinking habits are other mechanical behaviors that often contribute to aerophagia. The condition is often the result of eating too quickly, talking while eating, chewing gum, consuming carbonated beverages, and drinking through a straw. Once individuals are aware of the condition, they can make a conscious effort to stop it. They should practice eating smaller bites and thoroughly chewing with mouths closed before swallowing food. They can also quit chewing gum, drinking carbonation, and using straws.
In some cases, the underlying medical condition of sleep apnea and the use of a CPAP machine can make people more prone to aerophagia. If individuals with CPAP-related aerophagia need to make sure there is enough pressure to alleviate the problem, but not too much to continually pump air into the esophagus instead of the airway. A doctor can help make the proper adjustments.
Ill-fitting dentures or other dental restorations can also be a factor. They cause an excess of saliva and air swallowing. For individuals with ill-fitting dentures and aerophagia, they can speak with their dentist about getting a set that fits more naturally.
If an individual has a serious case of aerophagia, it is advisable to seek medical attention from a specialist. They will help pin down the underlying causes and find the proper treatment for the symptoms. | <urn:uuid:36ade50a-80fd-482f-93ea-360678771d1e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://dentagama.com/news/what-is-aerophagia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385529.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308205020-20210308235020-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.95254 | 725 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Representative democracy (also indirect democracy, representative government or psephocracy) is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. Nearly all modern Western-style democracies are types of representative democracies; for example, the United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy, France is a unitary semi-presidential republic, and the United States is a federal presidential republic.
It is an element of both the parliamentary and the presidential systems of government and is typically used in a lower chamber such as the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Lok Sabha of India, and may be curtailed by constitutional constraints such as an upper chamber. It has been described by some political theorists including Robert A. Dahl, Gregory Houston and Ian Liebenberg as polyarchy. In it the power is in the hands of the representatives who are elected by the people. Political parties are often central to this form of democracy because electoral systems require voters to vote for political parties as opposed to individual representatives.
Powers of representatives
Representatives are elected by the public, as in national elections for the national legislature. Elected representatives may hold the power to select other representatives, presidents, or other officers of the government or of the legislature, as the Prime Minister in the latter case. (indirect representation).
- An independent judiciary, which may have the power to declare legislative acts unconstitutional (e.g. constitutional court, supreme court).
- The constitution may also provide for some deliberative democracy (e.g., Royal Commissions) or direct popular measures (e.g., initiative, referendum, recall elections). However, these are not always binding and usually require some legislative action—legal power usually remains firmly with representatives.
- In some cases, a bicameral legislature may have an "upper house" that is not directly elected, such as the Senate of Canada, which was in turn modeled on the British House of Lords.
Theorists such as Edmund Burke believe that part of the duty of a representative was not simply to communicate the wishes of the electorate but also to use their own judgement in the exercise of their powers, even if their views are not reflective of those of a majority of voters:
The Roman Republic was the first known government in the western world to have a representative government, despite taking the form of a direct government in the Roman assemblies. The Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries, and today's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader. Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives as opposed to a direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly. A European medieval tradition of selecting representatives from the various estates (classes, but not as we know them today) to advise/control monarchs led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems.
In Britain, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments. The first, in 1258, stripped the King of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns. Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689.
The American Revolution led to the creation of a new Constitution of the United States in 1787, with a national legislature based partly on direct elections of representatives every two years, and thus responsible to the electorate for continuance in office. Senators were not directly elected by the people until the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. Women, men who owned no property, and blacks, and others not originally given voting rights in most states eventually gained the vote through changes in state and federal law in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Until it was repealed by the Fourteenth Amendment following the Civil War, the Three-Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states.
In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National Convention was elected by all males in 1792. Universal male suffrage was re-established in France in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848.
Representative democracy came into particular general favour in post-industrial revolution nation states where large numbers of citizens evinced interest in politics, but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. As noted above, Edmund Burke in his speech to the electors of Bristol classically analysed their operation in Britain and the rights and duties of an elected representative.
Globally, a majority of the world's people live in representative democracies including constitutional monarchies and republics with strong representative branches.
Research on representation per se
Separate but related, and very large, bodies of research in political philosophy and social science investigate how and how well elected representatives, such as legislators, represent the interests or preferences of one or another constituency.
In his book Political Parties, written in 1911, Robert Michels argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an oligarchy or particracy. This is known as the iron law of oligarchy. Representative democracies which are stable have been analysed by Adolf Gasser and compared to the unstable representative democracies in his book "Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas" which was published in 1943 (first edition in German) and a second edition in 1947 (in German). Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by the iron law of oligarchy:
- Society has to be built up from bottom to top. As a consequence, society is built up by people, who are free and have the power to defend themselves with weapons.
- These free people join or form local communities. These local communities are independent, which includes financial independence, and they are free to determine their own rules.
- Local communities join together into a higher unit e.g. a canton.
- There is no hierarchical bureaucracy.
- There is competition between these local communities e.g. on services delivered or on taxes.
A drawback to this type of government is that elected officials are not required to fulfill promises made before their election and are able to promote their own self-interests once elected, providing an incohesive system of governance. Legislators are also under scrutiny as the system of majority-won legislators voting for issues for the large group of people fosters inequality among the marginalized.
The system of stochocracy has been proposed as an improved system compared to the system of representative democracy, where representatives are elected. Stochocracy aims to at least reduce this degradation by having all representatives appointed by lottery instead of by voting. Therefore, this system is also called lottocracy. The system was proposed by the writer Roger de Sizif in 1998 in his book La Stochocratie. Choosing officeholders by lot was also the standard practice in ancient Athenian democracy. The rationale behind this practice was to avoid lobbying and electioneering by economic oligarchs.
The system of deliberative democracy is a mix between a majority ruled system and a consensus-based system. It allows for representative democracies or direct democracies to coexist with its system of governance, providing an initial advantage. | <urn:uuid:202c6b88-e737-4fb9-9956-8d53f66efadc> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://thtsearch.com/content/Representative_democracy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337531.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005011205-20221005041205-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.966214 | 1,607 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is the literary language of today’s books, media, and formal communication throughout the Arab world, the region’s principal shared language of written and official discourse. The fourth book in this new series for the classroom is designed for the middle to high intermediate Arabic learner. The aim of this book is to help students to read and write articles, essays, and texts, using a range of tenses, in correct Arabic grammar. Students will also learn how to communicate orally in a number of different situations, discussing current events, leisure activities, and practical matters. The students’ facility with sentence structure and vocabulary is increased by reading newspapers and listening to news broadcasts, and by writing about real-life interests such as social, economic, political, and gender issues, technological advancements, and education. The chapters guide students through the gradual acquisition of vocabulary and grammar. Exercises at the end of each chapter cover all essential skills and translation, with emphasis on reading and writing. The accompanying DVD includes audio material for all listening activities, dialogs, and reading exercises. The book is further supported by online interactive reading, writing, and grammar drills.
A New Course in Modern Standard Arabic: Book Four
For sale worldwide
A Guide to Modern Standard Arabic Grammar for the Intermediate Level
Laila Al-Sawi Iman Saad 27.50
A Guide to Modern Standard Arabic Grammar for the Intermediate LevelLaila Al-Sawi
This grammar book is intended for intermediate learners of Modern Standard Arabic. It covers the main points that they need to master at this level to prepare them for the next level of proficiency. Each lesson in the book begins with a brief statement and explanation of a grammar rule followed by different types of exercises. The exercise section of the lessons begins with mechanical drills (some of which have illustrations) for practice of the grammar point of the lesson. At the end, there are writing exercises that enable learners to produce the language freely while still requiring them to use the lesson’s grammar. The book is accompanied by a CD with animated PowerPoint presentations illustrating the grammar rules explained in the lessons, and interactive drills. This very practical textbook provides a fine, flexible tool for a grammar-based approach to teaching MSA....read more
An Intensive Course in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Volume 2
Abbas Al-Tonsi Laila Al-Sawi Suzanne Massoud 29.95
An Intensive Course in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Volume 2Abbas Al-Tonsi
Kalaam Gamiil Volume 2 further develops learners’ skills in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, along parallel tracks of vocabulary and grammar. It is designed to enable students to communicate effectively with native speakers in a wider range of social situations, with a higher degree of accuracy and fluency. It aims to do so by expanding learners’ vocabulary and idiomatic expressions, increasing their command of grammar (both syntax and morphology), as well as instilling a measure of cross-cultural understanding. Structured around more sophisticated topics that go beyond those of daily life conversations to cover social and cultural issues and concepts, each lesson includes two situations (often dialogues), a vocabulary list, preparatory sentences using the new vocabulary items and grammatical structures, explanations of the grammar in English, relevant cultural information, in addition to a variety of mechanical drills and communicative exercises. The book, volume two of a two-part series, focuses on the speaking and listening skills that will enable high intermediate to advanced students to handle a variety of more complicated communicative tasks successfully. Click here to listen to the associated tracks on Soundcloud....read more
Kallimni ‘Arabi Aktar
An Upper Intermediate Course in Spoken Egyptian Arabic 3
Samia Louis 24.95
An Upper Intermediate Course in Spoken Egyptian Arabic 3Samia Louis
Aimed at the growing number of students studying Arabic worldwide, Kallimni ‘Arabi Aktar takes an innovative, functional approach to the study of Egyptian colloquial Arabic—the spoken dialect most frequently studied and most widely understood in the Arab world. Picking up where the previous title in this series, Kallimni ‘Arabi, leaves off, this volume is designed for adult students at the high-intermediate/low-advanced levels of language proficiency. Drawing on her years of experience as an Arabic instructor, author Samia Louis has developed a course rich in everyday cultural content and real-life functional language as well as comprehensive grammar. Written in accordance with the ACTFL guidelines for teaching Arabic as a foreign language, this highly structured course trains students in the crucial skills, with emphasis on listening and speaking.
Each chapter includes a conversation unit that enables students to improve their communication skills and allows for progressive acquisition of vocabulary and grammar through interactive classroom tasks and everyday situations, from expressing personal likes and dislikes to initiating conversations and describing events and experiences. The associated audio files carry recordings of each chapter’s dialogues and exercises, made by native Egyptian speakers to enrich the student’s exposure to the spoken language in its natural context and speed. Click here to listen to the modules on Soundcloud.
Kallimni ‘Arabi Mazboot
An Early Advanced Course in Spoken Egyptian Arabic 4
Samia Louis 29.95
An Early Advanced Course in Spoken Egyptian Arabic 4Samia Louis
Drawing on her years of experience as an Arabic instructor and course developer, Samia Louis has used a functional approach to create a bright, innovative set of coursebooks for the study of Egyptian colloquial Arabic—the spoken dialect most frequently studied and most widely understood in the Arab world. Now three new books, for beginner, early advanced, and higher advanced students, have been added to the series. Designed according to the ACTFL guidelines for teaching Arabic as a foreign language, each book of Kallimni ‘Arabi trains students through highly structured lessons in the crucial skills, with particular emphasis on listening and speaking, using real-life situations and expressions.
For the accompanying video films of real-life situations covered in the chapters, click here. The book is further supported by interactive reading, writing, and grammar drills accessible through the Internet. Click here to listen to the audio tracks on Soundcloud.
“The books in the [Kallimni ‘Arabi] series altogether present the best Arabic textbooks available . . . miles ahead of most others.”—David Wilmsen, American University of Beirut...read more | <urn:uuid:d23f05c5-b17c-4816-8791-9261bcca5f1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aucpress.com/product/lughatuna-al-fusha-4/?add_to_wishlist=13091 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00712.warc.gz | en | 0.912692 | 1,485 | 2.78125 | 3 |
April 17, 2004
by YOKOCHI Kie; YOSHIMOTO Azusa
About 400 years ago, Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Edo shogunate, built this castle to guard the city’s Imperial possessions and residences, and it was designed to resemble the Kyoto Imperial Palace. The Ninomaru garden is a place of scenic beauty and the paintings on the wall in the Ninomaru Palace offer examples of both the large painting style of the Momoyama period and the newer style of the Edo period. Another important aspect of the Nijo castle is the nightingale floor, which you really must experience for yourself.
The Ninomaru Palace
The most fascinating part of Nijo castle is the Second Palace (Ninomaru). Ninomaru means “outer defense”, and the heads of the castle like the shogun, or Japanese feudal lord, lived here, so they could be best prepared for emergency in battle. The Ninomaru Palace is one of Japan’s national treasures, and is made up of 6 bridges, and 33 rooms. This means there are a staggering 800+ tatami mats inside the buildings! The bridges traverse the compound in a pattern from southeast to northwest. They are not laid in a straight line, so the overall effect is quite snake like. The rooms have golden walls, and each room has a special theme and meaning, with different paintings in each to reflect those themes. There are tigers, eagles, pine trees, white Japanese apricots, etc. For example, in the first room you can see images of tigers on the wall. The reason for this was to express the power of the Shogun and to impress visitors (samurai etc.), in order to have them fear and admire him. All the paintings were painted by the legendary Kano Tanyu, and are dynamic and uplifting in their imagery.
Ohiroma iti-no-ma is the largest and grandest room and was the most formal room in the castle. This room bears special significance, because the final Tokugawa shogun returned political power to the Emperor here, effectively marking the end of the samurai period.
※ Please refrain from taking pictures in the castle, as flash photography may damage the delicate materials used in the treasures found here. Please respect our heritage so that it may be passed on to the future generations.
The Nightingale floor was laid in Nijo Castle for added security. To guard against intrusion into the Castle by suspicious and dangerous persons like ninja, the floor was designed to sing like a nightingale. The sound is different from that heard in older houses, because of the different way the floor was laid. By suspending the floor above the frame using special iron clamps, the floor can move up and down over the fixing nails when walked upon. This causes the nails to rub against the wood and create a sound similar to the cheeping of a nightingale. All the floors in the castle, from the entrance to Ohiroma, are this type of floor. When you visit Nijo Castle, try your best to walk along the floor without making a sound ── if you can, perhaps you are secretly a ninja!!
The Kano school was the largest Han painting school and was in existence from the late Muromachi period to the beginning of the Meiji period in about 1900. The Kano school members were blood relations, so this group of painters was a family and school combined.
The Kano school served the shogunate for 200 years, and received hospitality and respect from all persons who settled in Japan. In the Muromachi period, an ancestor of Masanobu was awarded the status of official painter by the Shogun, and he thereafter founded the Kano style. Following Masanobu, Motonobu (1476-1559) became the head of the Kano school, and he created a technique whereby the golden decorations of the Yamato painting style were introduced into Han paintings. This is interesting, because the far clearer the Yamato style is almost completely the opposite of the Han type.
“The History of Honcho paintings” written by Kano in 1691, says Tanyu created a new Kano style. He made great use of space and decoration in his pictures, and experimented broadly with tones he drew from Chinese ink brush technique. His drawings are plainer than other Kano school members, but he decorated the walls of Nijo castle as a prominent member of the Kano school when he was just 25 years old (in 1626).
Second (Ninomaru) Garden
The Ninomaru Garden has been designated as a place of scenic beauty by the Japanese Cultural Affairs Agency, and was designed so as to be seen in all its splendor by the Shogun as he held court in Ohiroma. This magnificent garden was organized, designed and brought to life by Enshu Kohori. Pine trees and a variety of seasonal trees are in evidence in the garden, so every season provides a different vista of color. Despite the obvious beauty of the natural foliage, there is another way to enjoy Japanese gardens, and that is through stone.
When encountering a garden that features mainly stones for the first time, you need to search for that special stone which really appeals to you. You should then try again, looking for a partner to the first which appeals to you when viewed from the same angle. After this, one should advance along the route a little more and try once again. This methodical approach will help you to appreciate the changing dynamics of such a garden from the forceful and intensive to the calm and serene. The creator of such a garden arranges the stones in such a way to lead you to a deeper understanding of his art and the garden.
※Please take care not to kick around or walk on the stones, in order to preserve the plant life and the integrity of the garden.
Honmaru is the main part of the castle and is generally what people would imagine upon hearing the word “castle”. Just as in other castles, like Himeji, Nijo Castle had some classical stages and parts. There were once five stages to Nijo, but it twice suffered severe fire damage in its history, through lightning strikes. The building, now on the site where the keep was once located, was moved here from Katsura Imperial Villa, which had once been one of the Kyoto Imperial Villas. | <urn:uuid:1695f810-5a14-4bb2-abbc-35408d01657c> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://thekyotoproject.org/english/nijo-castle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247513222.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222033812-20190222055812-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.970131 | 1,339 | 3.265625 | 3 |
This essay will discuss how Mark Twain uses superstition to develop the plot of his novel while also satirizing religious belief in the America of the 1800’s. I will discuss how the author uses his characters to reflect his own views and uncertainty in this subject while also discussing how these superstitions relate to real-life.
Superstition runs though Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn and is infused into the plot and character development process. Often, the superstitious qualities relate directly to the ideas of hope and fear and the characters tend to equate their actions with having an effect on how their path continues. Almost immediately in chapter one, Huck tells us about how he accidentally flicks a spider into the flame of a candle: “I didn’t need anybody that that was an awful bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck…” (Twain, 1885, p 4) Huck then performs an extraordinary dance in trying to undo his misfortune: “I got up and turned around in my tracks three times and crossed my breast every time; and then I tied up a little lock of my hair, to keep witches away.” (Twain, 1885, p 4) This scene instantly creates the image of Huck Finn as being superstitious and being genuinely concerned with the consequences of this action which suggests he does believe in superstition.
Arguably, the book parodies religion by using superstition to represent the beliefs of people in real life, and the extent which they would go to in order to avoid bad luck. Much like religious people do in real life, Huck and Jim use superstition to explain away inexplicable events; they take credit when something good happens but when something bad happens, they seem keen to blame it on their bad luck instead. This is often the case with religion, although people tend to take the view that good and bad things happen because God saw fit to do so. It is through religion that Twain manages to link the superstition of the novel to real life superstition: he compares the two and suggests that religion is on a par with superstition, which would have been a very controversial view in the 1800’s.
Potentially another link to religion is the superstition concerning the snake skin. A well-known Biblical story tells of Eve being approached by the snake in the Garden of Eden; eating the apple and cursing the human race for eternity. This connects to Jim’s belief that it is unlucky to touch a snakeskin with your hands. In chapter ten, Huck endeavours to dissuade Jim of this belief and says, “Well here’s your bad luck! We’ve raked in all this truck and eight dollars besides. I wish we could have some bad luck like this every day, Jim.” (Twain, 1885, p 56) The mocking tone suggests that Huck does not believe in Jim’s superstition to quite the same extent but he is proven wrong when later in the chapter, Huck plays a trick on Jim by placing a dead snake at the foot of his blanket. However, by the time they retire to bed, the dead snake’s “mate” is waiting and bites Jim. This suggestion that superstition is both silly but also realistic suggests that Twain may well have had his doubts as to whether it was real or not, but that he didn’t want to flaunt his uncertainty in case he was wrong, like Huck. This is often the case in real life with both superstition and religion. A lot of uncertainty surrounds both areas and the majority of people would prefer to hedge their bets rather than commit to definitely or definitely not believing.
Salt has a lot of lore attached to it concerning luck and misfortune: supposedly, it is good luck to throw some salt over your left shoulder. The Ancient Greeks considered salt to be sacred and as a source of life, and in some cultures, salt was used to purchase goods. In chapter four of Huckleberry Finn, Huck spills some salt at the breakfast table and worried about the potential bad luck, he wants to throw some over his shoulder but can’t because Miss Watson won’t let him. Huck says, “The widow put in a good word for me…” meaning that she would pray for him, “but that warn’t going to keep off the bad luck.” (Twain, 1885, p 16) This suggests that Huck puts more faith into superstition than he does religion, unlike Miss Watson who clearly thinks that by praying for him, his bad luck will be kept at bay. Huck adds that he was “on the watch out” (Twain, 1885, p 17) presumably, for any bad luck. This suggests Huck has a heightened concern when regarding superstition: he does not want anything to bad to happen to him because he knocked over the salt shaker. Salt is a common form of superstition in real life and even today, a lot of people bother to throw some salt over their shoulder to counter-act any misfortune. This particular sign holds up a mirror to the contrast between Huck and Miss Watson’s beliefs: both believe in something which potentially has no real basis in reality but still affect show they live their day to day lives.
Huck and Jim both lead lives that are following a very negative path. Jim is a slave and Huck’s Father is the town drunk and so both of the boys are born into lives which are destined to be difficult and heart-breaking. Arguably, the two boys would like to believe that their fate is controlled by a series of superstitions and by doing things such as throwing salt over their shoulder; they feel as though they are controlling that fate and hopefully diverting it on to a more positive route. As they are unable to change their fate directly, the boys will resort to superstition as a desperate attempt to change their fortune. This is often the case with religion: people who suffer a great deal of misfortune will often pray to God in the hope that this will change their fate, although both religion and superstition are, arguably, faith-based and therefore there is no proof that either of these things help to change a person’s fate. Jim, in particular seems keen to focus on his belief in superstition as being the answer to all his troubles: nearly everything he encounters is passed off as being superstition-related. Because of this, Huck becomes cynical about superstition (as demonstrated by the aforementioned snake incident) and it begins to show Huck’s thoughts that Jim is gullible and naïve. Huck’s views point to Twain’s point of view of superstition and religion (because the links made between the two throughout the book) as being nonsense and the beliefs of less intelligent people. That said, Jim uses his superstition to lure Huck into fully accepting his own stereotypical beliefs about Jim as a black slave in order to hide his real intelligence and ability to manipulate.
However, the superstitious signs do also play a big part in Huck’s life, for example in chapter four, Huck notices footprints in the snow: “There was a cross in the left bootheel made with big nails, to keep off the devil.” (Twain, 1885, p 17) This gives us a big insight into Huck’s inner-mind: his Father is religious and Huck is quite cynical about religion and to some extent, superstition so we are led to believe that Huck is perhaps actively acting against his Father’s beliefs. Huck’s Father is an alcoholic and an un-fit parent and as such, Huck would not be to blame for wanting to be the opposite of his Father. The sign of the cross is a religious symbol which represents Christ’s crucifixion in the name of his Father. The connection between the cross’ meaning and it appearing in the boot prints of Huck’s father is unlikely to be a coincidence. The repetition of superstitious signs throughout the book is designed to satirize religion and when Huck notices the cross, this is Twain quite blatantly making that connection and commenting on his own attitude towards both.
The superstition in this novel often pre-empts plot developments; for example, when Huck decides to escape he deliberately makes a note of the June rise on the river because this rise has always brought him luck and it does here too; he finds a canoe which allows him to make his escape. Twain refers to luck as bringing good fortune like this on a number of occasions and seems to be keen to present a Janus-faced view of superstition as he seems keen to suggest that good omens and signs bring good fortune when recognised such as when Huck finds the canoe; but alternatively, he also gently mocks it through Huck’s voice such as when Huck mocks Jim with the dead snake. Twain also regularly relates superstition to religion and appears to be actively satirizing it: he is saying that religion (and superstition, in turn) can mean absolutely nothing but that it can mean the world to some people; if you want to see something, then you will. Huck represents Twain’s cynicism and Jim represents his optimism but it is unclear whether Twain has fallen down solidly in either camp. He relates superstition to events in the plot as a way of inducing the reader into relating to the text; everyone has a small superstition of some nature which they either allow to guide them or comfort them.
1. Robinson, F. G. (1988). The Characterization of Jim in Huckleberry Finn. Nineteenth Century Literature, 43(3). Retrieved February 21, 2011 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3044898.pdf?acceptTC=true
2. Frantz, Jr. R. W. (1956). The Role of Folklore in Huckleberry Finn. American Literature, 28(3). Retrieved February 22, 2011 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2922585
3. Haun, J. 2004, October 20. Superstition in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://blogs.setonhill.edu/JenniferHaun/005420.html
4. Twain, M. (1885). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Mumbai: Orient Longman Ltd.
5. Egan, M. (1977). Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn: Race, Class and Society. Sussex, UK: Chatto and Windus.
6. Briethaupt, J L. (1978). Superstition in Huckleberry Finn. Ohio: Ohio State University.
7. Baldanza, F. (1955). The Structure of Huckleberry Finn. American Literature, 27(3). Retrieved Febraury 22, 2011 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2922155
8. Robinson, F. G. (1986). In bad Faith: the dynamics of deception in Mark Twain’s America. USA: First Harvard University Press. | <urn:uuid:00c47253-8a22-4c2c-96a1-c160db29599b> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/research-paper-on-how-mark-twain-uses-superstition-in-hucklberry-finn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064520.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411144457-20210411174457-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.967324 | 2,295 | 3.0625 | 3 |
How do you think we learn best? What barriers do you see and experience that make it more difficult for us to learn? And what steps should we be taking to reduce the barriers and improve how we learn more effectively?
This Sanitation Learning Hub Learning Paper summarises the key learning from a rapid topic exploration on ‘Learning in the Sanitation and Hygiene Sector’.
The study looked at how people in the WASH sector learn, the processes utilised and what works best, as well as the barriers and challenges to learning. It looks at learning from communities and peer-to-peer and how the learning gets translated into action at scale.
This paper shares the lessons from sector and associated actors working in low- and middle-income contexts around the world and makes recommendation on how to strengthen learning and sharing processes, as well as building capacities and confidence for learning, with the ultimate aim of turning that learning into action at scale. A shorter learning brief accompanies this paper. | <urn:uuid:258a7df0-0b6d-4af3-a16c-78560f7bf32d> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.participatorymethods.org/resources/downloadable/Show%20downloadable%20documents%20only/language/english-5426/themes/education-knowledge-and-learning-34/type/research-10?order=desc&sort=field_publication_year | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305317.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127223432-20220128013432-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.945527 | 202 | 2.671875 | 3 |
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Potatoes contain a variety of nutrients and are major contributors of important minerals to the diet such as potassium and chromium. Despite what some people think, potatoes (boiled with skin), are naturally free of fat, high in carbohydrates (complex carbohydrates) and naturally low in sodium.
Added elements such as oil, butter or cream create a higher fat content in potatoes. 1medium potato provides only 498kJ and approximately 24g of carbohydrates. That is the equivalent of one and a half carbohydrate servings. According to Professor Esté Vorster, Director: Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at the Faculty of Health Sciences of North West University: “Potatoes, when boiled in their skin, have low energy values and are ideal for both slimming and maintaining a healthy body weight.”
One needs to remember that it is the fillings and cooking method that effective the kilojoule content of potatoes. Team your potato up with low fat, nutritious fillings. Sensible eating is not about restricting certain food groups from the diet. It is about achieving balance and listening to your body and adopting a longer-term healthy eating plan that will continually benefit you.
Potatoes, cooked with skin, provide a wide range of nutrients. They are high in carbohydrates and the mineral chromium. They also have one of the highest levels of potassium when compared to other vegetables and starchy foods.
Below is a list of the vitamins and minerals contained in 1medium potato.
|Vitamins||Per single 150g serving||%NRV*|
|Vitamin B2 (mg)||0.1||5%|
|Vitamin B6 (mg)**||0.5||29%|
|Vitamin C (mg)||8.2||8%|
|Pantothenic acid (mg)**||0.8||17%|
Information for cooked potato with skin
*Nutrient Reference values (NRV’s)
for individuals 4 years and older expressed per single serving.
**NO NRV available
Potatoes have been unfairly criticized for their ranking on the GI. In fact there are a number of complexities in the measure and methodological weaknesses inherent in the determination of GI, which severely limits the simple classification of a given food as high, medium or low on the GI, as well as the application of the GI for the purpose of food selection (Franz 2006). First and foremost, it must be emphasized that the GI is not an inherent property of a food but, rather, the metabolic response of an individual to a food (Pi-Sunyer 2002). Thus, the GI of a carbohydrate-rich food can Vary greatly depending on a number of factors, including:
Ways to decrease the GI of potatoes:
In 2011, Potatoes South Africa conducted a hydrolysis index test. This screens the GI of foods. Hydrolysis index (HI) values predict that floury potatoes, such as the Darius cultivar, could possibly have an intermediate GI, while waxy potatoes such as the Mondial cultivar are predicted to have a high GI, as generally accepted for potatoes by the Glycaemic Index Foundation of South Africa (GIFSA).
“This provides evidence to suggest that, different cultivars with different dry matter and starch contents, as well as those grown in different regions and under different growth conditions could have different GI values.” Nicolette Gibson, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria.
Like the low-carbohydrate craze that preceded it, the GI has enjoyed increasing popularity despite the lack of research to support its efficacy as a dietary tool for weight loss, disease prevention, and/or health promotion. However, unlike the low-carbohydrate diets whose popularity could be attributed in a large part to their simplicity (i.e., just eliminate carbohydrates from the diet), the GI is considered rather complex and this is made even more complex by the multitude of factors that can impact it (e.g., processing, preparation, maturation, the addition of other macronutrients, time of day, etc.). Until large-scale studies are done using the GI in a variety of circumstances and disease conditions, South Africans should strive to follow the food based dietary guidelines.
While high-protein, low-carbohydrate eating plans may show some external physical results, it is not necessarily doing us any favours in the long term. Low carbohydrate diets can result in fatigue and dehydration caused by increased protein metabolism, which also places strain on our kidneys. By restricting our intake of carbohydrates we also starve the body of the dietary fibre that is important for healthy digestion. The starch in potatoes yields glucose that is essential for our mental and physical energy, so yes, you really do need carbohydrates in your diet and potatoes are an ideal source.
Your body needs a variety of foods in a balanced diet. But use a little nutrition sense when selecting starches. Chose starchy foods that contain dietary fibre, are close to their natural form (not overly processed), and are high in key nutrients.
Potatoes should be stored in a dark, dry and cool place that is well-ventilated. Keep them separate from pungent vegetables (which give off gasses that promote decay in potatoes). Take them out of plastic bags.
The green colour sometimes found in potatoes is caused by chlorophyll and indicates that solanine is present. It is usually due to the potato’s exposure to light. Solanine is a natural toxin that is only really harmful in large doses. Nevertheless, if a potato is green in parts, simply cut off the green bit and prepare the remaining potato as usual.
Sprouting potatoes are typically not fresh but can be eaten if you break off the sprouts.
Many people may be confused about the difference between a “starch” and a “carb” or “carbohydrate”. We often use these terms interchangeably and many people are said to be “cutting carbs” or “avoiding starch” to improve health or lose weight. Let’s clear up the confusion once and for all and understand better, what these jargon terms really mean.
Carbohydrates: The Food Group
All food is grouped according to three main groups or macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Fats or Proteins. Within the carbohydrate group, foods are further divided into 4 sub-categories. These are: starches; sugars; fruits and vegetables. Yes, you read correctly: vegetables are also carbohydrates! Each carbohydrate sub-group contributes its own unique nutrients or attributes to the diet.
The starch includes foods such as rice, bread, cereals, potatoes, crackers, pasta, quinoa, cous-cous and a variety of other grains. These foods are a great source of energy in the diet and high-quality options that are higher in fibre with a variety of B-vitamins. In order to get the benefits from starches, be sure to choose whole food options. Always remember that, the preparation does matter. Take care when preparing starches to limit fat or oil.
In the case of potatoes, always leave the skin on. Potatoes; baked, boiled or steamed provide optimal nutrient levels. Check packaging information on starches and aim to select starch options that have a higher fibre content. The aim is to choose starches with fibre higher than 6g per 100g.
This sub-group of carbohydrates has taken a bad rap of late! A big reason for this is that sugars are becoming more and more prevalent in the diet and are regularly being added to foods and used in excessive amounts. There is no denying it, sugar is tasty and has a very high palatability. It can also be used as a preservative to increase the shelf life of foods such as pickles or jams. According to the World Health Organization, consumption of sugar should be no more than 5-10 teaspoons per day. Without realizing it, these teaspoons rack up quickly as added sugars are found in sauces, condiments, fruit juices, smoothies and many other packaged and processed foods. Sugar or honey (also a type of sugar) are also often added to hot beverages such as tea and coffee, and can contribute significantly to daily sugar intakes. Other sugars to be aware of are those more obvious ones found in chocolates, sweets, biscuits, cakes and other baked goods that are becoming increasingly consumed in the Westernized diet. It is vital to assess the diet for sugar content and avoid high intakes of sugars which contribute to high amounts of energy but very little nutrients to the diet. These energy-dense, high-sugar foods can increase total caloric intake and contribute to weight gain and other health complications such Diabetes and Heart Disease.
Fruit too, is classified as a carbohydrate. Fruit is rich in natural sugars which are mainly in the form of fructose. Fructose is metabolised through different pathways in the body compared to the sugars mentioned above (sucrose) and because of this, the natural sugars found in fruit are released more slowly into the blood. This contributes to more stable energy release and blood sugar control throughout the day. Fruit, in its whole form, is also a source of fibre and this fibre is beneficial for gut health and also contributes to the slower release of fructose into the blood. Choose fruit in the natural, fresh form to get the most benefits which include fibre, vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals. Fruit juices, some smoothies, dried fruit and other fruit syrups are altered from their natural state and as such must be portion controlled if they are included in the diet. Many of them have sugars added or have had their fibre removed which decreases their benefits in the diet and impacts how quickly the sugars become available in the blood stream which can impact blood glucose levels.
The hero of the carbohydrate group, vegetables are a rich source of vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals and are also a source of fibre in the diet. There really is no negative when consuming any vegetables, they should be eaten in abundance in the diet. Particularly colourful vegetables as the different colours indicate that a variety of phytochemicals are available in the diet. So eat the colour of the rainbow on your plate every day and up-size portions of vegetables to improve satiety and fullness from meals which can assist with weight maintenance and even weight loss. Aim to eat 3-4 cups of vegetables every day, this will significantly improve your overall health.
What’s in a name?
And there you have it – clarity amidst the confusion! As you can see, there is no need for “name calling” when it comes to the different food groups. Better understanding and knowledge of where all foods fit in and the role they play in the diet, is far more beneficial in helping us to choose the best choice carbs, so that we can reduce risk of chronic disease and live a healthier life all-round. | <urn:uuid:fbc349b4-f69a-4b0c-9816-794ce6f37bfd> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://potatonation.co.za/faq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735860.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804043709-20200804073709-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.941532 | 2,265 | 2.84375 | 3 |
For most of us, sports are a leisure activity. Actually, they are as important to the economy as any other major industry. Given the economic climate, it would stand to reason that many of the sports-related occupations would be in decline to make room for more ‘necessary’ jobs. But as you can see, the data tells a different story.
In order to see the economic impact of the sports industry, we will run a scenario that removes the industry from the economy. The first step is to collect the industries that make up the sports sector. Because a designated ‘sports industry’ doesn’t exist, we will choose three detailed industries that capture most of the jobs in the industry: Operation of sports facilities (9311), Activities of sports clubs (9312) and Other sports activities (9319). Between these three, we will be working with most of the jobs that exist in sports.
The initial effect of removing the sports industry from the economy is a loss of £23.8 billion in earnings and 987,564 in jobs. The three industries have an average jobs multiplier of 3.23, which means that for every 1.00 job that is created in or removed from the industry, there are 2.23 other jobs created or removed somewhere in the economy.
The graph below shows the ten industries most affected by the removal of the sports industry.
The high-level industries most affected by the scenario are Wholesale and Retail Trade with 105,267 jobs lost, Administrative and Support Service with 81,758 jobs lost, and Human Health and Social Work, with a loss of 70,466 jobs.
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation, the high-level industry under which sports are categorised, is tenth on the list, with a loss of 32,783 jobs. This doesn’t count all the jobs that we removed from the sports industry in the initial scenario, however. It merely captures other jobs outside of the three industries that we included in our scenario. These jobs would cover other kinds of entertainment and recreation, such as performing arts, leisure clubs and art clubs.
A Breakdown of the Sports Sector
The sports activities sector is made up of seven occupations, listed below. Some of these occupations (like gardeners and groundsmen/groundswomen) obviously include some workers who do not work in a sport-related activity, but a high percentage are involved in the industry, so the numbers will even themselves out.
|SOC||Description||2010 Jobs||2013 Jobs||Change||% Change||Median Hourly Earnings|
|Source: EMSI Covered Employment - 2013.1 BETA|
|5113||Gardeners and groundsmen/groundswomen||92,748||97,979||5,231||6%||£8.62|
|6211||Sports and leisure assistants||52,641||54,737||2,096||4%||£7.50|
|3442||Sports coaches, instructors and officials||47,651||50,508||2,857||6%||£12.25|
|1225||Leisure and sports managers||43,626||46,862||3,236||7%||£12.30|
|3449||Sports and fitness occupations n.e.c.||9,138||9,835||697||8%||£7.46|
Of these occupations, gardeners and groundsmen/groundswomen currently has the lead with the most current jobs at 97,979. Of course, not all of these groundspeople work in conjunction with sports activities. According to our the inverse staffing pattern, 27.8% of the occupation works in activities of sports clubs and another 17.8% works in operation of sports facilities. Forty-five per cent of gardeners and groundsmen/groundswomen work in Landscape service activities, and it is very likely that they service sports facilities from time to time. So all together, 91% of groundspeople work in some kind of sports-related activity, which equals 89,161 workers.
Sports and leisure assistants come next with 54,737 jobs in Great Britain, followed closely by sports coaches, instructors and officials (50,508), leisure and sports managers (46,862), fitness instructors (35,758), sports players (20,769) and lastly, sports and fitness occupations n.e.c. (9,835). It’s interesting to note that there are more than two managers for every player in the industry. It’s understandable that players might feel a little over-managed at times.
|NUTS1 Name||2010 Jobs||2013 Jobs||Median Hourly Earnings|
|Source: EMSI 2013.1 BETA|
|East of England||28,634||29,095||£9.92|
|Yorkshire and the Humber||25,452||22,879||£9.73|
Most of the jobs in the sports sector are found in the South East, probably because of the high concentration of football clubs found in that area of the country. The South East accounts for 51,952 jobs. London is next with 37341, ahead of Scotland (31,922) and the West Midlands (30,420). The North East has the smallest amount of sports-related jobs, totalling only 13,300 jobs.
In terms of median hourly earnings, managers make the most at £12.30, with coaches, instructors and officials close behind at £12.25. From the table above, it appears that professional sports players make £10.91 as a median hourly wage, which would be hard to believe given the salaries of some football players. Remember that there are thousands of professional sports players who play for small clubs in less-than-wealthy areas, which brings the median earnings down. Additionally, many professional sports players earn significant prize money by winning competitions, which are not included in the wage amount here.
Judging from the per cent growth over the last few years, assistants seem to be losing their jobs. It stands to reason that when a struggling economy forces a sports club to make budget cuts, assistants would be first ones to go.
Since 2010, gardeners and groundsmen/ groundswomen have gained the 5,231 jobs, a 6% increase. Fitness instructors have the highest per cent growth at 12% – an increase of 3,920 jobs. Assistants have only increased 4% since 2010, a change of 2,096 jobs – this low rate of growth is probably due to budget cuts in the sports sector. Sports players have grown the least at only 3% (607 jobs).
Many sports clubs are staffed in large part by volunteers, which are not captured in this data. Sport England estimates that over 2 million adults volunteered in sports for at least one hour a week from October 2007 – October 2008 (an increase of 125,000 from the previous year). Unfortunately, the data for this study from the European Commission is a few years old, but it shows that there was healthy amount of volunteering in the sports sector in 2008 and there’s no reason to suspect that the love for sports has cooled. We can reasonably assume that volunteers still have a significant impact on the sports sector.
As you can see, the sports sector is an important part of the economy, with impacts on all other industries. Remember that next time you head down to the pub to watch a football match. | <urn:uuid:994a0c89-787f-4b2d-8988-7115d6b3ec5d> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.economicmodelling.co.uk/2013/05/03/the-economic-impact-of-the-sports-sector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864337.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622010629-20180622030629-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.936367 | 1,566 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Ovarian tumours - as seen here in green - are seen as hard to diagnose
Women with ovarian cancer may not be diagnosed as early as they could be because their symptoms are not being recognised, a study suggests.
Writing in the BMJ, Bristol researchers said the cancer was not a "silent killer" as it is frequently dubbed, but was associated with specific symptoms.
They looked at the case notes of more than 200 women with a cancer diagnosis.
Ovarian cancer is one of the less common cancers but survival rates are relatively low.
Separate research has however shown that cases of the cancer are falling: data from Cancer Research UK indicates numbers are down 20% from a decade ago.
The drop is being attributed in large part to use of the contraceptive pill, which is thought to have a protective effect.
But when it does develop, it is frequently diagnosed in the later stages when the disease has progressed and treatment is harder.
It has been described as silent because it was historically thought to have few symptoms.
However in recent years a number of symptoms have been noted, and it is now recommended that abnormal vaginal bleeding and "palpable masses" be urgently investigated.
But the team from the University of Bristol said investigation was not mandatory, and that there were in fact seven symptoms associated with this form of cancer.
Most of the symptoms had a relatively low "predictive value" of less than 1%, meaning fewer than one in 100 patients with the complaint actually go on to receive a cancer diagnosis.
But abdominal distension - being permanently bloated - was more frequently associated with a diagnosis and was a symptom present even in the earlier stages of disease.
However , bloating it is not currently on the list of symptoms warranting further investigation.
"If it were, some women could have their diagnosis speeded up by many months," wrote the team, led by Dr William Hamilton.
"Symptoms are common and often reported, even in early - and potentially curable - cancers.
"In that respect our results are encouraging - there is some chance of identifying early ovarian cancer by using symptoms.
"Ovarian cancer is not silent, rather its sound is going unheard."
In some cases in the study - which involved 212 women from across 39 general practices in Devon - women had visited their GPs with symptoms six months prior to diagnosis, but most symptoms were reported in the three months before.
Research released earlier this year found widespread confusion among both doctors and women, both about the symptoms of the disease and when they became apparent.
Around 6,800 women are diagnosed with the cancer each year and only 30% are alive five years after diagnosis.
The charity Target Ovarian Cancer says the survival rate has not improved in 30 years.
"The UK's high rates of late diagnosis have played an important part in keeping five year survival rates low, at just 30% - amongst the lowest in the Western World," said charity chief executive Annwen Jones,
"In the last 12 months there has been progress with the Department of Health and charities agreeing key messages on symptoms of ovarian cancer for both health professionals and the public, but knowledge of these messages is woefully low.
"Change is long over-due and ovarian cancer needs to become a priority." | <urn:uuid:83ca2a71-7e79-4990-b82f-0d414e8161ea> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8221059.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860115672.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161515-00199-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983055 | 673 | 2.703125 | 3 |
By: Carolyn Sloan
Lower School Music Teacher
A few weeks ago, I traveled to Zug, Switzerland to share my music with the the Ship of Tolerance project, an art installation designed by international artists Ilya and Emilia Kabakov. The project is intended to promote peace, tolerance and hope among different people and nations around the world, specifically by educating youth from different continents, cultures and identities through the shared language of art.
Ships have so far been displayed in eight locations around the globe, including Brooklyn. The project begins when children discuss what tolerance means and the merits of cultures, races and ideas different from their own with local teaching artists. During this process, they draw pictures representing their ideas about peace, tolerance, acceptance, love, friendship and other similar themes, some of which are eventually stitched together to make up the ship’s sails. The children, and other local visitors, can observe the ship’s construction before it is launched.
In Zug, I conducted my song, “All We Wish is Peace,” as part of the ship’s installation. The song is comprised of mainly one word — peace — in 18 different languages, such as Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) and Hopi, a Native American language. It was performed by 600 Swiss children in the town square at the ship’s opening — I translated the opening of the song into German to encourage them to sing along. We also performed the piece at a special concert in Cham, Switzerland with a full chorus of Swiss children and musicians from around the world and a piano quintet. The ship is now on display in Lake Zug.
I witnessed children, mainly of elementary school age, talking about peace and tolerance and what that might mean in their own communities. What would it look like? How would it sound? Why is it important for us to get to know people who are different than ourselves? How are they different? How are we the same?
While in Zug, I learned that the community has a large population with Down syndrome and that the mayor felt the city had not been embracing this group as much as they could, or should, have been. He was particularly happy to welcome the Ship of Tolerance to Zug, along with the discussions and activities surrounding its construction, because he seemed to believe that it helped teach the city to be more accepting and loving, regardless of where someone is from, who they are or any perceived limitations they may have.
In 2013, I traveled to Moscow to conduct “All We Wish is Peace” for a local children’s choir as part of the city’s Ship of Tolerance installation. That year, 50 Berkeley Carroll Lower School students also performed the song at The New York Historical Society, as part of the installation in Brooklyn.
It might sound clichéd to say that children are our future, but if we don’t stress the importance of inclusion, tolerance and peace to our young people, I fear that our world will become even more fractured than it already is.
This project speaks to a need for us all to not only acknowledge, but embrace, our similarities and our differences — the Ship of Tolerance is a monument to acceptance, love and friendship. I am humbled to have been a part of such an auspicious project and am glad I can do what I can to encourage friendship, hope and love through music. | <urn:uuid:56e1ff26-12dd-409b-a442-7b5d8915e04e> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://blog.berkeleycarroll.org/?p=378 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806715.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123012207-20171123032207-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.970386 | 702 | 2.9375 | 3 |
If we retrace our steps back up to the junction we reach Cow Square, so called because it is where the cows were paraded when being auctioned. At the front of the square is the Coronation Fountain which was erected in 1902 for the coronation of Edward VII.
Overlooking this square is quite a large building, and this is the Old Hall.
The Old Hall can be dated back to 1278, when Edward I came to the town on his way to Glastonbury. This building was then set up as the County Hall and the Court of Assizes. This then made Somerton the head of the county. To the left of the building stood the jail, here the judges dropped off prisoners. The current building is 18th century, although there are some earlier fragments.
Behind Cow Square is a splendid house, called Donisthorpe House, with high railings around the front. These railings were probably put in place to prevent the livestock that were being sold from destroying the garden.
During the 18th century there was a lot of buildings constructed in Somerton. Many of them were very desirable, including Donisthorpe House. This building was built in 1770 for George Donisthorpe, a steward to Lord Ilchester. | <urn:uuid:aec48afc-b51a-447d-849b-0cd19fc2f631> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.somerton.co.uk/virtual-tour/cow-sqaure-the-old-hall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826283.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023183146-20171023203146-00871.warc.gz | en | 0.986485 | 260 | 2.625 | 3 |
|Scientific Name:||Anolis ventrimaculatus|
|Species Authority:||Boulenger, 1911|
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Near Threatened ver 3.1|
|Assessor(s):||Castañeda, R.M., Castro, F. & Mayer, G.C.|
|Reviewer(s):||Böhm, M., Collen, B. & Ram, M.|
|Contributor(s):||De Silva, R., Milligan, H.T., Wearn, O.R., Wren, S., Zamin, T., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Lewis, S., Lintott, P. & Powney, G.|
Anolis ventrimaculatus is listed as Near Threatened due to this species having an extent of occurrence of approximately 22,600 km2, it being found in less than ten locations, and its habitat being in continuing decline because of wood extraction and agriculture (it almost qualifies as Vulnerable under criterion B1ab(iii)). Monitoring of this species and its habitat should be carried out because A. ventrimaculatus may qualify for a threatened category in the future if present pressures continue.
|Range Description:||This species is known from the high altitudes of the Pacific slopes of the western range of the Colombian Andes, including the basin of the River Murri, from the states of Valle de Cauca, Antioquia and Choco. It is found between 1,300 and 2,500 m above sea level and the area in which it is distributed is approximately equal to 22,601 km2.|
|Lower elevation limit (metres):||1300|
|Upper elevation limit (metres):||2500|
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
|Population:||There is no population information available for this species.|
|Current Population Trend:||Unknown|
|Habitat and Ecology:||This species is arboreal and is found in high altitude montane forest.|
It is likely that this species is being impacted by habitat destruction and loss in some areas of its range. The montane forests of the Cauca Valley are severely fragmented and it is reported that between elevations of 1,000 and 2,000 m above sea level, most of the forest has disappeared and only scattered remnants remain. Many of the forest fragments are protected, however, the higher elevation forests in some areas are still being exploited for timber and other forest resources (WWF 2001a).
The forests of Chocó are also suffering from habitat loss due to deforestation. Although these forests only represent one-sixth of Colombian forests, they supply more than half of the wood in the country. Other causes of habitat loss in the area include industrial development, mining and illegal growing of coca (WWF 2001b).
|Conservation Actions:||There are no known species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. In places its distribution coincides with protected areas. Further research and monitoring of the population and its habitat status should be carried out.|
|Citation:||Castañeda, R.M., Castro, F. & Mayer, G.C. 2013. Anolis ventrimaculatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T178679A7594226. . Downloaded on 31 May 2016.|
|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided| | <urn:uuid:b5d38e7b-cc18-4915-9bf3-62c8621517dd> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/178679/0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464053209501.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012649-00132-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.845885 | 772 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Short answer: to ensure smooth transition from COM-less OLE 1 to COM-based OLE 2.
Slightly longer answer: the foundational use case for COM was OLE2. OLE2, as well as OLE1 before that, was based upon the idea that server applications register themselves in a common repository so that OLE client applications can find them without foreknowledge about the exact nature of the server apps. In other words, OLE was all about dynamic discovery of servers by clients, as opposed to working with a known server. Ergo, the need for a common repository of servers.
Now, the long answer.
COM was introduced together with OLE 2. OLE stands for Object Linking and Embedding, and like others said, it was an interprocess communication protocol for embedding pieces of content from one app (the server) in another app's document (the client). It was supported as early as 16-bit Windows 3.1.
Before OLE 2, there was OLE 1. Same business case, different UI paradigm, different underlying mechanism. In OLE 2, the server app would present its UI (e. g. the menu commands) inside the client app's window when the embedded content ("the embedded object") was activated, whereas in OLE 1, upon object activation, the server would have to create and display its own window, and implement a "save and return to the client" functionality to pass the altered piece of content back to the client app.
Anyways. To let users embed an object, the OLE client would usually have an "Insert Object" dialog with a list of available object types (Word document, Excel table, equation, graph, etc.). In order to present said list, OLE had to store them somewhere. Incidentally, those object types would roughly correspond to document types. If there's MS Word on the system, the "Insert Object" dialog presents "Word Document" as one of the choices, etc. Now, here's the crucial bit: even before OLE was around, Windows used the the proto-registry (then called "the registration database") to store a list of supported document types. When you double-click, say, on a Word document in File Manager, the logic would take a look at the registry to find out that the .doc extension corresponds to a Word document (the key
Word.Document), then figure out that the Word document supports an
Open verb and the executable for that is winword.exe, and invoke the latter, passing the file name.
When OLE 1 was introduced, rather than create another tally, they would extend the registration tree for a document type (AKA
ProgID) to support indicating the fact that it's embeddable. Some ProgIDs didn't have corresponding file extensions but were embeddable all the same.
OLE 1 was not a general purpose object framework (if there was one, it was well hidden and not documented). In OLE 1, there were only three predefined interfaces, rather than a couple dozen and an infrastructure for defining your own, like in COM/OLE 2. When OLE 2 came, along with a general purpose object framework (i. e. COM), they would extend the registration format even further. That's when the
CLSID key first appeared under ProgID. This enabled, among other things, server applications supporting both OLE 1 and OLE 2 side by side.
So applications like Word went from advertising their support for DOC files via the registry, to advertising their support for embedding (via OLE) its documents, to advertising their COM objects. All within the same datastore. In the same key tree, even.
OBTW, the original purpose of the registry - a means to track a document file extension to the EXE path of the host application - still stands to this day.
EDIT, to refresh our collective memories. I've downloaded a fresh copy of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 from MSDN, and installed it under DOSBox.
It comes with OLE1 and the registry out of the box.
olesvr.dll are both present under \Windows\System. Both
regedit.exe are present under \Windows. Running
regedit /v brings up the tree:
Notably, the Write text editor (a predecessor to WordPad) has an
Insert Object command/dialog in it, with three options - Sound, Paintbrush picture, and Package:
There isn't a trace of COM in the system. See how there's no
SoundRec, even though it's an embeddable object. Instead, there's
protocol\StdFileEditing\server, which was the OLE1 way of registering a server. None of the COM libraries (
combase.dll, etc.) are under windows\system.
CLSID isn't under the registry root.
Same story in Windows 3.1. Unfortunately, MSDN doesn't offer an English version for download. I've got a Russian one to check, it's all the same - OLE1 is present, COM isn't. Windows 3.0 isn't available on MSDN. | <urn:uuid:363f357b-21a2-486a-b48b-30e7d4f8f907> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/14670/why-did-the-original-design-of-com-on-windows-rely-on-the-registry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376206.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307074942-20210307104942-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.948241 | 1,084 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) occur when trauma from a bump, blow or another injury jars or shakes the brain inside the skull, causing damage to the brain. Each TBI is different and can range from mild to moderate to severe depending upon the extent of damage.
Common Forms of Brain Injuries
The most common and mildest form of TBI is a concussion. While most people may think of concussions in relation to football games or boxing, there are many ways to sustain a concussion. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 2 million Americans suffer TBI per year, with 14.3% caused by traffic accidents and 40.5% caused by falls. Concussions can also happen during any sport or activity such as hockey, soccer, skiing, or snowboarding. It is not necessary to become unconscious in order to have sustained a concussion. In addition to a single incident concussion, the effects of repetitive head injuries or SIS (Second Impact Syndrome) are also important to consider.
TBI’s are the subject of a lot of research and the understanding in scientific and medical community and the effects of concussions and more severe traumatic brain injuries is growing almost every day.
For example, studies on NFL players have shown that repetitive concussions and impacts can cause severe long term damage and effects. The effect of even a single concussion have been shown to potentially belong-term and even permanent. Because the diagnosis of mild forms of TBI can be difficult and because individuals have a tendency to minimize or misunderstand the cause of their symptoms, it is very important to seek out medical treatment for a concussion.
Types of Concussion Symptoms
Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, symptoms of a concussion fall into 4 main categories:
- Thinking/Remembering – Inability to think clearly, feeling slowed down, difficulty with concentration and retention of new information.
- Physical – Headache, blurred vision, nausea, dizziness, balance problems, light and sound sensitivity and feeling tired.
- Emotional/Mood – Irritability, sadness, anxiousness or more emotional behavior.
- Sleep Changes – Sleeping more or less than usual or trouble falling asleep.
Children can have all the same symptoms as adults and additional symptoms which may include:
- Crying more than usual.
- Headache that won’t go away.
- Changes in the way they play or act.
- Changes in the way they nurse, eat, or sleep.
- More temper tantrums.
- A sad mood.
- Lack of interest in usual activities or favorite toys.
- Loss of new skills, such as toilet training.
- Loss of balance and trouble walking.
- Inability to pay attention.
Some symptoms of a concussion will be apparent right away, while other may occur days, weeks or months after the event. Most concussions require only rest and relaxation; however, anyone who has sustained a TBI of any type needs to be seen by a medical professional. It’s not always easy to assess the severity of the injury, so do not leave anything to chance and seek medical care right away.
Your physician may do a CT scan or brain scan or perform other exams including learning, memory, concentration and problem solving tests. Other tests performed may include checks your strength, balance, coordination, reflexes, and sensation. After the exam, your physician may refer you to other specialists including a neurologist, neuropsychologist, neurosurgeon, or a speech pathologist for additional care.
In order to prevent concussions, remember to always wear a seatbelt, wear helmets and safety equipment during sports, while driving a motorcycle, ATV or snowmobile, and while biking, skateboarding, snowboarding or riding a horse.
If you, a child or another loved one has hit their head in any manner or suffered a concussion due to an auto accident, slip and fall or any other negligence at the hands of another person, it is important you contact an attorney who is experienced and competent in handling traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases. These cases can be especially complex and your chances of a favorable outcome become significantly higher in the hands of an experienced attorney.
Contact attorneys at Hinman and Peck, P.C. who have extensive knowledge and experience in handling traumatic brain injury cases.
Call (877) 462-9732 to schedule a FREE consultation. | <urn:uuid:2bc96a0c-34fc-4e00-aa9d-63e9183abf9b> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.hinmanpeck.com/learn-about-tbi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531462.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421120136-20190421142136-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.939531 | 903 | 3.625 | 4 |
Disambiguation pages on Wikipedia are used as a process of resolving conflicts in article titles that occur when a single term can be associated with more than one topic, making that term likely to be the natural title for more than one article. In other words, disambiguations are paths leading to different articles which could, in principle, have the same title.
For example, the word "Mercury" can refer to several things, including an element, a planet, and a Roman god. Since only one Wikipedia page can have the generic name "Mercury", unambiguous article titles are used for each of these topics: Mercury (element), Mercury (planet), Mercury (mythology). There must then be a way to direct the reader to the correct specific article when the ambiguous word "Mercury" is referenced by linking, browsing or searching; this is what is known as disambiguation. In this case, it is achieved using Mercury as the title of a disambiguation page.
There are three principal disambiguation scenarios, of which the following are examples:
Occasionally, a reader may follow a link that ends up at a disambiguation page rather than at one of the links shown on that page. The original page can be edited to link directly to its intended destination. Feel free to make such edits; everyone is welcome to improve Wikipedia, including you. It could be you who makes the overall experience of Wikipedia that much better. | <urn:uuid:901c0035-bf69-4b2f-9a1f-bfb38f0f17b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://sick-universe.com/index.php?q=Help:Disambiguation&lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300616.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117182124-20220117212124-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.955934 | 307 | 2.71875 | 3 |
MLA Citations | MLA Format MLA Citations Examples: Electronic or Other Nonprint Source: After identifying the author or title, add numbers for the page, paragraph (par., pars.), section (sec.), or screen (screen) if given. Otherwise, no number is needed. Offspringmag summarizes current research on adolescent behavior (boynton 2). Turabian Citation Quick Guide Page CITATION QUICK GUIDE. Source citations in the Turabian manual come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography (or simply notes) and (2) author-date. These two systems are also sometimes referred to as Chicago-style citations, because they are the same as the ones presented in The Chicago Manual of Style. If you already know which system to use,... Best Place to Buy a Research Paper - ultius.com Buy Research Paper. Our professional writers are skilled researchers on a wide variety of topics and know how to deliver original work that is up to par to your standards. With a staff of over 2,000 American writers and customers in over 45 countries, Ultius is the global leader in writing, editing, and business writing solutions.
Posted on December 16, 2013 by thewriter in Paper Format Citing references is an essential part of doing any academic or research papers. This system has two components: the in-text citation and the reference list. Citation Management | Cornell University Library Citation management tools allow a user to organize and retrieve information, such as citations for books, articles, and Web sites, by interfacing with library databases. The citation manager then works with word-processing software to insert properly formatted footnotes or citations into a paper and create a properly formatted bibliography. ACS - Citing Your Sources - Research Guides at Williams ... Developed by the American Chemical Society, this style may be used for research papers in the field of chemistry. This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used by Williams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see The ACS Style Guide or the print manual at Schow Reference QD8.5 .A25 2006. APA Style - Information Technology - LibGuides at Columbia ... There will be links in the databases for Citation Tools, Cite, or Cite Book. These are meant as loose guides only, and should not be directly copied and pasted into assignments (as this is computer generated and can be incorrect). Please review the provided citation examples and materials from the Success Center as guides to build APA citations.
When presenting ideas or research results that are your own, just state that they are yours. However, if you create a graph or chart out of information you gathered from another source, you must cite the source from which you extracted the data.
PDF Sample APA Research Paper - The Write Source
APA Research Paper Outline: Examples And Template ...
PDF MLA Style for Academic Work (2018-2019) In-Text Citations: Citing Sources within Your Academic Work [MLA. 54-58] Whenever you use a quotation or summarize or paraphrase someone else's ideas or research, you must cite the source(s). Your in-text citations and Works Cited list should correlate. In-text citations. include two parts: 1) usually the . surname of the author (s This Is How to Write an Effective Research Paper | Grammarly There are two words that evoke instant anxiety in nearly every academic—research paper. In this article, we'll break down the steps to writing a research paper. Here's a tip: Although the research paper format is fairly standardized, writing guidelines may vary not only among academic ... Examples - APA Citation - Research Guides at Golden Gate ...
Writing a Research Paper - The 5 Best Resources
If you are writing a research paper for a particular course, the professor may require that a specific citation style be used for the assignment. Read the course syllabus carefully--if citation style is not specified in the syllabus, ask your instructor before investing time and effort in the formatting of your notes and bibliography. If you ... Chicago Style Sample Paper | MLAFormat.org
Submit Perfect Research Paper by Using A Citation Machine APA Format A citation machine APA is the most appropriate tool to help create accurate and complete APA format citations and reference lists. Therefore as, a responsible writer you should appreciate other authors for their contribution to his/her research project. | <urn:uuid:556a68a8-4743-41b8-8f08-e29efeadd1b6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://iwriteymx.firebaseapp.com/birkhimer55882nebu/research-paper-example-with-citations-hogi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654016.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607211505-20230608001505-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.873078 | 942 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Sunday, May 24, 2009
Superferry may be safer as a ferry than as a combat ship
by Larry Geller
I was reading about Israel’s use of white phosphorus in Gaza, a war crime because it was used in civilian areas. That stuff burns and there is nothing to be done about it. It may also have been used recently in Afghanistan by one side or the other.
And then, there has been some speculation that the ferry formerly known as Hawaii Superferry may, once its new ramp is attached, see service around Guam/Saipan/Tinian, where troops are soon to be sent from Okinawa.
As long as it remains a “ferry,” perhaps it will find a niche. But suppose one of these lightweight aluminum bubbles is used in a war zone, where it might be hit by some of that white phosphorus?
This is a photo of the USS Alabama hit by white phosphorus in 1921. Good thing it wasn’t made out of aluminum. Here is a picture of a white phosphorus shell and launcher. One guy can shoot it. I’m not sure how that compares with what was dropped on the Alabama.
So I asked researcher Brad Parsons. He discovered the above pic, but also some info on the burning point of aluminum and white phosphorus. Brad posted his findings on his blog.
The white phosphorus burns at a temperature way higher than the melting point of aluminum. And aluminum itself can burn.
Anyway, this is just idle curiosity. The ferry is not in Hawaii any longer. I hope its flammability remains untested.
Duh, it IS a ferry, not a warship... Of course every airliner is made of aluminum and you don't ask about that when you get on eh?
Not worried about getting on a Superferry. The question is whether the aluminum hull might burn if hit with a white phosphorus bomb as a warship.
Airplane skins are made of an alloy which includes magnesium, manganese, copper and other things, though the alloy is mostly aluminum, I understand. I'm not knowledgeable about that, just googled to check my recollection. I am not sure how airplane skins relate to the question of flammability of aluminum hulled ships if hit by white phosphorus. | <urn:uuid:2ed2fd55-5dc6-4af1-befc-e6b382849b95> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.disappearednews.com/2009/05/superferry-may-be-safer-as-ferry-than.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.966635 | 471 | 2.671875 | 3 |
SERVICE-LEARNING DALAM PENDIDIKAN ARSITEKTUR: MOMEN KRITIS DALAM SUATU REFLEKSI
Keywords:service-learning, pedagogy, reflections
Title: Service-Learning in Architecture Education: A Critical Moment in A Reflection
For over the years, service-learning pedagogy is understood as an appropriate method in experiential education because it focuses on initiatives that has the capacity to change the social well–being of individuals and students' commitment to society's general well–being. Learning entails transformation both individually and from the social work experience through reflection. Geleta and Gilliam (2003) said that reflection is a critical element that connect the service experience in meaningful ways with students' thoughts, sensations, and values. There are four key elements to support practical strategies for meaningful reflection: continuity and connectivity in reflective process on the learning experience and objectives, higher-level thinking, atmosphere of trust and mutual respect, and contextual reflection. This paper explores the implications of contextual reflection about critical moment when an individual experience is shared and become tacit knowledge. The journal reflection from architecture students 5th semester was categorized using content analysis methods to find a personal experience before and after doing a project that can be grasped as tacit knowledge to become explicit knowledge that enhances character development as an architecture student. | <urn:uuid:75d63d5c-8cd2-469c-bb8d-0d46f6780917> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://atrium.ukdw.ac.id/index.php/jurnalarsitektur/article/view/118 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474594.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225071740-20240225101740-00790.warc.gz | en | 0.899025 | 278 | 2.515625 | 3 |
обзор пользователя HydrolicKrane
“Perhaps the worst example of this total disregard for the truth and human lives came on May 1. Winds that had initially blown the radiation north and over the Scandinavian monitoring devices had turned and were keeping most of the increasing radiation over Ukraine, Belarus, and some areas within Russia. While this radiation continued to drop over the Ukrainian countryside, the Soviets staged their annual extravagant May Day parade in Moscow. Mikhail Gorbachev, whose leadership guided the Kremlin response, smiled and waved to the crowd in Red Square. To the south, just 90 miles from where the fires of Chornobyl were still burning out of control, the Soviets staged another massive parade in Kyiv that included children dancing down Kyiv’s broad central avenue, Khreshchatyk. Perhaps the only noticeable difference from previous May Day celebrations in Kyiv was the fact that as the marchers and dancers reached the reviewing stands where Communist Party bosses traditionally watched the festivities, they found the stands empty. Some members of the “classless” Soviet society had been given enough information to know to evacuate the republic’s capital. There was also a May Day bicycle race. Exercise and deep breathing — all the better to inhale radiation.
Given the lack of concern Gorbachev’s government showed for the population’s unnecessary exposure to the deadly Chornobyl radiation, the ordinary citizens of Ukraine might as well have been the “kulaks” Stalin sought to “liquidate as a class” in his intentional and forced famine of 1932–33. Their safety and health meant nothing. From Stalin to touted glasnost, what had changed?” (National Review) | <urn:uuid:eecc47f5-cbcd-4d34-bc22-a4ca3aab1041> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.u-krane.com/moscow-did-not-cancel-may-parade-in-kiev-just-4-days-after-chernobyl-meltdown-it-had-a-negative-effect-on-the-whole-soviet-union/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711077.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206092907-20221206122907-00776.warc.gz | en | 0.965304 | 365 | 2.625 | 3 |
No catches, no fine print just unconditional book loving for your children with their favourites saved to their own digital bookshelf.
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The non fiction books in this section all have a theme of conservation, raising environmental awareness and/or championing green issues.
December 2021 Non-fiction Book of the Month | ‘What is the most important animal of all?’, asks a teacher of a young class after they’ve spent a term learning about animals big and small. They all have different suggestions. George thinks it’s elephants, Nimmie puts forward bees, Seb votes for sharks and Kai nominates beavers. Others namr bats, tigers and even krill. As they make the case for their chosen animals, the children explain just why they’re so important, describing the effect they have on the environment and fellow creatures. Illustrations are perfectly combined with photos, fact boxes and text to demonstrate just how interconnected is our world and its ecosystems. The book provides a wealth of information presented clearly and in a way that will inspire young readers. The final spreads explain ‘keystone species’ and provide a glossary and ‘Find our more’ section. A very impressive and well-thought-out information book.
This wonderful picture book explores themes of empathy, mindfulness and personal growth through the eyes of a child. Beautifully written and illustrated by the aw ard-winning artist Emma Carlisle, What Do You See When You Look At a Tree? urges readers to reconnect with nature by asking questions that encourage critical thinking and reflection on their own development, as well as helping to establish a deeper appreciation for the environment and their place within it. Stunning watercolour and hand-finished artw ork draws parallels to the bestselling The Boy, The Mole, The Fox and The Horse, and evokes the classic nostalgia of E. H. Shephard's much-loved Winnie-the-Pooh.
We are all on Earth but for a fleeting moment, yet no two lives are the same. From the delicate mayfly, which lives for just a few precious hours, to the death-defying immortal jellyfish, this book about animal life cycles is a celebration of creatures big and small. Beautifully written by bestselling children's author Lily Murray, this book explores lifespans across the animal kingdom. Beginning with the very shortest, and ending w ith the longest, learn about the lives of the incredible monarch butterfly, the mysterious axolotl, the grand Galápagos tortoise and many more in this uplifting and eye-opening book. It has never been more important to appreciate and understand the diversity of life. Stunning illustrations by highly-commended artist Jesse Hodgson perfectly capture each animal in their natural habitat, making this the ideal gift book as well as educational.
Longlisted for the UKLA Book Awards 2022 Information Books 3-14 | Have you ever wondered how a forest gets started? With huge trees growing up close and dense undergrowth covering the ground, their scale is so mighty that it is hard to think that they could ever have been small. Are they man made? Did an enormous giant or a massive business enterprise put them there? In a gentle and elegant story matched by simple, evocative illustrations Who Makes a Forest? helps children explore the multi-faceted ecosystem that sustains the many forests that cover so much of the earth’s surface. From the soil, made from the decay left by tiny clinging plants such as lichen and the insects that feed on them, through the first flowers that grow in that soil and the butterflies and bees and birds that feed off them to the massive trees and shrubs that we see today all stages of forest growth are covered. The book ends with 5 pages of useful facts about forests.
Imbued with infectious personal passion as it shares expert information and plenty of practical guidance, Vicki Hird’s Rebugging the Planet is a brilliant book for bug-lovers of all ages and, given bugs’ vital importance to the upkeep and well-being of Planet Earth (let’s pause for a moment to acknowledge the fact that bees contribute more to the UK economy than the Queen), it deserves to be enjoyed and implemented far and wide - at home, and in classrooms too. In fact, this is perfect for reading and implementing during longer holidays from school, or over the course of a term, especially chapter four which presents an extensive range of how-to ideas for re-bugging your own patch of the world. But back to the beginning. The book sets out its inspirational stall in the opening chapters by explaining all the vital things bugs do for us, among them pollinating plants, feeding birds, feeding humans, defending our food crops, cleaning our water, controlling pests, and healing us. Maggots, for example, can remove (munch) and disinfect rotting flesh, leeches can stop clots, and the honey made by bees has anti-inflammatory properties. To play a role in the author’s re-bugging initiative, readers might find themselves inspired to build a bug palace, buy bug-friendly food from bug-buddy farmers, and much more. This is packed with plenty of ways to live a bug-better life, which in turn means living on a better planet.
The Magic of Exploring the Outdoors After Dark | Calling all outdoor adventurers who want to walk on the wild side by the light of the moon! While there’s no shortage of brilliant books to inspire and guide nature exploration in young adventurers, Chris Salisbury’s Wild Nights Out is the first nature guide to focus on night-time activities, which gives both the book and its activities a distinct and decidedly magical edge. With a foreword by Chris Packham, this is a brilliant book for grown-ups to use with 7+-year-olds who share their passion for the great outdoors. The text addresses adults, as opposed to chattily speaking to children direct, but with a background in theatre and environmental education, and currently working as professional storyteller alongside directing the Call of the Wild Foundation programme for educators-in-training, the author is well-placed to advise on how to engage young explorers. As for the activities, the book covers a blend of games, walks and sensory experiences, the latter of which form an excellent foundation from which to explore the world at night, with exercises designed to focus and enhance one’s sensory perceptions. Then there are practical activities covering the likes of learning to call for owls, detect bats and understand the night sky alongside immersive theatrical activities, such as hosting nocturnal animal performances and fireside storytelling. With black-and-white illustrations throughout and activities to last the entire summer holidays, this certainly shines an inspiring and informative light on night-time nature.
Let’s face it, learning to recycle and understand why it’s so important is just about the most important life skill there is right now, so congratulations to Sunbird Books for this bright, engaging board book which explains recycling simply to the very young. Over five jolly spreads, we follow the progress of a tin can all the way from the green bin on its journey from rubbish to shiny, new recycled tin. The text is short, perfectly geared for little ones, and fun to read, and the illustrations are lively with lots to spot and name. A spinning wheel (watch those tins drop into the recycling lorry) and a surprise pull out tab at the end add to the fun. Essential reading for budding eco-warriors everywhere! There's a companion board book Go Go Eco Apple too!
Ever been asked what happens to the apple after you throw it into the green recycling bin? This book takes the very youngest on the apple core’s journey to the recycling plant and on until it is transformed into compost to help another apple tree to grow. In board book format, this is perfect for the very youngest children. The text is simple but stimulating, and the pictures clear and bright, full of things to spot, name and count. Added treats like a spinning wheel so that you can drop the apples into the compost bin, and a pull up tab to reveal the new tree, make it even more satisfying. Fun, informative and engaging, this is the perfect book for young eco-heroes. You'll also love the companion title; Go Go Eco Tin Can!
Hooray for books like this that encourage children to reuse and recycle, and turn stuff heading for the bin into something else altogether. Like the other books in this excellent series, it’s full of information and things to do, presented in a friendly and accessible way with step-by-step instructions and lots of photos. The ‘old jumper to beanie’ and tin can nightlight will be favourites in many houses but there’s lots to appeal and, best of all, everything can be re-recycled afterwards so that nothing goes to landfill. Guaranteed to keep children occupied and happy and to get them thinking about how we live and how much we throw away too.
Winner of the Wainwright Prize for UK Nature Writing 2020 | Winner of the Books Are My Bag Readers Awards for Non-Fiction | Shortlisted for Waterstones Book of the Year 2020 | Longlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize 2020 | Diary of a Young Naturalist recounts a year in the life of an autistic and highly gifted 15 year old, struggling with school, bullies, moving house and fearing the decline of the natural world whilst rejoicing in it. Dara McAnulty is clearly an extraordinary person and a beautiful and mature writer. His descriptions of his adventures in nature are inspiring for children, but also sure to brighten the souls of many an adult too. The intensity with which nature presents itself to the author is overwhelming, and his ability to share this with the reader is enthralling. It’s a rollercoaster ride being in the head of this young man, but the book has the magic to open our eyes and ears to what beauty is around us each and every day - if only we looked! McAnulty's knowledge of wildlife and nature is simply extraordinary. His autism is a burden but also a super-power, providing him with piercing insight to a world that simply cannot be ignored with all its truth, tragedy and hope pouring out of every hedgerow, pond and dry stone wall. This is a diary which highlights our essential connection with the natural world, the landscape and our history embedded within it - but more importantly, it is also about our futures. Dara McAnulty is on a mission, and if the quality of this book is anything to go by, he will have a huge impact. For many children, this book will be the beginning of a wondrous journey. ~ Greg Hackett Greg Hackett is the Founder & Director of the London Mountain Film Festival
A Julia Eccleshare Pick of the Month April 2021 | Packed full of illustrations, exciting experiments - and even comic strips - That's Life! encourages young scientists to start looking for the living things around them. Life is everywhere on planet Earth. Jungles, deserts, seas, plains, fields and forests - all of them teem with life but, amazingly, you can also find lots of living things hidden in your home, and even hidden inside you!
Longlisted for the UKLA Book Awards 2022 Information Books 3-14 | A Julia Eccleshare Pick of the Month April 2021 | Until approximately 100 years ago wolves had roamed freely in Yellowstone Park and their existence had shaped the eco-system of that vast expanse of wilderness. But, over the years, hunters killed off the wolves and everything in Yellowstone Park began to change. Elk took over the valleys eating everything they could so many plant species disappeared, bears went hungry and many of the familiar birds flew away. Yellow stone Park was changed! A plan was hatched to put wolves back into the habit making sure that their arrival would only do good. It was complex and daring but, once it had been carried off, fourteen wolves began a new life and the ecology of Yellowstone Park began to change again… Catherine Barr tells most of the story as narrative non-fiction which brings the environment and the animals vividly to life. Further facts are added in an additional, fact-filled section. Jenni Desmond’s illustrations evoke the wild and mysterious background of Yellowstone Park perfectly.
A Julia Eccleshare Pick of the Month May 2021 | A beautiful picture book full of fascinating illustrations that repay hours of close looking, this is also an astonishing fact-filled tour of the amazing five oceans on our planet. Using the turtle as a guide, Catherine Barr gives readers an introduction to the importance of all the oceans to everyone and then looks closely at the special features of each of the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Here, and in all the further spreads which cover How Oceans Work, Ocean Habitats and Ocean Wonders before a final, heartful section on Save Our Seas, Barr presents all the information in brief, carefully written paragraphs which convey enough to be wholly satisfying without overwhelming readers with too much information. The whole is an inspiring and beautiful book which also carries an important conservation message.
Check out the latest activities in our KidsZone. | <urn:uuid:11736231-7141-4dc2-a4a4-9a882cdb24ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.lovereading4kids.co.uk/genre/gre/Ecological-and-Environmental.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363134.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205005314-20211205035314-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.945819 | 2,761 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Two Decadal Survey White Papers address science goals for future Enceladus exploration. The first, The Case for Enceladus Science, lays out the key scientific questions that future missions would address. If the Saturn Titan System flagship mission (~$3B) eventually flies, these questions will guide the planning of its Enceladus encounters. However, a flagship mission will not arrive at Saturn for at least another 15 to 20 years. Several of the authors of the science paper contributed a second paper, The Case for an Enceladus New Frontiers Mission to propose a mission that might launch in the coming decade. (New Frontier missions cost ~$650M.)
This mission would use solar power and batteries to avoid the costs of a plutonium power supply. Just four instruments would be flown:
- "Mid-IR Thermal Instrument (MIRTI): The mid-infrared thermal mapper measures temperatures in the vent region, and can search for other regions on Enceladus that may be warmer than their surrounding areas. [This instrument would have both finer spatial and spectral resolution than Cassini]
- "Ice Penetrating Radar (IPR): An ice penetrating radar system provides the best single measurement to determine Enceladus’ sub-surface structure, and unlike direct seismometry, does not involve touching the surface with its implications for planetary protection. [Cassini lacks this instrument]
- "Enceladus Mass Spectrometer (EMS): Thus, to study all biologically interesting amino acids, while also studying bulk composition and high-order hydrocarbons, requires a mass range up to a minimum of 300 Daltons, with a mass resolution (m/Dm) sufficient to resolve molecular isotopes (m/Dm of 500). [Cassini's mass spectrometer measures only to 100 Daltons; a Dalton is another term for an atomic mass unit.]
- "Imaging camera for Enceladus (ICE): The imager is a multi-spectral camera, capable of pushbroom imaging and high spatial resolution (5 m) to resolve the polar vents and other surface structures. [Resolution would be as fine as 5 meters.]
- "Gravity Experiment: While not strictly a science instrument per se, it is highly desirable to further refine our knowledge of the Enceladus gravity field by performing multiple gravity passes. Passes at different sub-spacecraft latitudes will help constrain the interior structure."
The White Paper goes on to specify a number of mission requirements to fulfill the science goals. For example, the Enceladus Observer (to give this mission a name) would need at least 12 enounters at 100 - 200 kim altitude at various latititudes including both poles and the equator to determine core size and crust thickness. Pointing accuracy of the cameras would need to be 2 mrads to accomplish the imaging goals. Several flights through the plumes would be required.
After a 9.4 year flight to Saturn, the mission begins with four Titan encounters that set up the Enceladus encounters, which would typically occur at 4 km per second every 6.85 days.
Editorial Thoughts: I suspect that many of the readers of this blog imagine missions they would like to see fly. I'm no exception, and this is a mission I would like to see fly -- with a few modest enhancements. First, I'd like to see a near IR imager added that would be optimized to image Titan's surface through the spectral windows in it's clouds. And second, I would enhance the mission's satellite tour.
For the latter, I would include more Titan enounters to study its surface and upper atmosphere. (The White Paper states, "Titan science could also be accomplished with a spacecraft studying Enceladus, during many Titan flybys.") Then there would be a series of Enceladus encounters to fulfill the core Enceladus science much like those outlined in the White Paper. An extended mission could significantly enhance the science return. New astrodynamics studies have found that two years of encounters with Rhea, Dione, and Tethys would lower the Enceladus encounter speeds to ~1 km per second for around 50 encounters per year. Encounters with the other moons of Titan with this instrument set would allow comparative studies among the medium sized moons of Saturn. It's possible that the mission could end with the spacecraft entering orbit around Enceladus, again thanks to astrodynamic methods developed in the last few years.
And while I'm day dreaming, I'd like to see the mission enhanced to the small Flagship class (~$1B) by carrying a Titan lake lander that might be supplied by ESA. While I understand why Jupiter-Europa were prioritized over Saturn-Titan-Enceladus for the coming decade (technology readiness), I would like to see both an observer-class orbiter and a lake lander fly in the next decade. Twenty years is too long too wait.
The Case for Enceladus Science
The Case for an Enceladus New Frontiers Mission
Mission Architecture Options For Enceladus Exploration | <urn:uuid:0aed9b5e-05ff-4dc0-9284-7ee46e74cbed> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://futureplanets.blogspot.com/2009/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.920455 | 1,062 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Alcohol and the male reproductive system.
Emanuele, Mary Ann
|Publication:||Name: Alcohol Research & Health Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office Audience: Academic; Professional Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2001 U.S. Government Printing Office ISSN: 1535-7414|
|Issue:||Date: Winter, 2001 Source Volume: 25 Source Issue: 4|
Alcohol use affects all three parts of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, a system of endocrine glands
and hormones involved in male reproduction. Alcohol use is associated
with low testosterone and altered levels of additional reproductive
hormones. Researchers are investigating several potential mechanisms for
alcohol's damage. These mechanisms are related to alcohol
metabolism, alcohol-related cell damage, and other hormonal reactions
associated with alcohol consumption. Chronic alcohol use in male rats
also has been shown to affect their reproductive ability and the health
of their offspring. KEY WORDS: hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis;
reproductive effects of AODU (alcohol and other drug use); male;
reproductive system; testicles; nitric oxide; oxidation;
ethanol-to-acetaldehyde metabolism; apoptosis; luteinizing
hormone-releasing hormone; fertility; opioids
The endocrine system, which is made up of several hormone-producing organs throughout the body, is integral to all normal body functions, induding growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. This article reviews research on the effect of alcohol use on the part of the endocrine system involved in male reproduction, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (I-IPG) axis. This system of endocrine glands and hormones indudes a brain region called the hypothalamus; the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain; and the male gonads (testes). The artide also highlights promising new strategies for preventing or reversing alcohol's harmful effects on the male reproductive system and describes research investigating the molecular mechanisms by which alcohol acts on this system.
OVERVIEW OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Of the three components of the HPG axis, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland have solely regulatory functions, which are mediated by the hormones they produce and secrete, as described in the next paragraph. The third component-the testes-also produces key hormones, induding testosterone, which control male sexual characteristics and behaviors. In addition, the testes are responsible for sperm production.
The hypothalamus produces lutemizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), which is released in pulses into a system of blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. In response to the LHRH signal, the pituitary gland produces two protein hormones called gonadotropins. These two gonadotropin hormones-luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-are then released into the body's general circulation and act primarily at the level of the gonads. In males, LH stimulates testosterone production from specialized cells called Leydig cells. FSH is important to sperm maturation in another compartment of the testes, the epididymis. Testosterone circulates in the blood back to the hypothalamic-pituitary unit and regulates the further production and secretion of LHRH and LH (see figure 1). When the system is functioning normally, a low testosterone level results in a rise in pituitary gonadotropins. Prolactin, a third reproductive hormone synthesized in the pituitary gland, is import ant to normal LHRH synthesis and secretion.
Low levels of testosterone (i.e., hypogonadism) in adult men have been associated with a variety of medical problems including accelerated osteoporosis, decreased muscle and prostate function, anemia, altered immune function, and decreased reproductive ability (Klein and Duwall 1994; Jackson and Klerekoper 1990; Azad et al. 1991; Berczi et al. 1981; Hadley 1988). Each of these conditions can cause significant health problems. These effects of low testosterone are greater in adult men who have had low testosterone levels since adolescence compared with adult men who experience diminished testosterone levels only in adulthood (Hadley 1988; Yen and Jaffe 1991). An adolescent or teenager who experiences short-term, intermittent decreases in testosterone or permanent hypogonadism is predisposed to experience these problems later in life.
Research with animals has consistently demonstrated an association between both acute (i.e., one time, one occasion) and chronic (i.e., long-term) alcohol consumption and low testosterone. As testosterone levels decrease, levels of LH and FSH would be expected to increase to stimulate the production of more testosterone. However, studies with young (i.e., pubertal) male rats indicate that both acute and chronic alcohol exposure result in profound testosterone suppression accompanied by lower or normal LH and FSH levels, when elevated levels are expected (Hadley 1988; Yen and Jaffe 1991). This suggests that the hypothalamic cells which produce LHRH do nor function correctly when the feedback normally provided by testosterone is removed (i.e., when testosterone levels decrease). Thus it appears that alcohol's damaging effects on reproduction are mediated at all three levels of the male reproductive unit: the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testes.
ALCOHOL AND THE TESTES
Most studies of alcohol's effects on male reproduction have been conducted in rats because the rat model mimics the human male reproductive system. Research has demonstrated that both acute and chronic alcohol exposure are associated with low levels of hypothalamic LHRH and pituitary LH in the adult (Cicero 1982; Salonen et al. 1992) and pubertal male rat, and further studies have suggested that alcohol inhibits testosterone secretion by the testes as well (Little et al. 1992). For example, several studies have examined alcohol's effects on testosterone synthesis, which occurs via the testosterone biosynthetic pathway. This pathway consists of a series of steroid precursors of testosterone and the respective enzymes necessary to synthesize each precursor from the previous one (Hadley 1988) (see figure 2). For several reasons related to differences in experimental design, it is not possible to conclude precisely where alcohol acts in the testosterone synthetic pathway, although it seems likely that more than o ne site of action exists. Researchers currently are investigating alcohol's effects on both the molecular steps integral to manufacturing the enzymes in the testosterone pathway and the steroid precursors of testosterone. Researchers also are exploring strategies to prevent alcohol's suppressive effects on testosterone synthesis. One such strategy involves giving male rats testosterone pellets to replace testosterone; other methods involve blocking the degradation of testosterone with aromatase inhibitors (aromatase is a key enzyme involved in converting testosterone to estrogen) such as Fadrozol.
Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Testicular Damage
Although it is well known that chronic alcohol abuse produces sexual dysfunction and impairs sperm production in both humans and animals (Yen and Jaffe 1991), the mechanisms of this alcohol-induced damage have not been fully explained. Several possible mechanisms are described below.
Opioids. Testicular opioids are messenger molecules similar to morphine that, when produced within the testes, suppress testosterone synthesis. One opioid, known as beta-endorphin, has been shown to increase with acute and chronic alcohol consumption and thus may be one link between alcohol use and testicular damage. For example, beta-endorphin produced within the testes suppresses testicular testosterone production and release (Gianoulakis 1990). Similarly, beta-endorphin produced in the hypothalamus results in decreased LHRH levels. In addition, opioids may increase programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis) (Yin et al. 1999; Nanji and Hiller-Sturmhofel 1997). Apoptosis at the gonadal level would result in the death of both Leydig and seminiferous cells, which are cells involved in sperm cell formation and maturation, leading not only to low testosterone but also to diminished sperm production. In both adult and pubertal male rats, treatment with the opioid antagonists (i.e., chemicals that prevent opioids fro m binding to their receptors in the brain) naloxone and naltrexone (ReVia [TM]) has been successful in preventing alcohol-induced testosterone inhibition (Gianoulakis 1990).
Nitric Oxide. Another way that alcohol's harmful effects on testosterone production have been reduced involves nitric oxide (NO), a ubiquitous gas that results in the dilation of blood vessels, or vasodilatation. NO is synthesized in the testes by a key enzyme, NO synthase (NOS), and inhibition of this enzyme by a variety of NOS inhibitors successfully prevents the decrease in testosterone associated with alcohol consumption (Adams et al. 1992). Therefore, future interventions aimed at preventing or reversing alcohol-induced gonadal suppression (i.e., reductions in sperm and testosterone production) may involve blocking NO synthesis.
Oxidation. The oxidation (1) of alcohol, a process that occurs as part of alcohol metabolism, generates byproducts called oxidants that can contribute to cell damage and may play a role in alcohol-induced tissue damage in the testes. An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants (i.e., substances that neutralize oxidation) can create oxidative stress, a state marked by continued production of oxidizing agents and escalating cell damage. Increased oxidative stress is a well-accepted mechanism of alcohol-induced tissue injury, particularly in the liver (Sies 1997; Aleynik et al. 1998; Polavarapu et al. 1998), heart, and central nervous system, and there is some information that this also occurs in the testes (Emanuele et al. 2001). Alcohol consumption may induce oxidative damage either by enhancing the production of toxic compounds called free radicals or by decreasing the levels of antioxidants.
Certain oxidants produced by alcohol metabolism are known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). These include anion superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and nitrogen reactive species such as NO. The metabolism of alcohol and of acetaldehyde, which is the principle product of alcohol metabolism, produces highly toxic ROSs. Some data suggest that acetaldehyde is actually more toxic than alcohol to the production of testosterone, altering the process of testosterone production by inhibiting protein kinase C, a key enzyme in testosterone synthesis (Anderson et al. 1985; Chiao and Van Thiel 1983). Additional research has shown that men with chronic alcoholism and hypogonadism actually eliminate alcohol more rapidly, building up less acetaldehyde. Because the buildup of acetaldehyde in the body is nauseating, enhanced clearance of this byproduct could lead to reduced gastrointestinal side-effects from drinking (e.g., abdominal discomfort and vomiting) in men with low testosterone levels. This may increase the risk of developing a drinking problem, because a person who does not experience the negative gastrointestinal side-effects of drinking will be more likely to continue to drink, often in large] amounts (Vaubourdolle et al. 1991).
Cell Damage. Because testicular membranes are rich in molecules known as fatty acids (i.e., lipids), which are prone to oxidative injury, it is reasonable to consider that lipid peroxidation (i.e., damage to the cell membranes) may contribute to the gonadal dysfunction that occurs as a result of acute or chronic alcohol use. Peroxidation injury can be attenuated with dietary vitamin A supplementation (Sies 1997). Vitamin A, acting as an antioxidant, stabilizes testicular cell membranes by reducing lipid peroxidation and prevents the alcohol-induced atrophy that occurs in animals not receiving vitamin-A-enriched diets. Taken together, these observations suggest that the enhanced peroxidation of testicular lipids that occurs following alcohol consumption may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of alcohol-associated gonadal injury and that diets rich in vitamin A can help counteract such injury. Research currently is being conducted to examine the role of oxidative injury in alcohol-induced hypogonadism.
In addition to membrane damage, additional types of cell damage may be associated with alcohol-induced testicular damage. Heavy alcohol consumption over long periods of time results in severe cell damage that leads to cell death. Cell death occurs via two distinct mechanisms: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis occurs when exposure to a noxious stimulus, such as alcohol, causes the loss of the cell's metabolic functions and damage to the cell membrane. In apoptosis, the cell actively participates in the cell death processes by activating a cascade of biochemical reactions that ultimately lead to cell shrinkage and fragmentation of the nucleus. When a cell undergoes apoptosis, the entire cell, including the nucleus, separates into numerous fragments (i.e., apoptotic bodies) (Nanji and Hiller-Sturmhofel 1997).
In any organ, both acute and chronic alcohol exposure induce cell necrosis as well as apoptosis, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in both processes. This also is true for the testicular germ cell (i.e., a cell important in sperm development and maturation). Oxidative injury results in the disarrangement and ultimately in the disruption of cell membranes, leading to necrotic cell death. Moreover, the oxidation of enzymes can block the metabolic processes essential for cell functioning and repair. Apoptosis is presumed to represent the last common pathway of ROS-mediated cell injury. This is induced directly by oxygen free radicals. Although germ cell apoptosis also can be triggered by various non-hormonal regulatory stimuli, including testicular toxins, heat stress, and chemo-therapeutic agents, the mechanisms by which these hormonal and nonhormonal factors regulate germ cell apoptosis are nor well understood (Hikim and Swerdloff 1999). Apoptosis also can be induced indirectly by an imbalance between oxidation and reduction (2) processes in the cell and by the expression of inflammation-promoting molecules called cytokines. Ongoing work in the area of alcohol-induced apoptosis at the gonadal level will expand the knowledge in this area.
Other Potential Mechanisms. Other explanations for the gonadal suppression associated with alcohol involve the metabolism of alcohol to acetoacetate, a highly toxic compound, and other toxic agents that are formed from acetoacetate, such as salsolinol (Stumble et al. 1991). Similarly, alcohol may induce elevated levels of pituitary prolactin and inflammation-promoting cytokines in the brain, which may be responsible for gonadal suppression of testosterone. Disturbances in other hormonal system components that interact with the HPG axis, such as the adrenal gland, also play roles in gonadal testosterone suppression (Ogilvie and Rivier 1997). The effects of liver disease on the metabolism of gonadal steroids and circulating levels of gonadal steroids also are important to understanding alcohol-induced hypogonadism (Lieber 1994). These effects are beyond the scope of this review, however.
ALCOHOL AND THE MALE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY UNIT
Research on alcohol's effects on the hypothalamus and pituitary has cenrered on the effects of the hormones LHRH, produced by the hypothalamus, and LH and FSH, produced by the pituitary. Whereas some studies have reported that the secretion of LHRH is reduced after acute alcohol consumption and other studies have reported no effect (see Emanuele et al. 1993), the ability of the male hypothalamus to synthesize this important hormone appears to be unaltered by alcohol at any dose (Emanuele et al. 1993).
LHRH secretion is closely regulated by a series of complex mechanisms involving various nerve impulses generated outside the hypothalamus. Alcohol could influence any of these stimuli. Multiple processes and compounds, including the opioids, lead to the activation of the LHRH pulse generator, the part of the hypothalamus responsible for LHRH secretion (Gianoulakis 1990). Other brain chemicals and nerve signals also play roles in LHRH secretion and may be adversely affected by alcohol. However, this uppermost level of the reproductive axis, the hypothalamus, seems to be the least vulnerable to the deleterious consequences of alcohol.
Researchers also have assessed the effect of alcohol on LH and FSH, the pituitary gonadotropins responsible for gonadal function. Studies in animals and humans have shown that when testosterone levels decrease LH levels do not increase as would be expected. This inability of the pituitary gland to respond appropriately to a decline in testosterone implies that alcohol has a central effect on the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system (Hadley 1988; Yen and Jaffe 1991).
Studies in alcohol-fed rats have established that the decrease in LH levels results from impairment in both LH production and LH secretion, and researchers have attempted to identify the specific steps in LH production and secretion that are affected by alcohol (Salonen et al. 1992; Emanuele et al. 1993). LH production is initiated by the interaction of LHRH released from the hypothalamus with specific LHRH receptors.
This interaction activates a cascade of enzymatic events in pituitary cells. Alcohol could disrupt the functioning of the LHRH receptor or its interaction with LHRH, resulting in diminished LH release. No evidence has been found to indicate that alcohol impairs the interaction of LHRH with its receptor, but alcohol may affect subsequent events. Specifically, researchers have reported that alcohol impairs the function of protein kinase C, a key enzyme in LH production, and that alcohol impairs other steps critical to LH synthesis and secretion. Additional research with rats has shown that alcohol impairs LH production by decreasing the ability of LH genetic material to bind to the parts of the cell (i.e., ribosomes) where protein synthesis occurs.
In addition to reducing LH levels in the blood, alcohol may affect the activity of the LH molecule, rendering it less capable of stimulating hormone production in the testes. Like many other hormones, LH is not a simple protein but a protein to which various carbohydrates are attached (i.e., glycoprotein). The number and types of carbohydrates attached to the protein determine the hormone's ability to stimulate testosterone production (i.e., its biological potency). Numerous LH variants exist with differing attached carbohydrates and differing potencies. Alcohol has been shown to result in the production of less potent LH molecules. Therefore, alcohol's deleterious effects on LH function are qualitative as well as quantitative.
Whereas less information is available on alcohol's effect on FSH, the secretion of this gonadotropin also appears to be reduced by alcohol. Alcohol does not appear to affect FSH synthesis, however (Emanuele et al. 1993).
ALCOHOL, OPIOIDS, AND REPRODUCTION
The opioid beta-endorphin is made in the hypothalamus as well as in other parts of the brain, in the pituitary, and in the testes. Hypothalamic betaendorphin restrains the secretion of hypothalamic LHRH and thus is inhibitory to the HPG axis. Hypothalamic beta-endorphin increases with both acute and chronic alcohol exposure (Gianoulakis 1990), and increased beta-endorphin has been found to result in suppression of hypothalamic LHRH, pituitary LH, and testosterone synthesis, as noted previously. Alcohol-exposed animals and humans also have high levels of an estrogen known as estradiol. This is relevant, because estradiol is known to enhance the release of beta-endorphin. Thus, alcohol may increase opioids both directly and indirectly, although the magnitude of change is unknown.
Because opioids are known to play a role in oxidative injury, it is plausible that treatment with naltrexone, an opioid blocker, may prevent this injury. The use of naltrexone to accomplish such prevention is highly significant, as naltrexone is a drug already used clinically to reduce alcohol craving. As noted above, opioid blockers have been shown to help prevent alcohol-induced testosterone inhibition associated with opioids. Opioids also may play a role in the mediation of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The area of opioid blockade deserves broad attention.
EFFECTS OF PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE AXIS
Few studies have addressed the effects of the male parent's alcohol use on his reproductive ability and his offspring's health (Bielawski and Abel 1997; Abel 1995). As a model of teenage drinking, researchers have studied the effects of alcohol exposure on peripubertal male rats. This research demonstrated the deleterious effects of paternal alcohol consumption on the offspring. Two months of alcohol feeding to male animals as they progressed through puberty resulted in their having lower body weights and reduced testosterone levels, compared with animals that did not receive alcohol. Despite this, after a 1-week abstinence from alcohol, those animals were able to successfully mate, although successful mating resulting in conception (i.e., fecundity) was significantly reduced and the number of successful pregnancies was diminished.
Although the litter size of the alcohol-exposed males was reduced by 46 percent, the average individual weight of the pup offspring of paternally alcohol-exposed animals was higher. The male-to-female pup ratio also was altered, with a higher preponderance of male offspring from alcohol-fed fathers. No gross malformations were noted among the pups.
Paternal testicular oxidative injury was increased, however, as demonstrated by enhanced lipid peroxidation. Germ cell apoptosis also was elevated in alcohol-exposed fathers (Emanuele et al. 2001). Therefore, it appears that chronic alcohol exposure in the peripubertal age group decreases fecundity, which may be mediated by testicular oxidative injury, leading to accelerated germ cell apoptosis in alcohol-exposed fathers. This is another exciting area for further investigation.
ALCOHOL, LEPTIN, AND REPRODUCTION
Leptin, the hormone that regulates appetite discovered in 1994, has implications beyond its originally designated role. It seems to have a broad role in the HPG axis and beyond, for both men and women. In the HPG axis, leptin appears to stimulate LHRH and LH but inhibit gonadal activity (Hiney et al. 1999). In rats, 1 month of alcohol use stimulates leptin (Nicolas et al. 2001), presenting another potential and intriguing mechanism for alcohol-induced hypogonadism.
Research over the past 25 years has greatly expanded knowledge of alcohol's effects on male reproduction. Areas fertile for investigation include mechanisms of alcohol-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in the testes, the consequences of paternal alcohol exposure for their offspring, and the effects of alcohol use on leptin and male reproduction. In addition, practical prevention of testicular suppression with naltrexone and NO inhibition are promising therapeutic interventions.
(1.) Oxidation reactions are those that remove hydrogen from a substance or add oxygen to it (or both).
(2.) Hydrogen atoms that are removed during oxidation are transferred to another molecule, which is thereby "reduced". Thus, oxidation and reduction are complementary processes, because the oxidation of one substance entails the reduction of another. This process, which moves hydrogen atoms back and forth between oxidation-reduction reactions, helps to maintain an appropriate balance between oxidation and reduction in the cell.
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ADAMS, M.L; NOCK, B.; TRUONE, R; AND CICERO, T.J. Nitric oxide control of steroidogenesis: Endocrine effects of [N.sup.G]-nitro-L-arginine and comparison to alcohol. Life Sciences 50;PL35-PL40, 1992. 1992.
ALEYNIK, S.I.; LEO, MA.; ALEYNIK, M.K; AND LIEBER, CS. Increased circulating products of lipid peroxidation in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 22: 192-196, 1998.
ANDERSON, RA. JR.; QUIGG, J.M.; OSWALD, C.; AND ZANEVELD, L.J. Demonstration of a functional blood-testis barrier to acetaldehyde. Evidence for lack of acetaldehyde effect on ethanol-induced depression of testosterone in vivo. Biochemical Pharmacology 34(5):685-695, 1985.
AZAD, N.; AGRAWAL, L; EMANUELE, M.A.; KELLEY, M.R; MOHAGHEGHPOUR, N.; LAWRENCE, AM.; AND EMANUELE, N.V. Neuroimmunoendocrinology. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 26: 160-172, 1991.
BERCZI, 1.; NAGY, E.; KOVACS, K; AND HORWATH, E. Regulation of humoral immunity in rats by pituitary hormones. Acta Endocrine 98:506-513, 1981.
BIELAWSKI, D.M., AND ABEL, EL Acute treatment of paternal alcohol exposure produces malformations in offspring. Alcohol 14(4):397-401, 1997.
CHIAO, Y.B., AND VAN THIEL, D.H. Biochemical mechanisms that contribute to alcohol-induced hypogonadism in the male. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 7(2): 13 1-134, 1983.
CICERO, T.J. Alcohol-induced deficits in the hypothalamic-pituitasy-luteinizing hormone axis in the male. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 6:207-215, 1982.
EMANUELE, M.A.; HALLORAN, M.M.; UDDIN, S.; TENTLER, J.; EMANUELE, N.V.; LAWRENCE, AM.; ER AL. Effects of alcohol on the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. In: Zakhari, S., ed, Alcohol and the Endocrine System: NIAAA Research Monograph No. 23, Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1993. pp. 89-116.
EMANUELE, N.V.; LAPAGU, N.; STEINER, J.; COLANTONI, A; VAN THIEL, D.H.; AND EMANUELE, MA Peripubertal paternal EtOH exposure. Endocrine 14(2): 213-9, 2001.
GIANOULAKIS, C. Characterization of the effects of acute ethanol administration on the release of beta-endorphin peptidea by the rat hypothalamus. European Journal of Pharmacology 180:21-29,1990.
GIANOULAKIS, C. The effect of ethanol on the biosynthesis and regulation of opioid peptides. Experientia 45:428-435,1989.
HADLEY M.E. Endocrinology. Second Edition. Englewoods Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.
HIKIM, A.P., AND SWERDLOFF, RS. Hormonal and genetic control of germ cell apoptosis in the testes. Reviews of Reproduction 4:38-47, 1999.
HINEY, J.K; DEARTH, R.K.; LARA, F., III.; WOOD, S.; SRIVASTAVA, V.; AND DEEs, W.L Effects of ethanol on leptin secretion and the leptin-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release from late juvenile female rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Exper mental Research 23(11): 1785-1792, 1999.
JACKSON, J., AND KLEREKOPER, M. Osteoporosis in men: Diagnosis, pathophysiology and prevention. Medicine 69:137-152, 1990.
KLEIN, R, AND DUWALL, E.S. Bone loss in men: Pathogenesis and therapeutic considerations. Endocrinologist 4:252-269, 1994.
LIEBER, C.S. Hepatic and metabolic effects of ethanol: Pathogenesis and prevention. Annals of Medicine 26(5): 325-330, 1994.
LITTLE, P.J.; ADAMs, M.L; AND CICERO, T.J. Effects of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the developing male rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Thenapeutics 263(3):1056-1061, 1992
NANJI, AA, AND HILLER-STURMHOFEL, S. Apoptosis and necrosis: Two types of cell death in alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Health & Research World 21:325-330, 1997.
NICOLAS, J.M.; FERNANDEZ-SOLA, J.; FATJO, F.; CASAMITJANA, R; BATALLER, R; SACANELLA, E.; ET AL Increased circulating leptin levels in chronic alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25(1):83-88, 2001.
OGILVIE, K.M., AND RIVIER, C. Gender difference in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to alcohol in the rac Activational role of gonadal steroids. Brain Research 766(1-2):19-28, 1997.
POLAVARAPU, R.; SPITZ, D.R; SIM, J.E.; FOLLANSBEE, M.H.; OBERLEY, LW.; RAHEMTULLA, A; ET AL Increased lipid peroxidation and impaired antioxidant enzyme function is associated with pathological liver injury in experimental alcoholic liver disease in rats fed diets high in corn oil and fish oil. Hepatology 27: 1317-1323, 1998.
SALONEN, I.; PAKARINEN, P.; AND HUHTANIEMI, I. Effect of chronic ethanol diet in expression of gonadotropin genes in the male rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 260: 463-467, 1992.
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STUMBLE, W.; THOMAS, H.; STAB, W.; AND KUHN-VELVETEEN, W.N. Tetralsydroisoquinoline alkaloids mimic direct but not receptor-mediated inhibitory effects of estrogens and phyroestrogens on testicular endocrine function. Possible significance for Leydig cell insufficiency in alcohol addiction. Life Sciences 49(18):1319-1329, 1991.
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MARYANN EMANUELE, MD., is a professor in the Department ofMedicine, the Department ofMolecular and Cellular Biochemistry, and the Division of Research on Drugs of Abuse, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois.
NICHOLAS V EMANUELE, MD., is a professor in the Department of Medicine, the Division of Research on Drugs of Abuse, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, and a staff physician at the Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois.
|Gale Copyright:||Copyright 2001 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.| | <urn:uuid:a52d4abe-9092-4383-832f-9d3d9f8455bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Alcohol-male-reproductive-system/84926101.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860112228.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161512-00221-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896854 | 6,797 | 2.5625 | 3 |
FileFormat.com is your one stop for guidance about file formats. Its unique combination of file format wiki, news and support forums give you the opportunity to get knowledge about file types and engage in fruitful discussion with file format community.
Spreadsheet File Formats
The Spreadsheet file format category includes file formats that can be processed by spreadsheet applications like Microsoft Excel, OpenOffice Writer and others. Let us have a look at some of these file formats.
What is an XLS file?
Files with XLS extension represent Excel Binary File Format. Such files can be created by Microsoft Excel as well as other similar spreadsheet programs such as OpenOffice Calc or Apple Numbers. File saved by Excel are known as Workbook where each workbook can have one or more worksheets. Data is stored and displayed to users in table format in worksheet and can span numeric values, text data, formulas, external data connections, images and charts. Applications like Microsoft Excel lets you export workbook data to several different formats including PDF, CSV, XLSX, TXT, HTML, XPS and several others.
What is an XLSX file?
XLSX is well-known format for Microsoft Excel documents that was introduced by Microsoft with the release of Microsoft Office 2007. Based on structure organized according to the Open Packaging Conventions as outlined in OOXML standard ECMA-376, the new format is a zip package that contains a number of XML files. The underlying structure and files can be examined by simply unzipping the .xlsx file using any supporting utility.
What is an ODS file?
Files with ODS extension stand for OpenDocument Spreadsheet Document format that are editable by user. Data is stored inside ODF file into rows and columns. It is XML-based format and is one of the several subtypes in the Open Document Formats (ODF) family. The format is specified as part of the ODF 1.2 specifications published and maintained by OASIS. A number of applications on Windows as well as other operating systems can open ODS files for editing and manipulation including Microsoft Excel, NeoOffice and LibreOffice. ODS files can also be converted into other spreadsheet formats as well like XLS, XLSX and others by different applications.
File Format Resources
File Format News – Your one stop for all the news related to file formats from around the world
File Format Forums – Post your queries in file format forums to get useful information from file format experts and community users
File Format Wiki – Explore file format categories and files of different formats | <urn:uuid:0b45b47e-cf60-4484-bf00-30ee4ef1f016> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blog.fileformat.com/spreadsheet/spreadsheet-file-formats-at-fileformat-com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100016.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128214805-20231129004805-00427.warc.gz | en | 0.913155 | 529 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Snow Survey of Great Britain
The main data gathering phase of my PhD was to digitise the Scottish records for the Snow Survey of Great Britain (SSGB). I did this over the winter of 2011/12. Since then I’ve done a few different tasks and roles, not all related to my research. Most importantly I’ve written a paper detailing the newly available Scottish SSGB. For anyone who’s not been through the academic publishing process, even when you have a draft ready there’s lots of time to wait still as other authors provide their input and the document goes off to the journal editors and then reviewers. Thankfully this one made it through the review process without too many alterations, Richard‘s guidance was invaluable. There’s then some more waiting to do for proofs… Eventually, this week (7th April 2014), the paper was published!
The official abstract is:
Mountain snowline is important as it is an easily observable measure of the phase state of water in the landscape. Changes in seasonal snowline elevation can indicate long-term trends in temperature or other climate variables. Snow-cover influences local flora and fauna, and knowledge of snowline can inform management of water and associated risks. Between 1945 and 2007 voluntary observers collected a subjective record of snow cover across Great Britain called the Snow Survey of Great Britain (SSGB). The original paper copy SSGB data is held by the Met Office. This article details the digitisation of the Scottish SSGB data, its spatial and temporal extents, and a brief example comparison of Met Office snow-lying gridded data. The digitised SSGB data are available from the Met Office authors.
I’ve distilled the paper down into bullet points, but obviously encourage you to download it (it’s free):
- Why is snow cover important? Because it indicates change in climate, ecology and habitat and helps manage water and understand winter sports potential
- Detail and type of the various snow cover datasets for Scotland:
- Met Office station observations (point)
- Met Office grid (… grid interpolated from above)
- Satellite observations (grid), snow often too wet or sky too cloudy to get measurements
- Snow Survey of Great Britain, SSGB (subject of paper)
- History of the SSGB, began in 1937, generally discontinued during WW2, began again in 1945. Run originally by British Glaciological Society then by Met Office from 1953. Annual report produced until 1992, data collection ceased in 2007
- Coverage of the SSGB: 145 sites across Scotland, longest record (52 years) from Couligarten viewing Ben Lomond. See figure below for station locations and record lengths
- Snow Survey undertaken by volunteers looking out from a fixed location to local hills and assessing at what elevation snow cover was greater than 50%
- Comparing the area visible from the SSGB locations to the Met Office station observations, there are nearly no Met Office stations above 400 m in Scotland, but the SSGB observes >10% of the land above this elevation
- I compared the SSGB to the Met Office grid (interpolated from sparse low lying snow cover observations) at Dalwhinnie and Ben Alder and found strong similarities at the lower elevation, but the Met Office grid recorded fewer days of snow cover per annum than the SSGB for Ben Alder, indicating that the Met Office grid underestimates snow cover (by a median 40 days per annum) at higher elevations
- Conclusion is the SSGB is a detailed daily record of snow cover from station level to the highest mountains in Scotland with no other snow cover data product providing this resolution of data for this country. | <urn:uuid:a007c9cb-77be-40f6-99fb-f6cf6b7e401a> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://scottishsnow.wordpress.com/2014/04/09/snow-survey-of-great-britain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137906.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00243-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920947 | 756 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The aim of the conference is to establish a venue for presenting and discussing scientific findings and industrial experiences related to the subject of Smart Energy Systems based on renewable energy, 4th Generation District Heating Technologies and Systems (4GDH), electrification of heating and transportation sectors, electro fuels and energy efficiency.
The 5th conference in the series cements it as a main venue for presentations and fruitful debates on subjects that are pertinent to the development and implementation of smart energy systems to fulfill national and international objectives.
- Smart energy system analyses, tools and methodologies
- Smart energy infrastructure and storage options
- Integrated energy systems and smart grids
- Institutional and organisational change for smart energy systems and radical technological change
- Energy savings, in the electricity sector, in buildings and transport as well as within industry
- 4th generation district heating concepts, future district heating production and systems
- Electrification of transport, heating and industry
- The production, technologies for and use of electrofuels in future energy systems
- Planning and organisational challenges for smart energy systems and district heating
- Geographical information systems (GIS) for energy systems, heat planning and district heating
- Components and systems for district heating, energy efficiency, electrification and electrofuels
- Renewable energy sources and waste heat sources for district heating
The Smart Energy System Concept
The Smart Energy System concept is essential for cost‐effective 100% renewable energy systems. The concept includes a focus on energy efficiency, end use savings and sector integration to establish energy system flexibility, harvest synergies by using all infrastructures and lower energy storage cost.
As opposed to, for instance, the smart grid concept, which takes a sole focus on the electricity sector, the smart energy systems approach includes the entire energy system in its identification of suitable energy infrastructure designs and operation strategies. Focusing solely on the smart electricity grid often leads to the definition of transmission lines, flexible electricity demands, and electricity storage as the primary means of dealing with the integration of fluctuating renewable sources. However, these measures are neither very effective nor cost‐efficient considering the nature of wind power and similar sources. The most effective and least‐costly solutions are to be found when the electricity sector is combined with the heating and cooling sectors and/ or the transport sector. Moreover, the combination of electricity and gas infrastructures may play an important role in the design of future renewable energy systems, and the electrification of heating and transport – possibly through electrofuels – can play a pivotal role in providing flexibility and ensuring renewable energy integration in all sectors.
In future energy systems, energy savings and 4th generation district heating can be combined, creating significant benefits. Low‐temperature district heat sources, renewable energy heat sources combined with heat savings represent a promising pathway as opposed to individual heating solutions and passive or energy+ buildings in urban areas. Electrification in combination with district heat is a very important driver to eliminate fossil fuels. Power heat, power to gas and power to liquid together with energy efficiency and 4th generation district heating create a flexible smart energy system. These changes towards integrated smart energy systems and 4th generation district heating also require institutional and organisational changes that address the implementation of new technologies and enable new markets to provide feasible solutions to society.
Find more information about Smart Energy Systems here.
4th Generation District Heating
4th Generation District Heating (4GDH) systems and technologies will play a big part in future cost-effective sustainable energy systems and are likely to replace the import of fossil fuels and create jobs and economic growth in Denmark and in Europe.
The 4DH Research Centre has been a collaboration between industry, universities and the public sector to investigate the potential for and develop 4GDH. It has created focus on and knowledge about the future 4GDH potential within the district heating industry. Along with Aalborg University and with the support of several sponsors, 4DH Research Centre was the main organiser of the first four editions of the International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and 4th Generation District Heating.
Find more about the activities and research results of 4DH Research Centre here. | <urn:uuid:9cd1877d-8511-40f9-879a-a9c3f33d44e4> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://smartenergysystems.eu/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540555616.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213122716-20191213150716-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.918789 | 842 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This project is focused on the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua in a community called Bluefields. Approximately 63% of the population in this region lives in “extreme poverty” with public drinking water available in only 64% of the homes. In urban areas, only a quarter of homes have toilets, another 50 % use latrines and 14 % have no sanitation facilities available to them. The number of homes without access to water and sanitation facilities is much higher but undocumented in rural areas around Bluefields.
Waterborne illnesses are a severe health concern in this region due to a variety of contamination sources including an absence of any sewage or wastewater treatment facilities. A lack of formal garbage collection by the local municipalities and the poor condition of 45 % of the existing latrines. Many wells in the Bluefield area are constructed at a shallow enough depth that they are easily impacted by the sources of contamination outlined above. In addition, most of these wells do not have covers installed to protect from surface contamination. The community is asking for assistance to address these concerns as three local children have died in the last few months from waterborne illness. This illness could have been prevented by clean drinking water along with improved hygiene and sanitation practices.
To proposed solution has two key areas:
- To install two new wells at schools within the city where clean water is not available
- Secondly, to repair two wells in two rural schools were the wells no longer function
Each well would be designed with a proper well cover, pump and a tank for drinking water treatment. Water treatment is expected to primarily be chlorination. Each of the wells will be certified by the local Ministry of Health and a community well committee (CAPS) will be trained to maintain, repair and ensure adequate water treatment at each well. The CAPS group will be formerly trained and monitored for a period of 1 year to make sure that they are well-versed in well-management and maintenance. Water from these wells will not only supply the school children but also their families and other members of the community. Thereby providing a safe source of drinking water for the larger community. Approximately 275 people (Students, Teachers, Parents and CAPS members) are anticipated to be direct beneficiaries of this well with 45,000 indirect beneficiaries in the broader Bluefields community.
This project will also use communication methods such as skits and media, which have shown to be effective in Nicaragua, to educate local community members about strategies for maintaining a well to maintain water quality. Information and education about basic hygiene, trash control and the prevention of open defection will also be provided. Communications have already began with the local municipal government and Ministry of Health in Bluefields who are helping to implement the project.
The Mennonite Central Relief Committee and Accion Medica Cristiana (AMC) a local NGO
This project will improve access to clean drinking water and educate 275 students, teachers and parents about hygiene, water and sanitation. It will also have an ancillary benefit to the 45,000 people in the municipality of Bluefields, Nicaragua, by diminishing the incidence and prevalence of water borne illnesses and the poor sanitary conditions in these communities.
|1st disbursement (2 new wells)||12,198|
|2nd disbursement (2 rehabilitated wells and WASH education for all 4 schools/communities receiving the new or rehabilitated wells)||6,878| | <urn:uuid:4429c8d3-17a2-4c96-94f9-32d68ddd9d57> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.waterwithoutborders.net/the-problem-nicaragua/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400274441.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927085848-20200927115848-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.954583 | 692 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The shoes are called “Heelys.” They’re sneakers, but with wheel sockets in each heel. The shoes can be used for walking, but then the wheels pop out when the kids shift their weight, letting them roll around like they’re on skates. These shoes are so popular that they’re sold in over 70 countries and the company that makes them just landed on Business Week’s annual list of fastest growing companies.
But Heelys are dangerous! According to MSNBC, doctors from Ireland to Singapore have reported an increasing number of roller shoe injuries, including broken wrists, arms, and ankles. Even dislocated elbows and cracked skulls. According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, there were over 16-hundred roller-shoe injuries and one death reported last year alone. That’s because balancing on the wheels can be tricky, especially for kids just learning how to use them. And studies show that most injuries happen when kids fall backwards while trying to transfer their body weight.
Dr. Dominic Catanese is a foot specialist at Montefiore Medical Center in New York and he says balancing on the heels can also strain feet and Achilles tendons. Also, all it takes to send your kid flying is a tiny piece of gravel to get caught in the wheel and stop it from turning. The manufacturer of Heelys did a study of their own, and said that their shoes have a safer injury rate than skateboarding, inline skating, and even swimming. Still, schools and malls across the country are banning Heelys from the premises. They’re afraid of kids injuring themselves on the property and parents suing.
So how can you protect your kids? If they have shoes with wheels, make sure you review all the safety information. Also, just like with bikes and skateboards, experts recommend that kids on wheeled shoes should wear helmets, wrist protectors, and knee and elbow pads. | <urn:uuid:b04c7be5-becd-475a-8cac-11c8a34c954d> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.kteshla.com/topics/kids-and-family-category/your-kids-trendy-roller-tennis-shoes-could-send-them-to-the-hospital/cc/8/id/19694 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115926769.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161206-00221-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958865 | 398 | 2.703125 | 3 |
There are no new instructions used in this chapter
Keypads are an excellent way of entering data into the microcontroller. The keys are usually numbered but they could be labeled as function keys for example in a remote control handset in a TV to adjust the sound or colour etc.
As well as remote controls, keypads find applications in burglar alarms, door entry systems, calculators, microwave ovens etc. So there are no shortage of applications for this section.
Keypads are usually arranged in a matrix format to reduce the number of I/O connections.
A 12 key keypad is arranged in a 3 × 4 format requiring 7 connections.
A 16 key keypad is arranged in a 4 × 4 format requiring 8 connections.
Consider the 12 key keypad. This is arranged ... | <urn:uuid:ee5f74a2-3a1a-4955-b4e2-b7876d3d5079> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/pic-in-practice/9780750668262/xhtml/CHP007.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033925.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625004242-20220625034242-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.868896 | 171 | 3.125 | 3 |
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KDDI, J-Phone and Tu-Ka Cellular will join in the research led by NTT DoCoMo that examines the effects of radio waves from mobile phones and base stations at both the cell and genetic level, the companies said. NTT DoCoMo started preparing for the study in July 2001.
The research, which has been commissioned to Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute, is to expose as many as one million cell samples to radio waves for a long period of time.
As evaluation and analysis may take at least four years to complete, the companies plan to release updates on the research periodically, Kato said. The four companies will publish the final results.
The study will be conducted in accordance with the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) standards set by the Japanese government.
It has not been scientifically proven that radio waves from mobile phones and base stations have any effect on people, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has been calling for research to substantiate the safety of these waves. | <urn:uuid:d3ea32a2-a16a-4b28-9414-45c1e30ea9f7> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240048562/DoCoMo-to-study-radio-wave-effects-on-people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813608.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221103712-20180221123712-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.961829 | 232 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Martin Luther King Jr. is born, Jan. 15, 1929
On this day in 1929, Martin Luther King Jr., a clergyman who played a leading role in the civil rights movement in mid-20th-century America, was born in Atlanta. The peaceful protests he led on behalf of his fellow African-Americans throughout the South were often met with violence. But King and his followers persisted, and in time the movement gained momentum.
King’s father, a Baptist preacher, was originally named Michael King, and Martin Luther King Jr. was originally named Michael King Jr. After the family visited Germany in 1934, King’s father changed both of their names to Martin Luther in honor of the Protestant icon.Continue Reading
King organized the 1955 Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott. In 1957, he helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, serving as its first president. During the 1960 presidential campaign, King was arrested in Atlanta during a sit-in at a restaurant and sentenced to four months in jail. Then-Sen. John F. Kennedy, the Democratic candidate, called King and helped get him released. These initiatives weighed heavily in the Democrats’ favor among black voters.
King’s efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his famed “I Have a Dream” speech. The interracial event raised congressional consciousness in both parties and paved the way for passage of the 1964 Civil Rights and the 1965 Voting Rights acts.
In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize — for his work in striving to end racial segregation and discrimination through nonviolent civil disobedience.
By the time he was assassinated in 1968, King had focused his efforts on combating poverty and opposing the Vietnam War. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004. In 1986, Congress established Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a national holiday.
Source: “At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years, 1965-68,” by Taylor Branch (2006) | <urn:uuid:4d5f6b99-6a91-4f58-a4a6-da0e32ca4b40> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0110/31515.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273012.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00030-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969998 | 421 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Everyday life is somewhat nuanced and complicated when orthodontics are introduced into the equation. This is no different during the holidays, and some holidays require special attention to the braces, as they may involve foods that are sticky, hard, filled with nuts, or otherwise harmful to the braces. Christmas is one of those holidays.
Christmas Foods To Avoid
Christmas foods vary from country to country, but almost all variations are if not outright bad for your braces, at the very least requiring some degree of circumspection. Traditionally many involve gooey sweets, and of course nuts galore, as traditionally nuts played a very important part in European winter cuisine, moreso the farther North you go. Nuts are hard, so they can dislodge brackets and damage the wires, not to mention that the small particles can get stuck in the nooks and crannies between the teeth and the braces, or even damage the surface of a tooth.
Gooey fruit pastes and fruit breads are also to be avoided, a certain hazard, and holiday toffee is also a no no.
Many Eastern European Christmas diners involve soups and cooked cabbage, which is not dangerous at all. Just make sure that the cabbage is properly cooked, otherwise there may be some fibers that can get stuck in the apparatus which may be complicated to get it out; endeavours to that end may dislodge a bracket or two, or bend the wire.
When it is cold outside, it can feel really nice to drink something toasty warm, but beware! Your braces are made out of metal, thus are affected by changes in temperature. Metals expand a little bit from heat, and contract when it is cold. This is why when you go outside the cold can make the wires shorten, and this will exert force and pressure on your teeth, pulling them together a little bit. It is also possible, but very unlikely, that a sudden change in temperature can damage your braces. At any rate, even if they do not get damaged, constant shrinking and expanding of the wires is not good for them, and they may become less able to fulfill their function, which means that the treatment time may be longer. In order to avoid this, simply wait a few minutes for your braces to warm up before taking that first sip of hot cocoa.
The third no-no is opening presents with your teeth. This can damage your teeth, your braces, and your periodontium. Scissors, my friends, scissors. | <urn:uuid:7bad3a0a-efa5-420a-9146-3525359855c1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://orthodonticsinlondon.co.uk/blogs/christmas-in-braces.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510893.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016221847-20181017003347-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.951199 | 508 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Lignite is a kind of low-grade coal, which is formed by peat diagenetic formation of humic coal, it’s the lowest degree of coalification, always present brown, dark brown, dim or asphalt luster color, no cohesive. Its physical and chemical properties are between peat and bituminous coal. High water content, high volatile, low density, containing humic acid, oxygen content up to 15 ~ 30%, easy to fragmentation, spontaneous combustion in the air. According to China's coal classification standards, they are divided into two categories: light transmittance PM 30 ~ 50% of the old lignite and PM less than or equal to 30% of the young lignite. Chinese and Indonesian lignite are mostly old lignite.
Dingli New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. engaged in coal, slime drying industry for many years, through the physical and chemical properties of lignite and lignite drying temperature, pressure, wind speed, oxygen content and other related parameters study,we established the lignite drying Machine test base in Inner Mongolia, after the company's technology research and development for a number of experimental demonstration, successfully developed lignite drying upgrading of lignite dryer equipment. Our lignite dryer can reduce the moisture content of lignite 25-60% to 15-30%, and the calorific value of treated coal can be increased by 30-40%. It is directly used as a substitute for bituminous coal or anthracite power plant use. The technology and equipment through the practice in Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Xinjiang and Indonesia, safe and stable, energy saving and environmental protection, with great market potential for a variety of lignite mining enterprises
1、The lignite dryer is horizontal placement, zero thrust, no axial load. Effectively reducing the wheel, the ring taper wear, extend the bearing life, reduce the accident rate, improve the equipment driving rate, reducing maintenance costs.
2、The material dispenser evenly throw the material to make the material more uniform and complete, fully heat and moisture exchange, the unit heat index is less than 800kcal / kg • H2O, so more energy efficient.
3、 The exhaust gas temperature is close to the dew point temperature, humidity near saturation, significantly reducing the consumption.
4、For the surface of high-humidity materials, use middle temperature treatment, low-temperature structure water and chemical water is used low-temperature treatment, make full use of "hot" and "wet" potential of two substances as the driving force, that will not cause metal heat Deformation, but also save energy, make the equipment run more secure.
5、 Lignite dryer system using new process and new technology, fully suitable for all kinds of lignite precipitation characteristics of the law, the operating temperature is lower than the ignition temperature, even without inert gas replacement, it will not cause a fire.
6、Excellent energy-saving safety control system is fully guaranteed: ① temperature interlock control; ② adjustable capacity control; ③ precipitation capacity of the best state; ④ negative oxygen state operation; ⑤ system operation pressure interlock control.
|Model||Capacity(T/D)||Material Moisture(%)||Final Moisture(%)||Total Power(kw)||Area(m2)| | <urn:uuid:12b3620b-0883-4610-9b92-f236b25a5be5> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://chinadlxny.com/coal/111.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211167.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816191550-20180816211550-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.859041 | 712 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A number of clients have asked for advice on how to ensure good posture when driving. Significant stress can occur in the neck and the upper and lower back as a result of sitting incorrectly when driving, particularly for prolonged periods of time.
Those who drive cars as part of their job, for example, sales people, are at particular risk. This risk is increased for those who drive for 20 hours per week or more (Porter and Gyi, 2002). High exposure drivers are considered to be those who drive more than 25000 miles a year, or for more than 4 hours a day.
Driving forces us to sit in a constrained posture. In addition, the car is increasingly being used as a mobile office (e.g. using a laptop and making telephone calls), which has other associated health risks. Research shows that within a group of business drivers, 65% reported low back pain, 43% neck problems and 40% shoulder discomfort (Gyi et al., 2003).
Based on extensive research into business driving and ergonomics, scientists in the Design and Technology department at Loughborough University have developed guidelines on the best seating position and posture to avoid the pain caused by musculoskeletal disorders…
General driving advice
Any posture, no matter how good it is, can lead to discomfort if it is held for too long. Sitting in the same position for long hours, gripping the steering wheel and being exposed to vibration from the road can contribute to wear and tear on the neck and back. Here are are a number of things you can do to reduce your chances of suffering pain and discomfort:
- Vary your work activities as much as possible during the day so that your posture changes. Try not to keep the same role for more than four hours.
- Take a break from driving every couple of hours.
- Make sure you get out of the vehicle as often as possible, move about and carry out small stretches if you can.
- When you’ve been driving for a long period, avoid doing any sudden intense physical activity (such as lifting, bending or stretching) without warming up first.
- Make small adjustments to your driving position at regular intervals throughout your journey.
- Ensure you are sitting correctly. See image (moustache best avoided…yikes!) and step-by-step guide below.
How to find the correct sitting position when driving
Start with the initial set-up position, where adjustable, i.e:
- Steering wheel fully up and fully forward.
- Seat height at its lowest.
- Seat cushion tilted so that front edge is in lowest position.
- Back rest approximately 30 degrees reclined from vertical.
- Lumbar adjustment backed off.
- Seat fully rearwards.
From this initial set-up position, follow steps 1-8 below.
1) Raise the seat as high as is comfortable to improve your vision of the road.
- Check you have adequate clearance from the roof.
- Ensure you have maximum vision of the road.
2) Move the seat forwards until you can easily fully depress the clutch pedal and the accelerator pedal.
- Adjust the seat height as necessary to give good pedal control.
3) Adjust the seat cushion tilt angle so that the thighs are supported along the length of the cushion.
- Avoid pressure behind the knee.
4) Adjust the backrest so it provides continuous support along the length of the back and is in contact up to shoulder height.
- Avoid reclining the seat too far as this can cause excessive forwards bending of the head and neck and you may feel your thighs sliding forwards on the seat cushion.
5) Adjust the lumbar support to give even pressure along the length of the backrest.
- Ensure lumbar support fits your back, is comfortable with no pressure points or gaps.
6) Adjust the steering wheel rearwards and downwards for easy reach.
- Check for clearance with thighs and knees when using pedals.
- Ensure display panel is in full view and not obstructed.
7) Adjust the head restraint to ensure the risk of injury is reduced in the event of a car accident.
8) Adjust the rear view and side mirrors ensuring that they can be used without excessive straining of the neck or upper body.
Repeat steps 1-8 and fine tune as necessary.
A number of vehicles are limited in the adjustments that can be made to the seat and will therefore not allow you to achieve the best driving posture. Equally, some cars may cause you to adopt a coping posture. For example, limited headroom forces a reclined posture, making reaching the steering wheel a problem. This, in turn leads to excessive forward bending of the head and neck and a slouched posture. Try to choose a car that is best suited to your size and one with as much flexibility as possible to adjust the sitting position.
Source: Vehicle Ergonomics – Best Practice Guide, Loughborough University for the Highways Agency.
Two examples of bad driving positions…
[Any excuse to show a favourite photo of Joe Strummer by Bob Gruen.]
To close, a driving-related track from my Road Trip playlist by Joan As Policewoman… | <urn:uuid:489a1d26-5bd4-428d-bc70-bb9eb94e9542> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://pilatesxmelissa.com/2016/06/20/good-driving-posture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894426.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027170516-20201027200516-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.9337 | 1,073 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Prior to the 1970s, doctors weren’t aware that there was more than one type of diabetes. It was a group of Stanford researchers who made the discovery when they were analyzing a data set containing six bodily measurements from 145 patients who either had or were at risk of the disease. They applied a mathematical technique that essentially allowed them to graph the six-dimensional data set in three-dimensional space, while still preserving certain relationships between the data points. Looking at the graph, they noticed that diabetes sufferers clustered into two main groups. These groups represented what is now known as type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Drawing a distinction between the two forms of the disease undoubtedly has improved the quality of life for millions of people over the past few decades, as it has enabled the development of more specialized treatments. The moral of the story: There is a lot hidden in the data we collect. And sometimes to uncover it, we simply need to change the way we look at the information.
Take a paper published this week in BioMed Central Genetics on the detection of drug-resistant malaria strains in 264 Papua-New Guinea volunteers. You see, we don’t have a vaccine for malaria, so we have to treat it after infection. One problem this poses is that malaria can become resistant to a particular drug treatment. Figuring out which patients have resistant strains and which have strains sensitive to a particular drug is important, so that treatments can be adjusted as patients develop resistances. What the researchers in this study did was attach fluorescent beads to molecular markers associated with the drug-resistant and drug-sensitive forms of malaria. Blood samples containing the resistant strains then omitted one type of florescent “signal,” while those containing the sensitive strains omitted another. The difference between the two signals is slight, however. Traditionally, to identify which strains are resistant and which are sensitive, the researchers would just plot the signals on an x–y (Cartesian) plane. Much like in the Stanford diabetes study, clusters on the graph would then emerge and be identified as containing either the drug-resistant strains or drug-sensitive strains.
Of course, the boundaries for what determines which data points fall inside and which fall outside of a cluster are not always clear. And improving those boundaries was a major goal for the researchers. In this case, their big insight came when they converted the traditional x–y coordinates into polar coordinates in order to better determine those boundaries—a conversion familiar to just about every high school student: Here is a refresher on polar coordinates, and a brief overview of how the researchers used it (you can skip it if you’re not interested):
Take the point (x,y) plotted on the Cartesian plane. The point is located on the plane by moving x units horizontally from (0,0), and then moving y units vertically from (x,0). Another way to define this point would be to consider an imaginary line that connects (x,y) to (0,0). Call the length of that line r, and the angle it makes with the x-axis Θ. Now you can write (x,y) as (r, Θ). It’s the same point, only it’s now expressed as a polar coordinate. The researchers did this conversion for each point in their data set and then plotted them by treating their r-values as y-coordinates and their Θ-values as x-coordinates. This trick, explained in more detail here, allowed them to more accurately define the boundaries for drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains.
In converting the data from Cartesian to polar coordinates (and back again) no information is gained or lost; it simply affords the researchers a different perspective on the same data set. This perspective, however, improves the researchers’ ability to draw accurate boundaries around drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains. To give you an idea of how much it improved their results, of the 264 blood samples the researchers studied, the polar coordinate analysis allowed them to reclassify 86 that were originally classified with the traditional method—that’s just about a third of the test subjects.
Not bad for a mathematical technique most schoolchildren learn before they even have to read Wuthering Heights. | <urn:uuid:5fc318c9-2bca-400f-b934-9bf9e4812036> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2010/08/improving-malaria-treatments-or-why-you-should-have-paid-attention-geometry-clas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156724.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921013907-20180921034307-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.952781 | 873 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Tissue from a brain tumor known as an oligodendroglioma. Genes from such… (Zachary Reitman, Duke Medicine )
Cancer researchers at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, N.C., have been studying the DNA in tumors called glioblastomas — hoping, ultimately, to help find a cure for the disease.
They haven’t found that yet, but they may have come across something else scientists are seeking: an enzyme that could help companies make nylon without depending on fossil fuels.
Duke researcher Zachary Reitman and colleagues reported Sunday in the journal Nature Chemical Biology that inserting glioblastoma genes into yeast allowed them to make an enzyme called 2-hydroxyadipate dehydrogenase — a molecule chemists need to make adipic acid, a key ingredient in nylon, from sugar.
Today, adipic acid, which is produced in vast quantities, is made using petroleum products.
Scientists would prefer to produce it by inserting genes into microbes that allow the organisms to turn sugars they consume into chemicals, explained Frances Arnold, a chemical engineer and biochemist at Caltech who was not involved in the Duke study.
Researchers had already figured out a way to use microbes to make adipic acid using 2-hydroxyadipate dehydrogenase, but the enzyme had proved hard to find. It was known, however, that human brain cancers made something similar to it. The Duke team tested a hypothesis that versions of genes associated with the glioblastomas could be used in yeast to make the chemical they sought. They found that they could.
“This is an example of how these things happen,” Arnold said.
But she stressed that the paper marked “an incremental advance” among many that would be required to make large amounts of adipic acid through green chemistry. Chemists will need to introduce many optimized genes into microbes to make the whole chain of enzymes needed to convert sugars into the chemical, she said.
“Each little brick in the building has to be shaped and honed and discovered. This is one of those bricks, but it’s not a building,” she said.
Companies already use microbial processes to produce chemicals like lactic acid and isobutanol, she said, but compared with adipic acid, those are simple to make. What’s more, industry would need to spend hundreds of millions to get production up to scale.
“It’s hard to compete with carbon, because it’s cheap,” Arnold said.
But she noted that adipic acid was a "big-scale chemical ... if we could make it from microbes rather than fossil fuels, that would be great." | <urn:uuid:8349651b-bad0-46f0-bc8e-c47514296fd8> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/24/science/la-sci-sn-cancer-nylon-enzyme-20120924 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823670.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00280-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96569 | 568 | 3.375 | 3 |
Three themes emerged as follows: (i) Variability in sources of health information and claims, and general understanding of their creation and accuracy of content, (ii) The use of substitute indicators to assess health information and claims and make judgements about their trustworthiness, (iii) Uncertainty about, and literal interpretation of, the language of health claims.
Despite general scepticism of health claims and admitted uncertainty of research terminology, many students were generally convinced. Students had poor understanding about how health claims are generated and tended to rely on substitute indicators, such as endorsements, when evaluating the believability of claims.
, , , .
A qualitative study exploring high school students’ understanding of, and attitudes towards, health information and claims.
Health Expect. 2017;00:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12562 | <urn:uuid:6139e5f6-0ba9-4c79-a42d-e2747443ceef> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.pifonline.org.uk/exploring-students-understanding-attitudes-towards-health-information-qualitative-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575402.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922073800-20190922095800-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.929865 | 177 | 2.953125 | 3 |
We’ve all likely been told at some point in our lives to watch our sugar intake. Whether the cautionary advice came from our parents, dentist, or doctor, attention should be paid to the negative effects that come from added sugar in our diet.
It’s estimated that the average American consumes about 17 teaspoons of sugar a day–adding up to 60 pounds of sugar each year! As a whole, the U.S. population consumes more than 300% of the daily recommended amount of added sugar (1)! And while we can all agree that a bag of candy is full of sugar and not beneficial for your health, what about the natural sugar in fruit? Is the sugar in fruit bad for you too?
There is a big difference between natural and refined sugars when considering their health effects.
Artificial vs. natural fructose
Fructose is a natural sugar present in fruit and honey. In whole foods, fructose is not something to avoid. Most fruits are low-calorie foods packed with fiber, nutrients, and antioxidants and have been shown to help lower the risk of heart disease, strokes, obesity, and cancers (2). Due to their high fiber content, fruits increase your satiety and slow down the breakdown of fruit sugar in the body.
Most fruits also have a low-to-medium glycemic index–keeping you from experiencing sharp rises in your blood sugar that you would experience from cookies, sodas, or other processed foods. Interestingly, fruits also have a high chewing resistance, meaning the fructose will hit your liver slowly, aiding in easier digestion and less harm to your liver.
The sugar you should worry about cutting out of your diet is that from processed foods, not the natural sugar from fruit. In fact, most people do not get the recommended 2 cups of fruit each day, which is necessary for a healthy, balanced diet.
“Low fruit consumption is considered to be the fourth leading contributor to the global disease burden and it has even been estimated that 7.8 million premature deaths worldwide may be caused by a low fruit and vegetable intake (3).”
- Conor Kerley, PhD
In contrast, fructose can also be artificially or industrially produced and added to sweeten just about any type of food. Artificial or processed fructose, such as high fructose corn syrup, is industrially produced and is made by combining fructose, glucose, and corn syrup. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is commonly added to processed foods. While you may suspect sugary drinks to contain HFCS, it is also found in ketchup, applesauce, canned fruit, juices, dressings, and cereals.
These sugars differ greatly from fruit sugar due to their processing, the high quantity added to foods, and the lack of any nutrients or fiber. Our bodies metabolize processed sugars faster, leading to insulin spikes and low satiety. Processed sugars are one the greatest contributors to weight gain, acne, inflammation, greater risk for high blood pressure and diabetes… the list goes on.
“While the simple sugars from whole fruit support human health, the refined, or extracted, sugars do not. The refining process removes the water, fiber, and virtually every other nutrient and element of the food. What’s left behind is sugar and only sugar—not the package it belongs in…Food manufacturers add these highly concentrated, palate-pleasing sugars to already stimulating and disease-causing high-fat foods (5).”
- Alona Pulde, MD and Matthew Lederman, MD (Forks Over Knives)
When considering the health benefits of sugar in your diet, consider the source: Does the sugar come from a natural source or is it found in a whole food? Or, is it processed and added to other foods?
Prediabetic or diabetic?
For those who are prediabetic or diabetic, watching blood sugar levels, weight, and blood pressure is vital, and the natural sugar in fruit is not to be ignored. As diabetic health is individualized, it is recommended to seek the advice and care from your health practitioner before making any changes to your diet.
Recent studies have shown the positive health benefits of fruit with those who are prediabetic and diabetic. One study concluded that increasing specific whole fruits–blueberries, grapes, and apples–is associated with lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes and increasing the consumption of fruit juice is associated with a higher risk (5).
"The best fruits for everyone to eat are the ones that create the least influence on blood sugar, often termed 'low glycemic load,' even if you don't have diabetes. These include fruits with rich, deep colors such as blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, dark cherries and kiwi. The rich color is a result of antioxidants-which we know help to neutralize free radicals-but there are also other benefits to antioxidants that we cannot explain (6)."
-Daphne Olivier, R.D., C.D.E., founder of My Food Coach
As a general rule, pairing fruits with a protein or fat will help slow digestion and the rise of blood sugar.
Simply put, fruit should not be avoided in your diet. The natural sugar in fruit differs greatly from the sugar added to processed foods. Fruit has a great source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber, and can even help lower the risk of heart disease, inflammation, and diabetes, making it a necessary part of a healthy, balanced diet. | <urn:uuid:c3515865-e5a2-468f-8dad-0902ca584877> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wholeharvest.com/blogs/health/is-the-sugar-in-fruit-bad-for-you | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.929996 | 1,338 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In 18th-century America and most other countries, the master of the house could freely beat his wife, his child, his dog or his slave. Around 1830 people realized slaves were human beings, too, and laws eventually granted them freedom and the human right not to be beaten. A century or so later people realized dogs had feelings, and laws were passed against mistreatment of animals. Recently, society is taking wife-beating seriously and has slowly begun to put a stop to it. Now, with the 21st century nearing, it may have come the turn of children to gain their right as human beings to not be beaten.
A 12-year-old UK boy who was caned by his stepfather challenged British laws allowing "reasonable physical punishment of children" and is getting his case heard before the European Court of Human Rights in France. A decision by the court would be binding, and a finding in favor of the boy could force Britain to change its laws about punishing children. "This is a landmark decision for children, the first step towards confirming that children have the same rights as adults to protection from violence," said Peter Newel, coordinator for the British group End Physical Punishment of Children.
A hot subject in today's international debate about child abuse is corporal punishment in schools. The practice of hitting students was reduced or abandoned in many countries in the 1980s or earlier. But growing indiscipline in and outside class has caused many to call for the return of the teacher's paddle. In a UK poll, 68 percent of the public were in favor of the cane's return. Teachers, however, say they will not beat pupils, even if given the power. Nigel de Gruchy, general secretary of the National Association of Schoolmasters said teachers do not feel it will be effective. A real concern is retribution by the student--in February, a 16-year-old boy in Alaska, USA, shot dead the school principal who had frequently disciplined him. In India thugs can be hired by students to harass or even cripple a teacher who dares beat them.
In Malaysia, caning had been greatly reduced since 1983. About one percent of the country's 300,000 teachers had been reported for abusing their authority to strike a child--not a great percent, yet it represents 3,000 abusers and perhaps 300,000 abused students. "But between growing indiscipline among our schoolchildren and the problem of abuse, the former is the greater evil," stated an editorial in the New Sunday Times which endorsed the return of the cane.
Caning is commonly employed in schools for such minor infractions as being late to class, talking in class, not bringing one's books or scoring low on tests. Students are hit on their hands or buttocks with long, rattan canes, are slapped, have their ears twisted, a rubber band snapped against their ear, or their hand held against their head, one finger pulled back as far as possible and then released sharply. Some teachers administer discipline with restraint, others with uncontrolled anger. Studies on corporal punishment suggest the method does not really produce better behavior, but rather arouses a seething anger in the child which later results in antisocial and violent tendencies.
Malaysia's schools are faced with an alarming growth of gangsterism and drug use among students. This has, in part, fueled the call for the cane. It is not clear, however, how punishment for such offenses as talking in class would prevent a teen from becoming a drug dealer. Discipline problems in some American schools, such as in Los Angeles, are so bad that metal detectors are installed at the doors to catch students entering with guns or knives.
It is common for parents to tell teachers to do whatever is necessary to make their children study and behave, including striking them. But Malaysia's International Trade and Industry Minister, Rafidah Aziz, said, "If I have my way, I would have these parents grilled for not monitoring their children's activities. We believe that many youths are involved in vice because there might be something wrong at home."
A widely published UK study pinpointed one thing wrong at home: mothers are out working. Researchers at North London University found that children with working mothers are twice as likely to fail the GCSE (final high school) exams as those whose mothers stay at home to bring them up. Children of working mothers, especially boys, were more likely to have behavioral problems. A recent Dutch study found that women with high status jobs were more likely to have children who failed to reach their academic potential.
Patrick Morgan, of the Institute of Economic Affairs, says the evidence will force working mothers to rethink what is best for their children. "The entire debate has been hijacked by a feminist clique, determined to uphold women's rights. But what about the rights of the child?...You can always go back to work, but the damage done in a child's early years can never be rectified."
Indiscipline to the point of criminal behavior among youths is a serious problem in countries around the world. The question teachers and parents face is whether misbehavior can be solved by more physical punishment in schools, and just how such policies infringe children's right to be protected, as adults are, from physical abuse. | <urn:uuid:63b150c8-e0c2-40e3-bef8-121478066179> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/print.php?itemid=4863 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663637.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00435-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982162 | 1,071 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Older adults who have good cardiac fitness may experience more brain activity during learning and perform better in memory tasks, a new study has found. In a study by Boston University in the US, older adults who scored high on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) tests performed better on memory tasks than those who had low CRF. Further, the more fit older adults were, the more active their brain was during learning. Difficulty remembering new information represents one of the most common complaints in ageing and decreased memory performance is one of the hallmark impairments in Alzheimer's disease. Healthy young (18-31 years) and older adults (55-74 years) with a wide range of fitness levels walked and jogged on a treadmill while researchers assessed their cardiorespiratory fitness by measuring the ratio of inhaled and exhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide. These participants also underwent MRI scans which collected images of their brain while they learned and remembered names that were associated with pictures of unfamiliar faces. The researchers found that older adults, when compared to younger adults, had more difficulty learning and remembering the correct name that was associated with each face. Age differences in brain activation were observed during the learning of the face-name pairs, with older adults showing decreased brain activation in some regions and increased brain activation in others. However, the degree to which older adults demonstrated these age-related changes in memory performance and brain activity largely depended on their fitness level. In particular, high fit older adults showed better memory performance and increased brain activity patterns compared to their low fit peers. The increased brain activation in the high fit older adults was observed in brain regions that show typical age-related decline, suggesting fitness may contribute to brain maintenance. Higher fit older adults also had greater activation than young adults in some brain regions, suggesting that fitness may also serve a compensatory role in age-related memory and brain decline. According to the researchers this study highlights that CRF is not only important for physical health, but is also associated with brain function and memory performance. "Importantly, CRF is a modifiable health factor that can be improved through regular engagement in moderate to vigorous sustained physical activity such as walking, jogging, swimming, or dancing," said Scott Hayes, assistant professor at Boston University School of Medicine. "Therefore, starting an exercise programme, regardless of one's age, can not only contribute to the more obvious physical health factors, but may also contribute to memory performance and brain function," said Hayes. The study was published in the journal Cortex.
(This story has not been edited by Business Standard staff and is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.) | <urn:uuid:8025b05b-b9ae-435a-9ea9-368e466c0676> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/fitness-may-boost-brain-activity-in-elderly-117011400441_1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887224.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118091548-20180118111548-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.974397 | 529 | 2.78125 | 3 |
With Covid-19 cases again climbing, health tech companies and researchers are renewing their pitch for wearables and apps as a cutting-edge way to catch new cases and detect when patients are growing sicker.
The flood of tech tools — and the marketing machinery playing up their potential — promises to give users more timely information and fill key gaps in testing and tracing cases. But it is not altogether certain that these devices will benefit patients. It’s not just a basic question of whether a device or algorithm is accurate, health technology experts say, but whether the information provided is actually helpful in delivering better care or stemming the spread of the virus.
It is easy to take an off-the-shelf monitoring device, slap a Covid-19 label on it, and tell the world the device can be used to help lift us out of a public health crisis. It is far more difficult to ensure the product can home in on the unique signature of this virus and improve outcomes for patients, especially when it affects people so differently.
“I can tell you for a given system, it may be 80% accurate. But for me to show you it made someone’s care better is actually much harder to accomplish,” said Karandeep Singh, a physician and professor at the University of Michigan who studies the use of technology in health care.
But in certain clinical settings and populations, apps and wearables might be able to provide significant assistance during the pandemic, experts said. Here are a few questions to ask when trying to differentiate between empty promises and valuable tools.
Is it providing information specific to Covid-19?
Plenty of apps designed to monitor vital signs can accurately detect a fever and changes in respiration, but that’s not the same thing as correctly diagnosing Covid-19.
“That kind of app is not going to be nearly specific enough,” said Singh. “We’re heading into flu season. You can’t tell apart flu from cold from anything else.”
John A. Rogers, a biomedical engineer at Northwestern University, has spent months trying to tackle this problem with a wearable he developed for the university’s health system in Chicago. It is a Band-Aid-sized patch that attaches to the user’s throat to help monitor coughing and respiratory symptoms, such as shortness of breath.
One of the planned uses was to monitor signs of possible infection of frontline health care workers. So far, however, none of the health workers who have tested the device with Northwestern’s health system has become sick. It’s not clear whether none has contracted the virus, or whether some did but were asymptomatic, which points to a challenge facing any tech tool designed to track Covid-19 symptoms.
“You have to have some type of symptoms in order for us to pick anything up,” Rogers said. “If you’re completely asymptomatic we’re not going to be able to see it. This is not a molecular scale test.”
That’s not to say it can’t be helpful for other purposes. The wearable, which is experimental and has not been approved by regulators, is also being used to monitor symptoms in hospitalized patients. In one case, Rogers said, it flagged periods where a patient was experiencing a dangerous heart arrhythmia. It also picked up respiratory interruptions at night, helping providers spot signs of sleep apnea.
“It turned out to be pretty severe and we could see it pretty clearly,” Rogers said.
He said the impact of the wearable is still being evaluated and that his partners at the Shirley Ryan Ability Lab are seeking to develop an AI model that would use the data to help predict infections from symptom data.
Is the product targeted toward a particular population?
A major shortcoming of most wearables is that they are deployed in populations with very low risk of developing the problem they are designed to detect. The Apple Watch, for example, is often used by young, healthy people unlikely to benefit from its ability to detect the heart arrhythmia known as atrial fibrillation.
In Covid-19, that means many symptom tracking apps meant to flag the onset of illness in broad populations are likely to flag perceived problems that don’t amount to much. This results in a low positive predictive value, or the probability that a subject who tests positive truly has the illness.
“It’s going to be crying wolf a lot,” Singh said. He said that’s a significant drawback in a health care system trying to contend with a pandemic.
“With any of these apps, if you identify a problem, usually that problem results in a connection to the health care system, which has a time and a cost value to it. We don’t have unlimited resources,” he added.
However, the problem of false positives is mitigated in higher-risk populations, such as people who live in nursing homes or whose immune systems are compromised. In those defined user groups, it is helpful to provide caregivers with alerts about sudden changes in vital signs or a fever, because those are more likely to be associated with medical emergencies.
Will having the information support better care?
Apps and wearables can collect massive amounts of biological data from patients. But that doesn’t mean the information is going to be helpful to doctors who are trying to treat them.
A Covid-19 symptom tracker developed earlier this year by researchers at King’s College London, Harvard University and Stanford compiled symptoms reported by more than 2.6 million people, such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, and loss of taste and smell.
While the researchers are hopeful that the smartphone app can help inform individuals of their risks, and potentially flag infection hot spots, they are not arguing that it would significantly improve the care of infected patients.
That’s because it’s not clear that providing that information, through this app or another, will help doctors triage patients or change the way they are treating them.
“That’s something that remains to be seen,” said Andrew Chan, a Harvard professor who helped develop the app. “There’s a lot of hope this approach could be used in the setting of Covid because it is so highly infectious and there is a need to keep distance between patients and providers.”
But so far, there is no evidence that apps or wearables used to collect biological information on Covid-19 patients is improving their care. Singh said proving a positive effect on care is likely to take years, even in the case of products that have demonstrated an ability to accurately measure changes in symptoms and predict a patient’s deterioration.
“This is all experimental,” he said. “Studying the impact of a technology like this takes a ton more time than studying the validity of a technology.” | <urn:uuid:da8e526e-4bfb-4b8a-af8a-72bb823bcd9c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/04/covid19-wearables-apps-patient-care/?utm_source=STAT+Newsletters&utm_campaign=618b084890-MR_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_8cab1d7961-618b084890-151762001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530553.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519235259-20220520025259-00791.warc.gz | en | 0.960716 | 1,457 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Egypt is the oldest tourist destination on earth. Ancient Greeks and Romans started the trend, coming to goggle at the cyclopean scale of the Pyramids and the Colossi of Thebes. During colonial times, Napoleon and the British looted Egypt’s treasures to fill their national museums, sparking off a trickle of Grand Tourists that eventually became a flood of travellers, taken on Nile cruises and Egyptological lectures by the enterprising Thomas Cook. Today, the most popular places to visit are not only the monuments of the Nile Valley and the souks, mosques and madrassas of Islamic Cairo, but also fantastic coral reefs and tropical fish, dunes, ancient fortresses, monasteries and prehistoric rock art.
The land itself is a freak of nature, its lifeblood the River Nile. From the Sudanese border to the shores of the Mediterranean, the Nile Valley and its Delta are flanked by arid wastes, the latter as empty as the former are teeming with people. This stark duality between fertility and desolation is fundamental to Egypt’s character and has shaped its development since prehistoric times, imparting continuity to diverse cultures and peoples over seven millennia. It is a sense of permanence and timelessness that is buttressed by religion, which pervades every aspect of life. Although the pagan cults of ancient Egypt are as moribund as its legacy of mummies and temples, their ancient fertility rites and processions of boats still hold their place in the celebrations of Islam and Christianity.
The result is a multi-layered culture, which seems to accord equal respect to ancient and modern. The peasants of the Nile and the Bedouin tribes of the desert live much as their ancestors did a thousand years ago. Other communities include the Nubians of the far south, and the Coptic Christians, who trace their ancestry back to pharaonic times. What unites them is a love of their homeland, extended family ties, dignity, warmth and hospitality towards strangers. Though most visitors are drawn to Egypt by its monuments, the enduring memory is likely to be of its people and their way of life.Read More | <urn:uuid:a003044e-ab7a-49bc-a8f0-347a3cd00e2b> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.roughguides.com/destinations/africa/egypt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909030942-00035-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960695 | 437 | 2.75 | 3 |
Summer Skin Care: 6 Causes of Dry Skin
Summer and the heat that accompanies it may cause some people’s skin to be oilier. However, for those with naturally dry skin, summer sometimes is no better.
Dry skin is often associated with the cooler winter months that can cause the skin to scale, itch, or crack. It is often difficult to find solutions to dry skin in the summer time. To treat dry skin in summer time, we must identify what’s contributing to the lack of moisture.
Ask one of our board-certified dermatologists today!
Causes of Dry Skin in The Summer
We all know that that the body is more susceptible to dehydration in summer. The state of hydration within the body is reflected through the skin. In addition, alcohol, coffee, and soda can leave the body more quenched than satisfied. Swap your cool, iced margaritas for water or fruit-infused water.
2. Swimming in the Pool
Chlorine melts the skin’s natural protective sebum, causing moisture loss and leaving the skin quite dry. For those who enjoy swimming, using a shielding lotion before stepping into the pool is a good way to protect the skin’s natural barrier.
3. Air Conditioner
Air conditioners may provide cool air, but they also make the atmosphere drier, causing surface skin cells to dry out even further. Try avoiding the A/C and turn on your fan. But if the heat is too unbearable, use a humidifier to reinsert moisture into the air.
To understand more about your dry skin ask one of our board-certified dermatologists!
4. The Sun
You would think the sun would add more moisture to your skin, due to the increased sweat production. but in actuality, the rays can dry the skin of its natural oil. For some, this leads to an increase in sebum production, making the skin more oily. For others, it leads to drier skin. A good moisturizer and sunscreen are crucial to creating a physical barrier between your skin and harmful UV rays. Make sure to find a sunscreen that’s right for your skin type.
Exfoliating removes the dead and dull skin cells on the surface of the skin, but over-exfoliating can damage the skin’s balance. Physical exfoliants can be too abrasive, while chemical exfoliants make the skin photosensitive,. Both forms of exfoliation make the skin more susceptible to harmful effects of the sun. It can be tempting to exfoliate dry skin, but a more effective approach to replenishing the skin is incorporating hydrating products.
6. Spray Sunscreen
Sunscreen is a must for retaining your skin’s moisture, but spray sunscreens contain alcohol and are likely to further contribute to the problem.
These are common reasons for dry skin in the summer, but if you want to learn more or examine a specific condition, ask one of our board-certified dermatologists today!
Ask a Dermatologist
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From business to engineering to cooking to fashion, data is everywhere. Sets of data can inform us about past, present, and future time periods and how those time periods impacted our career or business. Sets of data can be organized into a model, which can better serve you, your employees, and/or a future investor. Creating a linear model from a set of data creates an efficient line of communication that helps people understand what a set of data represents.
A LINEar model ALWAYS creates a straight line. This straight line can be diagonal, horizontal, or vertical.
How can you remember this? The word "line" is in linear.
There are four components of a linear model: | <urn:uuid:027da26b-2594-41a6-9477-601bf33eed69> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://guides.kendall.edu/functions/linear | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226130305-20240226160305-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.930337 | 140 | 3.25 | 3 |
There are many similarities between toddlers and older people. Be it their inherent adorableness, their genuine wonder when introduced to new things or their need of naps! But most of all, it is the fussiness when it comes to meals.
However, the immunity of older people, unlike toddlers, is on a slow decline. This is especially true in winters, where due to the decrease in our metabolism, there is a further decline in our immunity. A common cold or fever in an older person is more dangerous than in healthy younger adults, as the risk of complication is higher.
A good way to combat this decline is to have a nutritious diet, full of seasonal vegetables and super foods. Not only do they provide numerous health benefits, they help in avoiding greasy, unhealthy meals. Eating regular, vitamin rich meals not only help fight off infection but help keeping the energy up throughout the day.
Soups: Homemade soup is the best meal for elderly people. Made from fresh vegetables and meats, these soups provide a hearty meal without being heavy for the digestive system. There are hundreds of recipes, from clear soups to thick chowders, to help break the monotony of soup every day. One should avoid prepackaged soup as much as possible as the sodium content is too high for most seniors. Using paneer, chicken pieces, and egg in soup also adds to the proteins.
Smoothies: Fruits are essential to any healthy meal plan. However, most elderly people have trouble eating fruit either due to their small appetites or poor dental hygiene. Fruits such as apples & guavas are too hard for seniors with dentures to chew. Thus, an easy and yummy way to make sure they are getting adequate fruit intake is blending them with milk. Starting the day with a smoothie topped with seeds & powdered Nuts (e.g.Flax Seeds / Til Seeds / Powdered almonds / walnuts / overnight soaked raisins) will energize them for the rest of the day.
Fiber: Everyone is less active in winters, which may cause digestive issues in elderly people. Fiber based diets help in achieving and maintaining healthy bowel movements. Grains such as brown rice & bran based cereals are ideal for constipation problems. Swap out flour for bajra, jowar & wheat at mealtimes for a more fiber rich lunch/dinner.
Low-Sodium meals: Reducing salt intake is advisable for every age, but is especially true for the elderly. Low-sodium meals help in controlling blood pressure and reduce water retention. Avoid too much of pickles/ papads / processed cannned foods.
Green Tea/Chamomile/Caffeine free tea: The want for tea drastically increases during winters. Beyond 2 cups of regular chai, one should always opt for other types of teas.
Vegetables: Winters is a peak vegetable season, with a myriad of fresh produce available. Apart from making soup, steamed or sautéed vegetables is a filling yet low calorie meal. Baked vegetables are another fun, nutritious meal if you switch the cream for milk and limit the amount of cheese!
Figs & Dates: Instead of traditional sweets after meals, figs and dates can be eaten instead. These super food fruits are full of vitamin and natural sugars, satisfying your sweet tooth.
Vitamin D fortified foods: Vitamin D levels are dangerously low in winter time, due to lack of sunlight. Fatty fish such as tuna, mackerel, egg yolks should be consumed regularly to avoid developing osteoporosis. For vegetarians, regular sun bathing is the best way to get Vitamin D. Remember not to use sunscreen while taking sun bath as it hinders in Vitamin D absorption.
Dt. Charu Dua says, The other key to maintaining a healthy lifestyle is to indulge occasionally, within moderation. So as long as elderly people are reasonably active and maintain a healthy diet, Saturday Sweet Day can be instated. It helps the family if everyone follows a similar diet as a unit, for it’s never too early to start eating right.
9/10 times we let our smart nutrition obsess the stomach rule
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You can't separate your oral health from your overall health. What's beneficial for your body in general is usually beneficial for your teeth and gums.
Take the foods you eat: good nutrition is essential to general health and well-being. But the same foods that keep the rest of your body healthy often do the same for your mouth—and those that are not so good for the rest of you are usually not good for your teeth and gums either.
Here are 4 different types of foods that positively impact both mouth and body.
Cheese and dairy. Dairy products are rich in calcium, essential for strengthening both your bones and your teeth. Cheese helps stimulate saliva and protects against calcium loss. Cow's milk contains minerals and proteins both your body and mouth needs. It also contains lactose, a less acidic sugar that doesn't contribute to tooth decay.
Plant foods. Vegetables and fruit are loaded with vitamins and nutrients that keep the body functioning normally. They also contain fiber: Not only is this good for your digestive system, it requires chewing to break it down in the mouth, which stimulates saliva. A good flow of saliva helps prevent your mouth from becoming too acidic and thus more prone to dental disease.
Black and green teas. A nice cup of hot tea isn't just soothing—it's rich in antioxidants that help fight disease in the body (and the mouth). Black tea also contains fluoride, which has been proven to strengthen enamel against acid attack.
Chocolate. There's both good and bad news about this perennial favorite. The good news is the polyphenolic compounds (a kind of antioxidant) in unrefined cocoa can protect against disease including tooth decay. The bad news is most processed chocolate is loaded with added sugar—not the healthiest substance for your body, and definitely not for your teeth. Try then to incorporate small amounts of chocolate in your diet, the lower the sugar content the better.
Eating nutritiously helps your body stay healthy and disease-free. And coupled with daily hygiene and regular dental visits, it's one of the best things you can do for your teeth and gums.
If you would like more information on nutrition and dental health, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Nutrition and Oral Health: How Diet Impacts Dental and General Health.”
Multi-platinum recording artist Janet Jackson has long been known for her dazzling smile. And yet, Jackson admitted to InStyle Magazine that her trademark smile was once a major source of insecurity. The entertainer said, “To me, I looked like the Joker!” It was only after age 30 that the pop icon came to accept her unique look.
Jackson is not alone. A study commissioned by the American Association of Orthodontists found that more than one third of U.S. adults are dissatisfied with their smile. But there’s good news—modern dentistry can correct many flaws that can keep you from loving your smile, whether you’re unhappy with the color, size, or shape of your teeth. Here are some popular treatments:
Professional teeth whitening: Sometimes a professional teeth whitening will give you the boost you need. In-office whitening can dramatically brighten your smile in just one visit.
Tooth-colored fillings: If you have silver-colored fillings on teeth that show when you smile, consider replacing them with unnoticeable tooth-colored fillings.
Dental bonding: If you have chipped, cracked, or misshapen teeth, cosmetic bonding may be the fix you’re looking for. In this procedure, tooth colored material is applied to the tooth’s surface, sculpted into the desired shape, hardened with a special light, and polished for a smooth finish.
Porcelain veneers: Dental veneers provide a natural-looking, long-lasting solution to many dental problems. These very thin shells fit over your teeth, essentially replacing your tooth enamel to give you the smile you desire.
Replacement teeth: Is a missing tooth affecting your self-confidence? There are several options for replacing missing teeth, from a removable partial denture to a traditional fixed bridge to a state-of-the-art implant-supported replacement tooth. Removable partial dentures are an inexpensive way to replace one or more missing teeth, but they are less stable than non-removable options. Dental bridges, as the name implies, span the gap where a tooth is missing by attaching an artificial tooth to the teeth on either side of the space. In this procedure, the teeth on both sides of the gap must be filed down in order to support the bridgework. Dental implants, considered the gold standard in tooth replacement technology, anchor long-lasting, lifelike replacements that function like natural teeth.
After coming to embrace her smile, Jackson asserted, “Beautiful comes in all shapes, sizes, and colors." If you don’t feel that your smile expresses the beauty you have inside, call our office to schedule a consultation. It’s possible to love your smile. We can help.
For more information, read Dear Doctor magazine article “How Your Dentist Can Help You Look Younger.”
You feel great about your new smile, thanks to dental implants! And you may also be feeling relief as the problems with your former teeth fade into the past.
But that doesn’t mean you can drop your guard on periodontal (gum) disease. Even though implants are impervious to decay, the natural tissues supporting them are vulnerable to periodontal (gum) disease. If they become diseased, your implants could lose their bone support and eventually fail.
And that failure could happen quickly. That’s because, as life-like as they are, implants don’t have one important advantage of real teeth: an attachment to a connective tissue called the periodontal ligament. This tough but elastic ligament lies between the teeth and the bone, attaching to both with tiny extending fibers and holding the teeth in place.
And that’s not all: Because the periodontal ligament contains an abundance of blood vessels, it can supply antibodies to help fight infection. The body’s defenses may not be able to stop disease, but they can certainly inhibit its progress.
Implants can’t benefit from this infection-fighting mechanism. So, when an infection arises in the gums surrounding an implant, it can spread rapidly through a form of gum disease known as peri-implantitis (literally “inflammation around an implant”). If we don’t stop it with prompt treatment, you could lose bone support from your implant and eventually lose it, sometimes in quick fashion.
That’s why you should clean your implants everyday like you do the rest of your teeth with brushing and flossing. You should also visit us regularly for dental cleanings. A dental cleaning involving implants is similar to one with natural teeth, except the hygienist won’t use metal instruments on the implants—this could create tiny scratches on their surface. Instead, they’ll use nylon or plastic instruments or ultrasonic equipment to clean them.
You should also make a dental appointment as soon as you notice swollen, reddened or bleeding gums. If you have gum disease, we can stop the infection through treatment and restore your gums to health. This can be a long and involved process, but it’s necessary to preserve your implants.
It’s true that implants can change your life. If you want to enjoy that change for a long time, take care of your implants and the natural tissues that support them.
If you would like more information on caring for dental implants, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Dental Implant Maintenance.”
Although not high on the glamour scale, saliva is nonetheless an important ingredient in a healthy life. This "multi-tasker" fluid helps break down your food for better digestion and supplies antibodies to thwart threatening microorganisms coming in through the mouth.
But perhaps its most important role is to neutralize mouth acid that can erode tooth enamel. Without this buffering action, you're at much greater risk for tooth decay and possible tooth loss.
That's why chronic dry mouth is much more than just an unpleasant feeling. If you're not producing enough saliva, your risk for developing tooth decay (and periodontal disease too) skyrocket.
Here are 3 things you can do to avoid dry mouth and promote healthier saliva flow.
Watch what goes in your mouth. Some foods, beverages and other substances can interfere with saliva production. Caffeine in coffee, sodas and other beverages can cause your body to lose water needed to produce adequate saliva. So can alcohol, which can also further irritate dry tissues. And any type of tobacco use can decrease saliva production and heighten the dry mouth effect, another good reason to kick the habit.
Drink more water. Water is the main ingredient in saliva, so keeping yourself hydrated throughout the day helps ensure a ready supply. Drinking water also helps dilute acid concentrations and washes away leftover food particles that could become a food source for oral bacteria, the main source for mouth acid.
Ask questions about your medications. Many medications can trigger chronic dry mouth including drugs to treat cancer, high blood pressure, depression or allergies. If you have chronic dry mouth, talk with your physician about the medications you're taking and ask if there are any alternatives that have less of an effect. If not, drink more water, especially while taking oral medication.
You can also reduce dry mouth symptoms by using a humidifier while you sleep or using products that boost saliva production. And be sure you're brushing and flossing daily to further reduce your risk of dental disease. Managing dry mouth won't just make your mouth feel better—it will help your teeth and gums stay healthier too.
In an instant, an accident could leave you or a loved one with a missing tooth. Thankfully, we can restore it with a dental implant that looks and functions like a real tooth—and the sooner the better.
But if the patient is a teenager or younger, sooner may have to be later. Because their jaws are still developing, an implant placed now could eventually look as if it's sinking into the gums as the jaw continues to grow and the implant doesn't move. It's best to wait until full jaw maturity around early adulthood and in the meantime use a temporary replacement.
But that wait could pose a problem with bone health. As living tissue, bone cells have a life cycle where they form, function and then dissolve (resorption) with new cells taking their place. This cycle continues at a healthy rate thanks to stimulation from forces generated by the teeth during chewing that travel through the roots to the bone.
When a tooth goes missing, however, so does this stimulation. Without it the bone's growth cycle can slow to an unhealthy rate, ultimately reducing bone volume. Because implants require a certain amount of bone for proper placement and support, this could make it difficult if not impossible to install one.
We can help prevent this by placing a bone graft immediately after the removal of a tooth within the tooth's "socket." The graft serves as a scaffold for new bone cells to form and grow upon. The graft will eventually resorb leaving the newly formed bone in its place.
We can also fine-tune and slow the graft's resorption rate. This may be preferable for a younger patient with years to go before their permanent restoration. In the meantime, you can still proceed with other dental treatments including orthodontics.
By carefully monitoring a young patient's bone health and other aspects of their dental care, we can keep on course for an eventual permanent restoration. With the advances in implantology, the final smile result will be worth the wait.
If you would like more information on dental care for trauma injuries, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Dental Implants for Teenagers: Factors Influencing Treatment Planning in Adolescents.”
This website includes materials that are protected by copyright, or other proprietary rights. Transmission or reproduction of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use, as defined in the copyright laws, requires the written permission of the copyright owners. | <urn:uuid:145f4f44-c454-4b8e-a122-6dc33bf58720> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.artistedentistry.com/blog.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669755.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118104047-20191118132047-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.936895 | 2,608 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Canada's homeless population is somewhere between 200,000 and 300,000 people, while another 1.7 million residents struggle with "housing affordability issues," says an analysis of the latest research on shelter.
In a report released Tuesday from the Calgary-based Sheldon Chumir Foundation for Ethics in Leadership, journalist and author Gordon Laird argues homelessness is now chronic and is quickly becoming one of the country's defining social issues. He makes a case for a national housing strategy and a more robust income security program.
Citing statistics from a wide range of organizations, Laird says poverty is the leading cause of homelessness in Canada, not substance abuse or mental illness. "Roughly half of all Canadians live in fear of poverty, and 49 per cent polled believe they might be poverty stricken if they missed one or two paycheques," he writes.
Laird isa media fellow with the foundation, whichworks to influence ethical actions in politics, business, government and the community.
In his report, Lairdwrites that street counts of homeless people have increased dramatically— "Calgary's homeless population grew 740 per cent between 1994 and 2006."
Hecites government numbers showing a cost of up to $6 billion a year to service a "core" homeless population of 150,000. That cost includes health care, criminal justice, social services and emergency shelter costs.
"The high cost of homelessness in Canada results from the role of homelessness as a proven multiplier of societal ills: malnutrition, unemployment, addiction, mental illness, family strife and lack of income security are all intensified when an individual or household becomes homeless," he writes.
The report criticizes Canada for trying to contain the growth of homelessness with temporary measures such as shelters and other crisis-based services. It cites studiesthat show the cost of emergency shelters is much greater than the cost of creating affordable housing and implementing rent supplements.
Laird says the former national affordable housing strategy, discontinued in 1993, created 650,000 units providing housing for more than two million Canadians. While new investments in affordable housing were made in 2005, there is no national strategy and so no guarantee the money will be well-spent, he says.
"And without a national strategy on housing and homelessness, there is much risk for repeating past mistakes and spending blindly on short-term fixes and emergency responses," writes Laird. | <urn:uuid:5a10d6e0-a5a9-4173-a2e3-96b8f9f07da8> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/homelessness-chronic-in-canada-study-1.674356 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687837.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921191047-20170921211047-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.953605 | 483 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Three-phase motors are a type of AC motor that is a specific example of a polyphase motor. These motors can be either induction motors (also called asynchronous motors) or synchronous. The motors consist of three main components – the stator, the rotor, and the enclosure.
The stator consists of a series of alloy steel laminations wound with wire to form induction coils, one coil for each phase of the electrical power source. The three-phase power source energizes the stator coils. The rotor also contains induction coils and metal bars connected to form a circuit. The rotor surrounds the motor shaft and is the motor component that rotates to produce the mechanical energy output of the motor. | <urn:uuid:c1c33cdf-abe0-4af2-a41c-49042be35796> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://wly-transmission.com/product-category/electric-motors/three-phase-motor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499768.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129211612-20230130001612-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.917077 | 147 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Chapter 7 - Observing Weather
Surrounding Earth is a layer of air, the atmosphere, where conditions are always changing. Try your hand at predicting weather patterns by making a wind vane, a rain gauge, and a barometer.
Weather is the state of the atmosphere in a region over days and weeks, while climate is the average state of the weather over the longer term – decades, centuries, and millennia.
Wouldn't it be cool if you could create a rain cloud? Or call cosmic rays into view? Well, you can do both! All you need is an aquarium, a slide projector, dry ice, and a few other easy-to-get supplies.
With 168 rock specimens that come from nearly all corners of the globe, the hall is a rich resource for exploring our planet's geologic history. Figure out how to best customize your classroom visit with this practical and printable exhibit guide. | <urn:uuid:15946f9e-78f9-4b64-b149-feff5771b103> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.amnh.org/explore/resource-collections/macmillan-mcgraw-hill-science-2008/science-a-closer-look-grade-2/earth-science-unit-d-grade-2/chapter-7-observing-weather | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775338.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00055-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9018 | 188 | 3.5 | 4 |
Whiteface Mountain Additions and Corrections
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| In November 1939 Russia invaded Finland. Finnish soldiers on skis annihilated two Russian tank divisions. |
Shortly thereafter, Charles Minot Dole, President of the US Ski Patrol lobbied to the war dept. and the US Army to train US troops in mountain and winter warfare.
In 1940, Charles Dole presented his case to George C. Marshall, US Army Chief of Staff. On December 8, 1941, the US Army activated it's first mountain unit, the 87th Mountain Infantry.
An offshoot of this Infantry Division was the 10th. Mountain Division. It was formed and trained at the 9,200 foot high Camp Hale in Colorado in 1943.
The 10th. Mtn. Division entered combat on January 28, 1945 in the North Apennine Mountains of Italy, where they faced many fortified german positions. Other infantry units attempted to overtake the German strongholds but failed three times.
The battles here included three peaks as follows: Mt. Belvedere; Mt. Gorgolesco; and Mt. Della Torraccia. The 10th. Mtn. Division was able to lead a successful assault up a 1500 foot vertical ascent to take control of German positions. The efforts of the US Army Mountain Divisions were a success.
553 US Mountain Infantrymen lost their lives during this conflict of WWII between the dates of February 19th and March 2nd. of 1945.
The Government of Italy presented a plaque affixed to a rock taken from Mt. Belvedere in honor of these brave men.
It is now proudly displayed at the summit of Little Whiteface Mountain in New York State.
|Posted Jul 4, 2004 12:00 am| | <urn:uuid:2bca08ed-cabf-423c-841e-1a4ab2506379> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.summitpost.org/whiteface-mountain/additions-corrections/150581 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982291592.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195811-00117-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964406 | 365 | 2.96875 | 3 |
If you have ever played the game “SPOONS” before, this is the same game, except with math concepts! I use this game every month during math centers in my classroom and it’s definitely become a student favorite.
I like to use this in my classroom before giving a test, quiz, or assessment. It really helps me see as a teacher which students need more practice or remediation and which students are ready to move onto a new concept. It’s also great for mental math practice!
GOAL OF THE GAME
The goal of the game is to get 4 cards in your hand that all equal the same number (4 of a kind).
Mix up all the cards and give each player four cards. Put the rest of the cards in a pile face down next to the first player. Put one less spoon in the middle of the table than people playing (if 5 people play, use 4 spoons).
The first player picks up a card from the pile and looks at it. They decide if they want to keep it (if it helps their hand) or pass it on to the next player (if it doesn’t help their hand).
You can only have 4 cards in your hand at one time. Tell students they cannot draw a new card until they have given a card away to the next person.
While the second player is looking at the card you just passed them, you choose another card. Don’t wait for them. This is a quick-moving game!
If the second player isn’t ready for another card yet, you start a pile next to them just like the pile you are drawing from.
When someone gets 4 of a kind, they do not say anything out loud. They simply grab a spoon from the middle! Everyone else grabs a spoon too when they notice there is a winner (You will be surprised how long it takes some kids to notice–they are so into the game!)
The last person to notice is out. Everyone plays again except the person who is out (with 1 less spoon) OR I have kids keep score: everyone gets a point except the person who got “out”. You play again and the loser each game does not get a point. This way, no one is sitting around doing nothing.
ANSWER KEYS ARE INCLUDED
I print out the answer key pages and put them in a bag with the playing cards. And at the end of each game, I have the kids check the answer keys to make sure they do indeed have four of a kind. It is easy for them to tell exactly which cards they should have in their hand. If someone does not have four of a kind, they are “out” instead of the last person to notice the spoons.
@thelifetimelearnerplaying the game Spoons in the classroom! ##teachersoftiktok ##teacher ##mathgames ##mathteacher ##teachersof2021 ##teachertok ##teachertiktok♬ Buttercup – Jack Stauber
DID YOU KNOW?
You can also use these game cards to play Go Fish, Memory Match, and Four of a Kind. You’re really getting four games in one! You can use Math Spoons to:
- practice a skill
- reinforce math facts
- for morning work
- as a math center
- after-school activity
- for early finishers
Here are some helpful tips you can perform as you play this math game.
- There are 3 ways you can print this: black and white to save on ink, normal with 4 cards per page, or my personal favorite: 2 pages per page which make the cards easier for students to hold and saves on ink!
- Each time a person receives a card from the person in front of them, they keep it or pass it on. If they keep it, they choose a card from their own hand to pass onto the next player. When cards reach the end of the circle, they get put in the beginning pile next to Player 1 to continue to move in a circular motion.
- My students pretend to keep passing cards even after they’ve picked up a spoon and are waiting for everyone to notice that the game’s over to make it even more fun!
- You don’t have to use spoons to play. Use spoons OR erasers, pencils, etc,–whatever works in your classroom!
Check out all of my Math Spoons Games HERE!
You may also like this blog post: Bucket Filler Games
Follow me on Instagram, Pinterest, or TikTok to see more! | <urn:uuid:cf62bac6-5010-43bd-a109-bca0dc3b6a5b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://creatinglifetimelearners.com/math-spoons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948765.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328042424-20230328072424-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.953487 | 996 | 3.125 | 3 |
Why can't we place satellites directly above houses that are using the signal? Why does speed determine the placement of satellites? Find out now!
Did you know that Arthur C. Clark proposed the idea that satellites could remain motionless in the air?
It can be fun to look out the window of a plane and see the patterns of buildings, houses, roads, and farms, but are we running out of development-free land?
Arthur C Clarke's predictions come true! Learn about the stationary satellite on this Moment of Science.
Ever heard of motional induction? Learn about it on this Moment of Science. | <urn:uuid:aaf0dac9-dc44-49ba-850f-23b7303ec47a> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/tag/satellite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948531226.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213221219-20171214001219-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.930771 | 125 | 3.34375 | 3 |
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