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1972 United States presidential election
47th presidential election in the united states
Top 10 1972 United States presidential election related articles
- 1 Republican nomination
- 2 Democratic nomination
- 3 Third parties
- 4 General election
- 5 Post-election investigations into the Watergate break-in
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 Notes and References
- 9 Bibliography and further reading
- 10 External links
538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
The 1972 United States presidential election was the 47th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1972. Incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon from California defeated Democratic U.S. Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Until the 1984 election, this was the largest margin of victory in the Electoral College for a Republican in a U.S. presidential election.
Nixon easily swept aside challenges from two Republican congressmen in the 1972 Republican primaries to win re-nomination. McGovern, who had played a significant role in reforming the Democratic nomination system after the 1968 election, mobilized the anti-war movement and other liberal supporters to win his party's nomination. Among the candidates he defeated were early front-runner Edmund Muskie, 1968 nominee Hubert Humphrey, and Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm, the first African-American to run for a major party's presidential nomination.
Nixon emphasized the strong economy and his success in foreign affairs, while McGovern ran on a platform calling for an immediate end to the Vietnam War, and the institution of a guaranteed minimum income. Nixon maintained a large and consistent lead in polling. Separately, Nixon's reelection committee broke into the Watergate complex to wiretap the Democratic National Committee's headquarters, a scandal that would later be known as "Watergate". McGovern's campaign was further damaged by the revelation that his running mate, Thomas Eagleton, had undergone electroconvulsive therapy as a treatment for depression. Eagleton was replaced on the ballot by Sargent Shriver.
Nixon won the election in a landslide, taking 60.7% of the popular vote and carrying 49 states while being the first Republican to sweep the South. McGovern took just 37.5% of the popular vote, while John G. Schmitz of the American Independent Party won 1.4% of the vote. Nixon received almost 18 million more votes than McGovern, and he holds the record for the widest popular vote margin in any post-World War II United States presidential election. The 1972 presidential election was the first since the ratification of the 26th Amendment, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. Within two years of the election, both Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned from office: the former in August 1974, due to Watergate, the latter in October 1973, due to a separate corruption charge. Gerald Ford succeeded Agnew as vice president, then in the following year succeeded Nixon as president, making him the only U.S. president in history to not be elected to the office on a presidential ticket. As of the 2016 election, this was the last time that Minnesota voted for the Republican candidate in a presidential election, and only once since then has Rhode Island done so.
1972 United States presidential election Intro articles: 93
- Richard Nixon, President of the United States who formed his Committee for the Re-Election of the President
- Pete McCloskey, Representative from California
- John M. Ashbrook, Representative from Ohio
|Republican Party Ticket, 1972|
|Richard Nixon||Spiro Agnew|
|for President||for Vice President|
President of the United States
Vice President of the United States
Richard Nixon was a popular incumbent president in 1972, as he was credited with opening the People's Republic of China as a result of his 1972 visit, and achieving détente with the Soviet Union. Polls showed that Nixon held a strong lead in the Republican primaries. He was challenged by two candidates, liberal Pete McCloskey from California and conservative John Ashbrook from Ohio. McCloskey ran as an anti-war candidate, while Ashbrook opposed Nixon's détente policies towards China and the Soviet Union. In the New Hampshire primary McCloskey garnered 19.8% of the vote to Nixon's 67.6%, with Ashbrook receiving 9.7%. Nixon won 1323 of the 1324 delegates to the Republican convention, with McCloskey receiving the vote of one delegate from New Mexico. Vice President Spiro Agnew was re-nominated by acclamation; while both the party's moderate wing and Nixon himself had wanted to replace him with a new running-mate (the moderates favoring Nelson Rockefeller, and Nixon favoring John Connally), it was ultimately concluded that such action would incur too great a risk of losing Agnew's base of conservative supporters.
Primaries popular vote result:
- Richard Nixon – 5,378,704 (86.92%)
- Unpledged – 317,048 (5.12%)
- John Ashbrook – 311,543 (5.03%)
- Pete McCloskey – 132,731 (2.15%)
Seven members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War were brought on federal charges for conspiring to disrupt the Republican convention. They were acquitted by a federal jury in Gainesville, Florida.
1972 United States presidential election Republican nomination articles: 21
- George McGovern, Senator from South Dakota
- Hubert Humphrey, Senator from Minnesota, former Vice President, and presidential nominee in 1968
- George Wallace, Governor of Alabama
- Edmund Muskie, Senator from Maine, vice presidential nominee in 1968
- Eugene J. McCarthy, former Senator from Minnesota
- Henry M. Jackson, Senator from Washington
- Shirley Chisholm, Representative of New York's 12th congressional district
- Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina
- John Lindsay, Mayor of New York City, New York
- Wilbur Mills, Representative of Arkansas's 2nd congressional district
- Vance Hartke, Senator from Indiana
- Fred Harris, Senator from Oklahoma
- Sam Yorty, Mayor of Los Angeles, California
- Patsy Mink, Representative of Hawaii's 2nd congressional district
- Walter Fauntroy, Delegate from Washington, D.C.
|Democratic Party Ticket, 1972|
|George McGovern||Sargent Shriver|
|for President||for Vice President|
from South Dakota
U.S. Ambassador to France
Senate Majority Whip Ted Kennedy, the youngest brother of late President John F. Kennedy and late United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy, was the favorite to win the 1972 nomination, but he announced he would not be a candidate. The favorite for the Democratic nomination then became Senator Ed Muskie, the 1968 vice-presidential nominee. Muskie's momentum collapsed just prior to the New Hampshire primary, when the so-called "Canuck letter" was published in the Manchester Union-Leader. The letter, actually a forgery from Nixon's "dirty tricks" unit, claimed that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about French-Canadians – a remark likely to injure Muskie's support among the French-American population in northern New England. Subsequently, the paper published an attack on the character of Muskie's wife Jane, reporting that she drank and used off-color language during the campaign. Muskie made an emotional defense of his wife in a speech outside the newspaper's offices during a snowstorm. Though Muskie later stated that what had appeared to the press as tears were actually melted snowflakes, the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried, shattering the candidate's image as calm and reasoned.
Nearly two years before the election, South Dakota Senator George McGovern entered the race as an anti-war, progressive candidate. McGovern was able to pull together support from the anti-war movement and other grassroots support to win the nomination in a primary system he had played a significant part in designing.
On January 25, 1972, New York Representative Shirley Chisholm announced she would run, and became the first African-American woman to run for the Democratic or Republican presidential nomination. Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink also announced she would run, and became the first Asian American to run for the Democratic presidential nomination.
On April 25, George McGovern won the Massachusetts primary. Two days later, journalist Robert Novak quoted a "Democratic senator" later revealed to be Thomas Eagleton as saying: "The people don't know McGovern is for amnesty, abortion, and legalization of pot. Once middle America – Catholic middle America, in particular – finds this out, he's dead." The label stuck and McGovern became known as the candidate of "amnesty, abortion, and acid". It became Humphrey's battle cry to stop McGovern—especially in the Nebraska primary.
Alabama Governor George Wallace, an anti-integrationist, did well in the South (winning nearly every county in the Florida primary) and among alienated and dissatisfied voters in the North. What might have become a forceful campaign was cut short when Wallace was shot in an assassination attempt by Arthur Bremer on May 15. Wallace was struck by five bullets and left paralyzed from the waist down. The day after the assassination attempt, Wallace won the Michigan and Maryland primaries, but the shooting effectively ended his campaign and he pulled out in July.
In the end, McGovern won the nomination by winning primaries through grassroots support in spite of establishment opposition. McGovern had led a commission to re-design the Democratic nomination system after the divisive nomination struggle and convention of 1968. The fundamental principle of the McGovern Commission—that the Democratic primaries should determine the winner of the Democratic nomination—have lasted throughout every subsequent nomination contest. However, the new rules angered many prominent Democrats whose influence was marginalized and those politicians refused to support McGovern's campaign (some even supporting Nixon instead), leaving the McGovern campaign at a significant disadvantage in funding compared to Nixon.
Primaries popular vote results:
- Hubert Humphrey – 4,121,372 (25.77%)
- George McGovern – 4,053,451 (25.34%)
- George Wallace – 3,755,424 (23.48%)
- Edmund Muskie – 1,840,217 (11.51%)
- Eugene McCarthy – 553,990 (3.46%)
- Henry M. Jackson – 505,198 (3.16%)
- Shirley Chisholm – 430,703 (2.69%)
- Terry Sanford – 331,415 (2.07%)
- John Lindsay – 196,406 (1.23%)
- Samuel Yorty – 79,446 (0.50%)
- Wilbur Mills – 37,401 (0.23%)
- Walter E. Fauntroy – 21,217 (0.13%)
- Unpledged – 19,533 (0.12%)
- Ted Kennedy – 16,693 (0.10%)
- Vance Hartke – 11,798 (0.07%)
- Patsy Mink – 8,286 (0.05%)
- None – 6,269 (0.04%)
- Former Governor of and Secretary of Commerce W. Averell Harriman from New York
- Senator Harold Hughes from Iowa
- Senator Birch Bayh from Indiana
- Senator Adlai Stevenson III from Illinois
- Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska
- Former Senator Stephen M. Young from Ohio
- Governor Milton Shapp of Pennsylvania
- Former Governor Michael DiSalle of Ohio
- Ohio State Treasurer Gertrude W. Donahey
- Astronaut John Glenn from Ohio
- Representative Ron Dellums from California
- Feminist leader and author Betty Friedan
- Reverend Jesse Jackson from Illinois
- Feminist leader, journalist, and DNC official Gloria Steinem
Henry M. Jackson
1972 Democratic National Convention
- George McGovern – 1864.95
- Henry M. Jackson – 525
- George Wallace – 381.7
- Shirley Chisholm – 151.95
- Terry Sanford – 77.5
- Hubert Humphrey – 66.7
- Wilbur Mills – 33.8
- Edmund Muskie – 24.3
- Ted Kennedy – 12.7
- Sam Yorty – 10
- Wayne Hays – 5
- John Lindsay – 5
- Fred Harris – 2
- Eugene McCarthy – 2
- Walter Mondale – 2
- Ramsey Clark – 1
- Walter Fauntroy – 1
- Vance Hartke – 1
- Harold Hughes – 1
- Patsy Mink – 1
The vice presidential vote
Most polls showed McGovern running well behind incumbent President Richard Nixon, except when McGovern was paired with Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy. McGovern and his campaign brain trust lobbied Kennedy heavily to accept the bid to be McGovern's running mate, but he continually refused their advances, and instead suggested U.S. Representative (and House Ways and Means Committee chairman) Wilbur Mills of Arkansas and Boston Mayor Kevin White. Offers were then made to Hubert Humphrey, Connecticut Senator Abraham Ribicoff, and Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, all of whom turned it down. Finally, the vice presidential slot was offered to Senator Thomas Eagleton of Missouri, who accepted the offer.
With hundreds of delegates displeased with McGovern, the vote to ratify Eagleton's candidacy was chaotic, with at least three other candidates having their names put into nomination and votes scattered over 70 candidates. A grassroots attempt to displace Eagleton in favor of Texas state representative Frances Farenthold gained significant traction, though was ultimately unable to change the outcome of the vote.
The vice-presidential balloting went on so long that McGovern and Eagleton were forced to begin making their acceptance speeches at around 2 am, local time.
After the convention ended, it was discovered that Eagleton had undergone psychiatric electroshock therapy for depression and had concealed this information from McGovern. A Time magazine poll taken at the time found that 77 percent of the respondents said, "Eagleton's medical record would not affect their vote." Nonetheless, the press made frequent references to his "shock therapy", and McGovern feared that this would detract from his campaign platform. McGovern subsequently consulted confidentially with preeminent psychiatrists, including Eagleton's own doctors, who advised him that a recurrence of Eagleton's depression was possible and could endanger the country should Eagleton become president. McGovern had initially claimed that he would back Eagleton "1000 percent", only to ask Eagleton to withdraw three days later. This perceived lack of conviction in sticking with his running mate was disastrous for the McGovern campaign.
McGovern later approached six different prominent Democrats to run for vice-president: Ted Kennedy, Edmund Muskie, Hubert Humphrey, Abraham Ribicoff, Larry O'Brien and Reubin Askew. All six declined. Sargent Shriver, brother-in-law to John, Robert, and Ted Kennedy, former Ambassador to France and former Director of the Peace Corps, later accepted. He was officially nominated by a special session of the Democratic National Committee. By this time, McGovern's poll ratings had plunged from 41 to 24 percent. | <urn:uuid:4b9fb6bf-b40c-4710-ad7c-89315aef51b5> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://infoanew.com/wikipedia/1972_U.S._presidential_election | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.953757 | 3,167 | 2.609375 | 3 |
There are not many things worse than having ears that feel clogged, and a ringing sound in your head that doesn’t go away. These symptoms can have a negative impact on your day by affecting your concentration, affecting your mood, and could even affect your ability to remain balanced. Unfortunately, there are a few possible causes of clogged and ringing ears. But, having an understanding of what could cause this condition to occur can help you lower your chances of having it happen to you, and can potentially help shorten your symptoms if experienced.
The 4 Common Causes of Clogged and Ringing Ears
Earwax not only protects the inner ear from water, bugs, bacteria, viruses, and debris; it also helps protect against ear infections. Typically, your ears are self-cleaning, and earwax will fall out of your ear on its own, but in some cases, this does not happen, and a buildup of earwax occurs. Impacted earwax can also cause you to experience earaches, dizziness, itching, and hearing loss. It is not advised to clean your ears, as this can cause damage. If you are experiencing impacted earwax, consult with your doctor.
One of the other causes of clogged and ringing ears, a person with an ear infection can also experience headaches, ear pain, vomiting, and may even have a low-grade fever. Both bacteria and viruses can cause infections, as well as allergies and other environmental factors. While there are other associated factors of ear infections, treatment options typically include acetaminophen, antibiotics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Experiencing sinus pressure is never pleasant, and it often accompanies a blocked or runny nose, fever, and a reduced sense of smell. Typically, sinus pressure is commonly caused by sinusitis, inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. Sinusitis can be caused by allergies, fungi, bacteria, viruses, or could be an autoimmune reaction. Bacteria, viral infections, allergies, diabetes, smoking, swimming, and even dental infections can lead to sinusitis, but luckily, most sinus infections will resolve spontaneously without treatment. For severe and persistent cases, a doctor should be seen.
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction (ETD)
A narrow tube that connects the nose and the ear, the Eustachian tube helps with drainage and ventilation of the middle ear and offers protection from infections. However, when the Eustachian tube isn’t functioning correctly, Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) can occur. ETD can cause a person to experience pain, muffled hearing, ringing in the ears, and balance problems. While doctors have not yet determined the exact cause of Eustachian tube dysfunction, those with mild cases usually clear up on their own after a few days. However, those experiencing severe dysfunction may require surgery. | <urn:uuid:7e6777f1-0d1a-4a26-a128-82f1994a787d> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://thenewyorkhearingcenter.com/2020/06/causes-of-clogged-and-ringing-ears/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710192.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127041342-20221127071342-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.954646 | 613 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The statistics are frightening
- Facts and Figures
- In 1985, there were an estimated 30 million people with diabetes worldwide.
- Today there are more than 245 million people with diabetes, over a seven-fold increase in just over 20 years.
- If nothing is done to slow down the epidemic, within 20 years the number of people with diabetes will reach 380 million.
The burden on healthcare systems is overwhelming
- It is estimated that the costs of diabetes complications account for between 5% and 10% of total healthcare spending in the world.
The cost in human suffering and lives is heartbreaking
- Diabetes is the main cause of partial vision loss and blindness in adults in developed countries.
- Diabetes accounts for the majority of limb amputations that are not the result of an accident.
- People with diabetes are much more likely to have a heart attack or a stroke.
- People with diabetes are at a greater risk of developing kidney disease. | <urn:uuid:c51db9be-c21f-42c9-a218-df51258e7611> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.aarogya.com/support-groups/diabetes/why-you-should-care-about-diabetes.html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189214.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00627-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943819 | 193 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Sandoval History & Culture
Sandoval County was a thriving area centuries before Don Francisco de Coronado explored the area and camped near present-day Bernalillo in 1540.
Prehistoric artifacts in many areas of the County date back thousands of years, with archaeological finds suggesting that Sandia Man lived and hunted in the area thousands of years ago.
Sandoval County was first established as a separate entity on March 10, 1903, nine years before New Mexico’s statehood. The area that forms Los Alamos County was separated from Sandoval County in 1949.
Rio Rancho is the largest city and economic hub of Sandoval County. A small portion of the city extends into northern Bernalillo County. It is the third-largest and fastest-growing city in New Mexico. Rio Rancho is the site of Intel’s Intel Fab 11X, the largest and most advanced semiconductor fabrication plant in the world. In 2005, Rio Rancho became the first U.S. city to offer citywide voice-over-WiFi (VoWiFi) service although many of its residents complained that the service did not live up to their expectations.The town of Bernalillo is the county seat of Sandoval County. | <urn:uuid:4f434f41-c9b9-47bc-8f41-74b4a515c028> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.nmcounties.org/history-and-culture/sandoval-county/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865884.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524014502-20180524034441-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.951749 | 255 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Introduction to Viruses
The Lytic Reproductive Cycle of Bacteriophages
The reproductive cycle of viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages, or simply phages for short, are known in great detail. Phages can undergo two alternative life cycles: lytic and lysogenic. Bacteriophages that reproduce through a lytic cycle end up killing their host cell. Lytic bacteriophages attach to the cell wall of a bacterial cell and inject viral DNA into the cell. The phage takes over the cell’s metabolic machinery, degrades the cell’s DNA, and makes copies of its own genome and proteins. Once these components assemble into new phage particles, the viruses lyse, or burst open the cell, resulting in death to the bacterial host.
The alternate cycle is called a lysogenic cycle (illustrated in the next slide); in this case, the phage reproduces without killing its host. Once the virus genome enters the cell, the circularized DNA will become inserted into a host cell chromosome; phage DNA that has been incorporated into a host chromosome is referred to a prophage and is essentially “hidden” in the host cell’s DNA. The prophage is replicated along with the bacterial host chromosome during cell replication. A single prophage can quickly multiply as each of the daughter cells arising from bacterial cell division will contain a copy of the prophage. On occasion, a switch from a lysogenic to a lytic cycle is triggered. This usually occurs as a result of an environmental factor, such as radiation or certain chemicals. The prophage is released from the host chromosome and returns to an active replication cycle that will lyse the host cell.
Bacteriophages that reproduce using only the lytic cycle are known as virulent phages, while phages that can undergo both modes of replication are called temperate phages. Bacteriophage T4 an example of a virulent phage; lambda is an example of a temperate phage. The study of temperate phages, and the process whereby the lysogenic or lytic pathway is activated, has led to fundamental discoveries in mechanisms that control the regulation of gene expression. Viruses that infect animal and plant cells differ in many particular aspects from bacteriophage life cycles, but the basic pattern of reproduction is similar.
- Campbell, N.E., & Reece, J.B. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
- Flint, S.J., Enquist, L.W., Krug, R.M., Racaniello, V.R., and Skalka, A.M. (2000). Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control. ASM Press.
- Herrmann, C. (2006). Virus Lytic Cycle.
Your slide tray is being processed.
Funded by the following grant(s)
Video and transcript courtesy of Wah Chiu, PhD, National Center for Macromolecular Imaging at Baylor College of Medicine. Funding for the video provided by NCMI, NIH. | <urn:uuid:4ebf6302-846a-4465-a008-a11224cfa259> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.bioedonline.org/slides/content-slides/microorganisms/introduction-to-viruses/?pageaction=displaySlideDetails&tk=42&dpg=11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808972.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124214510-20171124234510-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.912154 | 656 | 4.0625 | 4 |
This week we are talking about butterflies.
We will make a lapbook. I do not think we have made one yet this year… basically, you need a paper folder (or two sheets of paper taped together to look like a folder) and we draw, cut and paste a lot of things into it to make a presentation/book about butterflies.
My little one mad a sample to give you an idea:
For this class you will need:
- paper folder (or two colored papers taped together)
- paper fastener
- glue and tape
- paper (thick one is ideal)
- pencil, markers or colored pencils
- printout of these words
- printout of this puzzle picture
If you want to learn more about butterflies, you can download and print any of these three butterfly activity packs (cutting, tracing, gluing).
If you are feeling adventurous, this flextanlge looks awesome but it defeated me.
Here is a fun metamorphosis song:
In this lesson we read Bob and Otto, play butterfly Bingo, make symmetry butterfly art and eat a ‘pollinator’ snack.
- watercolor paper
- paint (black and at least one other color)
- brush, cup with water and paper towel
- juice/water with a straw
- messy cheesy snack in a bowl (like Cheetos, Cheezits… something that will make their fingers messy)
- cheerios, small crackers or pretzels (we will discuss pollination and need to be able to fish something out of the bowl of Cheetos)
- printout of one of these bingo sheets
- something to keep track of your bingo (beans, mini erasers, pieces of paper, Legos…) | <urn:uuid:b5acb3dd-f32a-4e34-b2fd-d0a5c3b007ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://blog.artreekids.com/2020/04/23/virtual-preschool-butterflies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335257.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928145118-20220928175118-00776.warc.gz | en | 0.917222 | 372 | 3.625 | 4 |
NEW YORK — US health officials said a record number of tick-borne diseases were reported last year.
The 2017 tally of more than 59,000 cases is a 22 percent increase from the previous year. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released the numbers Wednesday.
Lyme disease accounted for nearly three-quarters of the illnesses. That’s about 43,000 cases.
Traditionally about 30,000 cases of Lyme disease were reported to the government each year, but experts believed there was underreporting and thought the actual number was more like 300,000.
Experts say better reporting may be a reason for recent increases, but scientists have also discovered more diseases transmitted by ticks. Researchers also note that disease-spreading ticks have been seen over a wide range of states. | <urn:uuid:5d0252e5-5260-4819-9f11-ea6f4b2f80ca> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2018/11/14/officials-report-record-number-tick-diseases/oIaqfB27FEtthRWfDqwPoN/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057337.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922072047-20210922102047-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.971573 | 159 | 3.125 | 3 |
Great-great grandfather Dewitt E. Harris was the son of Benjamin J. (B.J.) and Caroline E. Harris (formerly Dupree). B.J. was one of fourteen children born to George Carroll Harris (b. January 12, 1781, d. May 8, 1865 in Madisonville, Tennessee) and Sally McCray Harris (b. 1787 in Jonesboro, Tennessee, d. 1853 in Madisonville, Tennessee). Caroline was a daughter of Lud W. Harris (b. 1771, d. 1832) and his second wife Eliza Walker (b. 1785, d. 1825). Both DeWitt and Caroline descended from Harris families, although they were different families. Since B.J.'s family, George C. and Sally Harris, ended up playing a significant role in my family history, while Caroline's apparently did not, the former is detailed elsewhere.
Lud William and Eliza Walker Harris
Caroline E. Harris was one of 10 children of Lud William Harris and his second wife Eliza Walker. Lud was a son of Benjamin Harris (b. 1739, Richland, South Carolina, d. 1817, Columbia, South Carolina) and Sophia Williams (b. 1750, d. 1819). South Carolina had been a Spanish colony, although it served mainly as a port for ships sailing between St. Augustine, Florida and Spain. In the late 1600s, English began to arrive, a good half initially coming from plantations in Barbados. Benjamin Harris' and Sophia Williams' parents may have been among those early arrivals. According to Edgar, the year Benjamin was born, South Carolina had experienced a smallpox epidemic, followed by a yellow fever epidemic, and was anticipating war with Spain because many slaves were running away to St. Augustine.
Benjamin and Sophia married in Richland in 1770, then moved to Beech Island in Edgefield County. Edgefield, which had not yet been established as a county, lies on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River, which divides South Carolina from Georgia (at that time, the boundary was still in the process of being established.) Most likely, the Harrises established a plantation with slave labor. According to Edgar, from 1730 onward in South Carolina, rice and indigo production grew rapidly, fueling demand for importation of enslaved Africans.
Lud W. Harris was born in 1771 in Beech Island, Edgefield, South Carolina. Somewhere around 1798 he married his first wife Sarah Wright; they had a son, Lud Jr., who later bought land in Georgia. (Sorting out which Lud Harris did what in historical records has been a challenge.) Sarah died in 1801. Two years later, Lud married Eliza, and their first child was born a year later. He began buying land, showing up in Edgefield County deed books.
Sometime before 1820, the family moved to Montpelier (now known as Blacksher), Baldwin County, Alabama, where they appear in the 1820 Alabama census with 30 slaves. Baldwin County is located on the Mississippi delta, north of what is now Mobile, Alabama. Before the area became part of the U.S., it had been home to the Creek Indians. The area had also been claimed by Spain, then France; the British won the territory in the French and Indian War, but the Spanish briefly reclaimed it a few years later. Many British remained, and in 1809 established Baldwin County as part of the Mississippi territory. In the War of 1812, the U.S. took the territory from both the British and the Creek Indians. In 1813, the British exploited a division within the Creek nation, inciting the Red Sticks Creek to attack and kill about 500 Americans and mixed-blood Creeks who were in Ft. Mims (located about 18 miles away from Montpelier). Creek warriors killed most of those who were in the fort. Tennesseans under Andrew Jackson retaliated, defeating the Creek at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, farther north in what is now Alabama.
It was shortly after that, that the Harris family relocated from South Carolina to Baldwin County, Alabama, establishing a plantation worked by slaves. This is where Caroline, who was born in 1816, spent her childhood and probably where she met and married her first husband Thomas C. Dupree (a Dupree family appears in the 1820 Census in Baldwin County). Her father Lud W. Harris became active politically and in the slave trade. The U.S. government had outlawed the importation of slaves in 1808, but the practice continued in Alabama until 1859. In 1818, three slave ships arrived in Alabama; the U.S. government ordered the slaves to be held until a decision was made about what to do with them. According to the 1823 Alabama Senate Journal, Lud Harris was appointed slave agent, charged with "safe keeping and prompt delivery of the slaves to the order of the court." In 1822, Lud was elected an Alabama State Senator for a year, representing Baldwin County. Lud Harris, Jr. (the son of Lud Sr.'s first marriage) also established a slave plantation in Alabama, marrying Mary Ann Bates in 1827; he died ten years later.
Lud W. and Eliza Walker Harris had 10 children:
Eliza died in 1825 and Lud died in 1832. Because of what appears to be dire financial straits that Caroline found herself in several years later, it is likely that she inherited relatively little from her parents' estate. While some southerners divided their estate equally among their children, others left their land to their sons, and their daughters received proceeds from the sale of everything else, presumably following the idea that their husbands would look after them.
Benjamin (B. J.) and Caroline E. Harris
Caroline's mother Eliza died in 1825 when Caroline was 9 years old. When she was about 14, she married Thomas C. Dupree, and they relocated to Arkansas. Benjamin J. (B.J.) was born sometime around 1810, and probably grew up in Jonesboro, Tennessee. He moved to Hempstead County, Arkansas during the 1830s; I have no information about him prior to that. However, the few details of his life that I have found fit Oakes' general description of small-scale slaveholders. Oakes posits that, "For most slaveholders acquisition was a way of life" (p. 67). Sons of slaveholders were commonly sent westward, pressured to buy land and slaves in order to become prosperous; sometimes they were sent off with a few slaves and some capital. George Harris's land accumulation fits this pattern of material acquisition, as does B.J. Harris's relocation to Arkansas, where he subsequently acquired land and slaves.
Hempstead County was established in 1818, a year before the Arkansas Territory was established. By the time B.J. Harris arrived, steamboat traffic on the Red River was bringing in streams of white settlers. According to Houston, there had been slavery in the area since the 1700s when it was owned by France; slaves worked in agriculture and shipping, and as artisans and Indian fighters. In 1803, when the Louisiana Purchase transferred what became Arkansas from France to the U.S., the institution of slavery was undisturbed, and many new arrivals brought slaves with them. By 1820, out of a population of 2284 in Hempstead County, 481 were enslaved.
The fertile land of the southwest corner of Arkansas, where Hempstead County is located, attracted farmers, although the area also had a "wild frontier" reputation due to ongoing general lawlessness and wars with indigenous peoples. The Caddo were the main group of Indians who were native to this area. According to Glover, the Caddo had attempted in remain on friendly terms with the U.S. government, even though the Creek had tried to recruit them as allies against the U.S. in the War of 1812. However, in the early 1830s, the Caddo decided to sell their land in Arkansas for three reasons: 1) the continued arrival of whites claiming land regardless of federal laws prohibiting their doing so, 2) the U.S. government's policy of relocating other bands of Indians to Caddo country, which the Caddo did not mind in principle but grew to resent due to conflict over resources, and 3) invitation plus moving expenses by the Spanish for them to relocate to Texas. The Caddo made a treaty with the U.S. government in 1835 selling one million acres in Arkansas, but ended up getting less in return than they thought they had agreed to. As soon as the Caddo were gone, the U.S. government made this land available for purchase by white settlers, and in 1836, admitted Arkansas as a slave state.
B.J. did not become a planter, but did live in proximity to large plantations. Although most of Arkansas' larger plantations were located to the south and eastern part of the state, because of its proximity to the Red River, Hempstead too had several plantations. According to both Taylor and Houston, the main crops grown in the county at that time were corn and cotton, with cotton rapidly outstripping any other crop because it was very profitable. Corn was milled locally for human consumption, as well as being fed to livestock.
I am not sure exactly when B. J. Harris arrived, but on November 29, 1838 in Hempstead County, he married Caroline E. Dupree who by then was a recent widow. In 1837, Thomas Dupree had obtained land warrants for over 1000 acres. He died a year later, leaving her with three small children: Eliza, Thomas, and Arabella. According to Arkansas Supreme Court records, B.J. Harris was administrator of his estate. B.J. married Caroline in November, 1838, and a year later, obtained 40 acres from one of Thomas Dupree's land warrants. When the census was taken in 1840, the Harrises were living with Caroline's three children, plus their first child together; they also had 6 slaves, 2 of whom were children.
By then, due to the profitability of cotton and the demand for cheap labor to work the fields, about 40% of Hempstead's population was enslaved. The poster, from 1842, announces a slave sale in Spring Hill, near where the Harrises lived (from Finkelman, 1998).
I don't know anything of the day-to-day life of the Harrises, but Oakes' depiction of small-scale slaveholders gives clues. According to Oakes, “The average slaveholder was forty-four years old, most likely male, still more likely white. Whatever his ethnic heritage, by 1850 he was almost always native-born, and more than nine times out of ten he was born in the South.” (p. 51) The average number of slaves such a person owned was 8-9. Most slaveholders, even those were wealthy, lived like paupers, in roughly-made cabins, eating a plain and repetitive diet (pork and corn were common). Roads were unpaved and transportation was difficult. Profits from farms were used to acquire more land and slaves, more often than to improve the family's lifestyle. The majority of slaveholders were also evangelical Christians, attending camp meetings (that sometimes lasted a week) parly for religion and partly for social activities. Oakes argues that slaveholders faced an on-going moral dilemma about the institution of slavery. On the one hand, the "gospel of prosperity," as he put it (p. 127) led most to drive themselves and their slaves hard, using violence or threats of violence to maintain control over the slaves. On the other hand, evangelical Christianity posited that all are equal in the sight of God, and that people should treat others well. Letters by slaveholders are filled with uncertainty about its morality in the eyes of God, and fear that slaveholders will go to hell after they die. But because of the practicalities of using slave labor to strive for prosperity in the context of a widely shared ideology that only whites were fit to govern and attain prosperity, most slaveholders simply went along with the system. It is likely that this description fit the B. J. Harris family, as well as the Harris family in which Caroline had grown up.
B.J. and Caroline E. Harris had three children:
This happened probably too late to help Caroline, especially if B.J. had died owing money. So the three Harris children were sent to Madisonville, Tennessee to live with their grandparents. I do not know what happened to the Harris slaves; Oakes explains that when masters died in debt, slaves were treated as part of the property in paying off the debt. As far as I know, Caroline never saw the three children again.
In 1846, the same year B.J. died, Caroline married Bartholomew Jones, another small farmer with 6 slaves. Caroline and Bartholomew had at least three children. By 1870, they were living in Texas, and Bartholomew was working as a farm laborer, having fallen from being a land-owner to working for someone else. He died the following year. Caroline then moved to San Diego, where she lived out the remainder of her life with her daughter Arabella Reed and family.
ArkansasTies. (March 30, 1846) B. J. Harris. Arkansas Gazette News, No. 17 - Whole No. 1369. www.ArkansasTies.com.
Alabama Legislative Acts, House Journals Senate Journals, Annual Session, 17 November - 31 December, 1823. Retrieved February 7, 2010 from http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/timeline.html
Cummings, Herman C., Ancestry.com Public Tree (get a littlle more info)
Dougan, M. R. (1987). The Arkansas married women's property law. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 46 (1), 3-26.
Fort Mims Massacre, Wikipedia, Retrieved February 7, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre.
Glover, W. B. (1935). A history of the Caddo Indians. The Louisiana Historical Quarterly 18 (4). Retrieved May 4, 2009 from http://ops.tamu.edu/x075bb/caddo/Indians.html#II
Houston, K. E. (2008). Slaveholders and slaves of Hempstead County, Arkansas. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of North Texas.
Oakes, J. (1998). The ruling race: A history of American slaveholders. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
Taylor, O. W. (2000). Negro slavery in Arkansas. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press.
Wells, C. (2008). Edgefield County, South Carolina: Deed Books 42 and 43. Heritage Books. | <urn:uuid:d45000fe-388c-4adf-b0ec-1b47e803ed6f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://sites.google.com/a/christinesleeter.org/critical-family-history/harris-harris | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639414.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00248-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982086 | 3,117 | 2.65625 | 3 |
(1) Open to some influence; responsive. (2) Able to be submitted to an action or process.
Impressed with her intelligence and self-confidence, he was highly susceptible to her influence.
With its prefix sus-, "up," susceptible refers to what "takes up" or absorbs like a sponge. When negotiating the settlement of World War II at Yalta with Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin may have found the other two susceptible to his threats and bullying and thus managed to hold on to much of Eastern Europe. Students are usually susceptible to the teaching of a strong and imaginative professor. In a similar way, a sickly child will be susceptible to colds, and an unlucky adult will be susceptible to back problems. | <urn:uuid:48825913-8305-45c2-9ca9-2df910966c99> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://macaronisupreme.weebly.com/wft---word-for-today/category/capcepcipe904ad9d35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655879738.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702174127-20200702204127-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.961311 | 149 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Do the iconic mission bells along California’s El Camino Real evoke a past so painful, we shouldn’t be reminded of it? That’s a question explored by Alta contributor Marcela Davison Avilés in “The Bells Toll. But for Whom?,” an article that appeared in our Spring 2020 issue—and it’s a question Alta readers were eager to examine. Here’s a small sampling of the responses Avilés’s article inspired:
Why today do we the living make moral judgments, based on contemporary norms, about the moral actions of people who lived centuries ago? Think for a moment: Junípero Serra and others lived and acted (rightly or wrongly) according to the societal and religious moral understandings of their own times, just as we individuals do today.
But societal and religious moral judgments change because living in time, as we all inescapably do, reveals to us values that earlier people did not know, perceive, understand, accept, enact, etc. If we judge people and their actions only by the norms of the present day, so shall we too be judged.
When we do, we violate the inescapable meaning that we humans live in time, in history. Moral and legal norms perpetually call each of us, individually and in society, to live in more moral ways, but we live in time and, because of that, human moral judgments change/grow/develop.
John F. Foster, Whitethorn, California
We Americans have been responsible for some very ugly behavior, which needs to be discussed as part of our history, especially with our children and adolescents. Removing the bells does not achieve this. Leaving the bells as a reminder of what happened, with the true history being provided for all of us and taught to our children, is the way to prevent repeating the past.
Rosemary Tisch, Saratoga, California
For the Love of California
I love every inch of California. Mostly I love cruising her highways, always alert to some stunning scenery, natural or man-made. When I was new to the state, I often found myself on a portion of El Camino Real, identified by road signs. Then I started noticing the carriage bells out in the country, spaced about a mile apart, consistently reminding me of the route. Driving through the city of Monterey, I was surprised to find a bell or two still guiding my journey. I saw them again on the route to San Diego as well as the road through the great redwoods.
I don’t know who erected them, but I am always intrigued by these subtle reminders. They make me think of older times when, instead of a 300-horsepower conveyance, I might well be guiding a team of horses and a stagecoach. The bells are an elegant symbol, unique to the Golden State. They should be treated as treasures, never to be removed from our roadways.
I may live in New York, temporarily. But I will always be a Californian.
Lee Ponton, New York City, New York
Father Serra Wasn’t Perfect
Maybe Father Serra wasn’t perfect, but the missions are a big part of California history, and I think the bells honor the missions and the history in an affectionate way.
Richard Orton, Santa Monica Beach, California
Share your opinion on the bells of El Camino Real (or anything else Alta-related) by sending a note to email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:9faa21d9-09b5-4656-8559-8cc9371cbb43> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.altaonline.com/dispatches/a7797/el-camino-real-bells-controversy-letters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334992.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927064738-20220927094738-00744.warc.gz | en | 0.944972 | 752 | 3 | 3 |
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Many people use the name tomato pie to refer to pizza, but tomato pie is a distinct dish that likely originated in New York state in the early 20th century. Traditional tomato pie is a simple dish made with just a few ingredients. Tomato sauce is spread on a bread dough, which is then sprinkled with grated Romano cheese before baking. There have been many variations on the traditional recipe, however, with each cook feeling free to add his own personal touch to the dish. It is possible to find recipes that call for pie crusts, sliced tomatoes, shredded cheese, and other toppings that aren’t found in the traditional recipe.
While it has its roots in the kitchens of Italy, the tomato pie is considered by most to be a uniquely American creation. Many food historians believe the first tomato pie was sold in the early 1900s in East Utica, New York. Some, however, maintain that a version of the dish was being sold even earlier than that in Trenton, New Jersey.
This dish does have a lot in common with the pizza that is so popular throughout the world. Authentic pizza, however, is more like Neapolitan-style pizza found in Italy, while tomato pie is more similar to Sicilian-style pizza. Tomato pie is popular in Italian-American communities, and can be found in many food establishments throughout the Eastern United States.
The traditional recipe for this dish is simple. The base is focaccia-like dough, on top of which is spread tomato sauce. Grated Romano cheese is sprinkled on top of the dish, and it is then baked, traditionally in an aluminum pan. Unlike pizza, which is often considered best when served hot, tomato pie is often allowed to cool, sometimes to room temperature, before being served.
Since the creation of the first tomato pie, there have been many variations on the recipe, many of which use sliced tomatoes. In some of these recipes, an actual pie crust is used, like the crust a baker might use for an apple pie. After the crust has been pre-baked and cooled, grated cheese of the cook’s choice is sprinkled on the bottom of the crust. Tomato slices are layered on top of inside the pie crust. Finally, shredded cheese might be sprinkled over the top of the dish before baking.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:c31f9770-7b40-4718-9b92-ea7272286349> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-tomato-pie.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999636779/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060716-00026-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969133 | 533 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Feb 09,2007 00:00
Can you find at least 18 creatures in the following narrative?
Kneel in the kayak grasping the boat, but don't wrench the bullion or scowl at the chart. Behind the taped and sealed painter is a benevolent collier. The foxglove is in the bath.
WINDS OF CHANGE
The shift from east to west, says geologist Xiahong Feng, is a likely manifestation of previous global climate change. Thirty thousand years ago, the prevailing easterlies were the result of meteorological patterns greatly influenced by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, an enormous mass of ice that covered much of northern North America. As the ice sheet receded, the winds changed direction to reflect new global influences.
"The dinosaurs became extinct because they didn't have a space program."
- Larry Niven, science fiction author
2013 - Year by which South Korea intends to have a robot in every household
938 million - Estimated number of gallons of extra gasoline burned each year because Americans are overweight
52 - Percentage of solved cases of identity theft in which the victim turns out to know the thief personally
Sources: Harper's Index; Korean consul general; Sheldon H. Jackson, University of Illinois; Javelin Strategy & Research
2 (plus) 2 = FLYING DINOSAUR?
Biplanes helped mark the beginning of manned flight. Pairs of wings might also have helped an early feathered dinosaur to fly.
It's a controversial notion, but Canadian and American scientists say that, based on recovered fossils, Microraptor gui glided between treetops on stacked wings.
The small feathered dinosaur, whose remains were first discovered four years ago in China, was probably a dead-end experiment in flight. But if paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee of Texas Tech University and R. Jack Templin of Ottawa, Ontario, are correct, M. gui was nonetheless a sight to behold in its time.
Chatterjee and Templin contend that M. gui possessed a rear set of long feathers that extended parallel to and beneath its outstretched arms.
Others, however, are dubious. Evolutionary biologist Kenneth Dial of the University of Montana told Scientific American that the idea was "pure conjecture and absolutely not science ... an arm-waving evolutionary interpretation."
In Lithuania, the arrival of the first new potatoes of the season, or the first bread made from new wheat, was celebrated by everyone pulling each other's hair at the dining table.
- Sewage effluent from the wastewater treatment plant outside Boulder, Colo., can change male fish into females in just seven days.
- Archaeologists report that at least some Neanderthals practiced cannibalism.
- NASA wants to establish a permanent moon colony by 2024.
BRAIN SWEAT ANSWER
Creatures in order: eel, yak, asp, boa, wren, bull, lion, cow, owl, char, hart, hind, ape, seal, painter, vole, collie, fox, bat. FYI: A char is a troutlike fish, a hart is a male red deer, a hind is female red deer and a painter is another name for a cougar.
WHAT IS IT? ANSWERA dead-leaf mantis, whose name accurately captures its remarkable camouflage. The mantis, found in Malaysia, comes in a variety of colors, from mottled brown to almost black. When disturbed, it gently rocks as if caught in a breeze. When seriously threatened, it may throw itself from its perch, mimicking a leaf falling to the ground, where it will remainmotionless. | <urn:uuid:d0c498c8-3a96-495b-aa11-6fb802922d5a> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.bendweekly.com/print/2637.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707186142/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122626-00025-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941825 | 760 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The U.S. agency that last week raised alarm over the condition of spent fuel ponds at the earthquake- and tsunami-damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan said in a meeting this morning that the situation at the plant has nearly been stabilized. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) also suggested no changes to guard against such damage to spent fuel pools at power plants in the U.S.
Last week, the head of the NRC said that damage to pools for storing and cooling spent nuclear fuel at the Japanese facility had allowed water to drain, exposing the fuel. That condition would eventually cause the fuel to overheat, generating explosive hydrogen, and releasing large amounts of radiation into the air. Workers at the plant in Japan have struggled to get water to these pools; high radiation levels have kept them from approaching the plant; and a lack of power and damage to the plant’s cooling systems prevented them from using the plant’s built-in safety systems. They’ve resorted to dropping water from helicopters that have been equipped with lead plates to shield against radiation, and spraying the pools from a distance with high-power water cannons.
This morning, William Borchardt, executive director of operations at the NRC, blamed radiation releases at the Japanese plant on the spent fuel pools, not the reactors themselves. But he said that the agency believes the the situation at the pools “has stabilized,” after a “concerted effort” to get water into them. “The fact that offsite power is close to being available for use by plant equipment is perhaps the first optimistic sign that things could be turning around,” he said. With power restored, cooling systems at the plant could be used, but it’s not clear yet whether those cooling systems were damaged by the earthquake and tsunami.
Spent fuel cooling pools at power plants in the U.S. contain too much spent nuclear fuel, according to some researchers, who say that if water were to be lost from these pools, the results could be worse than Chernobyl, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. They say that the amount of dangerous material in the pools is greater than what was contained in the damaged reactor at Chernobyl, and so more radioactive material could be released. A paper published in 2003 outlined the potential problem, pointing in particular to the danger posed by terrorist attacks. The researchers suggested that to reduce the risk, rules be changed to require power plant operators to more quickly move fuel out of the pools and into dry cask storage, which relies on air cooling rather than water. “We suggested a relatively inexpensive solution,” says Allison Macfarlane, a professor of environmental science at George Mason University, and one of the authors of the paper. It would cost billions of dollars, she says, but that’s cheaper than losing multi-billion nuclear reactors, as is happening in Japan. After a review, the NRC decided not to implement the proposed changes. “It is still a problem in the U.S.,” Macfarlane says.
The NRC has not responded to requests for comment. But at this morning’s meeting the agency briefly raised the issue of the ponds in the U.S. “It’s a very simple problem. All you have to do is keep water in the pool,” Borchardt said. After the 9-11 terrorist attack, the agency required that power plants have backup plans, such as extra generators, to respond to problems like those seen in Japan. He said that the NRC task force that is trying to draw lessons from Japan needs to look at whether the backup plans, “really would work under that scenario.”
William Ostendorff, one of the NRC’s commissioners, raised the question of the spent fuel pools at the meeting. Compared to the discussions on emergency core cooling systems, he said, “we don’t spend a lot of time as a commission talking about that.” | <urn:uuid:ac0e1847-8fca-495f-b220-6362e837078d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423371/regulator-downplays-risk-of-spent-fuel-at-us-nuclear-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256764.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522063112-20190522085112-00001.warc.gz | en | 0.97102 | 824 | 3 | 3 |
Weather statistics for Øvre Øyna, Lyngdal (Vest-Agder)
Lindesnes lighthouse observation station
The station is located in Lindesnes municipality, 16 m.a.s.l. It is the closest official weather station, 4.9 km away from Øvre Øyna. The station was established in January 1863. The station measures precipitation, temperature, snow depths and wind. There may be missing data.
Last 30 days: Average temperature was 14.9 °C, 1.1 °C above the normal. Highest temperature was 19.6 °C (10 September), and the lowest was 10.7 °C (23 August). The total precipitation was 160.7 mm. Highest daily precipitation was 43.0 mm (7 September), measured at 7am (8am daylight savings) for the past 24 hours. Highest wind speed was 18.8 m/s (19 August).
Last 12 full months: Highest temperature was 27.0 °C (26. Jul. 2014) and the lowest -4.2 °C (13. Jan. 2014). Highest daily precipitation was 43.0 mm (7. Sep. 2014). Maximum snow depth was 45 cm (31. Jan. 2014).
The black line shows mean value (both precipitation and temperature). Some stations does not have mean values, and hence no black line.
The red/blue line shows average temperature during the day (24h) (equalized for 30 days). The line is red by pluss degrees, and blue by minus degrees.
The red/blue areas shows the temperature variations throughout the day (24h) with max- and min. temperature as endpoints. The area is red by pluss degrees, and blue by minus degrees.
The lightblue bars shows total precipitation this month. The black lines crossing is the normal (mean) value for precipitation.
The dark grey bars behind the precipitation bars shows snowdepth measured day by day.
Some stations only measures precipitation, while others only measures temperature. If an area or bar is missing the station does not measure this data.
NB! Precipitation is measured at 07 hours Norwegian time. The value (in mm) shows last 24 hours until 07 hours (08 hours summertime). Download other weather statistics from eklima.met.no.
|Aug 2014||16.0°C||14.8°C||22.0°C Aug 2||10.7°C Aug 23||210.0 mm||102.0 mm||35.2 mm Aug 19||7.7 m/s||26.5 m/s Aug 9|
|Jul 2014||18.9°C||14.2°C||27.0°C Jul 26||11.5°C Jul 1||61.1 mm||78.0 mm||11.7 mm Jul 28||6.1 m/s||18.4 m/s Jul 3|
|Jun 2014||14.4°C||12.5°C||19.6°C Jun 11||8.5°C Jun 22||8.4 mm||65.0 mm||5.3 mm Jun 6||6.7 m/s||16.8 m/s Jun 19|
|May 2014||10.5°C||9.0°C||16.4°C May 22||4.0°C May 2||62.4 mm||71.0 mm||11.2 mm May 22||6.3 m/s||16.4 m/s May 28|
|Apr 2014||8.8°C||4.7°C||16.2°C Apr 22||1.5°C Apr 1||90.3 mm||60.0 mm||31.6 mm Apr 8||7.4 m/s||19.4 m/s Apr 13|
|Mar 2014||5.5°C||2.0°C||10.0°C Mar 29||-1.8°C Mar 25||76.1 mm||83.0 mm||13.6 mm Mar 15||8.5 m/s||24.2 m/s Mar 15|
|Feb 2014||3.7°C||0.5°C||8.3°C Feb 13||-2.6°C Feb 15||167.5 mm||72.0 mm||22.2 mm Feb 8||9.4 m/s||20.6 m/s Feb 1|
|Jan 2014||2.1°C||1.1°C||8.2°C Jan 7||-4.2°C Jan 13||210.2 mm||109.0 mm||21.9 mm Jan 6||13.7 m/s||23.3 m/s Jan 19|
|Dec 2013||6.7°C||2.9°C||9.6°C Dec 1||-2.7°C Dec 7||181.8 mm||105.0 mm||23.5 mm Dec 9||10.9 m/s||28.4 m/s Dec 5|
|Nov 2013||7.0°C||5.6°C||11.5°C Nov 1||-0.7°C Nov 21||117.0 mm||146.0 mm||22.2 mm Nov 10||8.1 m/s||21.8 m/s Nov 28|
|Oct 2013||10.4°C||9.6°C||14.9°C Oct 7||4.0°C Oct 18||118.9 mm||143.0 mm||40.6 mm Oct 5||8.8 m/s||19.7 m/s Oct 24|
|Sep 2013||13.5°C||12.4°C||19.4°C Sep 6||5.7°C Sep 28||133.0 mm||125.0 mm||20.0 mm Sep 15||6.7 m/s||19.4 m/s Sep 2| | <urn:uuid:d9ec0670-606f-449b-ac1c-e34611917853> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Vest-Agder/Lyngdal/%C3%98vre_%C3%98yna/statistics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657118950.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011158-00153-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.831344 | 1,280 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A new study has revealed that food allergies are gradually increasing in children, and the problem is doubling among black children.
The study was published on Monday in the March issue of Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the scientific publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI).
The study suggests that food allergy nearly doubled in black children over 23 years.
For the study, the researchers analyzed 452,237 children from 1988 to 2011. During the study, it was found that food allergy was increasing among black children at a rate of 2.1 percent per decade, 1.2 percent among Hispanics and 1 percent among whites.
Lead author Corinne Keet, MD, MS at Johns Hopkins University, says, “Our research found a striking food allergy trend that needs to be further evaluated to discover the cause.”
According to the researcher, although African Americans generally have higher levels of IgE, it is only recently that they have reported food allergy more frequently than white children.
IgE is the antibody the immune system creates more of when one has an allergy.
“Whether the observed increase is due to better recognition of food allergy or is related to environmental changes remains an open question,” he stresses.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has also posted the guidelines on its website over curbing the problem. The measures included restricting nuts, shellfish or other foods that can cause allergic reactions. Moreover, it also laid stress upon beefing up emergency measures by keeping allergy medicines like EpiPens available in the campus.
Following are the guidelines issued by the CDC:
- Ensure the daily management of food allergies in individual children.
- Prepare for food allergy emergencies.
- Provide professional development on food allergies for staff members.
- Educate children and family members about food allergies.
- Create and maintain a healthy and safe educational environment.
The most common food allergy symptoms include:
- Tingling or itching in the mouth
- Hives, itching or eczema
- Swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat, or other parts of the body
- Wheezing, nasal congestion or trouble breathing
- Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting
- Dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting | <urn:uuid:86ae8e6b-a631-4dc5-9ba5-71fb15bc00d7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.utahpeoplespost.com/2014/03/food-allergy-among-black-children-doubled-over-23-years-says-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400191160.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919075646-20200919105646-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.951059 | 482 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
What is Soft Tissue Sarcoma?
A Soft Tissue Sarcoma is a cancer of connective tissue in the body. Connective tissue is the building block of the skeleton and includes tissues such as muscle, bone, tendon, ligament, blood vessels, nerves and the fibrous glue that holds all of these together. It includes the legs, body wall, pelvis, rib cage, and the scaffold of the head and neck. Sarcomas are classified according to their parent tissue, e.g. osteosarcoma is a tissue of bone, fibrosarcoma is a tumour of fibrous tissue, haemangiosarcoma is a tumour of blood vessel walls, and synovial cell sarcoma is a tumour of synovium, or joint tissue. Many Sarcomas, especially those growing just under the skin (Subcutaneous Tumours), are classified by oncologists as one large group, called Soft Tissue Sarcomas, because despite having subtly different parent tissues, they behave in a very similar fashion in terms of growth, spread and response to treatment.
Sarcomas are typically further classified into grades 1, 2 or 3. This is determined by the appearance of the cancer under the microscope. The pathologist examining the tissue is looking for features such as how rapidly the cells are dividing, how well organized or disorganized they appear in the sample, and whether there is any evidence of cancer cells growing into or occupying tiny blood vessels in the mass, as this can be linked with a higher chance of spread, now or in the future. All Sarcomas are malignant (have the potential to spread) but the risk increases with the grading. Grade 1 is the least aggressive, with the lowest chance of spread, and possibly a lower chance of regrowth or recurrence following surgery or radiation therapy. Grade 3 is the most malignant with the highest chance of spread and also the most rapidly dividing cells and invasive cells, which can make treating the original tumour (the ‘primary’) more challenging. Grades 1,2 and 3 are also sometimes referred to as low, intermediate and high grade.
How can I tell if my dog/cat has a Sarcoma?
A Sarcoma is first and foremost a mass, growth or swelling. When Sarcomas develop beneath the skin they might appear as soft, squishy, fatty appearing lumps and in fact many are mistaken for benign harmless fatty tumours (lipomas). This is a common cause for the diagnosis of Soft Tissue Sarcoma to be delayed which might impact treatment options and outcome. Sarcomas beneath the skin are typically painless, and the haired skin will often freely move over the top of the mass. The lump may be movable beneath the skin, or it may be stuck down to deeper tissues making it immobile. When Sarcomas develop in nerves, bones and joints often they cause the animal pain, and this might manifest as muscle loss, limping, reluctance to exercise or play, and sometimes changes in behaviour due to the mass causing discomfort. If any of these signs are observed in your pet, or if you find any lump or bump, we would recommend a visit to your family veterinary surgeon to get them examined.
See this useful video made during Sarcoma Awareness Week (4th July – 10th July 2016) with Professor Nick Bacon offering tips on how to examine your pet to spot any unusual lumps or wounds on your pet
Professor Nick Bacon offers additional tips on how to examine your pet to spot any unusual lumps or wounds on the smaller dog and cat
What are the causes of Sarcomas?
Most cancers in pets have no specific cause. We know sunlight can cause skin cancer, and second-hand smoke can increase the risk of some cancers in pets, as can some herbicides. Sarcomas, however, are likely to have a large genetic component which means that if your pet develops a Sarcoma it is not because you have, or have not, done something. What you can do however is seek the best advice possible from your family veterinary surgeon about what the diagnosis of Sarcoma means. You can also ask to be referred to a Specialist Veterinary Oncology Centre for further advice, treatment and support.
How are Sarcomas diagnosed?
Your family veterinary surgeon will first of all want to examine your pet and the lump. They will likely feel the mass, determine whether it is mobile or fixed, and likely measure the diameter and record it on your pet’s medical record for future reference and comparison.
The next step is likely to suggest using a needle and syringe (the same sized needle or smaller as the one used to give vaccinations) to suck out a few cells and put them onto a glass slide for the pathologist to examine. It is likely a diagnosis can be made from this single test, but in some cases a larger core biopsy might need to be taken, or even a thin wedge of tissue. These biopsies are often taken under sedation with local anaesthetic to numb the area, or sometimes under a very light anaesthetic.
Once your vet has made a diagnosis they will talk to you about ‘staging’ the tumour, i.e. making sure there are no signs of spread within the body. This is normally done with a combination of x-rays, ultrasound, and in some cases a CT scan, which allows the radiologist to look inside body areas including the skull, lungs and abdomen for any early signs of cancer spread. A CT of the tumour itself also allows the family veterinary surgeon, or the specialist cancer surgeon, accurately plan surgery to make sure it is performed successfully.
It is these two pieces of information, namely WHAT is the tumour, and WHERE is the tumour, that make possible a discussion about what OPTIONS exist, and of course, what might happen if nothing is done.
How are Sarcomas treated?
Sarcoma treatment depends on the exact origin of the tumour. Treatment options for Osteosarcomas, tumours of bone, are covered on the Osteosarcoma Condition section of our website. This section will cover exclusively treatment for soft tissue sarcomas.
In modern veterinary cancer therapy, three main types of treatment are sometimes used; cancer surgery, chemotherapy (anti-cancer drugs), and radiation therapy (powerful x-ray type beams that damage cancer cells).
Most soft tissue sarcomas are managed by surgery, either exclusively, or in combination with one or two of the other therapies.
Cancer surgery for soft tissue sarcomas ideally aims to remove the lump that is visible, and all the invisible cancer extensions that cannot be seen or felt. CT will sometimes help the surgeon identify how far these extend away from the mass, and how much normal tissue (the ‘margin’) needs to be removed in addition to the mass to achieve a tumour-free wound bed. Some surgical wounds can be closed quite easily, but occasionally with larger tumours a skin flap, or a skin graft might be needed to help cover the defect. This is another reason why catching a tumour early is so important, as the surgery required to achieve a good outcome may well be smaller.
If the tumour cannot be completely removed by surgery alone, or examination of the biopsy specimen showed that some cancer cells had been left behind in the wound, then a referral to an oncologist to discuss options might be a sensible, or direct to a radiation oncology centre. Radiation in pets is very similar to people, except in our animals they need to be under light anaesthesia during treatment so they lie still. The exact number of treatments varies depending on specific circumstances, but anywhere in the range from 4-20 might be needed, with one dose typically being given daily.
If the pathologist examines the soft tissue sarcoma and diagnoses a high grade, or grade 3 cancer, then a discussion with a specialist oncologist is a good idea. If that is not possible, because cancer therapy is a constantly evolving field, we would recommend your family veterinary surgeon speaking to an oncologist over the phone to learn the latest treatment options available, and whether any clinical trials might be available or open to your pet. Anti-cancer drugs can help tackle tiny spreading clusters of cells in the bloodstream, and so improve the outlook, but again the individual details of each case can vary widely.
What is the prognosis of Sarcomas?
On the whole, the outlook following treatment for soft tissue sarcomas is better than feared, especially bearing in mind this is a malignant cancer. For average sized grade 1 and 2 soft tissue sarcomas, treated with surgery and possibly radiation therapy, approximately three quarters of patients will be alive three years later. For the most malignant tumours, the grade 3 tumours, unfortunately less than half are alive three years after diagnosis. | <urn:uuid:9c13b73c-9f12-4f3c-9736-89044ff00817> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.fitzpatrickreferrals.co.uk/conditions/sarcoma/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823516.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210233803-20181211015303-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.951404 | 1,853 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The pool of water on which El Paso depends to meet peak demand has been perilously shallow for about a decade.
Climate scientists, the Bureau of Reclamation and others are predicting even less water from the Rio Grande in the future, and the El Paso Water Utility is searching for ways to end the city's dependence on surface water from the river.
Coming in 2018 is perhaps the most dramatic step yet. The utility will begin reusing the water that runs out one of the city's four wastewater-treatment plants.
"We want to prepare for the real possibility that there will be no river water at all," said water utility spokeswoman Christina Montoya.
Over the past year, the utility has begun the process of educating the public about its plans to build an $82 million advanced-purification plant that will further clean 10 million gallons per day from the Bustamante Wastewater Treatment plant in the Lower Valley.
Starting in 2018, the recycled water will be placed directly into the city's water supply. Officials say it's an essential step as the water utility works to diversify its portfolio as river flows dwindle.
In some other locales, such projects have drawn strong opposition. But residents of drought-ridden El Paso appear receptive to the idea.
A survey commissioned by the utility reported that 84 percent who were asked said they would support taking water that already is clean enough for irrigation, treating it again and then adding it to the city's water supply.
Perhaps it's because El Pasoans know how little water they have.
Elephant Butte Reservoir is the primary repository for river water used by El Paso residents, businesses and by irrigators in El Paso County and the Mesilla Valley.
In years when it's full, it can make up half of the El Paso Water Utility's total supply. Last week, it was less than 10 percent full, or 97 feet into the reservoir's "dead pool" — the zone in which gravity alone is insufficient to get water out of the reservoir.
The low levels come after a decade of relative drought that scientists think might be the new, old normal.
They think the climate in the river basin might be returning to historical norms after a few abnormally wet decades. Man-made global warming, which almost all climate scientists believe is happening, would only make the scarcity worse, they say.
"You need to live with the cold, hard fact that the river is not a reliable resource," said Richard Bonart, a former member of the water utility's governing board who pushed for greater conservation. "With the river, you need to plan for low numbers, not high numbers."
John Balliew, president and CEO of the utility, is trying to plan for no water at all from the river.
"You don't want to get tied to the Rio Grande," he said.
Unfortunately, the utility is inextricably tied to the river in a sense.
When little surface water is available, the utility makes up the difference by pumping more from the Hueco Bolson on the eastern side of the Franklin Mountains.
This summer, amid meager surface flows, the utility maxed out its groundwater production — about 165 million gallons a day. It had to rely on surface water from the Rio Grande for the rest.
Simply pumping groundwater is not a solution, water managers and other experts say. The utility has relied on groundwater during droughts, but it can't do so indefinitely.
The Hueco Bolson is part of the same hydrologic system as the river, so if decreased snowmelts at the river's headwaters diminish flows, there is less freshwater to recharge the Bolson, said Bill Hargrove, director of the Center for Environmental Resource Management at the University of Texas at El Paso.
There are great quantities of water in the bolson, but most of it is too salty, or "brackish," to be used as drinking water.
"You have a lens of freshwater in a vast sea of brackish water," Balliew said.
In the Kay Bailey Hutchison Desalination Plant, the utility has a way to make use of some of that brackish water.
The largest inland desalination plant in the world, the facility is located on the northeast side of El Paso.
It draws from a series of 16 wells, forces water through tubes of rolled filters and it can augment the city's freshwater supply by 27.5 million gallons a day. That's about 17 percent of this summer's peak demand.
But desalination is not the solution to all of El Paso's water problems, experts warn.
It's expensive — the plant and its supporting infrastructure cost $91 million.
At least for now, 20 percent of the water runs through it is returned to the ground in the form of extremely salty wastewater. That has to be pumped into 4,000-foot injection wells and into a separate aquifer that is so deep that its water is 160 degrees.
Also, pumping brackish water in great quantities runs the risk of fouling the fresh or "sweet" water that makes up a precious fraction of the bolson, Bonart said.
"We know in certain parts of the city that if you pump too much sweet water, you can drag in brackish water," Bonart said. "The opposite can happen, too."
The El Paso Water Utility has already taken important steps to reduce its dependence on water out of the river or underneath ground. The most obvious way is simply to use less.
Hargrove, of UTEP, said the utility already is well ahead of many of its peers in that department.
Per capita water use in El Paso is the lowest in Texas and, thanks to measures already taken, it's fallen 41 percent since the 1970s. Among the results the utility reports from its conservation efforts:
• A turf-rebate program that paid people to rip out water-hungry lawns. It resulted in 11.2 million square feet of grass being removed from 3,000 sites.
• More than 53,900 ultra-low flow toilets installed as a result of the Cash for Your Commode Rebate Program.
• 185,000 low-flow showerheads given away, along with 9,000 evaporative cooler bleed-off line clamps.
The water utility is always looking for new ways to conserve, but Balliew, its CEO, said it's already grabbed the low-hanging fruit.
"We've done just about everything there is to be done in terms of water conservation," he said.
Hargrove said the utility has done much, but it can still do more. For example, he said, the utility should emphasize rainwater harvesting as Tucson does, he said.
An oft-recycled resource
There appears to be strong support in El Paso for reusing wastewater. Part of that might be due to geography.
"We are in the desert and people who are from here are used to the idea that we don't have much water," Hargrove said.
But those who are squeamish about bathing in and drinking water that's run through sewage-treatment plants should consider a few things.
Albuquerque treatment plants already dump their effluent into the river. We've been pulling that out and running it through the city's treatment plants for decades.
More broadly, water has been used, cleaned and reused basically since forever.
In his book, "The Big Thirst," author Charles Fishman describes officials' feckless efforts to explain water reuse to a frightened Australian town that saw recycled water as "poo water."
The officials "failed to find a good-humored way of pointing out to people that if you insist on thinking of it this way, every drop of water on Earth is 'poo-water' because that water has been around longer than life itself, so every creature that has ever lived on Earth has done its version of pooping into that water, whether it comes from Cooby Dam (in the Australian town) or the springs at San Pelligrino (in Italy, where water is bottled commercially.)
"It's all recycled water — it's just a question how big a gap in time and space and imagination has opened."
The El Paso Water Utility has been cleaning wastewater to drinking-water quality as long as any utility in the United States, an official there said.
In Northeast El Paso, where U.S. 54 runs toward the New Mexico state line, the Fred Hervey Water Reclamation Plant can take in 12 million gallons of wastewater a day. It runs the sewage through a series of settling pools, carbon filters, lime treatment, sand filters, ozone disinfectant, more carbon filtration, chlorine treatment and then to holding tanks for testing.
"These are natural treatment systems, we've just concentrated them," plant Superintendent Vic Pedregon said. "It meets all drinking-water standards and it has since 1985."
Thirty years ago — when Hervey was the only plant in the nation reclaiming water on such a scale — there was no state or federal regulatory framework to allow the utility to simply plug the water back into its distribution system, Pedregon said. So the Hervey plant pumps its water back down into the Hueco Bolson, where it is pumped back up and into the El Paso water system.
The water is not appreciably different when it comes back out of water-utility wells, but for some, its trip through the ground might supply the "gap in time and space and imagination" that Fishman mentioned in the book.
As the water leaves the plant, however, it smells and tastes just like the water that comes out of any kitchen faucet in El Paso. No sudden cramps or urgent calls to the bathroom follow in the hours after drinking it.
Water utility officials say water from the Bustamante plant in the city's Southeast will be at least as clean as that coming from Hervey or the city's other water plants and will be among the cleanest drinking water available.
For Bonart, the logic of water recycling is obvious.
"We have the opportunity in El Paso to really have a sustainable water supply," he said. "A lot of it is just common sense."
Marty Schladen may be reached at 512-479-6606. | <urn:uuid:33c075af-826c-46fd-a01a-135e3af0e459> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/archives/2014/11/17/becoming-independent-rio-grandes-dead-pool/73898546/?from=new-cookie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812306.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219012716-20180219032716-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.966003 | 2,133 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The food industry in the Philippines is a diverse and dynamic sector that plays a significant role in the country’s economy. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including agriculture, fishing, aquaculture, food processing, packaging, distribution, and retail.
The industry is primarily driven by small and medium enterprises, which account for the majority of food production in the country. The Philippine government has been actively promoting the development of the food industry through various initiatives, such as the establishment of food parks and free trade zones, as well as providing support for research and development, and marketing and promotion of locally-produced food products.
In the Philippines, the political factors that can impact the food industry include government regulations, trade policies, and political stability. Government regulations can affect the food industry by setting standards for food safety, labeling, and advertising. Trade policies can impact the industry by affecting the import and export of goods, and political stability can impact the industry by affecting consumer confidence and economic growth. Additionally, the government’s agricultural policies and subsidies can also greatly affect the food industry.
Economic factors that can impact the food industry in the Philippines include GDP growth, inflation, consumer spending, and trade policies. A strong GDP and low inflation can lead to increased consumer spending, which can benefit the food industry. However, trade policies such as tariffs and import restrictions can affect the cost and availability of ingredients, which can impact the food industry’s bottom line. Additionally, the Philippines is a developing country and its agricultural sector is facing challenges in terms of productivity, infrastructure and access to markets. This could also have an impact on the food industry.
The social factors that may be considered in a PESTLE analysis of the food industry in the Philippines include population demographics, cultural and religious customs, and consumer preferences. These factors can affect the demand for certain types of food products and can also influence the marketing and branding strategies that companies use. Additionally, trends such as health consciousness and environmental awareness may also play a role in the food industry in the Philippines.
The technology factor in a PESTLE analysis of the food industry in the Philippines would refer to the impact of technological advancements and innovations on the industry. This could include things such as the use of automation in food production and processing, the implementation of new packaging and preservation techniques, and the use of technology in food delivery and e-commerce. Additionally, the use of technology in agriculture such as precision farming, genetic engineering and implementation of weather forecasting can affect the food industry.
The legal factors in a PESTLE analysis of the food industry in the Philippines would include regulations and laws related to food production, distribution, and consumption. This could include laws on food safety, labeling, and advertising, as well as any tariffs or trade barriers that may impact the import or export of food products. Additionally, laws and regulations regarding labor and employment, as well as intellectual property rights, could also be considered as legal factors in the analysis.
The environmental factors in a PESTLE analysis of the food industry in the Philippines would include:
- Regulations and laws related to environmental protection and sustainable farming practices.
- Climate and weather conditions and their impact on crop yields and food production.
- Natural resources such as water and land availability and their impact on food production.
- Environmental impact of transportation and distribution of food products.
- Consumer demand for environmentally-friendly and sustainable food products.
- Environmental impact of food waste and packaging.
- Natural disasters and their impact on food production and supply chains. | <urn:uuid:7c5b5290-3367-494e-817b-9389349ff40d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://academiaanalysis.com/pestle-analysis-of-food-industry-in-phillippines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100232.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130193829-20231130223829-00876.warc.gz | en | 0.953227 | 717 | 3.078125 | 3 |
MUKILTEO, Wash. -- Near the ferry docks on Puget Sound, a group of scientists and volunteer divers shimmy into suits and double-check their air tanks.
They move with the urgency of a group on a mission. And they are. They’re trying to solve a marine mystery.
“We need to collect sick ones as well as individuals that appear healthy,” Ben Miner tells the divers as they head into the water.
Miner is a biology professor at Western Washington University. He studies how environmental changes affect marine life. He’s conducting experiments in hopes of figuring out how and why starfish -- or sea stars, as scientists prefer to call the echinoderms -- are wasting away by the tens of thousands up and down North America’s Pacific shores.
Scientists first started noticing sick and dying sea stars last summer at a place called Starfish Point on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. Then reports came from the Vancouver Aquarium in British Columbia, where diver biologists discovered sea stars in Vancouver Harbour and Howe Sound dying by the thousands.
It’s been coined "sea star wasting syndrome” because of how quickly the stars deteriorate. Reports have since surfaced from Alaska to as far south as San Diego, raising questions of whether this die-off is an indicator of a larger problem.
“It certainly suggests that those ecosystems are not healthy,” Miner said. “To have diseases that can affect that many species, that widespread is, I think is just scary.”
At first only a certain subtidal species, Pycnopodia helianthoides, also known as the sunflower star, seemed to be affected. Within a day or two of showing symptoms, the fat, multi-armed stars melted into piles of mush.
Then it hit another species, Pisaster ochraceus, or the common, intertidal ochre star. Then another. In all, about a dozen species of sea stars are dying along the West Coast. Sea star wasting has also been reported at sites off the coast of Rhode Island and North Carolina. But researchers say until they’ve identified the cause of the West Coast die-offs, they can’t confirm any connection between these outbreaks.
Scuba diver Laura James was one of the first to notice and alert scientists when the morning sun star, Solaster dawsoni, and the striped sun star, Solaster stimpsoni, began washing up on the shores of Puget Sound near her home in West Seattle.
“I thought, ‘This is just getting a little too close for comfort, I need to go see what’s going on. And I need to document it,’” said James, an underwater videographer.
She decided to take her camera to a popular West Seattle dive spot, a place she knew to be a home to a rainbow of starfish. Underwater James discovered a scene from a horror film.
“There were just bodies everywhere,” James said. “There were just splats. It looked like somebody had taken a laser gun and just zapped them and they just vaporized.”
She returned the site weekly, tracking the body count. At first, young stars seemed to be hanging on, a sign of hope that the next generation might be spared, but then even the smallest succumbed.
James has been diving in Puget Sound for more than two decades and says she’s never seen anything like it.
“People always ask me, ‘Do you see any big difference between now and when you started?’” she said. “I’ve seen some subtle differences, but this is the change of my lifetime.”
Reports from recreational divers like James have made it possible for scientists to track the ebb and flow of the syndrome. That’s what led Miner and his dive team to Mukilteo -- a place where sea stars showing initial symptoms could be gathered.
“It turns out that you just need a lot of people out looking to be able to detect the spread,” Miner said.
Miner’s team surfaced, laden with 20 giant orange sunflower stars. They gathered stars that appeared healthy and others that had lesions and weren’t acting normal -— unnaturally twisting their arms into knots.
Miner trucked the stars to an aquarium-filled lab and placed one sickly star in with one healthy looking star. He also set up tanks containing only healthy-looking stars for comparison.
Within a few hours, the sick stars started ripping themselves apart. The arms crawled in opposite directions tearing away from the body. While starfish have the ability to lose their arms as a form of defense, these starfish were too sick to regenerate their arms. Their innards spilled out and they died within 24 hours.
As for the healthy looking stars, Miner said they didn’t show symptoms anymore rapidly by being in the same tank with sickly stars.
A few weeks later divers returned to Mukilteo to find that most of the sea stars there have died. Miner concluded that all of the stars his team had collected were likely already infected just experiencing varying stages of illness. His team has since continued other infectiousness experiments collecting stars from other areas of Puget Sound where the disease hadn’t yet surfaced.
One such place was San Juan Island, part of an archipelago in the marine waters of Washington and British Columbia.
“We’re holding steady here and we’re not sure why,” said Drew Harvell, a marine epidemiologist from Cornell University who has studied marine diseases for 20 years. She teaches an infectious marine disease course at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Labs on San Juan Island and was at the labs when the disease broke.
Harvell immediately recognized the die-offs as an important opportunity for science. Marine organisms are often plagued by disease outbreaks, she explained, but seldom are scientists able to identify the exact cause.
“We have a problem of surveillance for disease in the ocean because they’re out of sight and out of mind,” Harvell said.
For the past few months, Harvell has been coordinating a network of scientists on both coasts who received rapid response funding from the National Science Foundation to investigate the die-offs. The team has established a website and map run by Pete Raimondi from the University of California Santa Cruz. It’s one of the fastest-ever mobilizations of research around a marine epidemic.
“This is an opportunity for understanding more about the transmission and rates of disease in the ocean, so it’s important that we gather the right kinds of data,” Harvell said.
In her lab, Harvell anesthetizes a healthy sea star before cutting off one of its arms and slipping it into a sterile bag. She’s sending samples to Cornell where her colleague Ian Hewson, a microbial biologist, will compare them with samples of sick sea stars from along the West Coast.
Using cutting-edge DNA sequencing and metagenomics, Hewson is analyzing the samples for viruses as well as bacteria and other protozoa in order to pinpoint the infectious agent among countless possibilities.
“It’s like the matrix,” Hewson said. “We have to be very careful that we’re not identifying something that’s associated with the disease but not the cause.”
In the search for what's causing this sea star die-off, it's important for scientists to rule things out. Some have suggested that these die-offs could be linked to low oxygen levels in the water and environmental toxins entering the water through local runoff. Yet this seems unlikely, they say, because these conditions would normally impact a wider array of animals, not just sea stars.
Others have pointed out that marine die-offs in the past have been linked to larger environmental factors like climate change and ocean acidification. Warming waters and changing pH levels can weaken the immune systems of marine organisms including sea stars, making them more susceptible to infection.
Some have asked whether radiation or tsunami debris associated with the Fukushima disaster could be behind this die-off. But scientists now see Fukushima as an unlikely culprit because the die-offs are patchy, popping up in certain places like Seattle and Santa Barbara and not in others, such as coastal Oregon, where wasting has only been reported at one location.
Others have wondered if a pathogen from the other side of the world may have hitched a ride in the ballast water of ocean-going ships. Scientists say this fits with the fact that many of the hot spots have appeared along major shipping routes. However, the starfish in quiet Monterey Bay, Calif. have been hit hard, whereas San Francisco's starfish are holding strong.
But at this point, there’s no evidence to entirely confirm or entirely rule out these hypotheses.
Sea stars are voracious predators, like lions on the seafloor. They gobble up mussels, clams, sea cucumbers, crab and even other starfish. That’s why they’re called a keystone species, meaning they have a disproportionate impact on an ecosystem, shaping the biodiversity of the seascape.
“These are ecologically important species,” Harvell said. “To remove them changes the entire dynamics of the marine ecosystem. When you lose this many sea stars it will certainly change the seascape underneath our waters.”
Because the die-offs are patchy, scientists aren’t concerned that sea stars will be wiped out entirely. But there’s no end in sight and the disease continues to spread.
“We may still be at the very early stages of this. We don’t really know,” Harvell said. “But it’s as important as ever right now, that we’re monitoring to know where the disease hasn’t been yet and when it first hits.”
New experiments in Washington state started this week to test possible infectious agents. The network of scientists collaborating on this project hope to make an announcement in a few months. | <urn:uuid:231c122f-0502-4f25-8bad-db4f249076fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://ijpr.org/post/northwest-starfish-experiments-give-scientists-clues-mysterious-mass-die-offs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00255-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95479 | 2,135 | 3.375 | 3 |
It's time for the human brain to look to the future, but what will that future be? There's a lot of updating going on already. The brain is making bigger news than genes, which wasn't so twenty years ago. The standard model of the brain was a stable, porridgy gray mass that couldn't heal itself or even grow new brain cells. A standard way to warn about the damage done by alcohol was to point out how many million brain cells were killed off by heavy drinking, cells that would never be replaced. But this old brain model has proved to be either wrong or incomplete.
The latest model reverses most of the accepted beliefs from the past. We now see the brain as dynamic, not fixed. Its processes are so "soft-wired" that new pathways are formed by everyday behavior, habits, and conditioning. Stem cells exist in the brain, allowing for newborn neurons at every stage of life. And the injured brain can regenerate and heal itself, shifting a lost function to a new, undamaged area of itself. None of these things are disputed anymore. Everyone in the field is excited about the next big breakthroughs in neurology, whatever they may be.
My bet is on quantum biology, which hopes to link the brain as we know it to a completely new world, where physics has defined reality in terms of uncertainty, wave and particle duality, and relativity. "Quantum" has become a cliché, but not when it comes to the brain, because only in the quantum field can we hope to unravel the brain's most profound mysteries, such as where thoughts come from and why we are conscious in the first place. Let me outline a few basics so that the next revolution won't come as a shock -- lots of work on the quantum brain has already been done, and it's stirring up considerable controversy.
Right now, if you want to explain how the brain thinks, the ruling theory comes from computer science. It seems like a natural fit. Computers process information, and so does the brain. Digital language is based on two letters (0 and 1), while neurons use positive and negative, the opposite charges of chemical ions. Computers have hardware and software, which seems to fit the brain's billions of neurons (the hardware) that support language, sensations, memories, and so on (the software). Because we know a great deal more about computers than we do about the brain, science finds itself in a strange reversal. Instead of looking at the brain to tell us how computers work, it uses computers to teach the brain how it is functioning.
Quantum biology doesn't agree with this approach. The noted British physicist Roger Penrose started tearing down the accepted explanations when he declared that the brain can't be reduced to mechanical formulas. There is no mathematics that can infallibly program a brain cell. Penrose didn't mean that the math got too complex, even though the brain's hundred billion neurons would certainly need a mammoth supercomputer to be duplicated. Penrose had a far more crushing point to make. The brain is working through quantum calculations, he said, because until a brain cell picks which process to favor, both choices exist simultaneously. Such "indeterminacy" has long existed in the way physics explains the nature of light, which can be either a particle or a wave in its behavior. Until a photon "decides" which way to behave, the possibility of wave and particle exist together.
I know this sounds complicated, but consider your own thoughts. At any given moment you don't know what your next thought will be. Thoughts come out of the blue, and yet once they arrive, they are definite. You can't think "blue" and "red" at the same instant. It's one or the other. Yet before you make that choice, both colors are possibilities. This example simplifies the argument, but it doesn't falsify it. When you get down to the smallest structures in the brain, the so-called microtubules that allow only one ion of sodium to pass through them (like a fat person who can barely make it through the door), simple pictures won't work. You must envision thousands of potential ions waiting to carry "blue," and thousands waiting to carry "red" they are poised to jump on stage, but until that happens, both sets of ions must wait offstage in the wings.
How can two complete sets of ions occupy a tiny space that barely holds one? They can't, which is why Penrose's argument for a quantum brain has proved powerful, if highly controversial. Only if the two sets of ions are in a quantum state -- that is, existing as shadows of possibility -- can we explain how a single thought emerges from two potential thoughts. Of course, there are a lot more colors than red and blue, and a lot more thoughts than thinking about colors -- an infinite number of potential thoughts. Once you see the logic, you realize that the computer=brain equation never worked very well. Computers are capable of infinite computations, but they are all based on a set program. The brain is unpredictable and therefore creative. (If one scene of a Shakespeare play was absent, no computer could write a genuine replacement, but Shakespeare himself would have no trouble.)
There's a lot more to be said about the brain's future, but here is an intriguing insight. Experimenters working with rats have discovered the pleasure centers in their brains. When this center is stimulated, the rat is "happy." There is no need for a more complex explanation. If you feed a rat, its pleasure center lights up. But to add a twist, if you put the rat near its feed bowl or fill its cage with the smell of food, the pleasure center will light up in expectation of eating. So the rat can be happy even before the food shows up. Human beings can relate. When we think about taking a beach vacation next summer, our pleasure centers light up as well (in fact, one key to happiness, we are told, is to plan long-range pleasures like vacations rather than short-range ones like a candy bar ten minutes from now. The short range pleasure has no lasting effect, while planning a vacation can keep you in a pleasant state for months.)
Human beings cannot be made happy by pleasure, however. We have a quality known as perverseness. Someone can offer you your favorite chocolate, and instead of having your brain light up like a rat's, you can say no. Maybe you are mad at that person or depressed about your life. Maybe you are bored with chocolate, or just maybe you are feeling perverse. Computers are incapable of perversity. If you program them a certain way, they won't do the reverse, they won't be arbitrary or fickle, and most important of all, they won't balance yes and no as equal possibilities at the same time.
Perversity, it turns out, has a hidden genius inside. We feel free to think and act any way we want. That's obvious to anyone who has dealt with a young child going through the terrible twos, a teenager, or the state of falling in love. It irks computer scientists that these anomalies mar their mathematical model, but these are not anomalies. Being free to do whatever you want is what makes us human. No machine can duplicate such a state, and according to quantum biology, the reason is rooted in the indeterminacy of the quantum state. Indeed, we may be too creative to fit inside our brains. The prospect of eliminating the brain and going directly to the infinite field of consciousness, a field that permeates the entire universe, is looming larger and larger.
(To be cont.)
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Adjectives Lesson Plans
One way for students to increase their English ability is to start
but adjectives lesson plans are not always easy to make interesting.
Click Here for Step-by-Step Rules, Stories and Exercises to Practice All English Tenses
Depending on the length of your lessons, you may not want to spend the
whole lesson teaching adjectives, but you can still make it the main
objective and focus of the lesson.
Here are a few ideas you can use if you want to teach your students
The main need of students who are starting to learn English is vocabulary
You should therefore use a variety of vocabulary teaching techniques
- A lesson focusing on adjectives could start
with a review of vocabulary.
Depending on the subjects you've been teaching, it could be classroom
vocabulary, household vocabulary, or people.
Adjectives to describe physical
appearance of objects and people are very useful at this
- Once the students have reviewed some noun
vocabulary, you could then
give them some adjective pictures and words to match in pairs.
could then pair the words in opposites.
- Following this, they could ask
each other questions about the reviewed vocabulary and answer
finally they could write some sentences using the adjectives.
level it is important to stress the word
order in English
, i.e. that
the adjective comes before
noun, not after it.
At this level, students need to increase
fluency and vocabulary
Adjectives to describe character, emotions, and feelings become more
useful, and a review of descriptive adjectives is also important.
- One activity that works very well at this level
is basing your lesson around a fictional
For example you could tell a story about an expensive necklace that has
been stolen. The students could then be given a picture of a person who
they saw near the jewelry shop at the time, and they have to describe
adjectives are also introduced at this level and there are many games
and activities you can use to teach this grammar.
Students at pre-intermediate level need to expand their vocabulary.
At this level, collocations can be introduced, and story activities
work really well for this.
- Give your students the outline of a very simple
story with no description in it.
- Then elicit from the class some suitable words
to be used to make the story more interesting.
- After this you can get the students to create a
scenario and in pairs or groups, embellish the story with adjectives.
In this activity you need to feed in any useful adjectives you think
the students could use, make sure they understand them, and encourage
them to use them.
Also important at this level is to make sure the students know the word order for multiple adjectives
I have a beautiful, big, red, metal table. (opinion
Intermediate and Upper Intermediate
Vocabulary and fluency are key here. Encourage sharing of vocabulary
during alphabet or memory games.
Develop use of correct
, for example, we say, "The rain was heavy
"The rain was strong
Keep the lessons interesting and varied
Whichever level you are teaching, it is important to make sure your
lessons include a range of activities to suit all learning styles, and
that they provide the students with as many opportunities as possible
to speak English, either with you or with each other.
Adjectives lesson plans do not have to be boring at all! | <urn:uuid:53c560b1-e3e2-4aab-a460-f82821106b7b> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.really-learn-english.com/adjectives-lesson-plans.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218357.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821151743-20180821171743-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.937688 | 740 | 4.375 | 4 |
HIV/AIDS is a significant public health issue in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1.2 million people aged 13 years old and older are now living with HIV infection, and an additional 50,000 new HIV infections occur every year. One out of eight people with HIV are unaware of their infection. There are tremendous disparities in HIV prevalence. Men who have sex with men bear a greater burden of HIV, accounting for about 63% of all new infections. The estimated number of new HIV infections was greatest among young MSM and HIV disproportionately affects young African American MSM.
As our understanding of HIV/AIDS grows and effective treatments are developed, more focus is put on the needs for enhanced HIV services. In the old model, HIV prevention and HIV care services function separately. This separation was inefficient and compromises the quality of HIV services. To address the limitations of this practice, Champaign-Urbana Public Health District (CUPHD) has 1) increased program capacity, 2) increased HIV testing, 3) increased access to partner services, and 4) increased linkage to medical care through a merger of HIV prevention and HIV care staff. The ultimate goals are to improve the quality and continuum of HIV care, achieve cost sharing through the integration, and reduce the rate of transmission of HIV. To successfully integrate prevention and care services, the practice developed a quality improvement plan based on the National Association of County and City Health Officials’ (NACCHO) strategic planning guide. The primary activity of the merger was to cross-train CUPHD staff to provide both prevention and care services. Staff received both onsite and offsite training. This integration increased current staff capacity to provide both prevention and care services.
Champaign-Urbana Public Health District
Integrating HIV Prevention and Care Services
CUPHD, recently accredited by the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) in 2014, is the local public health authority for the Cities of Champaign and Urbana and Champaign County, Illinois. Champaign County is located in east central Illinois and is 998.39 square miles with a population density of 201.8 people per square mile. Champaign County is an exemplar micro-urban community and a statewide leader in progressive education, health care, government, high technology, light industry and agriculture. In 2013 the US Census Bureau estimated the population to be 204,897 residents, a 1.9% increase since 2010. CUPHD has a mission to improve the health, safety and wellbeing of the community through prevention, education, collaboration, and regulation. With a budget of over $11 million and a staff of 120, CUPHD has expanded to meet countless needs in the Champaign-Urbana community. CUPHD has a multi-disciplinary staff with expertise in program design, implementation and evaluation. CUPHD has accomplished employees in outreach, health education, nursing, epidemiology, finance, information technology, social marketing, and public relations.
Over the past 3 decades, a portfolio of proven strategies have been developed to reduce the risk of HIV transmission, including HIV testing, partner services, antiretroviral therapy, substance abuse treatment, access to condoms and sterile syringes, and screening and treatment for other sexually transmitted infections (CDC, 2011). However, like the nation's health care system, the current HIV prevention and care delivery system is fragmented at best. Evidence-based approaches to HIV prevention and care are not well integrated or coordinated. For example, HIV prevention and HIV care staff at CUPHD worked independently. Prevention staff and care staff worked separately with the same client populations, and there was little communication between staff. When a client presented for services, the prevention staff would test the client for HIV and provide preventive services only. If the client tested positive for HIV, the prevention staff could not provide adequate follow-up care services due to program constraints and lack of training in care services. Rather, the HIV prevention staff would refer the client to HIV care staff for engagement in medical care. Because the two systems were not allowed to share information, it was impossible to know whether adequate follow-up was administered to those who tested positive for HIV. This lack of coordination also made it difficult to provide prevention services for those persons living with HIV, again due to program constraints and lack of training in prevention services among care specialists.
Prior to the integration, HIV prevention staff conducted: HIV Counseling and Testing; Partner Services; Risk Reduction Counseling; Harm Reduction Counseling, including syringe exchange; and STD testing with HIV negative or unknown status persons. Staff performed these services in the agency and in outreach settings including the gay bar. This staff provided HIV prevention services through the CUPHD STD clinic with clients at an increased risk for HIV infection. HIV care staff focused their efforts on persons living with HIV disease. This staff coordinated medical appointments for HIV care and laboratory services. Care staff assisted clients with medical adherence and in understanding their HIV related laboratory services. Adequate housing with financial assistance, as needed, was provided. CUPHD provides financial assistance for medical care, dental care, adequate housing, nutritional needs, and mental health services for HIV positive persons who quality for this assistance under the HRSA guidelines. CUPHD employs four HIV positive peers that conduct client engagement services with clients to encourage adherence to medical care.
The lack of integration of HIV prevention and care was inefficient and compromised quality of HIV services. The integration allows staff to provide the full array of HIV prevention and care services at the time of the client visit. To address the limitations of previous practice, CUPHD has 1) trained existing prevention staff to conduct Ryan White Care services, 2) trained existing HIV care staff to conduct HIV Prevention activities, and 3) increased medical treatment adherence counseling, including surveillance activities. The ultimate goals are to improve the quality and continuum of care, achieve cost sharing through the integration, and reduce the rate of HIV transmission.
The primary activity of the merger was to cross-train staff to provide both HIV prevention and HIV care services. Staff received both onsite training and offsite training by the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH). Staff was cross-trained to conduct HIV Counseling and Testing; Partner Services; Linkage to Care services; Ryan White Medical Case Management Services; Risk Reduction Counseling; Harm Reduction Counseling, including syringe exchange; and STD Screening including phlebotomy skills. One additional staff was cross-trained to provide all of these activities, with the exception of Ryan White Services, in addition to Disease Intervention Services (DIS).
Following the integration of these two program teams, a person newly diagnosed with HIV infection could remain with the same CUPHD staff while receiving the HIV test result, through the partner services process, and then be linked to medical care through Ryan White services or their primary care provider. A staff conducting a home visit to provide care services can now provide HIV testing to a partner of the HIV positive client. CUPHD now provides quality HIV prevention services to persons living with HIV disease during the routine medical case management visits. STD testing is routinely offered to HIV positive persons and partner services is now an ongoing services rather than just at the time of HIV diagnosis.
By creating seamless services from HIV testing to entry into medical care for HIV positive clients, our HIV care services are more efficient and effective. Six HIV care staff completed the IDPH seven day HIV Counseling, Testing and Partner Services training over the course of a year’s time. This staff was trained on-site to conduct harm reduction counseling, STD screening, phlebotomy skills, and surveillance activities. Two HIV Prevention staff was trained on-site for several weeks to provide HIV care services.
The design and implementation of the practice involved a number of important stakeholders including HIV prevention and care program directors, members of the teams that were being merged, administration of CUPHD, and community partners and clients. Peer navigators and staff from other agencies in the community who serve the same target population provided input on the current services, recommendations for change, and support to others in the community affected by HIV/AIDS.
Existing staff was incorporated into this new model of care. Existing grant funds were used to develop the staff skills needed for this merger. Staff recorded the time spent in each discipline to the corresponding cost center in the on-line time management system. No new staff was added in response to this merger. Staff spent approximately 160 hours in onsite training to provide care services. In addition, training for prevention activities included 60 hours of on-site training and 40 hours of required IDPH training on HIV Counseling and Testing and Partner Services. The intention was to keep this merger low cost and sustainable to be able to replicate to other communities. We do not anticipate any additional on-going cost to this program. There were no indirect costs associated with this merger.
HIV in the U.S.
The inefficiency and lack of coordination of the previous HIV prevention and HIV care services has been recognized in the newest strategic plan of the CDC 's of HIV/AIDS Prevention 2011-2015. In the strategic plan, the CDC highlighted the importance of prioritizing the allocation of prevention resources, careful monitoring and constant re-evaluation, and intensive and sustained collaboration and coordination with partners. It recommended a comprehensive approach to HIV care that emphasizes prevention with people living with HIV and linkage to and retention in care. Accordingly, the CDC 's new mandates now require programs to document and report complete referrals and care linkages. The CDC’s “High-Impact HIV Prevention: CDC’s Approach to Reducing HIV Infections in the United States” documents the plan that CUPHD adopted.
In response to the CDC 's “High Impact Prevention” plan, a careful evaluation of the current HIV service delivery at CUPHD was conducted. It was decided to merge the HIV prevention and HIV care staff and services. CUPHD HIV leadership developed a quality improvement plan based on NACCHO strategic planning guide to successfully create a seamless HIV service delivery system from HIV testing to entry into medical care for HIV positive clients. According to our knowledge, this merger is the only one of its kind in public health. The current practice is better in several ways. The merged system improves efficiency and effectiveness, improves clients' retention in services, increases linkage to care for HIV positive persons, allows for prevention activities with HIV positive persons, and conforms better with the CDC 's direction. Integration of services is an evidence-based approach, recommended by leading health bodies such as the CDC, HRSA, The Henry J. Kaiser Foundations, NASTAD, and independent researchers across the United States (CDC, 2011; HRSA, 2011;Henry Kaiser Foundation, 2004).
The current CUPHD practice is a timely response to the CDC's goal of creating a future free of HIV. Following the CDC’s “High Impact Prevention” model, CUPHD has identified activities in Biomedical Interventions; Public Health Strategies; Behavioral Interventions; Structural Interventions; and Social Marketing that are now offered in HIV services programming. The increase in the number of staff with the necessary skills to deliver these interventions has increased the capacity of the CUPHD HIV services program. The new coordinated care system is one step forward toward achieving a future without HIV.
Biomedical interventions are highlighted and include Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to clients most at risk for HIV infection. PrEP is an exciting new HIV prevention tool that has been shown to be very effective in preventing new HIV infections. PrEP used daily is more than 92% effective in preventing HIV acquisition. PrEP is a powerful tool in HIV prevention and even more effective when combined with other prevention strategies. In addition to PrEP, CUPHD staff provides STD testing and treatment to HIV negative and HIV positive clients. Treatment adherence counseling is highlighted in PrEP and Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) for CUPHD clients.
In June 2015, CUPHD’s nursing and HIV services staff received extensive training on PrEP from the AIDS Foundation of Chicago and IDPH. After this training, reviewing the CDC’s guidance for initiating PrEP, and consulting with other agencies providing the service, CUPHD opened an onsite PrEP clinic. PrEP is prescribed to clients meeting appropriate risk criteria. Client received a personalized risk assessment; receive risk reduction counseling; and education about adherence and side effects during their initial PrEP session. PrEP clients complete laboratory screening for Hepatitis B and creatinine clearance for kidney function, as well as a rapid HIV antigen/antibody test. The CUPHD medical director and nurse practitioner provide prescriptions for Truvada for PrEP, and HIV services staff works with clients to ensure that they have benefits to pay for medication, through health insurance, Medicaid, or the pharmaceutical medication assistance programs.
STD testing and treatment is offered to both HIV positive and negative clients. CUPHD provides STD services onsite all day each weekday. In addition, CUPHD has an offsite evening clinic one night a week for clients who cannot access services at the main clinic. STD testing is offered in all mobile outreach and during gay bar outreach. STD testing is normalized during routine visits for HIV care services. Since the merger, CUPHD has cross trained two STD clinic nurses to conduct services in both the PrEP clinic and to increase STD testing and treatment in HIV services. These nurses now split their time between STD clinics and HIV services. The integration of services continues at CUPHD with the understanding that integrated services are more efficient and allow for better service delivery. Clients can now access more services with one staff person instead of being bounced between various staff in various programs.
Another biomedical intervention that has been expanded since the merger is treatment adherence strategies to engage HIV positive individuals in medical services. Efforts to identify HIV positive individuals who are aware of their status and to engage them in HIV medical care has become a priority at CUPHD. Research has shown that engaging HIV positive persons in medical care reduces HIV transmission potential through HIV viral suppression. This staff conducts surveillance activities for persons who are previously diagnosed with HIV but are not active in HIV medical care. IDPH generates a roster of persons who are HIV positive but have not had viral load testing in the past six months or have been recently diagnosed with an STD. CUPHD staff conducts DIS investigations to locate these individuals and assist in addressing their barriers to accessing HIV medical care.
This surveillance model has been implemented in the local HIV clinic. The HIV clinic now releases a roster of clients that are not medically-adherent for the same surveillance activities. Staff has discovered that it is easier to locate a client who missed a recent HIV related medical appointment rather than wait until the client is reported by IDPH months later. Staff contacts the client and assists in addressing the barriers in attending medical care. This collaboration has enhanced the quality of care that clients receive.
Public Health strategies, HIV testing for unknown status persons and Partner Services for HIV positive persons have also seen growth in the past year. Onsite partner testing for HIV positive clients has reduced barriers to accessing testing. CUPHD now employs nine IDPH trained HIV Counseling and Testing staff, a three-fold increase since before the merger. This staff has received intensive, focused training to conduct HIV Counseling and Testing with those at risk for HIV. This staff is practiced at delivering an HIV positive test result and conducting partner services elicitation. Linkage to Care interventions are now completed by the staff who identifies the newly-diagnosed HIV persons. CUPHD can now provide accurate documentation of engagement in HIV medical care and ongoing follow up.
Risk Reduction Counseling for HIV positive and negative persons is offered at each client visit. CUPHD HIV services staff are trained to provide client-centered counseling to address HIV and STD risk behaviors. Following the “High-Impact Prevention” model, quality risk reduction counseling with HIV positive individuals significantly reduces HIV transmission. CUPHD staff is trained to deliver risk reduction counseling with their HIV positive clients during care related visits. This continuum of care is client centered and beneficial for clients engaged in care services as they receive this intervention while they are receiving other services at CUPHD.
Behavioral Interventions at CUPHD include a long-standing Mpowerment project for African American MSM. This group follows the CDC Effective Behavioral Intervention model and is managed by two peers who are employed by CUPHD. The peers are IDPH trained in HIV Counseling and Testing. The project uses an offsite location for Mgroups and social events. The peers have been trained in PrEP promotion and market the CUPHD PrEP clinic through their bar zaps and small group activities. Peers are integrated into the CUPHD HIV services programming.
CUPHD employs four HIV positive peers that provide treatment adherence strategies to clients accessing care services. Peers engage members of their social networks to reach “harder-to-reach” clients and connect them to medical care. The peers assist HIV positive persons with scheduling and accessing medical appointment, laboratory testing or other health services that are needed to manage HIV disease. Peers engage these members in AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) enrollment to ensure successful engagement in medical care. Other barriers to medical care are addressed though one on one meetings and in support groups. These peers are a vital piece of the care continuum and reach HIV positive persons in ways that local health department staff cannot.
CUPHD operates with the understanding that all HIV programming must be supported by structural interventions including syringe exchange and condom distribution. CUPHD has provided syringe exchange services since 2001. CUPHD offers comprehensive harm reduction services to participants. Clients access harm reduction supplies (syringes, cotton, water, ascorbic acid, alcohol swabs, band-aids, cookers, condoms, and lubricant) from trained HIV services staff. Sharps containers are labeled with our project logo and offered to all participating clients. Participants who are hesitant to take a sharps container are offered a hard plastic container, often bleach or laundry detergent bottle, for collecting syringes. In addition, CUPHD provides overdose prevention services. Participants are trained in the signs and symptoms of opiate overdose and in rescue breathing. The overdose training includes Naloxone administration, how to continually monitor the overdosing person, and how to contact emergency services.
Condoms are distributed throughout the agency, through mobile outreach, and at the gay bar. Access to condoms is vital in reducing new HIV infections. CUPHD works to ensure that people living with HIV, or who are at risk for HIV infection, have easy access to condoms as a prevention tool. HIV services staff conducts “condom teaching and teach back” with all clients who are seen the CUPHD STD clinic. This prevention skill is taught with clients in Counseling and Testing and Risk Reduction Counseling. While most clients report that they know how to properly use a condom, the intervention often reveals areas for skill improvement.
CUPHD has adopted the national social marketing campaign, “Getting to Zero” and put a local spin on it with “CU at Zero”. The campaign has three tenets: Zero new HIV infections; Zero HIV related deaths; and Zero HIV-related stigma. The campaign is particularly useful because it fits well with CUPHD’s integrated services model, as it engages both HIV positive and negative individuals. “CU at Zero” incorporates all of the interventions that are employed at CUPHD to end HIV in our community. Messaging under the “CU at Zero” brand can range from promoting condom use, to PrEP and HIV testing, to treatment adherence, and STD testing for HIV+ people. The campaign differs from traditional “use a condom everytime” campaigns, and parallels efforts happening in larger cities.
CUPHD has evaluated the HIV prevention and care merger since completion. A survey was conducted in December 2014 to evaluate the merger perceived effectiveness from the HIV services staff perspective. The survey was delivered anonymously via SurveyMonkey® and was completed by eight members of the staff. The overall perception of the merger has been positive. The majority of the responses to the survey showed positive attitudes towards the cross-training of staff in prevention and care, and that staff perceived am increase in communication and workflow efficiency. Areas of note are found in the training session effectiveness. Most respondents “agree” and “strongly agree” with statements regarding the perceived value of the training sessions and the way in which the training was delivered. When asked how CUPHD could improve the delivery of the training sessions, a majority of employees asked for more training sessions or follow-up/refresher training sessions to reinforce the various activities.
Areas of improvement that were identified in the staff survey included the integration of the HIV positive peer staff into the overall merger. The staff requested more interaction with the peers to better incorporate their efforts into the work of the integration model. This will be addressed in the next steps in the merger’s progress. Another area for improvement was in increasing the fluidity and speed of communication between staff members. Common among the comments made were improvements for quicker replies to emails, presence of supervisors at meetings, and more open conversations about the tasks, and individual check-ins between staff and supervisors. Though to note, when asked if staff have been working effectively together, most responses were in agreement or strong agreement.
Finally, in terms of staff reporting of client-level concerns, there was very little concern about the way services were being delivered as a merged model. Overall, it would appear the merger is doing well in its first year of progress. The staff is generally pleased with the merger and believes the merger has been effective in combining the prevention care roles. Client satisfaction surveys are conducted bi-annually and address the client perception of the quality of services that they receive.
CUPHD initiated a Quality Assurance (QA) review of the HIV services merger in September 2015 to ensure that goals that were set for the merger have been satisfied. CUPHD has been trained by PHAB to conduct program evaluation using the Kaizen model. The project goals included: 1) increased program capacity, 2) increased HIV testing, 3) increased access to partner services, and 4) increased linkage to medical care through a merger of HIV prevention and HIV care staff. Secondary goals to meet these project goals included: 1) trained existing prevention staff to conduct Ryan White Care services, 2) trained existing HIV care staff to conduct HIV Counseling and Testing Services and Partner Services, and 3) increased medical treatment adherence counseling, including surveillance activities. Results of this QA process will inform HIV services leadership on the next steps toward further integration.
The “High-Impact Prevention” model prioritizes interventions that are cost-effective. HIV testing and condom distribution are strongly supported as cost-effective interventions. Reducing new infections through treatment adherence and risk reduction interventions for persons living with HIV are also prioritized. The CUPHD HIV services plan was developed around these priorities. Providing preventative services to HIV positive persons at the time of care services is more efficient and client centered as clients are not asked to go between the divided staff for needed services.
The merger is a more efficient use of resources and can achieve cost sharing. No new staff was added in this process. This merger fits well with CUPHD’s goal of ensuring that every position within the agency is staffed “three-deep”, meaning that there are at least three employees who can do each job or activity. As staff transition to new employment, CUPHD has more available remaining staff to cover the various HIV services activities which promotes good client services. As staff is hired to work in CUPHD HIV services program, candidates understand that their efforts will be divided between prevention and care.
I am a previous Model Practices applicant|Conference|E-Mail from NACCHO|NACCHO website | <urn:uuid:af95dc05-4ff1-4b3f-8706-db7efbb64222> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://calvert.md.networkofcare.org/ph/model-practice-detail.aspx?pid=5761 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578529839.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420140859-20190420162859-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.959427 | 4,931 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Quick and Dirty Transformer Design and Construction is a small book of48 pages.
Basically it reprints two articles for transformer builders:
1. Design and Building Transformers, Technical Service Bureau Bulletin D-111, 1938, second edition.
2. Induction Coils by Charles Underhill, extracted from Standard Handbook For Electrical Engineers, 1922.
Basic understanding of transformer design is a very useful bit of knowledge to have. I used a very rudimentary understanding to create a spot welder by rewiring a microwave oven transformer.
I have also seen people create small power grids using home-built transformers.
If you can design transformers you can take the power you have and transform it to the power you need (within reason).
If you have high voltage at low amperage, and need low voltage at high amperage you can do that or the reverse. It is really just simple math that this book easily explains.
I have this book in my library, and I use it as a reference, when working on circuits. but it really isn’t something I use all of the time, but it is something I think would be invaluable if society ever had to rebuild itself. | <urn:uuid:6059837b-b991-413e-89e4-5353eece661b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.tngun.com/quick-and-dirty-transformer-design-and-construction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247506094.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221172909-20190221194909-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.939534 | 245 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Concept of Measurement and Scaling
Different Scales in Measurement and their properties
Introduction of different type of scaling Techniques
Comparative , non comparative
Continuous ,Special Rating scales
Mathematically derived scales
How to Choose a scale
Why do we do scaling?
The most common reason for doing scaling is for scoring purposes. When a participant gives their responses to a set of items, we often would like to assign a single number that represents that's person's overall attitude or belief. Scaling
Scaling can be done in two ways:
To make a judgment about some characteristics of an individual and then placing them directly on a scale. To construct questionnaires in such a way that the score of individual’s responses assigns a place on a scale. Example of scaling
Consider a scale locating customers of a bank according to the characteristic “agreement to the satisfactory quality of service provided by the branch”. Responses may be:
Importance of scaling
It helps in conducting the survey.
It helps in Prediction.
It helps in formulation of ideas.
Types of measurement scales
Nominal Scale( Name and Count)
It is a system of assigning numbers, symbols of keeping track of people , objects, events. Least powerful ; No order, Distance or arithmetic origin.
Eg assigning no's to cricket players, credit card numbers, bank account numbers, employee ID numbers Marketing Examples:
Brand number, Store Type, Gender Classification Types of measurement scales
Ordinal Scale : (Rank or Order)
The ordinal scale places events in order. It permits ranking of items from highest to lowest or vice versa. Used in Qualitative Research
Eg Assigning ranks to the students after result.
Marketing Examples: Preference rankings, market position, Social Class. Types of Scales Cont..
Interval Scale:(Score or Mark)
The interval scale has equal units of measurement ,thus making it possible to interpret not only the order of scale but also the distance between them. Eg :Temperature-Fahrenheit /Centigrade
Marketing Examples: attitudes, Opinions
Types of Scales Cont..
Ratio scale has absolute or true zero of measurement.
Eg: Length, Weight
Marketing Examples: Age, Income, Costs, Market Shares
Types of Scales
Rank Order Scale
Rank-order scales –
requires respondents to arrange a set of objects with regard to a common criterion e.g. interest in an ad, brand preferences, etc. Rank, order scale represent numbers, letters ,or other symbols used to rank items Closely corresponds with the choice process since buyers make direct comparisons amongst competing alternatives For n objects there are n(n-1)/2 comparisons to be made
Rank order Scale Example:
Rank the following attributes of a tractor on a scale of 1-5 according to their importance.(1=most Important,5=least Important) A Company Image
Rank order Scale Example:
Eliminates Intransitive Responses
More Closely resembles market place environment
Can be converted to equivalent paired comparison data and derive an Interval Scale. Disadvantages
Only Ordinal Data is produced
Q- Sort Scaling
The “Q-sort” is a procedure for rank ordering a large number of statements. Rankings of statements by two or more groups can then be compared. .
Q- Sort Scaling Example
Toy Company is developing a new product. After marathon session the team has come up with 100 different products with minor variations and wants to find out which is the best combination and will sell most. Each respondent is given 100 statements and asked to place in 12 piles ranging from most highly agreed to least highly agreed. No of objects to sorted should not be less than 60 and more than 140.After placing all the cards respondent is asked to rank order only those in the most preferred pile. Constant Sum Scales
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:8d609f2e-8012-4db9-8a11-6e6d26802722> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.studymode.com/course-notes/Scaling-Techniques-1059094.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863043.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619134548-20180619154548-00589.warc.gz | en | 0.86027 | 815 | 4.21875 | 4 |
When Alan Webster's parents tell him that they have to move, the 17-year-old student is understandably upset - but not nearly as much as when he learns their destination is the planet Alturus, 85 billion miles away.
Did You Know?
The Alturus star system is described as 85 billion miles from Earth. That wouldn't even get you to the Oort Cloud. It's still part of our solar system. The nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is about 25 trillion miles away. These distances were known in 1985. See more | <urn:uuid:1be7c7c7-b4fb-47af-9b7b-3f7669432b36> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://s.media-imdb.com/title/tt0511107/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878921.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022053410-20201022083410-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.972129 | 112 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric dams
In this presentation, we will mainly present the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric dams!
My presentation is divided into five main parts. First, I will give the definition of hydroelectric dam. Then I will discuss about a brief history of hydropower’s use. After that I will talk about benefits and disadvantages of a hydroelectric dam. And finally, I will conclude with the potential of production.
We’ll begin with the definition of a hydroelectric dam.
- Definition of a “hydroelectric dam”:
“Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power by using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water”. The way hydroelectric dams function is closest to that of watermills. The main difference is that instead of turning a wheel, the water makes a turbine turn, the water makes a turbine turn, the which makes a generator run, to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Finally, a power transformer loads to adjust the electricity’s voltage produced in order to inject it into a network of electricity transmission. This is also another major difference. The energy produced by the water is no longer used on site, but in another place.
- Brief history of hydropower’s use:
Hydropower has been used for centuries in order to serve human activities. Indeed, the first signs of its use can be traced back to the period of Antiquity. Back then; this energy was used as a mechanical force to operate water mills. These water mills were generally used to grind grain to make flour, to saw wood or to extract oil. Its operation was rather simple. The water turns, either by the force of its flow (kinetic energy), or by gravity a wheel. The latter sets an axle in motion which in turn sets in motion a set of gears. All these transmit their energy to rotate the grinding wheel.
- Benefits of hydropower:
The first advantage of hydropower is that this energy satisfies the definition of sustainable development, a goal which represents a major challenge for the future of the planet. As a reminder, sustainable development is characterized by three pillars: social, economic and environmental.
Socially, hydropower sector should create jobs around the world.
Economically, there should also be positive effects. Indeed, hydropower is expected not only to create new jobs but also to expand or convert old industries.
Thus, the development of this energy, like other renewables, should provide a new impetus to Europe’s aging industries like the automotive sector.
Finally, in terms of the environment, the development of this type of energy can respond to European issues such as the EU 2020 strategy. Indeed, hydropower can contribute to energy independence and to the EU’s energy security. It also helps produce cleaner energy such as that produced from oil or gas.
Although this energy is used to limit the impact on the environment, we will see in the next section that this energy can also have a negative impact on the environment.
- Disadvantages of hydroelectric dam:
Example of the variability of water resources in Algeria.
As we can see in this graph, the first disadvantage of hydropower is the variability of this resource. This energy is very variable from one month to another, but also from one year to another. If we take for example the month of December, the average rainfall between 1976 and 2002 was approximately 10 millimeters, while it was about 50 millimeters between 1949 and 1976.
The second disadvantage is that the water, instead of flowing normally, is canalized and water stagnate to the tank. This stagnant water has many environmental impacts such as reduced oxygen in the water.
The third major consequence is that the dam creates the phenomenon of gradual silting of the tank.
Indeed, the dam prevents sediment be able to flow with the water downstream. Again, this is an issue that is highly variable depending on the location of implantation. This is a real problem for the operation of the dam because the gradual silting up of the reservoir water will lead to the decrease in both the total storage capacity as well as energy production.
Finally, a dam can cause the displacement of the population living on the water.
- Hydroelectric dams potential:
Production potential of hydropower is estimated to be at 18,000 TWh. However, if one takes into account the likely profitability of its projects, this potential is at more than 9,000 TWh. This figure is nevertheless important compared to the total energy production in the world which is at about 20,000 TWh. In terms of investment potential, it is a very interesting energy. In fact, it is estimated that currently there are about 3,200 TWh of hydropower installed around the world. This represents only half of the total production capacity. | <urn:uuid:6216c506-0491-4814-82bf-868fd8ab42e8> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://blog.bio-ressources.com/2013/02/21/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-hydroelectric-dams/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812855.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219231024-20180220011024-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.953166 | 1,013 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Welfare and Rights before the Movement: Rights as a Language of the State
Karen M. Tani
University of California, Berkeley
October 9, 2012
Yale Law Journal, Vol. 122, no. 2 (Nov. 2012)
In conversations about government assistance, rights language often emerges as a danger: when benefits become “rights,” policymakers lose flexibility, taxpayers suffer, and the poor lose incentive to work. Absent from the discussion is an understanding of how, when, and why Americans began to talk about public benefits in rights terms. This article addresses that lacuna by examining the rise of a vibrant language of rights within the federal social welfare bureaucracy during the 1930s and 1940s. This language is barely visible in judicial and legislative records, the traditional source base for legal-historical inquiry, but amply evidenced by previously un-mined administrative records. Using these documents, this article shows how concepts of “welfare rights” filtered through federal, state, and local administrative channels and into communities around the nation.
This finding contradicts conventional wisdom, which dates the birth of “welfare rights” language to the 1960s. This article reveals that as early as 1935, some Americans — government officials, no less — deliberately and persistently employed rights language in communications about welfare benefits. In addition to challenging dominant interpretations, this article identifies an under-studied aspect of rights language. An abundant “rights talk” literature chronicles and critiques claimants’ use of rights language. This article, by contrast, identifies rights language emanating from government and being used for government purposes. Specifically, this article argues that federal administrators used rights language as an administrative tool, a way to solve tricky problems of federalism and administrative capacity at a time in which poor relief was shifting from a local to a state and federal responsibility. Thus this article not only enriches debates about the role of rights in contemporary social welfare reforms, but it also brings fresh insights to scholarship on the techniques of administrators and the limits of federal power.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 70
Keywords: legal history, U.S. history, cooperative federalism, rights language, welfare, Social Security Act, public benefits, New Deal, administrative state, welfare rights, poverty law
Date posted: October 10, 2012 ; Last revised: November 20, 2012
© 2015 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Do You Really Need to Count Calories?
We asked Abby Langer, a registered dietitian, to help answer one of our most pressing questions.
The truth about counting calories
Reader’s Digest Canada: For decades we’ve heard that the secret to weight loss and maintenance is calories in–calories out. Is that idea changing?
Abby Langer: Yes. We’ve started to take a more holistic view of nutrition and health, and there’s an understanding that the quality of food is more important than calorie counting. Back when I was studying nutrition at university, we learned that if you eat 3,500 calories over and above what you need in a day, you’re going to gain one pound. It’s not that this is untrue, but it’s extremely simplistic. Calories are processed differently depending on which food they come from, individual genetics and gut bacteria.
Let’s backtrack. What exactly is a calorie?
A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. It was actually first used to measure efficiency in steam engines. The concept as it relates to food and diet came about in the 1860s, based on the idea that calories are to our bodies what fuel is to fire.
How is a calorie from an apple different than one from a chocolate bar?
A calorie is always technically the same, but there are differences relating to nutrition. For instance, when you consume a food that has natural sugar in it—like an apple—the sugar is bound up with other nutrients, like fibre and antioxidants. That means it’s going to fuel you for longer than a chocolate bar, where the sugar will be absorbed very quickly—resulting in a spike in blood sugar followed by a crash.
Speaking of fruit, it’s demonized by a lot of trendy diets, like keto and Whole 30. How come?
I hate that. The anti-fruit trend is an extension of the anti-carb movement, and a lot of fruit is high in natural sugar and therefore relatively high in carbs. But as I was saying, fruit has a lot of benefits that simple carbs don’t. It’s absolutely part of a healthy diet. Nothing makes me angrier than when people use fear tactics to sell a new way of eating, leading to more confusion and anxiety around food.
When I was growing up in the ’80s and ’90s, fat was the enemy.
Right. That was the era of fat phobia—fat-free salad dressing, diet and processed everything. This goes back to our topic of calories because fat is very calorie-dense. Of course, now we’ve swung in the opposite direction with high-fat, high-protein diets, and processed foods are the bogeyman. A lot of people don’t even know what “processed” means. Pasteurized milk, roasted almonds and hummus are all processed foods—anything that has been altered from its natural state. But they’re not the same as a Twinkie.
What do you make of the criticism that the organic food movement is elitist?
That is absolutely true. Most people can’t afford to spend money on whatever Gwyneth Paltrow is recommending. I get annoyed by “clean eating” culture. Not just because the science doesn’t support it, but because it turns food and weight into a morality issue. Food fundamentalism is like a new religion and a way of assessing how “pure” we are: detoxing, fasting, giving up sugar for 21 days.
Do those methods even work?
No, not for sustained success. In fact, the research shows that people who lose weight from extreme dieting are more likely to gain it back, and more.
If not calorie counting, what do you recommend for improving our eating habits?
It’s not that I’m totally against calories. I have clients who say counting them is an easy way to keep on top of what they’re consuming, and that’s fine. I just don’t like the obsession with numbers. The new Canada Food Guide, which focuses less on serving sizes and more on common sense, is a step in the right direction. It highlights healthy habits and rituals around eating: preparing your own food when possible, eating with other people and being aware of how marketing can influence food choices. It’s exciting to see those factors being recognized as part of a healthy diet.
Next, find out the essential vitamins your body needs to stay healthy. | <urn:uuid:44d67620-acf3-441f-85be-6b1963972981> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.readersdigest.ca/health/healthy-living/counting-calories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510149.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926043538-20230926073538-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.95802 | 981 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Sitting on a high, arid plateau in the Chilean Andes, a new telescope known as the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX)--the largest submillimeter radio telescope now operating in the southern hemisphere--officially opened for business in late September [see photo, " "]. IEEE Spectrum was in the neighborhood and dropped in for the inaugural ceremony.
The Chajnantor plain, located at a height of 5100 meters in Chile's Atacama Desert, said to be the driest place on Earth, is about as high and dry as you can get. The 14-kilometer dirt road leading up to the site demands skillful four-wheel maneuvering--in rain or snow or at night, it's downright treacherous. The oxygen-poor air at the summit leaves many a visitor dizzy and disoriented, including this reporter. "Some people have no problem, some people have to use oxygen, and a few get sick and have to be taken down to lower altitudes quickly," notes Lars-Ake Nyman, APEX's station manager. The staff keeps a supply of portable oxygen tanks on hand at all times for the faint of heart.
The telescope is designed to peer through interstellar clouds. These clouds of cosmic dust and gas are known to be the birthplace of stars, but at optical wavelengths and even at infrared wavelengths, these regions are totally opaque, notes Karl Menten, director of the group for millimeter and submillimeter astronomy at the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, in Bonn, Germany, and the principal investigator for APEX. "The millimeter and submillimeter ranges are the only ranges where you can study the initial conditions of star formation," he says.
A joint project of the Max Planck Institute, the European Southern Observatory, in Garching, Germany, and Sweden's Onsala Space Observatory, APEX took about four years to complete and cost ¤11 million (about US $13 million, including infrastructure). Choosing the proper site was critical, Menten says. "At submillimeter wavelengths, your biggest enemy is Earth's atmosphere. Even at dry sites, it has a lot of water in it, and water absorbs the radiation from astronomical sources. So the higher you go, the less water content in the atmosphere, the drier it is."
It's hard to imagine much of anything being constructed on this rocky plain, let alone a huge, exquisitely sensitive radio antenna. APEX's 12-meter-diameter antenna consists of 264 polished aluminum panels, forming a near-perfect parabolic dish. Getting those panels to line up just right was a feat in itself, says Nyman. Each panel is adjusted by five screws--one in each corner and one in the center, he explains. "We transmitted a reference signal from the summit of Cerra Chajnantor to the dish, and from that, we created a holographic map of the dish. That told us how much to adjust each screw, by how many degrees." Over the course of two days, in freezing temperatures and high winds, APEX engineers painstakingly adjusted each screw with a screwdriver. All of the instrumentation must be cooled to less than 4 degrees above absolute zero. Otherwise, the heat from the instruments hinders their performance or prevents them from operating altogether.
Submillimeter observations are a relatively new domain for astronomers; the first submillimeter observatories were built in the 1990s. But APEX is paving the way for an even more ambitious undertaking on Chajnantor: the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, known as ALMA, which will consist of 50 millimeter-band antennas. Jointly funded by the United States, the European Union, and Japan, ALMA will use 12-meter antennas very similar in design to APEX's. ALMA's antennas will be mobile, so that the whole array can be reconfigured, and when completed, it will be the largest and most sensitive millimeter instrument in the world.
The first of its antennas will arrive in Chile next year, and operations are slated to begin in 2007, Menten says. | <urn:uuid:409c61f4-602d-4188-9b5f-2cad1e66c05b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/astrophysics/space-mountain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645353863.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031553-00086-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946253 | 847 | 3.453125 | 3 |
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Part 1 of this paper provided an overview of smart-antenna systems, and presented a planar array as a design example. In addition, Part 1 discussed the potential of smart antennas with regard to providing increased capacity in wireless communication networks. Part 2 introduces the signal-processing aspects of the antenna array. In particular, it describes the utility of direction-of-arrival algorithms in array-antenna systems, and gives an overview of the signal-processing algorithms that are used to adapt the antenna radiation pattern. The adaptive-algorithm descriptions are accompanied by simulation results obtained for a specific network topology. In particular, the antenna system is simulated assuming a mobile network topology that is continuously changing. Basic results presented are the dependence of the overall network throughput on the design of the adaptive-antenna system, and on the properties of the adaptive-beamforming algorithms and associated antenna patterns. | <urn:uuid:df36c876-a2c9-4fd6-9a0c-80b314b76f45> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&Citations&tp=&arnumber=1043158&contentType=Journals+%26+Magazines&sortType%3Dasc_p_Sequence%26filter%3DAND(p_IS_Number%3A22357) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507448896.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005728-00239-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897379 | 184 | 3.015625 | 3 |
These baobab leaves are in a transition phase: only some of them have five leaflets already, the rest only three, as is typical of juvenile trees. The younger the tree, the fewer the leaflets in the digitate leaf structure, down to simple leaves on saplings. Mature trees have up to nine leaflets.
The shape of the normally stalkless leaflet is elliptic to obovate-elliptic. The central or terminal leaflet is the biggest, those next to the stalk the smallest. The leaflet margin is entire, the base tapering and the tip attenuating narrowly. The surfaces of the leaflets are bright green and shiny, their midribs and lateral veins visible. Leaflet hairiness decreases as the leaves age late in the season before they fall (Coates Palgrave, 2002). | <urn:uuid:508e3c4b-622a-4c9f-8fc0-58c82e0fc4be> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://operationwildflower.org.za/index.php/albums/trees/adansonia-digitata-leaves-il-3-3614 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647892.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322151300-20180322171300-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.957925 | 167 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Arnan X., Escola A., Rodrigo A., Bosch J. (2014) Female reproductive success in gynodioecious Thymus vulgaris: Pollen versus nutrient limitation and pollinator foraging behaviour. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 175: 395-408.EnllaçDoi: 10.1111/boj.12173
Gynodioecy is a dimorphic breeding system in which female individuals coexist with hermaphroditic individuals in the same population. Females only contribute to the next generation via ovules, and many studies have shown that they are usually less attractive than hermaphrodites to pollinators. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how females manage to persist in populations despite these disadvantages. The 'resource reallocation hypothesis' (RRH) states that females channel resources not invested in pollen production and floral advertisement towards the production of more and/or larger seeds. We investigated pollination patterns and tested the RRH in a population of Thymus vulgaris. We measured flower display, flower size, nectar production, visitation rates, pollinator constancy and flower lifespan in the two morphs. In addition, we measured experimentally the effects of pollen and resource addition on female reproductive success (fruit set, seed set, seed weight) of the two morphs. Despite lower investment in floral advertisement, female individuals were no less attractive to pollinators than hermaphrodites on a per flower basis. Other measures of pollinator behaviour (number of flowers visited per plant, morph preference and morph constancy) also showed that pollinators did not discriminate against female flowers. In addition, stigma receptivity was longer in female flowers. Accordingly, and contrary to most studies on gynodioecious species, reproductive success of females was not pollen limited. Instead, seed production was pollen limited in hermaphrodites, suggesting low levels of cross-pollination in hermaphrodites. Seed production was resource limited in hermaphrodites, but not in females, thus providing support for the RRH. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London.
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© 2016 CREAF | Avís legal | <urn:uuid:376d3d13-ba07-41e4-945f-3f802b25a76b> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.creaf.cat/ca/publicacions?amp%3Bpage=2&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B0%5D=field_creaf_author_terms%253Afield_creaf_member_related%3A84&%3Bf%5B0%5D=field_creaf_author_terms%253Afield_creaf_member_related%3A43&f%5B0%5D=field_creaf_author_terms%253Afield_creaf_member_related%3A45&f%5B1%5D=field_creaf_author_terms%253Afield_creaf_member_related%3A4739 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986688826.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019040458-20191019063958-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.890028 | 478 | 2.515625 | 3 |
July 23, 2015
We’re super inspired by Technology Will Save Us, a UK-based, design-forward start-up that gives families and kids opportunities to learn about technology and design through creativity. Their awesome DIY kits let kids create all kinds of fun and unexpected projects, like a handheld electronic game or a solar-powered watering system for their garden, (safely) using very grown-up tools. (Yes, your 10 year old can solder!) Even more exciting? TWSU will distribute the BBC micro:bit to over a million kids in the UK this fall. This cool tool has everything a budding techie needs, including a mini processor and an LED screen for basic programming and design. What a way to foster the “maker” generation! Visit the Tech Will Save Us website to learn more about this amazing company founded by artist, mom, and businesswoman Bethany Coby and designer, maker, and educator Daniel Hirschman. | <urn:uuid:2744aa21-cb0c-4b7a-8569-4b419017cb57> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://thekinderjournal.com/archive/2015/7/23/technology-will-save-us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864798.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522151159-20180522171159-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.921074 | 196 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Babylonian and Assyrian Temples
In the ancient Babylonian and Assyrian periods of W Asia the temple, or ziggurat, was a square pyramidal structure about 300 ft (90 m) high built up in successive, inclined terraces, sometimes as many as seven; with accessory buildings it was enclosed by walls. At its summit was a chamber that served both as a shrine and for astronomical observations. Glazed colored bricks faced the walls.
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Architecture | <urn:uuid:abdced93-3ab3-409e-98b4-8ac4df827321> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/world/temple-edifice-worship-babylonian-assyrian-temples.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947697 | 131 | 3.5 | 4 |
The description of the book is:
FREE AFRICAN AMERICANS
OF VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA
SOUTH CAROLINA, MARYLAND AND DELAWARE
by Paul Heinegg
The history of the free African American community as told through the family history of most African Americans who were free in the Southeast during the colonial period.
About 2,000 pages of family histories based on all colonial court order and minute books on microfilm at the state archives of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina and Delaware (over 1000 volumes), 1790-1810 census records, tax lists, wills, deeds, free Negro registers, marriage bonds, parish registers, Revolutionary War pension files, etc. There are also another 2,000 pages or so of abstracted tax lists, census records, etc., under "Colonial Tax Lists..."
There are links for each resource that is available, and then alphabetical indices for the family genealogy reports in some of the chapters.
This is a tremendous resource for researchers with African-American roots in these states. I quickly checked to see if my wife's Maryland slave-holding ancestors are mentioned - they aren't. | <urn:uuid:31b6cec0-a422-45c6-a881-b3a30721a9ad> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.geneamusings.com/2006/08/colonial-free-african-american-book.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098987.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00265-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921725 | 244 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Decision-making scenarios aren’t just for elearning. Here are 12 ideas for other ways you can use branched scenarios to help people practice solving problems.
First, some vocabulary. Each “decision point” in a branching scenario contains the following:
- The result of the previous decision, such as, “The forklift continues to speed toward the plate glass window.”
- The stem and options for a new decision, such as, “What should you do?” followed by three or four actions.
One of the great benefits of a challenging branched scenario is that it provokes discussion. No more glassy-eyed stares! Some ideas:
- Go through an online scenario together: Project the scenario on a screen and as a group decide what option to take at each point.
- Act it out: Assign roles in the story and have participants read and act their lines once the group has decided what they should do.
- Go through the scenario in small groups: Divide participants into groups of four or so. Have them work through the scenario as a group, then report back to the larger group why they think they got the result they did.
- Require someone to defend each option: To bring the discussion to a deeper level, assign each option to a participant: “Bob, you’ll argue for option B every time, whether you agree with it or not. Give it your best shot!” You can do this in large or small groups. If you have four options at each decision point, you might create groups of four and, before they start the scenario, have each person choose an option to always defend.
- Ask the group to improve the scenario. Ideally, you tested an earlier version of the scenario on a sample of your audience and improved it based on their suggestions. Now do it again, but as a learning exercise. You could ask what options participants wanted to have but didn’t, how the plot could be made more realistic, and how failure and success should be measured.
- Have groups design their own scenarios. After going through and discussing a scenario you wrote, form small groups and have them each design a branching scenario for their colleagues. You might offer a list of story ideas for them to choose from, each offering the opportunity to closely examine the complex decisions that happen on the job. The design project should probably take place over a couple of weeks rather than in one intensive session, and each group’s deliverable could be a simple, text-only PowerPoint or Twine scenario that’s run at another gathering of the full group. You’ll need to win the participation of managers and subject matter experts, but considering how deeply we have to examine every decision to write a good scenario, this exercise could be really powerful.
Email and mobile
Keep your audience engaged by feeding them one scene a day. It’s an email soap opera!
- Send an email episode each day to participants showing the results of their last decision and presenting them with another decision in the story. Have them click an HTML link in the email to register their choice — and make them wait until the next day to see how it turns out. You could set this up with an email auto-responder, which your marketing staff should be familiar with, although the branching could be more complex than they’re used to. The email could be plain text or use HTML and images.
- Use text messages to deliver one decision point a day to a mobile audience. Participants can make their choice by sending the appropriate code from their phone. Entire novels have been delivered through text message!
- Encourage discussion throughout the run of the soap opera. For example, you could set up a discussion forum, assign some people to add posts to keep it lively, and include links to it in the emails or text messages.
- Have the scenario play out in real time: If you want people to practice making decisions in a process that plays out over weeks, and the lapse of time is important, you could insert realistic delays between the decision points. You could send emails from scenario characters or other messages that provide the same kind of information that people would receive if this were a real situation, or remind them to perform the same monitoring that they would need to do in real life so they can make a good decision at the next point.
Audio and video
Are podcasts popular in your organization? Are you allowed to use YouTube? Go for it! You might also set up a discussion forum as described above or otherwise encourage people to talk about the scenario as it unfolds.
- Record an audio file of each decision point and its options. When participants click a link to choose an option, they receive the file for the next decision point, either immediately or after a realistic lapse of time. You might use participants’ colleagues as actors in the scenario to increase its appeal.
- Create a branched video story: Create a separate video for each decision point, and then use YouTube’s annotations feature to link to each option at the end of the video. Here’s an example. If you can’t use YouTube, this tool designed for marketers might work for you.
Make it controversial, and don’t forget the debrief!
One of the strengths of scenarios is that they inspire discussion. Encourage that discussion by intentionally making your scenario not only challenging but also a little controversial, such as by failing to include a popular option or by making a common mistake so appealing that a lot of people fall for it.
Finally, I don’t recommend using scenarios alone, no matter what setting you put them in. Learners need a debrief, some structured way to discuss, draw conclusions, build a model, and identify how they’re going to change what they do.
What did I miss? What’s another way to use scenarios to get people thinking and talking? Let us know in the comments!
Scenario design workshop open for registration
Become a scenario design master! Starting Oct. 15, I’m offering Scenario design: In-depth and hands-on, a four-session online course. We’ll meet for 90 minutes starting at 1 PM US Eastern time on Oct. 15, 17, 22, and 24. Please see this page for details and registration.
Australia workshops open for registration
- Nov. 13, Sydney: Training design master class for training managers at the Learning@Work conference
- Nov. 26, Melbourne: Elearning Design for Business Results one-day workshop for ElNet
- Nov. 29, Sydney: Elearning Design for Business Results one-day workshop for ElNet | <urn:uuid:d7aa4d6f-ab29-430f-a73a-d19f56650b28> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.cathy-moore.com/2013/09/12-cool-ways-to-use-scenarios/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934496 | 1,388 | 3.625 | 4 |
A Cutting-Edge Instructional Technology Tool
Developed by FVCC Assistant Professor David Long.
A Lightboard is an instructional tool that provides the opportunity to create an online learning environment that simulates face-to-face teaching. Part chalkboard, part projection screen, the device floats a lesson in the space between the instructor and his or her student audience, generating a kind of virtual reality that engages online student learners in a way that traditional online learning platforms cannot. Recently developed by Michael Peshkin at Northwestern University, a Lightboard is a vertical sheet of glass positioned between an instructor and a video camera. Although the glass panel is completely invisible to the students, it provides a surface upon which the instructor can write bright, legible writing against a black background, all the while facing the student audience.
Combining Michael Peshkin’s innovative lightboard design with modifications that reduce the cost and complexity of construction, FVCC has constructed their own Lightboard to better simulate face-to-face lectures and demonstrations for online students.
In contrast to traditional video lecture methods (audio narration of static slides), the Lightboard offers several advantages expected to make positive impacts on the student learner experience.
- Eye Contact – In a lightboard learning environment students are able to make what they perceive as eye contact with the instructor, who looking right at them from a position similar to what students experience in a face-to-face classroom.
- Gestures – Instructors can utilize the full range of gestural and non-verbal communication, further engaging online students.
- Integration – In a single scene students can observe the instructor, the board, computer-generated graphics, and any physical objects (models, instruments, etc.) that are a critical part of the lesson.
In short, instructors can behave almost exactly as they would in a face-to-face lesson using the same set of tools they use in the classroom. This results in much more fluid and natural delivery, creating a learner experience that is more comparable, and in some cases superior, to a face-to-face experience. | <urn:uuid:ca060b5e-dd33-4ac2-80b5-6532a9ed43e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://wwwnc.fvcc.edu/what-we-offer/online-education/lightboard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805466.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119080836-20171119100836-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.928571 | 426 | 3.5 | 4 |
Cosmetic & Restorative Dentistry
Prosthodontists are the experts in dental rehabilitation and have mastered many procedures including: crowns, bridges, veneers, removable partial dentures, dentures and dental implants.
One of the most common uses of the term “bonding” is the application of tooth-colored filling material to the existing tooth. Bonding is used for repairing fractures, filling cavities, masking discolored teeth and making cosmetic improvements to the natural tooth. It’s often considered an intermediate step to improve the appearance of these teeth until the patient is ready to receive more definitive restorations.
Porcelain veneers are used to modify the shape and color of teeth. A veneer is a thin shell of porcelain that is bonded to the surface of a tooth to improve its esthetics, close gaps, aligned teeth properly or to protect a damaged tooth.
Is the process of removing stains from the teeth. Teeth bleaching process can be done in the dental office with a more concentrated solution with a special bleaching light or laser, or at home using a customized tray with a less concentrated bleaching gel.
Is a simple procedure in which the teeth are reshaped to enhance the appearance by giving the sense of uniformity and alignment. It is a good approach in cases of small chips or fractures, minor crowding, and sharp or uneven tooth lengths.
Crowns cover or “cap” a tooth to restore the normal function and appearance of the tooth. Crowns are indicated for teeth with large fillings with not enough tooth structure to support a new filling, teeth that have had a root canal, fracture teeth, worn teeth due to grinding, and misshaped and/or discolored teeth. Crowns may be made as all metal, porcelain fused to metal, or all ceramic (porcelain).
Fixed conventional bridges
A bridge has been use to replace a missing tooth or teeth, which consist of two or more crowns attached to a false tooth or teeth. The bridge is cemented to the prepared teeth. The patient can’t remove the bridge, and special aids are available to keep it clean.
When a patient no longer has any natural teeth, complete dentures are the traditional method to restore function and appearance. Many patients experience difficulty wearing conventional dentures because of poor stability and decreased chewing function. The use of dental implants to improve the stability and retention of dentures is becoming quite popular.
Removable Partial Dentures
When there is multiple missing teeth, weak anchor teeth or no posterior teeth to anchor on, a removable partial denture is used to replace teeth. These restorations typically are made of a metal framework and a plastic base with teeth. They must be removed for daily cleaning and at night.
Full mouth reconstruction
Refers to rebuilding and/or replacing all of the teeth in a patient’s mouth to restore the health, function, and the beauty of the mouth. In these cases the patient has multiple missing teeth, teeth with large fillings that are failing, severe teeth decay, broken teeth, or severe worn teeth due to bruxism (teeth grinding) or other habits. | <urn:uuid:d5c6d360-c997-47fa-937e-19c7cbe84862> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://pureprostho.com/cosmetic-restorative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902683.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029010437-20201029040437-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.917044 | 662 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Guest blog post written by John Galloway (Inclusion and Technology Advisory Teacher, Tower Hamlets)
Food, and its preparation, has a particular place in society, not just ours, but in every one across the globe. At one level, it is about sustenance and nutrition – a necessary fact of our existence. At another, it represents some of our most powerful emotions, not just the pleasure it derives through our senses, but also how it can represent our feelings for others. The act of cooking for others, and being cooked for, is not just purely functional, but can act as an expression of affection.
It is also supremely multi-sensory. Before we even taste the food, we see it on the plate, its aroma hits our nostrils, perhaps some time before we eat as it emanates from the oven. Then, there is also the sound we may hear as it sizzles on the stovetop. We have the feel of it in the mouth, or in our hands, and we experience the flavour. There are myriad sensations here. The colours on the plate, the range of smells and tastes, the chewing and popping, the unctuousness of foods such as chocolate, or the explosiveness of sherbert. Whilst everyone responds individually to these – sometimes strongly, whether in liking or disliking them, they are integral to the activity of eating.
Cooking with children and young people also has several layers of learning. There are the overt, curriculum-focused, ones such as setting the foundations for a career in catering, or simply as a skill for life, to the many others in every aspect of the school timetable. In maths, we can think about measuring and weighing, costing and shopping. In science, there are the changes that take place when we cook food, the impact it has on our bodies, how it grows, and its place in our environment. English brings in reading and writing recipes, or reviewing them, and stories where eating evokes memories. Then there is history, with consideration of everyday lives from the past, and how our diets have changed within an increasingly interconnected world, from the arrival of the potato with Walter Raleigh in the late sixteenth century to the arrival of the SS Empire Windrush just after the Second World War. In geography, pupils look at where crops are grown, and why, and how they are moved around the world in trade and any exploration of other cultures in school will inevitably involve their cuisine.
For learners with SEND there are other aspects of learning, too, beyond the formal ones of following instructions, weighing and mixing, budgeting, and creating. It can provide a sensory focus, particularly a tactile one in activities such as bread-making. There is also the need to think about others, to work as a team, to take turns, to share, to consider other peoples’ needs and satisfy them, and to accept appreciation. Usually this is by offering the class’ efforts around, but we might introduce an element of enterprise and sell them for a good cause, or an end of term trip.
Across LGfL there are resources to support cookery activities with SEND learners. In Busythings, some activities provide a virtual way to introduce and explore the subject. Have a look at Busy Oven where you can test the impact of cooking at varying times and temperatures on the monster.
Or learn about Roman recipes in the Romans in London resource. But probably the most flexible resource is CookIt, with its History Cookbook section. You might also want to listen to appropriate music from Audionetwork as you work, or dish out your food, using it to evoke a place or a period, adding to the multi-sensory mood.
Cooking together remains one of our most fundamental human activities, as well as one of our richest learning opportunities.
Remember, if you need any support with our learning content you can contact the Inspire Team by emailing email@example.com or contact the LGfL Switchboard: 020 82 555 555.
Also, visit coronavirus.lgfl.net which is continually updated with advice and support during the partial school closures. | <urn:uuid:434592c2-8a57-45f1-865b-50b24544d214> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://curriculumblog.lgfl.net/2020/05/cooking-and-send-a-special-place-in-our-classrooms-and-our-hearts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072082.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413031741-20210413061741-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.963451 | 860 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Saturday, March 1, 2008
Learn To Fly: March 2008
Becoming a pilot is a dream for many. Here we present the basics to help you make that dream a reality.
What Are The Requirements?
To earn your private certificate, you must be at least 17, though you can “solo” (fly without an instructor) at 16. Federal regulations require 35 to 40 hours in the air, divided between different types of flying (i.e., night, solo, cross-country, etc.). You must pass an FAA written exam as well as a medical exam performed by a doctor specializing in aviation medicine. Finally, you must pass a practical exam demonstrating your skills in the airplane with a pilot examiner on board.
Is It Safe?
The media isn’t kind to aviation. If you watch the news or read the newspaper on a regular basis, you might think flying is dangerous. It seems like “little airplanes” are crashing all the time. The truth, however, paints a different picture.
According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), there were 43,443 fatal motor vehicle accidents in 2005. During the same year, there were 562 fatal general aviation (GA) accidents. It may be interesting to note that there were 697 fatal recreational boating accidents that same year.
While it’s difficult to precisely compare aviation risk to motor vehicle risk, research proves that flying is safer than it may seem. At its worst, flying may be on par with riding a motorcycle. If you eliminate accident factors you should never encounter (like flying intoxicated, irresponsibly or into bad weather), flying becomes even safer. Instructional flying is the safest of all GA flying. Every minute of your training will go toward making you a safe pilot. The entire aviation curriculum is focused on safety. Advances in aircraft, technology, weather prediction and reporting, navigation and communication make flying safer today than it has ever been.
|Top 10 Online Resources |
The Internet is a vast resource of excellent information for beginning pilots. Here, we give you our top 10.
|http://flighttraining.aopa.org||AOPA’s Website includes “Project Pilot,” which helps fledgling pilots find an |
aviation mentor during training. There are tons of free features and resources.
|www.faa.gov/pilots/become||The FAA’s site for beginning pilots includes links to a free online AIM |
(Aeronautical Information Manual), a variety of student-pilot statistics and
|www.learntoflykit.com||By signing up for Plane & Pilot’s free Learn To Fly Kit, you’ll receive materials and information that will guide you as you start your path toward pilot certification. |
|www.landings.com||This aviation portal is a gateway to all things aviation. From breaking aviation news to sources for pilot supplies, this is a great starting point.|
|www.faa-ground-school.com||This fantastic resource has free online ground-school courses and much more. |
|www.liveatc.net||Live ATC feeds allow you to listen to real communications between pilots and some of the country’s busiest controllers. |
|Both sites offer free practice FAA written exams. |
|www.airnav.com||An online directory of airports, navigational aids and flight-planning aids, all free.|
|http://av-info.faa.gov/pilotschool.asp ||The FAA’s search tool for pilot schools. |
|www.geocities.com/cfidarren ||Darren Smith is the certified flight instructor who runs this site. It’s a huge repository of good information. His “links” page alone will keep you busy for days. |
Page 2 of 6 | <urn:uuid:7236b758-636d-4c70-8f9d-8630ea3f070c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.planeandpilotmag.com/proficiency/pilot-skills/learn-to-fly-march-2008.html?start=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705310619/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115510-00037-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926282 | 818 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Indoor Gardening Project
Explore the science of indoor gardening. Learn about the life cycle of plants, starting plants from seed, soil, watering, fertilization, propagation, planting and care of terrariums, dish gardens and hanging baskets, and houseplants.
To view county or local club events, visit the county website.
4-H plays a pivotal role in youth development and public education at the Minnesota State Fair. More than 7,000 4-H youth have the opportunity to interact with the public and educate fairgoers through 4-H exhibits, demonstrations, performances, and 4-H promotion. More info.
Other online resources
To get involved with the 4-H Indoor Gardening Project, contact your county 4-H office.
All resources on this page have been reviewed by our faculty and included for their educational value. No endorsement is intended or implied. Minnesota 4-H does not profit from the inclusion of any commercial project resources. | <urn:uuid:f78d0ad6-114b-44d1-9590-70fa62066a80> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.extension.umn.edu/youth/mn4-H/projects/gardening-ag/indoor-garden/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990114.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00214-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922384 | 197 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Grid and alignment
Using the grid
Web designers often use a grid to help them position content on screen, within the container box.
Grids are routinely used for designing print products. Newspapers, example, column-based layouts. Sometimes, a headline a picture might span two, three or four columns. But it rarely two and a half columns, because that tends to look messy.
Whatever you’re working in print or online, if you can line up blocks of content, it makes your design look tidier.
Take a look at the website for the Drupal content management system www.drupal.org. The grey stripes have been overlaid to show the 12 column grid that is the foundation of this design.
The top blue section is divided into two halves. The first white section contains three boxes, all aligned to the same grid. Some of the content within these boxes is centered, but most of it sits tightly against the edge of the column. Towards the bottom of the page, the design is two-column again, and aligned to the same id. Notice how well all the content on the left is aligned, from e logo down to the footer links.
Not everything as to sit rigidly on the grid: you Can break out of it for emphasis, and to create some pace in the design. But, if nothing lines up, a web page can look amateurish or chaotic.
Tips for good alignment
To ensure your web page lines up well, follow these steps:
- Mark up your content correctly, using the right HTML tags, to identify a heading or a list item, for example. By default, HTML brings consistency, ensuring that all headlines and bullets line up.
- Take care when adding spacing using CSS (changing the padding and margin around an element). This can introduce inconsistencies that throw out the natural alignment that HTML gives you.
- Be careful if you’re using a visual editing system to your web pages. They will often let you place content wherever you want on the page, but won’t alert you if you’re a few pixels out in lining things up. That can lead to designs that look sloppy.
- It’s easier to create a strong alignment, and the impression of good design that goes with it, if you align content wit the left or right edge of the page or content box. If you center content, the alignment is harder to see. Centered paragraphs are also harder to read, because the start of each line is harder to find. Newcomers often want to center everything, but you should limit your use of center alignment to a few carefully selected parts of your design.
Thinking above the fold
As well as column based layouts, there’s another idea the web has borrowed from the newspaper industry: the fold.
When broadsheet newspapers are laid out for sale, they’re folded across the middle and only the top half can be seen. The bit that’s on show is said to be “above the fold”. Newspapers are designed to have their major headlines and photos in this top half of the page, so that people are drawn to them and pick up the paper. The newspaper’s branding also appears prominently in this top half, so that people can recognize it immediately.
In web design, the term “above the fold” is used to refer to the first screenful of content. It’s what people can see without having to scroll to scroll the page, so it is their first impression of your website. It’s essential that your website’s identity or branding, and its navigation, appears above the fold. By having multiple columns of text, you can also start several different stories above the fold and invite people to click to read more or scroll down the to finish reading.
Of course, the fold doesn’t appear at the same place for everyone. It varies depending on the screen resolution, browser used, and the number of browser toolbars in use. If you’re assuming a minimum screen height of 768 pixels, a good place to think of the fold is being 575-590 pixels down the page. But remember that this is the minimum and that people will see lots of different sized screenfuls.
People don’t always notice the scrollbar, so you need to provide a visual cue to encourage people to scroll down the page. An easy wav to do this is to box some of the content, and stagger where the boxes end. People understand that if they can’t see the bottom border of the box, they haven’t seen everything.
Within each web page, you need to create a hierarchy of information. It needs to be easy for visitors to see what’s most important on any given page, and easy for them to skim-read the page to find what they’re looking for.
Think of it like a newspaper. The size of the headlines, and their position on the page, tells you a lot about the relative importance of different stories.
Here are some tips for organizing the content on your web page:
- Larger text looks more important than smaller text.
- Things higher up the page tend to be more important than things further down the page.
- Be consistent. If you have 20 different sizes of text, it be difficult for people to gauge their relative importance. Use up to three different types of headings which are consistently formatted. Using the HTML <hl> to <h3> tags correctlywül enforce consistency by default.
- Use bulleted lists and subheadings to structure your content. You can create them using HTML, so they’re part of the language of navigating the web.
- You can use contrasting color or spacing around elements to call attention to them. Video on demand company LoveFilm (www.lovefilm.com), for example, could use a text link to bring people into its subscription process. But it uses a bright green button with space around it, so that there’s no mistaking the most important action on this page.
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- HP Z820 Workstation – Then and Now - November 18, 2015 | <urn:uuid:d7f982d1-ad2d-408d-973d-664fbe56efab> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://webworksagency.com/grid-and-alignment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608067.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525121448-20170525141448-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.900754 | 1,343 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Particle Physics- Activity Five
In this particle physics instructional activity, students use graphs and tables to predict the particles formed during a specific observation event. They complete 5 multi-part fill in the blank questions.
3 Views 6 Downloads
New Review Classifying Organisms Based On the Characteristics of the Five Kingdoms of Living Things
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AP Physics 1 and 2 Inquiry-Based Lab Investigations
Have you ever wondered what type of AP Physics investigations The College Board wants? This is the guide for you! Sixteen labs covering both Physics I and II will get you started and inspire you to meet the requirement of 25 percent of...
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The Science of Static Electricity
Add some spark to your physical science instruction with this short video on static electricity. Taking a look at the fundamental structure of atoms, this fun film explains how rubbing objects together can cause electrons to move from...
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Dark Matter: The Matter We Can't See
It's looking like the dark side is bigger than we thought! Physicists speculate that perhaps 96% of the universe consists of invisible dark matter and dark energy, while only 4% is what we can view with the aided eye. This flabbergasting...
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Particles and Waves: The Central Mystery of Quantum Mechanics
Help young physicists make a quantum leap in their understanding of matter with this short instructional video. Tracing the early work of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, and others, this resource explains the science behind the amazing fact...
5 mins 10th - Higher Ed Science CCSS: Adaptable | <urn:uuid:4f1de9a6-2d3d-4cf5-93b4-aa62b10ddb2e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/particle-physics-activity-five | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607726.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524001106-20170524021106-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.879436 | 407 | 4 | 4 |
Skåne’s Genealogical Society (Skånes Genealogiska Förbund abbreviated SGF) was established in 1937. In the beginning most of the research was focused on the nobility, the church ministers and the bourgeois. A greater interest in genealogy developed in the 1950’s and 1960’s when the Swedish church books were microfilmed. In the 1970’s and 1980’s, one was able to borrow microfilms from other parts of the country. But in Skåne if one wanted to research before 1658, (the time before Skåne was part of Sweden), one had to travel to Copenhagen where some documents were available at the Danish National Archives (Rigsarkivet). During the 1980s, the board of SGF repeatedly held discussions about the possibility of establishing a society archive. The thought was to acquire copies of important and difficult to access Skånska archival documents. These thoughts became reality in 1980 when a monetary grant was received to make photocopies of documents concerning Skåne that were preserved in the Danish National Archives. In addition, a number of documents stored at the Swedish National Archives were also copied.
Approximately 20,000 paper copies were copied and also some documents in Stockholm that were not available in Skåne formed the SGF archive. This archive was created before the age of digitization. A catalog was created in book form listing the archive contents so that copies of these documents could be ordered.
A few years ago, the Skåne Genealogical Society changed their Swedish name from Skånes Genealogiska Förbund to Skånes Släktforskarförbund (abbreviated SkSF) and changed the archive name to SkSF archive. At the Skåne Genealogical’s Society’s meeting in 2016 a motion was made to digitize these materials and ArkivDigital was asked if they would scan the paper copies and make them available.
1604 Land register from Asmundtorp. AID:v880266.b270.s27
The material consists mostly of tax registers and land registers from the 1500’s and 1600’s but there are also other documents. In 1676, Denmark occupied parts of Skåne and quickly created tax registers for those parts of Sweden that they took back. There were even rolls listing the friskytta (fighters) who fought for the Danish king.
Muster roll for Captain Eskils Nielsen’s company friskyttar, mustered in Helsingborg on July 10,1679. AID:v880383.b630.s63
To access the material (note these are scanned paper copies and not photographs of the original documents), search for Skånes Släktforskarförbund archive. Keep in mind that the county division was different during the Danish time. For example. there were both Helsingborg and Landskrona counties, as well as some smaller counties. A register of parishes and towns is in the process of being prepared to facilitate searching. | <urn:uuid:b330f527-8f13-464f-9abc-a4479a841cec> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://blog.arkivdigital.net/tag/skanes-slaktforskarforbund/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256494.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521162634-20190521184634-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.965374 | 648 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Get Secular State essential facts below. View Videos or join the Secular State discussion. Add Secular State to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Secularity can occur in degrees and can be hard to define, but as a minimum, secular states do not have a state religion. Countries with a state religion are shown in grey on the map. Those without are coloured.
A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion. A secular state claims to treat all its citizens equally regardless of religion, and claims to avoid preferential treatment for a citizen based on their religious beliefs, affiliation or lack of either over those with other profiles.
Secular states do not have a state religion (e.g., an established religion) or an equivalent, although the absence of an established state religion does not necessarily imply that a state is fully secular or egalitarian in all respects. For example, some states that describe themselves as secular have religious references in their national anthems and flags, or laws which advantage one religion or another.
Origin and practice
Secularity can be established at a state's creation (e.g., the Soviet Union, the United States, India) or by it later secularizing (e.g., France or Nepal). Movements for laïcité in France and separation of church and state in the United States have defined modern concepts of secularism, the United States of America being the first explicitly secular nation both in Western and world history. Historically, the process of secularizing typically involves granting religious freedom, disestablishing state religions, stopping public funds being used for a religion, freeing the legal system from religious control, freeing up the education system, tolerating citizens who change religion or abstain from religion, and allowing political leadership to come to power regardless of their religious beliefs.
In France, Italy and Spain, for example, official holidays for the public administration tend to be Christian feast days. Any private school in France that contracts with Éducation nationale means its teachers are salaried by the state--most of the Catholic schools are in this situation and, because of history, they are the majority; however, any other religious or non-religious schools also contract this way. In some European states where secularism confronts monoculturalistphilanthropy, some of the main Christian sects and sects of other religions depend on the state for some of the financial resources for their religious charities. It is common in corporate law and charity law to prohibit organized religion from using those funds to organize religious worship in a separate place of worship or for conversion; the religious body itself must provide the religious content, educated clergy and laypersons to exercise its own functions and may choose to devote part of their time to the separate charities. To that effect some of those charities establish secular organizations that manage part of or all of the donations from the main religious bodies.
According to Section 2 of the Constitution of Argentina, "The Federal Government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion" but it does not stipulate an official state religion, nor a separation of church and state. In practice, however, the country is mostly secular, and there is no kind of persecution of people of other religions; they are completely accepted and even encouraged in their activities.
There is a constitutional ambiguity that makes Bangladesh both Islamic and secular. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by its constitution in which it gives equal rights to all citizens irrespective of religion. In 2010, the High Court held up the secular principles of the 1972 constitution
According to the Preamble of the Constitution of Brazil, "...promulgate, under the protection of God, this Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil" but it does not stipulate any official state religion. The Article 19th of the same Constitution forbids in any degree of the State to "establish religious cults or churches, subsidize them, hamper their operation or maintain with them or their representatives relations of dependency or alliance, with the exception of cooperation for the public interest, as set forth in the law".
Despite being mostly secular, it is normal to see religious symbols (such as crucifixes) in State's facilities (hospitals, schools, courts, police stations).
According to Article 208 of the Brazilian Penal Code "mock someone publicly, by reason of belief or religious function; prevent or disrupt ceremony or practice of religious worship; publicly vilify act or object of religious worship" incurs in a penalty of "detention of one month to one year or a fine".
The "Fundamental Freedoms" section of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states: "2. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: (a) freedom of conscience and religion; (b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; (c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and (d) freedom of association." Canadians are therefore free to have their own beliefs and opinions, are free to practise religion or refrain, and are free to establish media organizations with or without religious content, and these freedoms are constitutionally protected. However, according to the Charter's preamble, "Canada is founded upon principles that recognize the supremacy of God." This portion of the preamble has not been accorded legal effect in Charter jurisprudence. The constitutional recognition of God has been criticized as conflicting in principle with the fundamental freedom of conscience and religion guaranteed in section 2, as it would disadvantage those who hold nontheistic or polytheistic beliefs, including atheism and Buddhism. The Province of Quebec has legislation declaring it to be a lay state.
Although Article 3 of the El Salvadoran constitution states that "no restrictions shall be established that are based on differences of nationality, race, sex or religion", Article 26 states that the state recognizes the Catholic Church and gives it legal preference.
Claims to be secular, but the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and the Finnish Orthodox Church have the right to collect church tax from their members in conjunction with government income tax. In addition to membership tax, businesses also used to contribute financially to the church through tax, but as of 2016, that is no longer the case.
Georgia gives distinct recognition to the Georgian Orthodox Church in Article 9 of the Constitution of Georgia and through the Concordat of 2002. However, the Constitution also guarantees "absolute freedom of belief and religion". Georgian constitution also refers to God in preamble: "We, the citizens of Georgia - whose firm will... proclaim this Constitution before God and the nation."
Indonesia follows the principle Pancasila, where the first principle states "Belief in the One and Only God". There is no official state religion in Indonesia, but the state acknowledges Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Protestantism, and the Roman Catholic Church as the only official religions in the country. Because of this, the state does not acknowledge atheism as a religion and require each citizen to state their religion on their government ID cards. This led to discrimination towards citizens who refuse to identify with any of the official religions acknowledged by the government and often lead to blasphemy charges for condoning irreligion.
In the Preamble it is mentioned "In the Name of the Most Holy Trinity, from Whom is all authority and to Whom, as our final end, all actions both of men and States must be referred, We, the people of Éire, Humbly acknowledging all our obligations to our Divine Lord, Jesus Christ, Who sustained our fathers through centuries of trial...".
In Article 6 it is mentioned "1 All powers of government, legislative, executive and judicial, derive, under God, from the people...".
Article 12, item 8 instructs the President to make the following declaration: "In the presence of Almighty God I do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will maintain the Constitution of Ireland and uphold its laws, that I will fulfil my duties faithfully and conscientiously in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and that I will dedicate my abilities to the service and welfare of the people of Ireland. May God direct and sustain me".
Article 31, item 4 establishes that every member of the Council of State subscribe the following declaration: "In the presence of Almighty God I do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfil my duties as a member of the Council of State".
Article 34, item 6 establishes that every person appointed a judge under this Constitution shall make and subscribe the following declaration: "In the presence of Almighty God I do solemnly and sincerely promise and declare that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my knowledge and power execute the office of Chief Justice (or as the case may be) without fear or favour, affection or ill-will towards any man, and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws. May God direct and sustain me".
In Article 44, item 1 it is mentioned that "The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. It shall hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion".
However, in the same Constitution, in Article 44, item 2, it is mentioned:
"1° Freedom of conscience and the free profession and practice of religion are, subject to public order and morality, guaranteed to every citizen".
"2° The State guarantees not to endow any religion".
"3° The State shall not impose any disabilities or make any discrimination on the ground of religious profession, belief or status".
"4° Legislation providing State aid for schools shall not discriminate between schools under the management of different religious denominations, nor be such as to affect prejudicially the right of any child to attend a school receiving public money without attending religious instruction at that school".
"5° Every religious denomination shall have the right to manage its own affairs, own, acquire and administer property, movable and immovable, and maintain institutions for religious or charitable purposes".
"6° The property of any religious denomination or any educational institution shall not be diverted save for necessary works of public utility and on payment of compensation".
On July 4, 2019, the on-duty TaoiseachLeo Varadkar said "Ten months ago we welcomed Pope Francis to Ireland. Speaking in this room, I suggested that I believed the time had come to build a new relationship between Religion and the State in Ireland - a new covenant for the 21st Century. One in which religion is no longer at the centre of our State but continues to have a real and meaningful role to play on our society".
Most of public schools in Ireland are confessional and there are some reports of abuse by some institutions
When the idea of modern political Zionism was introduced by Theodor Herzl, his idea was that Israel would be a secular state which would not be influenced at all by religion. When David Ben-Gurion founded the state of Israel, he put religious parties in government next to secular Jews in the same governing coalition. Many secular Israelis feel constrained by the religious sanctions imposed on them. Many businesses close on Shabbat, including many forms of public transportation, restaurants, and Israeli airline El Al. In order for a Jewish couple to be formally married in Israel, a couple has to be married by a rabbi. Jewish married couples can only be divorced by a rabbinical council. Many secular Israelis may go abroad to be married, often in Cyprus. Marriages officiated abroad are recognized as official marriages in Israel. Also, all food at army bases and in cafeterias of government buildings has to be kosher. Many religious symbols have found their way into Israeli national symbols. For example, the flag of the country is similar to a tallit, or prayer shawl, with its blue stripes. The national coat of arms also displays the menorah. However, some viewpoints argue that these symbols can be interpreted as ethnic/cultural symbols too, and point out that many secular European nations (Sweden, Georgia, and Turkey) have religious symbols on their flags. Reports have considered Israel to be a secular state, and its definition as a "Jewish state" refers to the Jewish people, who include people with varying relations to the Jewish religion including non-believers, rather than to the Jewish religion itself.
Under the terms of its preamble, the Constitution of Kiribati is proclaimed by "the people of Kiribati, acknowledging God as the Almighty Father in whom we put trust". However, there is no established church or state religion, and article 11 of the Constitution protects each person's "freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his religion or belief", and freedom of public or private religious practice and education.
In Article 3 of the Constitution of Malaysia, Islam is stated as the official religion of the country: "Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation." In 1956, the Alliance party submitted a memorandum to the Reid Commission, which was responsible for drafting the Malayan constitution. The memorandum quoted: "The religion of Malaya shall be Islam. The observance of this principle shall not impose any disability on non-Muslim nationals professing and practicing their own religion and shall not imply that the state is not a secular state." The full text of the Memorandum was inserted into paragraph 169 of the Commission Report. This suggestion was later carried forward in the Federation of Malaya Constitutional Proposals 1957 (White Paper), specifically quoting in paragraph 57: "There has been included in the proposed Federal Constitution a declaration that Islam is the religion of the Federation. This will in no way affect the present position of the Federation as a secular State...." The Cobbold Commission also made another similar quote in 1962: "....we are agreed that Islam should be the national religion for the Federation. We are satisfied that the proposal in no way jeopardises freedom of religion in the Federation, which in effect would be secular." In December 1987, the Lord President of the Supreme Court, Salleh Abas described Malaysia as governed by "secular law" in a court ruling. In the early 1980s, then-prime minister Mahathir Mohamad implemented an official programme of Islamization, in which Islamic values and principles were introduced into public sector ethics, substantial financial support to the development of Islamic religious education, places of worship and the development of Islamic banking. The Malaysian government also made efforts to expand the powers of Islamic-based state statutory bodies such as the Tabung Haji, JAKIM (Department of Islamic development Malaysia) and National Fatwa Council. There has been much continued public debate on whether Malaysia is an Islamic or secular state.
Article 19 of the 2008 Myanmar constitution states that "The State recognizes the special position of Buddhism as the faith professed by the great majority of the citizens of the State." while Article 20 mentions "The State also recognizes Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Animism as the religions existing in the Union on the date on which the State Constitution comes into force." The government pursues a policy of religious pluralism and tolerance in the country, as stipulated in Article 21 of its constitution, "The State shall render assistance and protect as it possibly can the religions it recognizes." In 1956, the Burmese ambassador in Indonesia U Mya Sein quoted that "The Constitution of the Union of Burma provides for a Secular State although it endorses that Buddhism is professed by the majority (90 per cent) of the nation." While Buddhism is not a state religion in Myanmar, the government provides funding to state Universities to Buddhist monks, mandated the compulsory recital of Buddhist prayers in public schools and patronises the Buddhist clergy from time to time to rally popular support and political legitimization.
The Constitution of Nauru opens by stating that "the people of Nauru acknowledge God as the almighty and everlasting Lord and the giver of all good things". However, there is no state religion or established church, and article 11 of the Constitution protects each person's "right to freedom of conscience, thought and religion, including freedom to change his religion or beliefs and freedom", and right to practice his or her religion.
The Constitution of Nepal provides freedom of religion and denies the right to convert another person. The previous constitution of 1990, which was in effect until 2007, described the country as a "Hindu Kingdom". With the new Constitution, the Interim Parliament officially declared the country a secular state in January 2007, but no laws specifically affecting freedom of religion were changed. Adherents of the country's many religious groups generally coexisted peacefully and respected places of worship, although there were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice. Those who converted to another religious group at times faced violence and occasionally were ostracized socially but generally did not fear to admit their affiliations in public.
Norway changed the wording of the constitution on 21 May 2012, to remove references to the state church. Until 2017, the Church of Norway was not a separate legal entity from the government. In 2017, it was disestablished and became a national church, a legally distinct entity from the state with special constitutional status. The King of Norway is required by the Constitution to be a member of the Church of Norway, and the church is regulated by a special canon law, unlike other religions.
The Romanian constitution declares freedom of religion, but all recognized religious denominations remain to some extent state-funded. Since 1992, these denominations have also maintained a monopoly on the sale of religious merchandise, which includes all candles except decorative candles and candles for marriage and baptism. It is currently illegal in Romania to sell cult candles without the approval of the Eastern Orthodox Church or of another religious denomination which employs candles (law 103/1992, appended O.U.G. nr.92/2000 to specify penalties). Romania recognizes 18 denominations/religions: various sects of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, Protestantism and Neo-Protestantism (including Jehovah's Witnesses), Judaism and Sunni Islam. Unrecognized cults or denominations are not prohibited, however.
The Sri Lankan constitution does not cite a state religion. However, Article 9 of Chapter 2, which states "The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place, and accordingly, it shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana" makes Sri Lanka an ambiguous state with respect to secularism. In 2004, Jathika Hela Urumaya proposed a constitutional amendment that would make a clear reference to Buddhism as the state religion, which was rejected by the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka.
Section 9 of the 2007 Thai constitution states that "The King is a Buddhist and Upholder of religions", and section 79 makes another related reference: "The State shall patronise and protect Buddhism as the religion observed by most Thais for a long period of time and other religions, promote good understanding and harmony among followers of all religions as well as encourage the application of religious principles to create virtue and develop the quality of life." The United States Department of State characterised that these provisions provides Buddhism as the de facto official religion of Thailand. There have been calls by Buddhists to make an explicit reference to Buddhism as the country's state religion, but the government has turned down these requests. Academics and legal experts have argued that Thailand is a secular state as provisions in its penal code are generally irreligious by nature.
The Constitution of Tonga opens by referring to "the will of God that man should be free". Article 6 provides that "the Sabbath Day shall be kept holy", and prohibits any "commercial undertaking" on that day. Article 5 provides: "All men are free to practice their religion and to worship God as they may deem fit in accordance with the dictates of their own worship consciences and to assemble for religious service in such places as they may appoint". There is no established church or state religion. Any preaching on public radio or television is required to be done "within the limits of the mainstream Christian tradition", though no specific religious denomination is favoured.
In the second article of the Constitution of Turkey, the state is described as secular. However, in a tweet of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey dated 18 January 2021, Islam is referred as "our religion" which caused controversy.
The Church of England is the established state religion of England only. It is no longer established in Northern Ireland or Wales and the Anglican Church in these regions (Church of Ireland and Church in Wales, respectively) became autonomous from the Church of England in 1871 and 1920, respectively. In Scotland, the generally Protestant Church of Scotland has an ambiguous, special constitutional status as national church. Furthermore, unlike its Welsh and Irish counterparts, the Anglican Church in Scotland (the Scottish Episcopal Church) never had established status.
Like the Church of Ireland and Church in Wales, the Scottish Episcopal Church is autonomous from the Church of England. All, however, are still in full communion.
Two archbishops and 24 senior diocesan bishops of the Church of England (the Lords Spiritual) have seats in the House of Lords, where they participate in debates and vote on decisions affecting the entire United Kingdom.
Parliament is opened with prayers, led by a Lords Spiritual member in the House of Lords and the Speaker's chaplain in the House of Commons.
The full term for the expression of the Crown's sovereignty via legislation is the Crown-in-Parliament under God. At their coronation, the sovereign is anointed with consecrated oil by the Archbishop of Canterbury in a service at Westminster Abbey and must swear to maintain the Laws of God and the true profession of the Gospel, maintain Protestantism in the United Kingdom, specifically the Church of England, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof as by established law in England.
While the Constitution of the United States of America guarantees Freedom of religion and freedom of association, as per a 1956 act of Congress the official United States motto has been changed to "In God we trust". Prior to this act of Congress, the official motto of the United States had been "E Pluribus Unum" or "out of many, one" since the country's creation. Additionally, the motto of "In God we trust" has been printed on their currency since 1864.
^[Sejdic and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina (application nos. 27996/06 and 34836/06) found a violation of the non-discrimination overarching right vis-à-vis all other rights on a wider subject from often arbitrary funding of social charities viz. rights afforded by law Art. 1 of Prot. No. 12, namely protecting "any right set forth by law".[clarification needed][plain English please] The convention introduces a general prohibition of discrimination in legally enshrined state action, as well as where rights under the convention such as an education or health care are funded. A superior level of services supported by religious bodies is permitted.]
^Preamble to the Constitution, "The elaboration and adoption of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor is the culmination of the secular resistance of the Timorese People ..."
^"THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT)". Archived from the original on 28 March 2015., "WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its..."
^Dodd 2003, p. 571, The rough guide to Vietnam harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDodd2003 (help): "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."
^In Belgium, Article 20 of the Constitution provides: No one can be obliged to contribute in any way whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of a religion, nor to observe the days of rest. "ICL - Belgium - Constitution". Retrieved 2015.
^Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia provides that "the Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth. "ICL - Australia Constitution". Retrieved 2015.
^ Church State Dialogue - Plenary Meeting with Churches, Faith Communities and Non-Confessional Organisations
^ The State religion course disrespects atheists and humanists
^Religion and the Secular State in Israel. Page 421-422: " Not every Jew, in Israel or elsewhere, is a religious individual. It is in collective terms that religion has been an essential ingredient in the self-definition and behavior of the Jews, believers or not, observant or not. For that reason, it was aptly stated that Judaism conceived of itself not as a denomination but as the religious dimension of the life of a people. Hence peoplehood is a religious fact in the Jewish universe of discourse. In its traditional self-understanding, Israel is related not to other denominations but to the ""nations of the world"... Israel"s... body is the body politic of a nation. a denomination but as the religious dimension of the life of a people. Hence peoplehood is a religious fact in the Jewish universe of discourse. In its traditional self-understanding, Israel is related not to other denominations but to the ""nations of the world"... Israel"s... body is the body politic of a nation". Page 423: "It seems reasonable to accept that the reference to Israel as a "Jewish State" is equivalent to stating that in historical, political, and legal terms, it is the state of the Jewish people". Page 424: "all refer to a Jewish state, and Jewish means, in all of them, pertaining to Jews, namely the individuals seeing themselves as composing the Jewish people, or nation, or community. It clearly does not mean the body of religious precepts, commands or convictions regulated by the Halakha, the Jewish religious law developed over centuries.".
^The birth of Malaysia: A reprint of the Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 (Cobbold report) and the Report of the Inter-governmental Committee, (1962-I.G.C. report), p. 58 | <urn:uuid:f7ad8f9d-4d20-4b9d-824c-25b6e6f97b50> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://popflock.com/learn?s=Secular_state | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487586465.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612222407-20210613012407-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.948698 | 5,446 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Description: Understanding Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication was written to squarely emphasize media technology. Jack believes that an introduction to mass communication text should be a compelling, historical narrative sketching the ongoing evolution of media technology and how that technology shapes and is shaped by culture — and that is what he set out to deliver with his new textbook.
Resource Note: Mass communication textbook
Subject / Curriculum Note: Seems like an appropriate introductory text to contextualize mass communication in the social world. Not sure how it aligns with current CCOM curricula, worth investigating. | <urn:uuid:1941a6ba-3109-4209-85d6-cf6f8283e1b7> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://oer.butlerlibraryservices.org/?portfolio=understanding-media-and-culture-an-introduction-to-mass-communication | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315551.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820154633-20190820180633-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.91366 | 116 | 2.75 | 3 |
|Sun prints in the shape of butterflies|
|Kathie Shorkey, Science teacher, Pilgrim School, Los Angeles, CA|
After arranging your objects on the paper, take your sun print outside and lay it in direct sunlight for 2-5 minutes.
The areas of the paper exposed to the sun will fade from blue to white. When you see most of the color disappear from the paper, your print has been fully exposed. If no direct sunlight is available, don’t worry–just expose your print a little longer and wait for the same fading effect. Under cloud cover, the process will take 5-20 minutes depending on the thickness of the clouds.
After your paper has been exposed, remove the objects and rinse your sun print paper in water. Watch the white turn into blue and the blue turn into white.To get the deepest blue that the paper can give, leave it in the water for a while: 1-5 minutes.
Lay your sun print flat on an absorbent surface and allow it to dry.You can use a paper towel or a piece of cardboard as a bed for your sun print while it dries. Putting it on something absorbent will help to avoid the formation of water spots by drawing the water away from the sun print paper.
A sun print is a kind of photograph called a cyanotype. They are easy and fun to make! Learn more about sun prints at http://www.sunprints.org/how-it-works/ . | <urn:uuid:8c061bee-d710-4ad5-8755-c61d51628b52> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://carolinearnoldart.blogspot.com/2019/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510287.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403030659-20200403060659-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.913819 | 307 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Agung Jagatnatha Temple is the biggest temple in Denpasar City. Its location is on Mayor Wisnu Street and is very strategic, right on the east side of Puputan Badung Field and adjacent to the Bali Museum.
The History of Jagatnatha Temple
The construction of Jagatnatha Temple starts from the number of Hindu migrants who came to Denpasar City and could not find a place of worship. Then a meeting of Parisada Hindu Dharma was held on November 20, 1961.
At this meeting agreed and realized for the construction of a temple. Finally, on February 5, 1963, the governor of Bali, Mr. Anak Agung Bagus Sutedja has approved the construction of the temple. Then the name Pura Agung Jagatnatha was officially given.
When its construction in 1966 was hampered because of the September 30th the coup movement by the PKI. So that it was only resumed on July 28, 1967, until the temple was completed. Finally, on May 13, 1968, Jagatnatha Great Temple was inaugurated and opened.
Based on its shape, this temple is a Jagat Temple with beautiful buildings filled with religious ornaments and full of ethnic nuances. In the middle of the location, there is a Padmasana temple about 15 meters high. This Padmasana is dedicated as the throne of the Gods.
The Architecture of Jagatnatha Temple
There are also several the pelinggih (building) such as Pelinggih Dalem Karang, Pelinggih Ratu Niang, and Pelinggih Ratu Made. There is also Building of the Bale Paselang, Bale Gong, Bale Kulkul, Perniyosan, the Pemedal Agung in the form of the Kori Agung building and Candi Bentar building.
This temple is also open 24 hours for anyone who comes to worship. Including the arrival of tourists. However, there are things that must be considered. You still have to respect and not interfere with the continuity of Hindus who are worshiping in this temple. | <urn:uuid:3fffa00c-d8a2-473c-b202-b5dcf6169d2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.baliboattransfer.com/jagatnatha-temple.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510117.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516104933-20220516134933-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.966392 | 440 | 2.515625 | 3 |
More than 78 million cases of illness caused by microbiological infection of foods are reported per year from all over the world and the economic damage to deal with them is estimated at about US $ 10 billion besides loss of several valuable lives which could have been saved if timely detection measures were available. Many strains of Salmonella, Clostridium, Bacillus, E.coli and Listeria are the major culprits responsible for these havoc. The manifested symptoms can be diarrhea of varying severity, GI discomforts, vomiting, stomach flu, induced paralysis, etc, some time even leading to fatality. One of the practical constraints is the time lag between occurrence of the symptoms after food consumption and confirmation of food poisoning as the universally accepted diagnostic methods are time consuming, requiring at least 48 hours time in the Laboratory. Of course there are DNA based and anti-body based methods which are relatively quick but they can only identify specific bacteria but cannot indicate the presence of toxicity or anticipate the potential for causing serious harm to the consumers.
The encouraging work from a group of microbiologists from USA in identifying certain chromatophore or pigment bearing cells called erythrophores as potential detectors of microbial toxins gives hope that many lives can be saved by early confirmation of infections in suspected foods and prompt treatment. Siamese fighting fish are known to carry these cells which can be seen through their transparent body. In response to stimulation by the presence of toxic chemicals in the suspected foods, the pigmented cells move in a characteristic pattern specific to different chemical moieties. These patterns can be seen under low power microscopes and can even be quantified numerically to describe the intensity of the situation. If the claims are true the results can be made available in minutes, saving considerable time for initiating preventive measures.
As the method is still under development, it could take time to evolve affordable and reliable portable kits that can be used under field conditions. Such kits as and when they are ready can serve admirably the interests processors, distributors, retailers and even consumers. It is a laudable effort by the scientists with global relevance and WHO must pitch in to take it forward to its logical conclusion by organized manufacture of the proven kits for supply to highly vulnerable countries in Asia, Africa and South America. | <urn:uuid:acb66bee-c052-431f-9c33-7ecfb2f0f5db> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://vhpotty.blogspot.com/2008/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320865.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626203042-20170626223042-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.950173 | 459 | 3.1875 | 3 |
ARTICLE BY ERIN MOSLEY
In a not-so-far-away land, vibrant creatures adapt with ease to their rapidly morphing environment. Undiscovered clans with unique customs and cultures communicate in a variety of languages. The clans work together, each respectful of the others despite their differences. This world does not exist in a remote jungle, nor is it the fictional construct of a novelist.
It is the collaborative creation of third graders in Tuscaloosa, Ala. Every week, University of Alabama students help children at two schools learn about anthropology – broadly defined as the study of human culture – by creating their own. Kids have fun, unaware their activities are part of an anthropological exercise designed by Dr. Christopher Lynn, associate professor of anthropology at UA, with the aim of fostering a generation of socially conscious and sensitive adults who are understanding and receptive of others.
“We are trying to open the world to them,” says Ashley Stewart, an anthropology PhD candidate and instructor of ANT 481 Anthropology is Elemental: Teaching Anthropology in Primary and Secondary Settings. “Just because a culture is different doesn’t make it weird or abnormal.”
In Fall 2016 and Spring 2017, University of Alabama students enrolled in ANT 481 Anthropology is Elemental taught weekly anthropology lessons to third graders at Tuscaloosa Magnet School – Elementary and Arcadia Elementary School. More than 200 children have learned about anthropology from approximately 20 UA students through ANT 481, now in its fifth year.
In classes with the kids, UA students cover the four sub-disciplines of anthropology – cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology and archaeology. Lessons include topics such as food, body modification, ethnography, primates, evolution and race.
Lynn, a father of triplets enrolled at the Tuscaloosa Magnet Schools, initially wanted to find a way to introduce his children and their peers to the studies of anthropology and evolution, a topic often met with opposition in the deep South. “I never knew what anthropology was until college, so this was an opportunity that I could not pass up,” Lynn says.
According to a 2009 study titled Why Science Standards Are Important to a Strong Science Curriculum and How States Measure Up, the United States as a whole has been falling behind other nations in educational benchmarks, particularly science literacy, since the 1980s.
The study repeated a review of state science standards conducted in 2000. Each state was assessed on a letter-grade scale in both 2000 and 2009. Alabama received an F in both years, and researchers noted “only Alabama dropped in the score for biological evolution.”
Kelsey Kennedy, a senior from Harvest, Ala., majoring in anthropology, says teaching children about anthropology lifts the veil on a field of study that can seem ambiguous and unclear to those not involved in it. “We can expose the kids to something that is positive,” Kennedy says, “and it doesn’t have to conflict with religion.”
Lynn says lessons help children understand all people are connected, despite racial and cultural differences. Recent exploration of the genome has shown all humans share the same set of genes. “Evolution shows us that biologically, we are not racially divided,” Lynn says. Anthropology examines cultural diversity while proving all humans are fundamentally the same, he continues.
Through the ANT 481 course, anthropology majors learn to translate basic anthropological concepts to a general audience. Before students begin leading lessons at an elementary school, they spend four weeks in training. Each student must lead a minimum of two lessons in a school and serve as a co-teacher during other lessons.
A typical 45-minute session includes a lesson and an activity to solidify it. Kids might spend time developing their own tattoos and tribal markings from body paint during a study on body modification, or they might create their own imaginary species when learning about evolution.
UA students enter information about the lessons they create and lead, along with details about their experiences in the elementary classrooms, into a blog: anthropology. ua.edu/blogs/tmseanthro. The blog is public so parents and community partners can see what children are learning.
Tammy Barkey, head of the Parent Teacher Association at Tuscaloosa Magnet School – Elementary and a parent of two children who took the anthropology class, says the program is a wonderful way for children to gain exposure to an important field, and it could spark long-term interest. “It’s not uncommon for a child to do more research when the information really clicks,” Barkey says. Because TMSE is a project-based school, teachers encourage research outside the classroom setting.
Recently, Lynn received a grant from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, a New Yorkbased organization dedicated to advancing anthropology throughout the world. With the aid of this grant, Lynn and his students are further developing Anthropology is Elemental so it can expand across Alabama and into other states.
Kennedy uploads teaching materials to the program blog, where all lesson plans are free and accessible to instructors who want to teach similar classes. Hannah Tytus, a senior from Cincinnati majoring in anthropology, manages public relations for the program.
Tytus says by the time kids reach the end of the program, there’s a shift in their behavior, particularly in the way they treat each other. By studying other cultures, children learn to be empathetic and tolerant, she says. “They really internalize the message that they are supposed to be kind to one another,” she adds. “They are 8 years old and they’re telling each other to look through the eyes of someone else.”
Tytus says she’s learned children can be an agent for positive change in uncertain times. “Adults have a hard time doing that,” she says. “I now see that children are our most important resource.”
To learn more about Anthropology is Elemental, see anthropologyiselemental. ua.edu or contact Dr. Christopher Lynn at firstname.lastname@example.org or 205-348-4162 or Ashley Stewart at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:fbe6b325-fb3e-4b97-b71e-da48ab26be8c> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://cesr.ua.edu/anthropology-students-teach-elementary-schoolers-to-appreciate-cultural-diversity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155676.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918185612-20180918205612-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.947578 | 1,294 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Magnesium is very critical to our well-being and health. Yet, because there isn’t so much emphasis on it, many people just don’t pay any attention to it.
Well, because we know how dangers and health issues associated with magnesium deficiency, we have decided to create this concise guide to this wonderful, essential mineral.
For those who don’t know, magnesium plays a key role in your lungs, kidneys and heart health. It also helps with improving your digestive health as well as fat loss. In this concise guide to magnesium, we’ll be examining the following key information:
- What it is and it’s benefits/uses to the body
- Possible causes and symptoms of inadequate magnesium
- Dangers of magnesium deficiency
- Magnesium supplements, side effects and optimal consumption dosages
- Multiple magnesium sources including natural or food sources
Magnesium: What Is It?
Magnesium is an essential mineral required for optimal health, cell regeneration, energy and muscle function. Imagine a scenario where your muscles contract perpetually –ouch, that’s gotta hurt, that’s what magnesium does.
Its functions are so far reaching that there are studies consistently going on about its roles in the body at every point in time. To show just how diverse its roles are, studies have indicated that it contributes to the regulation of about 300 biochemical and enzymatic reactions in the body.
And even then, scientists are still studying the critical role it plays in powering cells in the body. Magnesium deficiency is one of the leading mineral deficiencies in the world, with about 80 percent of all adults lacking this essential mineral.
Interestingly, all of the symptoms associated with magnesium deficiency can be corrected by simply taking one or two doses of a good magnesium supplement. That’s how powerful this stuff is.
Health Benefits of Magnesium Supplements
It’s amazing that something as small as magnesium supplements this small can be capable of tremendous health benefits, some of which include:
- Regulation of over 300 biochemical functions (including but not limited to regulating your heart rhythm, and aiding your neurotransmitters)
- Helps maintain bone density
- Aids and improves sleep – Might help with the regulation of your body’s internal clock, resulting in better sleep
- Has been linked to the prevention of migraines
- Plays a role in the treatment of ADHD, asthma, and anxiety
- Prevents muscle spasms and joint aches
- Might play a role in the prevention of metabolic syndrome –a condition that predisposes an individual to chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, obesity and insulin resistance. In fact, studies have shown that magnesium intake is inversely proportional to the risk of developing diabetes, a condition that predisposes an individual to pancreatic cancer.
- Might help in the primary prevention of pancreatic cancer –this was the conclusion of the eight year VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) study involving 66,806 male participants aged between 555 and 76 years old. The results which were released in Dec, 2015 showed that participants who met the daily required magnesium intake didn’t develop pancreatic cancer while those who didn’t –about 151 of them- developed it.
- May help slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease –preliminary studies have indicated that frequent magnesium intake may slow down neurodegeneration in people with Alzheimer’s.
- Aids digestive health and relieves constipation
- Helps boost your energy levels and slows down the rate at which you become fatigued.
- Aids protein synthesis, cell reproduction and transfers nutrient across cell barriers
- Helps with the faster conversion of food nutrients into energy
- Protects your DNA, and aids its stability and synthesis
- Improves electrolyte balance and acts as calcium modulator
- Boosts your overall health and improves your sense of well-being
Causes of Magnesium Deficiency
The key to preventing or avoiding magnesium deficiency lies in understanding its causes. Once you do, all you have to do is take the necessary steps to avoid the triggers and you’ll never have to worry about magnesium deficiency anymore.
Suffering from fire injuries not only leads to significant pains and discomfort, studies have shown that when people suffer burns over a significant part of their body, this can result in magnesium depletion. This is why burn victims are often given magnesium supplements to help with their recovery.
A good example of this is severe diarrhea which rapidly depletes the amount of magnesium in the body. This is primarily caused by the excessive loss of fluid and nutrients. Because chronic diarrhea leads to the loss of electrolytes, this makes it even more dangerous, and hinders the functions of magnesium.
Medications – Prescriptions and Over the Counter
Drugs can also affect your magnesium levels. Some prescription drugs like antibiotics, diuretics and painkillers can reduce the impact optimal amounts of magnesium by either accelerating their elimination from the body or binding with certain compounds which end up limiting its absorption in the body.
Examples of drug groups that can affect trigger magnesium deficiency in the body include:
- Antifungal drugs such as Pentamidine. This drug is usually effective in the treatment and prevention of pneumonia.
- Antibiotics such as Tetracycline, Amphotericin B, Tobramycin, Garamycin, Ticaricillin, and Carbenicillin.
- Pain relief meds containing hydrocortisone and other corticosteroids can also deplete your magnesium levels.
- Hormone inhibiting or boosting medications such as those found in hormone replacement therapies and birth control pills.
- Diuretics, which are drugs that increases your rate of urine production can deplete your magnesium levels. Some examples of these include Thiazides, Mannitol, Lasix, and Edercrin. If it makes you pee a lot, then it will affect your magnesium.
- Drugs aimed at preventing or protecting the heart from failing. These heart failure drugs include Cordarone, Qunidex, Lanoxin and digitalis.
- People suffering from arrhythmia – a condition where the rhythm of your heartbeat is irregular- and take drugs like Betapace, Cardioquin and Amiodarone among others can suffer magnesium deficiency.
- Meds aimed at suppressing your immune system
- Anti-cancer medications like platinol as well as cancer treatment therapies like radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
- Drugs aimed at suppressing episodes of schizophrenia and psychosis. Examples include Stelazine, Mellaril, and Orap
- Asthma drugs containing aminophylline, isoproterenol and epinephrine.
Alcohol consumption, smoking and illicit drug intake all contribute to magnesium depletion in the body. The same goes for drug related addictions. This is possible because magnesium absorption is usually problematic in the presence of certain drugs.
Also, addiction treatment and withdrawal symptoms can result in low magnesium levels in the body. This is why addiction specialists often use intravenous magnesium as part of their addiction treatment protocols.
Poor Eating Choices
Certain dietary preferences and food types can leach magnesium from your body, leaching to magnesium deficiency. Research has shown that the average American diet creates a higher demand for magnesium.
So, not only does the high fat, high sugar foods that we eat cause obesity and other related problems, it is also affecting our magnesium levels, and creating a situation where our bodies actually need more magnesium to function optimally.
This is why more people need to adopt healthier eating habits that can help replenish their magnesium levels. As a rule, processed foods generally remove magnesium from the body or inhibits its absorption.
So, choose healthier meals and foods like whole grain, fiber rich carbs, seeds, nuts, veggies and fruits. These have very good amounts of magnesium that will complement and support your current levels. Vegetables like mustard greens, chard and kale are particularly high in magnesium.
This doesn’t just apply to foods, it also applies to drinks. Most people prefer to drink sugar-filled soda, coffee, beer and every other unhealthy drink to mineral-infused water. Yet, they wonder why they don’t feel well most of the time.
These drinks are effective at reducing your magnesium levels because of their sugar and phosphate content, as well as the tendency to cause frequent urination. How? For starters, foods containing significant quantities of saturated fat tend to slow down the rate at which magnesium is absorbed in the stomach.
Foods containing lots of sugar trigger diuretic episodes. Unfortunately, this process also causes the kidney to expel higher amounts of magnesium. Carbonated and fizzy drinks tend to have high phosphate content, which in turn inhibit the function of magnesium.
Stress, Illness and Aging
The body in a bid to cope with stress, illness and aging naturally uses up its stored magnesium. This is possible because of the role magnesium plays in fueling your body with energy, supporting your neurotransmitters and aiding cell reproduction.
In fact, it may be one of the key reasons rapid aging is often associated with stress and illness. So, whenever you fall ill, your magnesium levels often deplete rapidly. Some of the more common ailments and health conditions that can trigger rapid magnesium deficiency include hormonal imbalance, liver disease, obesity, and surgery.
Now, the problem is not really with the rapid use of magnesium ions in the body, the major issue is in the inability or reduced ability of the body to produce or absorb the magnesium ion it needs from foods.
During illness and aging, the rate of food digestion slows down partly because the amount of stomach acid is reduced too. This means your body doesn’t get to breakdown those food materials fast enough for you to get magnesium ions in the meals.
All of these factors combined together can trigger a drastic reduction in the amounts of magnesium available for usage.
Water softeners are used in many homes every day. This is particularly common in zones with water that’s high in mineral content. Unfortunately, water with high mineral content can be hard, thus making them difficult for regular daily use.
The problem with this is that waters with high mineral content tend to contain good amounts of magnesium. Applying water softening agents, drastically reduces the amount of magnesium in the water. In fact a WHO study proposed that water softening agents may play a key role in global magnesium deficiency.
Symptoms and Dangers of Magnesium Deficiency
Most people are unaware of the fact that they are suffering from magnesium deficiency. In this section of the guide, we’ll be showing you the symptoms of magnesium deficiency.
Please understand that these symptoms do not necessarily imply that you are suffering from magnesium deficiency seeing as they share certain similarities with other conditions.
So, make sure you don’t have any other condition before concluding that you are suffering from inadequate magnesium levels. Some of the symptoms include:
- Sudden onset of muscle cramping and spasms
- Uneven heart rhythms and high blood pressure
- Early onset heart disease –this may be linked with other conditions
- Low calcium amounts in the blood
- Extreme lethargy and fatigue
- Tremors in the hands
- Anxiety and nausea
- Metabolic syndrome
- Insulin resistance and diabetes
- Obesity and weight gain
- Difficulty breathing and swallowing
- Increased rate of mental fog and confusion
What Can You Do to Replenish Your Magnesium Levels?
Before we jump into the various options available for magnesium supplementation, you should have an idea of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) is.
This is the amount of magnesium you need to take or have in your body every day to function properly and optimally as recommended by the National Institute of Health (NIH). The recommended daily allowance also depends on age and sex.
- 0–6 months: 30 mg
- 7–12 months: 75 mg
- 1–3 years: 80 mg
- 4–8 years: 130 mg
- 9–13 years: 240 mg
- 14–18 years: 410 mg men and 360 mg for women
- 19–30 years: 400 mg men and 310 mg women
- 31+ years: 420 mg men; 320 mg women
- Pregnant women: 350–360 mg
- Breastfeeding women: 310–320 mg
There are two major sources of magnesium supplementation. They include:
- Magnesium supplements: There are so many brands in the market. Talk to your physician about this.
- Eat more natural, magnesium rich foods: These include spinach, bananas, dark chocolate, yoghurt, avocado, figs, lentils, soybeans, mackerels, brown rice, almonds and black beans.
In conclusion, you can clearly see that magnesium plays a critical role in your health and well-being. Do everything you can to get more magnesium into your daily dietary and nutrient intake. This way, you can live longer and enjoy far better health, compared too those who don’t. | <urn:uuid:c1e8851a-c23a-4537-ae9c-c7d8a6d3f4a1> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://supplementpolice.com/magnesium-supplements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038468066.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418043500-20210418073500-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.920313 | 2,695 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Faye Burdett, pictured left, died from Meningitis B, prompting a campaign from her parents
All newborn babies in the UK are now routinely offered the jab against MenB, which is potentially deadly, in the world’s first infant programme using this vaccine.
Results from Public Health England have shown that this vaccine is highly effective against this devastating infection and potentially life-saving.
Protection against any Men B infection was shown to be very high, with disease rates in vaccinated children less than one fifth of the rate in unvaccinated infants.
The number of MenB cases in infants aged less than one, the age group most likely to be affected by MenB, dropped by 42 per cent.
Only 37 cases have been recorded in the eligible age group since the programme began - which compares to an average of 74 cases in the same period from the previous four years.
Dr Mary Ramsay, head of immunisation at PHE, said: “This is without doubt great news. Men B is a rare, but terrible disease.
It’s cut many lives short and can leave children maimed for life, causing devastation for their families. Now we know this vaccine can and will save lives and prevent life-long disability.
“The programme is still in its early days, so we will be monitoring the longer-term impact of the vaccine through our surveillance programme. But the benefit of the vaccine is clear. We hope countries around the world looking at these results will consider introducing similar vaccination programmes, hopefully saving the lives of many, many children.”
The disease develops rapidly and early symptoms can be confused with flu
PHE scientists presented these findings, based on numbers of laboratory confirmed cases, to the International Pathogenic Neisseria Conference (IPNC) in Manchester today.
Men B is rare, with between 400 and 1,200 cases each year in England, with infants under one year of age most at risk.
Meningococcal infection is the leading cause of meningitis and a deadly form of septicaemia, around one in every ten people affected dies.
There are effective vaccines against other strains, but until now there has been no vaccine proven to offer children protection against Men B.
Men B can cause meningitis, an infection of the membranes which surround the brain and spinal cord, and septicaemia or blood poisoning, both potentially fatal illnesses.
Babies now receive the vaccine on the NHS
With early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment, most children make a full recovery, but it is fatal in one in 10 cases.
About one in ten of those who survive are left with severe long-term problems, such as limb loss, and one in three have less serious problems including deafness and learning difficulties.
The high uptake of the vaccine, called Bexsero, is considered to be key to the success of the programme.
It is offered as three jabs, one at two months, a second at four months and a final booster one at 12 months. PHE monitoring found that over 95 per cent of babies got their first jab and almost 90 per cent the second jab by the age of six months.
Infants are most at risk from the disease in their first year
Dr Ramsay added: “Infants are most at risk during their first year, so we urge parents to make sure their babies get the first two jabs on time to give them the best protection.
“Call your GP to make an appointment if you’ve missed any doses. However, not all strains of Men B are covered, so we encourage all parents and older children and adults to be aware of the symptoms.
“The disease develops rapidly. Early symptoms can be confused with flu or other less serious infections. At a later stage children may have pale, blotchy skin and a red rash which doesn’t fade when a glass is rolled over it – a sign many parents will recognise.
"However, don’t wait to see if a rash develops, parents should trust their instincts if their child appears be getting worse and seek urgent medical attention immediately.”
Meningitis B warning: MILLIONS ‘still at risk’ one year on from vaccine | <urn:uuid:d862b206-14d1-42c0-b3f2-d63f83989f20> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/707326/Meningitis-B-septicaemia-vaccine-cases-halved-public-health-england | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887077.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118071706-20180118091706-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.958208 | 873 | 2.875 | 3 |
Eating habits before and after exercising matters the most as the body requires different fuel for different exercises.
Baylor College Of Medicine orthopedic surgery assistant professor and dietitian Roberta Anding says one must know their diet, and understand what their body can tolerate and what not.
Those who exercise before breakfast and exercise heavily or strength train they should go for liquid fuel, any sports drink, and diluted juice will keep the body stirring. If feeling nausea then you can also do ‘swish and spit‘, means sip your drink and spit it out, it will help in taking some amount of carbohydrates in the body.
If you’re doing moderate exercise then take light carbohydrate, which can be found in banana, oatmeal, etc.
Those who sweat out in the evening they must pay special attention to their meals. You don’t have to skip your lunch before exercise, it will make you more hungry and you end up overeating. Anding says for dinner ‘protein and carbohydrates’ should be added to avoid overeating and to remain fit.
Eating before exercising also depends on time, eat mostly 2 hours before exercise. You can add oatmeal, whole grain crackers, sweet potatoes, cheese, a sports bar in your diet. Avoid low-carbohydrate meals as they contain high fat and sugar level.
Anding suggests to not go for energy-bars before a light workout. | <urn:uuid:57b6b1a4-c67d-4d8a-918a-f0b74af728d3> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://morningpicker.com/world/health/what-to-eat-before-and-after-you-exercise-know-about-eating-habits-and-meals-that-play-vital-role-in-improving-your-health-34568/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523564.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607044626-20200607074626-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.943262 | 293 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A crocodile clip (or spring clip) is a temporary electrical connector, named for its resemblance to a crocodile's jaws. Functioning much like a spring-loaded clothespin, the clip's two tapered, serrated jaws are forced together by a spring to make them grip a metal object. One of the jaws usually has either a wire permanently attached or a 4 mm banana plug inserted into it, for connection to an electrical circuit. The clip may be partly covered by a plastic shroud or "boot" to prevent accidental short-circuits.
Smaller versions are used in electrical laboratory work. These have a slightly different shape and are called alligator clips.
Large versions of these clips, called automotive clips, made of bare copper, are fitted to car jumper cables, which are used to transfer energy from a charged lead-acid battery to a discharged one.
Alligator clips are used in dental offices to attach a protective bib over the patient's clothing.
A Kelvin clip is a type of crocodile clip where the 2 jaws are insulated from each other. 2 wires connect to each clip. This enables 4 wire circuit measurement. | <urn:uuid:7f70d886-e6b5-41a0-a4ff-0e7eaa1ac031> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.scientificlib.com/en/Technology/Electronics/CrocodileClip.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662550298.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522220714-20220523010714-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.935914 | 243 | 3.046875 | 3 |
On Sunday, a NASA satellite caught a hypnotic image of wildfire smoke threading its way up from the Great Smoky Mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina. The sight of wildfires raging throughout the Southeast is news for some, but for the region it’s confirmation of what locals have been going through for weeks. Since October, more than 150,000 acres have burned throughout Appalachia. But why?
The humid Southeast isn’t supposed to be prime fire territory. “Wildfires in the southeastern United States are usually small and do not produce much smoke,” writes NASA’s Earth Observatory, which has been publishing images of the fire all month. But these fires are something else entirely: Reports of unprecedented, raging blazes in places like Gatlinburg, Tennessee, are nothing short of terrifying.
A combination of drought and climate variability appears to be to blame. Since the 1970s, writes the Southeast Regional Climate Center, the region’s average temperatures have steadily increased, in part due to rising populations and human development in the region. This year, scores of weather stations throughout the South recorded record-breaking temperatures. Adding a huge drought and high-speed winds to the mix has made the region particularly vulnerable to fire.
“The fall is typically a dry period of the year [in the region], but the dryness extended back into parts of the wetter summer period as well,” says Mark Svoboda, a climatologist who directs the National Drought Mitigation Center. “When the tropical storms and hurricanes failed to bring tropical moisture off of the Gulf, it just didn’t bring relief to the region.” The result, says Svoboda, has been a larger amount of dry vegetation than usual—literal tinder that’s driving the current fires.
According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, more than 41 percent of the Southeast is experiencing severe drought. More than 31 percent of drought-stricken areas are classified as “extreme”—conditions that can lead to major crop and pasture losses and widespread water shortages. That has stressed out local trees, which need more water than their Western counterparts, the National Weather Service’s fire weather program manager, Heath Hockenberry, told Yahoo! News.
The area’s record dry streak—up to 62 days without rain in some areas of Georgia and Alabama—has finally been broken by rain in some spots. And believe it or not, that isn’t necessarily good news. Tornadoes and other extreme weather has led to flood risks in areas recently ravaged by wildfire.
Even if it does rain in the region, says Svoboda, it’s not likely to solve the Southeast’s water woes. “We’ve seen early indications that you might have more rain [over time], but see more time in between rain events.” As climate change pushes record-high temperatures higher and higher and extreme weather events become more common, the conditions that support fires in the Southeast could get even worse.
With large fires currently raging in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, officials’ focus is on protecting citizens and helping vulnerable areas get back on their feet. But once the smoke clears, they’ll need to get to work preparing the area for more fires in the coming years.
There are ways to brace for future blazes: Increasing forest diversity, for example, could help reduce risk in some areas. And officials are figuring out how to train the region’s poorer communities, which are at the highest risk of forest fires, in prevention and mitigation. One thing is clear through the smoke: It’s time to plan for a future with plenty of Southern wildfires. | <urn:uuid:136cb1e1-d1dd-438a-ab08-09648d7b54a4> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.popsci.com/why-wildfires-are-ravaging-southeast-this-fall/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989614.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511122905-20210511152905-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.945389 | 779 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Today, August 26, has been designated as National Dog Day. It is a day set aside to celebrate dogs of all types; purebreds, mixed breeds, pet dogs, therapy dogs, service dogs, and any other type of dog you can name.
In celebration of National Dog Day, I thought it might be a good time to bust some of the myths surrounding dogs.
Let’s start with those dogs commonly called pit bulls. While the title “pit bull” is sometimes used to refer to a specific breed (such as the American Pit Bull Terrier), more often the term is applied to a group of dogs that share similar physical features. Thus, individuals of many different breeds as well as countless mixed breed dogs are frequently referred to as pit bulls.
Pit bulls, as a group, have earned a reputation for viciousness, a totally undeserved reputation. Pit bulls are not, despite popular opinion to the contrary, inherently evil or dangerous dogs. In fact, many pit bulls make wonderful family pets and are quite safe around all people, including children. Like any dog breed, adequate socialization, proper training, and effective supervision are important. However, this is no truer with a pit bull than with a toy poodle, a German shepherd, a mastiff, or any other dog. Any dog can bite. Pit bulls are no more likely to do so than other breeds.
That brings me to the next point. Breed specific legislation (BSL), laws banning specific breeds or types of breeds from specific locations, are not effective. BSL has been enacted in many different locations. However, in none of those locations have the bans been effective in preventing dog bites. The American Veterinary Medical Association and the National Canine Research Council have issued a statement refuting BSL as an effective solution. As noted in this statement, the Center for Disease Control is quoted as saying:
“[The study] does not identify specific breeds that are most likely to bite or kill, and thus is not appropriate for policy-making decisions related to the topic…There is currently no accurate way to identify the number of dogs of a particular breed, and consequently no measure to determine which breeds are more likely to bite or kill.”
Likewise, the American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior (AVSAB) has also issued a position statement taking a stand against BSL.
Hopefully, you’re convinced that pit bulls, as a group, are not dangerous and should not be targeted by unfair laws. But let’s move on.
I totally support rescue. I believe that adopting a pet (dog or cat) from a shelter is never a bad decision, as long as you are able and willing to take responsibility for the care of that pet for the entirety of the pet’s life. Still, I’m not opposed to breeding either. There are many wonderful dog (and cat) breeds that will disappear forever without responsible breeders. The word “responsible” is the key word here though. As a potential pet owner, it falls on you to do the research, should you decide to purchase a purebred dog, to ensure that the breeder is reputable and the puppy is the result of a well-planned and carefully chosen breeding program. Supporting less than reputable breeders, or worse yet puppy mills, is not an acceptable option.
Finally, there is, at least in the minds of some people, the belief that dogs and cats do not get along and cannot live together. This is far from true. Each situation is different, of course. But in most cases, dogs and cats, if introduced properly and given proper time to acclimate to one another, can live together in harmony. In fact, many times, dogs and cats sharing a household will actually become friends and companions.
What dog myths would you like to see busted? Share your "pet" peeve in the comments.
Dr. Lorie Huston | <urn:uuid:6ca6ba0f-25df-4749-85e4-6901e5ecfedb> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/lorieahuston/2014/august/happy-national-dog-day-31967 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299877.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00064-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964483 | 812 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Tips for Learning Languages & Suggestions for Studying
First, never assume that the foreign grammar will be just like English grammar. Most languages have genders assigned to nouns and agreement rules for adjectives that do not exist in English. Word order might be completely the opposite, and certain verb tenses might be used in different situations. Some languages never use articles, while other use them almost all the time. You might have to learn what cases and declensions are, or how to conjugate verbs in the perfective and imperfective aspects. Even punctuation could be different than what you're used to. But the most basic topics of grammar, like nouns or prepositions, exist in all languages and are used the same way by definition. (i.e. a noun will always be a person, place, thing or idea no matter what language the word is in.)
When learning a new language, it is necessary to use the language everyday and study whenever you possibly can. For learning vocabulary, you could start by writing your "to do" lists in the language, or even giving commands to your dog. Label household items, like the table or television, with the word in the language and start translating everything you see or read or hear into the new language. See how fast you can switch between the two (or more) languages in your mind.
► Reading & Writing
Reading a foreign language is usually the easiest aspect of learning. Unless you are learning a language that uses a different alphabet than your native language; in that case, speaking might be the easiest. Anyway, you can find lots of newspapers online in virtually every language, and many sites have language options, such as Yahoo. Some government websites have bilingual pages, such as those of Canada and Switzerland. Reading blogs, newsgroups or forums is a great way to learn slang and colloquialisms. You can also try reading some children's book to begin with, then moving up to regular novels. You might have problems finding foreign language materials at your library, but most bookstores have at least a few children's books in different languages. Project Gutenberg contains thousands of books (in several languages) online that you can download for free. Dual language books are also a great resource and can be purchased from Dover Publications at very cheap prices. I highly recommend using readers and translating as much as possible when you begin studying a language. Becoming familiar with certain expressions and ways of writing is very helpful with vocabulary acquisition and certain nuances of the language, such as idioms and proverbs.
E-mail pen pals is an option for writing and also learning about the little aspects of culture. There isn't much else you can do for writing unless you have a teacher who can correct your mistakes. That's why I study grammar so rigorously; I try to become perfect so that I won't need any corrections on my writing. You can try some online translating services if you need a quick translation, but don't count on them to have perfect grammar or even the correct translations of some words. There are also some online dictionaries for a lot of languages, such as WordReference (for French, Italian, Spanish, German & Russian) and LEO for German.
Some books you need to buy are a dictionary (preferably one with pronunciations for every word); a book of verb conjugations; and a grammar review. If you can find a dictionary with complete verb conjugations, then you can get by with only that one book because you can find almost all grammar online. Books of vocabulary may be helpful for quick reference, but I think it's more wise to get a cassette or CD of vocabulary so you know exactly how the words sound, such as Vocabulearn. However, for languages such as French, which slur most of the words together in a sentence, learning just the words might not help much. In this case, it would be better to listen to whole sentences.
► Problems with Language Books
One problem with foreign language books is that the majority of them cater to the traveler who just wants to get by in the language and not actually speak it fluently. Another problem is that most books do not present the grammar in an order conducive to learning or even in an order that corresponds to the frequency of usage in the language. This is the major problem I see with high school and college textbooks. For example, the past tense of verbs is not even introduced until about the 6th chapter, so the student must speak only in the present tense for weeks or months! In addition, the sample sentences given in those books are so boring and pointless because native speakers rarely use them. If the books included more colloquialisms or slang words, as well as certain fixed expressions that are vital for survival in the language, then maybe more students would be interested in taking foreign language classes in school. But as long as school curricula continue to focus solely on form and not meaning, then students will only learn how to conjugate verbs or decline nouns, but never be able to actually speak the language.
Nevertheless, there are some books that are rather helpful for learning languages. You can find some cheap books on Ebay, although I would advise to actually look at the book first before buying it online. In my experience, books by Dover Publications and the NTC publishing company (now part of McGraw-Hill) are the least expensive and most useful, especially if you're looking for vocabulary books or short stories. I also love Living Languages (part of Random House) full language courses. Living Language's Ultimate Series is available in French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese and Chinese. The books are equivalent to two years of college level study, and there are also 8 hours of recordings, but you have to buy those separately. For dictionaries and grammar books, I recommend the Routledge series because they are so comprehensive. The dictionaries include the pronunciation of every word, plus plural forms of nouns and other pertinent information that most dictionaries tend to ignore. And the grammar books are available for a wide range of languages; however, the only drawback is that most cost around $30 USD.
You can visit my Amazon store for books that I recommend in French, Spanish, Italian and German.
► Listening & Speaking
Listen to the language as much as possible. Listening is the best way to improve your pronunciation in addition to comprehension. This will probably be your weakest point, especially if you live in a country that has little access to foreign languages. There are many, many podcasts and radio stations available through iTunes or Realplayer or through their own websites, or just switch the spoken language feature to French or Spanish on the DVDs you already own. Don't rely on the subtitles to exactly match what is spoken though. The translations are more cultural than literal.
Yabla is perhaps the best language learning tool I have found online and it is not very expensive. It is online video immersion using real, authentic language. Subtitles and translations into English are provided on screen, and you can slow down the playback if needed. Currently it is available in French, Spanish and German.
As for podcasts, the Praxis language Pods are high quality and available in French, Spanish, Italian and Chinese.
If you just need the pronunciation of one word, try Forvo.
► Audio-Visual Programs
BBC Languages is a great site with free audio and video files. The Muzzy video program is designed for children and is available in French, Spanish, Italian, and German; but I'm sure adults can profit from it too. The Victor Ebner series is an immersion video method for learning French, Italian, Spanish, German and even Swiss German. French in Action, Destinos and Fokus Deutsch are three great video programs for French, Spanish and German.
I have used the French in Action videos and cassettes in my college classes, and I highly recommend them, though they are quite dated now. Most college libraries have the videos, but I doubt local libraries would. Every once in a while the tapes and textbooks are sold on Ebay, so I would suggest trying there first before spending $400 on them from the publishing company. Better yet, the company that produces the programs, the Annenberg/CPB project, has all of the videos on their website that you can watch if you have a broadband connection (but only if you are in the US or Canada). You have to sign up on the website, but it's free and some of the transcripts are also available online so you can read along with the dialog.
► Slang & Informal Language
If you can find the scripts for the movies and televisions shows (try allsubs.org), then you can read along with the audio. This is a great way to learn slang and idioms. There are some books written exclusively for slang, such as the Slangman/Street series or the Streetwise series in French, Italian, Spanish and German. CDs or cassettes are available to use with the books. Tune up Your French and Tune up your Spanish are also available from McGraw-Hill, and a CD is included. Bertlitz's website has many downloadable audio files to go with the books. The Hide this Book series is written specifically for slang.
If you can afford to spend a little money, you can get some tapes or CDs of vocabulary or even CD-Roms that let you speak into a microphone to judge how well you sound like a native speaker. There are a lot of tapes that go with phrase books too that might be useful. The tapes that I would definitely recommend are of verb conjugations. Living Language makes some cassettes called "A Conversational Approach to Verbs" which includes pronunciations of all the verb tenses. This is very helpful since most other cassettes only include the present tense of verbs. You can check on Ebay or half.com for these tapes too, so you don't have to pay full price. Or you could try outlet book stores, such as Borders Outlet.
Listening to songs in the target language also helps with increasing vocabulary since rhymes are more easily remembered, and you can usually find the lyrics online. The site Lyrics Training is great for this.
Using the internet is the best way to expose yourself to authentic language. You should try reading blogs and forums in addition to the news so that you will understand both informal and formal language. Blogger, Livejournal, Wordpress and Typepad are all blogging sites, mostly in English but you can find blogs written in other languages, and over-blog is mostly in French. You can use search engines as a way to check your grammar, especially if you aren't sure of the word order or if a preposition follows the verb. Just type your phrase into the search box and see if anyone else has used the same sentence or to see what other similar phrases may exist. Also try Google Battle to see which phrase is used more often... though this doesn't necessarily mean it is correct!
► Radio & TV
Many radio stations all over the world let you listen to their programs for free online. Even if you don't understand everything, you will still be exposing yourself to the intonation and stress of the language, which is extremely important for learning proper pronunciation. Many television stations provide clips from their news programs, such as France2. TV channel sites also provide a lot of cultural information about the country that is the most up-to-date.
Before You Know It (by Transparent Language) is a great flash card program that you can download for free to study words and phrases in several languages (with audio, of course). The language courses written for the Foreign Service Institute are in the public domain and most of the texts and audio files can be downloaded for free at the FSI Language Courses site. However, as there are no copyright restrictions on these materials, this means that publishing companies can copy the books and audio files and sell them for profit. Unless you absolutely cannot find the materials online or in a library, I would advise against buying FSI courses through online bookstores. (In addition, I am turning some of the FSI courses into HTML versions.)
I cannot stress enough how important the exposure to real, authentic language is! Do not rely solely on books because they contain constructed sentences that are not taken from real life. The internet is your best source of information on informal language and the way that people really speak (and write), which do not follow the grammatical rules you learn from books. There is an amazing range of language learning opportunities online, and not only from websites and podcasts. The internet may be your only option for learning authentic language and seeing the real culture of the countries that speak it, especially if you have never have the chance to visit those countries. My Realia section currently contains authentic objects, such as train tickets, brochures, menus, etc. so you can see the language as it is actually used.
Remember: The focus of your language studies should be more on meaning (words and phrases) and less on form (grammatical rules).
Language Hacking Guide by Benny Lewis, the Irish Polyglot
"The Language Hacking Guide explains exactly what you need to do to speak a language quickly. Rather than read through the guide to find out my one major ‘secret’, I can tell you right now. You need to speak the language from day one.
No years of studying grammar, no expensive and complicated software, no “magic pill” to master a language while you sleep, you just need to speak it. Speak it regularly, speak it confidently, and speak it immediately. The more you speak, the quicker you will improve.
Even though this may be obvious, how you actually speak a language that you have just started to learn seems almost impossible to many people. So they’ll wait until they are “ready”. That wait may be years, or they may simply never even try. But it’s not actually that hard! That’s what the Language Hacking Guide is about."
Instant download of PDF and ePub formats, translations into several languages, and free worksheets and videos with other polyglots for $87 / 67€ (English only) OR $97 / 75€ (multilingual version) with a money-back guarantee.
Click here to buy the Language Hacking Guide + Speak from Day 1 video series package. | <urn:uuid:2f0edefd-4ab6-41c3-bbcb-adcbb9fabcdc> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://ielanguages.com/suggest.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532480.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00539-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958126 | 2,976 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Welcome to our brand-new nutrition blog, where Dr James Morton, Senior Sports Nutritionist for Science in Sport (SiS), will be giving advice on nutrition, dispelling fuelling myths and offering his tips every month. If you have a sports nutrition question or area you'd like to see covered in the blog, email email@example.com.
James has led and collaborated in over 40 research papers and publications and is also Senior Lecturer in Exercise Metabolism & Nutrition at Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU).
Running a marathon is one of the toughest endurance events that you can undertake. In addition to physical fitness and mental toughness, nutrition is one of the most important factors in predicting your race time. It can be the difference between achieving a personal best or even failing to complete the race.
The build up: the days leading up to the race
Carbohydrates are the major energy source for moderate to high-intensity activity and it is crucial you increase the carb intake in your diet for at least two days prior to the race. A typical carb-loading strategy involves consuming 8-10g of carbs for every kilo of your body mass. For example, a 70kg runner would need 560-700g of carbohydrate each day. In practice, you could eat extra portions of breads, potatoes, pasta, rice, energy bars and cereals. It can be hard to achieve such high carb intakes from food alone and it is useful to consume drinks containing carbohydrates to further increase your intake. In recent years, dietary nitrates (usually found in root vegetables such as beetroot and spinach etc) have been shown to improve endurance performance by reducing the oxygen cost of exercise and improving the efficiency by which our muscles produce energy. Given that the nitrate content of root vegetables can vary significantly, an appropriate strategy to increase nitrate availability is to consume two nitrate gels five days prior to the event.
Race-day morning: the pre-race meal
Having successfully carb- and nitrate-loaded in the days preceding the event, it is important not to make the mistake of over-eating in your pre-race meal. The purpose of this meal should be to simply top up carb stores without running the risk of feeling bloated before the race. A simple serving of porridge, wholemeal toast, yoghurt and apple juice 2-3 hours prior to the race is likely to be sufficient, though food choices should be tailored to your own taste preferences. Ensure effective hydration prior to the race, too.
During the race: fuelling strategies on the run
Depending on race pace, stored carbohydrates can become depleted after 90 minutes of exercise. Consuming additional carbs during the race (and preventing excessive dehydration) is crucial to achieve your target time. Traditional advice is to consume around 60g of carbs per hour, either in the form of gels, drinks or solids depending on your preference. Carb drinks are beneficial as they provide carbohydrates and help to maintain hydration. However, some runners prefer to consume carbs in the form of gels (so as to avoid feelings of being bloated and for their practicality) and achieve their hydration targets by drinking electrolyte drinks to thirst (usually around 500ml per hour) at regular feeding stations. Practise your race strategy in training and to do what works for you. If it is a particularly hot day, then you may need to consume more than 500ml of fluid per hour and this will likely be led by your thirst. Consuming caffeine gels with around two hours left to complete will also help to give a mental and physical boost during that last hour when you really need it. It can be particularly hard to take on sufficient fluids when you’re running and relying on feed stations, so really make it a priority in your race strategy.
After the race: recovery nutrition
After finishing the race, the goal is to replace energy stores and fluid as well as reducing muscle damage and promoting muscle repair. It’s tempting to forget and just celebrate once you’ve finished, but recovery is incredibly important. Fluid should be consumed at a rate of 1.5 litres per kilo of body mass lost. Carbohydrate should be consumed at 90g per hour for at least three hours and should also be consumed as a mixture of drinks and solids. At least 30g of protein should be consumed within 30 minutes of the race finishing to promote post-exercise muscle recovery. Pre-pack your kit bag with carb-rich foods as part of your recovery strategy: sandwiches, pasta pots, yoghurts and a good old bar of chocolate are all good choices! | <urn:uuid:6dfc8e87-fc58-4b1a-aa60-e5d4d444275b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/training/marathon/a769498/how-to-fuel-a-marathon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195532251.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190724082321-20190724104321-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.948557 | 950 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Special care can be given to dogs with Hypertonicity/Episodic Falling, also known as Hyperkinesis, Falling Cavaliers, Collapsing Cavalier Syndrome, Scotty Cramp or Paroxysmal Hypertonicity Disorder to minimize the severity and decrease the frequency of episodes. Typically, affected dogs will recover without treatment within 10-60 minutes, although stiffness may last for hours. Anecdotal evidence suggests that lifestyle changes to remove known stressors and supplement diet may help considerably. In addition, accupuncture may also be effective for some dogs.
Please contribute to the DogHeirs poll: Managing Hypertonicity/Episodic Falling/Scotty Cramps
During episodes, it is important to stay calm and to keep the dog calm, as fear, and anxiety can add to the stress of the situation and may prolong or increase symptoms. Try to comfort the dog by holding it gently and do not force the dog's legs to assume any position. Keep the dog as cool as possible, and allow it to rest as much as it wishes after the episode.
If your dog has an extended episode or frequent severe episodes, contact your veterinarian immediately.
Cooling Devices: Dogs may overheat during episodes. This can be due to exertion combined with the inability to pant because the jaws are clenched. Canine coolers such as cooling beds, cooling mats and cooling vests have all been used to moderate temperatures during and after episodes. In addition to cooling devices, submerging an affected dog's feet in cold water will help.
Examples of accessories that can help dogs affected with Hypertonicity/Episodic Falling. (Left) A canine cooler can serve to keep dogs cool at home. (Center) A vest cooler keeps dogs cool while out and about. (Right) A portable water bottle with an easy-access bowl is small enough to carry comfortably, but large enough to keep dogs hydrated.
Water: Conversely, over-heating may trigger episodes. Therefore, it is important to carry or have access to water at all times.
Removal of environmental stressors: Careful attention must be paid to identify and minimize triggers that initiate episodes, including stressors, excessive play and owner behaviours.
Diet: Reports suggest that affected dogs respond to dietary changes. Notably, Vitamin E has been linked to a reduced frequency of hyperkinetic episodes in dogs with Scotty Cramp. Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant and a suppliment of approximately 100 IU per day has been recommended.
Acupuncture: Acupuncture is an ancient procedure used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of whole-body conditions. Small-gauge needles are applied to various points on the body for the purpose of eliciting physiological responses in the treatment of almost any disease or condition, particularly for relieving pain.
Acupuncture has been successful in treating arthritis in both humans and canines. One study found that acupuncture enhanced the efficacy of antibiotic treatment for canine otitis crises. Favorable acupuncture results have been reported in the treatment of many other canine conditions, including the following:
Risks: Acupuncture may not be effective or should not be used in several situations:
Copyright 2015 DogHeirs. All Rights Reserved.
View more articles in: Hypertonicity and Episodic Falling | <urn:uuid:8097fc17-afab-4e85-8fb5-4125d13ad046> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.dogheirs.com/dogheirs/posts/66-hypertonicity-and-episodic-falling-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982293692.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195813-00154-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943627 | 671 | 2.546875 | 3 |
One of the most important challenges for Eastern and Southern Africa to achieve the 90-90-90 HIV targets have been initiation and retention in care . The lack of resources to provide appropriate care to all people living with HIV (PLWHIV) limits the proportion of people that can achieve viral suppression which in turn increases the opportunity for disease spread [2, 3]. Thus, it is essential to find ways to increase resources’ efficiency, to obtain the best possible health outcomes at the lowest investment. One way to achieve this is by improving targeting of interventions across geographical areas , which requires reliable information at the local level to guide policy decisions. In the context of initiation and retention to care, observing the prevalence – defined as the proportion of HIV positive people in a region geographically, demographically, and temporally defined – at a sub-national level could provide means to guide resource-allocation decisions.
The main issue with prevalence mapping is that estimations across sub-national regions are needed to obtain better information but are usually based on incomplete, local, survey data. Therefore, if no cases are recorded in a particular region, the empirical prevalence would be zero, even though that is likely erroneous. Hence, we recognize information is incomplete (i.e., not all cases have been recorded), and the modeled probability does not reflect the total population at-risk. In addition, because no completely-at-random sampling is feasible, survey data carries selection bias in its estimations. To correct these issues, we conduct prevalence mapping using small area estimation (SAE) [5, 6].
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence in a sub-set of Eastern African countries at the first sub-national level, to create information relevant to locally focused policy decision- making.
We used the DHS HIV and geospatial data . The selected sub-set of countries are neighboring countries in Eastern Africa, have important differences in their national HIV prevalence estimates and have HIV and geospatial information in the same phase of the DHS Program for sampling design and data collection consistency. We decided for: Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique, whose estimated national prevalence for the 15 to 49 year-old population was 5.66%, 3.97%, and 11.98%, respectively in 2017 [8, 9]. This is the most heterogeneous cluster, in terms of national HIV-prevalence, in East Africa that we were able to find. These countries have spatial and HIV data collected in the phase DHS-V, executed between 2007 and 2009. The prevalence mapping was conducted over the first administrative sub-national areas: regions within countries.
The geospatial information for each country was originally formed by the sampling cluster information and their associated boundaries. The former included the spatial points for all clusters within regions, while the latter included polygons for each region within a country. Using the coordinates of both datasets we identified to which region each cluster belonged. Then, we merged the information. The HIV data were geographically identified only by clusters. We used the merged spatial information to determine to which region each of the clusters in the HIV data belonged to.
The final spatial dataset is the appended data of the three countries containing the polygons for each of the sub-national regions. The final HIV dataset was also the appended data of the three countries containing the individual health outcomes (i.e., HIV positive or negative), the cluster, and the associated sub-national region.
Considering that the DHS survey used a multistage cluster design sampling, we conducted a SAE, with a spatial random effect intrinsic conditional autoregressive (ICAR) model – the BYM model –, for a binary outcome. The random effects model has a higher precision than the direct estimation that just considers the sampling design . The BYM model allows for indirect estimation utilizing the information across regions, based on defined neighbors, to perform the smoothing. A neighbor is a region with a single- or multiple-point shared border. We allow places with extra neighbors to have a higher influence on the results – the “B” style. Since we treated the sub-set of countries as a unit, the neighbor determination is not constrained within the country. Hence, the prevalence estimation borrows information from neighboring regions, even when these neighbors are in different countries.
To estimate the spatially smoothed prevalence, pi, in each region in the first sub-national level, denoted by i, we fitted the data to the following model:
Where pi is the direct (design-based weighted) estimate of the prevalence for the region i, modeled using a logit-link given the binary nature of the outcome; Vi is the estimated variance for each region; β0 is the intercept which represents the shared, baseline effects; Si the spatial smoothing; and ϵi is the unstructured random effects. This model does not include covariates. We perform the analysis using the SUMMER package in R.
This is a secondary data analysis that used publicly available information and had no contact with the participants. As such, it was deemed not human research by the IRB of the University of Washington and no level of IRB-review was necessary.
The original dataset, aggregated for the three countries had a sample size of 39,575 observation (Kenya, n = 7,001; Tanzania, n = 15,597; Mozambique, n = 16,976). After deleting the observation containing missing data in the geographic information only (no missing values in the HIV data was found), the final sample size was 39,258 (99.2%). Given the small number of missed observations, we did not perform a missing-at-random analysis.
We found 45 regions in total. The sample size varies highly across these regions, ranging from 308 to 1,942 observations (Figure 1). Tanzania was the country with the highest number of regions, 26, and at the same time the smallest sample size for each one. Kenya, with 8 regions, and moreover Mozambique, with 11 regions, have higher associated sample size.
Figure 2 shows the results of the SAE. The estimated prevalence for all regions ranged from 7.24% to 15.5%; with a median of 5.13% and a standard deviation (SD) of 0.38. Figure 3 shows the point-estimate results for each country. The scale for the color-code is independent for each country in Figure 3.
Our analysis allowed us to identify the three regions with the highest prevalence in each country. Nyanza (pi = 13.6%), Nairobi (pi = 7.1%), and Western (pi = 6.3%), in Kenya. In Tanzania, Iringa (pi = 15.4%), Mbeya (pi = 9.3%), and Dar es Salaam (pi = 9.1%). Finally, in Mozambique, Gaza (pi = 15.2%), Maputo City (pi = 12.9%), and Maputo (region) (pi = 12.7%). The Supplemental Material contains the estimated prevalence and 95% credible intervals for each region. In Kenya and Tanzania, we can observe that the highest prevalence is almost an outlier compared to the rest of the country. These results warrant a prioritization of these regions for HIV prevention and treatment health services.
We conducted a HIV-prevalence mapping for a subset of east African countries, with a SAE estimation using a BYM model. This approximation has multiple theoretical benefits. First, the SAE is consistent with the small sample size that observed in many of the areas under estimation. Second, our model acknowledges the sampling design and the associated distribution of sampling probabilities. Third, the spatial smoothing process allowed the model to borrow information from the neighbors in the estimation of each posterior to improve the precision of the estimates, which is particularly helpful in the presence of sparse data such as the DHS dataset. Further, our study has an additional advantage because it defines the neighbors beyond the country borders, by taking the sub-set of countries as a unit. We believe this was particularly useful in the estimation of the prevalence for Tanzania, where all its regions had a small sample size.
We examined the difference in performance for the estimation of prevalence at the first-subnational level, for the weighted model that includes a correction for cluster sampling, and the weighted-smooth model that includes a smoothing process for the outcome. Figure 4 shows that the smoothing process pulled the posterior estimates towards the middle of the distribution, increasing the value of the estimates in the lower half, and reducing it for the estimates in the higher half. The right-side panel shows that the standard errors created by the smoothing analysis tend to be lower in comparison, denoting estimates with higher precision. Thus, because the smoothing model estimates each prevalence using the information provided by its neighbors, the resulting distribution of prevalence for all regions is less disperse, with the extreme values pulled towards the middle.
Regarding the spatial weights for the matrix of neighbors, “B” and “W” are the most used styles . In essence, under the “B” style, regions with more neighbors would have a higher influence on the results, while under “W” having extra neighbors do not affect the region’s weight. Thus, the “B” style is a better option when migration patterns and likelihood of contact plays a relevant role in the outcome under analysis, as it is the case of HIV transmission . Nevertheless, we performed separate analyses with both styles obtaining the same results for the posteriors and the standard deviation. We decided in favor of the “B” style given its theoretical advantages over the alternative.
According to Figure 5, even though the weighted-only model includes a correction for the sampling methodology, the resulting estimates for 4 regions are still not significantly different from zero; i.e., the 95% credibility intervals of these estimates include zero. This demonstrates an important advantage of the smoothing process: by shrinking the estimates towards the mean, it eliminates prevalence estimates non-statically different from zero. Further, it exemplifies the difference between the observed and the empirical prevalence . The lack of cases in a cluster does not mean that there are no cases in that geographical area. Hence, surrogating the estimated risk from adjacent areas is imperative to estimate a prevalence closer to the real risk of infection for HIV.
Our estimates are systematically lower compared to previous analysis that have mapped the prevalence of HIV in sub-Sharan Africa , which is due to the granularity of the data used for the analysis. Dwyer-Lindgren et al. collected 38,897 data points in 134 seroprevalence survey and sentinel surveillance of antenatal care clinics for a total of 46 countries. Further, they gathered information from a 17-year period. Given this, the analytical process can smooth the estimates across geographic and temporal units and provide better estimates. Additionally, Dwyer-Lindgren et al calibrated the model using national estimations from the Global Burden of Disease , which provides an additional level of external validity but also introduces more bias in the analysis. Nonetheless, the estimated credibility intervals for both studies overlap in all cases for which a comparison was possible, and more importantly, the results of both studies are consistent regarding which regions within countries have the highest prevalence.
The objective of this study was to present reliable, local prevalence information to inform policy decision in the context of optimize resource allocation. In that regard, the temporality of the data is not as important since the absolute numbers can change but the relative risk is less likely to change over time. Second, our methodology is in concordance with both the nature of the data – by including a correction due to the sampling design – and the epidemiology rationale – by using a smoothing process to limit the probability of having prevalence equal to zero and modeling the outcome in each region as part of a bigger area, rather than in isolation.
This study is not without limitations. First, the data that we used were collected between 2007 and 2009. Hence, the picture that our estimates present is likely outdated considering how fast the HIV epidemic variables move over time. We chose the phase DHS-V because that was the only phase in which our sub-set of countries had both HIV and geospatial information. Second, although socioeconomic and demographic variables influence the prevalence of HIV [18, 19] and these variables are likely spatial correlated, our model did not include covariates. The main reason was the lack of an individual identifier between the HIV data and other DHS surveys to match the datasets.
Our results are based on statistically appropriate methods that allowed us to obtain an accurate visual representation of the HIV prevalence in the subset of African countries we chose. These results can help in identification and targeting of high-prevalent regions to increase the supply of healthcare services to reduce the spread of the disease and increase the health quality of PLWHIV.
This study builds on secondary publicly available data and generates reliable estimates that can be used to target interventions. This creates an important opportunity to apply the same methodology in other settings, where data might be scarce and resources to supplement data collection unavailable.
The additional file for this article can be found as follows:Supplemental Material
The Supplemental Material contains the estimated prevalence and 95% credible intervals for each region in the three countries analyzed: Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3345.s1 | <urn:uuid:10076f47-797a-4c24-a73b-7fd73a9fafb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/article/10.5334/aogh.3345/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337421.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003133425-20221003163425-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.926072 | 2,811 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Black History Month is celebrated in February of every year. This libguide provides information to sources from the Samuel C. WIlliams Library. You can search current articles and ebooks through our databases available to the Stevens Institute of Technology community. Books are also available searching through the catalog.
Sample Keywords: african-american, jim crow, slavery, segregation, abolitionist, underground railroad, civil rights, education, racism, etc. | <urn:uuid:419d37e3-1b79-47b7-aa9b-f5e93cd89bbe> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://researchguides.stevens.edu/blackhistory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512499.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019232929-20181020014429-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.919078 | 92 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Digestion includes mechanical, chemical and absorptive events. Throughout its length the digestive tract is internally lined by a mucus-protected epithelium. Such mucus acts as a lubricant, thereby facilitating food movement and protecting the epithelium from mechanical abrasion. Mechanical events in digestion start with chewing, and continue along the digestive tract through diverse peristaltic movements.
Starch hydrolysis begins in the mouth, through the action of sallivary amylase. This enzyme cleaves starch into maltose, but its action is very short-lived since the enzyme is inactivated as soon as it reaches the low-pH environment of the stomach.
The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen (an inactive protease). HCl affords some pretection against bacterial collonization, and converts pepsinogen into its active form, pepsin. The stomach itself is protected from HCl and pepsin due to the presence of a thick, alkaline, mucus that neutralizes the acid before it reaches the gastric epithelium.
At the parietal cells lining the stomach, carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction:
H2CO3 is a moderate acid, and decomposes into H+ and HCO3-. As H+ is secreted into the stomach through active transport (mediated by H+/ K+ ATPases), HCO3- is exported to the bloodstream, leading to an increase in blood pH. Pancreas uses the same reaction in order to produce HCO3-, which is secreted into the duodenum with a concomitant release of H+ towards the bloodstream (which re-establishes normal blood pH).
During a meal, secretion of gastric juices (containing HCl and pepsinogen) increases from a few mL / hour (the usual values between meals) to almost 1.5 L.
HCl and pepsinogen secretion occurs on three phases:
Cephalic phase (yields about 1/5 of total secretion)
- Psychologic stimuli (such as anticipating a meal, its smell, sight and texture) start gastric secretion even before food reaches the stomach.
- The presence of partially-digested food (especially peptides and aminoacids) in the stomach promotes the secretion of the hormone gastrin. This peptide hormome acts on the stomech, thereby stimulating secretion. Histamine and acetylcholine also stimulate secretion, and all three factors act synergistically, so that their total potentiating effect is markedly higher than the sum of their individual contribuions. Therefore, blocking only one of this factors is enough to ellicit a substantial decrease of total secretion.
Gastrin also increases gastric motility, leading to movement of the stomach contents (chyme) from the stomach and into the duodenum.
Enteric phase (yiels about 1/10 of total secretion):
- Duodenum pH is lowered by the arrival of (acidic) chyme. This increase in acidity stimulates the secretion of another hormone, secretin, which diminishes gastrointestinal motility and stops the transfer of chyme into the duodenum. Secretin acts on the stomach glands and inhibits HCl secretion. However, duodenum also secretes some gastrin, which counteracts this effect by stimulating HCl and pepsinogen secretion.
Secretin stimulates pancreas into secreting bicarbonate (HCO3-) into the duodenum. This anion neutralizes the hydrochloric acid just coming from the stomach, allowing duodenum pH to rise to the optimum values for the pancreatic enzymes (proteases, lipases, pancreatic amylase). These enzymes are secreted by the pancreas in response to cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone secreted by the duodenum when fatty acids are present in the chyme.
Cholecystokinin prompts the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum. Bile contains bilirrubin, cholesterol and bile salts (cholesterol-derived amphipatic molecules, i.e., containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties, which allow the diet lipids to disperse in an aqueous medium, thereby forming an emulsion). The total amount ob bile salts released by the gallbladder during the digestion of a meal is far higher than the amount of bile salts present in the organism, because they are efficiently absorbed by the intestine and quickly shuttled back to the liver and gallbladder as the digestion progresses. This "recycling" of bile salts is dubbed "entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts".
In the absence of bile salts, diet lipids cannot be digested efficiently since the contact area between non-emulsified lipids and the aqueous solution where pancreatic enzymes lie is very small. This can happen e.g. when a gallstone (formed due to precipitation of excess cholesterol in the bile) blocks the bile duct. In more extre cases, gallstones may also block pancreatic secretions, since the pancreatic duct joins the bile duct before reaching the duodenum.
Intestine secretes a wide variety of digestive enzymes (maltase,lactase, saccharase, proteases, lipases, etc.) , and aborbs water, electrolytes and nutrients. Proteins are absorbed as small peptides and free aminoacids. On the other hand, carbohydrates may only be absorbed as monossacharides: the absence of maltase, sucrase or lactase (which hydrolyze the dissacharides maltose, sucrose and lactose, respectively) prevents the utilization of dissacharides. Unused dissacharides may be degraded by intestinal bacteria, leading to sudden increases of bacterial fermentation rates, and causing, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, and diarrhea. Lactose intolerance due to absence of lactase is the most common of these disorders.
Free fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed separately and packaged into triglycerides in the intestinal epithelial cells. They are then secreted into the lymph in chylomicrons (lipoproteins with a very high lipid content), which deliver said lipids to the cells upon entering the bloodstream. Chylomicrons depleted of most lipids (known as chylomicron remnants) are absorbed by the liver. Cholesterol and triglycerides produced endogenously are transported in Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL). Upon delivering their triglycerides to cells, they become Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL), enriched in cholesterol esters. Some of these IDl get taken up by the liver, and the remaining become Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL), which deliver cholesterol to cells. If the cells are unable to efficiently absorb LDL, they accumulate in the bloodstream and eventually precipitate cholesterol esters on the blood vessel walls (atherosclerose) (see this article for a review)
. Excess cholesterol from the cell membranes is taken up by High Density Lipoproteins (HDL), and then transferred to LDL or VLDL. | <urn:uuid:4e27b3ec-21b5-4b23-9111-1a31e342850c> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://homepage.ufp.pt/pedros/qfisio/digestion.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639121.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00206-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91005 | 1,516 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Two of the most important women in history in Britain, feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and her daughter, author Mary Shelley never met in person. Mary Shelley was born on August 30, 1797, but after a grueling labor was necessary to call a doctor who, for lack of hygiene, infected his mother of an infectious disease. Ten days later, he died the author of “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ‘. And that baby grow and not only write with only 19 years one of the most fascinating novels in the history of literature, ‘Frankenstein’, but devote his life to preserve and promote the legacy of his mother.
“The memory of my mother has always been the pride and joy of my life.” (Mary Shelley).
Mary Wollstonecraft Goodwin (adopted as the name Wollstonecraft Shelley when she married the poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley) was born in London in the late eighteenth century. His father was William Goodwin, political and anarchist thinker who also go down in history as the author of the first novel by British detectives, ‘Caleb Williams’ in 1794.
At home, he presided over by a large portrait of Wollstonecraft, lived with his father and sister Fanny and both always had access to the works of her famous mother, who devoted several manuals to education for girls. As stated in the book ‘Romantic Outlaws: The extraordinary lives of Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley’ (Charlotte Gordon), “his radical philosophy molded Shelley, precipitating his determination to be somebody and create a masterpiece in itself”.
The girl grew inside creating their own literary world, isolating himself with the literature of grief over the loss of her mother, lack of understanding with the second wife of Goodwin and, already in adolescence, his absence during the two years he was sent to Scotland that influenced the development of his own imaginary universe.
“It was under the trees belonging to our house, or on the shady slopes of the treeless mountains near where my true compositions, the airy flights of my imagination, were born and encouraged”. (Preface to the English edition of “Frankenstein” in 1831)
Mary Shelley wrote 11 years since his first stories and at 15 she met her future husband, Percy Shelley, then married another woman. Two years later they began a relationship without he were still divorced, revolutionizing the conservative upper class Londoner. Together they made a tour of Europe and with all the material, Mary wrote her first adult play “Story of a six-week tour ‘, published in November 1817.
Several biographies of Mary narrate how the origin of the creature ‘Frankenstein’ took place during a trip to Geneva with her little sister Jane Clairmont and Percy Shelley to meet Lord Byron, concerning the romantic literature of the time. During his stay, from June to August, between discussions and literary games, Lord Byron proposed to his guests a challenge: write a ghost story in the style of German stories. And in a few weeks, Mary Shelley wrote a short story that would be the germ of his masterpiece.
Now back to England, a series of tragic episodes, including the suicide of his sister Fanny and woman Percy Shelley, Harriet followed. In this gloomy environment, in May 1817, Mary Shelley finished writing “Frankenstein”, to be published in 1818 in London on condition of anonymity. Shelley’s authorship itself appear in the first French edition in 1823. The success of the work, considered one of the first science fiction novels, was immediate. And his myth and interpretations, also feminist, still present today in day.
Shelley marriage settled in Italy in 1818, and Mary cared for her only living son (three previously died) and, especially, continued to write. Most of his efforts and talent poured into the historical novel ‘Valperga’, 1823, but also after the death of Percy in a boat accident, returned to London and gave full edit the lyrical work of her husband .
Among other own works, in 1826 he published ‘The last man’, post-apocalyptic novel, considered his other great masterpiece, and a new foray into the genre of gothic fiction, which is the most important representative.
In February 1851 (1 or 21, depending on the consulted biographies), Mary Shelley dies at 53 years in London, after a decade sick for a brain tumor.
(Sources: ‘Romantic Outlaws: The extraordinary lives of Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley’, Charlotte Gordon, and Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley biography in Poetry Foundation). | <urn:uuid:24d99606-9da3-4b12-a977-5107be0637bc> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://carmelo.elaptopcomputer.com/history-of-mary-shelley-creator-of-frankenstein/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870604.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528004814-20180528024814-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.97635 | 979 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A decade ago, if you'd seen a baby using sign language with her parents, you probably would've assumed the baby was deaf. Not so these days.
The number of parents enjoying the benefits of signing with their hearing baby or toddler has mushroomed in the past 10 years. But why use sign language to communicate with a child who can hear - and is learning to speak anyway?
Speech is not an easy thing to master, and a baby's passive vocabulary (the words he can understand) is often far more developed than his active vocabulary (the words he can use). Long before he utters his first word, a baby has specific needs and wishes to communicate. Studies have shown that it is easier for babies to reproduce gestures than it is for them to reproduce words. In fact, babies naturally employ symbolic gestures to get their meaning across. By introducing sign language, gestures become an effective form of communication. The signing baby is empowered.
The potential benefits of this are huge. Not only do babies and parents experience the joy of communicating early (babies as young as 3 months have been known to sign "milk"), but toddlers experience reduced frustration when they can express themselves. Toddlers who know several single words may wish to communicate something beyond their verbal capacity - and signing allows this.
When parents can respond to their toddler's specific request (even if it is to refuse it), the child is less likely to throw a tantrum. Proponents of baby signing go so far as to credit the practice with eliminating the Terrible Twos. So who do we have to thank for this revelation? | <urn:uuid:341cc14c-181b-4ae1-b10b-2334478fe339> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.brillbaby.com/teaching-baby/others/signing.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474649.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225234904-20240226024904-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.971729 | 325 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Stanley, Henry Morton
British explorer and author
Henry Morton Stanley made several extensive journeys in Africa in the second half of the 1900s. The books he wrote about his adventures were widely read. Stanley was born John Rowlands in Wales, where he grew up in an orphanage. In 1859 he traveled to the United States and changed his name to that of a merchant who had befriended him. Drifting from place to place, Stanley fought on both sides in the American Civil War and served on naval and merchant ships. In the late 1860s he became a journalist reporting on the Indian Wars of the American West.
Stanley went to Africa as a correspondent for the New York Herald. In 1871 the newspaper sent him to search for David LIVINGSTONE, the British missionary and explorer who was missing in central Africa. Stanley found the explorer and uttered the now famous greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” His accounts of the journey received wide attention. When Livingstone died a few years later, Stanley decided to continue the explorer's work. Between 1874 and 1877 he led an expedition across Africa from east to west by way of Lake Victoria and the CONGO RIVER—a journey described in his book Through the Dark Continent (1878).
Stanley next spent five years working for King Leopold II of Belgium, overseeing the construction of a railroad in the Congo colony. In the late 1880s he led a third and final expedition, crossing Africa from west to east to rescue EMIN PASHA, a European working as a provincial governor for Egypt. Emin was reportedly stranded in the center of the continent. Stanley wrote In Darkest Africa about that expedition. He spent his remaining years in England, serving as a member of the British Parliament. (See also Travel and Exploration.) | <urn:uuid:43fdbff8-9ac6-4f76-99da-69dc22f4a153> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://geography.name/stanley-henry-morton/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987836368.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023225038-20191024012538-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.980829 | 372 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Strength training is done to increase muscle size and strength, improve endurance, and decrease fatigue, ultimately increasing performance. It also improves body image and appearance and prevents muscle, ligament, and bone injury. Health benefits of strength training include improved posture, improved lung capacity, decreased injuries, improved circulation, improved muscle tone, and less risk of obesity.
Fitness and Health Benefits of Strength Training
|Fitness Benefits||Health Benefits|
|Increased muscle size||Improves posture|
|Increased muscle strength||Improves lung capacity|
|Increased endurance||Decreases injuries|
|Prevents muscle injury||Improves circulation|
|Prevents ligament injury||Improves muscle tone|
|Prevents bone injury||Prevents osteoporosis|
|Prevents fatigue||Lowers diabetes risk|
The recommended amount of strength training is 20 to 30 minutes, 2 to 3 times per week for most athletes and active women. For those involved in power and strength-dependent sports, strength training may occur five days a week as part of training, but muscles should be alternated day to day to allow recovery. The heavier the weights and quicker the movements, the greater the risk of injury.
Personal training is a very popular method of strength training. Trainers should be well qualified to design a program for you, listen to your needs and accommodate for the way your body performs, and guide you through a safe exercise program. It is recommended that you have a trainer who is certified, although there are different qualities and requirements for certification. The highest recommended certification types are through the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA), American Council on Exercise (ACE), and National Council of Strength and Fitness (NCSF). These require testing and updated continuing-education credits. Health-care professionals can also make excellent personal trainers, including certified athletic trainers, physical therapists, exercise physiologists, and physical therapy assistants.
Qualities of a Good Personal Trainer
- Certification or degree in exercise
- Listens to your needs
- Gives you full attention during workouts
- Does not encourage painful activities
- Works you at your level, not above it to impress you
- Any muscle soreness after a strenuous workout should last no more than two days
- Is motivating
- You do not develop new or worsening pains
- Workouts make you feel stronger and healthier
Techniques to Avoid Injury While Strength Training
- Gradually increase weight; no more than twice a month.
- Keep motions slow and resistance low.
- Stop the motion if you feel pain.
- Do not train the same muscles two days in a row.
- Keep your range of motion in a comfortable zone for your body.
- If your muscle soreness lasts longer than two days, reduce the amount of weight and repetitions.
More on: Children's General Health
From The Active Woman's Health and Fitness Handbook by Nadya Swedan. Copyright © 2003 by Nadya Swedan. Used by arrangement with Perigee, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit Amazon. | <urn:uuid:f4401c42-f0e7-4632-b3d3-4cbf315fd493> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://life.familyeducation.com/exercise/athletic-training/35892.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115856041.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161056-00007-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913804 | 644 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This past year is one for the digital record books. As incredible as it sounds, adults — not those impulsive, reckless kids — proved to be the more prolific bullies online. And, one glance at the latest headlines, and it’s clear, a digital cease-fire is nowhere in sight.
It seems every day we witness adult bullying online and off. We see blatant bullying behavior from political candidates, elected leaders, celebrities, respected public figures, and ordinary folks who become fast victims of cyberbullying simply from sharing their content online. Collectively, this adult segment has managed to drop the bullying bar to a new low by turning keyboards and media platforms into weapons.
In 2014 study, Pew Research found that 73 percent of adults have witnessed online abuse and 40 percent have been victims of it. That’s not a statistic adults can afford to take lightly. Bullying hurts no matter what your age and left unchecked, can affect you (and your family) mentally, emotionally, and physically for a very long time.
A Bullying Primer — for Adults
Bullying Defined: According to StopBullying.gov, bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose.
To be considered bullying, the behavior must be aggressive and include:
- An Imbalance of Power: People who bully use their power—such as physical strength, access to embarrassing information, or popularity—to control or harm others. Power imbalances can change over time and in different situations, even if they involve the same people.
- Repetition: Bullying behaviors happen more than once or have the potential to happen more than once.
According to the national advocacy group, Stomp Out Bullying, the act of bullying can come in several forms:
- Cyberbullying is one or a group of people using electronic means via computers and mobile phones (emails, social media sites, chat rooms, instant messaging and texting) to torment, threaten, harass, humiliate, embarrass or target another person.
- Verbal Bullying often accompanies physical behavior. This behavior can include name calling, spreading rumors, and persistent teasing.
- Emotional Intimidation is closely related to these two types of bullying. A bully may deliberately exclude you from a group activity such as a party or school outing.
- Racist Bullying can take many forms: making racial slurs, spray painting graffiti, mocking the victim’s cultural customs, and making offensive gestures.
- Sexual Bullying is unwanted physical contact or abusive comments.
Author and adult bullying survivor, Sue Scheff writes extensively about adult cyberbullies saying, “How can we possibly rationalize this behavior in adults? It’s indisputable that grown-ups should know better, and the fact that they continue to harass is despicable. And today, bullying often happens online, which creates a long-lasting emotional sting.”
So, if the adults are the cyberbullies, where does that leave our kids? Who do they look to understand character traits such as tolerance, empathy, and common civility online?
This is your cue, parent, to push your way back onto center stage.
Help your child process what’s going on in the news.
Don’t assume your child is understanding and appropriately assimilating the adult bullying they see going on in the media (or even in their community). They are scrolling, laughing, and likely, confused about the adult bullying they see — whether they talk about it or not.
A) Have critical conversations about the power of words, the importance of humility, and the power of empathy. Be the digital role model kids so desperately need today. B) Model a healthy perspective online and off. Let your kids see you handle conflict well and weigh your online responses wisely. C) Allow them to see you make mistakes and make amends. Teach them tolerance, kindness, and forgiveness every chance you get. D) Teach your kids to create balance in the content they consume. Point out all the right stuff happening online outside of the rash of bullying they encounter.
So as an adult, what can you do if you happen to get into the line of fire with another adult? It’s not going to be enjoyable, but if you act swiftly, hopefully, you can cut the conflict short.
5 ways to deal with an adult bully online
- Ignore the bully. This is so tough but imperative. Do not respond to minor teasing or name calling. Sometimes bullies are encouraged by seeing a reaction. Don’t give them the satisfaction. (Think about it: How much conflict could have been avoided this year had adults not responded emotionally online?)
- Block the bully. The National Crime Prevention Council advises victims to stop all communication with the bully. Block their phone number, so you no longer receive their calls or texts. If that’s not possible, consider changing phone numbers. Facebook and instant messenger on all platforms allow providers to block other users so that they can no longer interact with you.
- Log off. Most bullying is fueled by emotion, not facts. Rather than firing off a hot-headed response, log off and step back from the conflict. Depending on the level of emotion, this may require a few hours or even a few days dedicated to a cooling off period. With a little space, the issue may go away. It’s important not to take attacks online personally no matter how upset you become. Bullies and trolls can be heartless, equal-opportunity haters. So, making cruel remarks personal, while understandable, is often wasted emotion.
- Document abuse. Save emails and take screenshots of comments left on social media that document cyberbullying activities. Do this right away — a bully will rarely leave threats or offensive comments posted on social media up. Take a screenshot right away.
- Report abuse. Sometimes a conflict or bullying situation can escalate beyond reason. Know how to report abuse on Facebook and other social platforms. You will find report abuse tabs in the help sections of all social networks. Alert local authorities if a bullying situation gets out of hand. Every state law varies, so check your state for specific cyberbullying laws.
It’s clear that adults have crossed some digital lines this year that may be hard to reverse. Because we revere free speech so dearly in our country, that privilege also gets exploited by bullies who believe they can say whatever they want, to whomever they want, and never suffer the consequences. We know this isn’t true. Bullying always has social and emotional consequences, whether we experience them or not. It’s up to parents, educators, leaders, legislators, and family advocates to redraw those lines for ourselves and, more importantly, for the kids looking up to us for guidance. | <urn:uuid:1cdb8d3b-6add-45a8-9971-1ea04ff052f1> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/consumer/family-safety/trends-adult-cyberbulling-is-no-laughing-matter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864364.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622065204-20180622085204-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.935678 | 1,426 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Event-driven architecture seems to be the way of the future for integrations, specifically focusing on designs where low latency, real-time and stability are essential for success. So, what is Event-driven Architecture, and what do you need to know about it before you jump in and start using it?
In this blog, we will explore the concepts and benefits of event-driven architecture. We will also provide examples of how event-driven architecture can be applied in real-world scenarios.
What is Event-driven Architecture?
Event-driven architecture (EDA) is a design approach focusing on creating systems that respond to specific events or triggers decoupled and asynchronously. In an event-driven system, components communicate by sending and receiving events rather than calling each other directly. Read on to find out how this type of architecture enables applications to be more scalable, flexible, and responsive to changes in their
Why should you use Event-driven Architecture?
A significant advantage of event-driven architecture is its ability to handle large amounts of data. In traditional architecture, components are tightly coupled and call each other directly. This means that if one component becomes overwhelmed with requests, it can affect the entire system’s performance. In an event-driven architecture, however, components are decoupled and communicated via events. This means that components can process events asynchronously, allowing the system to handle a large volume of data without affecting performance.
Another advantage of event-driven architecture is its ability to integrate with different systems and technologies. In a traditional architecture, components are often tightly coupled with specific technologies, making it difficult to integrate with other systems. In an event-driven architecture, components communicate via events, which can be easily understood by any system that can receive and process events. This makes integrating different technologies and systems easy, allowing for greater flexibility.
In addition to its ability to handle large amounts of data and integrate with different systems, event-driven architecture offers other benefits. For example, it can improve the scalability and resilience of a system. Because components in an event-driven system are decoupled and communicate via events, they can be scaled independently. This means that if one component becomes overwhelmed, it won’t affect the performance of the other components. In addition, because events are typically persisted in a message queue, they can be retried if they fail to be processed, improving the system’s overall resilience.
Another advantage of event-driven architecture is its ability to support real-time data processing. In a traditional architecture, components are typically processed sequentially, making it challenging to support real-time data processing. In an event-driven architecture, however, events can be processed as soon as they are received, allowing for real-time data processing. This can be particularly useful for applications that require low latency, such as financial trading systems or eCommerce platforms.
What components are used in Event-driven Architecture?
The main components of event-driven architecture are the publisher, the event, and the subscriber. The publisher is the component that generates and sends events, the event is the message that is sent from the publisher to the subscriber, and the subscriber is the component that receives and responds to the event.
In addition to these core components, event-driven architecture may also include other components, such as event brokers and event stores. An event broker sits between the publisher and the subscriber and is responsible for routing events from the publisher to the appropriate subscribers. An event store is a database or other storage system used to persist events for future processing or reference.
How could you use Event-driven Architecture in the real world?
A great example of how this can be applied in an eCommerce setting would be a Black Friday sale, where there’s a sudden spike in the number of orders being taken by the website, and potentially the back-end systems can’t keep up with the demand. Having the orders persisted in a message queue ensures the website can still take the orders. The back-end systems can pick up the orders from the message queue as their capacity allows until all events have been processed. This way, no orders are missed, and there is no need for one-off scaling of the existing systems.
Another example of how event-driven architecture can be used in an eCommerce environment is the development of a real-time inventory management system. In this scenario, events are triggered whenever a customer purchases on the eCommerce website or app.
When a customer completes a purchase, the system triggers an event that indicates that the purchased items need to be removed from the inventory. The inventory management system would then respond to this event by automatically updating the inventory levels in real-time, ensuring that the purchased items are no longer available.
Using event-driven architecture in this way allows the inventory management system to be more responsive and efficient. It also enables the eCommerce website or app to provide more accurate information to customers about the availability of products, helping to prevent situations where a customer attempts to purchase an item that is no longer in stock. This can improve the customer experience and help avoid potential revenue losses due to out-of-stock items.
Event-driven architecture offers many advantages over traditional architectures; it allows for handling large amounts of data, integrates easily with different systems and technologies, improves scalability and resilience, and supports real-time data processing. These benefits make event-driven architecture a valuable design approach for many systems.
If you are interested in learning more about how event-driven architecture can benefit your organisation, please get in touch with us. Our experienced team can provide more information and assist you in implementing event-driven architecture in your systems. So contact us today to learn more and start taking advantage of the benefits of event-driven architecture.
Solace is an event management and streaming platform that provides publisher and subscriber services using common protocols like JMS, MQTT, AMQP and REST. Solace also provides a variety of client libraries for different programming languages, such as Java, C, C#, and Python, which enable developers to easily integrate their applications with the Solace broker using the language of their choice. | <urn:uuid:89076c90-53f4-4d02-9073-cdd0178fe745> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.adaptiv.nz/the-advantages-of-event-driven-architecture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226130305-20240226160305-00832.warc.gz | en | 0.942913 | 1,259 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Work avoidance goals have been relatively neglected in the literature with most research focusing on mastery and performance goals. The central aim of this study was to examine the structure, antecedents, and consequences of the work avoidance goal construct. Four studies were conducted. Study 1 investigated the construct validity of work avoidance, while Study 2 focused on its antecedents. Using a longitudinal panel design, Study 3 examined the impact of work avoidance—alongside mastery and performance goals—on engagement and achievement, while Study 4 explored its relationship to broader well-being outcomes. Results showed that work avoidance was distinct from mastery and performance goals. Entity theory of intelligence positively predicted work avoidance goal pursuit, while teacher and peer support buffered against it. Pursuing work avoidance goals was found to be associated with less engagement, lower grades, and greater negative affect. The impact of work avoidance on achievement and well-being outcomes seem to be more salient compared to the oft-examined mastery and performance goals. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
CitationKing, R. B., & McInerney, D. M. (2014). The work avoidance goal construct: Examining its structure, antecedents, and consequences. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(1), 42-58.
- Work avoidance goals
- Achievement goals
- Filipino students | <urn:uuid:e0391c2a-4058-4fff-8d87-60deed0e2f08> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://repository.eduhk.hk/en/publications/the-work-avoidance-goal-construct-examining-its-structure-anteced-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585183.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017210244-20211018000244-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.932632 | 277 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Something I get asked occasionally as someone who works on animal cognition is ‘what makes humans different from other animals?’ This is a tough one, because, as humans are of course animals, it is much easier to list the similarities between us and other animals in our behaviour and how our brains process things than the differences. Furthermore, whether you are a philosopher, psychologist or biologist, you might tend to answer this question quite differently. However, at least four main components of being human include an ability for open-ended language, theory-of-mind, self-awareness (although see this) and culture. In addition to these, some people would argue for a number of other abilities including episodic memory, planning, morality, teaching, causal reasoning and insight, all of which can either be found in other animals in some form, or are difficult to unequivocally demonstrate in either human or non-human animals.
Although culture is considered a hallmark of ‘being human’, this too is difficult to consign strictly to our species. In our day to day language, we use the word ‘culture’ in many different contexts and assume others know what we mean (I have to admit that since moving to the US I probably comment on ‘American culture’ on a daily basis, normally with reference to the lack of knowledge about how to make a good cup of tea). For biologists, culture can roughly be thought of as consisting of three stages. The first stage is the ability to learn from or copy other individuals (‘social learning’). This has been found in a wide variety of animals, including birds, dogs, tortoises, bumblebees, dolphins, and chimpanzees to name a few. If this learning from other individuals then spreads throughout a group, it can become a ‘tradition’, where many individuals within a particular group are displaying the same behaviour. For example, perhaps you copy what your friend is drinking at the pub – this would be social learning. Before you know it, everyone is also drinking the same drink just because everyone else is (I have a theory this is how jägerbombs got so popular), and this behaviour has become a tradition. Indeed, jägerbombs became so much of a tradition in one city in the UK that they had to be banned. Some people would equate a tradition with a culture, whereas others would argue that a group of animals need a combination of many different traditions to constitute having a culture. So, if a group of people copied each other’s drinking habits, followed by what they ate afterwards (let’s say a deep-fried mars bar), and then embarked on some vocal imitation in the form of some drunken singing, this would constitute a culture (it might perhaps be called a drinking culture). There is also discrepancy in how the behaviour has to be socially learned: some would say that only by imitating or being taught a behaviour from another individual is enough to warrant the term ‘culture’; just ordering that jägerbomb because you saw one sitting on the bar when you arrived isn’t enough to be considered the start of a tradition.
Working out whether an observed behaviour in a group of animals is evidence of a culture and how it arose isn’t an easy task. Because animals can’t tell us how they’re learning from other animals, or why they adopt particular behaviours, scientists need to use carefully-designed experiments and observations to tease apart what might be causing a particular behaviour found in a group of individuals.
Two new studies, both published in Science, have highlighted the importance of social learning and culture in two very different animals: vervet monkeys and whales. The study with vervet monkeys is unique in that it’s the first time that non-human primates in the wild have been shown to adopt a local tradition, instead of using their own individual knowledge. In humans, we know that we will often adopt what other individuals are doing when we enter a new group. For example, when you travel to a foreign country you might copy where the locals are eating, as you presume that their local knowledge is better than your own, or perhaps just because you want to fit in. It seems that vervet monkeys might do the same thing.
To look into this, Erica van de Waal, Christele Borgeaud and Andrew Whiten established a local ‘tradition’ in four groups of wild vervet monkeys in South Africa, totally 109 individuals. To do this, they gave each group of monkeys two different trays of corn, one dyed blue and one dyed pink. For two of the groups, the pink corn was made to taste bad, and for two of the groups the blue corn was made to taste bad. Over time, the monkeys in these groups learned to avoid the distasteful corn, and only eat the other colour.
The food was then removed, so that the young monkeys could mature without having ever encountered the coloured food themselves. Four to six months later, once they were old enough to eat solid food, the two colours of food were reintroduced to the groups, this time without either of the foods being distasteful. The adults that had experienced the distasteful food before generally still avoided that food, even months on. The only cases where the food that had been distasteful before was eaten was by lower ranking males when they could not access the other food, due to it being monopolised by more dominant individuals. All 27 of the young monkeys that had never experienced the coloured food before copied their mothers’ choices. Just like with human infants, the young monkeys copied what their mothers did, as at this young age this is most likely to be the best strategy for survival.
However, the really interesting result comes not from what the young monkeys did (as cute as they might be), but from some of the males in the group. In vervet monkeys, the groups they live in consist of an alpha male, subordinate males, several females and their offspring. While the females never leave their family group, the males will leave once they reach sexual maturity, and migrate to other groups, often multiple times, with the aim of eventually becoming an alpha male. In this study, ten males moved from groups where they had been eating one type of food into a group where they ate the other (six from blue to pink, and four from pink to blue). Once they joined the new group, the majority of them abandoned their preferences they had had in their previous group, and now adopted the preferences that this group had. This conformity to the local norm, even when it goes against their own knowledge, shows the importance of learning from others in this species. Whether this is social conformity (wanting to fit in with what the others are doing) or informative conformity (copying others because they may have information that is useful to you, like which of the local foods are toxic) can’t be told from this data alone.
To add an extra intriguing twist, the only male that did not adopt the local preferences was already the dominant male in his new group. When I spoke to van de Waal about this, she described it as ‘really quite puzzling’, because before the male ate himself, he saw the dominant females and their offspring eating, ‘so it’s not like he was the first one to come to eat, he had seen what the others had been doing’. I asked van de Waal whether the finding that this dominant male didn’t copy the others could be evidence of social conformity (just wanting to fit in) rather than informative conformity (copying others because they probably know something you don’t- in this case avoiding potentially toxic food). Van de Waal conservatively said, ‘the sample size is one. Maybe he’s just a stupid male that doesn’t look at what the other group members are doing… in order to know whether this is instead related to social conformity we’d need to have plenty more cases like Lekker [the dominant male] to say, when you’re dominant you don’t care.’
Like van de Waal says, it will take more research in the future to definitively say whether this is social conformity, informative conformity, or a combination of the two. What this study has shown us is that these primates have the ability to disregard what they have learned themselves in favour of the knowledge of other individuals. It's hard not to look at these animals without thinking about ourselves. Indeed, the willingness to adopt local traditions may be the foundation of culture in human society.
This article is the first part of a two-part series on animal culture. The second part discusses another new exciting finding from humpback whales.
All vervet monkey photos taken by Erica van de Waal
van de Waal, E., Borgeaud, C., and Whiten, A. (2013). Potent Social Learning and Conformity Shape a Wild Primate’s Foraging Decisions. Science 340, 483-485. | <urn:uuid:217d5f99-4ab4-4f2a-a48f-174c7626a6e6> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/not-bad-science/animal-culture-insights-from-vervet-monkeys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737319.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808080642-20200808110642-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.966406 | 1,872 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A schedule or a timetable, as a basic time-management tool, consists of a list of times at which possible tasks, events, or actions are intended to take place, or of a sequence of events in the chronological order in which such things are intended to take place. The process of creating a schedule - deciding how to order these tasks and how to commit resources between the variety of possible tasks - is called scheduling, and a person responsible for making a particular schedule may be called a scheduler. Making and following schedules is an ancient human activity.
Some scenarios associate "this kind of planning" with learning "life skills".
Schedules are necessary, or at least useful, in situations where individuals need to know what time they must be at a specific location to receive a specific service, and where people need to accomplish a set of goals within a set time period.
Schedules can usefully span both short periods, such as a daily or weekly schedule, and long-term planning with respect to periods of several months or years. They are often made using a calendar, where the person making the schedule can note the dates and times at which various events are planned to occur. Schedules that do not set forth specific times for events to occur may instead list algorithmically an expected order in which events either can or must take place.
A timetable is a kind of schedule that sets out times at which specific events are intended to occur. It may also refer to:
School timetable, a table for coordinating students, teachers, rooms, and other resources
Time horizon, a fixed point of time in the future at which point certain processes will be evaluated or assumed to end
Timeline, a project artifact. It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labeled with dates alongside itself and (usually) events labeled on points where they would have happened. It is used to show events along a period of time
"Time Table", a track on the 1972 album Foxtrot, by English progressive rock band Genesis
Airline timetable, booklets that many airlines worldwide use to inform passengers of several different things, such as schedules, fleet, security, in-flight entertainment, food menu, restriction and phone contact information
A public transport timetable (also timetable and North American Englishschedule) is a document setting out information on service times, to assist passengers with planning a trip. Typically, the timetable will list the times when a service is scheduled to arrive at and depart from specified locations. It may show all movements at a particular location or all movements on a particular route or for a particular stop. Traditionally this information was provided in printed form, for example as a leaflet or poster. It is now also often available in a variety of electronic formats.
An electric is a batten that incorporates electrical cables above the pipe, often enclosed in a raceway. It typically has power cables for lights and DMX512 data cable for lighting control, and may also have audio cables for microphones. The cables emerge from one end of the batten and continue through a snake to dimmers, control boards, or patchbays. All cable plugs have identifying numbers printed on them so that they can be easily referenced by the lighting control system. Loaded electrics are among the heaviest types of battens, often weighing more than a thousand pounds. Consequently, electrics must be properly balanced to avoid catastrophic runaways.
RAIL is a UKmagazine on the subject of current rail transport in Great Britain. It is published every two weeks by Bauer Consumer Media and is available in the transport sections of many British newsagents. It is targeted primarily at the enthusiast market (those whose hobby is railways, rather than their occupation), but also covers business issues, often in depth.
RAIL is more than three decades old, and was known as Rail Enthusiast from its launch in 1981 until 1988. It is one of only two railway magazines that increased its circulation in 2012 (the other being The Railway Magazine, published monthly, which RAIL outperforms overall). It has had roughly the same cover design for at least a decade, with a capitalised italic red RAIL along the top of the front cover.
RAIL is customarily critical of railway institutions, including the Rail Delivery Group, the Office of Rail Regulation, as well as, since it assumed greater railway powers, the Department for Transport. RAIL's continuing campaigns include one against advertising and media images showing celebrities and others walking between the rails (an unsafe practice) and another against weeds on railways. | <urn:uuid:06500eda-0732-4229-a2b2-e5dcd22c64d6> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://upge.wn.com/?activate=0&from=railtimetable.com&ads=1&title=Rail+timetable&auto=Rail+timetable&author=system&template=cheetah-photo-search%2Findex.txt&query=Rail+timetable&pagenum=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144111.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219092153-20200219122153-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.961129 | 922 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Africa’s Maasai Tribe: The Culture & Traditions of The People
On the massive continent of Africa, there are several different tribes of people, many of which are still living in a way that’s loyal to its own traditional customs. One of these is the Maasai tribe and when you go on an African safari in Tanzania it’s possible to pay a visit to their land to have a firsthand peek at their lifestyle.
Along the safari routes on my trips to Tanzania with Shadows of Africa, I saw the Maasai people dozens of times. Their blue and red frocks gave them away every time. Not only are they scattered throughout the main roads, mostly herding their cattle. Their villages are also sporadically spread on the long stretches of land. But, what is Maasai culture all about?
The Maasai Tribes of Tanzania & the Unique Culture of Their People
Who are the Maasai People & History
The Maasai tribe is a semi-nomadic ethnic group from East Africa, mostly settled in northern Tanzania and Kenya. Their spoken language is Maa, derived from Nilotic languages, most specifically falling under the category of Eastern Nilotic.
According to their own oral history, their tribe originated near Lake Turkana, an East African lake located mostly in Kenya’s territory. Their migration to their current territory happened between the 17th and 18th centuries. They’ve been known across history as formidable warriors and hunters, although raising cattle has been, and still is, their main activity.
By the mid-19th century, they had grown to their largest in size and territory. However, unfortunately the last two decades of the 19th century wiped out more than half of the tribe – according to estimations – due to a mix of smallpox, drought and starvation, the latter of which was brought on by nearly all of their cattle dying from an animal disease called rinderpest.
Then the 20th century came along and turned much of what was known as Maasai territory into wildlife reserves and national parks. This also led to the government beginning to pressure the tribe to give up their traditional semi-nomadic lifestyle revolving around herding, in favor of adopting a more settled and sedentary lifestyle of farming. However, apart from some exceptional cases of Maasai people who moved into the city to get educated, to this date the tribe has remained persistent in their pursuit of their traditional way of living.
As I already briefly mentioned, besides raising and herding cattle, the Maasai tribe also has a long withstanding history as warriors. Their warrior caste is called il-murran in their native Maa language, with a new group of soldiers, from the age groups of 12 to 25, getting formed every 15 years or so.
There is a strict training period they must undergo, concluding in a variety of initiation rites, among which the most important one is circumcision. This rite is carried out with traditional instruments, without anesthetics, due to their belief that the ability resist pain is an integral part of these young warriors’ transition from boy to man.
Becoming a Maasai warrior is a source of great pride for the boys of the tribe. In addition to providing security for their families, a Maasai warrior’s duty lies in protecting their animals from predators, both animal and human. They also build kraals, which are Maasai homes.
Maasai Tribe Culture
As the Maasai tribe is accustomed to moving every 3 to 4 years, after the pastures of their current location has been used up, their huts are built from small branches and brushwood, covered by manure, clay, mud and dry cattle dung, with the intention of the home only lasting for a temporary period of time.
These homes are easily identifiable by the small cluster of cow dung huts with straw roofs. There are no windows, but there is typically a fireplace. Animal skins on top of the mud floor serve as their sleeping place. It is often the women’s job to build these huts, also carrying the material needed for it on their shoulders from one place of living to another.
During my visits with the Maasai, I was able to tour two of these homes, which were made entirely by the women of the tribe. The interiors consisted of two to three tiny rooms, typically one for the husband and wife, one for the children and the main area was a kitchen. It was very dark since there were no windows and each of the rooms could not have been larger than 5’x6′.
The bedrooms were mostly vacant besides the blue tarps that lined the floors. The “kitchens” had dirt floors and were only equipped with a necessities, like ceramic mugs, teapots, plastic bowls and towels.
The Importance of Cattle to the Maasai People
One of the reasons that the Maasai’s cattle hold so much value because it is a form of currency, being traded for an array of goods. Another reason is because it’s their main source of food and resources—skin and leather is used for shields and bedding, while dung is smeared on the walls of the houses. But beyond that, they have a genuine and deep relationship with their cattle, withholding the belief that it’s their duty to take care of all the cattle in the world. As such, they lean into their semi-nomadic lifestyle in search of pastures with food and water for the cattle.
It is also believed among the tribe, as well as some other African ethnic groups, that a man’s wealth is measured by the quantity of their wives, children and cattle.
Maasai Food, Drink & Diet
At the center of the Maasai tribe’s diet is milk, meat and drinking the blood of their cattle. Though their cattle is the main source of nourishment, other animals like goats and lambs may be occasionally eaten.
Drinking Cattle Blood / / On special occasions or to help with nourishment during healing, they will also drink the blood of their cattle that is acquired by nicking the jugular vein. This is especially true are the circumcision of young boys.
Their traditional belief system is monotheistic, with their god carrying the name Engai, and having manifested in two forms: the benevolent black god and the vengeful red god. Laibon, similar to a priest or a shaman, is the religion’s most important figure, with a role of healing and prophecy, among others. Today, some of the Maasai tribe are Christian and they also have a Muslim minority.
Maasai Songs and Jumping Dance
In traditional Maasai music, there is an olaranyani, who is the song leader and in charge of singing the melody of the song. They begin singing the namba of the song, which is a call-and-response pattern, and a chorus will respond in harmony.
Dance is also a big part of the Maasai culture. They are known for their dance which resembles jumping, typically performed by warriors.
During each of my visits were were immediately welcomed by the residents with a lively dance, which consisted of chanting in combination with the men jumping high and the women performing in a rhythmic bouncing motion. I was brought into the center of the group to participate into this tradition, which confirmed I have no rhythm, even when it comes to simply bobbing up and down.
This video is from one of my visits and there’s lots of the Maasai jumping dance going on!
Previously, much of Maasai people’s clothing was made of animal skins. However, today the typical way of attire are shuka, a sheet of fabric wrapped around the body, often the color of red or blue. It’s also common for them to wear a lot of beaded jewelry around their neck and arms. Ear piercings and stretching of earlobes are seen as beautiful by the tribe members, and thus many, both men and women, wear metal hoops on their stretched earlobes.
Apart from red and blue, young men who have just been circumcised will commonly wear black, while women often like to dress in checked, striped or other patterned pieces of clothing.
The women actually do most of the work inside of each village, while the men are in charge of creating wealth, with their herds of cattle and being the warriors. The Maasai women by no means have an easy life. They marry young, have many children and are responsible for a lot of the hard labor.
The tribe’s live a polygamist lifestyle, the more wives the chief has, the more respected he is. And the more wives, the less work each one is responsible for, so we were told that many of the women did not mind when another lady was brought into their community.
Learn more about the Maasai women:
As you have read here, the Maasai tribe culture and its people have a long withstanding history, one that can still be seen in nearly full effect today.
This post was provided in a partnership with Shadows of Africa. All opinions my own.This post may contain affiliate links. If you make a purchase through my links, I earn a commission that helps to keep this blog running—at no extra cost to you. You can read my full disclosure here. | <urn:uuid:40e56b95-d423-4bd2-b6da-566a57ae592a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://bucketlistjourney.net/visit-maasai-tribe-tanzania-africa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538082.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123125715-20210123155715-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.979633 | 1,969 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Tularemia on Martha's Vineyard.
SENSOR Occup Lung Dis Bull 2001 Sep; :1-2
In early July 2000 the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) began investigating a cluster of tularemia cases among full and part-time residents of Martha's Vineyard. Tularemia, sometimes referred to as "rabbit fever" after its most common reservoir, is a relatively rare zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. The disease can be transmitted from direct or indirect contact with numerous animals, the bite of a tick, the consumption of contaminated water, or the inhalation of the infecting organism. Clinical presentation will vary depending on the route of transmission and the virulence of the infecting strain. Ulceroglandular tularemia is caused by a tick bite or by skin contact with the bacteria and is the most common presentation nationally and statewide; however, in the 2000 outbreak on Martha's Vineyard, only 13% of the fifteen cases were ulceroglandular. The majority of cases (73%) had a pneumonic presentation, which is fairly uncommon and much more serious. Clinical diagnosis can be confirmed through culture or serology and the disease is treated with antibiotics.
Occupational-diseases; Occupational-health; Lung-disease; Work-environment; Workers; Occupational-exposure; Respiratory-system-disorders; Pulmonary-system-disorders; Bronchial-asthma; Employee-exposure; Occupational-respiratory-disease; Health-care; Disease-prevention; Airway-resistance; Surveillance-programs; Medical-monitoring; Lung-irritants; Environmental-hazards; Environmental-exposure; Pests; Insect-venom; Insecticide-antidotes; Insects; Bacteria; Bacterial-infections; Animals; Infection-control; Infectious-diseases
Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Occupational Health Surveillance Program, 250 Washington Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02108
SENSOR Occupational Lung Disease Bulletin
Massachusetts State Department of Public Health | <urn:uuid:f1a75890-c7ab-47ce-a48e-32e3cb2bfafe> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20042700.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00217-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880808 | 452 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Aging Population And Diseases
The Aging Population And Diseases. It is estimated that there will be 80 million elderly (age 65 or older) living in the United States by the time the year 2030 rolls around.
Diseases that are common in those aged 65 and older are those diseases that are associated with the deterioration of body systems. Diseases that can occur in those in the 65 and older group are:
Arthritis Cancer Diabetes Heart disease High blood pressure Lung diseases Stroke Diseases such as Parkinson's are more commonly seen in those over 65, though it can occur in those that are younger as can certain cancers and types of diabetes.
Although some of these diseases listed may occur in those under age 65, a higher occurrence of these diseases tend to occur in persons aged 65 and older. It also becomes more likely that you will suffer from more than one disease as you enter that over 65 age group.
Statistics show that in this age group, 30% have 3 or more chronic diseases. These multiple diseases can complicate diagnosing as one could mask symptoms of another during times of stress like when fever exists. It may become difficult to treat multiple diseases as there may be times when treatment for one disease may be counter indicated in another one.
Healthcare professionals often have difficult decisions to make regarding what the best treatment plan will be for those who have multiple diseases that are chronic and potentially life threatening. Certain medications cannot only cancel out the effectiveness of another one, but one may have dangerous side effects when mixed with another medication.
This is why it is so important for all healthcare providers to know what all the medications the patient is taking including those prescribed by another provider or medications that are over-the-counter. Pharmacists are required to be more diligent about checking for counter indications between medications that the patient has been prescribed to be sure to catch any problems that the providers may have missed or have not been made aware that the patient is taking.
Heart Healthy Living Magazine
Vanilla and lavender scents are excellent for easing tension and relieving depression.
2. Sing! Yes sing, with the radio, your iPod, or your favorite record, tape, or CD. Sing at the top of your lungs with gusto and enjoyment. Sing for at least five minutes and don't worry about the neighbors. If you sound great, you will entertain them and make them smile, if you are terrible or just think you are, you could give them a good laugh, which can help ease their stress and depression.
There are some diseases that can impair the ability for the person to be able to function adequately at home to the degree that the quality of life decreases. In cases where the inability to function equates to the inability of the person to care for him or herself adequately, then other arrangements must be made. Usually a family member or friend can give minimal assistance with meals, shopping or errands and even daily dressing and bathing requirements.
When help is not available or the care requirements are greater than can be handed by these persons it may become necessary to enlist the aid of paid healthcare professionals like a visiting nurse or healthcare aid. Recovery from disabilities in those under age 85 is as high as 1/3 of those afflicted and usually occurs in those who have good nutrition and are able to move around.
Exercise your brain. Keeping your brain young and healthy can have a major affect upon the quality of life you can expect as you age.
Home health care (hiring someone to come into your home to provide services) can be in the form of homemaker services like cleaning, meal preparations and yard work, medical treatments such as diabetic testing and injections or blood pressure monitoring, and physical therapy. As the aging population increases in the U.S., healthcare and other services for this age group will come to the attention in a more dramatic fashion for those who make program decisions and governmental policy for services senior citizens require.
Healthy Aging Issues Today | <urn:uuid:4f32a9ea-3e7a-4ca7-8116-946cb8eabfa3> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.better-your-health.com/healthy-living-for-seniors/the_aging_population_and_diseases.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825098.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213193633-20181213215133-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.965741 | 796 | 2.71875 | 3 |
democracy and representative government central inspirations for European feminists in the 19th and early 20th centuries? Were there other issues that inspired the feminists?
Burning in the heart of each person is the desire to be free and to be recognized as a valuable part of society while at the same time receiving recognition as an individual. This desire is not trained into us by our society, because regardless of the social organization, or culture, all men and women feel this burning desire equally. The desire to be free, independent and recognized as valuable is a part of what separated men and women from animals. We are important, and our contribution to the social order is an important process by which we make carve out our own identify, and self-worth.
However, this desire for identity and recognition should not be confused with, nor forcibly molded into a desire for sameness between peoples, cultures, or genders. Those values held as important by the Chinese culture do not translate directly into the west, or vice versa. For example, in America, we hold freedom and individual expression to be of the highest value. In France, the desire is for unity under a common leadership, while the far east reinforces the power of the state, and of the extended family as an important aspect of human identify. However, regardless of culture, gender, or continent, peoples universally yearn to be free to pursue that which is important to them, and to be able to determine those priorities for themselves.
As a result to the universal yearning, when a group of people who are under oppressive control hear about a system in which all people are allowed the freedom to pursue their own identities, latent and repressed desires tend to surface. Like a hungry beggar who hears of a free banquet, when those who were oppressed under layers of traditions in the European continent, which allowed women to be little more than house wives, heard about the freedom built into the American culture, the desires to cast off the outward cultural rules and pursue their own definition of female identity surfaces, and slowly began to exert influence on the cultural marketplace.
Simone de Beauvior wrote: "Woman has always been man's dependant, of not his slave; the two sexes have never shared the world in equality. And even today woman is heavily handicapped, though her situation is beginning to change... Even when her rights are legally recognized in the abstract, long-standing custom prevents their full expression in the mores" (Sources of the Western Tradition, 2003) In the same way as the American constitution was a response to, and a reaction against the oppression created by melding church and state authority in the European continent, the rise of feminism, and the desire of feminists to through off the construct of a male dominated society was also brought influenced by the idealistic American constitution, and the centuries of male dominated society in the European cultures. If all men were created equal, then all mankind, both male and female, should be able to exercise those rights. If all men were created with the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit, then the citizens f the nation, regardless of their gender, should be able to determine those priorities for themselves, and pursue them with the full support of the law.
Unfortunately, the when social customs, long determined and dominated by men, became basis for legal precedent, women had been placed in social positions which did not honor their place in history, nor allow them to pursue their desired, dreams for freedoms. As a result, the American commitment to freedom, and success of the same became the motivation for feminists to pursuer breaking the social traditions.
Make the case either for or against appeasement of Hitler by the French and British in the second half of the 1930s.
Peace in our time... peace at what cost? Whenever decisions are made the influences which lie behind the motivations for the decisions must be examined. In the same way, the short-term and long-term repercussions of those decisions must be weighed against one another in order to identify if the motives are genuine and the results of the decisions will carry the parties involved in the direction which they mutually agree are desirable. In the early 1930's Germany was a devastated nation. Economically, and socially, Germany had been humiliated in the defeat of WWI. In addition, the entire European continent was reeling from the results of the first world War. Only Americans were able to return home to their homes, fields, farms, and careers. The countryside in Europe had been devastated, and a people, the proud German people, had been humiliated.
As a result, when the issue of appeasing Hitler came into the political forefront, the different parties involved in the discussion came to the bargaining table with much different motives. Germany had a score to settle. The humiliation of the nation has devastated the ability of the county to have a sense of national pride. Hitler's actions, if focused on the German homeland, which were his initial goals, would be a positive force for the nation to use to rebuild its national infrastructure, and pride.
France and England, however, considered a much different perspective. The War had been costly for these nations. Even though identified as the 'winner' in the conflict, the nations hardly could be considered winners when they had lost so much in human capitol, and the countryside lay in ruins. As a result, these nations also had a collective emotional motivation to appease Hitler. They wanted to avoid a second conflict, for which they were neither financially, nor politically prepared. As a result, if the German paperhanger wanted to become a big fish in a little pond, even though he was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, England and France decided they would 'overlook' the problem as long as it stayed within the boundaries of the 'fatherland." They could look at the situation as an attempt to rebuild good will with a nation that had been completely destroyed, and heavily penalized by the world community as a result of WWI.
Chamberlain echoed these hopes that appeasement would be the course for building a solid foundation for future success in his letter "In Defense of Appeasement" he said:.".. I believe after my talks with Herr Hitler that, if only time were allowed, it ought to be possible for the arrangements for transferring the territory that the Czech Government has agreed to give to Germany to be settles by agreement under condition which would assure fair treatment to the population concerned..." (Sources of the Western Tradition, 2003) Chamberlain continued, and expressed his desire that the entire British empire not be troubled with the issues of such a small region. His response to those who has correctly identified Hitler as a man of expansionist desires by saying that he would oppose such an effort. But his attitude was to wait, and try to work out a peaceful solution before committing a nation to war. "Armed conflict between nations is a nightmare to me; but if I were convinced that any nation had made up its mind to dominate the world by fear of its force, I should feel that it must be resisted."
For the sakes of 6 million Jews, gypsies, handicapped and aged and otherwise disables peoples, how the world wishes that Chamberlain and those who agreed to appease evil would have shed their fatigue of war, and correctly identified Hitler's expansionist ideals before conceding land, and turning the a blind eye to his military mindset. While men of equal desires and character can debate and agree, men cannot appease evil, and Hitler was the embodiment of evil in his generation.
The causes and influences behind WWI
Manufacture and stockpile of armaments
One of the reasons for the start of WWI was simply the availability of the weapons needed to wage the conflict. While this material fact has little to do with the socio-political factors behind the conflict, the industrial revolution has enables the continent to manufacture huge amounts of military supplies in a relatively short period of time. This elevated production of armaments impacted on the course of the war in this way: it was hard to trust the country next door, with whom already exists ethnic tension, when their arsenal was increasing every day.
In 1905 Britain began construction of an expanded naval fleet, beginning with a battleship named Dreadnought. In response to this perceived threat the Germany began constructions of their own fleet. Between the years of 1900 and 1911 the Germans and British competed to see who had the biggest naval fleet. The race led Germany and Britain to mutually blockade the other. Eventually Germans used the U-boat in order to gain an edge over the British fleet. Their naval race intensified the tension and animosity on both sides. | <urn:uuid:8be2e81e-ed32-4034-8573-a2cdd63ca2cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.paperdue.com/essay/democracy-and-representative-government-162655 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319265.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622114718-20170622134718-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.976642 | 1,756 | 3.5 | 4 |
Acid etching is a dental procedure that can help with the placement of a tooth restoration. Variations on the etching procedure are used to successfully bond existing tooth structure with a prosthetic or repair, whether it be a crown, a filling or a veneer.
What Does Etching Do to a Tooth?
Just as you might sand the varnish off a smooth wooden table before you paint it a new color, the etching process makes a tooth surface rougher so it can better hold onto a prosthetic. Microscopically, etching dissolves some of the minerals contained in the enamel and dentin. This controlled erosion creates rough features called "tags and tunnels" that are better able to absorb bonding resin and can chemically and physically lock it into place on the enamel and dentin surface.
The acid itself is usually a 35 percent phosphoric acid gel that is colored to make it visible on a tooth. The gel is left on the tooth's surface for about 15 to 30 seconds, and the erosion it creates gives the smooth enamel surface a frosty appearance.
The bonding material is then "cured" with a special light of a certain wavelength, and the filling material is placed on top of the bond in layers and cured in place until the filling or restoration is built up to its final shape.
Acid Etching Techniques
Depending on the procedure and the size of the restoration, there are three basic etching techniques:
- Total etch. The acid etch material is placed on all of the surfaces of the enamel and dentin layers. This technique is best used when a large amount of bonding material is expected to be placed, and retention may be an issue. If the preparation of the tooth is anticipated not to be deep or near the nerve (dental pulp) portion, a total etch is the most efficient technique.
- Selective etch. This is similar to the total etch technique, but the etching material is applied only to the enamel surface. If your dentist thinks that the acid gel might cause sensitivity in deep areas of the tooth, they might use this technique to minimize post-operative sensitivity.
- Self etch. The acid etch material and bond material are actually combined and layered onto the tooth in a single step. This technique is very effective for a tooth that is expected to easily retain the new restoration. Dental Economics notes that the material your crown or veneer is made of, such as zirconia or porcelain, may also influence which etch technique your dentist uses.
Each technique has its benefits and drawbacks, but the most common complication of any etching technique is post-operative sensitivity. Sensitive teeth can be noticeable for a few days or weeks, depending on how deep the preparation is. According to Dental Economics, carefully protecting the gums and coating the preparation with a desensitizing fluid after acid etching and before the bonding layer can help prevent patient discomfort.
Maintaining good oral care can help you avoid the need for restorations in the first place. If you need a veneer or a crown to maintain your healthy smile, talk to your dentist about your restoration options. | <urn:uuid:a2d177f5-d1d7-47d4-be24-159b1e1e6aab> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/cosmetic-dentistry/bonding/acid-etching--how-does-it-work- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655899931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709100539-20200709130539-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.925065 | 660 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Injustice fuels Sri Lanka's cycle of abuse and impunity
Dr. Manoharan's son Rajihar was killed in Sri Lanka in January 2006, but he is still waiting for justice
© Amnesty International
11 June 2009
Amnesty International has accused the Sri Lankan government of trapping the country in a vicious cycle of abuse and impunity. A new report published on Thursday by the organization details the Sri Lankan government’s failure to deliver justice for serious human rights violations over the past twenty years.
"Twenty Years of Make-Believe: Sri Lanka’s Commissions of Inquiry", documents the failure of successive Sri Lankan governments to provide accountability for violations, including enforced disappearances, killings, and torture.
Since 1991, the Sri Lankan government has formed nine ad hoc Commissions of Inquiry to investigate enforced disappearances and a number of other human rights-related inquiries.
These commissions of inquiry have lacked credibility and have delayed criminal investigations, according to Amnesty International, who accused the government of failing to protect victims and witnesses. While most, if not all, of these Commissions of Inquiry identified alleged perpetrators, very few prosecutions for human rights violations have resulted.
From the outbreak of anti-Tamil rioting in July 1983, which led to full-scale armed conflict between the state and the Tamil Tigers (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – LTTE), increasing numbers of people were victims of gross human rights violations in Sri Lanka. By the late 1980s, enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions had reached vast proportions.
These violations occurred in the context of two major conflicts in the country: the government’s war with the LTTE in the north and east of the country, and a second confrontation between government forces and the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (People’s Liberation Front, JVP), a southern-based Sinhalese party that sought to overthrow the government.
By 1991, the UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances had received almost 15,000 reports of enforced disappearances and had transmitted 4,932 cases to the government of Sri Lanka.
President Ranasinghe Premadasa created Sri Lanka’s first Commission of Inquiry into "involuntary removals of persons" in January 1991. Its mandate was extremely limited, dealing only with new enforced disappearances that occurred after the establishment of the CoI (the vast majority of Sri Lanka’s tens of thousands of reported enforced disappearances from the period occurred between 1988 and 1990).
Since 1991, there have been nine Commissions of Inquiry to investigate enforced disappearances and a number of other human rights-related inquiries. While most, if not all, of these Commissions of Inquiry identified alleged perpetrators, very few prosecutions for human rights violations have resulted.
The Sri Lankan government has brushed off requests for an independent investigation into violations in the context of the recent military conflict, in spite of a 23 May joint statement by the Sri Lankan President and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stating that: "The Government will take measures to address those grievances".
"There is strong ground to question the Sri Lankan government’s sincerity about its most recent promise to provide accountability for the war crimes and human rights violations that occurred in the past few months, given the extremely poor track record documented in Amnesty International’s most recent report," said Sam Zarifi, Amnesty International’s Asia-Pacific director.
Amnesty International has called on the government to use the opportunity created by the end of military operations against the LTTE to provide accountability for serious violations and abuses committed by both sides during the last months of fighting which cost thousands of lives and displaced hundreds of thousands of people.
"As the Sri Lankan people contend with the most recent abuses committed by both sides of the recent conflict, particularly during the last few months of the fighting, the reality is that they have been haunted by injustice and impunity for years," said Sam Zarifi.
"If communities that have been torn apart by decades of violence and impunity are to be reconciled, the Sri Lankan government should initiate internal reforms and seek international assistance to prevent ongoing violations and ensure real accountability for past abuses."
As an immediate priority, Amnesty International is calling for the establishment of an independent international commission to investigate allegations of serious violations and abuses of international human rights and humanitarian law by both the Sri Lankan forces and the Tamil Tigers in the recent military hostilities.
"The Sri Lankan authorities have had little success in providing accountability for abuses against civilians committed by the LTTE; they are even less likely to effectively investigate and prosecute their own forces for violations of human rights and humanitarian law," Sam Zarifi said.
"Given the scale of the problem of impunity in Sri Lanka, accountability can only be achieved with the active commitment of the Sri Lankan government, supported by systematic and sustained international human rights monitoring and technical assistance."
To address the need for broader human rights protection and reform, Amnesty International has called for the establishment of a UN human rights monitoring presence under the auspices of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to investigate reported abuses and assist Sri Lanka’s national institutions to deliver justice.
Amnesty International is holding a public panel discussion on Friday at a side event at the UN Human Rights Council session. The panel will be discussing the finding of the report in detail and include:
- Gene Dewey, was a member of the International Independent Group of Eminent Persons (IIGEP), which the Sri Lankan government established as an advisory panel to assist the Commission of Inquiry.
- Dr Manoharan, whose son was killed in the ‘Trinco 5’ incident, one of the high profile human rights cases where the families are still waiting for justice.
Sri Lanka: Twenty years of make-believe. Sri Lanka’s Commissions of Inquiry
Date Published: 11 June 2009
Categories: Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, Commissions of Inquiry have not performed successfully, and the formal justice system is in tatters. With this report, Amnesty International seeks to re-focus the debate within Sri Lanka and in the international community from one that is centred on the most recent atrocity or the latest Commission of Inquiry, to one that is based on the need to prevent the continuation of violations and ensure real accountability for past abuses. | <urn:uuid:79106a43-1a03-4797-aa0b-b4d104442c0f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/injustice-fuels-sri-lankas-cycle-abuse-and-impunity-20090611 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267729.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00483-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950188 | 1,307 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Complete Guide to Cash Flow Projections for Businesses
Very few businesses consistently sustain high levels of customer demand, sales, and revenue throughout the fiscal year. Most companies see noticeable changes in profits during different time frames, known as slow and peak seasons. Without financial preparation, unsuspecting businesses can fall into a deficit from decreased cash flow during these periods.
A cash flow projection alerts companies of future profits by considering income and expenses. This enables management to create a plan of action to conserve cash for slow seasons and launch expansion ventures during profitable months.
It is vital for all businesses, regardless of their industry, to understand how to calculate cash flow projections and how it can impact performance.
What is a Cash Flow Projection?
A cash flow projection is the estimated amount of money expected to go in and out of a business within a specific time period. In other words, it is the breakdown of capital that flows through a company, including income, taxes, and expenses. This value gives management an idea of how much capital, or profit, the company will be left with after a specific timeframe.
The two departments involved in cash flow projections are accounts payable (AP) and accounts receivable (AR). AP handles all outgoing billing, such as payroll, supplier payments, rent, inventory costs, and all other expenses. On the other hand, AR collects funds from outside sources, including grants, rebates, loans, and client payments.
While this concept may seem similar to cash flow forecasts, a projection uses hypothetical scenarios to calculate a value. For example, a business can assume they will increase their product prices, hire more employees, or reduce operational costs.
These schemes help determine how cash flow will look in the future after certain changes are made. It also defines a company's best- and worst-case scenarios so that they can prepare for decreases and drives in revenue.
How to Conduct a Cash Flow Projection
While all companies should take the time to project cash flow estimations, small businesses especially can benefit from understanding their financial standings and recognizing lucrative and draining operations. Management can conduct a cash flow projection by following four steps-
1. Project Sales
First, accountants need to estimate their sales within a given time frame, such as monthly, quarterly, or annually. Businesses can get a good estimate by referencing the previous year's sales reports.
Management should also consider the company's monthly income statements, which contain information on credit, cash, and sales. Startups and other businesses that haven't built up enough sales history will need to research their market to estimate typical sales forecasts.
However, managers will also want to consider any changes the company is experiencing that may impact these metrics. Incoming competitors may decrease average sales while reduced stock expenses could boost profit margins.
2. Determine Incoming Payments Based on Terms
Businesses that only handle cash and instant payments can move on to step three. However, calculating term-based payments is a key step for companies that extend credit lines or invoices and process multiple forms of transactions.
Since these payments are not immediately received upon the sale, management needs to determine when they will receive the funds. This can be calculated using the days sales outstanding (DSO) formula-
DSO = (Monthly AR / Total Sales Value) x Days in the Month
This formula calculates the number of days it will take to receive a customer's payment. For example, a retailer made $7,500 in credit sale in the month of July and had $5,000 in AR-
($5,000 / $7,500) x 31 = 20.7
The retailer has a DSO of 20.7, meaning it takes approximately 21 days to convert sales into cash.
3. Estimate the Fixed and Variable Expenses
Next, management needs to calculate the monthly fixed and variable expenses. Fixed expenses are costs that don't fluctuate based on usage, such as rent, labor wages, insurance, and storage.
On the other hand, variable expenses change depending on sales. Common business variable expenses include shipping, inventory, and commission costs.
Just like the sales, costs will need to be calculated and totaled for the given time period. For this step, it is helpful to collaborate with the AP department, who have access to detailed sales and expense reports.
Businesses that have not yet established AR can manually calculate expenses by categorizing costs in a spreadsheet.
4. Calculate the Total
Finally, it is time to total all of the previous values to determine the business's projected cash flow. Beginning with the previous month's cash balance, managers need to add the current month's projected income based on the DSO. Then the estimated expenses are subtracted to determine the current month's projected cash flow-
Current Month's Projected Cash Flow = (Last Month's Balance + Current Month's Projected Income) Estimated Expenses
For example, a bookstore is projected to generate $3,500 in sales this month, but has an average of $800 in monthly expenses. With $2,000 still leftover from the previous month, their current month's projected cashflow is $4,700-
($2,000 + $3,500) - $800 = $4,700
Once the projected monthly cash flow is calculated, management can multiply or divide the value to determine weekly, quarterly, or annual cash flow. However, it is best not to project cash flow too far in advance, as any changes can significantly impact the calculation. Therefore, companies should routinely formulate their cashflow and re-calculate whenever a new variable is introduced.
4 Sources of Cash Received
While estimating cash received may seem straightforward, AR handles several different sources of income. The most significant cash sources in business include-
- Product and Service Sales
- Loans and Business Investments
- Asset Sales
Assets are also considered sources of income as they can be sold and converted into cash. For example, if a company sells a vehicle, the profit made from the sale would be incorporated in that month's cash flow statement.
- Additional Income and Sales Tax
However, it is important to note that tax funds are temporary and will eventually be paid forward to the government. Therefore, organizations should not rely heavily on this source of income.
4 Sources of Cash Spent
Just like income, there are several expenses that businesses need to consider when estimating cash flow. The most common costs include-
- Bills and Cash Spending
Typically, companies receive invoices for their monthly expenses, such as rent, utilities, and storage, which are paid within the month. This gives AP time to record invoices and collect funds, as these costs are among the most significant.
- Loan Payments
- Non-Operating Expenses and Sales Tax
Benefits of Cash Flow Projections
Beyond expense and income awareness, cash flow projection offers businesses many benefits that can promote operational efficiency and long-term financial stability.
- Early Awareness of Potential Cash Flow Decreases
For example, if a business has extra funds, they may make early payments towards loans. However, if projections show that cash flow will soon decline, the company would want to save any extra capital.
- Transparency Among Stakeholders
- Optimize Operations
- Define Cash Leaks
- Identify Income Needs
- Avoid Penalties
(IRS) is not very forgiving. Companies can consider their cash flow projections to ensure they have enough capital to cover necessary taxes and avoid penalties.
- Match Cash In and Out-Flows
- Designate Ownership
- Capitalize on Opportunities
How Forecasting Software Can Help
Alongside calculating cash flow projections, companies can utilize forecasting software to gain a better overview of fluctuating trends. Forecasting solutions use historical financial data to detect emerging trends in demand, sales, and revenue.
Businesses with established software, such as inventory and point-of-sale (POS) solutions, can integrate their forecasting systems to analyze real-time metrics as well, providing the most accurate projections.
By anticipating future trends, businesses can prepare operations to reduce expenses. Management can limit staffing, inventory orders, and other purchases to minimize costs and stretch available funds.
Without proper forecasting, companies can lose capital on excessive labor costs during slow seasons, which can negatively impact cash flow and profitability. Businesses also need to be able to anticipate increases in demand, as they may lose potential sales if they experience stockouts. Forecasting enables warehouse managers to order inventory in advance to maximize sales and avoid understocking.
An accurate cash flow projection has the ability to alert organizations of impending fund activity, enabling them to create a plan of action to secure capital. Otherwise, businesses would need to rely on guesswork for financial planning.
- Top 7 Cash Flow Software For SME Businesses
- Cash Flow Statement Analysis- Components and 4 Methods
- 9 Types of Sales Analysis Techniques for Businesses
- Rolling Forecasts for Businesses- Definition & 8 Steps
- How Manual Processes Drag Companies Down & 5 Benefits of Automation
- 5 Ways Using Business Data Can Transform Companies
- Complete Guide to Cash Flow Projections for Businesses
- Complete Guide to Cash Flow Projections for Businesses | <urn:uuid:1a705187-5155-47f5-b4bc-e2e485ea97df> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://zipforecasting.com/cash-flow-projection.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662644142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529103854-20220529133854-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.944434 | 1,890 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Gods of Ancient Egypt — Anubis
Patron of: mummification, and the dead on their path through the underworld.
Appearance: A man with the head of a jackal-like animal. Unlike a real jackal, Anubis' head is black, representing his position as a god of the dead. He is rarely shown fully-human, but he is depicted so in the Temple of Abydos of Rameses II. There is a beautiful statue of him as a full jackal in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Description: Anubis is an incredibly ancient god, and was the original god of the dead before Osiris "took over" the position. After that point, Anubis was changed to be one of the many sons of Osiris and the psychopomp (conductor of souls) of the underworld. His totem of the jackal is probably due to the fact that jackals would hunt at the edges of the desert, near the necropolis and cemeteries throughout Egypt.
Prayers to Anubis are found carved on the most ancient tombs in Egypt, and his duties apparently are many. He watches over the mummification process to ensure that all is done properly. He conducts the souls through the underworld, testing their knowledge of the gods and their faith. He places their heart on the Scales of Justice during the Judging of the Heart, and he feeds the souls of wicked people to Ammit.
In some stories, Anubis is the son of Ra and Nephthys, or Set and Nephthys (probably due to Set and Anubis having the same totem animal). Some have Heset as his mother, and still others say Bast. This apparent confusion is still another sign of Anubis' origins in the most ancient of times. He also has a daughter, Kabechet, who helps him in the mummification.
Worship: Worshipped widely throughout all of Egypt, his cult center was Cynopolis.
A combination of the Greek god Hermes and Anubis. As their functions as psychopomps were similar, they were combined by the Greeks into a single form. Hermanubis also appears in alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
http://shoowf.net/2013/12/20/the-gods-of-ancient-egypt-anubis/Gods of EgyptAncient Egypt,Anubis,The Gods | <urn:uuid:df4c8dd5-5936-4fa3-ba30-a28d30e0b21b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://shoowf.net/2013/12/20/the-gods-of-ancient-egypt-anubis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821088.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017110249-20171017130249-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.969036 | 507 | 2.921875 | 3 |
African Americans after the Civil War
During the years 1861 and 1870, both, the Civil War and the Reconstruction, took place. However, during this time period, many problems occurred: for example, slaves were being debated about between the North and South, and many freed Africans were not accepted as citizens. But, although African Americans went through a lot of issues and obstacles regarding their race and freedom, they managed to shape the course and consequences of the civil war through social, ideological, and political events. Socially, African Americans, searched for education opportunities, became soldiers, and fought for equal rights; Ideologically, their existence, freedom rights, and purpose were constantly questioned by the south and the north; Politically, northerners wanted slavery to be abolished, southerners had to ratify the amendments and demanded the right to vote, and Africans, constantly, asked for support in fighting for their freedom.
African Americans socially changed the period time between 1861 and 1870 by demanding equal right. Charlotte Forten, an African American teacher in South Carolina, stated that she had never seen any children so eager to come to school neither see any coming after a long day of working under the hot sun (Doc E). This document explains how newly freed children were as eager to learn as any other children were; they were intrigued by the idea of getting an education that they found ways to attend to school, even after working so much. During this time, African Americans also became soldiers; New York Times had stated that eight months before, in the year of 1864, Africans had been hunted down like beast, yet, apart from being chased, they were now marching in troops down solid platoons (Doc F). In addition, Africans socially developed, after being chased down, and participated in constitutional conventions: Africans had a participation percentage ranging between 13-61% in conventions, 61 being the highest in...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:b2bbbb92-dfbe-4048-98af-78f4680bbb78> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Africans-After-The-Civil-War-46193754.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648313.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323141827-20180323161827-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.987197 | 393 | 4.25 | 4 |
Originally published in the ICRISAT Happenings Newsletter
At the recent GLF Africa: Restoring Africa's Drylands Conference, thousands of restoration practitioners, scientists, activists, policymakers and others discussed ideas to provide evidence and guidance for restoring the drylands as a precursor to the launch of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021 to 2030).
Africa's drylands, which form almost 50% of the continent, are home to over 525 million people, most of whom are smallholder farmers relying on rainfed agriculture and livestock rearing for their livelihoods. Climate change is worsening the land degradation in this region and it is imperative to find ways to halt and reverse the degradation through sustainable, integrated approaches. At the conference, experts from ICRISAT presented insights from their work and shared their thoughts during panel discussions.
Presenting international perspectives on the limited investment being made into long-term research to improve restoration protocols, Dr Anthony Whitbread, Research Program Director, Innovation Systems for the Drylands at ICRISAT, said reduced focus and investment in R&D for land restoration is among the numerous challenges in Africa. He suggested the following measures:
- Increase funding (and longer funding cycles) for integrative systems sciences, recognizing the multidisciplinary nature of the restoration agenda
- Attract and influence governments and investments by setting up long-term learning sites to demonstrate the impacts of land restoration connected to livelihoods
- Direct funds to support national R&D and find more funding opportunities for post-PhD support.
"Livelihoods are often not connected to the restoration agenda, so the process of restoration needs to be supported by the a) social side – considering issues like the social dilemmas around common property resources, tenure, etc. and b) the livelihood-generation side – by increasing agricultural production, diversification and intensification connected to markets and creation of agricultural entrepreneurship," said Dr Whitbread.
Dr Birhanu Zemadim, Senior Scientist and Project Leader, ICRISAT, shared his experience on 'Enhancing community resilience through improved land and water management practices in the degraded landscapes of Mali and Niger', which has been supported by USAID and the CGIAR Research Program Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). He highlighted solutions devised by ICRISAT and its partners to improve crop productivity, erosion control and socioeconomic benefits, and promote participatory watershed management practices to scale up proven technologies in different agro-ecologies. He recounted the benefits of ICRISAT's mandate crops as smart foods that were nutritionally rich and also climate-resilient and environmentally friendly.
Based on ICRISAT's work in Niger and Mali, he said that integrated land and water management practices led to better nutrition security and higher productivity gains (35-55%) and economic benefits (20%). It also reduced environmental degradation by 40% by limiting rainwater runoff and soil loss and by regenerating natural vegetation.
Commenting on the knowledge and financial barriers to land restoration in West and Central Africa, Dr Kalifa Traore, Scientific Director, Institut d'Economie Rurale (IER), said, "Researchers and development institutions have to demonstrate to and convince policymakers that investing in landscape restoration will avoid the serious negative social and economic impacts on rural populations." He made several recommendations for governments, NGOs, private companies and research agencies to work together for better awareness and action to prevent land degradation.
The Global Landscapes Forum Africa Conference was held virtually on 2-3 June 2021 and the session reported here, 'Restoration of degraded landscapes in Africa: Lessons for the future', was organized by the CRP Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE).
For more on ICRISAT's work in stopping land degradation, click here: https://www.icrisat.org/preventing-environmental-degradation/ | <urn:uuid:f720686a-5c59-4c33-83c4-89f6b700afed> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://wle.cgiar.org/news/global-landscapes-forum-africa-restoring-africa%E2%80%99s-drylands-needs-localized-integrated-approach | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662512229.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516172745-20220516202745-00727.warc.gz | en | 0.929841 | 797 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The question mark is a small yet powerful punctuation mark that holds significant meaning and importance in written communication. With its simple curved shape, it has the ability to convey curiosity, uncertainty, and inquiry. In this blog post, we will explore the various facets of the question mark, its significance in different contexts, and the art of asking questions effectively.
The Purpose of the Question Mark
The question mark serves as a visual indicator that a sentence is interrogative in nature. It signals to the reader that the writer is seeking information or clarification. By utilizing a question mark, a sentence gains a distinct tone and prompts the reader to engage actively with the content.
Expressing Curiosity and Wonder
When used appropriately, the question mark has the ability to ignite curiosity and evoke a sense of wonder. It encourages readers to ponder and reflect upon the question being posed. By employing questions in writing, authors can captivate their audience and provoke deeper thought and introspection.
Differentiating Types of Questions
The question mark is versatile and adaptable, allowing for the expression of various types of questions. These include yes/no questions, open-ended questions, rhetorical questions, and hypothetical questions. Each type serves a different purpose, ranging from seeking information to challenging assumptions or inviting introspection.
Effective Questioning Techniques
Asking the right questions is an essential skill in various domains, such as journalism, research, and problem-solving. Effective questioning techniques involve being specific, concise, and relevant. By using the question mark strategically, writers can structure their queries in a way that encourages thoughtful responses and meaningful discussions.
The Intrigue of Unanswered Questions
In literature and storytelling, the question mark can be used to create suspense and intrigue. When a question is left unanswered, it compels readers to speculate and theorize, keeping them engaged and eager to uncover the truth. Skillful authors know how to use this punctuation mark strategically to enhance the narrative and maintain reader interest.
Questions as Catalysts for Learning
Questions play a pivotal role in the learning process. They encourage critical thinking, foster curiosity, and promote active engagement with the subject matter. Teachers and educators often utilize questions to stimulate discussion, encourage participation, and deepen students' understanding of a topic.
The Question Mark in Digital Communication
In the age of social media and online messaging, the question mark has gained additional significance. Its usage has evolved to include conveying tone and intention in written conversations. A simple change in punctuation placement can alter the meaning and emotional undertones of a message, highlighting the importance of careful and mindful communication.
The question mark, with its seemingly humble form, holds immense power and intrigue. It is a symbol of curiosity, inquiry, and the pursuit of knowledge. Through its usage, we can ignite discussions, provoke thought, and deepen our understanding of the world around us. Let us embrace the question mark as a tool for exploration, connection, and intellectual growth. | <urn:uuid:08190479-5a3a-40ef-92ed-1070b7ca7c00> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://npuzzles.com/the-power-and-mystery-of-the-question-mark | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203125921-20231203155921-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.928602 | 597 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Net metering is a common distributed renewable energy policy in the United States, allowing individuals to “turn back” their meter (and reduce their electric bill) by generating on-site electricity. But utility accounting systems typically prevent people from sharing the output from a single, common “community” solar or wind project.
Virtual (or group or neighborhood) net metering is the solution. This rule allows utility customers to share the electricity output from a single power project, typically in proportion to their ownership of the shared system. For community renewable energy projects, typically relying on offsetting electricity at the retail price, virtual net metering is essential.
The following map illustrates which states (as of August 2012) support virtual net metering.
There’s some hope for expansion. The California legislature recently debated expanding virtual net metering to all customers, but the bill failed in late 2012. Other states have also considered virtual net metering legislation.
There are other solutions, too, that get away from net metering entirely. Under a CLEAN Program, distributed renewable energy projects have a separate meter, so that consumption and production are independent. In 14 states, individuals or groups can install a community solar project, get a good price for their electricity and share the revenue (rather than, as with virtual net metering, sharing electricity bill credits). All participants pay for their own electricity use separately, as do regular utility customers.
A CLEAN Program has some other advantages, but when it comes to simplifying the path for community renewable energy, virtual net metering is a good step in the right direction.
Get Grist in your inbox | <urn:uuid:f05a731b-e17d-4845-8341-2f1ec5d7b874> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://grist.org/article/a-policy-that-unlocks-community-renewable-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189884.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00468-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932316 | 335 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The phrases we use have a powerful impact on our thoughts and subsequently, our ownership of emotions. While it may not be easy to process difficult feelings or simply stop feeling down, we must acknowledge the way we are feeling before we can move forward.
Without even realizing it, we may be in the habit of using phrases that revoke ownership of our feelings and transfer that power into someone or something else.
This becomes problematic when the one who holds the key to our heart is no longer around, such as with death, divorce or another loss.
Furthermore, language where we identify ourselves by our misfortunes can be detrimental to our emotional well-being. Rather than labeling ourselves by our tribulations (i.e. âmy cancerâ) shifting our words in a way that gives us control of our emotional state is something that takes practice and reinforcement.
Thereâs an important distinction between describing circumstances that happen to us, rather than those which identify us.
Forming our self-definition based solely on a negative experience diminishes the good in our lives and the positive attributes we have to offer the world. It puts limits on what we have permission to feel, and who we have permission to become.
By making a concerted effort to reverse the way we think and speak to ourselves, we can have a profound inward impact. This eventually extends outward on the future generations who are learning by our example. Journaling is a useful practice which lets us see our thoughts composed into sentences, providing key insight into our inner monologue. Reading past journal entries can help identify times when we unwittingly gave away power and stifled our ability to grow and thrive.
Take this simple phrase as an example, âYou make me feel happy (or angry, nervous, frustrated etc.).â On the surface, this seems like a perfectly harmless way to express emotion. However, the wording implies that happiness is produced by the other person and given to us, rather than something we create from within.
Rather than owning our feelings, we are giving away the power over how we feel by our choice of phrasing. By stating that someone or something is âmakingâ us feel a certain way, we pass along the rights to our feelings and any opportunity to change them.
A better way to think and talk about our emotions is to reword the phrase into something like, âI feel happy when Iâm around you.â In this example, the other person isnât directly responsible for making you happy. You are acknowledging the effect they have on you and describing how you feel. The happiness is your own and generated from within.
How can we resolve negative emotions and find peace if we believe our feelings are coming from an outside source alone?
Choosing to acknowledge that your emotions are uniquely yours gives you the key to own your happiness. The power to change how we feel resides within each of us and does not need to be approved by anyone or anything else. Itâs a gift we create rather than receive. The way we think begins with the words that we useâwhether they are spoken out loud, written in a journal or quietly contemplated in our mind.
Actively pushing aside negative emotions is not the same thing as recognizing them and choosing to let them go. Suppression can serve as a temporary cover to make things appear better when they really arenât.
Buried emotions are very different from resolved emotions.
Burying our feelings breeds a deep-seeded uneasiness that can hinder our ability to fully embrace and enjoy life. By bringing emotions to the surface and owning them, we gain the control necessary to reach a sense of true contentment.
Whether you are burying negativity, or letting it define you, be mindful of the wording of your inner voice. Instead of describing yourself as a âwidow,â âdivorceeâ or âex-employeeâ be more descriptive in how you talk about (and view) yourself. You may have lost a husband, a marriage or a job, but you are still a complex person with a varied history and multitude of personal qualities.
The issue of displaced or suppressed feelings is not uncommon for those who experienced a difficult childhood. As a child, the responsibility of our care and wellness is placed on our parents. Once we become adults, it is our job to reclaim ownership of our past and how this continues to affect us and play out in our lives. Determining what we will do with the feelings left over from childhood can be difficult and confusing.
Perhaps you often feel disappointed or angry by interactions and memories of a parent. By not claiming ownership of how you feel today, it becomes impossible to resolve those feelings on your own. If the person is no longer in your life or not willing to acknowledge their contribution to your distress, you are without any means of healing.
Rather than asking the other person to grant you permission to feel differently or waiting for them to change, allow yourself the opportunity to take control of how you feel. That privilege is yours alone and the time to claim it is now.
Employment is another example of how we can become wrapped up in our circumstances and let our lifestyle define who we are. If you believe that a job or income level you used to have made you feel important, you will be lost when the time comes to retire or if the job ends. That sense of importance shouldnât go away just because you no longer have the position. A feeling of purpose and significance is something that was cultivated from within. Although our environment can influence our mood, we must empower ourselves in knowing that our reaction is ours alone.
In order to change the way that we process emotion, we need to change the narrative around how we speak about it.
Words are powerful. Harness the power of language and self-talk to put yourself back in the driverâs seat and steer the course of your journey wherever you need to go. Donât limit yourself to a negative headspace because you donât believe you have the power to move forward.
Recognize that the power to take control of our emotions comes from our inner selves. Emotions are part of us, come from us and are ours to keep or let go of. Emotions are our responsibility to deal with, accept or change. A feeling or circumstance should never take over our self-definition. We are complex creatures, each with our own winding history and unique inherent qualities. Never reduce yourself down to a narrow and limited classification. It is possible to find light at the end of the tunnel. The power to do so comes from within and can never be taken from us.
Our mission is to walk with you, hand in hand, through the necessary action steps to actually “recover” from your grieving experience. We offer grief coaching and support services for individuals, groups, and organizations from all walks of life. We specialize in helping grievers and their families, and we strive to consult with, educate, and support the community at large including companies, organizations, schools, and religious institutions. Even though you’ve endured painful changes in the circumstances of your life, we extend our hand of support to you, and invite you to embark on your journey of healing. | <urn:uuid:23a79e6a-efc5-48f6-9908-41f970deee59> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://fromgrievingtohealing.com/using-language-to-claim-our-feelings-rather-than-our-misfortunes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517018.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517063528-20220517093528-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.95436 | 1,480 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Jan. 26, 2009 Scientists have shown that HIV faces a genetic "bottleneck" when the virus is transmitted heterosexually from one person to another, by way of the genital mucosa. The results explain why prior infection by other sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) makes individuals more susceptible to HIV infection.
The team of researchers, lead by Eric Hunter of Emory University, identified 20 heterosexual couples soon after infection occurred and obtained viral genetic sequences from both partners. They examined the most variable region of the virus' env gene, which encodes a protein forming the outer coat of the virus. Approximately 90% of the couple recipients were found to be infected by a single viral variant of HIV-1. However, that variant was not the same in each case.
For comparison, the researchers also analyzed a group of newly infected individuals who were infected by someone other than their spouse. This group showed more variety in viral sequences, with 3 out of 7 individuals infected by multiple variants. Overall, out of 42 newly infected people studied to date, all five infected by multiple viral variants had evidence of genital inflammation or ulceration.
In these cases, it appears that the bottleneck was enlarged due to the disruption of normally protective mucosal barriers by STDs. These findings suggest that the genital mucosa provides a natural barrier to infection by multiple genetic variants of HIV-1 that can be lowered by inflammatory genital infections.
To identify newly infected individuals, the team collaborated with public health programs directed by Susan Allen of Emory's Rollins School of Public Health that enroll thousands of heterosexual couples with one HIV-positive partner in Rwanda and Zambia.
The research was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenges Program and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative.
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- Haaland RE, Hawkins PA, Salazar-Gonzalez J, Johnson A, Tichacek A, et al. Inflammatory Genital Infections Mitigate a Severe Genetic Bottleneck in Heterosexual Transmission of Subtype A and C HIV-1. PLoS Pathog, 5(1): e1000274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000274
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead. | <urn:uuid:8913650f-c99c-47f5-94a5-f50fdce3bc99> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090122202800.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706964363/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122244-00043-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933186 | 496 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In his childhood, Vladislav Surkov, an ethnic Chechen by birth, initially had his father’s surname, Dudaev—a surname that is related to the Zandak teip (clan) (www.anticompromat.org/surkov/surkbio.html). However, with Russian first and last names, he managed to achieve not simply a breathtaking career, but to become the main ideologue of the policies pursued by President Vladimir Putin.
Surkov was able to become the “gray eminence” in the Kremlin after dethroning Boris Berezovsky and destroying Vladimir Gusinsky’s media monopoly in Russia (Segodnya newspaper, March 30, 2000). Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev, who challenged Putin’s policies, fell from grace later (https://inosmi.ru/inrussia/20050620/220396.html). As the creator of the new United Russia party, Surkov could handpick candidates across the whole country for the purpose of providing support for Putin (https://www.rb.ru/inform/63947.html). Surkov was also the “father” of the notorious youth organization Nashi, which provoked massive criticism in Russian society. Observers also attribute to Surkov the establishment of a range of nominal opposition parties in Russia designed to create the illusion of political competition and democratic choice for the population.
Regarding the North Caucasus, Surkov was the informal supervisor of the Kremlin’s policies in this controversial sector of Russian politics. His activities as supervisor of the Kremlin’s policies toward the North Caucasus should be subdivided into two periods. The first was during the first presidency of Vladimir Putin in 2000–2008 (https://putin.kremlin.ru/bio) and the second during the presidency of Dmitry Medvedev in 2008–2012.
During the first period, no one was supposed to know that Surkov was responsible for the Kremlin’s policy toward the North Caucasus and, specifically, toward Chechnya. The reason for the secrecy was that the government wanted to create the illusion that the situation in Chechnya was developing according to its own internal logic and was not directed by the Kremlin. At that time, few people in Russia realized that Surkov was an ethnic Chechen. Any hints of his ethnicity were perceived as jokes made by his enemies.
Surkov’s anonymity changed dramatically in the second period of his policymaking preeminence, when he started to overemphasize his Chechen background. He made frequent visits to Chechnya, including for vacations, and had numerous meetings and tours of ambitious construction sites in Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov’s company. This probably showed that Surkov became much more confident of his position and no longer considered it necessary to conceal his ethnic identity. At one of his many meetings in Chechnya, Surkov said: “I know the attitude people have toward us, the Chechens, in different parts of the country,” but in the Kremlin, they know very well that “the [North] Caucasus is the foundation of Russia” (https://stringer-news.com/publication.mhtml?Part=50&PubID=18512).
Surkov emphasized that if the North Caucasus leaves Russia, Russia itself will disappear from the political arena. By raising the importance of the region for Russia, Surkov also raised his own importance in Putin’s government, as a person indispensable to managing the North Caucasus against the backdrop of rising anti-Caucasian hysteria across Russia (https://trollpost.ru/node/61). During another meeting, Kadyrov told Surkov: “You are the most respected Chechen among the [Chechen] people and you have taken part in all positive changes in the republic from the very beginning” (https://newsland.com/news/detail/id/575964/). Kadyrov was thereby confirming that Surkov was indeed responsible for the Kremlin’s policies vis-à-vis Chechnya. Having access to the United Russia party’s money, Surkov could afford to help Chechnya without worrying much about the funds (www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=519629F7D704B).
Outsiders could not discern any special attitude on Surkov’s part toward Chechnya until Ramzan Kadyrov came to power in the republic, and Surkov’s hints about his Chechen background became his hallmark. The Kremlin apparently wanted to signal that the Chechen war was not only an ethnic Russian issue, but also an issue the Chechens could solve on their own (www.forbes.ru/sobytiya-photogallery/vlast/238819-put-surkova-ot-ohrannika-do-vitse-premera/photo/11).
Surkov was distinct from many other public politicians in the Kremlin (www.inosmi.ru/politic/20101202/164630846.html). He writes poetry and music, and is believed to be the author of the popular Russian novel Okolonulya. Surkov is an intelligent person who can discuss any issue but not necessarily be easily persuaded (https://tvrain.ru/articles/literaturnoe_nasledie_surkova_ot_agaty_kristi_do_okolonolja-342915/).
However, after Putin temporarily became the prime minister, Surkov’s seemingly unlimited influence on the Russian president and prime minister plummeted, especially under the Kremlin faction reportedly led by Igor Sechin (www.anticompromat.org/sechin/raskad11-07.html). Surkov voluntarily resigned from the position of deputy prime minister after a May 8, 2013 government meeting presided over by Putin on the implementation of the presidential decrees (www.kommersant.ru/Doc/2185689). Most observers failed to notice that Surkov’s actual resignation occurred as early as in December 2011, when he was transferred from the Kremlin administration to the Russian government (https://news.bigmir.net/world/498858-Analitika-Kreml-brosil-serogo-kardinala-Syrkova-na-pravitelstvo). This decision was a disappointment for Surkov, as he was deprived of the role of the ruling party’s and ruling elite’s main ideologue. His appointment to a cabinet position should have made his dismissal from the political team a smoother experience. The primary reason for his removal may have been that he gave the opposition permission to hold public protests following the parliamentary elections (www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2011/12/protest-russia-0).
Vladislav Surkov is not one of those who simply leave power of their own free will. He could become a very dangerous enemy for many people in the government, so it is unlikely that he had a conflict with his patron, Vladimir Putin. Certainly Ramzan Kadyrov’s reaction to Surkov’s dismissal indicates that Putin and Surkov parted on good terms. Kadyrov did not leave his ex-patron and friend, Surkov, without moral support for a minute, stating immediately that he was inviting Surkov to visit Chechnya and expressing his confidence that Surkov would not be left without a job on Putin’s political team (www.ridus.ru/news/83389/). It would have been entirely improbable that a regional leader would have extended an invitation to a government functionary who was out of favor: indeed, it would have been perceived as a personal challenge to the Russian president. On May 18, Kadyrov published several photographs showing him and Surkov fishing in Gudermes, which can be seen as a public gesture of support for the famous Chechen (https://instagram.com/p/Zdlc_TiRvi/).
Despite his dismissal, it remains too early to discount Surkov from possibly one day returning to power in the Russian government because he was successful at carrying out the tasks he was assigned to fulfill. Ironically, the mysterious Chechen and self-admitted Anglophile was forced to fight against the influence of American culture that he also reportedly admires. At the time, that was the only way to survive in Kremlin politics, but ultimately he still lost his job regardless of how well he performed his duties (https://slon.ru/world/surkov_nesovmestimost_s_intellektom_-940083.xhtml). | <urn:uuid:f76d297b-f205-4b64-bbc2-d6e432cb9bbc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://jamestown.org/program/did-surkov-step-down-or-was-he-forced-to-step-down-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510942.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002001302-20231002031302-00660.warc.gz | en | 0.958578 | 1,839 | 2.5625 | 3 |
THE ISSUE: Research shows that during summer vacation, many students lose knowledge they gained in school.
SOLUTIONS: Experts recommend reading and engaging in educational activities during the summer can minimize learning loss.
While students get a break from school over the summer, that doesn’t mean they should take a break from learning, many educators and advocates say.
When kids experience the so-called “summer slide,” they lose some of the knowledge and skills they acquired during the school year. The result is that some – particularly those who may have already been struggling academically – can fall behind when they return to school in the fall.
“For the first months when they come back to school, it’s like the teachers are retraining the kids,” said Jennifer Francioso, president of the Massachusetts Parent Teacher Association.
But parents and families need not despair. There are simple steps they can take to help counter the effects of summer learning loss. Fariba Salehi, director of Kumon Learning Center in Dedham, points to a series of tips the chain of after-school tutoring franchises offers to parents. The advice includes studying about 30 minutes each day and making it part of the child’s daily routine. Establishing the routine while the children are young and creating a learning diary or sticker chart to provide positive encouragement are also recommended. Parents may also choose to purchase age-appropriate workbooks.
Matt Perry, outreach coordinator for the Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners, said research shows that student who read four or more books over the summer perform better on reading comprehension tests when they return to school in the fall. That prompted the Board of Library Commissioners to launch the “What’s your four?” campaign.
The campaign encourages children to read four books during summer vacation. Many libraries hold sign-up events and offer incentives and rewards for kids who complete a quartet of books.
Letting kids pick out their own library books often makes them more engaged, Perry said.
It’s important, he added, for parents to read to their young children and for kids to see their parents reading on their own.
“A big thing parents can do is be role models and be reading themselves,” he said. “When kids see someone they look up to reading, that encourages them to read.”
Many public libraries across Massachusetts also offer free summer programs in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) fields.
“There’s a lot of educational programming and a lot of speakers for adults and teens as well,” Perry said. “It’s gone beyond reading.”
Some school districts also offer summer programming.
A national study conducted by RAND showed that students who had at least 80 percent attendance in academic summer programs outperformed their peers in math and reading on tests the following fall and on subsequent standardized exams in the spring. Participating students also gained an advantage in social and emotional skills in the fall after the second summer.
Boston Public Schools is launching its new “5th Quarter of Learning” program this summer. The program will serve 2,200 students with high needs by offering a blend of academic learning and hands-on activities, such as sailing, zoo outings, dancing, archery and tennis.
“Blending enrichment such as arts, sailing, outdoor science and oceanic expeditions through our 5th Quarter initiative brings learning alive for students year-round,” Boston Superintendent Tommy Chang said in a statement. “We know that when rigorous learning is engaging, it goes a long way toward closing opportunity and achievement gaps. This summer programming opens doors for students to explore a world beyond their own and realize the possibilities that are within their reach.”
A bill to expand Boston’s approach statewide was reported favorably out of the House Committee on Ways and Means in May.
“I think a lot of school districts are becoming more and more aware,” Francioso said. “Teachers want to start teaching in the fall, not reviewing what kids did the previous year.” | <urn:uuid:5adceb98-e368-419a-b989-ee2f0ae38277> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/news/20170616/combating-summer-learning-loss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202588.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321234128-20190322020128-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.961283 | 853 | 3.1875 | 3 |
By Teachers, For Teachers
“What did you say? Are you talking to me?”
As I had my back turned toward the class for a moment to write something on the board, I heard this statement ring out like a bell at a boxing match.
“Alright let’s do this …”
A second voice responded. I turned around just in time to see two students from opposite sides of the room stand up and begin to walk towards each other. My heart raced as I suddenly realized what was going on: They were going to fight! I didn’t know why. I didn’t have time to ask questions. I only knew that if I didn’t do something instantly, there would be blood on my classroom carpeting.
Fortunately, I was able to intervene and the students backed down without fighting. It took about two hours for me to stop feeling my heartbeat in my temples. Being in only my fourth year of teaching, I was still new enough to get rattled by the situation. I got lucky that day, but even though there’s a lot that went right, there’s more that went wrong that I learned from too.
Here’s what you should keep in mind when it seems like a fight is about to erupt in your own classroom, hallways, or cafeteria:
Yep – I know it’s “Easier said than done.” But seriously, a cool head prevails. Be smart, be proactive, be firm. But do not freak out.
Remember, students don’t want to fight.
In the majority of cases, students are looking for a reason not to fight … and you stepping in, knowing how to stop a fight, just might be that reason. If the students are not already tearing each other to pieces, then you know that they’re looking for a way out of the situation without appearing weak and “backing down.” When you step in, you give them a reason to back down and save face.
Don’t go it alone.
If at all possible, don’t be the sole adult around when the fight takes place. If you’re rushing to the scene, say “Hey, follow me!” to any adult you see. You can even tell students, “Go next door and get adults here now!” Do NOT leave the scene of a fight to get help – your priority is knowing how to stop a fight, not getting someone else to stop it for you.
They can’t fight what they can’t get to.
What would happen if you tried to punch someone five feet away? You’d miss, big time. Same thing happens with students when there are desks and garbage cans in their way. If possible, drag something big and heavy between the fighting students to make it that much more difficult for them to get at one another. If possible, don’t let that big, heavy object be you – your face is too precious to be punched by a teenager.
You have a big voice – use it.
It doesn’t take long for a teacher to develop that “big” voice that students can hear across a noisy cafeteria. A fight would be an appropriate time to give your deepest, loudest voice of authority and command those students to “Stop!” Remember, regardless of what the students are doing, you are still the one in charge and disobeying you is not optional.
Touching a student might just be the right thing.
When push comes to shove (no pun intended), you may just have to roll up your sleeves and get the kids off of one another. This is not something to be done haphazardly: You run the serious risk of getting hit yourself, and possibly even being accused later of causing harm to one of the students. But trust your gut and ask yourself, “Will a student get seriously injured if I don’t pull them apart?” It may be best to check with your school’s policy and administration to get specific advice and when you might need to intervene in this way.
It’s essential we make sure we also have preventative measures in place before the fight occurs.
Don’t be an idiot like me.
I assumed that all of my students were polite, mature, respectful students who were not involved with gangs, violence, or any other vice. So when it turned out that two of my students had been flashing gang signs at one another for about a month before their “incident,” I was floored. My sweet little innocent gems? Yes dude, your sweet little innocent gems. Lesson learned: Students are not sweet little innocent gems. They are dangerous, emotional, irrational, and ready to fight for something silly like pride, a girl, or a cafeteria seat.
Set the expectation; lay down the law.
I don’t know where you teach, but I’m willing to bet next year’s salary that somewhere in your school’s policies it says: “No Fighting.” Do your students know this? Do they know what will happen to them if they do fight? Make sure they know the rules, and that they know the consequences WILL be administered.
Set the atmosphere.
Students need an environment where they feel safe. I have overtly told several more aggressive students “No fighting in this classroom. I don’t allow it at all. Understand?” Any time they think about fighting, they remember your little chat and hesitate to act. Beyond a chat, though, make sure that any disrespectful behavior that leads to fighting – like aggressive gestures, heated emotions, or cursing language – is not allowed either. Fights take a certain amount of “lead-in” time before erupting into fisticuffs, but if students can’t do any of the lead-in behaviors, then they can’t get to the actual fighting.
Give Respect to Get It.
It’s weird but true that if students like you and your classroom, they won’t fight in it. Be a consistent, undaunted model of respect. Love your students and treat each of them like you would a niece or nephew. Smile at them and encourage them daily. When those emotions get heated and they feel their fists revving up, your presence and respect just might be enough to help them maintain control.
So how did I get those students in my class to back down? I stopped the lesson immediately and said, “NO! This is NOT happening now.” I pulled an empty desk in between them and stood there myself. The students did not back down here, but verbally taunted one another. But I didn’t back down either and looked at one of them and said, “Go into the hallway and cool off, NOW! GO!” I repeated this to one and he took two steps back. I turned to the other one and said, “Go sit down over there, NOW!” and pointed to the corner of our room. To my shock, they obeyed. I talked to them separately and got their stories afterwards, helped them both cool down, told them I was disappointed, and reported the incident to their administrators. I got lucky here for sure, but thankfully did a few things right as well.
Every situation is different, but if you are assertive and proactive, you can comfortably deal with the majority of physical confrontations in your school.
What training or experiences have you had with fights in your school? What can we all do that will prevent fights or end them quickly? Share your thoughts in the comments below!
Jordan Catapano is an English teacher at Conant High School in a Chicago suburb. In addition to being National Board Certificated, he also sits as the District Leader for the Illinois Association of Teachers of English and serves as a school board member for a private school. You can follow him on Twitter at @BuffEnglish, or visit his website ACTWritingTips.com. | <urn:uuid:a8a01aca-080d-4249-9957-a52dd97de2ae> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://cdn.teachhub.com/how-stop-fight?k12-news | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509690.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015184452-20181015205952-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.970541 | 1,693 | 2.96875 | 3 |
| On September 1, 1771, during his last trip from England to the colonies, George Whitfield stood in front of the Foye House on Milton Hill, Captain Glover's home in Milton, and preached to the largest gathering of people ever assembled in Milton to that time. Whitefield was a "spiritual heir to New England's Puritan progenitors [and] also a symbol of liberty at a time when Boston was beseiged" following the Boston Massacre. His theatrical style of preaching energized many to practice methodism. The First Methodist Episcopal Church of Dorchester was founded during the latter part of the year 1816, sometimes referred to as the Fourth Parish. The church was located on its present site on the east side of Washington Street, about one-fourth of a mile from the Milton bridge at the Lower Mills. Previous to 1811 there lived in Dorchester Lower Mills a man and wife, recent immigrants from England, who were devout Wesleyans. They invited their neighbors to attend week-night meetings at their home. In 1812, after the death of her husband, the woman moved to Canada where she married a Mr. Sabine. Twenty-four years later she returned to Dorchester and lived on Washington Street, north of the Methodist Church. Mrs. Sabine was surely the first Methodist in Dorchester.
Click image for more information
In 1813 Mrs. Elizabeth Simmons, Mr. and Mrs. Otheman and Miss Nancy Freeman lived at the corner of what is now Richmond Street and Washington Street and were members of the First Methodist Episcopal Church in Boston. Soon after Mr. Otheman arrived, he invited the neighbors to his home for religious services. Mr. Otheman's house was stoned, and the church-goers were at first maligned, ridiculed, insulted and assaulted by those who did not appreciate the new sect. In the year 1816 Anthony Otheman, supported by Elizabeth Simmons, conducted the first services and formed the first Class Meetings. Over time the group grew, and 1818 Mr. Otheman purchased from Adam Davenport a building used as a carpenter's shop, which stood next to Davenport's house on Sanford Street, and moved it to the site of the present church to be used as a chapel.
In eleven years, the original 19 members became 88, and they outgrew the first meeting house. This first building was moved to 883 Adams Street, and the second church building was dedicated September 24, 1829. In 1844, the church was enlarged by cutting it in the center and increasing the length so as to add twenty pews. This was the year when American Methodism divided over the slavery question into two branches, North and South. In 1874, a third church building replaced the second. In the 20th century, a fourth building was built.
The First Methodist Episcopal Church has fostered the formation of other Methodist churches. Meetings were held as early as 1817 in Dedham about two miles from the center at Readville. The young society remained a branch of the Dorchester Church until 1843 when it grew into the present church at East Dedham. The Mattapan Methodist Episcopal Church was formed after preaching services began in Mattapan as early as 1845. The services were moved from Oakland Hall to the Episcopal Chapel on Norfolk Street, purchased for $5.00 above the mortgage. This edifice was dedicated as the Methodist Episcopal Church, March 11, 1875. In the spring of 1866, prayer-meetings were held in a private house on Maxwell Street. These drew interest and moved to a grove on Pine Hill. In response to a demand for a church building, a lot was secured and a church planned to be built in the Queen Anne style, sixty-five by forty feet. The building was opened in July, 1887, as the Stanton Avenue Church.
In 1930 the Pastor of the First Methodist Church was:
Frank Gerrish Potter
For more information, consult:
Chaffee, John R. The History of the First Methodist Episcopal Church, Dorchester, Massachusetts. Boston: The Pilgrim Press, 1917.
Dorchester Old and New, 1630-1930. Dorchester: Chapple Publishing Company for the Dorchester, Massachusetts, Tercentenary Committee, 1930.
Stout, Harry S. The Divine Dramatist. George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evanglicalism.
Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1991.
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Created: August 17, 2003 Modified: December 16, 2003 | <urn:uuid:27b7fbec-eab9-4e20-82b7-3e88335645e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id=59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189474.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00449-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976518 | 1,012 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Toe-Up Socks on Two Circulars
A KnitHow Class with Lynne Sosnowski
Lynne specializes in helping students grow their “sock literacy” while making adult-sized socks in fingering weight yarn. This class is of interest to brand new sock makers, those who have only knit top-down socks, and those who wish to learn the Two Circulars method.
In the first session, students jump right into learning a bi-directional cast-on (Turkish/Middle Eastern), several options for increases, and how to create sock toes and feet. Throughout students are taught not just the “how” of executing their instructions but the “knithow” – the effect those instructions have on the fabric and how to read their stitches to find their way. Along the way, we cover how to custom-fit socks to any feet. Students are expected to work their sock to a specific point prior to the second session.
In the second session, students work through a short-row heel and how to create sock legs and cuffs. Throughout students are guided with diagrams, waypoints, and even sing-song to find their way by reading their own fabric. Instructions on custom-fitting and altering socks are discussed. Students complete the sock cuff on their own time. Learn how to make the most of your sock yarn by starting your socks at the toes, and knitting up until you run out of yarn!
Prerequisites: Students must be able to knit and purl confidently and without assistance, and should have some familiarity with basic increases and decreases.
Skill Level: Advanced-Beginner/Intermediate.
Homework: There is no homework prior to the first class. There will be some knitting expectations to meet to be best able to participate in the second class.
Scheduling: This class is held 2 weeks apart to give students plenty of time to work on their socks and bring questions and problems back to the second class.
Materials: see website for details | <urn:uuid:8a260c20-57cb-4d8f-925b-41c9f5b66ff6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://knitomaticyarns.com/2019/08/15/new-class-toe-up-socks-on-two-circulars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100724.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208045320-20231208075320-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.949309 | 416 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Test using galectin-3 finds them sooner, could cut unnecessary surgeries
MONDAY, May 19 (HealthDay News) -- Testing thyroid nodules for the presence of a lectin molecule called galectin-3 could help improve identification of nodules with cancer and reduce the number of unnecessary surgeries, according to an Italian study.
The standard method of determining whether a nodule is malignant is to examine cells extracted by fine-needle aspiration. About 85 percent of thyroid nodules removed by surgery turn out to be benign.
Galectin-3 is not normally present in thyroid cells. When it is present, it can block cell death, leading to the development of cancer, researchers report.
In this study, researchers at St. Andrea Hospital in Rome tested galectin-3 expression in 465 people who were scheduled for surgery to remove thyroid nodules. After the nodules were removed, the final histological results that determined whether they were cancerous or benign were compared to the findings from the galectin-3 testing done before the surgery.
Galectin-3 was not expressed in 331 (71 percent) of 465 nodules. Of those galectin-3-negative nodules, 280 (85 percent) were benign, 29 (9 percent) were cancerous, and the remainder were borderline.
The researchers concluded the sensitivity of the galectin-3 test was 78 percent, the specificity was 93 percent, the positive predictive value was 82 percent, and the negative predictive value was 91 percent.
The findings were published online Monday and in the June issue of The Lancet Oncology.
"The galectin-3 method proposed here does not replace conventional FNA-cytology, but represents a complementary diagnostic method for those follicular nodules that remain indeterminate. The correct approach for this preoperative characterization of thyroid nodules always needs careful multidisciplinary assessment of each patient, according to published guidelines," the study authors wrote.
The American Cancer Society has more about thyroid cancer diagnosis.
-- Robert Preidt
SOURCE: The Lancet Oncology, news release, May 19, 2008
All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:3333f5a7-a279-4377-84f0-cc41f65b4661> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/Protein-Helps-ID-Thyroid-Cancer-Nodules-19717-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00018-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949044 | 444 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Trees on Tap
Healthy forests are key to meeting the world's growing demand for clean drinking water
- Laura Tangley
- Jun 01, 2004
A GOLDEN LION TAMARIN perched in the branches of a rain-forest tree may appear to have little in common with a boy walking the streets of Rio de Janeiro. Yet both of them depend critically on a narrow strip of rain forest along the northeastern coast of Brazil—the tamarin, obviously, for its home and the boy for his drinking water.
A single mature tree growing on the banks of a river or stream can filter as much as 200 pounds of nitrate runoff per year.
Worldwide, species-rich habitats like Brazil’s Atlantic Forest help capture, store and purify the water that supplies dozens of major metropolitan areas. According to a report from the World Bank-WWF Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable Use, more than a third of the planet’s 105 largest cities—including Bangkok, Nairobi, Melbourne, Barcelona and New York City—rely on protected forests for all or some of their drinking water. Yet as human populations grow, particularly in urban areas, pressure to raze or exploit these forests is mounting. "For many cities, time is running out," says David Cassells, a senior environmental specialist for the World Bank. "Protecting forests around water catchment areas is no longer a luxury but a necessity."
Photo: © YVA MOMATIUK AND JOHN EASTCOTT (MINDEN PICTURES)
The forested slopes of Mount Kenya, Kenya, are home to a variety of wildlife, including six globally threatened species: the leopard (above), African elephant, black rhino, bongo, black fronted duiker and giant forest hog.
Atlantic Forest, Brazil
Even in cities where technology is available to treat drinking water, forest protection is often a cheaper alternative. Take New York City, where water quality fell below federal standards during the late 1990s. Rather than spend between $6 billion and $8 billion to build a new water treatment plant—with an annual operating cost of $300 million to $500 million—city officials opted to pay $1.5 billion over the following decade to purchase, protect and better manage forests in the Catskill Mountains, enhancing the natural water purification services they provide.
Cities in developing countries, however, face far greater challenges than wealthy ones like New York. In these nations, about a billion people lack access to safe drinking water: some 700 million in Asia, 150 million in Africa and 120 million in Latin America and the Caribbean. Each year, about 2 million children under age five die of waterborne diseases, mostly diarrhea, the equivalent of one death every 15 seconds.
Nikko and Chichibu-Tama National Parks, Japan
Forests alone cannot solve these problems, of course. Poor sanitation and bad hygiene also contribute to waterborne diseases, and water, once captured and treated, must get to the people who need it. But without them, the cost of cleaning up water supplies will increase dramatically. Forests also protect cities from erosion, flooding and landslides. And like Brazil’s Atlantic Forest, watersheds such as those featured on this page provide habitat for a diversity of wildlife species, including many—the golden lion tamarin, for example—that are in danger of extinction.
Laura Tangley is a senior editor for this magazine. The report Running Pure: The Importance of Forest Protected Areas to Drinking Water was published in August 2003 by the World Bank-WWF Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable Use. Learn about NWF’s work with international water issues .
Among the world’s rarest mammals, some 1,000 golden lion tamarins remain in the wild, their numbers divided into 17 subpopulations living in isolated forest patches. | <urn:uuid:6d544f0d-7c7b-4c82-b50a-346ee2bb3f35> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.nwf.org/en/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2004/Trees-on-Tap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.935639 | 808 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Important art by Georges Seurat with artwork analysis of achievement and overall contribution to the arts.
Explore Artist George Seurat, Grandcamp 1885, and more! ... 1885, Pointillism, oil on canvas, 65.5 x 81.5 cm, Private Collection, Georges Seurat (1859- 1891).
Aug 20, 2004 ... Called ''Seurat and the Making of 'La Grande Jatte,' '' the exhibition brings ... The Art Institute recently submitted ''La Grande Jatte'' to intensive technical analysis. ... Two years after ''Stone Breaker,'' Seurat began his preliminary...
Artworks and analysis: Georges Seurat is the pioneer of technique of painting in softly flickering, small dots or strokes of color, called Pointillism.
This study investigates an early work by Seurat, Vase of. Flowers, c. ... made comprehensive technical examination and analysis of it difficult until the recent years. The terms of .... Angelica at the Rock .... Stone Breaker, oil on canvas, c. 1882...
Explore Emily Weathers's board "Georges Seurat" on Pinterest, the world's catalog of ideas. | See more about December, Villas and Composition.
Explore Scott Brookins's board "Seurat" on Pinterest, the world's catalog of ideas. ... Georges Pierre Seurat, Stone Breaker and Wheelbarrow in le Raincy, 1884.
Georges Seurat | Les Poseuses, 1888 | Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia. Save Learn more at ...... Georges Seurat - The Stone Breakers, le Raincy (1882). Save
Georges Seurat (1882-1883) Metropolitan Museum of Art ... Georges Seurat (1883-1884) Private collection ..... The Rock-Breakers, Le Raincy. Georges Seurat...
Browse by image: Georges Seurat ... the two stone breakers in Courbet's painting are set against a low hill of the sort common in ... by the painter, meaning elements such as brushwork, composition, line, and color. ... If you look carefully, you will notice that he attempts to be even-handed, attending to faces and rock equally.
Please leave your message here! Our technical sales will contact with you as soon as possible! | <urn:uuid:062512f2-168a-4b60-bb9f-58173ac85787> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://gscreation.in/new/rock-breakers-seurat-analysis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186530.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00008-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.841463 | 475 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Thinking of learning Russian but uncertain about what that might involve? How much of a challenge is it? Here are some tips for complete beginners who are thinking of starting a Russian course.
1. The Cyrillic Script
Don’t be scared of the Russian alphabet. Yes, it looks different and lots of people starting to learn Russian think it’s going to be the most difficult thing to master. But this is not the case! There are 33 letters to learn and each letter (apart from two silent ones) represents one sound. There are no complicated reading rules, you read what you see! Taking into account the fact that some of the letters are the same as in English, and some are Greek, alphabet learning is not a very daunting task. Most people can read after the first lesson and become confident after a few weeks.
2. Writing in Russian
Once you’ve learned the alphabet (well, more or less), try not to use English letters to write down Russian words because:
a) it will slow down the process of getting used to the new language;
b) English spelling cannot represent Russian pronunciation correctly because the sounds in these two languages are different, so you won’t get a good accent straight away.
3. Russian pronunciation
Nothing too difficult there. Be prepared to roll your “R”s. (Scottish people usually have a very good Russian accent!) and put together some consonants that are unusual for an English ear. If you can’t roll your “R”s, it is of course not the end of the world. You’ll be understood perfectly well. Some Russian people can’t do it either. Lenin was one, for example.
4. Learning Russian words
There are quite a lot of “international” words in Russian that you will easily recognise and remember. Among theses are some English words borrowed recently with the advance of new technologies, French words that came into Russian in the 18th-19th centuries when French was the language of the aristocracy and the court, German and Dutch words brought by Peter the Great, and others. But the core of the vocabulary is Slavonic, so be prepared to learn completely unfamiliar combinations of sounds. Unless of course you are a speaker of another Slavonic language already. In which case you will learn Russian twice as fast as speakers of Western European languages.
5. Russian grammar
Well, this is the most difficult bit. Be prepared to learn a couple of dozen endings for various cases and conjugations. The structure itself is quite similar to Latin, so it has all the same recognisable concepts as Western European languages. The good news is that you’ll still be understood if you get the endings wrong!
6. Word stress (accent)
The stress in a word is unpredictable so it can be on any part of a word. Same situation as in English, in fact. In all textbooks the stress will be marked for you but not in real “grown up” texts. So if in doubt, just try to pronounce each syllable distinctly as if they are all stressed. Russian words are of course longer than English ones. A text translated from English into Russian becomes longer and vice versa!
7. Dialects and accents
No need to worry about them at all! An educated native Russian speaker from Vladivostok will sound exactly the same as one from Moscow which is 10 hours away by plane. Isn’t that great?
8. Homework – with or without?
That’s up to you to decide, although your teacher may insist on it and will of course be right! If you want to achieve good results in a short period of time, be prepared to do at least 3 hours of work at home outside the classroom. If you can’t find the time, you’ll still make progress but it’ll be slower. I’ve had students who reached a good standard of Russian without doing any homework – but of course it took them much longer (and their bills were much higher) than people who do regular homework.
9. Just facts
You’ll need to know some Russian if you travel unaccompanied in Russia and other Russian speaking countries, especially outside big cities. According to statistics, only 3% of Russians population speak a foreign language (and not necessarily English).
Russian is the 5th most spoken language on Earth (after Chinese, English, Hindu and Urdu).
10. What our great man said:
The famous Russian scholar and scientist Mikhail Lomonosov wrote in the 18th century: “They say that Spanish is good for talking with God, French – for talking with friends, German – for talking with enemies, Italian – for talking with women… But Russian is good for talking to all of the above, because it has the grandeur of Spanish, the vivacity of French, the strength of German, the gentleness of Italian, and in addition to that, the wealth and … brevity of Latin and Greek.”
Doesn’t that make you want to learn Russian? | <urn:uuid:8bc4121c-12b2-4be1-89cd-ed2f8b93d0a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.justrussian.com/blog/10-tips-for-a-beginner-learning-russian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726082204-20170726102204-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.960382 | 1,063 | 2.75 | 3 |
Tracking down the history of a star is no easy matter, but a supernova called SN 1979C is providing unexpected assistance. Just as researchers can study ancient climates by examining the concentric rings inside a tree, astronomers using the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton space observatory have found a way to study the rings around a star. SN 1979C, it turns out, produced huge stellar winds late in its life that flung particles into space over a period of millions of years. The result: a series of concentric rings lit up by x-rays when the star exploded.
“We can use the X-ray light from SN 1979C as a ‘time machine’ to study the life of a dead star long before it exploded,” says Dr Stefan Immler, leader of the team, from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, USA. “All the important information that usually fades away in a couple of months is still there.”
Image (click to enlarge): XMM-Newton image of X-ray light from the galaxy M100. Credit: European Space Agency.
Immler and colleagues have found they can study the star’s stellar wind back to a time fully 16,000 years before the supernova explosion that took its life. What happened at SN 1979C is that the star, some 18 times more massive than the Sun, produced x-rays when the supernova shock heated the rings of stellar wind material to a temperature of several million degrees. The x-ray light illuminates the life of the star before it exploded, providing scientists with 25 years of data to work with not only in x-rays but in wavelengths ranging from radio waves to optical/ultraviolet.
How could a supernova continue shining so brightly in x-ray light? Normally, an object like this fades quickly — the usual pattern is for a supernova to be half as bright after ten days and to fade steadily after that in all wavelengths. But this star, while it has faded dramatically in optical light, is still the brightest x-ray object in its host galaxy (M100, in the constellation Coma Berenices).
One theory is that the stellar wind was so abundant around SN 1979C that it provided the needed material to keep the object glowing in these wavelengths. Compared to our Sun, the star’s circumstellar material is dense indeed. It covers a region 25 times larger than our Solar System, with a density of some 10,000 atoms per cubic centimeter (about 1000 times denser than Sol’s solar wind).
The paper is Immler, S., Fesen, Robert, Schuyler, D. Van Dyk et al., “Late-time X-Ray, UV and Optical Monitoring of Supernova 1979C,” available as a preprint on the arXiv site, and slated to appear in the 10 October issue of the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ 10 October 2005, v632 1). | <urn:uuid:9daaff70-18ad-4288-b92c-884236608c3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=118 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860110372.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161510-00153-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919239 | 621 | 4.15625 | 4 |
|Issued by||Banco Nacional de Cuba|
|Size||157 x 66 mm|
|Printer||American Bank Note Company (U.S.A.) – ABNC|
|Signatures||Ernesto (Che) Guevara Serna & Rolando Díaz Astaraín|
|Comment||Antonio Maceo, “The Bronze Titan” (nickname given for being wounded over 20 times in battle) was born at Santiago de Cuba. Was a Cuban general reached second-in-command of Cuban Independence Army, that fought for several years.
He adopted the fight style of Máximo Gómez, using “machete” as sword, mainly owing to lack of fire weapons an ammunition on the time.
Is mostly known for the “Protesta de Baraguá” (Baraguá Protest), when he did not accept the terms of the Zanjón Pact, that ended the Ten Years War, as he understood the targets of the Revolution were not included: abolition of slavery and independence of Cuba.
His attitude is reflected in this quote: “That (country) which attempts to seize Cuba, will gather the dust of its ground soaked in blood, if he does not perish in fight.” | <urn:uuid:cb73ad51-ddd7-4837-b536-a0fbc8fbaff4> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cosio.uk/cuba-p-80c-20-pesos-1960-unc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.927631 | 314 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Is Heart Attack Closely Related to Myocardial Infarction?Myocardial infarction was once thought to be a problem for the elderly with heart attacks.’
Myocardial infarctionA heart attack is also referred to as an acute myocardial infarction. It is a serious condition when blood flow to the heart muscle is suddenly cut off. It causes damage to the heart muscle. Myocardial infarction was previously thought to be a problem of a heart attack in young. Another disturbing fact emphasizes the problem.
Treatment Options Available For myocardial infarctionGeneral conditions such as acute MI require immediate medical attention. Urgent coronary and primary angioplasty are the definitive treatments for acute MI or heart attack. Other methods of arterial revascularization may be required in rare cases. The following medications are administered in conjunction with interventional procedures:
- Thinners of the blood
- Antiplatelet medications
- Pain relievers and stress relievers
- Medications that can aid in the dissolution of clots
- Blood pressure medications, for example
Causes of Heart Attack At Young AgeThere are a few reasons we’re seeing an increase in young people having it. Screen time has also had a significant impact on how much we move. Plus, jobs are becoming more sedentary, requiring less physical activity than in previous decades, and type 2 diabetes in young. A variety of variables contribute to type 2 diabetes, including:
- Exposure to and access to ultra-processed foods are examples of dietary choices.
- Obesity and weight
- Sedentary behaviour and reduced physical activity
If you have diabetes, you are more likely to die from heart disease than non-diabetic adults. The issue arises when your blood sugar is not well controlled enough to keep it within a healthy range.
High blood sugar damages your blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of fats accumulating in your arteries and causing atherosclerosis.Diabetes patients are also more likely to have other chronic health conditions that increase the risk of a heart attack, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Related Articles:
Benefits of Coffee for Heart Patients
Avoid Junk Food and Stick to Healthy Eating
Hypertension in Young Adults
High blood pressure, often known as hypertension, which has a significant risk factor for developing heart disease in the young. Unfortunately, stress is rising faster in young adults than in older adults, mirroring the trend in heart attacks. High blood pressure causes heart muscle thickening, damages blood vessels, and increases your chance of heart attack. There are useful bacteria in our gut which helps to overcome depression. Read this article to know how we can increase that bacteria and their role to control depression.
ObesityObesity and being overweight play a major role in heart diseases at a young age. For several reasons, being overweight increases your risk of a heart attack. To begin with, carrying extra weight puts a strain on your heart. Even if you are otherwise healthy, obesity increases your risk of having a heart attack. On the other hand, patients who are overweight or obese frequently have other health conditions that harm their heart health, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
Vaping and cigarette smoking are serious risk factors for heart attack in youngSmoking cigarettes is one of the most significant risk factors for heart attacks in young adults. The number of cigarettes you smoke directly increases your risk of a heart attack. Compared to nonsmokers, smoking one pack of cigarettes per day doubles your risk of having a heart attack. While cigarette smoking has a much higher risk of causing a heart attack in young people than vaping, you are not excused if you vape. Nicotine and other toxic compounds in e-cigarettes speed up your heart rate and raise your blood pressure. A recent study discovered that vaping increased your risk of having a heart attack by 34% when compared to non-vapers. Traditional risk factors for it involves, including diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, a family history of premature heart attck, and high cholesterol, were comparable between the two groups. On the other hand, the youngest patients were more likely to report substance abuse, including marijuana and cocaine (17.9 per cent vs. 9.3 per cent, respectively), but consumed less alcohol.
How to Reduce the Chance of Heart Attack at a Young AgeYou can take various actions to reduce your chance of having a heart problem. The more significant the influence on your heart health, the earlier in life you may implement these adjustments.
Stop SmokingThe health of your heart, blood vessels, lungs, and all other organs can improve when you stop smoking. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteTrusted Source states that cigarette smoke contains chemicals that can harm the structure and operation of your blood vessels and the function of your heart. Your chance of having a heart attack will be significantly increased due to atherosclerosis.
Avoid Secondhand SmokeAccording to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), secondhand smoking exposure also raises its risk. To Avoid letting smokers into your house or automobile, if at all feasible.
Control Cholesterol LevelDecrease your cholesterol by taking action. A major risk factor for a heart problem has higher cholesterol levels, particularly raised LDL cholesterol. Consult your doctor to learn about the best ways to lower your cholesterol if it is higher than it should be.
Maintain Blood PressureKeep an eye on your blood pressure. Your heart may change due to high blood pressure, making it less efficient. Your blood pressure can be controlled with lifestyle modifications and medication. The optimal course of treatment for you should be discussed with your doctor.
Relieve StressFind appropriate coping mechanisms for stress. According to Trusted Source, sustained or persistent stress is a significant risk factor for heart disease and a heart attack. If you frequently feel anxious, look for stress reduction methods that make you feel more at ease.
Daily Physical ActivityRegular exercise Adults need 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)Trusted Source, to maintain good health. Try to spend the day sitting less and moving around more. Sustain a healthy weight. The AHATrusted Source claims that your waist size is a crucial predictor of your heart attack risk. Begin consulting healthy weight loss options with your doctor if you are obese or overweight
Mild Alcohol IntakeKeep an eye on your alcohol intake. Excessive alcohol consumption can raise triglycerides, a form of blood fat, and blood pressure. Additionally, it may cause erratic heartbeats. If you have to drink, do it in moderation. For women, this is regarded as one standard drink per day, while for men, it is two standard drinks per day. Control diabetes. If you have diabetes, managing it properly is essential to reducing your risk of a heart attack. Consult with your doctor to reduce the risk of heart attack if you suffer from high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, or any other problems that could raise your risk of a heart attack.
A heart attack is more likely to occur in your twenties or early thirties.
But you can reduce the amount of smoking, drinking, and stress in your life. The risk of a heart attack in young can also be reduced by controlling the cholesterol level, blood pressure, and diabetes.
Many risk variables are under your control, even though other risk factors cannot be controlled. These factors are controlled by counselling your doctors, they give you the best therapy to reduce heart attacks at a young age.
Thank you very much for reading the full article. If you are a research student and feeling any difficulty regarding research, feel free to visit the research playlist on the youtube channel. We are pleased to have your attention.
For professional skill-based training from the world, top professionals must visit www.scientificpakistan.com. If you feel the content is useful, don’t forget to give your feedback at the end. | <urn:uuid:7d10f681-ae71-4a8f-9eec-cf57fb61fcbf> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.scientificsarkar.com/reason-of-of-heart-attack-at-young/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653764.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607111017-20230607141017-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.925594 | 1,629 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Megan felt miserable. She and her family had relocated in the middle of the school year to another city. She was missing her friends and changes were difficult for her. It seemed the problems began one morning when she was getting ready for school.
While washing her hair, she thought she had swallowed some of the shampoo. She wondered if it was toxic. She worried she’d get sick and die. She rinsed her mouth incessantly until she felt safe.
“Is it poisonous?” she would ask her mom, every day before taking a shower. Her mom would reassure her that it was harmless.
But Megan wasn’t satisfied with the answer. She couldn’t take a chance and took safety measures each time. Soon, her worries increased and transferred to other things like soap and toothpaste. Smells of certain products also became threatening to her. She avoided places, situations, people, and products that could cause her harm. Megan was unhappy, and her parents felt lost.
Many children are anxious for different reasons, and parents need to be aware of the difference between OCD and other mental and emotional challenges. When children wash, rinse, clean, check, repeat, fix, order, count, or show other outward manifestations of OCD, parents can easily determine the problem is probably OCD. However, children may experience violent, religious, sexual, and neutral obsessions that may accompany some outward but also internal compulsions. Parents may have more difficulty identifying the compulsions and thus recognizing the problem as OCD.
Maintaining a close relationship and open communication with your children can help you discover what they are thinking. Children afflicted with OCD may become irritable, demanding and bossy. They may ask you to do certain behaviors to ease their anxiety. Children may ask questions not necessarily for information purposes but to feel comforted and reassured. They may stay away from situations, places, and people they didn’t avoid previously. When you begin to feel overwhelmed by your child’s troublesome behavior, you know something is amiss.
Getting the right information can be the first step toward recovery. Find out your family’s mental health history. OCD is a physiological and behavioral illness. It’s also a genetic predisposition. You may discover ancestors and relatives who have suffered from OCD or similar illnesses. Then you can help your child realize OCD is heritable and is no one’s fault. This will help normalize the challenge.
OCD can be triggered by a stressful or traumatic experience. Puberty itself can be stressful enough that it could trigger OCD. Read reputable books and websites to help you understand OCD better.
Recognizing the OCD cycle (listed below) will be useful because books and websites cannot possibly list every symptom your child may be experiencing. There are as many variations of symptoms as there are people on the planet.
The OCD cycle can appear as follows:
- Trigger. It can be a thought, image, situation, place, event, animal, or just about anything that causes individuals to start obsessing about their fears.
- Obsessions. These are intrusive thoughts that won’t leave the person’s mind. One thought will lead to another and another. OCD sufferers find it difficult to redirect their attention away from these thoughts.
- Feelings. Feelings are intense and will vary according to the person’s target obsession. Most people will experience anxiety but guilt, depression, anger, frustration, and other feelings may ensue.
- Compulsions. Compulsions are whatever the person will do to get relief from the obsessions and feelings. The compulsions can be either behavioral or mental. Sometimes when individuals don’t receive treatment soon enough, their compulsions may become as automatic as their obsessions.
- Relief. Relief is obtained by doing the compulsions and is what every OCD sufferer wishes for. Unfortunately, it will only be temporary until the next trigger appears. Unbeknownst to the individual, the false sense of improvement and relief is actually reinforcing the OCD cycle.
Megan’s triggers were various products and substances that she suspected were poisonous. Her obsessions were the thoughts about what would happen if she were to inhale or swallow those products. She was afraid to get sick and die, so she felt anxious about it. Some of her compulsions were: rinsing incessantly, checking with her mom and obtaining reassurance she wouldn’t get sick and die. Avoiding products and situations that would possibly harm her was a compulsion as well.
You and your child need to remember that OCD is an illness like other illnesses that children and adults have. Talk about children who suffer from diabetes or asthma. They experience difficulties but learn how to cope. For instance, children who have asthma can still play sports. They get used to bringing their inhalers along. Children with diabetes learn certain skills and routines to manage their sugar levels. Likewise children who are challenged by OCD can learn new skills to deal with it and move on with their lives. Remind your child that people who have asthma or diabetes are not embarrassed or ashamed of their illness and neither should your child be.
Telling your child to “just stop it” won’t work, and you know this already. Criticism, overcorrecting and overreacting trigger more anxiety and frustration not only in your child but everyone else in the family — including you. Insensitivity will backfire, but accommodating your child’s OCD demands will be exhausting as well.
There is a fine balance and practicing reflective listening can decrease negative responses. Difficult situations go more smoothly when parents practice those skills. Parents can let their children know they care. Say something like, “I know you are having a really hard time! If I had those thoughts and worries, I’d probably feel the same way. Would you like to talk about it?”
It’s easier said than done. When your children want to involve you in their rituals, validating their feelings certainly won’t solve their anxiety, but they’ll know you understand. It will also delay the compulsions even it is just a few seconds or minutes.
Give your child hope: “We will be going to see someone who will help us learn how to deal with this challenge.” Your children need to know there are solutions. Let them know they’ll be learning skills to deal with OCD.
Sometimes parents hope their child’s behavior is just a temporary situation. When your child’s “current self” is no longer her “typical self,” consult with your pediatrician. Watch for the following symptoms: easily crying or irritated; declining grades; appetite changes; hopelessness; worthlessness; sleeping difficulties; increased periods of extreme anxiety; social conflicts or isolation; tardiness; concentration difficulties; underachieving; and inability to make decisions.
Find a specialist who is trained to treat OCD by implementing cognitive-behavioral therapy that includes Exposure and Response Prevention. Multiple studies have proven CBT to be the most effective treatment. When it comes to treating pediatric OCD, research also indicates that CBT with the focus on parents and family involvement provide positive outcomes. Visit the International OCD Foundation to locate a therapist specialized in treating OCD.
It is difficult to see one’s child suffer, but know that there is hope. You and your child can learn the skills needed to keep OCD at bay. Learn how to manage it, and the entire family can enjoy life again.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 1 Jul 2014
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:5d54c4e5-1b75-42d4-83d5-c82f772f9fda> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://obsessiveanxiety.com/what-can-parents-do-when-ocd-sneaks-in/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359093.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201052655-20211201082655-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.970157 | 1,592 | 3.234375 | 3 |
REGISTERS IN “SHOPEE & LAZADA”: SOCIOLINGUISTICS AND SEMANTICS STUDY
Ervina CM Simatupang. Desi Sondang Pardosi, Ida Zuraida
Register is the special terminologies or vocabularies used by particular occupation or social groups. It makes the communication is going more interesting because they communicate through special register without its meaning is known by others. There are many registers can be found both written and spoken form, one of them in the online shopping. This research is entitled “Register in ”Shopee and Lazada”: Sosiolinguistics and Semantics study”. The aims of this study are 1) to analyze the functions of registers found in “Shopee &Lazada”, 2) to analyze the meanings appeared in “Shopee & Lazada”. The method used for this research is qualitative-descriptive. The data were taken from “Shopee & Lazada” through online as many as 32. The theory used for analyzing the function of register is Holmes (2013), whereas the theory of register’s meaning based on Catford (1965) and Downing (2006). The findings of this research indicate that the functions of register are divided into 4 types which are, directive, referential, phatic and expressive. The meaning of register are lexical and contextual, and idiomatic. | <urn:uuid:641c703e-42e1-49bd-93d2-9ab8a1ebf7e0> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.psychosocial.com/article/PR200353/25241/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363598.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208205849-20211208235849-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.929662 | 305 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites. Today, India has one of the largest constellations of remote sensing satellites in operation. Currently, eleven operational satellites are in orbit – RESOURCESAT-1 and 2, CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2, Megha-Tropiques and SARAL. Varieties of instruments have been flown onboard these satellites to provide necessary data in a diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage.
The data from these satellites are used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean resources and disaster management.
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is the focal point for distribution of remote sensing satellite data products in India and its neighboring countries. NRSC has an earth station at Shadnagar, about 55Km from Hyderabad, to receive data. | <urn:uuid:aa9f048b-70a8-4201-9659-ca2817a5dbe7> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://nrsc.gov.in/Locate%20Satellites_p?q=Satellite_Data_Products_Overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104172.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817225858-20170818005858-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.899688 | 222 | 3.28125 | 3 |
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