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Acts of intolerance towards a community member or any Residence Life staff member disrupts the educational environment necessary for furthering the mission of the university. Acts of intolerance or bias-related incidents are behaviors, which by intent, action and/or outcome harm or threaten to harm a person or a group of people. Acts of intolerance include but are not limited to:
a. Acts motivated by prejudice toward a person or a group of people because of their race, religion, ethnicity, disability, national origin, age, gender, and/or sexual orientation, and/or any other protected class.
b. Overt actions such as verbal attacks and physical assaults on students, University staff and/or their property.
c. Physical or written defacement or destruction of residential property and/or Residence Life postings and posters. | <urn:uuid:b00b8508-16ac-4765-a75e-d1e6e3e52c60> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.thefire.org/fire_speech-codes/csub-housing-intolerance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822488.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017200905-20171017220905-00803.warc.gz | en | 0.93224 | 166 | 2.734375 | 3 |
As 2022 gets closer, hazardous waste generators, including disposal facilities, storage, and treatment facilities, need…
The management of containerized wastes that are reactive, ignitable, or incompatible has to follow strict…
Two of the main reasons you need to perform a chemical cleanout to start your…
Laboratories in educational institutes and government agencies create hazardous wastes they are required to dispose…
The Top 5 Environmental Compliance Concerns of Hazardous Waste Disposal
Hazardous waste is defined as material with properties that create dangerous and harmful effects on human health or the environment in which we live. These waste products come from various sources including solid gases, batteries, sludge, and dangerous liquids.
The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) created a definition and a process to enable you to identify substances proven to be hazardous. These are the top 5 environmental compliance concerns of hazardous wastes which apply to most retailers and pose a high risk to the environment.
Storage tanks for petroleum are a concern for retailers of fueling stations. These tanks are sometimes used for emergency generators as well and can either be above ground or below. Petroleum storage tanks can lead to potential risks to the environment if they leak and are costly to clean up. Tank management violations typically arise from inadequate secondary containment. Other concerns are a result of nonexistent assessment certifications, overflows, and leaks.
As a retailer, it is essential your storage tanks are compliant with EPA standards and safe for the environment.
Solid waste is generally regulated at your local or state level, and many bans are being put in place to promote the recycling of many materials. Items such as cardboard, wooden pallets, food waste, tires, appliances, and paper are not being allowed in many landfills. You must also be aware that batteries and electronics are being considered as hazardous waste when you go to discard them.
Retailer’s best defense against violating hazardous waste materials is to have a good compliance program in place. A systematic approach to your disposal process and a good understanding of the issues will ensure you are compliant with the laws.
Construction sites often trigger significant environmental damage from stormwater. It can be challenging to remain compliant with stormwater regulations as your sites for construction regularly change, and rules vary from state to state and also within different local communities.
Create a greener upfront design to your sites to reduce environmental impacts and ensure you are more compliant with hazardous waste disposal requirements.
Consumer products in the retail industry are often a challenge to identify as a hazardous waste making compliant disposal difficult. Some items such as chemicals, bleach, paints, and most cleaners are easy to recognize while others like your cosmetics, perfumes, and air fresheners are often not as obvious.
These unobvious products put retailers in a position for potentially significant penalties when proper disposal practices are not followed. It is essential for you as a retailer to educate yourself on which products fall under the hazardous waste category to ensure you are compliant with hazardous waste disposal policies.
Coolers and Freezers
Many retail and industrial companies use refrigeration for either products or employee comfort. These units can range from a vending machine to a controlled refrigeration vehicle. Many coolers and freezers contain ODS (ozone depleting substances) or GWP (high global warming potential). As a retailer, you need to be aware of refrigeration management as there is significant enforcement in place for proper disposal of these units.
Recycling hazardous waste properly has a variety of benefits. It is essential for you to be compliant with the regulations to protect health and our environment. Following EPA regulations will ensure you are recycling in a safe manner.
You Can Recycle That! Here’s How Solvent Recovery Works
Every year thousands of tons of hazardous chemicals and solvents are improperly disposed of each year. They are poured down drains, thrown in dumpsters, or simply set outside to eventually break down and leak into the soil. What many people don’t realize is that even the most hazardous chemicals can be recycled, or at least disposed of in a way that doesn’t have a devastating effect on the environment.
What Types of Materials Can Be Recycled?
Recycling companies that deal with eco-friendly disposal and recycling methods will take a wide range of chemicals and solvents, including the following:
- Indoor/outdoor paint
- Motor oil
- Cleaning solvents
- Polyurethane stains
- Brake fluid
- Transmission fluid
- Construction materials
- Roofing tar
Many of these chemicals have a shelf life of less than a year so recycling them when you’re finished with them is always in the best interest of the environment.
How Does The Process Work?
Recycling chemicals and hazardous wastes can take time. Most collection centers already have dates designated for the collection of materials that are considered to be hazardous waste. If you have a large amount and want to schedule a pickup, companies will often quote a price and remove all of the materials at one time. This way you don’t have to wait until the quarterly or semi-annually pickup time.
If You Don’t Know, Ask!
There are some chemicals that claim to be environmentally friendly. Even though the label says they can be disposed of in the trash, it’s a good idea to call your local recycling center to make sure there are no issues that you need to be aware of. Experts are now saying that even household cleaning products should be disposed of through a recycling center due to the solvents and other chemicals they contain. If you ever have any doubts as to whether or not a chemical or any other type of material is environmentally safe, contact your local recycling center and talk to one of their professional staff. They can give you advice on the best way to dispose of any type of material you’re unsure of.
If you have any type of chemicals, solvents, paints, or construction materials and need to have them disposed of properly, call Environmental Marketing Services and get a quote. They can tell you how to package them for pickup to make sure they are properly sealed and ready for disposal. Don’t take chances on being slapped with a fine from the EPA. Call EMS, LLC today!
To Incinerate, or Autoclave- The Question of Bio-Medical Waste Disposal
There are advantages and liabilities attached to the disposal of medical waste to make it less hazardous. State agencies have set regulations for this type of destruction that is handled either as incineration, or autoclaving.
Each of the procedures is handled in a completely different manner, but each serve an important purpose. The question is how do you know if you should use the incineration process or the autoclaving? Understanding the difference between each process should help you decide.
Autoclaving sterilizes medical instruments, items that contain microorganisms, applicators, and other medical waste through a steaming process using moist heat. Placing items into an autoclave has them exposed to high-temperature steam and pressure. The amount of time required to steam them depends on the size of the equipment and the amount placed in the unit.
The sterilizing process kills germs that ordinary soaps or hot water cannot, and it continuously steams the items during the entire time length set for it to run. All dangerous microorganisms are killed during autoclaving, but there are limitations as to what type of materials can be used for this process.
Autoclaving will not destroy materials such as pharmaceutical or chemical waste but is the most common choice over the alternative incineration process. There have been no documented health impacts from this process but the fact that items are still recognizable as medical waste has some landfills concerned.
Incineration involves burning medical waste inside a specific incinerator and under a controlled process. This method is the most widely used to destroy infectious, bio-hazardous, and other medical waste. Incinerating products reduces the amount of material being sent to landfills, and it completely sterilizes whatever is placed inside the container.
The medical waste contains a lot of dangerous substances and is required to be burned at a controlled temperature. Incineration of medical waste is one of the best methods to prevent environmental damage from occurring. Once the materials are incinerated, what is left can be disposed of in traditional methods without risk to the environment.
How to Know Which Disposal Method to Use?
Deciding between the two disposal methods; incineration or autoclaving depends on the waste that is being destroyed. If you have hazardous waste, pathological waste which includes biological tissues and body parts, or trace chemotherapy waste, you will want to use incineration.
Materials such as gauze, bandages, sharps, gowns, or other medical equipment, you can use the autoclaving process. All of your medical waste must be treated with caution, and you should be working with a reputable medical waste disposal company to manage and collect your waste safely.
When gathering or storing medical waste for either the incineration or autoclaving process it is essential that personnel are appropriately trained in how to separate the materials and which type of containers they are placed into.
Biomedical waste must be placed in containers that are strong and will not break when handled. Contaminated tools, syringes, needles, and sharps must have their own disposal container and not be placed in the commonly used recycle bin. When you properly contain and label your waste, you will know which process of disposal it can be directed to.
There is a lot of care needed when handling medical waste. Hopefully, the information in this article has helped you decide on the best practice for managing your medical waste needs.
Does Your Business Have an Environmental Audit Coming Up? Here’s What to Expect
An environmental audit can be a challenging and stressful experience. The Environmental Protection Agency puts a lot of emphasis on their audits, so it is in your best interest to be prepared for your upcoming visit. Depending on the industry you are in, the audit will be conducted based on your processes, but there are core inspections that you should be aware of and ready to prove.
The Physical Inspection
The physical features of your structure will be checked for any potential releases of hazardous materials, gases, liquids or any other type of emission deemed unfit for the environment.
You will be expected to explain your system of control devices for the materials used at your facility along with a full description of those materials. They will also want to know how effective those controls are as this is the most common area to find leaks, fugitive emissions, spills, and other potential dangers.
Have all paperwork readily available to prove all maintenance schedules for your equipment are up to date. The environmental inspectors will be searching for things that pertain to the regulatory permit you filed. For example, if you’ve submitted a stormwater discharge permit, the inspector will check your site conditions as well as the ditches, swales, or wherever your outfall locations occur.
Paperwork is Your Proof
A good environmental inspector will ask to see your environmental recordkeeping papers. You will want to have this material in order if you’re going to pass your audit. The paperwork will be your proof that your facility is in compliance, so it is essential you keep these documents in an organized and professional manner.
Record keeping is an essential part of the audit. Inspectors look for your MSDSs (material safety data sheets) for all hazardous materials and that these sheets are easily accessible to any employees coming into contact with these materials. They will also want to see that you have an emergency response as well as contingency plans in place should an accident occur.
If your facility is required to have a pollution prevention plan, you will need to prove this plan has been developed and is in place. You will also need to provide compliance reports such as the Toxic Release Inventory Form R (TRI), Tier II if you have potential hazardous materials on site, and others. All federal and state environmental requirements must be met, and documentation is required to prove your facility complies with those as well.
Other documentation you will be asked for include any spills, incidents, or accidents that have occurred and proof of your official Emergency Response Notifications sent to the EPA. You will also need to prove your chemical inventory forms match the actual physical inventory on site.
The environmental inspector will be looking for proof that your facility matches your records. If you’ve conducted your EHS management correctly throughout the year, you should have no problems passing your audit.
Passing the audit means you’ve properly completed all reporting. Even if you think your facility is in excellent order, without the proper reports, you won’t pass the audit. Before the audit is conducted, you should review all relevant regulation to your industry, so you have not missed any updates or changes.
One crucial step is to make sure you’ve resolved any issues that were brought up during the last audit. There could be substantial fines for not responding to the feedback of a previous EPA audit. | <urn:uuid:8a603886-5f05-4c88-9f45-954f0ebf33cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://emsllcusa.com/blog/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662584398.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525085552-20220525115552-00657.warc.gz | en | 0.944691 | 2,726 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Lackland: The Loss of Normandy in 1204
Nick Barratt argues that Normandy’s loss in the reign of King John has had a far-reaching impact on Britain.
Britons are drawn to events when their independence and freedom have been under threat, yet overwhelming odds have been defied. The Second World War brought the evacuation of the Dunkirk beaches, the Battle of Britain and D-Day. Victories at Trafalgar and Waterloo safeguarded Britain from Napoleon. The defeat of the Spanish Armada cemented the reputation of Queen Elizabeth. The dates we remember most are usually linked with triumph, or at least the aversion of disaster. In contrast one of the most important dates in English history – one which represents one of the greatest catastrophes ever to befall an English monarch – has been airbrushed from national consciousness. | <urn:uuid:8696f469-448e-449a-8393-290befa3192f> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.historytoday.com/nick-barratt/lackland-loss-normandy-1204 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825174.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022094207-20171022114207-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.944357 | 171 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "Geoffrey Chaucer Who was Chaucer? Was he only a big man on a little horse? Let’s find out…"— Presentation transcript:
Geoffrey Chaucer Who was Chaucer? Was he only a big man on a little horse? Let’s find out…
Quick Biographical Sketch Born 1340-1343 in London. Was not born into nobility, however was of the higher middle class and hence could read which is a good thing for us. Became an “attendant” for the King’s son and quickly was schooled in the ways of the elite. In 1377 he became a member of Parliament and became knight of the shire (no hobbits in this tale—sorry). Between 1380-1390 he wrote The Canterbury Tales which became the first English work of importance. Was captured and held for ransom while fighting in the Hundred Years’ War. First literary P.O.W. (Hemingway would be jealous)
Who Murdered Chaucer? Chaucer died on October 25, 1400 from unknown causes (grounds for a conspiracy theory). A recent book, Who Murdered Chaucer?, suggests that Chaucer may have been killed by Richard II’s enemies (aka Henry IV) for his political affiliations. This is pure speculation, but an interesting thought nonetheless.
The Tales Frame story—a collection of narratives woven together to produce one story. Story is made up of 30 pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Canterbury. They agree to have a storytelling contest as a means to pass the time. The group consists of farmers, townsfolk, clergy, saints, and sinners.
Let’s Meet Our Characters The Wife of Bath 1.Seamstress is her official title, however we can say she is a “professional wife.” 2. Married 5x 3. Claims she is educated in the art of love. 4. Deaf in one ear, a gap in her front teeth and was considered to be attractive by medieval standards. 5. Had a taste for rich attire and arguing. The Pardoner 1.Long, greasy yellow hair. 2.Beardless 3.Carries fake relics around. 4. Sells salvation from eternal damnation for a price. 5. He’s a hustler.
In The Words of Diddy, “More Money, more problems…” The Pardoner’s Tale Tale examines the question: does money corrupt or lead to problems? Tale is an example of an exemplum—a short anecdote or story that illustrates a moral point.
Historical Context Written during the bubonic plague which wiped out about 40% of England’s population. Death then becomes a central theme in everyday life and literary works. Here’s an awesome explanation of what the black death was: http://www.history.com/topics/bl ack-death/videos#coroners- report-plague http://www.history.com/topics/bl ack-death/videos#coroners- report-plague One quick caveat: new research suggests that the plague was spread human to human and not by rats. Read the article at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world /2011/aug/17/black-death-rats- off-hook http://www.guardian.co.uk/world /2011/aug/17/black-death-rats- off-hook
Vocabulary Words for Canterbury Tales Copy down the following words in your vocabulary section of your binder. Define the words as they appear in your reading. 1.Avarice 2.Castigate 3.Parley 4.Bequeath 5.Crone 6.Implore 7.Rebuke 8.Sovereignty 9.Temporal
Review of Irony Irony—contrast between expectation and reality. Types of irony: 1.Situational irony—when a character or reader expects one thing to happen but something else occurs. 2.Verbal irony—when a character says one thing but means another. 3.Dramatic irony—when the reader is aware of something that a character is not.
Guided Reading Questions The Prologue Why would the pardoner admit his own corruption in the prologue? In lines 39-47, why does the Pardoner tell his moral stories? How is his motive ironic?
The Pardoner’s Tale How does the Pardoner create death into a character in lines 72-89? What does the rioters’ treatment of the old man reveal about them? Why is the character of the old man included in the tale? Characters in an exemplum are usually good or evil, what category would the gambler fit into and why? In what way is the discovery of the rioters make ironic? Who is the “Fiend” in line 243? Why does the Pardoner align the rioters with this character? In lines 300-340 the Pardoner attempts to swindle money from the fellow pilgrims. How is this ironic?
9/14 Quickwrite: do men and women understand each other’s needs?
The Wife of Bath Context A tale about the differences between men and women. An examination of social hierarchy based upon gender. An account of women’s rights and subjection to male authority. Told by a female narrator which provides a unique perspective on the issues raised.
Historical Context Knighthood began under the pretenses of chivalry, however by Chaucer’s day the only men who could afford to be knights were aristocrats. Hence knighthood became associated with an abundance of wealth not chivalry.
The Wife of Bath Prologue After reading the Prologue what opinions do you think the Wife of Bath has on men and marriage? What is unusual about the Wife of Bath’s character telling a tale on marriage? Would you listen and take advice from someone with her history?
The Wife of Bath D2 At the opening of the tale, the knight is convicted of what crime? What does this crime suggest about the knight’s character and views on women? What does the queen ask the knight to find out on his quest? Why would she ask this of him? In lines 101-110 the narrator reveals her opinion on male flattery, what are they? Do you agree? The knight discovers many opinions on what women want. Identify several of the opinions and state your position. The crone reveals to the knight what women want. What then is the key to understanding women? At the end of page 191, why is the knight so distraught? Do you side with the knight, why or why not?
The Wife of Bath D3 According to the knight’s wife, what gives a man the distinction of being a great gentleman? Who ultimately is able to give this title? How might this be seen as a commentary of knighthood during Chaucer’s time? In lines 360-365 the knight’s wife redefines the term poor. What is her definition of poor? Do you agree with this? Why is it important that the knight’s wife make reference to Greek and Latin classic texts? How does this illustrate her point and position? What is the importance of allowing the wife to decide the answer to the question, “Which would you have?” At the end of the tale we learn the Wife of Bath’s attitude toward controlling husbands. Was she ahead of her time?
The Canterbury Tales Assessment Take one of the two moral lessons from the tales studied and write a modern version of the story. Requirements: 1.1-2 pages TYPED 2.Uses a moral learned from one of the two tales. 3.Setting and characters is modern. 4.Due—9/21. Counts as a project grade. | <urn:uuid:776abb8b-fd0a-43c7-af92-e0827de51d20> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/3518039/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191353.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00439-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951271 | 1,637 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein is one of the most prominent figures in physics. His passion for physics had lead him to make many important discoveries on the nature of matter.
As a child, Einstein found school dull and unimaginative, often skipping classes to study physics on his own. When he graduated, Einstein initially worked for two years as a teacher, not content which such a position, Einstein when on to complete University with a doctorate for a theoretical dissertation on the dimensions of molecules.
Einstein when on to write three theoretical papers that provided the basis for the development of today's physics. The first paper made significant predictions about the motion of particles. The second provided great insight on the nature of light. The third paper is now what we call the special theory about relativity, to put it simply, it explains the nature of both matter and radiation.
• Note: This is page 1 of 2. There is more to this article, click on next to continue reading about Albert Einstein. | <urn:uuid:3f49b8a1-44aa-4c94-9c5d-71871e3176d3> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://library.thinkquest.org/C0128903/inventors_einstein.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164554256/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134234-00073-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942858 | 206 | 3.703125 | 4 |
What Are Dentures?
Dentures are removable devices used in place of lost tissue and teeth. It is an artificial tooth that allows the normal functioning of the mouth. They come in two types – full and partial. Full dentures should be opted for when all teeth are lost and partial dentures when only some of the natural teeth are lost. They are made specifically for a set of teeth and gum line. Complete Dentures fit over the upper teeth and roof and on the lower teeth placed like a horseshoe. They are conventional dentures and are taken out during the night for cleaning. Partial Dentures consist of replacing missing teeth attached to artificial gum connected by a metal framework that helps hold the denture in place.
Procedure Followed To Place Dentures
Step 1: First, we’ll do a thorough periodontal examination and extract any diseased teeth with care.
Step 2: Once your gums have healed completely, we will take exact measurements and a model of your mouth.
Step 3: From the model, we’ll make a set of dentures that properly suit your mouth and other teeth.
Step 4: Finally, we will fit you with your dentures and make any necessary adjustments to ensure that they are comfortable.
Post Dentures Treatment & Care
Since they are man-made and removable, it becomes extremely important to handle them carefully. If you want your dentures to last longer, consider the following tips:
Clean them regularly
Always make sure your dentures are clean. For this, you should brush your dentures with a non-abrasive brush. at least once per day. Although they are man-made, plaque and bacteria can accumilate up on teeth and damage other teeth and gums. If possible, remove them after each meal and wash with warm water, but if you have a complete denture, simply brushing your teeth is enough.
Soak dentures overnight in water or in a solution for dentures prescribed by us. To keep your dentures from becoming weak, avoid chlorine with them. When you put on your dentures in the morning, be sure to rinse them with clean water, as this will help wash away the chemicals, if any, during the soaking process.
Check your dentures regularly and consult us if your dentures are loose, slipping or if you notice an altered bite. Wearing ill-fitting dentures can cause infection and irritation. | <urn:uuid:0204ba94-c2ef-48b6-b26a-1be3e9654550> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://smilekraftdc.in/dental-services-koramangala/dentures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500392.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207071302-20230207101302-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.942087 | 514 | 2.90625 | 3 |
LGBT+ History Month has returned, and it is fantastic to see LGBT+ people and allies coming together under the rainbow flag.
It’s always good to reflect on the moments that shaped the community and see where much-needed improvements can be made.
For those who don’t know, LGBT+ History Month is a month-long observance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer history, as well as a means of raising awareness for the issues faced by LGBT+ people.
This year the theme of LGBT+ history month 2023 is “Behind the Lens”, celebrating LGBT+ peoples’ contribution to cinema and film.
There will be many events, talks and discussions from prominent figures throughout February and March.
If you want to get involved, improve your understanding of the LGBT+ community or stay in the know about what is happening, check out the hashtag #BehindTheLens.
At Coulsdon Sixth Form Centre, we will also be hosting several events and activities for our students, who can find more information by checking out the plasma screens and noticeboards around the campus. | <urn:uuid:d55090e2-ccb0-4785-8e1c-1d73dfec500d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://coulsdon.ac.uk/looking-at-lgbt-community-behind-the-lens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656675.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609100535-20230609130535-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.948077 | 228 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In the wake of Hurricane Betsy 40 years ago, Congress approved a massive hurricane barrier to protect New Orleans from storm surges that could inundate the city.
But the project, signed into law by President Johnson, was derailed in 1977 by an environmental lawsuit. Now the question is: Could that barrier have protected New Orleans from the damage wrought by Hurricane Katrina?
"If we had built the barriers, New Orleans would not be flooded," said Joseph Towers, the retired chief counsel for the Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans district.
Tower's view is endorsed by a former key senator, along with academic experts, who say a hurricane barrier is the only way to control the powerful storm surges that enter Lake Pontchartrain and threaten the city. Other experts are less sure, saying the barrier would have been no match for Katrina.
The project was stopped in its tracks when an environmental lawsuit won a federal injunction on the grounds that the Army's environmental impact statement was flawed. By the mid-1980s, the Corps of Engineers abandoned the project.
The project faced formidable opposition not only from environmentalists but from regional government officials outside of New Orleans who argued that the barriers would choke commerce and harm marine life in ecologically sensitive Lake Pontchartrain.
The barrier would have protected New Orleans from storm surges barreling into the lake through two narrow passages -- the Rigolets and the Chef Menteur Pass.
During Hurricane Katrina, the lake -- swollen 12 feet -- was slammed by 135 mph winds against the city's storm walls and levees. The barriers failed in five places and the city was flooded. On the city's eastern flank, the surge approached the city through a network of canals from Lake Borgne, which was also swollen and raging.
After the damage caused by Betsy, a Category 2 hurricane when it hit the Louisiana coast in 1965, the Army Corps of Engineers designed and began clearing sites for the so-called Lake Pontchartrain Hurricane Barrier Project. It required miles of levees and two massive storm gates that could close off the Rigolets and Chef Menteur Pass if a hurricane was approaching.
Although the largely forgotten project has been moribund for more than two decades, it has attracted renewed interest and regained credibility since Katrina left about 80% of New Orleans underwater.
J. Bennett Johnston, a former powerful Democratic senator from Louisiana and now a lobbyist in Washington, is working on Capitol Hill to resurrect the barrier.
"It ought to be part of the deal," he said. "It would have prevented the huge storm tide that came into Lake Pontchartrain."
The barrier would have run from a point near the Mississippi state line, known as Apple Pie Ridge, southwest across the marshlands all the way to the main levees of the Mississippi River, roughly 25 miles. Most of the barrier would have consisted of levees, roughly 9 feet to 14 feet high. In addition, two massive control structures were to be placed on the inlets to Lake Pontchartrain.
The Rigolets, the larger of the two inlets, would have required an 800-foot-long structure with floodgates and a massive locks that could close if a hurricane or other storm surge were approaching the coast.
Similar floodgates protect the Netherlands from North Sea surges.
Towers, the corps' former chief counsel, said the project was estimated to cost $85 million in 1965, or just over $500 million, adjusted for inflation. Estimates of the costs of Katrina's damage and reconstruction exceed $100 billion.
The project was stopped on Dec. 30, 1977, by U.S. District Judge Charles Schwartz Jr., who said the corps' environmental impact statement had failed to satisfy federal environmental laws.
Schwartz ruled that the region "would be irreparably harmed" if the barrier project was allowed to continue. He chastised the Army for its inadequate environmental impact statement, which was based in part on a single biologist who never submitted a written report.
Towers conceded that the plan was inadequate by today's standards, but noted that the battle began not long after the National Environmental Policy Act was signed in 1970 and before much of the case law involving the act was set.
The project faced strong opposition from the environmental group Save Our Wetlands, fishermen and the St. Tammany Parish, just north of Lake Pontchartrain, which had hoped to see a large shipyard built on a bayou. The shipyard was never built; today the area is underwater.
The crux of the suit was that the control structures would sharply reduce the natural flow of ocean water into the lake, damaging shellfish and other aquatic life. Opponents were convinced that the barriers would cause an environmental disaster. They said it would drain the wetlands, leaving it "extremely susceptible to hurricane tidal surges." | <urn:uuid:dcfa0fe1-e580-49fb-b08d-9714df2f9d03> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://articles.latimes.com/2005/sep/09/nation/na-surge9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438043062635.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002422-00053-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975047 | 980 | 3.125 | 3 |
New therapy treats autoimmune disease without harming normal immunity
In a study with potentially major implications for the future treatment of autoimmunity and related conditions, scientists from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania have found a way to remove the subset of antibody-making cells that cause an autoimmune disease, without harming the rest of the immune system. The autoimmune disease the team studied is called pemphigus vulgaris (PV), a condition in which a patient's own immune cells attack a protein called desmoglein-3 (Dsg3) that normally adheres skin cells.
Current therapies for autoimmune disease, such as prednisone and rituximab, suppress large parts of the immune system, leaving patients vulnerable to potentially fatal opportunistic infections and cancers.
The Penn researchers demonstrated their new technique by successfully treating an otherwise fatal autoimmune disease in a mouse model, without apparent off-target effects, which could harm healthy tissue. The results are published in an online First Release paper in Science.
"This is a powerful strategy for targeting just autoimmune cells and sparing the good immune cells that protect us from infection," said co-senior author Aimee S. Payne, MD, PhD, the Albert M. Kligman Associate Professor of Dermatology.
Payne and her co-senior author Michael C. Milone, MD, PhD, an assistant professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, adapted the technique from the promising anti-cancer strategy by which T cells are engineered to destroy malignant cells in certain leukemias and lymphomas.
"Our study effectively opens up the application of this anti-cancer technology to the treatment of a much wider range of diseases, including autoimmunity and transplant rejection," Milone said.
The key element in the new strategy is based on an artificial target-recognizing receptor, called a chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR, which can be engineered into patients' T cells. In human trials, researchers remove some of patients' T cells through a process similar to dialysis and then engineer them in a laboratory to add the gene for the CAR so that the new receptor is expressed in the T cells. The new cells are then multiplied in the lab before re-infusing them into the patient. The T cells use their CAR receptors to bind to molecules on target cells, and the act of binding triggers an internal signal that strongly activates the T cells—so that they swiftly destroy their targets.
The basic CAR T cell concept was first described in the late 1980s, principally as an anti-cancer strategy, but technical challenges delayed its translation into successful therapies. Since 2011, though, experimental CAR T cell treatments for B cell leukemias and lymphomas—cancers in which patients' healthy B cells turn cancerous—have been successful in some patients for whom all standard therapies had failed.
B cells, which produce antibodies, can also cause autoimmunity. Payne researches autoimmunity, and a few years ago, a postdoctoral researcher in her laboratory, Christoph T. Ellebrecht, MD, took an interest in CAR T cell technology as a potential weapon against B cell-related autoimmune diseases. Soon Payne's lab teamed up with Milone's, which studies CAR T cell technology, in the hope of finding a powerful new way to treat these ailments.
"We thought we could adapt this technology that's really good at killing all B cells in the body to target specifically the B cells that make antibodies that cause autoimmune disease," said Milone.
"Targeting just the cells that cause autoimmunity has been the ultimate goal for therapy in this field," noted Payne.
A more disease-specific receptor
In the new study, for which Ellebrecht was first author, the team took aim at pemphigus vulgaris. This condition occurs when a patient's antibodies attack molecules that normally keep skin cells together. When left untreated, PV leads to extensive skin blistering and is almost always fatal, but in recent decades the condition has been treatable with broadly immunosuppressive drugs such as prednisone, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab.
To treat PV without causing broad immunosuppression, the Penn team designed an artificial CAR-type receptor that would direct patients' T cells to attack only the B cells producing harmful anti-Dsg3 antibodies.
The team developed a "chimeric autoantibody receptor," or CAAR, that displays fragments of the autoantigen Dsg3—the same fragments to which PV-causing antibodies and their B cells typically bind, as Payne's laboratory and others have shown in prior studies. The artificial receptor acts as a lure for the B cells that target Dsg3, bringing them into fatal contact with the therapeutic T cells.
Testing many variants, the team eventually found an artificial receptor design that worked well in cell culture, enabling host T cells to efficiently destroy cells producing antibodies to desmoglein, including those derived from PV patients. The engineered T cells also performed successfully in a mouse model of PV, killing desmoglein-specific B cells and preventing blistering and other manifestations of autoimmunity in the animals.
"We were able to show that the treatment killed all the Dsg3-specific B cells, a proof of concept that this approach works," Payne said.
T cell therapies can be complicated by many factors. But in these experiments, the Penn scientists' engineered cells maintained their potency despite the presence of anti-Dsg3 antibodies that might have swarmed their artificial receptors. In addition, there were no signs that the engineered T cells caused side effects by hitting the wrong cellular targets in the mice.
The team now plans to test their treatment in dogs, which can also develop PV and often die from the disease. "If we can use this technology to cure PV safely in dogs, it would be a breakthrough for veterinary medicine, and would hopefully pave the way for trials of this therapy in human pemphigus patients," Payne said.
Also on the horizon for the Penn scientists are applications of CAAR T cell technology for other types of autoimmunity. The immune rejection that complicates organ transplants, and normally requires long-term immunosuppressive drug therapy, may also be treatable with CAAR T cell technology.
"If you can identify a specific marker of a B cell that you want to target, then in principle this strategy can work," Payne said. | <urn:uuid:9f5e7959-e118-434e-94ea-fc6125c8fba6> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-06-therapy-autoimmune-disease-immunity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487641593.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618200114-20210618230114-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.950167 | 1,341 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The ivy (Helix spp.) growing in a hanging basket, planter or in the garden takes approximately 10 years to reach the adult stage, flower and produce seeds. The juvenile plants root readily from sections of the vine and produce a clone of the ivy plants in four to eight weeks. The host plant used for cloning should be free of disease because the new plant, made from a cutting, contains the same genetic makeup and would also be diseased.
Mix an equal portion of coarse sand, perlite and peat moss in a tub. Water the planting mix just so the entire mixture is slightly moist. If water drips from a small amount squeezed in your hand, it is too wet. Allow the mixture to dry a little before rooting your ivy.
Fill a garden pot with drainage holes with the soil mixture to within an inch from the rim of the pot. Poke a pencil 2 inches into the mix to make three evenly spaced holes to prepare for the cuttings. Space the holes far enough apart that the leaves of the ivy cuttings do not touch.
Cut three stem cuttings from the stem tips of the host plant with a pair of pruning scissors. Make the cuttings 6 to 8 inches long. Remove the leaves from the bottom 4 inches of the cuttings.
Stick the cuttings into the prepared holes so the bottom 4 inches of the cutting is in the soil. Firm the soil around the stems so they stand straight in the garden pot. Water the cuttings to settle the soil and remove any air pockets in the soil mix.
Set the garden pot in a bright window, out of the direct rays of the sun, such as a north-facing window. Moisten the soil if it dries during the rooting process or the cuttings will die.
Check the cuttings in about four weeks to see if roots have formed. Gently tug on the top leaves to feel if the cutting is anchored in the soil mix. You will feel a slight resistance to the tug if roots have formed. Allow the cuttings to continue growing in the garden pot so a healthy root system forms.
Transplant the newly rooted ivy plants into individual pots filled with a quality potting soil. Moisten the soil so the roots do not dry out during the time the plant establishes itself in the pot.
Take the new plants to a shady spot outdoors during warm weather for about an hour a day for two or three days. Increase the amount of time the plants spend outdoors until they remain outside for 24 hours. Slowly move the plants into the sunlight over the course of several days. Keep the plants watered well so the heat of the sun does not stress the plants.
Things You Will Need
- Coarse sand
- Peat moss
- Large tub
- Garden pot
- Sharp knife or pruning scissors
- Water your host ivy plant the day before you take the cuttings so the plant is hydrated and to avoid water loss in the cuttings.
- Do not fertilize new plants, because the fertilizer may burn the new roots and kill the plant.
- Ivy plants can be grown as annuals or perennials, depending on variety.
- The American Ivy Society: Cloning Your Ivies
- Washington State University Spokane County Extension: Houseplant Cuttings
- California Invasive Plant Council: Hedera Spp. (English and Algerian Ivy)
- Washington State University Cooperative Extension: Propagating Deciduous and Evergreen Shrubs, Trees, and Vines with Stem Cuttings
- The American Ivy Society: The Care of Ivies
- Missouri Botanical Garden: Hedera Helix
- Creatas Images/Creatas/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:aa74f58b-43c1-404c-a1e0-77a399ac5b56> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/clone-ivy-72979.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464050919950.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524004839-00121-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908543 | 780 | 3.15625 | 3 |
This school was founded by the United States Government to assimilate Native Americans into the mainstream society, upon which hundreds of Native American children were removed from their homes and tribal cultures, sent to these schools to be educated, taught a trade and required to conform to Euro-American society. Because of Bureau policies, students did not return home for several years, many of whom died and were buried in the school cemetery.
From 1901 to 1946, our school operated on an 110-acre farm in the Home Gardens area of Riverside County, California. Specifically, the property bordered Magnolia Avenue, Indiana and McLinley Street, past Lincoln Avenue. At this location, students lived in the two dormitory houses on the farm, studying farm skills and basic education.
There were epidemics, childhood diseases and accidents at the farm and the main school campus resulting in the deaths of several students. | <urn:uuid:4264a4e2-ded7-4d92-b476-b0dac880a8d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.shermanindianmuseum.org/cemetery1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654606.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608071820-20230608101820-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.980989 | 178 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Clare Fenwick and Ruben Faller
Maastricht University / UNU-MERIT
Contemporary migration patterns and immigration to the U.S. is largely shaped by family reunification as it is the most important channel for permanent legal migration to the country.
In the time period 2011-2013, family reunification accounted for two-thirds of all legal migration to the US. There has been a long history of regulating family reunification and incorporating it within immigration policy. Ever since the introduction of the 1921 Emergency Quota law, the U.S. maintains a system that specifies quotas for specific family members seeking to join U.S. citizens. Today’s system is still largely characterised by the quota system and contains key features of the 1952 and 1965 reformations of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Essentially the INA specifies quotas for five family-sponsored eligibility categories and imposes restrictions on the total number of family-sponsored admissions from each country, details of which are summarized in Table 1.
Strengths & Weaknesses
The recently published Migrant Integration Policy Index 2015 assigns the U.S. a total score of 66 in the policy area of family unification, thereby ranking the U.S.’s policy framework 14 out of 38 countries. This indicates that the U.S provides a ‘slightly favourable’ environment for families looking to settle and become participants of U.S. society.
One of the key strengths of the U.S. system is that it provides an effective route for U.S. citizens to unite with their families abroad. There is no quota limiting the total number of immediate relatives of U.S. citizens who want to reunify with their families in the U.S. As a result, the procedures are relatively straightforward and swift. There are few delays or backlogs in the processing of applications but families are usually able to reunite and acquire their visas within one year after they have filed their petition with the relevant authorities. Therefore, it can be argued that the U.S. system is relatively generous for U.S. citizens. However, this does not necessarily hold true for non U.S. citizens, such as temporary migrants and lawful permanent residents (LPRs) residing within the U.S.
Another strength is the fact that certain family members are eligible to apply for autonomous residence permits, which are not linked to the residency of their sponsor in cases of divorce or death. This arguably provides for a higher degree of flexibility and security for family members whose residency in the U.S. is ultimately tied to their sponsor, which is often a weakness within the family reunification policies of other countries. Essentially, the general conditions and principles underlying family reunification in the U.S. are comparably straightforward.
However, a controversial point is that sponsors have to possess a substantial amount of income or assets. While this provides for the clear advantage of ensuring that the reunification of certain family members does not burden the welfare system, it puts poorer households in a disadvantageous position, making it considerably harder for individuals with less income and assets to reunite with family members abroad.
Despite its key strengths, the U.S. system has some serious drawbacks that continue to hamper the effective processing of certain claims to family reunification. The quotas often lead to delays and seriously limit American residents from making effective use of their right to family reunification. Today the procedures for family reunification are characterised by enormous backlogs, because the demand for family reunification far exceeds the supply provided by the quotas set. Some families must wait for up to 20 years to be granted the opportunity to reunite with immediate relatives.
Furthermore, the U.S.’s policy is inflexible as it does not provide for mechanisms to adjust the quotas enough to effectively deal with increasing backlogs, delays and substantial changes in global migration patterns. An outcome of these severe delays was highlighted in a recent study by Katharine Donato, which highlights the plight of unaccompanied minors who to enter the U.S. illegally and often dangerously. She found that virtually all of those that tried to cross the U.S. Mexican border without authorisation had family currently residing in the U.S (Donato, 2015).
- Greater Flexibility
The U.S.’s system is characterised by enormous backlogs and long waiting times, which can in some cases exceed 20 years, and they prevent eligible persons and many American families from making use of the rights they possess to family reunification. This can be attributed to the quota system, which is highly inflexible in responding to fluctuating numbers of claims to family reunification. This weakness could be overcome by allowing for the system to be more flexible; for example, through introducing specific provisions that can alter the caps on the quotas and allow for more places to be made available in case of increasing numbers of applications. Additionally, the visa rollover system could be extended to include unused green cards from all parts of the immigration process.
- More Equity
Another shortcoming of the U.S system is the inherently different treatment of full U.S. citizens, LPRs and temporary residents. Many temporary residents do not have the right to family renunciation or cannot petition for their families in the U.S., even if they have sufficient resources to cover all related expenses. Given the right to family life, the U.S. system should also enable short-term residents to be able to easily reunite with their close family members under similar conditions of U.S. citizens and LPRs.
- Improved Access
The current U.S. system has disproportionate effects on the most vulnerable families. As a result, improving access to, and lowering the eligibility criteria for family reunification, which clearly favour more well off households, is important. To sponsor family members to come to the U.S., the sponsor has to possess income or assets, which amount to 125% of the poverty line as well as very high fees. These financial obligations could potentially put a very high burden on certain demographics and hinder them from taking up their right to family reunion. Possible solutions include exemptions or reductions in fees for certain vulnerable groups. This holds especially true for those that have been admitted on humanitarian grounds.
Donato, K. (2015). Family reunification drives child migration from Latin America, Vanderbilt University, Retrieved June 7 2015 from: http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2015/04/family-reunification-drives-child-migration-from-latin-america/
Migrant Integration Policy Index. (2015). USA | MIPEX 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015, from http://www.mipex.eu/usa | <urn:uuid:59f83d13-1976-46bb-af08-ae46890763be> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.mipex.eu/blog/?p=1834 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948119.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426070605-20180426090605-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.95326 | 1,378 | 2.78125 | 3 |
"Controlling Respirable Coal Mine Dust
in Underground Mines"
NIOSH's Office of Mine Safety and Health Research and MSHA co-hosted one-day workshops focusing on controlling respirable dust with practical control technologies and techniques. Inhalation of excessive levels of respirable coal dust can cause Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP) and overexposure to respirable silica dust can lead to silicosis. Recent surveillance indicates the number of CWP cases is rising. These occupational lung diseases can be disabling or fatal in severe cases, but they can be prevented through limiting worker exposure.
For questions or more information, please contact George Niewiadomski at (202) 693-9513 or by
Materials from the Grand Junction Workshop - June 2, 2010
Some or all of the files available on this page are PDF. For more information on PDF, PDF readers and accessibility issues, please use this link. | <urn:uuid:8451acc0-5948-446e-b439-b74e4f8d1f7b> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.msha.gov/S&HINFO/BlackLung/ControlDust2010/CTD2010.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533689.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00643-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.786548 | 195 | 2.796875 | 3 |
VIEWS: 21 PAGES: 30 POSTED ON: 10/10/2011
Migration OTA TEAM Anders studieren! Migration Schedule 09.00 – 10.00 Migration – Background (V.Büsch) 10.00 – 10.15 Critical aspects of possible future legislation (U. Brasche) 10.15 – 10.30 Organizational details 10.30 – 10.45 Break 10.45 – 11.15 Lecture on Turkish Labour Migration (O. Zengingönül) 11.15 – 11.45 Presentation on Turkish Labour Migration (Students from the OTA Hochschule) 11.45 – 12.00 Each group search for possible questions 12.00 – 12.20 How to ask questions (T. Burger-Menzel) 12.20 – 13.00 Development of questionnaire (Country) 13.00 – 14. 00 Lunch time Anders studieren! Migration – Content 1. Introduction 2. Migration Theories 3. Basic facts about migration within the European Union Anders studieren! Migration - Introduction The population in most European countries is aging Main Reason: Sharp decline in the fertility rate Another Reason: Increase in life expectancy The aging process goes together with a reduction in the population Example: Germany would need each year 400.000 immigrants to compensate for the reduction Birg, H. (2005) Anders studieren! Migration - Introduction Source: Sachverständigenrat (2004), S. 61 Anders studieren! Migration - Introduction Source: Sachverständigenrat (2004), S. 62 Anders studieren! Migration - Introduction Source: http://www.sicherheit-heute.de/index.php?cccpage=Migration&set_z_artikel=184 Anders studieren! Migration - Introduction But is it necessary to compensate for the reduction? Economic perspective: In Germany 4 million people are jobless So does the economy need immigrants? It depends if immigrants are Perfect Subsitutes or Perfect Complements in terms of input factor labour Anders studieren! Migration - Introduction Focus: Individual Perspective Migration comes from Latin: Migrare = Move Why do people move? (blue) Why do people stay? (pink) Brainstorming Anders studieren! Migration – Introduction –Classification Type Characteristic 1. Spatial a) Mobility with domicile change b) Distance Intraregional: internal migration or urban-rural migration Interregional International: cross-border 2. Temporal Period: dimension 12 months = permanently < 12 months = temporarily 3. Extent Number of mobile persons single - collective - mass 4. Legal status Legal or illegal immigrants 5. Migration Voluntary or obligatory decision Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), S. 7f. Anders studieren! Migration - Introduction Examples of voluntary migration: • Job market-induced migration (immigrant, seasonal or work contract employees) • Education-based migration • Migration due to family reunion Examples of obligatory migration: • Natural disasters (drought, flooding, tsunami, famine, technical disasters...) • Human acts (civil war, persecution, slavery...) Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), p. 8 Anders studieren! Migration - Introduction Source: Bericht des Sachverständigenrates (2004), S. 20 Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Economic migration models 1 . Human capital model 2. Model with perfect competition 3. Gravitation model 4. Push-Pull model Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), S. 21f. Anders studieren! Theories of migration Human capital model (Intertemporal investment calculation) Migration understood as an investment in human capital (based on ideas of Sjaastad 1962) Following factors affect the migration decision: • Qualification/Education (enriching capacity and possibility to get a good job) • Age (younger people have a higher pay-back period) • Risk preferences Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), S. 27 Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Migration of highly-qualified people - positive selection Migration of low-qualified - negative selection Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Model with perfect competition Micro economic viewpoint Based on ideas by Berry and Soligo (1969) as well as Chiswick (1982) Assumption: Maximizing utilities with respect to the budget restriction which depends on wage level Migration from a low-wage to a high-wage country as long as equilibrium is reached (same wage in both countries) Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), S. 31 Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Model with perfect competition 1. Wage(B) > Wage (A): A B 2. Wage(B) and Wage(A) 3. Wage(B) = Wage (A) Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Remarks Wage differentials alone are not able to explain migration, otherwise migration would be higher. Limited model in particular due to the assumptions: • Rational behavior (i.e. Perfect information about jobs and remuneration ) • Homogeneous work (same marginal productivity = same technology in both countries) • Full employment • No uncertainty • No migration costs • No migration barriers (e.g. work permits, recognition of qualifications, cultural and linguistic barriers) Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), S. 21f. Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Variation of assumptions Based on Harris/Todaro (1970) Target: Explain rural-urban migration + Probability to find a new job in the target area expected wage level + Migration costs + No homogeneity of workers [i.e. domestic and immigrant workers are not perfect substitutes] Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), p.25f. Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Gravitation Model Based on ideas of Ravenstein (1885) Model follows the law of gravity (1666) of I. Newton i.e. gravitation strength depends on mass and distance Size of the population in the origin and target region and distance! de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton Networks play an important role ("friends and relatives effect") Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), p. 29 Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Push-Pull model Based on ideas of Lee 1966 Starting point: the gravitation model Four factors: 1. Factors regarding the origin area (Push) 2. Factors regarding the target area (Pull) Examples from Lee: Climate and educational system 3. Intermediate obstacles (distance, immigration laws) [Distance my be subjective or objective] 4. Individual factors (age, family status, network, qualification) Only in theory do people have perfect information. In reality the individual perception is more important. Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), p. 31 Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Economic and political mismatches : • Rising economy – stagnating economy • Functioning job markets - unemployment • Higher wage level - lower wage level • Democratic system - ethnic or religious oppression • High - low level of the social insurance systems • High – low development of the infrastructure • High – low quality of the environment Another important pull-factor: • Cultural affinity (language, history, cultural development...) Source: : Münz et al: Zuwanderung nach Deutschland; München; 1997; p.15 and Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), p. 31 Anders studieren! Theories of Migration Source: www.chkorte.de/ mexiko/pushpull.g if Anders studieren! Theories of Migration So why don't many move? Migration/transaction costs, such as • moving expenses, • information costs, • costs of learning a new language… Home location-specific, not-transferable knowledge (sunk costs), such as • standards • values • manners • local authorities • informal channels • consumer and leisure facilities • income possibilities Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), p. 3 Anders studieren! Migration within the EU Future prospects: The economic and social differences within the European Union will decrease Migration flows within the European Union states shrink Source: Münz et al: Zuwanderung nach Deutschland; München; 1997; S.15 Crucial factor for European migration today: Existing legislation and migration policy decisions Source: Münz et al: Zuwanderung nach Deutschland; München; 1997; S.20 Within the EU, people have the basic right of free movement of labour Source: Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005), S. 2 However .... Anders studieren! Migration within the EU Transitional arrangements set out in the Accession Treaty: Limited free movement during a transitional period in the extended European Union for a maximum duration of 7 years (exception: Malta and Cyprus) Transitional period: "2 plus 3 plus 2" (phase 1 ends on 30 April 2006) Sweden, Ireland and UK of the European Union 15 do not take part Before the end of phases 1+2 the Commission has to write a report The member states (EU 15) themselves have to notify their intentions for the next phase to the Commission in advance Source: Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, 08.02.2006 Anders studieren! Migration within the EU Some results of the report: 1. There seems to be no link between transitional arrangements and extent of migration 2. Flow of workers has been rather small 3. And too small to affect the European Union job market as a whole (Before and after the extension the share of the EU10 citizens of the resident population of each individual EU15 member state remains relatively stable) 4. There is no indication that domestic labor is being substituted by the limited inflow of workers from the EU10 5. Migration after the extension has had a positive effect on the national economies of the EU15-member states Source: Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, 08.02.2006 Anders studieren! Outlook Approximately 75% of all Turks in Western Europe live in Germany What will the future of Turkish migration be like? Quelle: Bericht des Sachverständigenrates (2004), S. 25 Anders studieren! References Birg, H. (2005): Die ausgefallene Generation – Was die Demographie über unsere Zukunft sagt Communication from the commission to the council, the parliament, the european economic and social committee and the committee of the regions (2006): Report on the Functioning of the Transitional Arrangements set out in the 2003 Accession Treaty (period 1 May 2004-30 April 2006) Goldberg, A., Halm, D., Sen, F. (2004): Die deutschen Türken Global Commission on International Migration (Hrsg.), (2006), Migration in einer interdependenten Welt: Neue Handlungsprinzipien: Bericht der Weltkommission für internationale Migration Münz, R., Seifert, W., Ulrich, R. (1997): Zuwanderung nach Deutschland – Strukturen, Wirkungen, Perspektiven Pflugbeil, S.D. (2005): Auswirkungen der internationalen Migration auf die Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Theoretische und empirische Analysen vor dem Hintergrund der EU-Osterweiterung Sachverständigenrat für Zuwanderung und Integration im Auftrag der Bundesregierung in Zusammenarbeit mit dem europäischen forum für Migrationsstudien (efms) an der Universität Bamberg (2004): Migrationsbericht Anders studieren! Organizational Details Group 1: France Group 2: Spain and Turkey Group 3: Press and Czech Group 4: UK Anders studieren!
Pages to are hidden for
"Migration"Please download to view full document | <urn:uuid:28e9a38a-c48c-41b2-8570-ac7db3639d18> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.docstoc.com/docs/98699682/Migration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462555.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00245-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.696947 | 2,583 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Genetic 'fingerprinting' helps scientists track salmon stocks along Greenland's coast
Attachment 6Analysis of historical Atlantic salmon scale data has shown that the proportion of salmon from European rivers which successfully make their way to the rich feeding grounds off West Greenland has dropped by more than 75% in recent decades. The Atlantic Salmon Trust and its partners are now spearheading a project to help solve the mystery of why this is.
Advances in microsatellite DNA profiling now make it possible to identify salmon caught at sea to their natal region and, in some cases, to their river of origin. Building on this work, the new project will use existing genetic databases to carry out a pilot study to determine the region and/or river of origin of a range of contemporary samples from fish scale and tissue collections from Atlantic salmon captured recently in the fishery at West Greenland.
Atlantic salmon were first recorded from Greenland waters in the 1780s but it was the 1960s before a full commercial distant-water fishery for salmon developed. Since 2001 this has been restricted to an internal-use fishery through conservation agreements adopted internationally through the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO). To date we have had no way of assessing which of the weaker populations of salmon are impacted by the remaining subsistence fishery.
Over the past five decades scientists have collected scales and tissue samples from the West Greenland fishery through an international sampling programme. These have been used for a wide range of analyses, including in more recent years, genetic assignment of salmon to their continent of origin. This work has shown quite dramatic changes in the proportions of salmon from North America and Europe appearing in the samples. Originally some 40% of the fish caught along the West Greenland coast were of European origin but in more recent years this proportion has dropped to less than 10% - but we have no idea why.
Equally puzzling is the fact that almost all of the salmon at West Greenland will return to their native rivers as the large and much sought after, spring or multi sea-winter-salmon. For the first time in 25 years the overall abundance of these salmon has begun to increase in recent seasons, although it is still low in historic terms and many stocks contributing to the fishery are still likely to be below their conservation limits. Forecasts of abundance for 2013 and 2014 are less optimistic.
Thanks to work carried out as part of the recently completed SALSEA Merge programme (Salmon at Sea ~ The International Atlantic Salmon Research Board) European scientists can now assign, with remarkable accuracy, individual salmon back to their region or river of origin.
A consortium of scientists from Europe and North America has been formed to re-examine scales and tissue samples gathered over recent years from the West Greenland fishery, in order to crack the genetic code. This will make it possible to assign fish back to major European rivers, particularly in the UK and Ireland. It is hoped that this work will lead to much deeper knowledge of the occurrence of individual salmon stocks along the West Greenland coast, particularly the weaker stocks and inform management of the fishery in the future . It should also provide an insight into why, and how, the proportions of North American and European salmon stocks are changing over time.
The initial work will concentrate on European stocks, but a similar database is near completion in North America. A full assessment of the West Greenland samples, over the decades, is now a distinct possibility.
“When, as part of SALSEA, we started our intensive sampling programme in West Greenland some years ago, assignment of stocks back to their region of river of origin was only a pipe dream”, said Tim Sheehan, a senior biologist at NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. “It’s hard to believe we are now on the cusp of such an exciting breakthrough. Full credit is due to all of the laboratories and the dozens of individuals who have contributed to the programme over the decades.”
This new West Greenland salmon genetics programme was spearheaded by the Atlantic Salmon Trust which seed funded the programme and coordinated the evolving partnership. Other major players include NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), US Geological Survey, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute of Northern Ireland, NASCO’s International Atlantic Salmon Research Board (IASRB), Marine Scotland, University College Cork and Queens University Belfast through the Beaufort Marine Research Award and a range of partner laboratories in Europe.
“Having coordinated the work of SALSEA teams throughout Europe to provide dependable genetic markers, it’s really exciting to see these tools being applied to shed light on practical international fisheries management issues,” said Phil McGinnity, Principal Investigator of the Beaufort Fish Populations Genetics team at University College Cork.
“As is the case with all mixed stock fisheries our major concern is with the weaker stocks and how these are impacted by the fisheries. The aim of this new study is to identify regional or individual river stocks, and the extent that they contribute to the fishery, so that their status can be taken into consideration in management terms,” added AST Chief Executive Tony Andrews.
The West Greenland Genetics Programme is funded by the Atlantic Salmon Trust, AFBINI and the IASRB.
For further information contact Professor Ken Whelan, Research Director of the Atlantic Salmon Trust on: +353 867835000 | <urn:uuid:ea5ac992-bb8f-4e82-aaea-18b99fe014e9> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.fishandfly.com/forums/f296/genetic-fingerprinting-helps-scientists-track-salmon-stocks-along-greenlands-coast-60271-print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135930.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00052-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945892 | 1,097 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Lieutenant-Commander Isabel Macneill, commanding officer of HMCS Conestoga. Macneill was the first female commanding officer of a navy ship in the British Commonwealth and was the first female prison superintendent in Canada.
Isabel Macneill received her education at the Halifax Ladies’ College and Mount Saint Vincent Academy (now University). After graduation in 1926, she attended the Nova Scotia College of Art (now Art and Design) and the Heatherly School of Art in London, England. She worked as a scenic designer in professional theatre in England before moving to the United States, where she taught art and dramatics at two schools, Sea Pine School on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Fairmont Junior College in Washington, D.C.
When the Second World War began in September 1939, Macneill returned to Halifax to volunteer for war work. She worked at the North End Services Canteen, where service personnel could relax and get a light meal. She was also the secretary and one of three cofounders of the Ajax Club, a place for servicemen to unwind when off duty.
When the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) founded the Women’s Royal Canadian Naval Service (WRCNS) in August 1942, Isabel Macneill quickly joined and was part of the first group to be trained. The Canadian service was based on the British Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS), whose members quickly became known as “Wrens.” The nickname was copied by the Canadians. The Wrens were employed in land-based jobs, including administration and naval intelligence, which freed up men to go to sea.
Macneill graduated in the first class of Wrens in Ottawa and was commissioned as an officer. She then attended the first course for female officers at His Majesty’s Canadian Ship (HMCS) Conestoga, the navy’s shore establishment in Galt (now part of Cambridge, Ontario). The navy designates their shore establishments, called “stone frigates,” as ships. Before being converted for naval use, the facility had been a training school for delinquent girls.
After graduation, Macneill was promoted to lieutenant-commander and appointed Conestoga’s commanding officer. This made her the first and only female commander of a ship in the British Commonwealth during the Second World War. As such, she was entitled to be “piped aboard” any warship, the only woman outside the royal family to be accorded this honour.
Personnel of the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service (WRCNS) washing a bus at HMCS Conestoga, Galt, Ontario, Canada, July 1943. (left to right): Wrens C.E. Brown, F.M. Thompson and Zee Caudwell.
Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service (WRCNS) supply assistants working in the canteen at HMCS Conestoga, Galt, Ontario, Canada, July 1943.
Macneill was promoted to commander in June 1944 and named an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). Her citation noted “her wide knowledge, her profound sympathy and her unfailing and inspiring devotion to duty have made her contribution one without parallel in the Service.” By the time Macneill’s term ended in 1945, she had been responsible for training almost 6,000 Wrens. When HMCS Conestoga closed, she was appointed Staff Officer Wrens to the Commander Atlantic Coast before the service was disbanded in April 1946.
After leaving the navy, Macneill worked at a training school for girls (see Correctional System Service below). However, she returned to naval service in 1954 to help establish a permanent female component in the RCN. She left the Wrens for the last time in 1957.
Correctional System Service
In 1948, Isabel Macneill was appointed superintendent of the Ontario Training School for Girls, which had returned to its original location in the former HMCS Conestoga. The school had been established in 1933 for delinquent girls between the ages of 12 and 18, although some were as young as 10. It essentially operated as a jail for children. The girls sentenced to this facility had been convicted of petty offences or were runaways, beggars, truants or simply deemed incorrigible. The regime at such institutions often involved degrading and humiliating treatment.
During her six years at Galt, Macneill transformed the organization. By the time she left in 1954, the school was no longer a jail but instead offered training and treatment for the girls. Under Macneill, the school hired psychologists, a psychiatrist, caseworkers, teachers and sympathetic house supervisors. In 1953, she was awarded the Coronation Medal for her work at the school.
In 1959, Macneill travelled in Europe to study correctional facilities. The next year, she was appointed superintendent of the federal prison for women in Kingston, Ontario. She was the first woman to hold this post in Canada. She brought new ideas to a system that traditionally viewed incarceration simply as punishment and not an opportunity for rehabilitation.
Using a team approach involving psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and nurses, Macneill introduced several reforms such as temporary absence, prerelease programs and increased academic and vocational courses. She even exchanged drab prison uniforms for more colourful and stylish ones. Macneill resigned as superintendent in 1966.
In 1967, the Ontario Alcohol and Drug Addiction Research Foundation asked Isabel Macneill to lead a study of drug addiction in Metropolitan Toronto. For the next two years, she worked closely with male and female drug addicts. Her report contributed to the development of a better treatment programme for addicts. In 1971, Macneill was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for her work in the navy and the correctional system. She received the 1977 Jubilee Medal, as well as honorary doctor of law degrees from Queen’s University (1977) and Dalhousie University (1981).
Macneill retired to Mill Village in rural Nova Scotia but remained active in various organizations. She was the director of the Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice from 1979 to 1982. She was also the first female member of the board of governors of the Nova Scotia Division of the Canadian Corps of Commissionaires, serving from 1982 until her death in 1990.
That year, her name was given to a transitional residence for women offenders in Kingston. The Isabel Macneill House offered job training, personal development programmes and leisure activities designed to help inmates reintegrate into society on release.
Isabel Macneill was a pioneer in establishing women in nontraditional leadership roles in the navy and the correctional system. Today, the employment of women in senior positions in these and other institutions is commonplace.
As of 2019, twenty-seven women had been promoted to flag officer (navy) or general officer (army/air force) rank in the Canadian Armed Forces. In the navy, Laraine Orthlieb became the first female to hold flag rank when she was promoted to commodore in 1989. Jennifer Bennett became the first woman promoted to rear admiral in 2011. Within the Forces as a whole, Sheila Hellstrom became the first female brigadier-general in 1987. Wendy Clay was the first woman to be promoted to major general (1994) and Chris Whitecross was the first female lieutenant-general (2015).
In the Correctional Service of Canada, several females have served as wardens and in senior regional and national appointments. Two females have risen to the top national position. Lucie McClung was commissioner from 2000 to 2005, while Anne Kelly was appointed commissioner in 2018. | <urn:uuid:64edaf1b-4ef4-48a3-ac1b-5f595df99117> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/isabel-macneill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669276.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117192728-20191117220728-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.97648 | 1,577 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Translation of deciduous in Spanish:
de hoja caduca
de árboles de hoja caduca
de caducifolios [technical]Example sentences
- For a short while, as the leaves turn on deciduous trees and shrubs, autumn colours command the stage.
- Evergreen trees, including many conifers, support more leaf area than deciduous trees in the same environment.
- Most of the deciduous trees have shed their leaves by mid-December.
- The first teeth (also known as milk teeth or deciduous teeth) normally start to break through the gum from at around six to nine months old.
- However, the rate of wear in the deciduous teeth seems more or less linear, suggesting a systematic error in the age estimates of the juveniles.
- They did not explain why adult feeding behavior could not be achieved with a smaller deciduous dentition.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:5d92918f-7eaf-4b30-8e00-21eadce4c55b> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/translate/english-spanish/deciduous | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461863352151.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428170912-00021-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915735 | 224 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Writing Frankenstein composition becomes a nightmare for these students because they’re not able enough to handle the difficulties of events decor and of article writing particularly the dissertation assertion. Composing an argumentative composition isn’t simple and comprises practice. Below are some very good essay topics thatchildren may come across straightforward to write. Continue reading
Read the contents inside the Immediate A method to compose an essay and proficiently keep in mind the composition and rules of crafting essays
The phrase essay arrived into Russian language from French and typically will arrive along with the Latin phrase exagium (weighing). French essa can realistically translate textual content, proficiency, test, make an energy, sketch, sketch. An essay will be a prose composition just a little amount and cost-free composition, expressing explicit particular person encounters and sights which has a exceptional problem or problem, and positively not declaring to in general be decisive or exhaustive method for the subject. Inside Explanatory dictionary of foreign conditions L. P. Rat essay is defined as essay treats any problems not in systematic scientific form, and unquestionably zero cost form.
Big encyclopedic dictionary gives the following definition: an Essay truly can be a genre of philosophical, literary-critical, historical, biographical, journalistic prose that combines emphasized certain author’s position with laid-back, many times paradoxical statement, focused on speaking. Concise literary encyclopedia elaborates: an Essay actually serves as a prose composition a little bit amount and complimentary composition, treating the extraordinary matter and represents an try to convey the personalized actions and sights, 1 way or another associated with it.
Some signs of an essay:
-The presence of a targeted matter or question. Work around the analysis of a wide range of problems, by definition, cannot be made inside genre of essay.
-Essay expresses specified impressions and considerations around a specific problem or subject matter, and clearly does not claim to basically be decisive or exhaustive overcome in the challenge.
-As a rule, the essay suggests a new, subjectively colored phrase about anything, such a product may perhaps have a philosophical, historical, biographical, journalistic, literary criticism, popular scientific or purely fictional character.
The contents while in the essay are evaluated first author’s personality – his world, thoughts and feelings.
Thegenre has end up popular in recent years. The Creator while in the genre of your respective essay is considered Montaigne (Experiments, 1580). Today’s essay is offered to be a job regularly enough. It is an individual for your main components of documents (for admission to school or employment). Essay contest helps inside of the variety of most advantageous choose an excellent!
It is important providing essays and for young professionals.
How the candidate was equipped to apply himself, as explained by their achievements and failures, allows the employer to determine if this particular person is good for business, is there enough have in order to meet the expectations inside future and benefit the company (organization, enterprise).
The purpose within the essay is to develop skills, such as independent creative thinking and a written statement of own thoughts. Setting up essays is extremely useful because it allows an author to know to plainly and correctly formulate strategies, organize specifics, use the basic concepts to allocate causal relationships, to illustrate the know-how of relevant examples to argue their conclusions. The most relevant matter for that essay of a young specialist is the theme of me and my career. The theme with the essay was given towards Commission (the employer) was basic to evaluate the features within your thinking, creativity, enthusiasm and potential. The obvious way to achieve this result – to jot down down frankly and openly, while remaining honest with ourselves. If you are honest, there is every chance that your essay will ponder unnatural.
The framework and layout of essays
- The design for the essay is determined by the demands requirements:
- the author of an essay relating to the dilemma are presented inside the form of a brief abstract (T).
- the idea needs to be supported by evidence – so the thesis followed by arguments (A).
Arguments are facts, phenomena of social life, events, life situations and life routines, scientific evidence, reference for the opinion of scientists, etc. It is Better to give two arguments in favor of each thesis, a single argument seems unconvincing, three arguments can overload the presentation, made around the genre, focused on brevity and imagery.
Thus, the essay takes around the ring composition (the number of theses and arguments depends over the subject, the chosen plan, the logic of development of thought):
- the thesis, arguments
- the thesis, arguments
- the thesis, arguments
When crafting an essay it is also important to take into account the following points:
Introduction and conclusion needs to focus within the predicament (while in the introduction it is put, the conclusion summarizes the author’s opinion). It is necessary to designate paragraphs, break lines, establishing logical connection of paragraphs: this is the integrity from your work. Style of developing: essays inherent emotionality, expressiveness, artistry. Experts believe that proper effect provide short, easy, varied according with the tone inside proposal, the skillful use belonging towards most modern of punctuation – the dash.
However, the style reflects the characteristics inside the unique, it is also useful to remember.
Before you begin establishing your essay, pay attention into the following questions. The answers will allow you to more obviously define what is to jot down inside the essay:
Affecting essay unique quality or ability, ask yourself:
- are I a person way or another as from those whom I know?
- what is evident is the quality?
About pursuits you were doing (doing):
- what made me to do this activity?
- why I continued(u) to do this?
On every event your life, which you mentioned:
- why I remember this event?
- if it made any difference for me as being a human being?
- how do I react to that?
- if it was a revelation for me, what I did not know?
About each individual you mentioned:
- why did I call that human being?
- do I long to frequently be like him?
- what are his qualities I admire?
- whether what he said is something that I will remember for a lifetime?
- if I had revised their sights?
About each of one’s preferences and what you do not like:
- why I like it or not like it?
- did this circumstance greatly on my life?
- what I have learned?
- something useful I learned from this scenario?
From the point of view with the contents throughout the essay are:
- spiritual and religious etc.
On the literary form about the essay appear while in the form:
- lyrical miniatures,
- pages via the diary,
- letters, etc.
There are also essays:
- analytical etc.
In this case, based on compositional features works made while in the genre of essay.
Finally, the classification to the essay into two large groups:
personal, subjective essay, where the main element is the disclosure of one particular party or another author’s personality, essay objective, where particular principle is make a difference to the subject description or any idea.
Essay from your young specialist by using a a number of subject belongs for the second group.
It is possible to allocate some General characteristics (features) in the genre, which are typically listed in encyclopedias and dictionaries:
A really small amount of.
Any hard borders, of course, does not exist. The amount of essays is from three to seven pages of computer textual content. For example, in Harvard business school essays are typically written only on two pages. In Russian universities Pets essay to ten pages, however, typewritten textual content.
The special subject and emphasized its subjective interpretation.
The essay subject matter is forever concrete. Essays can not contain a lot of topics or thoughts (thoughts). It reflects only a person option, one particular thought. And develops it. This is the answer to an individual question. hundred percent no cost composition is an important feature around the essay. The researchers note that essay on nature is arranged so that tolerates no formal framework. It is usually built against the laws of logic, is issue make a difference to arbitrary associations, guided by the principle All just how around.
The ease within your narrative.
The author to the essay, it is important to establish trust and communication style with all the reader in order to typically be understood, he deliberately avoids the complicated, unclear, overly strict builds. The researchers note that a good essay can publish only just one who is fluent in the matter, sees it from different sides, and ready to present into the reader not exhaustive, but a multidimensional view belonging towards the phenomenon that became the starting point of his reflection.
A penchant for paradoxes.
The essay is meant to surprise the reader (listener) is, according to many researchers, its mandatory quality. The starting point for reflection, embodied in an essay is usually aphoristic, bright statement or definition of a paradox, generally facing at first glance indisputable, but mutually exclusive claims, specifications, abstracts.
Internal semantic unity.
Perhaps this is 1 during the paradoxes throughout the genre. No cost composition, focused on subjectivity, the essay nevertheless has an internal semantic unity, i.E. , coherence of key points and statements, internal harmony of arguments and associations, consistency of those judgments, which are expressed inside of the private position in the author.
At the same time would be wise to be avoided in essays slang, stereotyped phrases, abbreviations of textual content, too flippant tone. The language used when crafting an essay should probably be taken seriously. So, when crafting an essay it is important to determine (to understand) his subject matter subject, to define the desired scope and purpose of each paragraph. Start accompanied by a main idea or a bright phrase. Task – to immediately capture the attention with the reader (listener). Here is frequently used a comparative allegory, when an unexpected fact or event is associated when using the main matterbelonging into the essay.
Rules of putting together an essay
Rules of formal essay crafting can only be called a person thing – the presence inside of the header.
The internal composition of an essay may very well be arbitrary. Since this is thought to be a tiny written work that do not require a repetition belonging into the conclusions at the end, they is generally included inside main textual content or inside title.
The argument could also be preceded by the formulation together with the difficulty. The wording belonging towards the situation would probably coincide while using final conclusion.
Unlike the abstract, which is addressed to any reader, therefore, starts with I want to talk about… And ends I arrived with the following conclusions… An essay can be quite a remark addressed to a prepared reader (the listener). That is, the human being who in General already have an idea of what will be discussed. Itallows the author in the essay concentrate to the discovery of a new and not to clutter the presentation for your official details.
Mistakes in essay writing
Unlike tests, essays do not assume the multiple-choice format (when you have a choice of several answers). Essay composing is not limited by time, you are able to rewrite it many times, ask friends to study your essay. Enjoy all the possibilities and glance at to avoid common mistakes.
The bad test.
Do not presume that you may confine your spell look at. Reread your essay and make sure that there is any ambiguous language, bad turnovers, etc. Examples, which must not consider note:
I am proud that I was ready to resist the use of drugs, alcohol, tobacco.
To work in your firm (organization), located in a wonderful place where a lot with the architecture during the Gothic style, is for me a fascinating predicament.
Tedious Preface. Insufficient amount of detail.
Too nearly always interesting essay lost in what constitutes the transfer of claims without illustrating them with examples. Essay typical clichés: the importance of hard work and perseverance, learning from mistakes, etc.
Essay limited to a some number of conditions, so you need to wise up. Sometimes this means giving up some hints or details, especially if they are already mentioned somewhere or not have a immediate relationship with the case. Such things only distract the attention around the reader (listener) and overshadow the main theme in the essay.
The longer the sentence, the better – so take into account some candidates. However, this is far out of your truth. Long sentences still does not prove the rightness to the author, and short sentences commonly make a greater impact. Most desirable of all, when in essay, long phrases interspersed with short. Attempt reading the essay aloud. If you feel that you breath, break the paragraph into smaller paragraphs.
When you’re finished composing essays, do this exercise. Give each paragraph the letter is either S (short) or M (medium) or L (long). S – less than 10 phrases, M is less than 20 words and phrases and phrases, L – 20 or more phrases.
- Right essay has the following or similar order belonging into the letters – M S M L M S.
- Wrong essay characterizes this sequence of letters – S S S M L L L.
Do not overload essay.
When developing an essay throw away the phrase from encyclopedias. Misuse of such phrases and phrases distract the reader’s attention, lessen the importance aided by the essay.
Avoiding such common mistakes, you will be capable of interest the expert Committee (employer) my undergo.
Great importance when composing an essayis the look at in the first version. When building a draft, your main task is to develop the argumentation, to grind the basic thoughts and to arrange them in strict sequence, accompanying their illustrative materials or ancillary data etc. Making the first version, give it a day or two to rest up, and then return to work on verify and improving, within the fresh mind.
When checking essays, first of all, pay attention to inherit important points:
First of all, it is important to remember that the essay genre is subjective, so the rating may very well be subjective. You need to not focus over the whole mass of employers.
No make any difference what question you answer, you need to reach specified goals. You expect that when you compose essays you will have in mind the following:
- Have I answered the question?
- How plainly and accurately I stated my thoughts?
- Natural sounds that I have written, if there were any errors?
Also make sure that you:
- Demonstrated their desire to build a career in a specific direction.
- Focused on building a career in a various field.
- Included on the story from one particular to three qualities, strengths, characteristics that distinguish you from other candidates.
- Presented at least a single strong argument in favor with the fact that the employer invited you to your business.
- Communication skills / building.
The essay is also intended to require a glance at your ability to Express thoughts on paper and your developing skills. Consultant about the selection of experts says, Your essay preferably should not characterize you as the future writer or a philologist, you are the future leader and Manager. For success in business, it is important the ability to present their tips, and the ability to Express them on paper, there are those who easily communicates with other people.
Poorly written (presented) essays will ensure that you have been accepted into the business.
The image of a real human being.
The expert Commission (the employer) wants to see from the essay the image within the man who wrote it. It is important not only test results, come upon, and character for your candidate. We are looking for while in the documents something elusive that can’t show numbers, so I hope to identify it in an essay. In any case, do not miss the opportunity to tell us about yourself in your essays. This will enable us to ensure that we contemplate the nomination it is called a real particular person and not just a sum of different indicators. It is important the following is becoming honest, sincere, one-of-a-kind, i.E. , to frequently be themselves! Experts believe that oftentimes, graduates, job seekers extremely want to seem like something: a leader, Mature individual that they forget for simply being merely human!
The only way for you to make it so that the Board (employer) saw all the documents, the image – to make around the essay element within the exclusive, creative, one of a kind. Your essay will immediately turn out to be more interesting and attracting attention. They will enable you to stand out among hundreds of other applicants.
The essay will want to be personalized. Boring to appear at essays that abound with platitudes is undoubtedly a waste of time. Still do not understand about the personality of the candidate.
Everything that you manage to be able to write around the essay might be proved by examples to refer to your operating expertise. Details will make your essay interesting, different, specified.
Distinctive features / Uniqueness / something interesting, funny.
According to experts, graduates (job seekers) do not be afraid that they will go beyond permissible, it is better to basically be yourself. Genuinely very often, graduates worry that whether they will be capable to make the ideal impression, so they removed all of your respective essays that makes them outstanding. As safe inside the point of view of graduates, essays quite tedious to scan.
You do not need to make jokes in their essays to make them interesting. However, exam to use all available means to ensure that your essay is remembered.
The expert Commission does not tolerate parties that like to throw dust around the eyes. It would be better if inside the essay you reflect the true issue. At the same time, not focus on their faults, although they are present in your character. You have for getting honest, but positive. Speak about yourself and your positive qualities! The so-called weaknesses, make sure you present the following: previously, it wasmy fault, now turned into a positive quality.
Representatives with all the expert committees like essays to examine which is de facto a pleasure. Make sure that your essay is really easy to appearance at. Give him a bit of more time: take a look at whether your consistent thoughts, whether they are leading to a logical conclusion topics. Humor could in fact be referred to as great tool but use it wisely. Sarcastic or brash tone usually irritating. The real humor is an art, it truly is often a sign of good taste. In his essays, you tell a story of success, indicate the reasons why you want to build a career with the direction you have chosen. You’re able to go even further by composing an essay during the form of literary works: story, story. However, this is recognized as a risky approach, as most people are not awfully good writers, besides so it is possible to minimize the seriousness of one’s narrative. Finally, employers will not invite you in your business just because you are a wonderful storyteller.
If You, dear readers, are already familiar because of the content of section Confirmed systems to create an essay and now have a good idea belonging for the building and recommendations of essay forming familiar while using methodology and suspect about the quick strategies to test essay what errors can occur when composing essay now, essay good essay on Your chosen subject – You are missing the genuinely compact: to see examples around the essay. By themselves, the examples will not replace Your essay. And they have to not be copied and put in as their is something for losers, for those who can’t and incapable. The examples given here and the other – in order to improve the understanding throughout the above concepts, comparing them to these useful material.
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If we don't control the technology we depend on, someone else will -- and we might not like the consequences.
When people fail to control their actions, the law might step in. When people fail to control their technology, code might intercede.
It's happening already. Google is well on its way to developing self-driving cars. No doubt automated cars will save lives, fuel, and time because, let's face it, we're terrible drivers on the whole. Most of the time you might be a very good driver, but statistically speaking, your average lifetime risk of dying in a car accident comes to something like 1 in 84. Even if you drive flawlessly, someone else won't. You or someone you know could suffer for that. Expect that Google will do better, if we're willing to surrender control.
It looks as if we will. Technology has become so complicated and powerful that many people prefer ease of use or the promise of security, real or not, over control. Apple has won a huge following by limiting control of its mobile devices for the sake of convenience and consumer protection. It might be your iPhone, but Apple decides what software you can run on it.
(Developers in good standing, of course, can run anything they want on their iPhones, but they cannot distribute the software through Apple channels without approval, unless they go rogue and jailbreak their phones.)
Often, technological control is exercised to protect us from ourselves: Many websites use programming code to coerce users into selecting strong passwords, because we can't be trusted to choose wisely. But technological control can also be a threat to business interests: Google last year removed AdBlock Plus from Google Play, despite the wishes of Android users.
How much control should we surrender? Do we need Google, for example, to disable our phones for us? A recent Google patent application, "System and Method for Controlling Mobile Device Operation," contemplates that scenario. It describes research to help in "correcting occasional human error" when phones are left in a state that's not situationally appropriate. The patent application describes the possibility of "controlling and/or recommending changes to mobile devices located in opera houses, movie theatres, or other similar locales in which silence is encouraged (e.g., placing the mobile devices in mute or vibrate to minimize distractions)."
Code-driven manners correction could be a godsend -- or an intrusion, if implemented as an enforced requirement rather than as a request. We'd welcome the muting of phone-happy moviegoers, but we'd hate to miss a call from a family member in the emergency room. Crafting an acceptable use policy for technology isn't simple, as a matter of code or law.
The European Commission is considering whether to require cars to be fitted with speed-limiting devices. Would you welcome a smart car (or should it be called a cautious car?) that applies the brakes at just over 115 kph (71 mph)? What if your insurance company required it? Do we drive our machines or do they drive us?
More and more, it will probably be the latter, except where guns are concerned. Do as you will with your glock. The Second Amendment guarantees the right to bear arms in the US. What would a right to unfettered computing be like? It would be an open-source world.
Reality falls short of that. We're moving from a time where reading had a language requirement to a time where reading has both a language and a device requirement. Sorry, your iBook doesn't work with your Kindle. Where technology is concerned, code is law. Devices have no choice but to obey, unless prevented from doing so by errors. People tend to accept the limits of their devices.
Hackers are the exception. That's why hackers -- skilled programmers, for the most part -- are regarded with suspicion. They can rewrite the law of code to their own advantage, bypassing barriers that would block the less technically savvy and creating new avenues of action and opportunity. Frankly, we should all aspire to be hackers, in the best sense of the word.
Of course, code isn't really law. It functions as a kind of law, but within the operating system rather than the legal system. Code might be an attempt to implement the law or to enforce contractual rules. But what the law allows and what code allows might not be the same things.
To complicate matters, laws are seldom crafted with the care of code. When they govern technology, they tend to fall short, to be overbroad, to be so vague as to criminalize everything, or to empower zealous prosecutors too much. The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act comes to mind here.
The ability and the right to control the technology that already governs us matters more than ever because our devices see so much more of our lives than ever. When the NSA is able to track people using Google advertising cookies, when dozens of ad companies know more about us than our friends, it's clear that we've lost control.
If we're going to turn control over to our machines, we need to make sure we have a say in crafting the terms of our surrender. But really we should strive to keep as much control as we can manage, as long as we're not endangering others.
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Thomas Claburn has been writing about business and technology since 1996, for publications such as New Architect, PC Computing, InformationWeek, Salon, Wired, and Ziff Davis Smart Business. Before that, he worked in film and television, having earned a not particularly useful ... View Full Bio
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The Next Generation of IT SupportThe workforce is changing as businesses become global and technology erodes geographical and physical barriers.IT organizations are critical to enabling this transition and can utilize next-generation tools and strategies to provide world-class support regardless of location, platform or device | <urn:uuid:3a85eaf0-e51e-4b91-a3ce-b368a6c04c8f> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.informationweek.com/strategic-cio/executive-insights-and-innovation/technology-automation-whos-the-boss/d/d-id/1113666 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864257.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621192119-20180621212119-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.951179 | 1,314 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Latest Space debris Stories
The Head of Air Force Space Command said at an Orlando meeting last week that the US will be launching a pair of satellites to keep tabs on other countries. This "neighborhood watch" program will also keep track of space debris in orbit.
Standard space dockings are difficult enough, but a future ESA mission plans to capture derelict satellites adrift in orbit. Part of an effort to control space debris, the shopping list of new technologies this ambitious mission requires is set for discussion with industry experts.
A new paper from physics students at the University of Leicester explores the possibility that an observational satellite that lost contact with Earth in 2012 could be the catalyst that sets off a chain of events much like those depicted in the Academy Award-nominated film Gravity.
Fragments of a Soviet-era spy satellite, which was expected to crash back on Earth, had instead burned up on reentry into the atmosphere on Sunday.
Researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California have developed and tested a series of ground-based mini-satellites that will be used to help control traffic in space.
A comet heading towards Earth threatens humanity’s existence – that was the virtual scenario of this year’s Zero Robotics tournament. Secondary-school students from across Europe controlled miniature satellites on the International Space Station in a competition to save our planet.
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo., Jan.
Astronomers are using pop songs, talk radio and the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) to help prevent catastrophic space junk collisions.
A new research program is bringing experts together to help protect our planet from asteroids that could become catastrophes.
A defunct satellite that had been mapping the Earth’s gravitational field fell back to Earth at approximately 7pm ET Sunday (01:00 CET Monday), the European Space Agency (ESA) has confirmed.
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The ways in which college students use the Internet—rather than how long or often they’re online—can indicate whether they’re suffering from depression, according to a Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) study to be published in IEEE Technology and Society Magazine.
For the study, researchers tested 216 Missouri S&T students for signs of depression, then checked participants’ Internet usage information for the month of February 2011.
Scientists found that 30 percent of the students met the diagnostic criteria for depression. This matched the results of previous studies, which indicated that 10 to 40 percent of all American college students suffer from depression.
Specifically, researchers found nine distinct patterns of Internet use associated with depression. These included greater use of file-sharing services and of high-bandwidth applications (such as games and videos) than non-depressed participants, and application usage that demonstrated high “flow duration entropy”—that is, random and inconsistent usage.
According to researchers, it’s very likely that students who use the Internet in a random, inconsistent way may have trouble concentrating—a known marker for depression.
But technology might help depressed people, said lead researcher Sriram Chellappan, PhD, an assistant professor of computer science at Missouri S&T in Rolla. This would be possible with software designed to spot patterns that reflect the mental condition.
“The software would be a cost-effective and an in-home tool that could proactively prompt users to seek medical help if their Internet usage patterns indicate possible depression,” Chellappan said. “The software could also be installed on campus networks to notify counselors of students whose Internet usage patterns are indicative of depressive behavior.”
Chellappan hopes further investigation can reveal similar patterns of Internet usage that could help flag other mental illnesses, such as anorexia, attention deficit disorder, bulimia or schizophrenia. He added that “applications of this study to diagnose and treat mental disorders for other vulnerable groups like the elderly and military veterans are also significant.”
Did you know online therapy may help people fighting depression? Click here to read more. | <urn:uuid:a6f8caf5-7aee-45d6-a564-0fbc913b66eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tusaludmag.com/article/Internet-Patterns-Depression-22523-9038 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573849.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819222115-20220820012115-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.92435 | 448 | 3.390625 | 3 |
How ants and plants developed a mutually beneficial partnership
Ants have been feasting on plants for millions of years, but eventually, plants evolved a system of features that allowed them to use foraging ants to their advantage.
Over time, plants have evolved to produce nectar that attracts ants and hollow thorns that ants can use for shelter. Sometimes, ants will even defend a plant against attack or help spread the plant’s seed.
It’s a mutually beneficial relationship and an example of how complex interactions between two organisms evolve over time.
Researchers from the Field Museum conducted a study to understand this evolutionary relationship better and to find out which organism jumpstarted the interaction, the plant features or the ant foraging.
“It was a chicken-and-egg question, whether things started with ants developing behaviors to take advantage of plants, or plants evolving structures to take advantage of ants,” said Rick Ree, a co-author of the study.
The study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and the researchers reviewed the genetic history of 1,700 species of ants and 10,000 plant genera.
Ants and plants go back to the age of the dinosaurs, but studying these ancient interactions is difficult because there exists so little fossil evidence of the relationship between plants and ants.
“There are very few fossil records of these structures in plants, and they don’t extend very far back in time. And there are tons of ant fossils, but they typically don’t show these ant behaviors–we don’t necessarily see an ant preserved in amber carrying a seed,” said Matt Nelsen, the lead author of the study.
To help remedy the gap in information, the researchers reviewed and analyzed DNA and ecological databases to trace back the genetic history of different plant features.
Mapping the history of ant-friendly traits in plants, the researchers found that plants evolved these enticing features in response to ant foraging. It turns out that the ants have relied on plants longer than plants relied on ants.
“Some ants don’t directly use plants for much, while others rely on them for food, foraging habitat, and nesting,” said Nelson. “We found that to become fully invested in plant-use, ants first began foraging arboreally, then incorporated plants into their diet, and then from there, they started nesting arboreally. While this stepwise shift towards an increased reliance on plants is intuitive, it still surprised us.”
Plants seem to benefit more from this relationship, as the researchers found that ants that depend on plants are no better off, evolutionarily speaking, than other ant species that don’t forage or nest in plants.
“We don’t see parts of the ant family tree that includes ants relying on plants for food or habitat diversifying or growing any faster than those parts of the tree that lack these interactions,” said Nelsen. “This study matters because it provides a glimpse into how these widespread and complex interactions evolved.”
Image Credit: (c) Field Museum, Corrie Moreau
Find more related articlesAnimals Category | <urn:uuid:8e518d29-3a9d-4a80-a50b-a355678a3cd5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.earth.com/news/ants-plants-partnership/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038075074.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413213655-20210414003655-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.943557 | 660 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Our bodies are contaminated with poisonous chemicals released during the PVC lifecycle, such as mercury, dioxins, and phthalates, which may pose irreversible life-long health threats. When produced or burned, PVC plastic releases dioxins, a group of the most potent synthetic chemicals ever tested, which can cause cancer and harm the immune and reproductive systems.
PVC is useless without the addition of a plethora of toxic additives, which can make the PVC product itself harmful to consumers. These chemicals can evaporate or leach out of PVC, posing risks to children and consumers. New car smell? New shower curtain smell? That’s the smell of poisonous chemicals off-gassing from the PVC.
One of the most common toxic additives is DEHP, a phthalate that is a suspected carcinogen and reproductive toxicant readily found in numerous PVC products. Children can be exposed to phthalates by chewing on vinyl toys. While it is still legal for US retailers to sell PVC children’s and baby toys containing dangerous phthalates, the European Parliament voted in July, 2005 to permanently ban the use of certain toxic phthalates in toys.
One EPA study found that vinyl shower curtains can cause elevated levels of dangerous air toxins, which can persist for more than a month.
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A research group in Europe has proposed to overhaul the way the Internet looks for data. The group was funded as part of a project called ‘Pursuit’ and their ideas are described in this Pursuit Fact Sheet.
The proposal involves changing the way that the Internet searches for data. Today searches are done by URL, or Universal Resource Locator. What URL searches do is to identify the original server that holds the desired data. When you do a Google search that is what you find – the address of the original server. The problem with looking for data this way is that everybody looking for that same data is going to be sent to that same server.
There are several problems that are associated with searches based upon looking for the original server that holds a piece of data. It means that everybody looking for that data is sent to the same server. If enough people look for that data at the same time the original server might crash. The original server can also be effectively shut down by denial of service attacks. And sending everybody to the original server is inefficient. If the original content everybody is looking for is a video, then that video is downloaded to each person who asks to see it, if you and your neighbors all decide to watch the same video, then it is downloaded individually to each one of you and will be sent through the Internet many times.
The Pursuit proposal is suggesting that we instead change the Internet to use URIs (Universal Resource Identifiers) to search for data. This kind of search is going to look for the content you are looking for rather than for the server that originally stored the data. So if you are looking for a TV show, it will look to see where that show is currently stored. If somebody in your local network has recently watched that show then the data is already available locally and you will be able to download it much faster and also not have to initiate a new download from the original server.
This is somewhat akin to the way that file-sharing sites work and you might be given a menu of sites that hold the data you are looking for. By choosing the nearest site you will be retrieving the data from somewhere other than the original server. The closer it is to you (network-wise, no geographically) the faster and more efficiently you will be able to retrieve it.
But more likely the retrieval will be automated, and you may download the content from many locations – grabbing a piece of the desired video from the different networks that currently hold that data.
This is not a new concept and networks that use switched digital video have been using the same concept. In those systems, the first person in a neighborhood node that watches a certain channel will open up a connection for that channel. But the second person then shares the already-open channel and does not initiate a new request back to the TV server. This means that a given channel is opened only once for a given node on the network.
There are huge advantages to this kind of shift in the Internet. Today the vast majority of data being sent through the Internet is video. And one has to imagine that very large numbers of people watch the same content. And so changing to a system where a given video is sent to your local node only one time is a huge improvement in efficiency. This is going to take the strain off of content servers and is also going to relive a lot of the congestion on the Internet backbone. In fact, once the data has been dispersed the Internet the original server could be taken out of service, but the content will live on.
There are some downsides to this kind of system. For example, one often hears of somebody pulling down content that they don’t want viewed any longer. But in an information-centric network it would not matter if data is removed from the original server. As long as somebody was recently watching the content it would live on, independent of the original server.
There are a lot of changes that need to be made to make a transition to an information-centric web. This is going to take changes to the transport, caching systems, error control, flow controls and other core processes involved in retrieving data. But the gigantic increase in efficiency from this change means that it is inevitable that this is going to come to pass. | <urn:uuid:53e53838-5a3d-416e-9ee3-6d0029107e91> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://potsandpansbyccg.com/2013/11/01/a-new-internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887973.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119105358-20180119125358-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.952723 | 868 | 3.15625 | 3 |
OpenSSH is one of my favourite tools, and one I take for granted because I use it all day, every day. OpenSSH is a Swiss Army-knife of coolness that can be used to provide secure connections to insecure sites in insecure places like free Wi-Fi-offering coffee shops. It can be used to remotely administer systems, provide encrypted file sharing via sshfs, bypass draconian corporate firewall policies (okay, maybe that isn't the best example of OpenSSH coolness), and a whole lot more.
Before you're really able to appreciate all that OpenSSH has to offer, you have to learn the basics, and that means key management. So we're going to look at how to manage and use OpenSSH public/private keypairs.
Generating OpenSSH keys is easy, and doing so allows for passphrase-based keys to be used for login authentication instead of providing your password. This means you have the private key stored locally, and the public key is stored remotely. The two keys together form a cryptographically secure keypair used to perform authentication, without sending a password over the network.
To generate an RSA2 key (default 2048 bits) with a special comment to identify its use and saved to ~/.ssh/server1_rsa and ~/.ssh/server1_rsa.pub, use:
$ ssh-keygen -C "special key for server foo" -t rsa -f ~/.ssh/server1_rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/joe/.ssh/server1_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/joe/.ssh/server1_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
fb:8a:23:82:b9:96:a1:9c:d5:62:58:15:9a:8f:f9:ed special key for server1
The key's randomart image is:
+—[ RSA 2048]——+
| .. |
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| o. |
| .+ |
| oo.. S |
| o +... . |
|oo* .. .. |
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Keeping this key to yourself isn't useful, so it needs to be copied to a remote server where it will be used. You can do this manually by copying it over and then moving it into place, or you can use the ssh-copy-id command:
$ ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/server1_rsa firstname.lastname@example.org
Once you provide the account password, the ~/.ssh/server1_rsa's public key will be copied to the remote server and placed into ~/.ssh/authorized_keys. You should then be able to log in using the key, and its passphrase, from that point forward.
Using the ~/.ssh/config file can really make life easier. With that configuration file, you can easily setup various options for different hosts. If you wanted to have multiple SSH public/private keypairs, and want to use a specific keypair for a specific host, using ~/.ssh/config to define it will save some typing. For instance:
Host server1 server1.domain.com
Host server2 server2.domain.com
In this example, when you do ssh server1, it will connect to server1.domain.com using the private key in ~/.ssh/server1_rsa, logging in as "joe". Likewise, when connecting to server2.domain.com, the ~/.ssh/server2_rsa key is used and you will connect as the root user.
If you have changed the remote server's SSH key (either by installing a new operating system, re-using an old IP address, changing the server keys, whatever), and you have strict key checking enabled (usually a default), you may see a message like this:
@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!
Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!
Warnings like this should be taken seriously. If you don't know why the key has changed, before making any changes and assuming it's benign, or even completing the login, find out from the administrator of the box. If you know this is an expected change, then use the ssh-keygen tool to remove all keys that belong to that particular host from the known_hosts file (as there may be more than one entry for the host):
$ ssh-keygen -R server1.domain.com
This is especially useful if you are using hashed hostnames. What are hashed hostnames, you ask? Hashed hostnames are a way to make the known_hosts file not store any identifying information on the host. So in the event of a compromise, an attacker would be able to obtain very little information from the hashed file. If you had an entry like this in your ~/.ssh/known_hosts file:
server4,10.10.10.43 ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAIEAtNuBVGgUhMchJoQiDTZ+Nu1jzJOXxG9vo5pVWSbbic4kdAMggWrdhXBU6K3RFIEwxx9MQKR81g6F8shV7us0cc0qnBQxmlAItNRbJI8yA4Ur+2ggFPFteqUEvOhA+I7E8REcPX87urxejWK3W11UqOXyjs7cCjoqdps8fEqBT3c=
This clearly identifies that you have at some point connected to "server4", which has an IP address of 10.10.10.43. To make this information unidentifiable, you can hash the known_hosts file to make the above look like this instead:
|1|sPWy3K2SFjtGy0jPTGmbOuXb3js=|maUi1uexwObad7fgjp4/TnTvpMI= ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAIEAtNuBVGgUhMchJoQiDTZ+Nu1jzJOXxG9vo5pVWSbbic4kdAMggWrdhXBU6K3RFIEwxx9MQKR81g6F8shV7us0cc0qnBQxmlAItNRbJI8yA4Ur+2ggFPFteqUEvOhA+I7E8REcPX87urxejWK3W11UqOXyjs7cCjoqdps8fEqBT3c=
It's the same host, but now in a format that only ssh and sshd will understand. This is where the ssh-keygen -R command is so necessary, since trying to find the entry for host "foo.domain.com" in a hashed file would be impossible. To hash your known_hosts file, use:
$ ssh-keygen -H
There is so much that can be done with OpenSSH, and this tip mostly dealt with key management. Next, we will look at some quick one-liner commands to help accomplish some basic, and some not-so-basic, tasks with OpenSSH.
Vincent Danen works on the Red Hat Security Response Team and lives in Canada. He has been writing about and developing on Linux for over 10 years and is a veteran Mac user. | <urn:uuid:8727ab27-25d7-4f4d-8b64-7f04d865d038> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/linux-and-open-source/what-you-need-to-know-about-openssh-key-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822966.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018123747-20171018143747-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.824168 | 1,710 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The New York Blood Center (NYBC) is the first blood-gathering organization in the U.S. to collect plasma from COVID-19 patients to use as a possible treatment for the disease.
Before antibiotics rendered the practice moot, it was common to treat infectious bacterial diseases by infusing the blood of recovered patients into those struggling with infection. That approach has also been tried against viral infections like H1N1 influenza, SARS and MERS, with inconsistent success. Some patients benefited, but other did not and doctors don’t have a clear understanding of why. But during an evolving pandemic like COVID-19, plasma-based treatments can provide a critical stop-gap while therapies and vaccines are developed.
The idea is relatively simple, and based on the concept of passive immunity. People who have recovered from an COVID-19 infection have likely done so because their immune systems developed strong immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the illness. As a key part of their response, they make antibodies, including both general microbial killers and specialized cells that target just the proteins found on SARS-CoV-2. In theory, these antibodies could be taken from a recovered COVID-19 patient, and infused into someone recently infected with the virus. “The thought is that if you passively infuse someone who is actively sick, the antibodies may temporarily help a sick person fight infection more effectively, and get well a little bit quicker,” says Dr. Bruce Sachais, chief medical officer of New York Blood Center Enterprises.
While the therapy is still experimental, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on March 24 allowed doctors to use plasma from recovered patients to treat those with “serious or immediately life-threatening COVID-19 infections” under an emergency approval system. Doctors can apply to the FDA to use it for their patients, and the agency will review the requests quickly and make decisions on a case by case basis.
Sachais says NYBC is ready to begin collecting blood from recovered patients who have tested negative for active viral infection, and met other requirements to ensure their plasma is safe to infuse. The first donors will likely come from hospitals who have successfully treated patients, and the donated plasma will go back to those hospitals to treat their sickest patients. This week, Mount Sinai Health System announced that it would begin working with NYBC to start treating some of its more severely ill patients with the therapy. But Sachais says he is working with other blood centers and hospitals to create a system where donated plasma can be stored and shared among them.
For now, each patient will likely receive one unit of plasma, which is about 200-250 cubic centimeters. But because the amount of antibody in donors may vary, researchers are currently seeking ways to produce a more concentrated and consistent dose. Emergent BioSolutions, a biopharmaceutical company in Maryland, is working on a way to pool plasma from recovered patients and use that to create concentrated doses of antibodies, for example. That way, scientists don’t have to select out donors with the highest amount of antibodies, and can accept plasma from a wide pool of recovered patients, according to Laura Saward, head of Emergent’s therapeutic business unit.
The company is also looking to other sources for the antibodies—specifically, horses. It already relies on horses to produce treatments for botulism, and its researchers are adapting that platform to produce antibody-rich plasma against COVID-19. The horses are exposed to fragments of SARS-CoV-2 and generate antibodies to the virus, and because of the animals’ sizes, the volume of plasma they produce could help to treat more than one patient at a time. “We could quickly get to the point where we have multiple horses donating plasma on a weekly basis to help continuously produce those antibody doses,” says Saward. “The thought is that a smaller dose of equine plasma would be effective in people because there would be higher levels of antibody in smaller doses.”
Because Emergent’s technology involves additional steps than processing plasma from one person and infusing it into another, Saward says testing of the company’s human and equine plasma will take a few months. The company plans to begin testing its products in people toward the end of the summer.
Sachais is also considering ways to concentrate the antibody in smaller doses of plasma. But in the meantime, as more people receive units of donated plasma through blood centers like NYBC, doctors will learn more about how much protection the plasma provides, and determine if it could be helpful in preventing infection in high risk people like health care workers. “We are working with national organizations as well to share our experience with them,” he says, “and potentially share inventory of plasma as time goes on, depending on how the pandemic plays out, to make sure the product is collected and distributed where it’s needed.”
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Contact us at email@example.com | <urn:uuid:ec7a7c39-6d2c-46b6-9db2-6839dbae7aad> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://time.com/5809955/blood-plasma-coronavirus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.949095 | 1,153 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In today's picture book you will a sweet, lovable bear who is VERY huggy and who truly understands how to show others that he likes them.
Big Bear Hug
For ages 5 and up
Kids Can Press, 2009, 978-1-55453-464-7
In a forest there is a bear who is “so filled with love and happiness” that he hugs every living thing he encounters. The bear even hugs animals that bears normally eat, and no animal is too big or too small for the bear’s loving embrace. He even hugs smelly skunks and “scary” snakes.
Though the bear loves to hug other animals, he loves to hug trees even more. He hugs trees of all kinds and he loves them dearly. One day he sees a man chopping down a tree and the poor bear is appalled. He is horrified. He even starts to get angry, and he thinks that perhaps he should bite the man. After all, the man is harming one of the bear’s beloved trees.
In this simple yet incredibly powerful book we meet a bear who is goodness personified. Children will immediately fall in love with the big bear who is willing to hug a skunk, and who wraps himself around the trunk of a tree with so much obvious devotion. Most of all, readers will be delighted to see how the bear responds when something negative enters his world. Surely this bear has something to teach us all about how to deal with the negatives things that we encounter in life. | <urn:uuid:2c66d090-477c-4040-8fc1-dbd4c0078266> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://lookingglassreview.blogspot.com/2014/05/picture-book-monday-with-review-of-big.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038078021.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414185709-20210414215709-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.957791 | 314 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Clinical and patient background
1. When planning a CT scan, the Scout (a 2D X-ray of the patient) is used to plan where to perform the scan. In some cases it is easy to distinguish the different anatomic points on the Scout, but in many cases it is quite difficult. There can be many reasons for that: air or gas in the colon, and obese patients can, amongst others things, make it more difficult to see where the liver ends and to spot the placement of the kidneys. This makes the planning of different scans difficult. Furthermore, the fact that the shape and size of the different organs vary a lot from person to person, makes it difficult for the radiographer to estimate the optimal placement of the scan. When doing a contrast CT, it is very important to get it right the first time since it is not always possible to redo the scans if all of the relevant anatomy is not covered in the initial scan. In many cases it is not possible to give the patient an extra dose of contrast the same day, because of the strain on the kidneys. This would mean that the patient would have to come back another day for a new scan. In addition to the extra and unnecessary patient dose, this would be futile for the patient. This is why many radiographers tend to plan the scan in a way where they ensure that an extra couple of inches will be scanned, in order to make sure that the entire anatomy is being scanned. However, every inch of the patient that is scanned without good reason means a lot of unnecessary radiation is applied to sensitive tissue. Even when taking precautions, you may sometimes end up missing a part of the liver due to a wrong estimation of the livers size.
2. A CT Urography is a common type of scan that is quite often performed on young patients. To visualize the urethra, the protocol has a delayed phase - this delay is 6-10 minutes p.i. At this time the contrast has left the kidney and is in the ureter. However, in some cases the contrast isn't in the ureter after the 10 minutes delay.
Dose management methods and techniques that were used
A “Tracker” is a one slice low dose scan, which is used to place the ROI when doing a scan that requires bolus tracking. It provides the radiographer with clear information of the anatomy in one slice. The aim of this study is to show that a tracker can be used in many other cases beyond just in planning of the ROI. If the radiographer finds it difficult to estimate whether or not the interior liver is covered in the area, a tracker can be used. A tracker can be placed over the location in the patient where the radiographer thinks the liver ends, to make sure that he or she is not scanning a part of the patient that is too small or too large. If the radiographer wants to make sure that there is contrast in the ureter, a tracker can be used. If a tracker is used when doing a CT urography to detect if there is a contrast in the ureter or not, it can avert an unnecessary scan for the patient. The radiographer would in this case ask the patient to cough a couple of times and then wait a few minutes before doing another tracker. Furthermore the tracker can be used when the radiographer is planning the urography to detect the kidneys, which are impossible to see on a scout.
Conclusions and results
Every inch of a patient that is scanned needlessly causes a great deal of unnecessary radiation to the patient. Every time a scan has to be redone it causes a great deal of unnecessary radiation. Therefore the use of additional/extra trackers is a good technique to conduct scans that are more precise and can possibly lower radiation dose for the patient.
Discussion of case outcome(s) and future implications
Using additional trackers might seem an obvious and easy way to manage patient dose. However in the way most protocols are set up today, it is quite time consuming to do this. If it is possible to make the additional trackers an integrated part of the most common protocol, it may save some time. It could be very beneficial to make it an option in the “user interface”. | <urn:uuid:327eaf0f-e884-47e7-adc3-c4e89db8c9c4> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.philips.co.nz/healthcare/clinical-solutions/dosewise/radiographer-of-the-year-contest/using-additional-ct-trackers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105922.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819201404-20170819221404-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.949978 | 878 | 3.078125 | 3 |
According to the Affordable Care Act, health care that meets the lowest requirements is called a minimum essential coverage. Having minimum essential coverage is one way for taxpayers to avoid any penalties for not having health insurance. Without it, taxpayers may be fined for each month they’re without coverage, although the coverage gap exemption is available to those with up to three consecutive months of no Health Insurance.
The Affordable Care Act sets the standards for taxpayer’s health insurance requirements. Some types of health insurance plans follow each and every regulation set forth by the affordable care act, and some, known as minimum essential coverage, only meet the minimum requirements. Generally, these plans are based on the source of coverage instead of specific benefits.
Types of Health Insurance
In order to avoid penalties you’ll need to have minimum essential coverage. Some private insurances as well as many governments and employer sponsored health plans are considered minimum essential coverage. If you purchase Health Insurance through the marketplace, you’ll be covered and therefore avoid penalties.
These insurances typically qualify as minimal essential coverage:
- Coverage sponsored by an employer including retirement coverage and COBRA
- Plans purchased through the Health Insurance Marketplace
- Children’s Health Insurance Program
- Medicare Part A and Medicare Advantage plans
- Veteran’s Administration Plans
- Peace Corps volunteer coverage
- Coverage offered under the Non-appropriated Fund Health Benefit Program
- Refugee Medical Assistance supported by the Administration for Children and Families
- Self-funded coverage offered by universities to students for coverage beginning before December 31, 2014.
- State high risk pools for plans beginning prior to December 31, 2014.
Some Health Insurance plans offer limited coverage and do not qualify as minimum essential coverage. Some examples are those that provide only dental or vision coverage, or Medicaid benefits for family planning or disability only.
In many cases insurance plans offered outside of open enrollment are often short term, six benefit, or supplemental plans. There are no additional Health Care benefits, and if this is the only coverage a taxpayer has, then they can expect to be penalized at tax time. Other plans that don’t meet the minimum essential coverage guidelines are:
- Short Term Health Plans
- Fixed Benefit Health Plans
- Medicare Part D and Medigap
- Medicaid covering only certain benefits
- Vision only, Dental only, and limited benefit plans
- Grandfathered Plans (You won’t pay the penalty, but you also won’t be protected under the new regulations)
If you have any questions regarding whether or not your healthcare coverage meets the minimum requirements of the ACA, contact your provider. | <urn:uuid:84130ae2-299a-4b9a-997b-b71e1ed6a13f> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://blog.expresstaxrefund.com/2016/04/09/minimum-essential-coverage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322114226-20230322144226-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.949691 | 547 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Preparations for an
Aqueduct and a Trip
to Washington, D. C.
Even though the overwhelming event of 1906 for California was the earthquake and fire in San Francisco, the year was pivotal for Los Angeles in that it saw not only the establishment of the city's right to import water from distant places but also marked the beginnings of the open shop's triumph over organized labor and the rise of the Progressive movement in politics. In combination, these developments produced great civic turbulence and change, beginning with a turmoil of debate on the Owens Valley question as water men continued to lay ground for the massive undertaking.
As the city pressed the federal government to turn over public lands in Owens Valley and stop all public works there, the people of Owens Valley demanded that their irrigation needs be considered. Pushed from both sides, Secretary of the Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock delayed his decision as he sought more counsel from C. E. Grunsky, city engineer of San Francisco, and also a consulting engineer and advisor on reclamation matters for Interior. Grunsky had completed a tour of western reclamation projects the year before and had already announced the previous September that Interior had no plans for a project in Owens Valley because if it proceeded with work at Klamath and Yuma no further funds would be available. Grunsky also defended Lippincott, whose work in Owens Valley, he stated, had not favored Los Angeles and whose findings were public property “accessible to all. ” Now Grunsky's reply to | <urn:uuid:45bd842f-0f87-42e9-ba6e-74e5902ed610> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://www.questia.com/read/105903571/william-mulholland-and-the-rise-of-los-angeles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701987329.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195307-00213-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972783 | 310 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The Invention of Paramount Pictures
The Media History Digital Library is a goldmine of information about early cinema, the sorts of magazines, journals, and trade publications that, in the pre-digital era, had only been available to those able to travel to research libraries. At over 800,000 scanned pages and growing, the collection is daunting, and what I plan to do in Time Frames, a five-part series, is cull through and select a series of images and text from the collection to highlight key transformative moments in the film culture and industry, as well as other oddities and obscure artifacts.
It’s perhaps impossible for us not to impose a sense of foregoness to history; since we know the outcome, we see it coming in the sources. And when writing about the past, we can’t help but impose our knowledge of what happened. We know, for instance, that the nickelodeon gradually gave way to the movie house, and that the small, local film production companies of the 1910’s merged or disappeared as Hollywood emerged. Yet that path was not straight, and our hindsight knowledge of what happened, of how things played out, tends to obscure or gloss over the rough spots, the detours, the eruptions, the digressions, the upstarts of randomness and chaos that are always part of the fabric of history.
So, rather than a linear “history of” column, Time Frames will be more akin to linked snapshots, focusing less on the overall historical narrative at hand, and more on the texture of the images, the voice of the text, once obscured in archives but now made available to us, in all their raw, real-time glory.
This first installment explores some early promotional material from Paramount Pictures, dating back to 1914, when Adolph Zukor’s The Famous Players Film Company and The Lasky Feature Play Company released their films through Paramount, which had been founded by William Wadsworth Hodkinson earlier that year.
Hodkinson hoped to move the fragmented film industry away from the decentralized nickelodeon experience to a national production and distribution model that would give producers more power and profits through strategies such as block-booking, which forced exhibitors to buy multiple films packaged together from the numerous companies that had exclusive agreements with Paramount. We see this in early promotional material (from Moving Picture World, an early trade paper) for the company from January 1915. (Note: click on images to enlarge and see the full view.)
The old, small, decrepit nickelodeon on the left gives way to the newborn future: a palatial Paramount Pictures bidding farewell to “Cheap Houses, Destructive Competition, and Chaotic Conditions.” (It’s interesting that in 1915 competition could be called “destructive;” in 1948 the Supreme Court would issue an anti-trust ruling that would break up the oligarchy that was Paramount and other studios.)
The ad wishes away (as the old year) the chaos of the nickelodeon as well as its “daily change” (the fact that what was shown often changed from day to day) during the same era that continuity editing emerged as the basic grammar of what was to become the “classical” Hollywood style of narrative. It’s maybe worth considering how the emergence of continuity editing as the standard mode of visual storytelling through editing (pioneered by D. W. Griffith and others) was not simply borne out of a desire to find the most efficient ways to tell a story, but was rather part of a larger cultural drift and business model that, in the interests of consolidation and profit, labeled as “chaos” methods that were not smooth, uniform, and standardized. A promotional page from a few months later (March 1915) also from Moving Picture World stresses efficiency and regularization. Although a future column will explore links between Fordism (described by Steven Tolliday and Jonathan Zeitlin as “a model of economic expansion and technological progress based on mass production: the manufacture of standardized products in huge volumes”) and the emerging movie industry, it’s interesting how these early, inter-industry Paramount advertisements prepared the groundwork for the studio system business model.
The ad also features an early Paramount logo, the first iteration of the mountain peak design (reportedly created as a doodle by Hodkinson himself), a logo that by 1917 would be modified to include billowing clouds at the base of the mountain rather than mist. In this and a few other illustrations from 1915, the finished logo appears in a film-strip like format, emerging out of sketches.
It’s a small detail, this filmstrip/border design, a sort of rough draft of Paramount working out, in public, its identity and image as a major distributor and, eventually, studio.
One of the more fascinating Paramount advertisements from its formative years is this map (from the July 1914 issue of Moving Picture World) of the United States segmented into distributor “territories.”
The ad features the very first, pre-mountain logo: a royal crown bearing the Latin phrase for “in the highest.” The totalizing scope and vision of the company — in which no corner of the U.S. is not claimed — suggests the grand designs of the company, as if there was no space beyond Paramount’s reach.
There is also an advertisement for the first film released by Paramount, The Lost Paradise, by Henry Churchill de Mille, Cecil B. de Mille’s father, adapted from the German drama by Ludwig Fulda.
An August 1891 New York Times review of the de Mille’s American stage version (upon which the Paramount Pictures film, released in the late summer of 1914, was based) describes it as a drama about “the war of classes against masses.” The drama contains this exchange, between Standish, whose family owns an iron works factory, and Hyatt and Schwartz, workers threatening to go on strike:
HYATT: Capital can’t do without labor.
STANDISH: What can labor do without capital?
SCHWARTZ: Which comes to any country first? What built your factories and your railroads, and your fine houses? Your sleepless nights didn’t. ‘Twas this–and this. (slapping first the muscle of one arm, then the other, extending both) Your brains are used to make machines of us. We’re tryin’ hard to be patient and fight you brain to brain.
STANDISH: For what?
SCHWARTZ: Some of the benefits from the capital, that our own labor has made.
Although contemporary reviews of the film are difficult to find, an article in the October 1914 Lake Shore News (out of Wilmette, Illinois) notes that “The Lost Paradise is a powerful pictorial argument in behalf of the oppressed laborers, whose lives build the wealth of nations, whose tears are crystallized in the jewels of the rich.” So it turns out that the very first release by the motion picture company that would become a symbol of unfair trade practices was one that dealt in complex and sympathetic ways with the plight of workers. It’s also a sign of the times that Edwin S. Porter — a pioneer of early cinema whose films The Great Train Robbery and Life of an American Fireman (both 1903) had experimented with cross-cutting and other then experimental editing techniques — is listed near the bottom of the advertisement as a “technical director.” In these and other early promotions, the film’s director was often not listed, as distinctions between cameraman, writer, director, and editor were often blurred, overlapping, and collaborative. The concept of the director as author of a film, responsible for its total vision, had not yet fully emerged.
Porter is an interesting example. Having failed to establish consistency and uniformity of method — which was precisely the business and artistic model that Paramount was striving for — Porter’s star faded.
By 1916 he had abandoned filmmaking.
Next installment: Film “vamps” in the teens. | <urn:uuid:d08406e8-4350-4c45-a128-21fead704f78> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://filmmakermagazine.com/75946-the-invention-of-paramount-pictures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151760.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725174608-20210725204608-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.962629 | 1,701 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A battle for the jet stream is raging above our heads
When prolonged periods of severe weather strike, two things often get the blame these days: climate change and the jet stream. Many have expressed concerns that the rapidly melting Arctic is now disturbing the jet stream, bringing more frequent bouts of wild weather. But potentially even more powerful changes are afoot in the tropics—and the consequences could be severe.
The northern hemisphere's jet stream is a current of fast-moving air encircling the globe from west to east in the middle latitudes—the zone between the baking tropics and the freezing Arctic. The strongest winds are about ten kilometers high, near the altitudes at which planes fly, but the bottom of the jet can reach all the way down to the ground, forming the prevailing westerly winds familiar to many. The southern hemisphere's counterpart is what gives rise to the Roaring Forties – similarly treacherous winds between latitudes 40° and 50°.
The jet forms a relatively sharp dividing line between the warm tropical and cold polar air masses. The strongest winds are concentrated in a band several hundred kilometers wide. But this band is not fixed. It meanders and snakes its way around the globe, sometimes touching the edge of the tropics and at other times scraping the polar regions
As a result, the jet can have a wide array of impacts across the hemisphere. If it passes over your location, expect to be repeatedly bombarded by the whirling storms that are carried along by it. As a recent example, the severe flooding in the North of England in November 2019 arose in part from a shift of the jet, which put the UK right in the middle of a region where storms tend to grow.
If the jet shifts to pass north of you, you'll find yourself under the warm, dry zone of the atmosphere which lies south of the jet. This brings generally settled and pleasant weather in summer, but can set the scene for droughts and heatwaves. And if the jet moves south instead, you'll be on its cold polar side, so you'd better hope this doesn't happen too much during winter.
The jet has always varied—and has always affected our weather patterns. But now climate change is affecting our weather too. As I explore in my latest book, it's when the wanderings of the jet and the hand of climate change add up that we get record-breaking heatwaves, floods and droughts—but not freezes.
The coldest weeks of any given winter will occur when the jet brings masses of cold air directly from the polar regions. But severe though this may feel, records show that similar events in past decades were even colder than they are now. While the jet is largely doing the same as it always has, the planet-heating greenhouse gases we've added to our atmosphere mean that invasions of polar air these days are just that bit milder.
The flip side, of course, is that when the jet moves north in summer, bringing warm air from the south, we often have to endure temperatures beyond anything in living memory.
It is clear and well understood how climate change and the jet can combine like this to cause truly extreme weather events. But whether climate change is directly changing the jet's behavior is a much harder question to answer.
Some have suggested that the rapidly warming Arctic is weakening the jet, by reducing the temperature contrast between the tropical and polar air to either side of it. As a result, the jet meanders more to the north and south, and these meanders can remain fixed over one location for longer—as happened when the "Beast from the East" placed much of Northern Europe under a bitter chill.
There are certainly some interesting ideas here, but many still do not find the logic compelling, and more convincing evidence from observations and computer models will be needed for these theories to become widely accepted.
Scientists are however increasingly confident that important changes are afoot in the tropics. Driven by the vast quantities of energy pouring in from the Sun directly overhead, these are the great powerhouses of Earth's climate. Indeed, the power of the tropics is evident in the worldwide weather disruption caused by El Niño events—subtle increases or decreases in temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, that in turn disturb the jet stream.
Over the past few years, it has become apparent that at high altitudes, the Earth's tropical regions are heating up more quickly than the rest of the world. At least partly because of this, the tropical regions of the atmosphere have been widening, expanding ever so slightly away from the equator, and impinging more on the jet stream.
Tug of war
We are in the early days of a great battle in the air above our heads between the Arctic and the tropics, for the future of the jet stream. At best, there might be a stalemate, leaving the jet stream distorted but otherwise unmoved.
However, if one of the competitors outweighs the other, regional climate patterns could be severely altered as the climate zones shift along with the jet. It's too early to say with any confidence which of these will win out, but many computer models predict the jet will shift a little towards the pole, consistent with a greater influence of the tropics.
In this case, we should expect to see the warm, dry regions at the edge of the tropics extend a little further out from the equator. The strongest impacts of this would likely be felt in regions such as the Mediterranean, which are already highly sensitive to fluctuations in rainfall. A northward jet shift would act to steer much needed rainstorms towards central Europe instead, leaving the Mediterranean at greater risk of drought.
So, the jet may not become more erratic as the Arctic warms, but it may well change profoundly. And one thing is clear: the stress of increased temperatures and altered rainfall patterns from our destabilizing climate will leave us even more vulnerable to the weather patterns brought by the whim of the wandering jet stream. | <urn:uuid:ae418fd5-f5b7-4b24-aff5-021790253f01> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://phys.org/news/2019-11-jet-stream-raging.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.94948 | 1,224 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Tackling climate change would save millions of lives a year by the end of the century purely as a result of the decrease in air pollution, according to a new study.
The study is published as scientists from around the globe gather in Stockholm to thrash out final details of a landmark assessment of climate science. Their final report is due to be released this Friday and will set out projections of wide-ranging impacts of global warming from droughts to floods to sea-level rise.
The research suggests that the benefits of cuts to air pollution from curbing fossil-fuel use justify action alone – even without other climate impacts such as more extreme weather and sea-level rise.
"It is pretty striking that you can make an argument purely on health grounds to control climate change," says Jason West, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, whose work is published in Nature Climate Change.
West's team compared two futures, one in which climate change is stabilized by aggressive cuts in greenhouse gas emissions and one in which emissions are not curbed. The scientists then modeled how this affected air pollutants and the consequent effects on health.
They found that 300,000 to 700,000 premature deaths a year would be avoided in 2030, 800,000 to 1.8 million in 2050 and 1.4 million to 3 million in 2100. By mid-century, the world's population is expected to peak at around 9 to 10 billion.
A key finding was that the value of the health benefits delivered by cutting a tonne of CO2 emissions was $50 to $380, greater than the projected cost of cutting carbon in the next few decades. The benefits accrue because of associated pollutants released from burning fossil fuels.
It is possible to reduce pollutants in fossil fuel emissions more cheaply without switching to low carbon sources of power – for example with scrubbers on coal plants that remove NOx and SOx; or by cars switching from diesel to petrol – but the authors say it is striking that the value of health benefits outweigh the costs of cutting carbon.
The benefits were particularly great in China and east Asia, where the value of health improvements was between 10 and 70 times greater than the cost of reducing emissions. "The benefits in north America and Europe are still pretty high, but in east Asia you have a very high population exposed to very bad air pollution, so there are lots of opportunities for improvement there," says West.
The research analyzed how cutting emissions from coal-fired power plants, cars and other sources reduced levels of small pollution particles which increase heart attacks, strokes and lung cancer and of ozone, which causes respiratory illnesses.
Unlike previous studies, which have tended to focus on specific countries or regions, the new study took a global perspective. "Air pollution does not stop at the border," says West. "If China reduces pollution, people outside of China benefit as some pollution travels across the Pacific or the other way into south-east Asia."
Another key difference of the new work was including future population increases and the rising longevity of people, which means they are more likely to be affected by cardiovascular diseases, rather than dying young from infectious diseases. The ranges in the estimates of premature deaths avoided and the economic benefits arise from the relative uncertainty of how people's health responds to air pollution and the range of valuations used for lives, with the EPA using a value of $7 million per life, while the European Union uses $2 million per life.
The wider assessment from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change due on 27 September, its first since 2007, will play a crucial role in the international negotiations towards a global deal to tackle global warming in 2015. "Climate change is a long-term problem and the benefits of any action taken by one country are shared out among all: both of these things make reaching and an agreement difficult," West says. "But the air pollution co-benefits are local, tangible and near term, with air quality improving within weeks. That strengthens the argument for taking action." | <urn:uuid:8c2ee8c3-90ac-4d2d-b8a8-eee6416b7321> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.citylab.com/politics/2013/09/cleaner-air-tackling-climate-change-would-save-millions-lives/6987/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153998.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00037-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961039 | 813 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Preathletic event stretching has been recommended with the goal of improving a joint range of motion to achieve optimal performance, decrease stiffness, and possibly decrease injury risk (33,46). Likewise, it has been suggested that stretching before exercise may improve performance (3,36,38). However, recent evidence has indicated that a bout of static stretching may cause transient decreases in dynamic constant external resistance strength (32), maximal concentric isokinetic strength (12,13,22), maximal isometric strength (23), peak twitch force and rate of force development (14), maximal power output (47), balance (4), sprint performance (34), vertical jump performance (7), and other sport-specific measures (24). Collectively, this phenomenon has been termed the stretching-induced force deficit. Thus, Behm and Chaouachi (5) suggested that static stretching of any duration should be avoided when even small decreases in performance are undesirable. This recommendation may only apply to static stretching though because several studies have reported that dynamic stretching has no detrimental or positive effects on strength and power output (35), sprint performance (42), vertical jump (7), and other sport-specific tasks (24). Therefore, there is some discrepancy within the literature on the detrimental effects of static versus dynamic stretching such that static stretching may cause a stretching-induced force deficit, whereas dynamic stretching may not.
During sprinting, eccentric muscle actions of the hamstring function to decelerate leg extension movement (48) and oppose the action of the quadriceps during the last third of the swing phase (6). Hence, eccentric muscle actions of the hamstrings may be important in preventing knee- and posterior thigh-related injuries during sprinting (39). Because the hamstrings are typically weaker than the quadriceps, this imbalance may increase the risk of injury (39,48). Indeed, hamstring injuries are common in sports involving running and jumping (48). For example, Jönhagen et al. (30) reported injured sprinters typically had weaker eccentric muscle actions than uninjured runners. Sugiura et al. (39) reported that hamstring injuries always occurred in sprinters with preseason weakness in eccentric hamstring muscle actions when compared with the uninjured limb. Girls with reduced hamstring strength have a reduced ability to control lower limb alignment, which may to contribute to increased ACL loading and, consequently, increased potential for injury (45). Previous studies have shown static stretching-induced decreases in hamstring strength (12,13,25,35), which have been suggested to increase risk of injury (12,13). However, it is unknown whether dynamic stretching elicits similar effects; thus, the present study on dynamic stretching may provide the data needed to make better recommendations to reduce the risk of thigh- or knee-related injuries that may be associated with stretching-induced decreases in hamstring strength.
A disproportional hamstring–quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratio may be inversely related to the risk of lower extremity injuries (6,20,21,29,39,48). That is, as the H:Q ratio decreases, the risk of lower extremity injuries may increase. Consequently, the H:Q ratio has been used as a preventative tool to screen for potential hamstring and knee injuries (6,20,21,29,39,48). For example, in a prospective study, Croisier et al. (20) examined professional soccer players’ isokinetic strength profiles and reported that the rate of injury during the season was significantly higher in those athletes with strength imbalances. Similarly, Yeung et al. (48) reported that competitive sprinters with a preseason H:Q ratio lower than 0.60 had their risk of hamstring injury increased by 17 times. Accordingly, the general recommendation is that the H:Q ratio should be 0.60 or greater for injury prevention (21), and subsequent strength training can correct low H:Q ratios (28). Incidentally, stretching is also commonly recommended for the prevention and treatment of hamstring strains and knee-related injuries (8). However, if stretching before exercise or athletic performance decreases concentric (12,13,25,35) and eccentric hamstring strength (13,35), then it is possible that stretching may also affect the conventional and functional H:Q ratios. Indeed, recent literature has suggested that little compelling evidence exists to indicate that stretching reduces injury risk (37,40,43).
Whiting and Zernicke (44) have suggested that the hamstrings are particularly susceptible to muscle strains, and hamstring strains may be one of the most common injuries in athletics (9). Moreover, poor flexibility, inadequate strength, and insufficient stretching are among the factors associated with hamstring injuries (2). However, because preexercise stretching can adversely affect hamstring strength (12,13,25,35) and potentially lower the H:Q ratio (11,13), it may, consequently, increase the risk of hamstring- and knee-related injury. As a result, previous studies have suggested that caution must be taken if stretching is conducted before H:Q ratio assessments, especially when H:Q ratios are used as an index for deciding when return to play is appropriate during injury rehabilitation (13). In a recent extensive review, Behm and Chaouachi (5) suggested that dynamic stretching causes either no adverse effects or improves performance, and it is currently becoming more common as part of a warm-up (10). However, there is also evidence to suggest that dynamic stretching decreases hamstring strength (26). In light of the recent debate surrounding the efficacy of dynamic stretching for reducing the risk of injury and improving performance, we hypothesized that dynamic stretching for the hamstrings may increase hamstring strength, increase the H:Q ratio, and subsequently decrease the risk of injury as assessed by the H:Q ratio. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated the effects of an acute bout of dynamic stretching on the conventional and functional H:Q ratios and muscle activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of dynamic stretching on concentric leg extensor and flexor peak torque, eccentric leg flexor peak torque, and the conventional and functional H:Q ratios during isokinetic muscle actions.
A convenience sample of 21 women (mean ± SD age = 20.6 ± 2.0 yr, body mass = 64.5 ± 9.3 kg, height = 164.7 ± 6.5 cm) volunteered for this study. Before the start of testing, all subjects read and signed an informed consent form and completed a health status questionnaire. Twenty women reported engaging in 1–5.5 h·wk−1 of aerobic exercise, 10 reported 1–6.5 h·wk−1 of resistance training, and 6 reported 1–3 h·wk−1 of recreational sports. Only one participant did not report some form of weekly exercise. In addition, none of the participants reported any current hip-, knee-, or ankle-related injuries. Therefore, these subjects might be best classified as healthy, college-age, recreationally active women. This study was approved by the institutional review board for the protection of human subjects.
A repeated-measures design (prestretching vs poststretching) was used to investigate the acute effects of dynamic stretching on concentric leg extensor and flexor PT, eccentric leg flexor PT, the conventional and functional H:Q ratios, and muscle activity. Subjects visited the laboratory on three occasions separated by at least 48 h. The first visit was an orientation and familiarization session, and the subsequent visits were the experimental trials. Familiarization included anthropometric assessments (body mass and height) followed by a practice of the isokinetic tests that would be completed during the experimental trials. In addition, the stretching exercises were performed during the familiarization trial to ensure that each subject could tolerate the stretches. During the experimental trials, participants completed the isokinetic prestretching tests, the stretching intervention or the control condition, and the isokinetic poststretching assessments. The control condition consisted of quiet sitting for 15 min between prestretching and poststretching tests. The average duration of the experimental trials was 49.0 ± 6.1 min (mean ± SD).
The stretching protocol consisted of four sets of four dynamic stretching exercises designed to stretch the anterior and posterior thigh muscles. The exercises were performed with each set lasting 30 s with 15-s rest periods between sets. Two exercises targeted the anterior muscles of the thigh and two targeted the posterior muscles of the thigh. For the first quadriceps stretch, from a standing position, the subject flexed the right knee such that the heel would move toward the buttocks and then the leg was returned back (Fig. 1A; Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A357). For the second quadriceps stretch, the subject flexed the right thigh and leg and extended the right leg backward (Fig. 1B; Video, Supplemental Digital Content 2, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A358). Once completed, the subject brought the leg to the starting position. The first hamstring stretching exercise involved an exaggerated hip extension with the left leg while flexing the trunk at the hip and waist until both hands approached the right foot (Fig. 1C; Video, Supplemental Digital Content 3, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A359). Once completed, the subject returned to the start position and repeated the stretch. The second hamstring stretching exercise was performed while the subject flexed the right thigh while maintaining an extended leg such that the right toes were raised as high as possible. The right thigh was then extended back to the starting position (Fig. 1D; Video, Supplemental Digital Content 4, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A360). No warm-up was conducted before the stretching intervention. The average stretching procedure lasted 16.1 ± 2.6 min, and the average time elapsed from the end of the stretching to the start of the poststretching assessments was 4.9 ± 1.4 min.
Maximal isokinetic concentric hamstring and quadriceps PT and eccentric hamstring PT of the right leg were assessed in random order using a calibrated Lido Multi-Joint II isokinetic dynamometer (Loredan Biomedical, Inc., West Sacramento, CA) at the randomly ordered velocities of 60°·s−1 and 180°·s−1. H:Q ratios at the velocities of 60°·s−1 and 180°·s−1 have both been used to assess injury risk and have been associated with lower-body injury (6,29,48). Subjects were in a seated position with pads securing the right thigh. The input axis of the dynamometer was aligned with the axis of rotation of the right knee. Before the isokinetic assessments, each participant’s active range of motion was individually determined as prompted by the Lido software. Three submaximal warm-up repetitions of increasing intensities (i.e., approximately 25%, 50%, and 75% of the subject’s perceived maximum) preceded three maximal muscle actions at each velocity. Concentric hamstring and quadriceps PT were assessed consecutively within the same repetition. During the tests, loud verbal encouragement was provided by the investigator such that each subject was instructed to “kick out” and “pull back” as hard and fast as possible throughout the range of motion. A 1-min rest was allowed between each velocity.
Preamplified, bipolar surface EMG electrodes (EL254S; Biopac Systems Inc., Santa Barbara, CA; gain = 350) with a fixed center-to-center interelectrode distance of 20 mm were taped over the vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles of the right thigh. All electrodes were placed in accordance with the recommendations of Hermens et al. (27). For the VL, the electrodes were placed at the anterior border of the iliotibial band along the muscle’s longitudinal axis at 50% of the distance from the greater trochanter to the lateral epicondyle of the femur. For the BF, the electrodes were placed at the midpoint of the distance between the ischial tuberosity and the lateral epicondyle of the tibia. A single pregelled, disposable electrode (Ag-Ag Cl, Quinton Quick Prep, Quinton Instruments Co., Bothell, WA) was placed on the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebrae to serve as a reference electrode. To reduce interelectrode impedance and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, local areas of the skin were shaved and cleaned with isopropyl alcohol before placement of the electrodes.
During each isokinetic assessment, all signals were sampled at 2 kHz and recorded simultaneously with a Biopac data acquisition system (MP150WSW; Biopac Systems Inc.) interfaced with a laptop computer (Inspiron 8200; Dell Inc., Round Rock, TX) using proprietary software (AcqKnowledge version 3.7; Biopac Systems Inc.). The torque and EMG signals were recorded, stored, and processed offline with custom-written software (LabView 8.5; National Instruments, Austin, TX). PT was calculated as the highest 0.05-s average torque value for the repetition that yielded the highest PT value. Conventional H:Q ratios were calculated by dividing each subject’s highest concentric hamstring PT by the highest concentric quadriceps PT (11–13). Functional H:Q ratios were calculated by dividing the highest eccentric hamstring PT by the highest concentric quadriceps PT (13).
The raw EMG signals (μV) were simultaneously sampled at 2 KHz and expressed as root mean square amplitude values. First, the raw EMG signals were digitally band-pass filtered at 10–500 Hz using a zero phase shift eighth-order Butterworth filter. The EMG amplitude values were then normalized to the highest recorded value that occurred during either the prestretching or poststretching assessments across the two velocities (60°·s−1, 180°·s−1, and 300°·s−1). The normalized EMG amplitude values were expressed as a percentage of the maximum recorded value (%max) and used in all subsequent statistical analyses.
Eleven separate three-way repeated-measured ANOVA (time [prestretching vs poststretching] × condition [stretching vs control] × velocity [60°·s−1 vs 180°·s−1]) were used to analyze the concentric hamstring and quadriceps PT, eccentric hamstrings PT, conventional and functional H:Q ratios, and muscle activity during concentric hamstring and quadriceps and eccentric hamstring muscle actions. When appropriate, follow-up analyses were performed using lower-order two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and paired sample t-tests. An alpha level of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all comparisons. Predictive Analytics SoftWare (PASW) version 18.0.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for all statistical analyses.
Table 1 displays mean and SD values as well as percent changes where significant differences were observed for concentric hamstring and quadriceps PT, eccentric hamstring PT, and the H:Q conventional and functional ratios before and after the interventions at 60°·s−1 and 180°·s−1.
Quadriceps peak torque
There was no three-way interaction (time × condition × velocity) and no two-way interaction for time × condition, time × velocity, or condition × velocity (P > 0.05). In addition, there was no main effect for time or condition (P > 0.05). However, there was a main effect for velocity indicating quadriceps PT was higher at 60°·s−1 than 180°·s−1 (P < 0.05).
Hamstring peak torque
There was no three-way interaction (time × condition × velocity) and no interaction for time × velocity or condition × velocity (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant two-way interaction for time × condition (P < 0.05). Concentric hamstring PT decreased in both control and stretching conditions at 60°·s−1 and 180°·s−1 (P < 0.05) with greater decreases in the stretching (10.0%–10.6%) than that in the control (4.5%–4.8%) condition. In addition, there was a main effect for velocity, indicating that PT was higher at 60°·s−1 than 180°·s−1 (P < 0.05).
For eccentric hamstring PT, there was no three-way interaction (time × condition × velocity) and no two-way interaction for time × velocity or condition × velocity (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant two-way interaction for time × condition (P < 0.05). Eccentric PT decreased from preintervention to postintervention for the stretching condition at both velocities (P < 0.05).
For the conventional H:Q ratio, there was no three-way interaction (time × condition × velocity) and no two-way interaction for time × velocity, time × condition, or condition × velocity, (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant main effect for time and for condition (P < 0.05). Conventional H:Q ratios decreased from preintervention to postintervention for the stretching condition at both velocities (P < 0.05). In addition, there was a main effect for velocity, indicating that conventional ratios were higher at 180°·s−1 than 60°·s−1 (P < 0.05).
For the functional H:Q ratios, there was no three-way interaction (time × condition × velocity) and no two-way interaction for time × velocity or condition × velocity (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant two-way interaction for time × condition (P < 0.05). Functional H:Q ratios decreased from prestretching to poststretching at both velocities (P < 0.05). In addition, there was a main effect for velocity indicating conventional ratios were higher at 180°·s−1 than 60°·s−1 (P < 0.05).
There were no three-way interaction (time × condition × velocity) and no two-way interaction for time × condition, time × velocity, or condition × velocity (P > 0.05) for the VL or BF during the concentric quadriceps and hamstring and eccentric hamstring muscle actions. In addition, there was no main effect for time, condition, or velocity (P > 0.05), indicating that muscle activity did not change from prestretching to poststretching. Figure 2 presents the mean and SE values for normalized EMG amplitude of the VL and BF during concentric quadriceps and hamstring muscle actions as well as eccentric hamstring muscle actions before and after the stretching at 60°·s−1 and 180°·s−1.
The primary results of the present study indicated that dynamic stretching decreased concentric and eccentric hamstring PT as well as the conventional and functional H:Q ratios. Although this study was the first to examine the acute effects of dynamic stretching on the conventional and functional H:Q ratios, our findings were consistent with previous investigations that reported decreases in H:Q ratios and PT after static stretching (11–13). Both conventional and functional H:Q ratios have been used as a preventative tool to screen for potential hamstring- and knee-related injuries (6,20,21,29,39,48). However, caution is warranted when using stretching for rehabilitation and before assessment of musculoskeletal injuries involving the quadriceps, the hamstrings, and/or the knee joint.
Our findings indicated that concentric hamstring PT decreased, whereas concentric quadriceps PT did not change after the stretching and control conditions. Despite the small decreases in PT observed after the control condition, stretching led to decreases in PT of greater magnitude (10.0%–10.6%) than the control (4.5%–4.8%) (Table 1). These findings were consistent with previous studies that have reported decreases in PT after a bout of static stretching (12–14,17,19,22,35) as well dynamic stretching (26). For example, Costa et al. (12, 13) reported 3%–12% decreases in leg flexion strength after hamstring static stretching. Herda et al. (26) suggested that decreases in PT after dynamic stretching were attributed to decreases in passive stiffness and passive resistive torque (26). However, a change in musculotendinous stiffness might not account for the total reduction in voluntary torque production. Future investigations might attempt to move the limb passively through a full range of motion and subtract the passive torque to account for passive torque changes. Nevertheless, alterations in the musculotendinous unit have been suggested as one of the contributing factors, at least in part, for the stretching-induced strength deficit along with neural changes related to muscle activation (14,17, 19,22,25). Hence, our findings of decreased strength could be attributed to decreases in musculotendinous stiffness and subsequent increases in electromechanical delay similar to those found with static stretching (14,15). An increase in the electromechanical delay has been associated with decreases in force. It is suggested that an increase in the electromechanical delay occurs as a result of a greater slack in the musculotendinous unit such that more force is dissipated to surrounding tissues rather than direct force transmittal from the contractile component to the bone (14,15). Sekir et al. (35), however, reported increases in concentric and eccentric hamstring and quadriceps PT after dynamic stretching. The discrepancy between the results of the current study and those of Sekir et al. (35) might be attributed to different dynamic stretching protocols. The current study used dynamic stretching that involved controlled repetitions for 30 s, whereas Sekir et al. (35) stretched “as quickly and powerfully as possible” (p. 270), which may be more synonymous with a traditional warm-up. In addition, testing took place approximately 5 min after stretching. This time elapsed between stretching and testing might have allowed small changes in torque development to dissipate, whereas a longer delay might have allowed torque levels to attain normality such that perhaps a greater delay between the stretching intervention and strength assessment would not have caused a strength reduction.
Traditionally, the H:Q ratio is calculated by dividing the maximal concentric leg flexor PT by the maximal concentric leg extensor PT, which is regarded as the conventional H:Q ratio that indicates a basic strength comparison between the opposing muscle groups (1). However, during human motion (especially during athletic activities), the hamstrings often function eccentrically to resist, control, and oppose the powerful contraction of the quadriceps during leg extension that takes place while running or kicking (6,48). Thus, it has been suggested that that the ratio between maximal eccentric leg flexion PT and maximal concentric leg extension PT may be more reflective of the functional difference between hamstring and quadriceps strength and is regarded as the functional H:Q ratio (39,48). In fact, it has been postulated that hamstring muscle strains typically occur during the eccentric phase of muscle contraction (29). Hence, the functional H:Q ratio is thought to be more representative of knee joint stabilization during leg extension by the muscles involved (1). The 14%–16% decreases in eccentric hamstring PT observed in the present study were consistent with those of Costa et al. (13), Sekir et al. (35), and Herda et al. (26), who reported 6%–19% decreases in eccentric hamstring PT after static stretching. However, our findings were different from previous studies that have reported no changes in eccentric PT after stretching (16,18). It is possible that the quadriceps (16,18) respond differently to stretching than the hamstrings during eccentric muscle actions, which may be related to greater force producing capabilities of the quadriceps, greater relative muscle cross-sectional area, and/or its muscle architecture. In addition, the quadriceps muscles have a longer range of motion and are therefore more difficult to target during stretches. Hence, future studies should examine stretches in which the quadriceps are more clearly targeted as well as strength imbalance among different muscle groups.
Several studies have examined the neuromuscular factors underlying the stretching-induced force deficit using surface EMG (11,14,22,26). The stretching-induced force deficit has been attributed to alterations in the mechanical components of skeletal muscle contraction (14,22,25) and/or neural factors related to muscle activity (17,19,31,41). Our findings supported those of Costa et al. (11), Herda et al. (25), and Evetovich et al. (22), who reported no stretching-induced changes in EMG amplitude during maximal concentric isokinetic leg extension or leg flexion muscle actions. In contrast, Herda et al. (25,26) reported increases and decreases, respectively, in EMG amplitude after dynamic stretching. It is unclear why there are discrepancies among the present study and those of Herda et al. (25,26), but they may be related to different testing protocols because Herda et al. used isometric muscle actions, whereas dynamic, isokinetic muscle actions were used in the present study. Nevertheless, the lack of changes observed in muscle activity in the present study suggested that the acute effects of dynamic stretching may have been related to mechanical rather than neural mechanisms. Alternatively, small changes in muscle activity might not have been detectable using EMG, or may have been masked by changes in amplitude cancellation or synchronization or changes in the transfer of electrical signal through the muscle. Future studies using a more detailed analysis of the mechanisms underlying the stretching-induced strength deficit should be undertaken.
In summary, dynamic stretching adversely affected concentric and eccentric hamstring strength in the present study. As a result, conventional and functional H:Q ratios also decreased after dynamic stretching. In addition, H:Q ratios increased as angular velocity increased, which is also consistent with previous reports (11–13,21). These findings may provide clinically useful information regarding the use of dynamic stretching before an H:Q ratio assessment or before sports performance events that are commonly associated with hamstring- and knee-related injuries. Future studies should examine in more detail the time course of the alterations on strength caused by dynamic stretching as well as the addition of a warm-up to more completely determine the practical impact of the current results. On the basis of our findings, caution is warranted when recommending dynamic stretching in lieu of static stretching. Thus, it may be important to limit any stretching that could potentially decrease concentric and/or eccentric hamstring strength, particularly if the stretching can be accomplished at any other time during the day rather than before strength testing or athletic performances. It has been suggested that a stretching routine be conducted separately from the main training regimen or during the postexercise period (5,10). The results of the current and previous studies (11,13,15) have collectively suggested that strength and conditioning coaches, athletic trainers, and physical therapists may want to avoid using static or dynamic stretching as a means of injury risk prevention immediately before athletic activities.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest or sources of funding. The results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by the American College of Sports Medicine.
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48. Yeung SS, Suen AM, Yeung EW. A prospective cohort study of hamstring injuries in competitive sprinters: preseason muscle imbalance as a possible risk factor. Br J Sports Med
. 2009; 43 (8): 589–94. | <urn:uuid:20e5238e-26bf-466f-aa3b-49ff3ee43775> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2014/03000/Effects_of_Dynamic_Stretching_on_Strength,_Muscle.20.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188785.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00472-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904078 | 8,271 | 3 | 3 |
, Research Paper
Pregnant women that smoke cigarettes on a daily basis can greatly harm their fetus. The Tobacco smoke in cigarettes greatly reduces fetal growth through the presence of nicotine, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, cadmium and various other aromatic hydrocarbons, but the two most dangerous chemicals that are found in cigarettes are nicotine and carbon monoxide. Nicotine causes the babies heart rate to speed up, reduces placental vascularisation, constricts the placental arteries, and thickens the endothelium of placental blood vessels. This creates a reduction in the placental blood flow, and further reductions in oxygen delivery. As well nicotine interferes with the ability of the placenta to feed the baby the nutrients it requires. Therefore the babies growth is slowed down. Carbon monoxide causes growing cells to be starved of oxygen, and effects the brain. This can lead to a low birth weight and higher chance of the baby dying at birth. Smoking is the single largest modifiable( changeable) risk factor in fetal growth retardation. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is also associated with genetic defects as well as an increased incidence of congenital malformations such as cleft palates, microcephalus, and clubfoot. Mothers who smoke one pack a day during pregnancy have an 85% increased risk of having a child with mental retardation. Mothers that smoke during their pregnancy have double the chance of having a child with behavural problems.
Another one of the biggest factors that disrupts fetal growth and development is alcohol. This is a very common substance abuse of pregnant women. Everytime the pregnant mother is drinking, her fetus is also drinking. The alcohol crosses the placental barrier, and goes directly into the fetus s liver. The ethanol found in alcohol may impair the nutrient support of the fetus. Acetaldehyde, a major metabolite, crosses the placenta and is teratogenic. Since the alcohol stays in the fetus for a long time, the small liver is unable to metabolize the alcohol. The alcohol also travels through the blood stream going directly to the baby s brain, and this can damage the central nervous system. The common, severe, and hazardous side effect that happens to the fetus because of alcohol is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. This is a very serious side effect that has lasting and sometimes devastating effects on the child.
Women that take drugs during their pregnancy can severely harm and endanger the fetus within them. These harmful drugs include cannabis, cocaine, heroine, and speed. Drugs can cause a variety of adverse affects on the fetus. These effects include lower birth weights, inadequate fetal growth, depression of the central nervous system, and possible impairment of fetal brain development. Lots of these drugs increase the pregnant women s heart rate and blood pressure, which decreases the amount of blood the mother gives to her fetus. Therefore the baby doesn t get lots of blood, and more importantly the oxygen in the blood. Some drugs like heroin can even cause the fetus to be addicted to the drug, and when the baby is born it will needed to be treated for withdrawal.
Pregnant women should as well be aware of the medicines and medicinal drugs that they take during their pregnancy.
One type of medicine that pregnant woman should avoid is Benzodiazepines, which are anti anxiety medication. Benzodiazepines rapidly cross the placenta barrier and enter the fetal circulation. Blood levels in the fetus equal that of the mother s within one hour of taking the Benzodiazepine pill. Some Benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression, hypotonia, lethargy, and poor feeding.
Pregnant women should not take aspirin while they are still pregnant. If you take lots of aspirin while your pregnant, it could cause a severe hemorrhage in the baby. Doctors recommend that pregnant women should take acetaminophen instead.
It is extremely important that pregnant women eat proper foods with essential nutrients and a well balanced diet. This is important because fetally malnourished babies are often unresponsive and apathetic and become quite irritable when aroused. Pregnant women should try to elude from eating any products with food additives or food dyes, such as, Red Dye Number 2, which slows down fetal growth. Pregnant women should also be careful to how much of one nutrient or vitamin they intake. For example, women that take large doses of Vitamin A can harm the fetus, and cause them to be born with cleft palates, or eye damage.
Pregnant women should also try to stay away from high concentrations of organic solvents, and cleansers. These substances can greatly harm the fetus. Some common examples of organic solvents, and cleansers that should be avoided are household cleaners and gasoline. Volatile organic solvents have been shown to have teratogenic effects on the growing fetus, such as physical malformations or functional impairment.. Inhaled solvents reduce oxygen levels in the body tissue thus reducing oxygen supply to the fetal brain. If the pregnant mother inhales at high doses, then she can cause the death of the fetus.
Pregnant women should distant themselves from heavy metals. such as, lead and methyl mercury which can harm the fetus.
All pregnant women should be aware and cautious about contacting a disease. Some of the diseases are fatal and very hazardous to the fetus, while some only have minor effects on the fetus. Many of the diseases contacted by pregnant mothers are sexually contacted diseases. Some examples of these diseases are Aids, and Gonorrhea. There are also other non-related diseases such as, Rubella, and Toxoplasmolisis and, which can affect the fetus.
Toxoplasmolisis is a bacterial infection. This is a parasitic disease that can effect the fetus, by causing growth retardation.
Another harmful disease that can affect the fetus is Rubella or otherwise called German Measles. Pregnant woman that have Rubella during the first trimester can effect the fetus and cause a syndrome of birth defects called congenital rubella syndrome. This can cause deafness, cataracts, congenital heart disease, and mental retardation.
In conclusion, pregnant women should try to avoid all substances that can be potentially harmful to the fetus within them. | <urn:uuid:dfea6c1e-e959-420e-b223-686978b562e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://mirznanii.com/a/99497/effects-of-drugs-on-pregnet-women-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120349.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00379-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936254 | 1,277 | 3.375 | 3 |
The second project year started in the historical city of Tarsus. The inspiring historical figure was Piri Reis , known by his very accurate charts and maps collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation), and the object to be collected was the minelayer Nusret
Study visits of high educational value were the inspiration to learning activities like the open air museum and UNESCO Heritage site Göreme, the port of Mersin, the modern, interactive Mersin Naval Museum and , Saint Paul’s Church, Saint Paul’s Well and the Seven Sleepers Cave, a holy place for three religions in Tarsus, and followed workshops on traditional arts.
A warm welcome by Çukurova Sanayi Ortaokulu and many icebreaking activities and study visits of high educational value in the history spots of Tarsus set the tone for the learning activities to be performed on the following days. Teachers arranged the materials needed. T-shirts printed with the images and the colours of the monsters created in Finland made easier the performance of the game.
Students wrote in groups the questions for the Augmented reality game related to the Mersin Naval Museum and found the 3D print of Nusret minelayer. They achieved a better knowledge of maritime technology and its influence on the everyday items and communications.
Students and teachers attended traditional crafts workshops in Göreme and visited its open air museum. They tested the geolocation features of Metaverse to track groups of students in very large facilities.
A workshop in a vessel provided the basics of navigation (docking, anchoring, recognizing harbours) and an introduction to the many electronic tools and instruments that can help us navigate safely: Depth Sounders, GPS, Chart Plotters, AIS, Radar and VHF radios.
The final activity, the play of the augmented reality game including the questions produced in the Maritime Museum was held in the school. A farewell cerimony and a last teacher’s meeting to plan the next activities to be held in March 2020 were a great ending for a very special week.
Teenagers report after the learning activities better English, soft skills and cultural understanding of foreign fellows. Mutual learnings coming from collaborative teaching activities are transferred to their schools and every day practise. | <urn:uuid:6512f4a1-c1af-4649-b2b8-112b15a934a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://augmentedage.eu/october-2019-tarsus-turkey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034877.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625065404-20220625095404-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.948229 | 504 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What Destroyed the Twin Towers? Civil Engineer Tests Three Theories
"We can study the trajectory of the coconut, the bullet, and the beanbag and understand that they travel in similar motions or paths, and therefore all have a similar direction of net force that caused the motion." — Jonathan Cole
Jonathan Cole Studies — with Real Experiments, Not Computer Models — Physical Motions Observed on 9/11
In its 2005 report on the collapse of Twin Towers on September 11, 2001, the National Institute of Standards and Technology provided a hypothesis of the events leading up to the fall of the 110-story skyscrapers, which NIST called the "collapse initiation sequence." Regrettably, the report stopped short of examining how the two buildings actually came down.
Now, more than a decade later, 9/11 researcher Jonathan Cole, P.E., has taken up where NIST left off. His newest multi-part experiment replicates the same physical principles that apply to World Trade Center Buildings 1 and 2. In it, he analyzes the observed motions of these towers as they fell symmetrically.
Cole demonstrated his experiment at the inaugural 9/11 Truth Action Project Conference, held in St. Petersburg, Florida, on February 6. The videotaped version will later be released under the title 9/11: The Force Behind the Motion on Cole's YouTube channel PhysicsAndReason and on fellow scientist David Chandler's website 911speakout.org.
A civil engineer, Cole started studying the fall of the Twin Towers and WTC Building 7 in 2008. Since then, he has conducted several experiments with the goal of either proving or disproving certain elements of the official story of the World Trade Center's destruction. Some of his tests have explored the concepts of mechanical force and resistance. Others have demonstrated whether thermite can cut a steel beam and whether the sulfur contaminants found on some of the WTC steel could have possibly come from drywall — a theory posed by defenders of the official narrative.
So what inspired Cole to devise his latest demo? He explains: | <urn:uuid:fadea9e2-95ab-4746-8347-4ebaebcf6391> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://action.ae911truth.org/o/50694/t/0/blastContent.jsp?email_blast_KEY=1343367 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540518627.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209093227-20191209121227-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.938797 | 418 | 2.875 | 3 |
What is remote field monitoring?
Remote field monitoring is a technique that can be employed in inaccessible, insecure areas to conduct monitoring, verification, and evaluation of projects through use of local monitors.
Application in Iraq
In 2011, the United States withdrew troops from Iraq, necessitating replacement of oversight functions previously performed by Provincial Reconstruction Teams. Due to security challenges, USAID/Iraq and The QED Group (QED) have employed the use of local monitors to assess progress, determine when projects are underperforming, and make recommendations for corrective action. USAID/Iraq and QED have employed the use of Iraqi Field Monitors (IFMs) to provide oversight for Mission activities and to ensure effective use of US Government funds. IFMs utilize information and communication technologies for remote data collection and upload data to a cloud database for daily Mission review.
Choosing an appropriate technology
One of the key considerations when implementing remote field monitoring is choosing an appropriate ICT technology for data collection. USAID/Iraq and QED performed a study on the best ICT technologies in Iraq’s specific environment. Security concerns limited use of tablets and iOS-based devices, which would catch the attention of community members and could jeopardize the security of local monitors. Lack of internet connectivity necessitated the use of devices that could track GPS data in absence of an internet connection; therefore, Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM) devices were chosen. Lastly, the project utilized Visual Input Forms that were wiped clear once data was uploaded to the cloud database to protect the security of the data and the individual IFMs.
The use of IFMs in Iraq allowed USAID/Iraq to continue project monitoring, even when all expatriate staff had been evacuated due to the incursion of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) between June 2014 and February 2015. Other advantages of using IFMs include independent review of USAID projects, reporting based on first-hand observation, and increased number of field visits and geographic reach.
Data use for better decision-making
Remote field monitoring has the potential to greatly improve data use for decision-making by USAID Missions and implementing partners (IPs). Technical Offices can use data within the local monitor database to prepare reports showing quantitative information, such as number of visits made, as well as qualitative data gathered through first-hand observation and interviews. USAID managers can review data to increase oversight of IP activities, results, and objectives by linking IP quarterly reports to local monitor reports. Linking these two data sources facilitates an enhanced level of tracking progress toward achieving Mission-wide Development Objectives.
Use of local monitoring is being replicated by other USAID Missions and has potential to strengthen implementation and monitoring of programs in inaccessible, insecure areas. This project resulted in a number of lessons learned that should guide replication and scale up of local monitoring by other Missions and IPs, including:
- Local monitors should identify emerging implementation issues and prioritize issues for timely correction by the Mission
- Selecting local monitor candidates with previous USAID or IP experience reduces the need for extensive, broad skills training in project management and oversight
- Training focus for local monitors should be on M&E skills, including reporting and interviewing, and professional development
- Immediate feedback is needed to avert repetitive mistakes during site visits by local monitors
- Missions should build local monitoring and evaluation capacity and should proactively plan for potential brain drain of local monitors
- Roll-out of a local monitor program should include orientation and buy-in from Technical Offices | <urn:uuid:8d860635-62f4-4d38-9e3a-2b8eab9ba36c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.qedgroupllc.com/impact-stories/iraq-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924140738-20210924170738-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.933874 | 715 | 2.71875 | 3 |
He graduated (1801) from Dartmouth College, studied law, and, after an interval as a schoolmaster, was admitted (1805) to the bar. Webster practiced law at Boscawen and Portsmouth, N.H., and rapidly gravitated toward politics. As a Federalist and a defender of the New England shipping interests, he sat (1813-17) in the U.S. House of Representatives, where he opposed James Madison's administration, although he did not join forces with members of the Hartford Convention.
In 1816 he transferred his residence to Boston. Before he was returned (1822) to the House, Webster won fame as a lawyer, defending (1819) his alma mater in the Dartmouth College Case and the Bank of the United States in McCulloch v. Maryland. Again in Congress (1823-27), Webster began to gain repute as one of the greatest orators of his time; his brilliant speeches in the House were matched by his eloquent public addresses—notably the Plymouth address (1820), the Bunker Hill oration (1825), and the speech (1826) on the deaths of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams.
As a U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1827-41), he became a leading political figure of the United States. The dominant interest of his constituency had changed from shipping to industry, so Webster now abandoned his earlier free-trade views and supported the tariff of 1828. In the states' rights controversy that followed he took a strong pro-Union stand, defending the supremacy of the Union in the famous debate with Robert Y. Hayne in 1830. Although Webster supported President Jackson in the nullification crisis, he vehemently opposed him on most issues, especially those concerning financial policy.
Webster became a leader of the Whig party and in 1836 was put forward as a presidential candidate by the Whig groups in New England. However, he won only the electoral votes of Massachusetts. His prominence brought him into consideration in later presidential elections, but he never attained his ambition. After William Henry Harrison was elected (1840) President on the Whig ticket, Webster was appointed (1841) U.S. Secretary of State. Although every other cabinet officer resigned (1841) after John Tyler had succeeded to the presidency and had broken with the Whig leaders, Webster remained at his post until he had completed the settlement of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1843).
Again (1845-50) in the Senate, Webster opposed the annexation of Texas and war with Mexico and faced the rising tide of sectionalism with his customary stand: slavery was an evil, but disunion was a greater one. He steadily lost his following and was sorely disappointed when the Whig party nominated Zachary Taylor for President in 1848. Cherishing the preservation of the Union above his own popularity, Webster, in one of his most eloquent and reasoned speeches, backed the Compromise of 1850 and was reviled by antislavery groups in the North and by members of his own party. He served again (1850-52) as Secretary of State under President Millard Fillmore.
His writings were edited by J. W. McIntyre (18 vol., 1903). See biographies by G. T. Curtis (1869), C. M. Fuess (1930, repr. 1968), J. B. McMaster (1939), and R. N. Current (1955); N. D. Brown, Daniel Webster and the Politics of Availability (1969); R. F. Dalzell, Daniel Webster and the Trial of American Nationalism, 1843-1852 (1972); S. Nathans, Daniel Webster and Jacksonian Democracy (1973). The diary kept by his second wife, C. L. R. Webster, was published as Mr. W. & I (1942).
(born Jan. 18, 1782, Salisbury, N.H., U.S.—died Oct. 24, 1852, Marshfield, Mass.) U.S. lawyer and politician. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1813–17). After moving to Boston (1816), he built a prosperous law practice and represented Massachusetts in the House (1823–27). He argued several precedent-setting cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, including the Dartmouth College case,
Learn more about Webster, Daniel with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782 – October 24, 1852) was a leading American statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period. He first rose to regional prominence through his defense of New England shipping interests. His increasingly nationalistic views and the effectiveness with which he articulated them led Webster to become one of the most famous orators and influential Whig leaders of the Second Party System.
Daniel Webster was an attorney, and served as legal counsel in several cases that established important constitutional precedents that bolstered the authority of the Federal government. As Secretary of State, he negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty that established the definitive eastern border between the United States and Canada. Primarily recognized for his Senate tenure, Webster was a key figure in the institution's "Golden days". So well-known was his skill as a Senator throughout this period that Webster became a third and northern counterpart of what was and still is known today as the "Great Triumvirate", with his colleagues Henry Clay from the west and John C. Calhoun from the south. His "Reply to Hayne" in 1830 was generally regarded as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress.
As with Henry Clay, Webster's desire to see the Union preserved and conflict averted led him to search out compromises designed to stave off the sectionalism that threatened war between the North and South. Webster tried three times to achieve the Presidency; all three bids failed, the final one in part because of his compromises. Similarly, Webster's efforts to steer the nation away from civil war toward a definite peace ultimately proved futile. Despite this, Webster came to be esteemed for these efforts and was officially named by the U.S. Senate in 1957 as one of its five most outstanding members.
Webster attended Phillips Exeter Academy, a preparatory school in Exeter, New Hampshire, before attending Dartmouth College. After he graduated from Dartmouth (Phi Beta Kappa), Webster was apprenticed to the lawyer Thomas W. Thompson. When his older brother's own quest for education put a financial strain on the family that consequently required Webster's support, Webster was forced to resign and become a schoolmaster – as young men often did then, when public education consisted largely of subsidies to local schoolmasters. In 1802 he served as the headmaster of the Fryeburg Academy, Maine, for the period of one year. When his brother's education could no longer be sustained, Webster returned to his apprenticeship. He left New Hampshire and got employment in Boston under the prominent attorney Christopher Gore in 1804. Clerking for Gore – who was involved in international, national, and state politics – Webster educated himself on various political subjects and met New England politicians.
In 1805 Webster was accepted into the bar and returned to New Hampshire to set up a practice in Boscawen, in part to be near his ailing father. During this time, Webster took a more active interest in politics. Raised by an ardently Federalist father and taught by a predominantly Federalist-leaning faculty at Dartmouth, Webster, like many New Englanders, supported Federalism. Accordingly, he accepted a number of minor local speaking engagements in support of Federalist causes and candidates.
After his father's death in 1806, Webster handed over his practice to his older brother Ezekiel, who had by this time finished his schooling and been admitted to the bar. Webster then moved to the larger town of Portsmouth in 1807, and opened a practice there. During this time the Napoleonic Wars began to affect Americans, as Britain began to forcible impress American sailors into their Navy. President Thomas Jefferson retaliated with the Embargo Act of 1807, ceasing all trade to both Britain and France. New England was heavily reliant upon commerce with the two nations and the region vehemently opposed Jefferson's attempt at "peaceable coercion." Webster wrote an anonymous pamphlet attacking it.
Eventually the trouble with England escalated into the War of 1812. That same year, Daniel Webster gave an address to the Washington Benevolent Society, an oration that proved critical to his career. The speech decried the war and the violation of New England's shipping rights that preceded it, but it also strongly denounced the extremism of those more radical among the unhappy New Englanders who were beginning to call for the region's secession from the Union.
The Washington oration was widely circulated and read throughout New Hampshire, and it led to Webster's 1812 selection to the Rockingham Convention, an assembly that sought to formally declare the state's grievances with President James Madison and the federal government. He was a member of the drafting committee and was chosen to compose the Rockingham Memorial to be sent to Madison. The report included much of the same tone and opinions held in the Washington Society address, except that, uncharacteristically for its chief architect, it alluded to the threat of secession saying, "If a separation of the states shall ever take place, it will be, on some occasion, when one portion of the country undertakes to control, to regulate, and to sacrifice the interest of another."
|"The Administration asserts the right to fill the ranks of the regular army by compulsion...Is this, sir, consistent with the character of a free government? Is this civil liberty? Is this the real character of our Constitution? No sire, indeed it is not....Where is it written in the Constitution, in what article or section is it contained, that you may take children from their parents, and compel them to fight the battles of any war in which the folly or the wickedness of government may engage it? Under what concealment has this power lain hidden which now for the first time comes forth, with a tremendous and baleful aspect, to trample down and destroy the dearest rights of personal liberty?|
|Daniel Webster (December 9, 1814 House of Representatives Address)|
This opposition was in accordance with a number of his professed beliefs (and the majority of his constituents') including free trade, that the tariff's "great object was to raise revenue, not to foster manufacture," and that it was against "the true spirit of the Constitution" to give "excessive bounties or encouragements to one [industry] over another.
After his second term, Webster did not seek a third, choosing his law practice instead. In an attempt to secure greater financial success for himself and his family (he had married Grace Fletcher in 1808, with whom he had four children), he moved his practice from Portsmouth to Boston.
Webster had been highly regarded in New Hampshire since his days in Boscawen, and had been respected throughout the House during his service there. He came to national prominence, however, as counsel in a number of important Supreme Court cases. These cases remain major precedents in the Constitutional jurisprudence of the United States.
In 1816, Webster was retained by the Federalist trustees of his alma mater, Dartmouth College, to represent them in their case against the newly elected New Hampshire Republican state legislature. The legislature had passed new laws converting Dartmouth into a state institution, by changing the size of the college's trustee body and adding a further board of overseers, which they put into the hands of the state senate. New Hampshire argued that they, as successor in sovereignty to George III, who had chartered Dartmouth, had the right to revise the charter.
|"This, sir, is my case. It is the case not merely of that humble institution, it is the case of every college in our land... Sir, you may destroy this little institution; it is weak; it is in your hands! I know it is one of the lesser lights in the literary horizon of our country. You may put it out. But if you do so you must carry through your work! You must extinguish, one after another, all those greater lights of science which for more than a century have thrown their radiance over our land. It is, sir, as I have said, a small college. And yet there are those who love it!"|
|Daniel Webster (Dartmouth College v. Woodward)|
Other notable appearances by Webster before the Supreme Court include his representation of James McCulloch in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Cohens in Cohens v. Virginia, and Thomas Gibbons in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), cases similar to Dartmouth in the court's application of a broad interpretation of the Constitution and strengthening of the federal courts' power to constrain the states, which have since been used to justify wide powers for the federal government. Webster's handling of these cases made him one of the era's foremost constitutional lawyers, as well as one of the most highly paid.
Webster's growing prominence as a constitutional lawyer led to his election as a delegate to the 1820 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. There he spoke in opposition to universal suffrage (for men), on the Federalist grounds that power naturally follows property, and the vote should be limited accordingly; but the constitution was amended against his advice. He also supported the (existing) districting of the State Senate so that each seat represented an equal amount of property.
Webster's performance at the convention furthered his reputation. Joseph Story (also a delegate at the convention) wrote to Jeremiah Mason following the convention saying "Our friend Webster has gained a noble reputation. He was before known as a lawyer; but he has now secured the title of an eminent and enlightened statesman. Webster also spoke at Plymouth commemorating the landing of the Pilgrims in 1620; his oration was widely circulated and read throughout New England. He was elected to the Eighteenth Congress in 1822, from Boston.
In his second term, Webster found Miles Bearden himself a leader of the fragmented House Federalists who had split following the failure of the secessionist-minded 1814 Hartford Convention that he avoided. Speaker Henry Clay made Webster chairman of the Judiciary Committee in an attempt to win his and the Federalists' support. His term of service in the House between 1822 and 1828 was marked by his legislative success at reforming the United States criminal code, and his failure at expanding the size of the Supreme Court. He largely supported the National Republican administration of John Quincy Adams, including Adams' candidacy in the highly contested election of 1824 and the administration's defense of treaty-sanctioned Creek Indian land rights against Georgia's expansionist claims.
While a Representative, Webster continued accepting speaking engagements in New England, most notably his oration on the fiftieth anniversary of Bunker Hill (1825) and his eulogy on Adams and Jefferson (1826). With the support of a coalition of both Federalists and Republicans, Webster's record in the House and his celebrity as an orator led to his June 1827 election to the Senate from Massachusetts. His first wife, Grace, died in January 1828, and he married Caroline LeRoy in December 1829.
When Webster returned to the Senate from his wife's funeral in March 1828, he found the body considering a new tariff bill that sought to increase the duties on foreign manufactured goods on top of the increases of 1824 and 1816, both of which Webster had opposed. Now, however, Webster changed his position to support a protective tariff. Explaining the change, Webster stated that after the failure of the rest of the nation to heed New England's objections in 1816 and 1824, "nothing was left to New England but to conform herself to the will of others," and now consequently being heavily invested in manufacturing, he would not now do them injury. It is the more blunt opinion of Justus D. Doenecke that Webster's support of the 1828 tariff was a result of "his new closeness to the rising mill-owning families of the region, the Lawrences and the Lowells." Webster also gave greater approval to Clay's American System, a change that along with his modified view of the tariff brought him closer to Henry Clay.
The passage of the tariff brought increased sectional tensions to the U.S., tensions that were agitated by then Vice President John C. Calhoun's promulgation of his South Carolina Exposition and Protest. The exposition espoused the idea of nullification, a doctrine first articulated in the U.S. by Madison and Jefferson that held that states were sovereign entities and held ultimate authority over the limits of the power of the federal government, and could thus "nullify" any act of the central government it deemed unconstitutional. While for a time the tensions increased by Calhoun's exposition lay beneath the surface, they burst forth when South Carolina Senator Robert Young Hayne opened the 1830 Webster-Hayne debate.
By 1830, Federal land policy had long been an issue. The National Republican administration had held land prices high. According to Adams' Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush, this served to provide the federal government with an additional source of revenue, but also to discourage westward migration that tended to increase wages through the increased scarcity of labor. Senator Hayne, in an effort to sway the west against the north and the tariff, seized upon a minor point in the land debate and accused the north of attempting to limit western expansion for their own benefit. As Vice President Calhoun was presiding officer over the Senate but could not address the Senate in business, James Schouler contended that Hayne was doing what Calhoun could not.
The next day, Webster, feeling compelled to respond on New England's behalf, gave his first rebuttal to Hayne, highlighting what he saw as the virtues of the North's policies toward the west and claiming that restrictions on western expansion and growth were primarily the responsibility of southerners. Hayne in turn responded the following day, denouncing Webster's inconsistencies with regards to the American system and personally attacking Webster for his role in the so called "corrupt bargain" of 1824. The course of the debate strayed even further away from the initial matter of land sales with Hayne openly defending the "Carolina Doctrine" of nullification as being the doctrine of Jefferson and Madison.
|When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union; on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood! Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the republic... not a stripe erased or polluted, nor a single star obscured, bearing for its motto, no such miserable interrogatory as "What is all this worth?" nor those other words of delusion and folly, "Liberty first and Union afterwards"; but everywhere, spread all over in characters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under the whole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true American heart,— Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!|
|Daniel Webster (Second Reply to Hayne)|
While the debate's philosophical presentation of nullification and Webster's abstract fears of rebellion were brought into reality in 1832 when Calhoun's native South Carolina passed its Ordinance of Nullification, Webster supported President Andrew Jackson's sending of U.S. troops to the borders of South Carolina and the Force Bill, not Henry Clay's 1833 compromise that eventually defused the crisis. Webster thought Clay's concessions were dangerous and would only further embolden the south and legitimize its tactics. Especially unsettling was the resolution affirming that "the people of the several States composing these United States are united as parties to a constitutional compact, to which the people of each State acceded as a separate sovereign community." The usage of the word accede would, in his opinion, lead to the logical end of those states' right to secede.
|Since I have arrived here [in Washington], I have had an application to be concerned, professionally, against the bank, which I have declined, of course, although I believe my retainer has not been renewed or refreshed as usual. If it be wished that my relation to the Bank should be continued, it may be well to send me the usual retainers.|
|Daniel Webster (A letter to officials at the bank)|
In 1836, Webster was one of three Whig Party candidates to run for the office of President, but he only managed to gain the support of Massachusetts. This was the first of three unsuccessful attempts at gaining the presidency. In 1839, the Whig Party nominated William Henry Harrison for president. Webster was offered the vice presidency, but he declined.
Following his victory in 1840, President Harrison appointed Webster to the post of Secretary of State in 1841, a post he retained under President John Tyler after the death of Harrison a month after his inauguration. In September 1841, an internal division amongst the Whigs over the question of the National Bank caused all the Whigs (except Webster who was in Europe at the time) to resign from Tyler's cabinet. In 1842, he was the architect of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, which resolved the Caroline Affair, established the definitive Eastern border between the United States and Canada (Maine and New Brunswick), and signaled a definite and lasting peace between the United States and Britain. Webster succumbed to Whig pressure in May 1842 and finally left the cabinet. Webster later served again as Secretary of State in President Millard Fillmore's administration from 1850 until 1852.
The Compromise of 1850 was the Congressional effort led by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas to compromise the sectional disputes that seemed to be headed toward civil war. On March 7, 1850, Webster gave one of his most famous speeches, characterizing himself "not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man but as an American..." In it he gave his support to the compromise, which included the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 that required federal officials to recapture and return runaway slaves.
Webster was bitterly attacked by abolitionists in New England who felt betrayed by his compromises. The Rev. Theodore Parker complained, "No living man has done so much to debauch the conscience of the nation." Horace Mann described him as being "a fallen star! Lucifer descending from Heaven!" James Russell Lowell called Webster "the most meanly and foolishly treacherous man I ever heard of. Webster never recovered the popularity he lost in the aftermath of the Seventh of March speech.
|I shall stand by the Union...with absolute disregard of personal consequences. What are personal consequences...in comparison with the good or evil which may befall a great country in a crisis like this?...Let the consequences be what they will.... No man can suffer too much, and no man can fall too soon, if he suffer or if he fall in defense of the liberties and constitution of his country.|
|Daniel Webster (July 17, 1850 address to the Senate)|
In 1852 he made his final campaign for the Presidency, again for the Whig nomination. Before and during the campaign a number of critics asserted that his support of the compromise was only an attempt to win southern support for his candidacy, "profound selfishness," in the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Though the Seventh of March speech was indeed warmly received throughout the south, the speech made him too polarizing a figure to receive the nomination and Webster was again defeated by a military hero, this time General Winfield Scott.
He died on October 24, 1852 at his home in Marshfield, Massachusetts, after falling from his horse and suffering a crushing blow to the head, complicated by cirrhosis of the liver, which resulted in a brain hemorrhage.
His son, Fletcher Webster, went on to be a Union Colonel in the Civil War commanding the 12th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, but was killed in action on August 29, 1862 during the Second Battle of Bull Run. Today a monument stands in his honor in Manassas, Virginia, as well as a regimental monument on Oak Hill at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, who had criticized Webster following the Seventh of March address, remarked in the immediate aftermath of his death that Webster was "the completest man", and that "nature had not in our days or not since Napoleon, cut out such a masterpiece." Others like Henry Cabot Lodge and John F. Kennedy noted Webster's vices, especially the perpetual debt against which he, as Lodge reports, employed "checks or notes for several thousand dollars in token of admiration" from his friends. "This was, of course, utterly wrong and demoralizing, but Mr. Webster came, after a time, to look upon such transactions as natural and proper. [...] He seems to have regarded the merchants and bankers of State Street very much as a feudal baron regarded his peasantry. It was their privilege and duty to support him, and he repaid them with an occasional magnificent compliment.
Several historians suggest Webster failed to exercise leadership for any political issue or vision. Lodge describes (with the Rockingham Convention in mind) Webster's "susceptibility to outside influences which formed such an odd trait in the character of a man so imperious by nature. When acting alone, he spoke his own opinions. When in a situation where public opinion was concentrated against him, he submitted to modifications of his views with a curious and indolent indifference. Similarly, Arthur Schlesinger cites Webster's letter requesting retainers for fighting for the Bank, one of his most inveterate causes; he then asks how the American people could "follow [Webster] through hell or high water when he would not lead unless someone made up a purse for him?"
He served the interest of the wealthy Boston merchants who elected and supported him, first for free trade, and later, when they had started manufacturing, for protection; both for the Union and for a compromise with the South in 1850. Schlesinger remarks that the real miracle of The Devil and Daniel Webster is not a soul sold to the devil, or the jury of ghostly traitors, but Webster speaking against the sanctity of contract.
|Secession! Peaceable secession! Sir, your eyes and mine are never destined to see that miracle. The dismemberment of this vast country without convulsion! ... There can be no such thing as a peaceable secession. Peaceable secession is an utter impossibility...We could not separate the states by any such line if we were to draw it...|
|Daniel Webster (March 7, 1850 A Plea for Harmony and Peace)|
Webster has garnered respect and admiration for his Seventh of March speech in defense of the 1850 compromise measures that helped to delay the Civil War. In Profiles in Courage, Kennedy called Webster's defense of the compromise, despite the risk to his presidential ambitions and the denunciations he faced from the north, one of the "greatest acts of courageous principle" in the history of the Senate. Conversely, Seventh of March has been criticized by Lodge who contrasted the speech's support of the 1850 compromise with his 1833 rejection of similar measures. "While he was brave and true and wise in 1833," said Lodge, "in 1850 he was not only inconsistent, but that he erred deeply in policy and statesmanship" in his advocacy of a policy that "made war inevitable by encouraging slave-holders to believe that they could always obtain anything they wanted by a sufficient show of violence.
More widely agreed upon, notably by both Senator Lodge and President Kennedy, is Webster's skill as an orator, with Kennedy praising Webster's "ability to make alive and supreme the latent sense of oneness, of union, that all Americans felt but few could express." Schlesinger, however, notes that he is also an example of the limitations of formal oratory: Congress heard Webster or Clay with admiration, but they rarely prevailed at the vote. Plainer speech and party solidarity were more effective, and Webster never approached Jackson's popular appeal.
Webster's legacy has been commemorated by numerous means: | <urn:uuid:84d459a4-9250-4cfc-8e90-43d78f5f8ca9> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.reference.com/browse/Daniel%20Webster | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011155638/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091915-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977881 | 5,866 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Results about: Pompe disease
The group directed by Prof. Guinovart is involved in several projects on glycogen metabolism and its dysfunctions in diabetes and Lafora disease.
The Asociación Española de Enfermos de Glucogenosis (AEEG) is to mark International Pompe day by organising activities throughout Spain to raise awareness of this disease and by launching a fundraising campaign to co-fund a research project at IRB Barcelona.
Pompe disease is a rare condition that causes progressive muscle degeneration. It causes death in infants under one year of age and severe muscle weakness in children and adults.
It is estimated that between 5,000 and 10,000 people worldwide suffer from this disease, which has an incidence of 1 case per 40,000 live births. In Spain, there are roughly 400 people with this condition, only 100 diagnosed.
A deficiency in a protein causes the deterioration of muscle cells. However, research into the role of motor neurons in this disease is required. | <urn:uuid:8e94b040-bd15-4ef5-a56a-6046a7d20c2f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.irbbarcelona.org/en/tags/pompe-disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999539.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624130856-20190624152856-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.955166 | 210 | 2.625 | 3 |
The timing and seriousness of the Great Depression shifted considerably crosswise over nations. The Depression was especially long and serious in the United States and Europe; it was slighter in Japan and a lot of Latin America. Maybe as anyone might expect, the most exceedingly awful sadness ever experienced originated from a large number of reasons. Decreases in customer interest, budgetary freezes, and confused government strategies brought about monetary yield to decline in the United States. The gold standard, which connected almost all the nations of the world in a system of altered money trade rates, assumed a key part in transmitting the American downturn to other nations. The recuperation from the Great Depression was impelled generally by the deserting of the gold standard and the resulting money related extension. The Great Depression achieved basic changes in monetary establishments, macroeconomic approach, and financial hypothesis. | <urn:uuid:1172140a-53c5-46dc-b531-204296a08c82> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.enlunwen.org/ying-guo-ai-ding-bao-lun-wen-dai-xie-da-xiao-tiao-de-shi-jian/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945282.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324113500-20230324143500-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.74176 | 707 | 3.59375 | 4 |
BIM Drawings and 3D Design
BIM is the process of using a single 3d model to produce all of your 3d and 2d construction drawings.
More than just traditional drawings, BIM is also a database that can be queried to produce detailed schedules and lists of the items and quantities in the project. One of the largest advantages is the ability to easily produce a number of 3d views that are more easily understood than traditional plan and elevation views. This is particularly useful for unique or complex designs.
next gallery >> | <urn:uuid:432cdb4a-dfc2-4a0b-9490-186e6d45c237> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://mcelroyeng.com/bim-projects/?type_0=gallery&album_gallery_id_0=11&page_number_0=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506479.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923030601-20230923060601-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.945584 | 110 | 2.734375 | 3 |
FOIA data request 2018 by Connie Barlow re Torreya taxifolia
SUMMARY OF RESULTS: Barlow used the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to request documentation of number of seeds produced each year (2007-2017) at the two ex-situ plantings of Torreya taxifolia in northern Georgia (one administered by Atlanta Botanical Garden and the other by University of Georgia's State Botanical Garden). She also asked for "ultimate destinations" of the seeds each year.
Documentation provided failed to supply any of the numbers/destinations per year for this critically endangered tree species, native to northern Florida. This led Barlow to conclude that ex situ seed production was uncounted and therefore presumably unvalued.
As well, failure to document annual seed production holds back scientific understanding of(1) the rate of "recovery" evidenced by annual increases in seed production and
(2) the ability of this "glacial relict" tree species to thrive when offered "assisted migration" several hundred miles northward into the southern-most Appalachian Mountains.
Table of Contents• Freedom of Information Act Request (FOIA), by Connie Barlow, 27 March 2018
(internally linked sections; mostly chronological)
• Three Events that Prompted the FOIA Request(1) Torreya Symposium announcement: Torreya genetic engineering is next step (March 2018)• Results of Barlow's FOIA data request
(2) Email exchange between Barlow, Radcliffe, Coffey, and Smith (February 2018)
(3) "Torreya Caution Statement to GPCA Botanical Gardens" (May 2016)(1) Early Communications and Partial Results (March 29 - July 24)• Barlow's Closing Statement (August 29)
(2) FOIA Hiatus as Barlow Offers "Win-Win Solution" (August 3 -21)
(3) FOIA Resumed and Completed (August 21 - 29; and helpful communications with USF&WS staff)
• Followup communications (beginning September 5)
• Freedom of Information Act Request, by Connie Barlow, 27 March 2018.
FULL TEXT OF THE FILING: The Fish & Wildlife Service has not yet posted anything in its ongoing reports database as to the actual quantities of endangered Torreya taxifolia seeds produced year-by-year from ex situ plantings in Smithgall Woods and Blairsville GA, since those trees began producing seeds.
It is important for the public to know the success of seed production, year by year, and especially the final destinations of those precious seeds, as produced under the terms of the 2010 update of the ESA recovery plan for this endangered species. My concern is that the seeds at Smithgall Woods may have been unharvested, and therefore "wasted" as food for local squirrels.
request continued below
I have already checked the online Record of Actions. No information is available there for any year. However, the 2010 recovery plan, on p. 9, documented that the agency was already aware that at least the Smithgall Woods ex situ plantings were already producing seeds. It says,"The material planted at Smithgall Woods was propagated from all Georgia source population material (Army Corps. of Engineers, site at Woodruff Dam, Lake Seminole, in Georgia). The trees have grown quite large and are now reproductively mature producing male and female cones annually."As founder of the citizen activist group Torreya Guardians, I would like to know documentation of seed production year by year, beginning in 2007. I am aware that the Blairsville site has likely been producing seeds every year since 2007, yet there is no online documentation of quantities and year-by-year reporting of ultimate destinations of the precious seeds. Please provide me (and thereby our group of citizens) this information. You can access our group's website at http://www.torreyaguardians.org/.
REQUEST FOR EXPEDITED PROCESSING:
Our group, Torreya Guardians, has been mentioned in many academic papers and some media reports as successfully pursuing the "assisted migration" northward of the USFWS endangered species, Florida Torreya. Yet, March 1-2 a USFWS staffer (Vivian Negron-Ortiz) in charge of this species attended a "Torreya Symposium" organized by a variety of institutions. Today, an article appeared by a journalist in an online environmental magazine that indicates that the "official" plans created by this institutional team exclude coordination with our group. Yet the 2010 recovery plan mentions in 3 places for institutions to coordinate their efforts with us.
Our group is entirely engaged in moving seeds north, as an easy to implement and inexpensive solution to the species' ongoing decline (since its listing as an endangered species in 1984) in its small peak-glacial refuge in Florida. Yet the article indicates that the official institutions and scientists plan to engage in expensive and highly interventionist strategies of freezing embryos and also undertaking CRISPR genetic manipulation with no indication that they are considering the success we are achieving in simple and cheap actions of simply helping this large-seeded species move its seeds to cooler realms. You can access this journal article (March 27 in Yale Environment 360) via the newest entry posted on our own Torreya Guardians reports page here.
Three Events that Prompted the FOIA Request
1. Torreya Symposium announcement: genetic engineering of Torreya taxifolia as the next step (March 2018), see the paragraph immediately above.
2. Email exchange bt Barlow, Radcliffe, Coffey, and Smith (February 2018)Because Torreya Guardians was not invited to attend the March 2018 Torreya Symposium before the speaker roster was set, I (Connie Barlow) began contacting some of the speakers directly to ensure that they were aware of our actions and how to find more information on our website. I sent emails to the following speakers or staff of speakers. (Their responses are not included, as a courtesy to their privacy, as none of these communications were problematic.)3. May 2016 "Torreya Caution Statement to GPCA Botanical Gardens". The February 15 email (above) from Emily Coffey to Connie Barlow had two attachments:• Edward O. Wilson, via his assistant Kathleen Horton, no response. my email in pdfFinally, I knew that the speaker from the Atlanta Botanical Garden, Emily Coffey, had only recently joined the institution as Vice President for Conservation. On February 14 I contacted Carrie Radcliffe by email in order to convey my message to Emily Coffey "as you see fit." Below is the email exchange: Barlow to Radcliffe; Coffey to Barlow; Barlow to Coffey; Radcliffe to Barlow. Barlow interpreted the email from Coffey as hostile.
• Jared Westbrook, American Chestnut Foundation. my email in pdf (we talked on phone)
• Jason Smith, University of Florida. my Jan 4 email pdf; my Jan 11 email pdf; my Jan 16 email pdf; my Jan 21 email pdf (Barlow received responses)
• Reed Noss, University of Florida (emeritus). my Jan 25 email pdf (Barlow received response)
• Rob Nicholson, Smith College. my Jan 26 email pdf (Barlow received response)
• Hugh Possingham, The Nature Conservancy. my Jan 29 email pdf (no response)
• BARLOW to CARRIE RADCLIFFE, Feb 14 email in pdf
• EMILY COFFEY to BARLOW, Feb 15 email in pdf
• BARLOW to EMILY COFFEY, Feb 20 email in pdf
• JASON SMITH to BARLOW, Feb 20 email in pdf
• RADCLIFFE to BARLOW, Feb 28 email in pdf• "Policy Statement Regarding in situ and ex situ Plant Conservation Between Members of the Georgia Plant Conservation Alliance, 2008. GPCA Participating Organizations and Research Collaborators: Atlanta Botanical Garden, Atlanta History Center, Callaway Gardens, Chattahoochee Nature Center, Coastal Plain Research Arboretum, Fort Valley State University, Georgia Botanical Society, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Department of Transportation, Georgia Native Plant Society, Georgia Power, Georgia Southern Botanical Garden, Georgia Wildlife Federation, Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Station, The Nature Conservancy of Georgia, North Georgia College and State University
• "Torreya caution statement to GPCA Botanical Guardians", 5 May 2016. Six signators: Donald W. Imm (Georgia USF&WS), Matt Elliott (Georgia DNR), Jennifer Cruse-Sanders (Atlanta Botanical Garden), Henning Von Schmeling (Chattahoochee Nature Center), Jennifer Ceska (State Botanical Garden of Georgia), Heather Alley (State Botanical Garden of Georgia)
Note: The above "Torreya caution statement" was issued and signed nearly two years before the Torreya Symposium was held. In it, the signators suggest that [presumably, autumn 2015]:"... someone removed all of the fruits from the Torreya safeguarding Collections at Smithgall Woods State Park... While we have no knowledge of who was responsible for the above action, we would like to point out that the Torreya Guardians and their volunteers are not members of the GPCA... The GPCA does not sanction assisted migration of Torreya outside its range, and we do not support the movement of Torreya outside the state of Georgia.... GPCA members and Botanical Guardian volunteers are advised to be cautious when speaking to any members of Torreya Guardians... GPCA is publicly distancing itself from Torreya Guardians and their methods of rewilding an endangered species outside its range."Note: Barlow to Coffey (Feb 20 above) clarifies that, because we had been receiving seeds by donation of the superintendent of the Blairsville site for several years (7,000 seeds in autumn 2015), we would have had no interest in any from Smithgall Woods certainly not to steal them. Because I (Barlow) was hopeful that this clarification might re-open the door for communication and perhaps teamwork, I did not mention a deeper concern: that state and federal governmental agencies would have cut off communications and sullied the reputation of a group of citizen volunteers without, at minimum, letting us know that they were doing this and why.
Hence, when the announcement was made at the conclusion of the Torreya Symposium (two weeks after my reply to Coffey) that genetic manipulation would be the next step for institutions operating under the official ESA plan (and with no opportunity for public comment), I decided to initiate an FOIA data request, which I had reason to believe would confirm that the management of annual seed production at Smithgall Woods had been, simply, to let the local squirrels harvest the seeds and possibly to neglect even documenting the numbers of seeds produced in each of the previous 10 years. To my mind, if that proved true, it would represent both a serious conservation error and lapse of scientific rigor to chart recovery year by year in an ex situ planting. The section below lists and links to the FOIA data results and the communications along the way.
Results of Barlow's FOIA data request
for seed numbers and destinations (2007-2017)
Part 1: Early Communications and Partial Results
• FOIA to Barlow March 29 - granted expedited processing and established Tiffany Mcclurkin as the contact.
• FOIA to Barlow April 6 - "... Your request falls in the "complex" processing track. Requests in this track will take between twenty-one workdays and sixty workdays to process...."
• FOIA to Barlow July 6 - "... "I'm currently in possession of the responsive records for your request, but it requires a review and signature prior to sending to you. Some information will need to be sent to the Solicitor's Office for review prior to sending to you, but there are some documents that have been deemed clearly releasable. I hope to have a partial response to you soon. Thanks for your continued patience."
• Barlow to FOIA July 6 - "Thank you! Now that I know the work has been done, feel free not to rush with the final sign-offs. Receiving the full results within two weeks will be fine with me."
• Barlow to FOIA July 19 - "We had an email exchange on July 6 where we agreed to add 2 weeks onto the original 60-work-day due date for my receipt of the FOIA response. Tomorrow, July 19, will be two weeks.
I have two journalists wanting me to make some comments, and I need to see the FOIA results before I do so. One is writing a book with just one chapter on Torreya Guardians, so he has no trouble with some delay. The other is a journalist writing about our group for Earth Island Journal, and her deadline for submitting her article to the editor is end of July.
So, please send me whatever you can as soon as possible. And then let me know the character of what (if anything) is still awaiting a final signature and when it will be coming my way. I, of course, know that you personally have no control over that happening. But maybe you can nudge him or her that the information is crucial for my responding to a journalist right away. Thank you for helping me respond to an urgent journalist query. The Earth Island Journal writer contacted me July 17. Her name and email is Sam Schipani
• Barlow to FOIA July 23 - "The journalist writing an article on our group, Torreya Guardians, cannot delay her interview with me any longer. On Wednesday morning this week she will interview me by phone. Please let your superiors know that at least some basic results will be appreciated so that I can speak while somewhat informed. Remember, the original deadline for this 'complex' FOIA passed two weeks ago.
I imagine all of the staff are overburdened with too much work. But anything you can provide me with will at least be a start toward full compliance and thus evidence of collaborative good will, and I will be grateful."
• FOIA to Barlow July 23 - "... "It was a pleasure speaking with you this morning regarding your request. As per our conversation, I am currently routing your final response through the Regional Office to be sent to the SOL's Office, however, I have three documents that have been deemed clearly releasable that I can send to you later today or tomorrow with a signed letter by the program. I’ve already spoken with the Deputy Assistant Regional Director about signing the letter to send you the fully releasable documents and he has agreed to sign it either today or tomorrow. There is still one document that I will continue to route through the RO and to the SOL's Office for review. Thanks and please look forward to receiving a partial response either today or tomorrow."
• FOIA to Barlow July 24 (1) - "Attached is your signed 1st partial response letter and documents. As per our conversation, there is still one document that is currently being routed through the proper channels to be sent to the Solicitor’s Office for review. Thanks!"• Regarding Torreya fruit collection and our position on the activities of Torreya Guardians, by Vivian Negron-Ortiz. [Contains exactly the series of 5 emails already posted above, as I had already written or received them personally.]• Barlow to FOIA July 24 - None of the documents I was sent contain the answer to the simple set of requests I made: How many seeds were produced each year by the Torreya taxifolia trees outplanted for "safeguarding" the species at the Smithgall Woods and Blairsville sites, beginning in 2007 (and continuing through the last seed production, 2017). Also I requested a report of the ultimate destinations of those ex-situ-generated seeds year by year. Both parts of my request are very important not only for my information needs as founder of Torreya Guardians, but as crucial data for any scientist to assess the year-by-year progress in recovering this species.
• Florida Statewide Plant Conservation Grant, Annual Report 2010-2011 FDACS Contract 016711; by Dr. Jennifer Cruse-Sanders, title: "Conservation of the critically endangered Florida Torreya."EXCERPT: Within the two year project time frame we expect to complete: 1) Documentation of the location, health condition, and size of naturally occurring T. taxifolia 2) Reports on the development of genetic markers and estimation of current levels of genetic diversity in existing populations of T. taxifolia, 3) Establishment of ecological experiments for testing optimal conditions for growth of T. taxifolia and adequate protection of extant populations from herbivory, drought, competition and edaphic influences within focal areas of Torreya State Park, 4) Documentation of techniques for long-term storage of T. taxifolia and tissue culture for safeguarding and maintaining germplasm ex situ.• untitled; 10 lines of table seeming to document specimens derived from wild branchlets as rooted by Arnold Arboretum in 1991.
I do recognize that the ex-situ parent plants that have been producing seeds are crucial genetic safeguards against the species extinction. So too may be success in freezing embryos (since the intact seed will not survive drying or freezing). But the Endangered Species Act, which was enacted while I was still in college, was not limited to merely preventing extinction or "safeguarding" the genetics of the species. As a young adult, I was thrilled to witness the gains of how the act was implemented in its early years. The ESA not only prevented extinction of the Peregrine Falcon and the Bald Eagle but helped them to regain their prominence and geographic range in the wild.
Back to the specifics of my FOIA request. I wrote:"... The Fish & Wildlife Service has not yet posted anything in its ongoing reports database as to the actual quantities of endangered Torreya taxifolia seeds produced year-by-year from ex situ plantings in Smithgall Woods and Blairsville GA, since those trees began producing seeds. It is important for the public to know the success of seed production, year by year, and especially the final destinations of those precious seeds, as produced under the terms of the 2010 update of the ESA recovery plan for this endangered species. My concern is that the seeds at Smithgall Woods may have been unharvested, and therefore "wasted" as food for local squirrels...."[emphasis added]In the past I was willing to "live-and-let-live" with this aspect of the implementation of the ESA designation and not seek further information. Nor did I attempt to advocate that seeds of such an endangered tree should not be wasted on squirrels. But when it became clear that a person associated with Torreya Guardians was being accused of wrong-doing, and that he was also being blamed by Ms. Radcliffe for not notifying official staff until 2016 that seeds were being produced at the official ex-situ location, I realized that the hostility of officials toward our citizen group was no longer tolerable. Hence my FOIA request.
Though I have never been to Smithgall Woods myself, I have gone online and viewed the webpage for "Trails at Smithgall Woods." The first paragraph is this: Visitor Center Loop Trail - This .3-mile trail begins at our Visitor Center, crosses a small tributary of Dukes Creek, and winds around a large pasture along Dukes Creek. Just off the trail is a planting of Florida Torreya, considered to be one of North America's most critically endangered trees. There also are a couple of adult swings and several picnic tables. https://gastateparks.org/SmithgallWoods/Trails
Here I will point out the actual passage of the February 28 email to me from Ms. Radcliffe:"... Plant material was provided by Ron Determann, and a research contract was set up with the UGA Horticulture Department & GMREC to house and care for the trees. This was nearly 20 years ago, and it is unfortunate that we were not notified of the production of fruit before 2016. Luckily the new Superintendent immediately acknowledged that fruit had been illegally harvested without the knowledge of the project partners and put a stop to it. Only then did Jack inform us of the bounty that was available - because he was denied access. I was informed of his recent attempts to regain access to the plants, and that is not going to be allowed by GMREC or UGA."In summary, that a citizen is blamed for seemingly not reporting easily observable information about a grove of endangered trees growing along a marked pathway that citizens are encouaged to walk in a state park is not only unfair, but it suggests a grave failure of judgment by official implementers of the plan.
Please know that my criticism here of Recovery Plan implementation only pertains to the Implementation of the ex-situ management phase of the recovery plan. Prior to the ex situ out-plantings, Ron Determann of Atlanta Botanical Garden twice guided me on a tour of their facilities where the branchlets were misted and rooted, early seed production was nurtured, and seeds protected from squirrels. I also observed where at least some of those seeds had been planted alongside the greenhouse and were well protected from rodents. (I published a photo-essay of my site visit on the Torreya Guardians website, here: )
I very much look forward to receiving the final set of documents still in process for fulfilling my FOIA request.
• FOIA to Barlow July 24 (2) - "My apologies. This is the information I was provided. I'm currently following up with the Program Office. Thanks!"
Part 2: FOIA Hiatus as Barlow Offers "Win-Win Solution"
• Barlow to FOIA August 3 - FULL TEXT: RE: Proposed win-win solution and the larger ESA imperative.Ms McClurkin -• Barlow to FOIA August 3 (2) - Tiffany - I just sent you a long, formal email proposing a win-win solution. Do let me know you received it. I am happy to delay any further work on your part in fulfilling my existing FOIA request, until your group has a chance to ponder my suggestions. Then, the remaining data request may no longer be relevant. Thanks! Connie
1. SEED DATA. On July 26, a new posting pertaining to ex-situ seed production appeared in the "Conservation Updates" section of the Torreya taxifolia page of The Center for Plant Conservation. Much of that I already knew; I simply wanted to seek that kind of report via the FOIA process. The data pertains only to ex situ plantings by the Atlanta Botanical Garden (ABG property plus Blairsville State Park). There is nothing yet published on the Smithgall Woods site, where Torreya Plantings are administered by the University of Georgia. Both sites demonstrate very problematic inattention to seed production (which is necessary for "recovery"), as the management concern apparently has been limited to genetic "safeguarding." Ergo, so long as the individual trees in the ex situ plantings remain alive, the Georgia institutions administering the Recovery Plan likely regard that there is no genetic gain or loss by doing anything in particular with the seeds. The seeds, thus, can be ignored, and possibly not even counted. In contrast, a citizen regard for ESA management, such as my own, would deem any management goal that simply seeks to "prevent extinction" and "safeguard plant materials" (rather than aim for "recovery") as far from adequate.
2. USF&WS CRITICIZED AT JULY 17 SENATE HEARING. The CNN video post of the 2-hour hearing on the "Recovering America's Wildlife Act" includes strong criticism of federal implementation of the ESA during the first three minutes. The committee chairman charges that endangered species are being "kept on life support." Torreya taxifolia (listed in 1984) could easily be demonstrated as a case example of such — but it doesn't need to be.
3. TOWARD A WIN-WIN SOLUTION. The USF&WS could encourage Atlanta Botanical Garden and University of Georgia to join hands with Torreya Guardians to present a stunningly successful example of what it could be like for other endangered plants to be managed into the uncertain future. This would especially apply to listed plants in which seed dispersal impediments likely account for their current small geographic ranges and thus put them in the greatest danger with ongoing "weather disruptions." Note that both the 1986 and the 2010 recovery plans for Torreya point to its "glacial relict" status as the likely cause of its exceedingly small and isolated range in n. Florida. Read the quotes at the top of this page. The seed-dispersal impediment for Torreya taxifolia is that, while the Chattahoochee River is an excellent delivery system for moving seeds southward from the southern Appalachians toward the Gulf Coast, vertebrate dispersers (squirrels) are the only modes of transporation for getting seeds back north. (See my "Paleoecology and Assisted Migration Debate" post.) Measurements taken by Torreya Guardians at a 90-year-old private grove of Torreya taxifolia near Highlands NC indicate that it took the trees nearly a century to establish offspring (with the help of squirrels) out to a distance of 40 yards. As well, such data indicate that there should be no fear of Torreya taxifolia becoming invasive if assisted to migrate back up into the Appalachian Mountains.
4. FOCUS ON THE LEARNINGS. Because no other glacial relict species is being managed with a deep-time understanding, it would be unfair to charge the creators and implementors of the 2010 recovery plan update for Florida Torreya as being negligent. There was no precedent for utilzing assisted migration for an endangered plant. And because no other citizen group had made use of the intentional loophole (just for plants) in the 1973 Act it would be wrong to focus on the conflicts that have arisen between the official plan implementers and the citizen volunteers (over whom the officials have no jurisdiction). Instead, we should focus on the learnings.
I can easily report in hindsight the mistakes that I made in organizing and playing a leadership role in Torreya Guardians. While I do maintain a detailed account (private document) on all the seeds we distribute, year-by-year, numbers, where the seeds came from, and to whom we send them, and while many of the volunteers have eagerly reported results ongoingly, I have not been perfect in my record-keeping. As well, my encouragement to planters starting in 2013 to "freeplant" seeds into their regrowth forests experimentally to discern favored habitats and plant associations, largely resulted in significant seed predation by rodents — until volunteers began reporting successes by planting seeds 4+ inches deep (beyond the reach of rodents). Thus, the official implementers of the recovery plan are not alone in "wasting" seeds.
The ABG recent effort to determine how to undertake long-term storage confirmed that drying or freezing are not options for intact Torreya seeds. Hence simple storage of seeds for use at a later time is not possible without high-tech "somatic embryogenesis," necessarily performed seed-by-seed and thus very expensively.
From the perspective of learnings, all pieces are in place for finally launching a combined institution-citizen effort to ensure that no seed goes to waste. We citizens are needed. The seeds surplus to ex-situ safeguarding or storage need not go to waste, and we Torreya Guardians do not need to be primary recipients. Crucially, very little, if any money needs to be allocated to USF&WS or the states in order to accomplish such partnerships.
5. ENLIST CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS AND GARDEN CLUBS to create plans and to recruit private landowners for receiving seeds produced in ex situ orchards that are deemed surplus to the official federal/state recovery projects. In effect, that is how ABG and Torreya Guardians inadvertently collaborated before 2016.
6. ACCOMPLISH THIS REVISION THROUGH ESA AMENDMENT. Several days ago I reached out to a Senator's office to suggest a specific provision for plants in the amendment process. (Notice the appeal to Libertarian legislators and the language of "weather disruptions" rather than "climate change.") I wrote:PROPOSED AMENDMENT: For listed threatened or endangered plants that are encountering abnormal weather disruptions (notably, extreme droughts, intense and/or long-lasting heat stress, and/ or unusually mild winters conducive to population increases or range expansions of diseases and/or insect vectors of diseases), citizens may choose to volunteer their private lands for ex situ plantings in less stressful locations as specified by the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Citizens will engage via their regional land trusts, botanical garden clubs, conservation organizations, etc.7. ... OR BY REGULATORY REVISION. This recruitment of citizens and supervising institutions could equally be accomplished within the regulatory revisions now under consideration. Note that this regulatory shift would encourage non-profit institutions to lead, thus replacing the conflictual binary of either the official recovery plan implementers or a lone or loose group of citizens paying their own way.
8. I WILL BE SUBMITTING COMMENTS BY SEPTEMBER 24 AS TO REGULATORY REVISIONS. I would dearly love to do so in a way that elevates the Florida Torreya case as demonstrating that such partnerships can be viable and will surely work better when regional conservation groups and garden clubs step forward to play the intermediary role between citizen planters and those who implement the official recovery plan. The free labor of students and interns supervised by a regional university should be easy to engage. The opportunity for academics to create degreed projects (and publish papers) should be attractive to universities, not only in environmental studies programs but also in communications, horticulture, etc. I wonder if Atlanta Botanical Garden might be inclined to submit recommendations along these lines, too. I wonder if an informed, neutral party might play a role in our two groups being able to trade ideas, and hence converge somewhat on our recommendations. I wonder if we can be on the same team.
9. SUPPLEMENTAL POINTS ON USF&WS STAFF:• Vivian Negron-Ortiz in the USF&WS Panama FL office has deftly tried to manage the tensions. Notably, she reached out to invite Torreya Guardians to participate (phone conference call) in the final meeting of scientific and stakeholder advisors toward the 2010 recovery plan update). Two of us participated. She expessly asked the group to vote on whether to include an assisted migration pilot project. The two of us Torreya Guardians were the only participants to vote yes. Note: Although "critical habitat" has never been designated for Torreya, the nearby landowners who had Torreya on their properties not only were eager to cooperate; they seemed to feel such pride of ownership that they, quite naturally, were not willing to say "goodbye" to Torreya by voting to have northward locations tested as possibly more suitable.10. BE AWARE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA'S ENTRY INTO PROMOTING GENETIC MODIFICATION OF FLORIDA TORREYA. This past March, the university hosted an invitation-only meeting that resulted in a glowing press report of the Forest Pathology program moving ahead with using CRISPR technology to nudge a fusarium-resistant wheat gene into Torreya. The press highlighted the participation of E.O. Wilson at the gathering. At first I was livid; then I realized that enviro groups will swarm in at recovery plan update time, protesting that the most endangered conifer in the world is being handled this way. So I don't need to worry about it. But USF&WS does. Learn more about this turn of events by going to this page and scrolling down to my March 2018 entry.
• Donald W. Imm, USF&WS State Supervisor (Georgia) was among the 6 signatories to a May 2016 memo of understanding titled "2016 Torreya Caution Statement to GPCA Botanical Guardians", which I received as an attachment from ABG Emily Coffey in her email to me February 2018. I was unaware of the accusations (and thus the hostility and unwillingness to communicate) prior to Coffey's email. I attach that pdf at bottom.
I look forward to working with your office to turn this FOIA problem into a win for the USF&WS in the ongoing "modernizing" of the Endangered Species Act and/or its regulations.
Connie Barlow, Founder of Torreya Guardians
• FOIA to Barlow August 3 - "I am in receipt of your email that you sent and I will send this to the responsible office for them to review your comments. I just want to be sure I'm understanding correctly--at this time are you withdrawing your FOIA request? Your help with this will be greatly appreciated. Thanks and I hope to hear from you soon."
• Barlow to FOIA August 3 (3) - Tiffany - I request that my FOIA inquiry not be withdrawn, but temporarily be put on hold, pending your agency's consideration of my suggestion and my evaluation of the response. Thank you for your prompt and efficient communications with me on this matter.
• Barlow to FOIA August 3 (4)Tiffany - In case someone in your office wants to better understand the P.R. value and appeal of citizens helping this endangered plant for free, my last two video uploads are the best to see the spectrum, from professional botanist to woods savvy mountain man. The botanist (who planted Torreya seeds on her conservation easement) is featured in a video I just finished editing and posted on youtube:
• "Assisted Migration of Florida Torreya to Michigan - Leelanau Peninsula" - 15 minutes
November 2017 I filmed in Tennessee: a mountain man who lives off the land who has an experimental American Chestnut grove and whose 240 acres of regrowth forest is an approved "Stewardship Forest" in the State of Tennesse. His observational skills and knowledge of how his forest works is home-grown. He also cooperates with the state in allowing the large hemlock trees in the depths of his ravines to receive pellet pesticide treatment to deter killings by woolly adelgids:
• "Florida Torreya to Cumberland Plateau - Rewilding an Endangered Tree" - 23 minutes
The final 10 minutes of an hour-long video I made are an overview of why the deep history of plant migrations is crucial for helping Torreya to not merely avoid extinction (lingering on "life support") but to actually recover and begin living once again with little or no human assistance.
• Site Visits to Florida's Endangered Torreya and Yew Trees" - 63 minutes (link to 53-minute mark)
Thank you for your assistance in communicating the accomplishments of the volunteers in Torreya Guardians.
• Barlow to Mary Pat Matheson August 7 (President of the Atlanta Botanical Garden).RE: Proposal for win-win solution of FOIA data request re management of ex-situ seed production of Florida Torreya. Attachment: Background Documents for Navigating Toward a Resolution of the Conflict between Atlanta Botanical Garden and Torreya Guardians [no response]
• Barlow to Vivian Negron-Ortiz August 14 (USF&WS) [no response]Vivian -
1. Q: Did you receive my Aug 7 email titled, "Win-Win proposal to ABG for solving Torreya problem"?
2 .Q: If so, is it correct to interpret that neither you nor ABG is interested in communicating with me toward my presenting a story of learnings and future cooperation in the comments I will submit by Sept 24 re USF&WS proposed changes to endangered species implementation?
3. REINSTATEMENT OF FOIA ON SEED DATA. If the answer to Q2 is "no interest in communication," then I plan to reinstate my seed data request (currently held back by Solicitor's Office in DOI), which data I will post online and also use in my comments on the proposed ESA regulatory changes.
3B: Know that one of our Guardians alerted me to the 26 July 2018 new post (attributed to Emily Coffey) on the Center for Plant Conservation webpage for Torreya taxifolia. The post displays failure to count (and perhaps value) Blairsville seed production prior to 2016. Thus far, our group has detected nothing posted online as to the annual seed production of the Smithgall Woods ex situ planting, which I understand is managed not by ABG but by the University of Georgia. This site is documented by you as having produced seeds since at least 2010, as the 2010 Recovery Plan states:"The material planted at Smithgall Woods was propagated from all Georgia source population material (Army Corps. Of Engineers, site at Woodruff Dam, Lake Seminole, in Georgia). The trees have grown quite large and are now reproductively mature producing male and female cones annually." (p. 9)4. Q: Perhaps you and I could cooperate on just the core piece I will probably include in my comments to USF&WS. That is, please let me know if the idea below sounds reasonable, or how I might improve it. Do know that, if something like this can become the solution, then I can easily frame my comments overall in a cooperative way: that our combined learnings can help for moving not only our species of concern faster toward actual recovery and thus de-listing, but other relict plants that are likewise trapped in cool-climate refugia.PROPOSAL: Seeds produced in ex situ plantings that are deemed to be in excess of genetic safeguarding, extinction-prevention, or other recovery plan goals or projects shall be valued and managed as beneficial for "non-essential, experimental" plantings. Such non-essential seeds will be made available for experimental plantings by institutions that prepare and submit plans for engaging in their own experiments: (a) for discerning whether climatic or other conditions in their region might be more hospitable for species thrival than the current or recent historic geographic range(s) of wild populations and (b) for determining the specific local habitats (slope, aspects, plant associations, etc.) that yield the best results. Plans shall include institutional commitments toward monitoring for possible plant invasiveness, along with regular posting of reports online of experimental results, what has been learned, and recommendations for improving species recovery.4B. Extraneous details: I am aware, via Jason Smith, that for species (such as Torreya) suffering from pitch cankers (Fusarium), the least problematic plant material to transfer geographically is the seed, and that the sending institutions could easily be instructed on ways to prevent disease transmission. As to the two primary criticisms of assisted migration for plants, here is how my proposal for modernizing ESA implementation policy during this century of rapid climate change would satisfy each concern:1. WASTING PUBLIC MONEY ON OUT-PLANTINGS THAT MAY FAIL. So long as the seeds are deemed "non-essential" under the established recovery plan, non-governmental institutions would be taking the risk of failure, not tax-payers.
2. INVASION RISK WITHIN RECIPIENT ECOSYSTEMS. In addition to institutional commitment to monitoring for invasiveness, for some plant species the risk can be demonstrated to be neglible from the outset. This would be accomplished by documenting non-invasiveness by seed-producing plantings that private landowners and landscapers undertook before or outside the species designation as threatened or endangered. Because Torreya taxifolia has been inadvertently served in this way for a century (beginning with the plantings at Harbison House, Highlands NC), Torreya Guardians have made a point of visiting and photo-documenting these key sites that prove non-invasiveness. Yesterday I finally completed a new webpage that makes it easy for officials and others to quickly review these examples of Torreya non-invasiveness. Please take a look at this new page and let me know if you think it is adequate: "Historic Groves of Torreya Trees."
Thank you for your dedication to this species and for your continuing cooperation,
Connie Barlow, founder of Torreya Guardians
• Barlow to FOIA Aug 21Tiffany -
Dr. Catherine Phillips, USFWS Field Supervisor for the Panama City FL office returned my phone call this afternoon. She was the first person to be genuinely interested in my perspective and the history of the conflict. We talked for 2 hours.
I sent her all the background and she seems to think that she can learn directly from DOI what exactly the hold-up on FOIA completion is. I told her that I was far more interested in an opportunity to come together as a team than in having that last part of my request fulfilled.
She is going to talk today or tomorrow with Dr. Donald Imm, Superintendent of the USF&WS office in Georgia, as he hasn't returned my call and he is lead signator of the 6 party agreement (1 page 5 May 2016) memo urging members to curtail communications with Torreya Guardians (which is one of the documents you sent me in partial fulfillment of my FOIA. Dr. Phillips strikes me as a team player who may at last be able to mediate the parties beyond conflict into cooperation. And do let me know that you received my email this morning titled, FWS-2018-00613 FOIA - reinstate data request Torreya
Part 3: FOIA Resumed and Completed
• Barlow to FOIA August 21On August 3, I emailed you my offer that your office could delay / put on hold further work on fulfilling my FOIA request (re numbers and ultimate destinations of Torreya ex situ seed production 2007 - 2017), while I explored possibilities for a win-win solution with USF&WS and the main institution (Atlanta Botanical Garden) that is implementing the management plan for Torreya taxifolia.
I now wish to reinstate my FOIA request in its fullness. As I wrote in my July 24 email to you:None of the documents I was sent contain the answer to the simple set of requests I made: How many seeds were produced each year by the Torreya taxifolia trees outplanted for "safeguarding" the species at the Smithgall Woods and Blairsville sites, beginning in 2007 (and continuing through the last seed production, 2017). Also I requested a report of the ultimate destinations of those ex-situ-generated seeds year by year. Both parts of my request are very important not only for my information needs as founder of Torreya Guardians, but as crucial data for any scientist to assess the year-by-year progress in recovering this species.I would appreciate receiving the document(s) in two weeks, as I will want to ground my public comment (re the Sept 24 USF&WS deadline) in the data I obtain. Do know that while I was disappointed in not being able to establish communication (by email or phone) with most of the parties on my list, I do want to express my gratitude for the three USF&WS people who were willing to listen to me (by phone) and provide their understanding of agency limitations.
1. First, whoever the male phone receptionist was at headquarters of the Endangered Species program on the morning of August 16: Initially he transferred me to someone's answering machine. I immediately called him back and pleaded for a real human being, expressly asking for someone in the communications department. He arranged for Lisa Ellis to call me that afternoon.
2. Lisa Ellis, Chief of Communication, Headquarters (USF&WS). She is excellent. Apparently she was unaware of the Torreya problem and the FOIA request/delay. She patiently listened as I explained the science distinctions (my own paleoecology focus v. the official pathology focus) and the worldview differences too: my own commitment to finding the least interventionist, least expensive, and most citizen-involved solutions for full "recovery" and "delisting" v. the cryopreservation and genetic engineering paths for "preventing extinction" and "safeguarding genetic material" that the Atlanta Botanical Garden and University of Florida identify as their goals. After hearing me out, Ms. Ellis calmly (and repeatedly) explained that the agency cannot force the implementing institutions (e.g., Atlanta Botanical Garden, University of Georgia, and University of Florida) to undertake any actions that they do not wish to do. The ESA only works if non-federal institutions step up to do the work. Hence, I now understand that not only is it impossible for the agency to compel the institutions to document and report such things as ex situ seed production. The agency cannot compel those nongovernmental institutions to communicate with me. Ms. Elliis then offered me two more names (Catherine Phillips and Kelly Bibb) to call who would be familiar with specifics of Torreya. (Phillips, Field Supevisor Panama City FL office, has not returned my phone message.)
3. Kelly Bibb, Southeast Region, Recovery. Ms. Bibb and I talked on the phone. She was familiar with the Torreya situation, and she was patient and courteous. She reiterated the point Ms. Ellis had made about the imperative for agency staff to maintain good relations with the implementing institutions. She spoke highly of the expertise and passion of Dr. Vivian Negron-Ortiz. And she allowed me to speak my piece as to why a focus on pathology and an aim to return Torreya to its peak glacial refuge in Florida was scientifically the wrong emphasis. Instead paleoecology expertise (coupled with the new imperative for even non-endangered plants of "climate adaptation") leads one to embrace the kind of action ("assisted migration") that Torreya Guardians have been donating their time for. As I recall, twice Ms. Bibb stated, "I remove myself from this species."
Finally, Ms. McClurkin, please relay to DOI my appreciation for the three agency staff members above.
I look forward to receiving the final document(s) re my FOIA request within two weeks. Do know that I will of course accept a signed document from DOI that the seed data simply hasn't been tracked by the implementing institutions. Thanks to Dr. Ellis, I now understand that USF&WS cannot compel documentation of anything that the implementing institutions do not value as worthy of their own attention and action.
For Torreya, Connie Barlow, founder of Torreya Guardians
• FOIA to Barlow August 22 - "I am in receipt of your email of wanting to reinstate your FOIA request. The remaining document responsive to your request is currently being routed for final signature and I hope to have it to you soon. Thanks so much!"
• Barlow to Catherine Phillips (USF&WS), documents follow-up to phone call Aug 21
• Barlow to Catherine Phillips (USF&WS) Aug 23Catherine -
Don [Donald Imm, USF&WS Georgia] was terrific to talk with yesterday. Thank you for helping make that happen. I am reading some of his papers (via Researchgate) this morning, so I can follow up with giving him the best links for the paleo science aspects.
I get the sense that Don not only will be getting in touch with AGB, but that he is probably the ideal person to do so.
I did not speak to Don of how the Blairsville seeds have actually not been going to the rodents over the years, as that confidential information I want to entrust to you to figure out how to create a win-win story from it.
Here, attached as a confidential pdf, is to give you the information that I have documented over the years of where we got our seeds from. You will see that the "success" in assisted migration that "we" are widely credited for would have been impossible without the massive seed donations we got from 2007 to 2015 via the superintendent at the Blairsville site. So it would be really easy to convert this history into a successful joint effort by all parties involved. I surmise that the seed-count documentation in this pdf is quite a bit more detailed than any of the official institutions could have provided to DOI to fulfill my FOIA request. So you can see that I launched that FOIA not as a means to discredit the official program, but as a bargaining chip. I feel that aim has been achieved, thanks to your willingness to think as a team player and now also my sense that Don will do that too.
Know that the seed-documentation in the pdf is just the beginning section of what is now a 55+ page document, small type, where I also post, state-by-state, all the info (and refs of email dates, names, contact, addresses, phone, results) that I have received or generated over the years on the DISTRIBUTION side of the project. As some of the landowners are really private people, I keep the full document as confidential. Not until I received Emily Coffey's Feb 2018 email to me did I understand that the Blairsville donations (2007 - 2015) represent a very courageous action for the superintendent then in charge to have taken — and, apparently, ditto for our own Jack Johnston. Jack had a solid reputation as an extremely knowledgeable and pro-active (especially for Stewartia) native plant advocate in the southern Appalachians — until the May 2016 6-party memo. The 2010 Audubon Magazine article on our 2008 Waynesville plantings had Jack Johnston featured as the volunteer to profile. See here.
For Torreya, Connie
Attachment: Seed Harvests / Sources by Year donated to Torreya Guardians from internal document kept by Connie Barlow
• Barlow to Donald Imm (USF&WS, Georgia) Aug 23Don (and Catherine)-
Great talking with you. I found you on Researchgate so read your 2001 coauthored paper, will say more on my connections there later. Right now I want to give you some ideas for weekend reading (and Catherine, too, though I think the personal off-time she has coming up really ought to be non-work for overworked, understaffed researchers!). The recommendations here are to help you see the crew of top scientists (almost all forestry, not conservation biologists) already out there to tap into for free help.
Know that I will generally be sending you to internal links on my own vast webpage "Assisted Migration Scholarly Links" on the Torreya Guardians website.
First, go to that url and peruse the beginning intro (that mentions why forest researchers are so far ahead of conservation biologists). Then scan the titles of the linked internal table of contents. Then, here's what I suggest, using that Table of Contents:
1. Click on "Ethics, Law, and History" and you'll see the top two papers by Patrick Shirey. Those clarify not only the plant loophole in ESA but why it was intentional. Shirey's work released me to be able to make videos of our plantings, because while I knew we were legal others didn't so finally I had a paper I could point to). I periodically talk with Shirey by phone he now does fisheries research projects as an independent for USF&WS (despite a law degree and PhD fisheries ecology he couldn't land a university position, so desperate are these times of contraction).
2. Then look at the Forestry section and all its internal links. Notice that there I repost the Paleoecology papers that are specific to forestry. Grad students in particular who are getting into assisted migration (the youngers don't resist it the way the elders do) are very grateful for my listing an quick-read annotation work. By golly, I just eyeballed the whole paleoecology section and see that you could spend your entire weekend just on that, dipping in to read the full papers that interest you most. Notice the one titled, "Relict species restricted to disjunct and small ranges by Pleistocene Glacials." That is a must-read. It only deals with NA trees of the west but it is totally applicable to Torreya and Florida yew. Interestingly, Mark Schwartz (early Torreya researcher) and I sort of mended our conflict when we had an e-discussion about the huge necessity of helping out the dozen or so relict conifers along the foggy coasts. SE region is way easier than that for a variety of reasons. Oh, the "Relict species" paper is one of the last by the three truly elder forest researchers out west, Ledig, Rehfeldt, and Jaquish. Rehfeldt USFS long-retired has been mentoring me behind the scenes for a half-dozen years, though not at all on torreya, just on my citizen advocacy on the need for A.M. of even common western trees.
3. LOUIS IVERSON - Go back to the Forestry section table of contents and click on "Maps of USA Tree Species Future Ranges". There you will see the Western USA 76 tree species (Rehfeldt was the lead on that) and Iverson & Prasad 134 Eastern Tree Species. Absolutely also scroll a wee bit down to see the red-colored section "Understanding the Forestry-Climate Range Projection Maps" as the caveats and criticisms (including the the Elbert Little 1971 maps of then-current native ranges might already have been shown for slow-moving trees already lagging a lot behind then-existing warming which is the obvious case for torreya, given the national champion T. tax is now in Ohio!
I haven't communicated with Iverson for awhile, but know that when I visited their Ohio office in May 2015, I gave Louis 20 seeds from the fall 2014 harvest; he told me later he kept 3 for his own home planting and gave the rest to the USFS woman in charge of communicating with the public. So I bet they will be thrilled to help out with plunking T. tax into their computer model, using the IPCC scenarios, which I think the 5 year update volume 1 comes out in September.
4. Back up to the table of contents Forestry, click on "Superb Overviews ..." link and see the 3-map graphic. Notice that TORREYA TAXIFOLIA is the case study example foresters use for the most radical form of A.M. That's why they are grateful for Torreya Guardians: we make their own "Assisted Population Migration" and "Assisted Range Expansion" projects underway look tame in comparison.
5. Back up to table of contents, click on 2018. First paper there is Bonebrake et al. Review Paper. I annotate it a lot as it is behind a paywall. Know that HUGH POSSINGHAM IS ON IT. He is the distinguished Aussie who took over the job of lead scientist at The Nature Conservancy when the controversial guy moved on. Possingham is far more quantitative than I prefer, but he and I have communicated and overall, because Australia is so maxed out on climate problems that A.M. is no controversy there, he would be a KEY SCIENTIST to team up with given how many endangered plants are protected on Nature Conservancy easements.
6. Make sure you read the original pair of Barlow & Martin v. Schwartz forum papers in Winter 2004-05 Wild Earth. Just google "Bring Torreya taxifolia North" and Schwartz "Conservationists Should Not Move Torreya taxifolia". 7. See that I can talk technical at a VIDEO of a college-wide lecture I gave 2015 at the Forestry & Environmental Sciences School at Michigan Tech U. It is on the overall assisted migration controversy, with Torreya just used as an example. There I really go into the 1491 paradigm generated fears and why forestry folk are so far ahead of conservation biologists: "CTL 08: Foresters Outpace Conservation Biologists in Climate Adaptation".
• FOIA FINAL DOCUMENT August 29Good Morning Ms. Barlow,
Attached is your Final Response and responsive document. Please consider this matter closed. Thanks!
• Official Closure Document, dated August 24, includes an explanation of the right to redact. It begins,This completes the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (Service) response to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. #552, request dated March 27, 2018. In your request, you asked for:• 3-page redacted email dated 5 March 2008, from Stan Simpkins to Vivian Negron-Ortiz (both USF&WS). That document is a forward of an email from Connie Barlow, also dated 5 March 2008. Absent the names, that same email content was posted as the 03/05/08 entry, by Lee Barnes and Connie Barlow, "Distribution of Fall 2007 seeds donated by Biltmore Gardens" on the Reports / Comments chronological list on the Torreya Guardians website.• Documentation of [Torreya taxifolia] seed production, beginning in 2007We have searched our records and located (1) document that is responsive to your request. After consulting with the Office of the Regional Solicitor, we have determined that some of the information in the remaining document contains material that is exempt from disclosure under Exemption 6 of the FOIA. ...
September 2018 note by Barlow: In 2004, Stan Simpkins had an email exchange with Connie Barlow in which he confirmed the exception for plants in the Endangered Species Act (exchange is in this document (Do an internal "find" for Simpkins.)Barlow wrote 07/20/2004: "One quick QUESTION FOR YOU: If someone were to chooose to collect T. tax seeds this fall from the grove of thriving trees at the Biltmore Gardens in Asheville (Bill Alexander there will surely say yes, as he has been despairing having to mow the seedlings planted by squirrels in the lawn!), and if these were then planted solely on privately owned land up in the Appalachians or Cumberland Plateau, would there be no need for permits or other communication with your office or any other federal agency?
Simpkins responded 7/22/04: Hi Connie, in response to your question below: It is my understanding that there is no federal nexus for this project. Therefore for plants, no permits are required. However, if the seeds (or plants) are being transported across state lines, AND some financial transactions are taking place (including barter) then an interstate commerce permit would be needed. In the absence of financial transactions, then again, no permits would be required. I would ask however, that you keep me "in the loop" concerning this project.Thank you for your interest and efforts. If you have any questions, please feel free to give me a call. Stan Simpkins, USFWS Ecologist, Panama City Field Office, 1601 Balboa Ave., Panama City, Florida 32405, (850) 769-0552 x234
Barlow's Closing Statement
• BARLOW's CLOSING STATEMENT August 29Ms. McClurkin -
Thank you for sending me the final documents (below) re my FOIA request. I am satifsfied with what I have received. I am cc-ing two staff members of USF&WS because these are the two people with whom I have recently had long phone conversations, and who have helped tremendously in this matter.
I thank Lisa Ellis (headquarters communication) for urging me to contact Catherine Phillips. From Dr. Phillips I then realized I could also reach out to Dr. Imm. Both were excellent listeners re my concerns, and both were very receptive to discussing the science (notably, paleoecology) that prompted me beginning in 2004 to dedicate time and action in behalf of Torreya taxifolia.
You have been an excellent communicator in this FOIA matter since the beginning. My one suggestion for the future is that, with respect to USF&WS, so long as it is not a lawyer or a journalist who launched the inquiry (and is merely a citzen, like myself), and so long as the matter seems to pertain to policy or management, do try to recruit a senior staff person at the outset to make a phone call to see if the issue can be resolved in a friendly manner, outside of the FOIA.
I now sense that the USF&WS and I are on the same team. We all want to see the endangered Torreya taxifolia well served under the guidance of the ESA and possibly with the free help of volunteer citizens like myself who are eager to host "nonessential, experimental" seeds on our own forested properties within states northward of the tree's historic range in Florida. I personally will continue to document (and report on our TorreyaGuardians.org website) what we learn about the exact micro-habitats where the species seems to do best "in the wild" at this stage of ongoing climate change.
What I personally have learned thus far leads me to conclude that Torreya taxifolia can be de-listed soon. This stage would entail botanical gardens continuing their excellent work and we citizens continuing ours. Notably, the ex situ "orchard" plantings by Atlanta Botanical Garden and University of Georgia that have been producing seeds prolifically at the Blairsville and Smithgall Woods sites demonstrate that such plantings in or near the southern Appalachian Mountains easily "prevent extinction".
As well, horticultural plantings from long ago that established specimens at a cemetery in Ohio (now the "national champion" Torreya taxifolia) and in Pennsylvania attest to the species' ability to thrive in latitudes well north of the historic range in Florida.
Crucial too are the near-century old groves planted in North Carolina: at Biltmore Gardens near Asheville and Harbison House near Highlands. Both have been producing seeds for quite awhile. Moreover, the multi-age seedlings and saplings naturally established nearby attest to the species' ability to thrive and expand its population without becoming invasive in the recipient ecosystems. Thanks to these two historic groves, "recovery" clearly is possible for this species (and with no need for genetic engineering toward disease resistance), so long as the locales chosen for seed distribution reflect the scientific understanding that Torreya taxifolia is a "glacial relict" unable to move north from its peak-glacial refuge in Florida at the end of the Ice Age.
Documentation of Torreya's ability to thrive in northern states and the "naturalization" of century-old groves in North Carolina can be found at this webpage on the Torreya Guardians website: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/historic-groves.html.
The long-understood recognition of Torreya taxifolia as a glacial relict can be accessed here: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/extinction.html.
The scholarship and news reports on the climate-change adaptation strategy known as "assisted migration" is here: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/assisted-migration.html.
The history of Torreya Guardians actions and what others have written about us is here: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/guardians.html.
Our ongoing learnings about how to plant and nurture Torreya is here: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/propagate.html.
Finally, if you are curious about how deeply concerned I am about the problem of climate change overall (and thus my insistence on moving a glacial relict northward), here is a video of a guest sermon I delivered this past Sunday:
VIDEO: Grief and Gratitude in a Time of Climate Change (Barlow).
For the future,
Connie Barlow, founder of Torreya Guardians
• Barlow to Phillips & Imm September 5, part 1 of 2 (re commenting on ESA regs by Sept 24)EXCERPTS:__________
1. I need to meet the SEPT 24 DEADLINE FOR ESA REG COMMENTS. I definitely want to offer comments on the proposed regs. My sense is that the most helpful thing I could do, both for the agency and for Torreya, is to simply gather personal statements from a good number of our many volunteer planters on why they are thrilled to use their property and their time to freely help this glacial relict species (a) have a better chance of preventing extinction, and (b) benefit from northward locations in a variety of habitats and plant assemblages such that insights into best habitats for thriving (and fending off diseases) at this stage and future stages of climate change will be ongoing.
2. I need to COMMUNICATE TO THE TORREYA VOLUNTEER PLANTERS THAT WE HAVE NO SEED SOURCE THIS YEAR. Our lead volunteers do know of the horrific results of the "Torreya Symposium" in March, and I have already let those leaders know of the break-through in possibilities that I sense from having talked with the two of you. But I also need to do an annual communication with all our planters to learn (a) of any new growth or losses this past year, and (b) to let them know that there will be no seeds available this year to supplement their plantings / genetics. I am confused about what kind of "spin" I should put on that overall communication.
3. I need to FEEL CONFIDENT THAT 2019 RECOVERY UPDATE WILL HAPPEN, AND WILL REFLECT THE BEST SCIENCE (for which I can easily recruit world-renowned paleoecologists and forestry-climate experts to speak strongly in favor of poleward assisted migration, especially for endangered glacial relict plants.)
• Barlow to Phillips & Imm September 5, part 2 of 2 (re commenting on ESA regs by Sept 24)
• Barlow to to Leah Gerber September 7,: "Torreya taxifolia case study shows cheap way to de-list plants"Leah -__________
It was thrilling to come upon your PNAS 2016 paper today ("Conservation Triage") and thereby learn you are helping USF&WS improve how it allocates limited taxpayer funding for endangered species. (I learned of that paper by reading the 7 Sept 2018 feature in Science journal "Should It Be Saved?", by Warren Cornwall.)
I am founder of Torreya Guardians and coauthor with U AZ Pleistocene ecologist Paul S Martin of 2004 advocacy paper, "Bring Torreya taxifolia North Now!"
I see in your 2016 paper that T. taxifolia is "underfunded." Necessarily, in a broad data-base analysis, that would seem the conclusion. However, knowing how this endangered subcanopy tree has actually been managed through the years, leads me to disagree.
RECOMMENDATION: Look closely at Torreya taxifolia as a case study, as it may suggest a way to tremendously re-allocate funds away from some endangered plants such that recovery (and de-listing) is actually enhanced by diminished funding. Here is why:SCIENCE FOUNDATION: The above recommendation stems from the likelihood that other endangered plants south of peak-glacial ice advance in the eastern states may, as with Florida Torreya, signal relict populations that (for a variety of reasons) were unable to track Holocene warming poleward. This is indisputably the case for Torreya taxifolia, and has been since science publications described it as such beginning in 1905 (also the 1984 Federal Register listing as endangered, the 1986 recovery plan, and the 2010 plan update).HOW TO IDENTIFY GLACIAL RELICTS:
POOR MANAGEMENT CHOICES, NOT INADEQUATE FUNDING: We Torreya Guardians used a loophole in the ESA (just for plants) to acquire seeds from horticultural specimens in North Carolina and begin assisted migration on our own in 2005, but with minimal seed numbers. The problem is that not until the 2010 recovery plan update was "assisted migration" northward even considered as a possible management strategy within the drafting of the official plan; however the "pilot project" offered by USF&WS staff was voted down by the science advisors + stakeholders, with only two of us Torreya Guardians in the mix voting yes.
POLICY RECOMMENDATION: Farm out all "glacial relict" plants to The Nature Conservancy and other land trusts expressly for citizen/landowner-led plantings in states northward of the historically known native range. Cease all USF&WS internal or external funding of "research science" for these plants. Instead, designate an appropriate amount of funds for nothing more than within-agency "management," with an emphasis on USF&WS communicating with citizen planters (via their land trusts) and encouraging documentation, evaluation, and sharing of results by the land trusts or other NGOs toward the goal of identifying ideal latitudes and habitats for species health and reproduction while aiming to minimize the need for continued human interventions (hence, culminate in de-listing).1. NATIVE RANGE IS A KNOWN PEAK GLACIAL REFUGE: Any southeastern USA species or subspecies residing only within or near one of the premier "glacial refuges" at the downstream ends of the major rivers draining to the Gulf or Atlantic should automatically be deemed a glacial relict. The three major refuges are (Tunica Hills for Miss. River), Apalachicola (end-point of Chattahoochee River), and Altamaha River.HOW RESEARCH FUNDING CAN BECOME ANTI-CONSERVATION. In recent years, several initiatives by the implementing institutions have held back recovery of Torreya taxifolia: Research was conducted by Atlanta Botanical Garden to try to dry or cryopreserve T. taxifolia seeds for "preservation of genetic material" as a means to "prevent extinction." Torreya seeds are big and recalcitrant, however, leading to the discovery that "somatic embryogenesis" is the only way to "cryopreserve" genetics (just the embryos). Meanwhile, prolific seed production at one of the two ex-situ plantings in northernmost Georgia (s. Appalachians) were left uncounted and allowed to "go to the squirrels" (while we were denied access to the seeds). I filed a Freedom of Information Act request this year, which formally confirmed that ex situ seed production was uncounted and therefore presumably unvalued. Communications I have had with officials confirm that species "recovery" is viewed as not possible at this time because (a) money is insufficient and (b) (by implication) it is pointless to continue trying to return seeds or seedlings to their native Florida range until a University of Florida forest pathology lab genetically engineers (using CRISPR) fusarium-disease resistance into the Torreya genome. And there is no other range designated as the locale for recovery.
2. SOLUTION TO THE PALEOECOLOGICAL "REID'S PARADOX" suggests there may be many more small glacial refuges for eastern temperate plants, distant from the coasts of the Big Three. If a plant seems limited to a particular habitat type disjunct in geographically isolated locations, and if its seed is not wind-dispersed, then it may be a "left-behind" glacial relict.
3. DOCUMENT HORTICULTURAL SPECIMENS IN NORTHWARD HABITATS. Torreya Guardians is unique not only in engaging in the numerous "assisted migration" experimental plantings in 10 northward states (as we are trying to discern, too, the northward limits of species' thrival, anticipating ongoing climate change). We also prioritize finding and image-documenting long-ago horticultural plantings especially those that produce seeds and where such seeds have produced seedlings and saplings with no human interventions. Such documentation offers a way to ensure (a) species thrival at that location and (b) species non-invasiveness. Conservation biologists who have published papers critical of "assisted migration" in the aggregate have pointed to (a) possible waste of money re failed outcomes and (b) possible invasiveness as the two main bases for their opposition. This point is so important that I recently posted a new page on the Torreya Guardians website to aggregate the "historic grove" documentation of our species (as far north as Pennysylvania for this "Florida" native!). Please take a quick look at it: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/historic-groves.html.
Meanwhile, the efforts of Torreya Guardians in assisting this species is ignored by the implementing institutions, but not by the press nor by academics publishing on methods (such as assisted migration) for climate adaptation of a great range of species, including common forest canopy trees. (I was contacted by a New York Times journalist early this morning.)
REQUEST: When you have a chance, please call me for a short phone call on this matter. Three upper-level people in USF&WS are aware of my criticism of the official management of Torreya taxifolia. Two have been very open to hearing my perspective. Do consider that our group's record of tremendous citizen enthusiasm for welcoming an endangered plant onto private lands could be a helpful antidote to the negative publicity that will surely arise re the Oct 1 U.S. Supreme Court proceeding on the Dusky Frog critical habitat case. In case you prefer to contact those two staff people first, I list them in the cc line above. I would like to file win-win suggestions by the Sept 24 deadline for ESA comments, and I would like to forge a degree of citizen-agency teamwork into the future, if possible. Hence, this email to you.
Do know that I fully support the importance of your work in advising pragmatic and effective management of endangered species in the USA. Please consider the successes and failures of 14 years of Torreya Guardians efforts as a crucial case to study within the parameters of your consultation for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Connie Barlow, founder of Torreya Guardians
• Barlow to to The Nature Conservancy September 10TO: LYNN SCARLETT [Co-Chief External Affairs Officer, The Nature Conservancy]__________
FROM: Connie Barlow, retired science writer, founder of Torreya Guardians (14 years ago); first group to do "assisted migration" of endangered USA plant
RE: Crucial role for TNC to offer win-win ESA regulations proposal (and counter Dusky Frog SCOTUS); NYT journalist is talking with me
I just left you a long phone message re the crucial role TNC can play in formally recommending to USF&WS a way to "modernize" how the Endangered Species Act is implemented. Comment deadline Sept 24. As founder of Torreya Guardians (first group to use loophole in ESA to move a climate-endangered plant poleward), I get lots of media attention on this (e.g. hour-long phone call with NYT journalist last Friday).
• TNC role: Recommend that plants currently on "life support" (words of Senate Chair in July ESA hearing) be screened (by TNC, using its own funds) as to whether they are "glacial relicts". For each species so judged, suggest that USF&WS offer to TNC and other land trusts opportunities to forge their own recovery plans for poleward experimentation toward recovery — using existing private conservation easements for experimental plantings). USF&WS would contribute seeds and seedlings deemed "non-essential and experimental."
• Torreya taxifolia as case study: Torreya taxifolia was declared a glacial relict in 1905 botany journal, F.R. ESA listing in 1984, in 1986 recovery plan, and 2010 plan update. (See below for more detail.) But recent implementation will not admit that past inability to track climate change northward from well-known "peak glacial refuges" is a reason to try "assisted migration" to cooler realms, much less that future climate change is an additional reason to do so. Note: March 2018 Univ. FL "Torreya Symposium" concluded the next step should be genetically engineering disease resistance into Torreya taxifolia in order to finally be able to help it survive in Florida. No mention was made of experimenting with "assisted migration," nor of our successes. Prior to that outcome, our group had a "live and let live" attitude toward USF&WS and its prime implementer (Atlanta Botanical Garden). After that GMO declaration, I decided to use FOIA to extract data that I already knew would be immensely damaging to how the official management would be viewed by mainstream conservationists: I asked for data of numbers of seeds produced each year, 2007 - 2017 in the 2 official ex situ plantings and their "ultimate destination". FOIA complied well, but the results were so embarassing that it was held up in DOI solicitor's office for several months beyond the original "complex" 6-week deadline. I launched that FOIA in order to leverage teamwork. I tried to use the FOIA results to leverage teamwork with ABG: nothing. Then, when I finally got high enough up in USF&WS for long phone calls (beginning with Chief of Communications, headquarters) I started making progress. But ultimately, not until I figured how TNC could play the lead role in somewhat "privatizing" Torreya's recovery (and other glacial relicts) did I see a way to have the conflictual days of citizens v. govt fade away: Torreya Guardians will no longer be necessary. Citizens will gain the thrill of helping an endangered tree in their own forested lands by having TNC play the reputable intermediate role. This shift in implementation under the existing ESA should really appeal to libertarian members of Congress. Thus, western governors might achieve some down-shifting of management to their state DNRs, but eastern congresspeople could thrill to showing a similar track appropriate for the pro-conservation flair in the east: and banking on TNC's reputation and corporate respectability. Note: I suggested to NYT journalist last week that Torreya taxifolia is the "mirror image of Dusky Frog": Officials unwilling to donate excess seeds to us (FOIA result confirms thousands of seeds went to the local squirrels instead), thus "under-reach", whilst the Dusky Frog case is the outlier of agency "over-reach" single-case failures at both ends of the spectrum in which some 1,500 other recovery plans are appropriate and wise. Not a bad track record for DOI. But somebody has to spin it that way; F&WS will not step out that way.
Thank you for your attention,
Connie Barlow, founder of Torreya Guardians.org
Forwarded email below will give you the science back-up and cites. Possingham knows me.
• Barlow to USF&WS October 17
RE: Torreya Guardians submits information for 5-year review T. taxifolia[FWS–R4–ES–2018–N057; FXES11130900000C2–189–FF09E32000]DATE: 17 October 2018
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 5-Year Status Reviews for 42 Southeastern Species
TO: email@example.com, Vivian Negron-Ortiz
CC: Donald Imm
, Catherine Phillips
(Please send me a reply now that you received this official email from me; you can read it later.)
I just noticed on the species profile page of USF&WS for Torreya taxifolia that on 6 August 2018 the Federal Register published a notice of a 5-year review. The publication said that the deadline for submission of information was October 5.
I apologize that I missed the deadline. Please accept the following webpages from our Torreya Guardians website as vital scientific / natural-history / recovery success information for your review.
INFORMATION TO REVIEW:
1. "Historic Groves of Torreya Trees"
There you will find our best work in explaining (and linking) to data collected by Torreya Guardians that documents (1) Torreya's ability to thrive, be disease-free, and even reproduce in locales north of Georgia; and (2) strong evidence that, while Torreya is able to "naturalize" (produce viable seed and establish seedlings from that seed, with no human assistance) it is decidedly not invasive. Thus, the two thresholds (unmet at the time of the 2010 plan update) for official adoption of "assisted migration" have been met.
2. "What We Are Learning"
Make sure you see the image-rich entries for 2018, which include documentation of 22 seeds being produced in Cleveland Ohio. Watch the linked Cleveland video (14 minutes) to see how extraordinarily well this tree adapts on its windward side. The only assistance this group of 3 seed-grown trees receives is (a) mowing to ensure no shade will overtop the torreyas, (b) deer repellent sacks, (c) fencing during buck season to prevent antler rubbing. Also, see the November 2017 entry and watch the "free-planting" success of our new Cumberland Plateau volunteer (400 seeds put directly into his forest).
3. "Recent Papers on Stem Canker"
My understanding is that the Torreya Symposium announcement/press-release by University of Florida (Jason Smith's lab) that genetic engineering will be applied to Torreya taxifolia is contrary to USF&WS rules that the public will have an opportunity to comment on "recovery" actions before they are implemented. Therefore, please allocate time for me (as a very informed member of the public, and possibly a credentialed scientist I may recruit to speak) to present the advisory committee with what I have gleaned from reading the 5 papers on which Smith bases his assessment that Fusarium sp. is dangerous for Torreya taxifolia specimens northward of Georgia. I believe the papers themselves demonstrate that his verbal portrayal of the disease threat to species recovery is overstated. In fact, I believe our findings and actions are so valuable that T. taxifolia can soon be delisted. For a preview of my scientific arguments against the canker as lethal in northward realms, please visit the section on the Endangered webpage where I link, extract, and critique all 5 papers: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/extinction.html#canker
1. ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR TORREYA TAXIFOLIA. Please add me to your e-list for receiving whatever communications you routinely send to your science advisors and area "stakeholders." All citizens in the USA are stakeholders for endangered species. We Torreya Guardians have demonstrated our concern and care for this tree.
2. INFORM ADVISORS OF GLACIAL RELICT HISTORY. If there is any science advisor or stakeholder who is still unaware that Torreya taxifolia is a glacial relict, please refer them to the "Natural History" page of our website: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/torreya.html There you will see that we recently added images and excerpts from a pair of 1905 papers written by two famous botanists (Cowles and Coulter) that demonstrate that Torreya taxifolia has been regarded as a glacial relict since 1905.
3. DOCUMENT AND POST 2018 SEED PRODUCTION AT EX SITU LOCATIONS (and eventually their ultimate distributions too). As you know, I launched a Freedom of Information Data Request this year, whose results documented that the two institutional caretakers of the ex situ T. taxifolia plantings in north Georgia have not documented annual seed production at those sites and the fate of those seeds. In my view this is a grave loss of what should have been easily collectible data for assessing the thrival and reproductive potential of this species when translocated from Florida to the southern Appalachians of north Georgia. Please urge those institutional implementers (Atlanta Botanical Garden and University of Georgia State Botanical Garden) to provide USF&WS with documentation of this year's seed production so that you can post it on your records page and for them to also post it on the Center for Plant Conservation site.
Note: I have posted all correspondence re my FOIA data request: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/foia.html Please make sure you read the August 29 entry: "Barlow's Closing Statement".
4. PLEASE READ MY PUBLIC COMMENT re ESA REGULATIONS REVISION. The link to my comment is here: http://www.torreyaguardians.org/esa-comments.html Pay special attention to Part 3 of that comment:Part 3: Torreya-Specific Insights and RecommendationsThank you for your attention,3A End wastage of seeds in ex situ plantings - strong recommendation
3B Establish policy on genetic engineering - strong recommendation
3C Host a seminar - strong recommendation
Connie Barlow, Founder of Torreya Guardians
Return to HOME PAGE of TORREYA GUARDIANS | <urn:uuid:f591d3a0-8d39-4360-b688-ad88efda73a4> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://torreyaguardians.org/foia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950247.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401191131-20230401221131-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.94561 | 17,989 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Scores of Bangladeshis gathered at their embassy in Beirut Sunday to celebrate International Mother Language Day, an occasion inspired by their people’s popular struggle to safeguard their language in 1952. “On Feb. 21, we saved our language,” the Bangladeshi Ambassador Abdul Moaleb Sarkr told The Daily Star. “At the time the government only chose to recognize Urdu as the national language. We wanted to contest this because our people wanted Bangla to be recognized too.”
To pressure the government to do so, thousands of Bangla speaking students demonstrated in what was then the eastern part of Pakistan to demand their right to preserve their mother tongue.
Their bravery was met with open fire from security forces, killing a number of people. They didn’t die in vain, however, as the government of Pakistan soon elected to recognize the language that was native to the overwhelming majority of their citizens in the eastern part of the country.
Nineteen years later, Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan after a nine month guerrilla war that was supported by India.
Yet their history was recognized by the world far before then. This was no more evident than when the United Nations recognized International Mother Language Day on Nov. 17, 1999, a move that was first proposed by a diaspora of Bangladeshi Canadian intellectuals.
The day was established not only to recognize the sacrifice of Bangladeshi 64 years ago, but also to promote the thousands of others languages that remain under threat.
“This day is particularly special for our people, but we also want to promote the need to protect all languages in the world,” said Bangladeshi diplomat Souheil Miah. “It’s very important that we promote this day in Arabic speaking countries like Lebanon. We want people to keep their language.”
Since International Mother Language Day happened to fall on a Sunday this year, it enabled many Bangladeshi workers in Lebanon to attend the ceremony at their embassy. This is because Sunday is supposed to be the designated rest day for migrant workers in the country, though most are pushed to work for their employer regardless.
In any case, Sarkr was still very pleased with the number of people who were able to attend. He further noted that those unable to do so will honor those who died in their way.
“We will always remember our martyrs,” he said.
Diaspora communities in Lebanon have, over their history, also taken the necessary measures to protect their mother tongue while still adopting the national language of Arabic. The Armenians who escaped the genocide against them during World War I are the most notable example.
Other communities in Lebanon, such as the Kurds, have been less successful in doing so. While their most spoken dialect, Kurmunji, remains a strong source of pride among elderly Lebanese Kurds, many fear that the younger generation will soon lose their mother tongue.
It’s for this very reason that International Mother Tongue Day – known as Ekushey – has become so important, according to the president of Bangladesh, Abdul Hamid.
“Language Martyrs Day is now an indomitable source of inspiration for protecting self-uniqueness of people around the globe,” he said in a statement. “Let the people of different languages be united, let the utmost defunct languages of the world be revived in their communities and let the globe be colored with diverse languages and cultures.” | <urn:uuid:0253072c-eafc-4ab9-9d57-c6ba836d544d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.cldh-lebanon.org/OurBlog/Artical/1737 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.97078 | 709 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Consuming artificial sweeteners while pregnant has been linked to higher chances of obesity in children, according to a recently-published study.
Researchers followed 3,033 pregnant women, examining their habit of consuming Equal, Splenda and Sweet'n Low, and also examining their babies, according to Time. Researchers took into account other factors, such as the mother's weight, the baby's birthweight and whether the baby was breastfed.
The researchers found that those who used those sweeteners in beverages also increased their chances of having an overweight child be twofold. This is arguably the first study on the topic, according to the study, and adds to the growing set of literature that links negative health effects to artificial sweeteners.
Scientists believe that artificial sweeteners, which are made of unnatural chemicals, change the way we perceive food. By being more potent than natural sweeteners, our sugar receptors eventually develop a higher tolerance, making us use more Splenda and have a lower tolerance for the actual good stuff, like veggies. Psychologically, people feel like they can consume more treats like cake if their soda is zero calories — which isn't entirely true.
"Sweeteners aren't something we really need for any reason, so there's no harm in avoiding them," Meghan Azad, one of the study's researchers, said, according to Time. "This study raises questions about the potential risk to infants now, and that's something to consider."
While sugar is linked to higher insulin, which can increase one's risk for diabetes and other cardiovascular diseases, sugar-containing foods are also often dense in nutrients and fiber, Dr. David Ludwig, an obesity specialist, told the Harvard Health Blog. | <urn:uuid:01e38028-6b0b-4643-a7c1-ef7f2c1b6804> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.mic.com/articles/143080/study-links-consuming-artificial-sweeteners-to-having-overweight-children | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500304.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206051215-20230206081215-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.963711 | 343 | 3.234375 | 3 |
I was asked to complete a timeline exercise on the evolution of biosphere on earth. I have attached the assignment below. I will complete the timeline myself, so I just need a list of entry of the required geological events in chronological order, add five extra events (also put in order), a brief statement of why those five are significant, and source with the required format. NEED DIVERSE SOURCES!
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I need to create a timeline for major geological events in earth history. There are 20 given events. I need you to..
1. create a list of such events in chronological order in a citation form …3 years ago | <urn:uuid:9f0ef165-c85d-4c73-a0a1-f5e83bc929e4> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.sweetstudy.com/questions/timeline-exercise | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362619.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203091120-20211203121120-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.896107 | 387 | 2.875 | 3 |
Most people associate Oklahoma with weather-related disasters: tornado outbreaks, massive wildfires, Lawrence of Arabia-style dust storms, tumbleweed maelstroms. But thanks to oil and gas wastewater injected deep into the ground, parts of the state can now also claim the dubious distinction of being among the most likely places in the United States to experience a damaging earthquake in 2016.
On Monday, the U.S. Geological Survey unveiled an earthquake hazard forecast for the central and eastern parts of the country that for the first time includes human-caused quakes, referred to in technical parlance as “induced seismicity.” The report suggests that seven million people in parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Arkansas face increased risks from human-induced earthquakes in the next year.
The risks appear most widespread and significant in north-central Oklahoma and a tiny sliver of southern Kansas, where a large area has a 5 to 12 percent chance per year of an earthquake that can cause buildings to crack and, in rare cases, collapse. That’s comparable to risks in parts of more seismically famous California, USGS scientists said at a press conference on Monday.
The USGS decided to include induced seismicity in the new map because of a well-documented and sharp increase in the number and severity of human-made earthquakes in the central and eastern U.S. starting in 2009, largely tied to the energy industry.
“We want to help people understand how much concern they should have with these earthquakes,” said lead author Mark Petersen, chief of the agency’s National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project.
Underground Air Hockey
The oil industry recently boomed in Oklahoma and elsewhere due to advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing—also known as fracking—a controversial practice that involves firing a slurry of water, sand, and chemicals into the ground to release trapped hydrocarbons. Along with the fracking fluids, the oil or gas that rises to the surface tends to come with copious amounts of brackish groundwater, which energy companies dispose of by reinjecting into the earth.
In parts of Oklahoma, this wastewater injection has increased five to tenfold. At the same time, earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 and greater spiked from fewer than 100 between 1970 and 2009 to almost 600 in 2014, and a whopping 907 in 2015.
Most of the water is going into a layer of rock called the Arbuckle Formation, which may transfer water pressure to the still deeper basement rock layer, where the earthquakes are triggered. As water input has increased, so has the pore pressure in already stressed faults there, allowing their sides – usually clamped tightly together – to slip more easily past each other.
“Think about an air hockey table,” Oklahoma Geological Survey Director Jeremy Boak explained in an interview. “When it’s off, the puck doesn’t slide that freely.” But when the air blows, creating a little cushion of pressure, the puck glides like a dream.
In Oklahoma, injected water helped produce the state’s largest ever recorded earthquake – a magnitude 5.6 in Prague in 2011 that toppled chimneys and inspired at least one lawsuit against industry to cover injuries and property damage. Theoretically, injection or smaller induced earthquakes themselves could trigger even larger quakes, USGS scientists said, since the state has a fault that, prehistorically, has produced a magnitude 7 temblor.
Other industrial activities can induce seismicity too, such as building large reservoirs and mining, though none of those causes are emphasized in the latest USGS report.
These seismic maps are mostly used to develop emergency plans, building safety standards, and insurance rates. That means the new projection of induced earthquake risk could see citizens and communities in affected areas shouldering more of the financial burden for drilling’s ripple effects, Johnson Bridgwater, director of the Sierra Club’s Oklahoma Chapter, told National Geographic.
The percent of homeowners holding earthquake insurance policies in Oklahoma has risen in recent years to around 10 percent – similar to California. Considering that Oklahoma wasn't much of a seismic risk until the fracking boom, some citizens and nonprofits are trying to hold energy companies accountable.
Two significant temblors that shook Oklahoma City and Edmonds over the 2015 holidays resulted in lawsuits from homeowners. And the Sierra Club's state chapter recently filed another earthquake suit against energy companies after a magnitude 5.1 quake struck near the Kansas border in February.
“Oklahoma citizens are now having to open their own pocketbooks for insurance protection,” Bridgwater said. “And they’re obviously upset and think industry should have to cover that.”
Also, while previous maps looked at natural risk over longer timeframes, induced seismicity can vary rapidly along with shifts in policy or the market, so the USGS adjusted the timescale of the new map to just one year. USGS’s Petersen noted that some parts of the country where induced quakes were more common for a time are now forecast to have far less seismic risk.
“Something is going right in Ohio,” he said, which shows that regulatory changes like reducing injections can mitigate the potential quake hazards.
Conditions are already changing in Oklahoma. Boak says the collapse of oil prices has led to steep declines in wastewater injection in the 25-county area that has been most impacted. He expects new calls by the Oklahoma Corporation Commission, a state regulatory agency, to further curtail underground disposal and keep those numbers down.
Though there have been more than 200 quakes in Oklahoma so far in 2016, Boak said he is “guardedly optimistic” that there will be an overall reduction by the end of the year. | <urn:uuid:f824a310-e66a-4fbe-9c4c-70590731187c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160328-earthquakes-map-risks-usgs-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578558125.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422155337-20190422180336-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.956365 | 1,190 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Relating to the study of the distribution of plants: floristic research floristic diversity
More example sentences
- However, a number of vascular floristic studies on the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee in the past 40 years have increased our baseline botanical knowledge of this region.
- Since 1971, eight floristic studies have contributed to our knowledge of the vascular flora of south Alabama.
- The relative species richness of the Preserve was then compared to selected floristic studies from the Cumberland Plateau using the same species area curve.
- More example sentences
- However, apparent vegetation changes underway suggest that the sites are converting from floristically diverse open barrens to a closed woodland with lower floristic diversity.
- Results show that the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area is among the most floristically rich natural areas in the Southern Appalachians.
- The islands are very rich floristically, with a high proportion of shrubs and other woody forms.
Definition of floristic in:
- The US English dictionary | <urn:uuid:1fdb191b-284a-411f-97c0-94ecce5ebfbb> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/floristic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510261771.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011741-00066-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881905 | 220 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The word Peleg first appeared in Genesis 10:25, “And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother’s name was Joktan.” The word Peleg means “division.” Peleg was the first-born son of Eber and one of the ancestors of Abraham. Although the text speaks literally of a splitting up of the “earth,” the word signifies its people, as Genesis 9:19 and Genesis 11:1 point.
All of Genesis 10 talks about the dividing up of Noah’s family into its three divisions based on Noah’s three sons and their families, and then to the sub-family groups. Because these genealogical lists encompassed all the people on the post-Flood earth, the division referred to in verse 25 must have affected the whole post-Flood human population.
Other verses throughout Genesis chapter 10 indicate that it was these people who were being split up by language and moved across the earth to different geographical locations or lands:
“. . . separated into their land . . .” (Genesis 10:5).
“. . . the families of the Canaanites were dispersed” (Genesis 10:18).
“. . . according to their families, according to their languages, in their lands and in their nations” (Genesis 10:20).
Then, concluding verse states:
These were the families of the sons of Noah, according to their generations, in their nations; and from these the nations were divided on the earth after the Flood (Gensis10:32).
Following Genesis 10 is the story of the tower of Babel in Genesis 11. The wickedness of the people became great as the inhabitants of the earth centralized. And the people rebelled against God in building the tower of Babel to “make a name” for themselves (Genesis 11:4). They wanted to defy the Creator after the flood and build a tower that will protect them against the judgements of God.
So, the Lord disrupted their work by confusing their languages that they will not understand one another. When their schemes failed, they dispersed into all the earth. This resulted in dividing the earth. “That is why it was called Babel—because there the LORD confused the language of the whole world. From there the LORD scattered them over the face of the whole earth” (Genesis 11:9).
Since the confusion of tongues that took place about the time of Peleg’s birth, we can see how he received the name Peleg, “division.” And even today, the different languages that exist in our world serve as walls and barriers of division between the nations and cultures.
In His service, | <urn:uuid:3795b42a-fb49-49ce-9a1a-73127caf936e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://bibleask.org/how-was-the-earth-divided-at-the-time-of-peleg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584567.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016105157-20211016135157-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.975262 | 590 | 3.5625 | 4 |
The New Zealand robin/toutouwai is a sparrow-sized bird found only in New Zealand.
They are friendly and trusting, often coming to within a couple of metres of people. The people themselves are not always the attraction but the invertebrates disturbed by the activities of people.
South Island robin, Wangapeka.
The robin’s strong descending call of five or more notes is repeated often and makes their presence obvious.
New Zealand robins are relatively long-lived, surviving up to 14 years where few or no predators exist.
When using the name New Zealand robin you may be referring to:
- North Island robin (Petroica longipes)
- South Island robin (Petroica australis australis)
- Stewart Island robin (Petroica australis rakiura)
They are all New Zealand robins although, strictly speaking, the North Island robin is a completely different species from the other two subspecies.
New Zealand robins are also closely tied genetically with the black robin (Petroica traversi) in the Chatham Islands and also the tomtit.
What do they look like?
South Island robin
The North, South and Stewart Island robin all look very similar. They are small - about the size of a sparrow. Males have dark grey plumage while the female is dark grey-brown. Both male and females have much lighter throats and breast feathers. South Island robins have more of a yellow tinge to their breast feathers.
Where are they found?
Robins enjoy forests with dense, even, canopies and ground covered with leaf litter.
They can also be found in the green belts of towns and cities.
What do they eat?
Invertebrates, such as worms and beetles, which they forage for among the leaf litter on the ground.
North Island robin with food in beak
The breeding season begins in August or September. Incubation lasts 18 days, and chicks leave the nest after 21 days.
Listen to or download a recording of New Zealand robin/toutouwai song.
New Zealand robin/toutouwai song (MP3, 1,440K)
1 minute 22 second recording of New Zealand robin/toutouwai song at Kowhai River, Kaikouras, Marlborough.
Tamsin and Andrew of DOC talk about the
South Island robin territory identifcation exercise
Help with files: see Open and save files.
Copyright of files: Song files may be reused as long as you attribute the work to the Department of Conservation. Read our Copyright terms.
All bird song recordings
The New Zealand robin is not on IUCN’s list for threatened species.
However, deforestation and habitat loss, as well as introduced predators such as rats, stoats, and feral cats, do threaten the robin.
Pest control work in areas where robins live, has not only improved the overall forest health, but also helped robin populations.
South Island robin showing a distraction
display near nest, Kaikoura
These flourishing populations have been used to help repopulate areas where robins may have died out, due to predation by introduced mammals.
You can help
Find out how to attract birds to your garden.
Talk to your local DOC office about getting involved with a pest control operation.
Many community groups throughout the country are involved in such projects that benefit overall forest health and contribute to the wellbeing of all bird species susceptible to mammalian predator attack. | <urn:uuid:87047bd1-785a-4fb7-9242-69c58e46684c> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/birds/birds-a-z/nz-robin-toutouwai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500825341.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021345-00324-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939623 | 761 | 3.375 | 3 |
As bright red hearts grace every storefront in anticipation of Valentine’s Day, the virtue of love remains at the forefront for many feminists. Let’s set aside Hallmark and the commercialism of romance for a moment and focus on some forms of love often overlooked: love for friends, love for the world, and love from women for women. All of these are manifested in one of my Holy Women Icons with a folk feminist twist: Jane Addams.
Known as the Mother of Social Work, this revolutionary woman did so much more than begin a new field of study. Jane Addams (1860-1935) was a pacifist, sociologist, public philosopher, founder of the Hull House, co-founder of the ACLU, and the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. All of her romantic relationships were with other women, including Ellen Star and Mary Smith. In fact, Smith and Addams considered themselves married. Is any of this brief information about Addams new to you? It certainly was to me.
Love for Friends.
I’d only heard of Addams briefly, recalling her role in the development of the field of social work. That was it. Until a very dear friend commissioned a painting of her. She is one of my dearest friends, a holy woman icon and revolutionary herself. A scholar, professor, minister, activist, and farmer, this dear friend wanted Jane Addams to hang on her office wall at the Unitarian Universalist Church where she works. Because I love my friend, and trusted her instinct that Addams was worthy of the title “holy woman,” I began researching. And Jane Addams blew my mind. Seriously. This woman was amazing. How had I not yet learned more about her?
Love for the World.
Since childhood, Addams felt a unique calling to do something to make the world a better place. Upon receiving an incredibly large inheritance from her father after his death, she set out for medical school, vaguely certain that working in the medical field would be her “helping profession,” her way of making the world a better place. Long-term illnesses prevented her from pursuing her studies to fruition. She was an avid reader and came across materials discussing settlement houses. With her lover Ellen Star, she set out for London to explore the first settlement house. These travels emboldened her to start her own settlement house in Chicago.
Addams opened the Hull House with the intention of providing cultural education otherwise only available at the university to those who could not afford it. It would be a place where cultures and classes worked together, she believed. And it was. It also became a place that met the needs of the community: providing artistic expression and intellectual exploration, garbage collection, tuberculosis study, midwifery, documentation of social illnesses, a library, space for debate, and the foundation for adult education classes.
While operating the Hull House, Addams was a leader in women’s suffrage and pacifism. She became an anti-war activist from 1899 as a part of the anti-imperialist movement, and reshaped the peace movement to include ideals of social justice in her book, Newer Ideals of Peace. Whether it was fighting against sexism, racism, classism, or war, Addams loved the world deeply and made certain that her actions reflected this deep love.
Love for Women from Women:
Though the term wasn’t in vogue and phrases like “intimate partner” were used more often than not, Addams likely identified as a lesbian. She and her long-term lover, Mary Smith, lived together in the Hull House, owned a home together in Maine, and wrote one another daily when they were apart, often referring to themselves as a married couple. Federally and legally they were not recognized as such—none of us were until this past year—but they were most certainly married, partnered, and in love.
I’d like to think that the two celebrated Valentine’s Day in the most feminist way possible: demanding sanitation reform, the right for women to vote, and with an ethical debate over a shared meal, followed by passionate kisses.
So, as you celebrate Valentine’s Day in whatever capacity you see fit and just and fair and loving, remember this daring revolutionary who loved unabashedly and fearlessly, all the while changing the world. With an arm big heart cries out to us:
“Pacifism. Activism. Equality.”
Cried her eager heart…
Bound by love, committed to justice,
Her work changed the world…
It is with love and gratitude for my dear friend who taught me of Addams, love and gratitude for my dear wife who stands by my side, and love and gratitude for the life and legacy of Jane Addams that I shall celebrate Valentine’s Day this year, intent on loving the world more boldly. Will you join me?
Rev. Dr. Angela Yarber has a PhD in Art and Religion from the Graduate Theological Union at UC Berkeley and is author of , , , , , and. She has been a clergywoman and professional dancer and artist since 1999. For more on her research, ministry, dance, or to purchase one of her icons, visit: | <urn:uuid:04c946b7-8072-4bd6-9169-18bea61d72a6> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://feminismandreligion.com/2016/02/13/painting-jane-addams-by-angela-yarber/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217051250-20190217073250-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.972128 | 1,094 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Forget the cold-stored, air mile-laden specimens you can buy in shops, these summer fruits are in a different league when they come fresh from the plot. Get clued-up with our guide to getting started with strawberries this month – and what to do for the next 12
Supermarket shoppers might be accustomed to watery, flavourless strawberries (no wonder given that they’ll have spent days in storage) but it’s hard to beat the flavour of a juicy, mouth-watering crop straight from the plot. Fortunately, they are one of the easiest and most reliable fruits to grow and ideal for raising either in the open ground or in containers on the terrace. Most strawberries produce a single crop between late May and late July and they are classified as early, mid or late season depending on when they ripen during this period. There are also perpetual varieties available, which can be used to extend the season by producing fruits from August to the first frosts.
If you already have strawberries growing on the plot, then there’s plenty that can be done in July. As well as harvesting the tasty fruits of mid and late season varieties, new plants can be produced by pegging the newly-formed runners (trails of growth which spread out over the soil surface) into small pots sunk into the ground. For grow-your-owners who have yet to get started with strawberries, it’s also possible to buy and plant cold-stored runners outside and, because they can fruit within 60 days, you will still get a small but worthwhile crop this autumn.
Strawberries perform best when grown in a sunny and sheltered part of the plot and the soil needs to be reasonably fertile and freedraining – avoid natural frost pockets at all costs. To ensure the plants thrive, it’s important to prepare the ground about a month before planting. Start by digging and forking over the soil to remove any weeds or debris – which could otherwise interfere with the growth of your crop and can harbour pests and diseases – then use a fork to incorporate plenty of well-rotted compost into the earth. Finally, the surface should be raked-over several times to create a fine and level tilth ready for planting.
The lifespan of a strawberry plant is three to four seasons and, to ensure the highest yields, they should be replaced with new ones at the end of this period.
The best way to foster the replacements is by using runners: in early to midsummer, established plants naturally send out thin, elongated and groundhugging stems. These are runners – the ends of which will naturally root in the soil while still attached to the parent plant. To propagate some new specimens, sink a few 7.5cm diameter pots into the ground (with the rims just proud of the surface) around the strawberry plants and fill them with moist cuttings compost. When runners appear, position the end of each one over the centre of a pot (with the base touching the compost) and hold in place with a small wire hoop. Afterwards, remove any that are not being utilised for propagating purposes so the established plant doesn’t waste any energy on them. After six weeks or so, the runners will have filled the pots with roots and they can be severed from the parent and used for planting either immediately or the following spring (they can be stored in a cold frame, with compost kept lightly moist).
Perpetual varieties don’t produce many runners but can be propagated by division in the early autumn. Lift a mature plant and cut it into two or three smaller clumps (with at least three shoots each) before replanting them. Do this every second year, as quality deteriorates more quickly than with standard strawberries.
Strawberries are usually purchased as pot-grown plants or barerooted runners – either way, make sure yours are certified as pest, disease and virus-free. The ideal time for planting cold-stored runners is from March to July – these plants will fruit around 60 days after planting. Ordinary bare-rooted runners are planted in mid-autumn (October time); they will have been grown in the open ground, recently certified as problem-free and then lifted and dispatched. The autumn plants will fruit the following season. Pot-raised plants can be planted at any time of year but spring, late summer and autumn tend to suit them best – the same goes for home-raised specimens (from runners).
For the best results, bare-rooted strawberries must be planted so that the ‘crowns’ (the base of the plants from which the leaves appear) are at (or just above) ground level. Too deep and the growing point will be smothered by the soil and may rot; too high and the roots may be exposed at the surface. To give the plants the best chance of establishing in the ground, lightly soak the root balls first before planting 35–40cm apart, then firm-in and water well. Pot-grown strawberries should be planted so that the root balls are buried to the same depth as in their original containers. If you have more than one row of plants, these should be spaced at 90cm intervals.
In smaller gardens, it may be easier to raise your crop in large containers – special pots known as strawberry barrels are available for this purpose. These are made from terracotta, wood or plastic and have lots of cup-shaped planting holes arranged spirally around the sides. Fill them with moist John Innes Number 3 compost before allocating a strawberry plant to each compartment and placing in a sheltered, well-lit corner of the plot. During the spring and summer, container-grown plants must be watered regularly and given a dose of liquid fertiliser (Ken Muir strawberry feed is a good choice) every week once flowers start to appear. Stop once the first fruits turn pink in colour – overfeeding will cause lush leaf growth to be produced at the expense of anything edible.
For strawberries planted in the open, once they are in the ground it’s essential to keep the area free from weeds and to make sure the soil doesn’t dry out, especially when the fruits are starting to swell. The plants should be given a dose of fertiliser in the spring and again after they have been rejuvenated, as well as being watered regularly (aim to keep the soil damp, but not saturated).
When the fruits appear a few months later, they can be ruined by mud splash and rotting due to contact with wet soil. To help prevent these problems, it’s a good idea to place a fabric strawberry mat (available from Marshalls) around the base of each plant – this will also act as a moisture-retaining mulch.
Alternatively, tuck a few handfuls of fresh straw under each plant and rest the leaves, flowers and fruit trusses on this material.
The young fruits are often targeted by birds, so it may be worth pushing short sticks into the ground in the four corners of the bed (so the tips are just above the top of the plants) and securing bird-scaring tape between them. It will vibrate and ‘buzz’ in the slightest breeze, scaring away hungry tweeters. Strawberry plants growing in containers are more easily protected by simply draping a sheet of netting over the top (something you shouldn’t do with an entire bed because birds will likely get trapped underneath).
Keep the ground around your plants free from weeds and remove any debris, such as fallen leaves, as it can harbour slugs and other nuisance pests
For an advanced crop of fruits, now's the time to cover early-season varieties with cloches. Prepare the ground for planting new strawberries.
Prepare the ground and plant new strawberry specimens. Give any established plants a muchdeserved feed with an organic fertiliser.
Harvest mid and late season fruits and keep the plants well watered. Propagate new specimens from runners. Rejuvenate the plants when they have finished fruiting by applying a good-quality feed. Plant new strawberries outside.
Rejuvenate strawberry plants by cutting them back when they have finished fruiting and applying a feed. Harvest the fruits of perpetual varieties. Sever runners that have been rooted in pots from the parent plants.
Harvest the ripe fruits of perpetual strawberry varieties. Sever any runners that have been rooted in pots from their parent plants.
Rejuvenating Strawberry Plants
To keep strawberries in good condition and encourage healthy new growth, the plants should be revitalised after harvesting. Start by removing any old straw and mixing the material into the compost heap. Alternatively, take away the strawberry mats and clean them before storing in the shed for use the following season. Once this has been carried out, use a pair of sharp shears to cut off all the old growth 10cm above the crowns – any runners that are spreading over the ground need removing unless they are being used to raise new plants. Afterwards, weed the site thoroughly and give the plants a feed with an organic fertiliser. New growth will soon emerge and this will form the basis of the next strawberry crop.
Related Forum Topics
Strawberries: Varieties To Try
A traditional and very reliable variety which crops from mid-June to early July with few problems. The fruits are bright red, juicy and flavoursome.
A perpetual strawberry producing most of its fruits in the late summer and early autumn. An excellent choice for small plots because it is prolific, fruits over a long period and does well in hanging baskets.
This is a late cropper (it ripens in late June and July) which is relatively disease-free. The plants stand upright, which ensures the fruits are held clear of the soil, and thereby reduces the risk of rot taking hold.
One of the earliest varieties to ripen, this plant produces large, glossy and juicy fruits in late May and June. Alternatively, the plants can be covered with cloches in late winter and then picked in mid-May.
Mara des Bois
A perpetual strawberry that produces a crop of rich-tasting fruits from August through to October. An excellent variety for containers because it is compact, fruits for a long period and is highly decorative.
This is a mid-season variety, which will ripen from mid-June until around mid-July. It is a prolific and heavy-cropping plant and the glossy, bright-red strawberries it produces are deliciously sweet.
Forcing an early crop
One of the benefits of growing an early-season strawberry variety, such as ‘Mae’ is that the plants can be ‘forced’ to produce an advanced crop of fruits. They will be ready for picking in mid-May, a couple of weeks earlier than normal and often when strawberries are sold at premium prices in the supermarkets. The forcing process involves covering the plants with cloches (small, tent-like structures made from glass or plastic) in late winter. These create a warm and sheltered environment underneath and this encourages the plants to produce leaves, flowers and fruits much earlier than usual. Once the strawberries begin to flower, the sides of the cloches must be opened during the day, as this will allow insects to visit the blooms and pollinate them. If this is not done, fewer fruits will form. Remove the cloches when the fruits have been picked. | <urn:uuid:8ee3d93c-0bd4-44fb-81be-8a7fb9ff2f0a> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.growfruitandveg.co.uk/index.php/how-to-grow/growing-strawberries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807146.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124070019-20171124090019-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.955138 | 2,346 | 2.75 | 3 |
by Allen Wyatt
(last updated October 17, 2015)
Fanie has a workbook with two worksheets. In the first worksheet she created hyperlinks to the second worksheet. Those hyperlinks worked fine until Fanie saved and reopened the workbook. The second time the hyperlinks were all gray and would no longer work, and she's at a loss as to why this occurred.
There are a few things you can try here. First, you need to make sure that the problem isn't due to something you inadvertently did in your workbook. Check to make sure that you didn't rename the second worksheet—the one that is the target of the hyperlinks. When you create hyperlinks, each of them references the name of the worksheet you specify as the target. If you later rename the worksheet, then the hyperlinks may not work as expected. If this is the case, you will need to either change the name of the worksheet back to its original name, or you will need to recreate the hyperlinks to point to the renamed worksheet.
If that is not the problem, you may want to turn off an option in Excel that causes the program to check hyperlinks whenever the workbook is saved. (There have been some reports that Excel disables the links a bit too early sometimes, which could be the behavior that Fanie is seeing.) Do this by following these steps:
Figure 1. The Advanced options of the Excel Options dialog box.
Figure 2. The Files tab of the Web Options dialog box.
Finally, the problem may not even be related to Excel it is possible that the program is getting a bit confused if you changed your default browser after you originally created the hyperlinks—especially if you deleted whatever browser used to be your default. If you think this may be the root of the problem, the only thing you can do is to recreate the hyperlinks.
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Got a version of Excel that uses the ribbon interface (Excel 2007 or later)? This site is for you! If you use an earlier version of Excel, visit our ExcelTips site focusing on the menu interface. | <urn:uuid:1d7881fc-e815-432d-a7a5-38bbc13a1460> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://excelribbon.tips.net/T013403_Hyperlinks_No_Longer_Work_in_a_Workbook.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948596051.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217132751-20171217154751-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.926994 | 654 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In 1972, Alfred W. Crosby wrote a book called The Columbian Exchange. In it, the historian tells the story of Columbus’s landing in 1492 through the ecological ramifications it had on the New World.
At the time of publication, Crosby’s approach to history, through biology, was novel. “For historians Crosby framed a new subject,” wrote J.R. McNeil, a professor at Georgetown University, in a foreword to the book’s 30th anniversary edition. Today, The Columbian Exchange is considered a founding text in the field of environmental history.
I recently spoke with the retired professor about “Columbian Exchange”—a term that has worked its way into historians’ vernacular—and the impacts of some of the living organisms that transferred between continents, beginning in the 15th century.
You coined the term “Columbian Exchange.” Can you define it?
In 1491, the world was in many of its aspects and characteristics a minimum of two worlds—the New World, of the Americas, and the Old World, consisting of Eurasia and Africa. Columbus brought them together, and almost immediately and continually ever since, we have had an exchange of native plants, animals and diseases moving back and forth across the oceans between the two worlds. A great deal of the economic, social, political history of the world is involved in the exchange of living organisms between the two worlds.
When you wrote The Columbian Exchange, this was a new idea—telling history from an ecological perspective. Why hadn’t this approach been taken before?
Sometimes the more obvious a thing is the more difficult it is to see it. I am 80 years old, and for the first 40 or 50 years of my life, the Columbian Exchange simply didn’t figure into history courses even at the finest universities. We were thinking politically and ideologically, but very rarely were historians thinking ecologically, biologically.
What made you want to write the book?
I was a young American historian teaching undergraduates. I tell you, after about ten years of muttering about Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, you really need some invigoration from other sources. Then, I fell upon it, starting with smallpox.
Smallpox was enormously important until quite modern times, until the middle of the 20th century at the latest. So I was chasing it down, and I found myself reading the original accounts of the European settlements in Mexico, Peru or Cuba in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. I kept coming across smallpox just blowing people away. So I thought there must be something else going on here, and there was—and I suppose still is.
How did you go about your research?
It was really quite easy. You just have to be prepared somehow or other to notice the obvious. You don’t have to read the original accounts in Spanish or Portuguese. There are excellent English translations dating back for generations. Practically all of them will get into a page or two or ten about the decimation of American Indians, or a page about how important maize is when all European crops fail, and things like that. I really didn’t realize that I was starting a revolution in historiography when I got into this subject.
So, how were the idea and the book received at first?
That is kind of interesting. I had a great deal of trouble getting it published. Now, the ideas are not particularly startling anymore, but they were at the time. Publisher after publisher read it, and it didn’t make a significant impression. Finally, I said, “the hell with this.” I gave it up. And a little publisher in New England wrote me and asked me if I would let them have a try at it, which I did. It came out in 1972, and it has been in print ever since. It has really caused a stir.
What crops do you consider part of the Columbian Exchange?
There was very little sharing of the main characters in our two New World and Old World systems of agriculture. So practically any crop you name was exclusive to one side of the ocean and carried across. I am thinking about the enormous ones that support whole civilizations. Rice is, of course, Old World. Wheat is Old World. Maize, or corn, is New World.
The story of wheat is the story of Old World civilization. Thousands of years ago, it was first cultivated in the Middle East, and it has been a staple for humanity ever since. It is one of Europe’s greatest gifts to the Americas.
Maize was the most important grain of the American Indians in 1491, and it is one of the most important grain sources in the world right now. It is a standard crop of people not only throughout the Americas, but also southern Europe. It is a staple for the Chinese. It is a staple in Indonesia, throughout large areas of Africa. If suddenly American Indian crops would not grow in all of the world, it would be an ecological tragedy. It would be the slaughter of a very large portion of the human race.
Maize, potatoes and other crops are important not only because they are nourishing, but because they have different requirements of soil and weather and prosper in conditions that are different from other plants.
What ideas about domesticating animals traveled across the ocean?
American Indians were very, very roughly speaking the equal of Old World farmers of crops. But American Indians were inferior to the Old World raisers of animals. The horse, cattle, sheep and goat are all of Old World origin. The only American domesticated animals of any kind were the alpaca and the llama.
One of the early advantages of the Spanish over the Mexican Aztecs, for instance, was that the Spanish had the horse. It took the American Indians a little while to adopt the horse and become equals on the field of battle.
You talk about the horse being an advantage in war. What other impacts did the adoption of domesticated horses have on the Americas?
Horses not only helped in war but in peace. The invaders had more pulling power—not only horses but also oxen and donkeys. When you consider the great buildings of the Old World, starting with the Egyptians and running up through the ages, people in almost all cases had access to thousands of very strong animals to help them. If you needed to move a ton of whatever in the Old World, you got yourself an animal to help you. When you turn to the Americas and look at temples, you realize people built these. If you need to move a ton in the New World, you just got a bunch of friends and told everybody to pull at the same time.
What diseases are included in the Columbian Exchange?
The Old World invaders came in with a raft of infectious diseases. Not that the New World didn’t have any at all, but it did not have the numbers that were brought in from the Old World. Smallpox was a standard infection in Europe and most of the Old World in 1491. It took hold in areas of the New World in the early part of the next century and killed a lot of American Indians, starting with the Aztecs and the people of Mexico and Peru. One wonders how a few hundred Spaniards managed to conquer these giant Indian empires. You go back and read the records and you discover that the army and, just generally speaking, the people of the Indian empires were just decimated by such diseases as smallpox, malaria, all kinds of infectious diseases. | <urn:uuid:9050ea2b-b45a-447d-89ea-e4416c93259c> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w-crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange-98116477/?no-ist=&cmd=ChdjYS1wdWItMjY0NDQyNTI0NTE5MDk0Nw&page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.974979 | 1,565 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Observe Global Accessibility Awareness Day with IEEE on 16 May 2019
Global Accessibility Awareness Day (GAAD) is marked on the third Thursday of May each year. It is observed to raise awareness about accessibility from a technology perspective. The purpose of GAAD is to get everyone talking, thinking, and learning about digital access (web, software, mobile, etc.), as well as inclusion and people with different abilities.
Here are 3 ways to learn more about creating accessible experiences for the users and stakeholders you work with:
1. View this 7 minute webinar from the IEEE Experience Design Team. This webinar provides an overview of accessibility and its impact at IEEE as well as some takeaways for accessibility for websites and digital communications.
2. Get familiar with the IEEE Accessibility Statement, noted in the footer of IEEE websites.
3. To experience firsthand the level of digital accessibility for your content, the Global Accessibility & Awareness Day website suggests that you:
- Go “mouseless” for an hour. Unplug your mouse and only use your keyboard to navigate and interact with your favorite websites and applications.
- Use your keyboard zoom feature to enlarge fonts to 200% to see how content renders for those who use this feature.
- Download a free, open source screen reader to surf the web for an hour and see how content is digested and distributed.
Did you know?
About 3 in 10 IEEE members use assistive technology to support digital interactions, according to the 2019 IEEE Member Digital Interaction Survey.
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Definition of counted
imp. & p. p. - of Count 2
The word "counted" uses 7 letters: C D E N O T U.
No direct anagrams for counted found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after counted (in bold), or to cdenotu in any order:
a - outdance uncoated e - duecento f - confuted i - eduction m - document r - cornuted trounced s - contused
Shorter words found within counted:
cent cento centu cod code coden coed con cone coned conte cot cote coted coude count cud cue cued cunt cut cute de deco den dent do doc docent doe don done donut dot dote douce duce duct due duet dun dunce dune dunt duo ecu ed educt en end eon et ne net no nod node not note noted nu nude nut od ode oe on once one oud ounce out outed ted ten tend to tod toe toed ton tone toned tun tune tuned udo un unco unde undo unto ut
List shorter words within counted, sorted by length
All words formed from counted by changing one letter
Browse words starting with counted by next letter | <urn:uuid:881ad1a3-aaba-4892-875c-7235b4b3eac4> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.morewords.com/word/counted/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936459513.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074059-00008-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.808561 | 276 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|Office of NIH History|
|Previous Page (3 of 3)||Transcripts|
I was recently the president of the Clinical Immunology Society. As part of my presidential address, I took out my medical school textbooks from the early 1950s. I looked over Thomas Rivers' virology textbook, the best hematology textbook, Maxwell Wintrobe, and infectious disease books. I asked, “What did we know about the immune system when these books were written?”
The T cell is the target of the AIDS virus. However, the T cell was not known in 1955; and the role of the thymus in generating small cells that are important to the immune system had not been defined at all. These small cells were virtually unmentioned other than to note that they could become a form of cancer–leukemia. Alternatively, totally aberrant statements were made in these books. It was suggested that lymphocytes might be involved in the catabolism of proteins and that they probably were not involved in carrying lipids to the liver. There was no knowledge whatsoever of their true function. I may not do total justice to people like [Dr. Merrill] Chase and others, but the general scientific community had essentially no knowledge about cellular immunity, T cells versus B cells. These concepts began to emerge in the early 1960s as individuals studying the role of the thymus–or alternatively in birds, another organ called the bursa of fabricius that is the organ for B cells that parallels the thymus in T cells–began to recognize that there are two dominant kinds of cells involved in pathways of the immune system. Incisive people like Bob [Dr. Robert] Good and [Dr.] Max Cooper began to separate the genetic human diseases along errors of the pathways of cellular interaction and cellular maturation, B-or T-cell pathways. In a very wonderful meeting in Sanibel Island, Florida, in about 1963, scientists first began to talk about these diseases in terms of the type of cell and the immune function involved.
The tests for T-cell functions emerged from various laboratories, including our own. We were the first to demonstrate suppressor T cells in human beings, and we showed that they could play a role in the immunodeficiency of patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia. The T-cell functions were the focus of an early phase of research. The next phase first involved the use of heteroantibodies, then of hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibodies, to define differences in the surface of T cells with different functions. CD4 and CD8 antibodies were defined. CD4, the entry site for HIV, was not known until the late 1970s when Dr. [Pat] Kung of Ortho Scientific, in conjunction with Drs. [Ellis] Reinherz and [Stewart] Schlossman of Harvard and many others, contributed by making monoclonal antibodies to this protein. We used similar monoclonal antibody approaches to define the structure of the IL-2 receptor.
By this time, one could grow B lymphocytes using the Epstein-Barr virus. But there was no way of growing T cells. Drs. [A. Charles] Morgan, [Dr. Francis] Rucetti, and Gallo tried to grow granulocytes, but with a serendipitous observation presented to their open minds, were able to define T-cell growth factor, now called interleukin-2, that permits the growth of T lymphocytes. Interleukin-2 is very important to me because I focus on the IL-2 receptor as a target for therapy for autoimmunity, malignancy, and graft rejection. IL-2 is the cardinal target of cyclosporin A, the drug so important in graft survival approaches. IL-2 has also been pivotal in studies of AIDS because it permitted the in vitro growth of lymphocytes. That in turn permitted [Dr.] Luc Montagnier to identify HIV, and the NIH groups to grow HIV and to develop assays for its cytotoxicity and its diagnosis.
Thus, if we go back nearly thirty years, we can see that we didn't know that certain infections were associated with defects in cellular immunity. We didn't have any functional assays that distinguished between antibody-producing cells (B cells), helper cells (CD4 T cells), and suppressor cells (CD8 and CD4 T cells). We did not have the ability with the antibodies to define the entry receptor utilized by HIV (CD4). We did not have the capacity to grow lymphocytes in vitro, a step required for the identification of HIV.
We are all impatient with the pace of AIDS research, but I am impressed with the unbelievable amount that has been learned in the area of clinical immunology. In part this has been due to studies of rare patients with genetic immunodeficiency diseases. I can tell a story on molecular biology as it relates to AIDS. Thirty years ago we had no restriction endonucleases; we didn't have molecular biological tools to identify components of a virus; we couldn't define whether a virus is hypermutable in the way we can identify HIV as hypermutable. The opportunity to put fragments of RNA or DNA into replicating materials for vaccine development was not available. We had had to depend, as with the polio virus, to culture the virus by getting either a dead virus by killing it with formaldehyde or getting virus that was less pathogenic but still immunologically active.
One should look not only to the 1980s and the 1990s for hope. What happened since and before the 1950s set the stage for our being able to have a chance against this plague. Without these advances, it would seem like the plague of the Dark Ages or the influenza epidemic. We are now in a position to think rationally about the AIDS problem. It is very tough problem considering that this virus, HIV, has a great capacity for mutation and thus for alternating its antigenic sites. It presents many difficulties, but I feel that so much has been learned that I'm very encouraged about the future both in terms of treatment and prevention of AIDS.
Rodrigues: Thank you very much.
|Previous Page (3 of 3)||Office of NIH History | NIH| DHHS| | <urn:uuid:123d86e5-689a-445d-b251-baedc1aa894a> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://history.nih.gov/NIHInOwnWords/docs/waldmann1_03.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060413.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00332-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972352 | 1,302 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Part of the series Oxford Handwriting for Victoria (Second Edition).
Oxford Handwriting for Victoria is a comprehensive and engaging program designed to introduce and develop the fundamental skills of handwriting. It includes correct posture and grip models, opportunities to model and practise accurate letter formation and joining techniques, and activities to help every student develop a fluent automatic handwriting style.
The Oxford Handwriting for Victoria series is comprised of seven student workbooks for years F–6 featuring words from the most recent Oxford Wordlist as well as themes and characters from Oxford Reading for Comprehension.
- state-specific handwriting conventions
- engaging full-colour illustrations
- helpful tips along the way
- colouring-in opportunities
- self-assessment tasks
- number tracing.
|Publisher||Oxford University Press|
|Product Type||Student Books,|
Be The First To Review This Product!
Help other Teacher Superstore users shop smarter by writing reviews for products you have purchased. | <urn:uuid:6281a598-b106-4c6f-bd13-66af43ba97c5> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.teachersuperstore.com.au/handwriting-first-for-victoria-second-edition-foundation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887319.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705090648-20200705120648-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.886388 | 198 | 2.8125 | 3 |
On Eve Of Launch, SpaceX Head Talks About Mission
IRA FLATOW, HOST:
You're listening to SCIENCE FRIDAY. I'm Ira Flatow. We could be ushering a new era of space travel tomorrow, when where private companies, instead of NASA, carry cargo and maybe astronauts into space. At 4:55 AM tomorrow, scheduled for tomorrow, the SpaceX company is hoping to launch its Dragon spacecraft from Cape Canaveral. The Dragon will be carrying a payload to the International Space Station. And if all goes as planned, SpaceX will be the first company to send a commercially developed, launched and operated, craft to meet the ISS - though much of the money for it still comes from taxpayers.
SpaceX won't be delivering any astronauts for now, but that's part of the plan for the future. Since without the space shuttle, the U.S. is relying on the Russians to taxi people back and forth to space. Joining me now to talk more about it is one of the folks who will no doubt be watching the launch, probably biting his nails a bit, Elon Musk, CEO, chief designer at the Space Exploration Technologies Corporation or SpaceX. He's also CEO and product architect for Tesla Motors. Welcome back to SCIENCE FRIDAY, Elon.
ELON MUSK: Thanks for having me.
FLATOW: Launch tomorrow, when - what's - give us a sequence of what's going to happen over the next few days.
MUSK: Yes. Launch is tomorrow at 4:55 AM Cape Canaveral time, which is where the rocket launches from, or, say, 1:55 AM California time. I'll actually be here in California at SpaceX headquarters at mission control. And so we have launch control at Cape Canaveral, and we've got mission control here at headquarters in California. So for the first nine minutes or so, the rocket will be ascending and delivering the Dragon spacecraft to orbit. And then the Dragon spacecraft will separate from the rocket and then - and begin orbital phasing with the space station, which will take a few days.
Then we're going to do, essentially, a flyby at the space station. Now, something that's important to appreciate is that the space station is actually zooming around the Earth at 17,000 miles an hour. People sort of think it's just sort of up there and stationary, but it's zipping around the Earth at - it actually completes an orbit of the Earth every 19 minutes. So you can think of this like you're trying to synchronize speed with something that's going 12 times faster than a bullet from an assault rifle.
And we've got to match the space station. As the space station makes more movements in its orbit, we've got to track those movements exactly. So we'll do a wide loop around the space station, establish communication - a communication link with the space station, have our docking sensors lock on and then the spacecraft actually plots an approach vector and will go in and pause at various points before finally going into dock with the space station.
FLATOW: And what time into the mission will it actually dock?
MUSK: There's a little bit of variability there, because it depends on how things are looking and whether we need to upload new software or new navigation vectors. But it should be around three or four days after launch.
FLATOW: And so mission control, NASA will tell the space station crew they're go for capture, or is that up to you guys?
MUSK: It's a joint effort. Both NASA and SpaceX have to get - be green for the docking.
FLATOW: As you say, they'll do a flyby. Will that mean the astronauts will be looking at the statives(ph) of your space vehicle, the Dragon?
MUSK: Yeah, absolutely. They'll see Dragon doing a loop around the space station. It's a pretty wide loop, so Dragon will still look pretty small from the space station when it's doing that wide loop around the space station. But I mean, just to visualize things, it's like literally imagine you doing a loop around a bullet that's going 12 times faster than something that came out of an assault rifle.
MUSK: So it's a dodgy affair.
FLATOW: I know. You know, when - and they first tried this in the '60s.
(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)
FLATOW: Docking in orbit was accomplished in the '60s - I think Gemini 2, whatever. It was doing - Ed White was involved and some of things. Anyhow, so are you sort of relearning all the spacey things that astronauts have been doing for years?
MUSK: Yeah. I mean, to some degree, what SpaceX has been doing, thus far, is kind of catching up to the state of, you know, the present state of space technology, and now, we're beginning to - I think we're beginning to exceed it. And in the coming years, we're really going to push the frontier of rocket technology to places that it's never been before.
FLATOW: And so what is the ultimate goal? Is it to create a substitute cargo ship like this - like the Dragon, or is it also to bring people into space?
MUSK: Absolutely to bring people. And in fact, the cargo version of Dragon is very similar to the crew version. In fact, even the cargo version has windows. And if you were to stow aboard the Dragon and hide out amongst the cargo, you'd actually have a pleasant flight up to the space station, assuming things go well.
(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)
FLATOW: So no monkeys for you like NASA had. You just have - you just go up there without any people in it, but could have people if you needed to.
MUSK: If someone stayed aboard, they'd fine. So we actually will have some biological cargo. And in the future, we'll be carrying plants and mice and various experiments to and from the space station. And it's quite big inside Dragon. In fact, we've got space for seven astronauts. And we've been doing advanced work on the crew version of Dragon, which like - that's it very similar to the cargo version, which has a great advantage because we're able to, therefore, prove out the system in cargo without risking human life.
FLATOW: So you've got the same human capacity as the space shuttle had, which was...
MUSK: That's right. Exactly.
FLATOW: ...at the same time.
MUSK: But we're much cheaper. So we're about one-eighth the cost of the space shuttle, and I think that - a much safer design because Dragon, when carrying crew, will actually have a launch-escape capability. So it has a escape rockets to get away from the rocket if there's an emergency. And being an automatically stable kind of capsule gum-drop shape, it means that the main heat shield will actually orients itself downward even if there's a failure in the flight systems. And that means that you don't have to worry about it.
If you got a plane, you got to maintain a particular angle of attack. You've got to worry about whether the various control systems are working properly. And if there's any flaw in that, then you've got a real problem. You don't have that issue with Dragon. And it'll also have a double-layer heat shield and much more robust heat shield as well. And then the new version of Dragon, the one that will carry crew, actually they're capable of landing propulsively, so landing on thrusters, which I think is pretty cool. It'll have a parachute back up, though, it's capable of landing on its thrusters.
FLATOW: You mean like in the movies, the rocket ship backing up, landing on Earth?
MUSK: Yeah. Yeah. I mean, you know, I think real rockets should land on their thrusters.
FLATOW: That's a good quote for today.
MUSK: That's the best way to land. I think it's pretty cool.
FLATOW: Yeah, it is cool. How much is space expense so far? And how much of your funding comes from NASA?
MUSK: Sure. So we spent around over $1 billion thus far, and NASA's maybe responsible for about 40 percent of that. And then we've got a bit much private capital that's been raised and payments from other customers and from (unintelligible) that we've already achieved and other launches that we've done. And, yeah, so it ends up being a great deal for the taxpayers because it ends up costing much less than alternative approaches, and in particular when we're launching crew. Because right now - because of the retirement of the space shuttle, American actual attempt to go up on the Russian Soyuz, and it costs over $60 million per seat. And when our vehicle is flying, it'll actually cost around $20 million a seat, so it'll be a huge savings.
FLATOW: But there are already some skeptics in Congress. I'm going to quote Ralph Hall, head of the House Science Committee, quoted in The Wall Street Journal as saying: I have yet to be convinced that a viable, commercial market will develop for privately-built spacecraft.
MUSK: Well, you know, I've had conversations with Ralph Hall. He's actually - I think he's a great guy. I mean, his skepticism on a certain level, I think, has merit in that this has never been done before, and there's no prior precedent. So in light of that, his skepticism is not unwarranted. But we've made great progress thus far, and we've successfully launched Falcon 9, the rocket, twice. And we've launched the Dragon spacecraft to orbit and brought it back safely already. And now with this mission, we're going to be docking with the space station. I think this mission will do a lot to convince people like Ralph Hall that this is the way to go.
FLATOW: But you only have one place to go, I mean, with this, right? I mean, well, can you build a business on just going to the space station?
MUSK: No. Actually, it's important to mention that SpaceX's - of the launches we have under contract - so we have about 40 launches under contract, and of those, only 13 are from NASA, 27 of them are commercial launches. And they are for delivering satellites of all kinds, like communication satellites, broadcast satellites, you know, things like DirecTV, XM radio, mapping satellites that do things like Google Maps, there's a lot of satellites - in fact, most satellites that are launched are actually not government satellites. So...
FLATOW: Yeah. So you're trying to do what the shuttle would have done with a smaller cargo bay, but - and be usable and come back but land on your thrusters, as you say.
MUSK: Yeah, yeah. That'll be version two. Version one, which is the current version, is - parachutes to a water landing because that was the safest way to go in the beginning. But version two is going to be able to land on thrusters, and it'll actually be capable of doing missions to, you know, other parts of the solar system as well and...
FLATOW: The moon?
MUSK: The moon's - yeah, it could potentially go to the moon.
FLATOW: How much cheaper - since you're doing this at, what, a quarter of the cost or something of what NASA or the Russians could do, how much cheaper could you get to the moon and back?
MUSK: Well, I think it's probably - well, it's sort of how much cheaper than what number, I guess.
FLATOW: Can you make it cheap enough to want to do it and to make it commercially feasible if no one else going to do it?
MUSK: I think we could - I'm actually fairly confident we could do manned missions to the moon in relatively short order if we had a customer that wanted to do that. And we'll certainly have some interesting announcements in the coming years that I think people will be pretty excited about.
FLATOW: Does that include Mars?
MUSK: Yeah. Mars is the ultimate goal and not just to visit, but to be able to develop a system that's capable of taking, ultimately, millions of people and millions of tons of cargo to Mars in order to create a self-sustaining civilization and make life multi-planetary.
FLATOW: Talking with Elon Musk on SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. So you're not afraid to think big?
Now there are very few big thinkers. You know, there's always, now, it just costs too much to do something, you know, in a multigenerational scale.
MUSK: Yes. Well, there's a tremendous amount of technology that has been to invented in order to do what I just mentioned, to create a civilization on Mars both in terms of the transport and the infrastructure on the ground on Mars. And Mars is a bit of a fixer-upper of a planet, so it's going to take a little bit of work, but it's the only viable option in the solar system. And outside of the solar system is really not possible because of the distances.
FLATOW: You're also teaming up with Paul Allen for something called Stratolaunch. Does this dovetail with that? Can you describe that a bit? And does this dove-tail with that or is it a totally separate project?
MUSK: That's a separate project and the basic premises for Stratolaunch is that there are satellite customers who are really want a lot of flexibility in launch location. So the rocket can be picked up by a giant aircraft and the launch can occur, I think, almost anywhere on Earth. That's the basic idea with Stratolaunch, or that's the premise. But it's independent from our other activities.
FLATOW: So like going back to the '60s with dropping an X-15 out of the belly of a bomber and shooting it up into space.
MUSK: Right, right. It doesn't result in a cost-savings, but it does result in increased launch life flexibility.
FLATOW: Mm-hmm. And just - while I have you here for a few here for a few seconds, let's talk a bit about Tesla Motors if you don't mind.
FLATOW: I see that your power train is - the battery and the power train is showing up in the Toyota.
MUSK: Yeah. The Toyota RAV4, electric RAV4 is - we make the whole power trains, the motor transmission, battery pack and motor, everything that makes it move, and this is a great partnership that we have with Toyota. And we're really excited to have that part come out to market.
FLATOW: And what about your own Model S? Can we see that soon?
MUSK: Yes. And so the Model S will go into production - in fact, I should say to be precise, we'll start deliveries next month.
FLATOW: Wow. And you're expecting this to be - are there companies - is your power train and battery situation such a success that other companies now are looking to license your technology?
MUSK: Yeah. We don't yet license, although we're happy to consider such, but we do manufacture for and supply to other companies. So our two main partners are Toyota and Daimler, who makes Mercedes and Smart. So we've got a Mercedes program where we're also going to be making the whole power train. And I think that's going to be a really compelling vehicle at an affordable price.
FLATOW: And how many cars with your stuff in it total, do you think, we'll be seeing soon?
MUSK: Well, over time, I think we'll see - long term, I think we'll see millions of cars with - that are either Tesla or work with Tesla components that our partners are making.
FLATOW: Mm-hmm. And how many in this country do you think within the next two or three years?
MUSK: Well, every year that passes, I think you'll see dramatic increases. I mean, this year, we expect to deliver about 5,000 Model S's and next year, over 20,000. And the year thereafter will probably be, you know, 40,000 vehicles. So it's really increasing quite rapidly year over year.
FLATOW: Anything else that you'd like to do that you haven't done yet? You have something thinking about?
MUSK: Well, I should mention SolarCity. SolarCity will be doing an IPO later this year, and I think it's going to be a very successful IPO. It is definitely not easy making things work in the solar business and - or rather it's not easy making things work in the rocket business, car business or solar business, frankly. These are not the places that anyone should take if they're looking for the highest risk-adjusted return. But nonetheless, I think all companies are going to pretty well and are doing pretty well. It's definitely not as easy as making money on the Internet though.
FLATOW: Yeah. Well, we're glad to see someone's trying some new things at least. Thank you very much, Elon, for taking time to be with us today...
MUSK: And you're welcome.
FLATOW: Someone who's taking a chance. Elon Musk, CEO and chief designer at Space Exploration Technologies, SpaceX, also CEO and product architect for Tesla Motors. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | <urn:uuid:dfb90f03-fe43-40f9-a8a7-e68d3b1f5d2e> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://upr.org/post/eve-launch-spacex-head-talks-about-mission | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988598.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00209-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968014 | 3,775 | 2.625 | 3 |
Like the winter festivals of light in cultures all around the world, Hannukah falls at the darkest time of year in the Northern Hemisphere. Not only are the nights growing longer but they are darker too, moving toward winter solstice. Additionally, Hannukah falls on the 25th of the Hebrew month of Kislev, at a time when the moon is waning in a further darkening night sky.
Hannukah encourages us to literally light a fire in the darkness, to kindle light at the darkest time year. For those in the southern Hemisphere where Hannukah falls in the summer time (what?!), the lighting of candles has a similar yet inverse meaning of celebrating, growing, and expanding light.
For so many of us, the winter brings with it seasonal affective disorder and depression. A poignant yet anachronistic midrash (rabbinic story) tells of Adam, the first human, who grew so sad the first year of his life as the light was decreasing at this time of year until the holiday of Hannukah provided some much needed light. The story of Hannukah itself, though not in the Hebrew Bible, records the military victory of the Israelites, and the retelling of it in the Talmud (the rabbinic compendium of Jewish legal discourse) layers on the miracle of the oil lasting for 8 nights as a foundational narrative of hope for the Jewish people.
For these reasons, the themes of Hannukah are at once universal, communal, and yet personal as well.
The personal act of the lighting the candles, adding one each night, is to see the light increase when it would otherwise be decreasing at this time of year, can be deeply meaningful.
I have memories of my grandparents coming to spend Hannukah with me and my siblings when were kids growing up in West Hartford, Connecticut. Even today, when I close my eyes and see their faces illuminated by the glow of the candles, it brings tears to my eyes.
The practice of pirsum ha'neis (literally “publicizing the miracle” of Hannukah) of placing the Hannukah menorah in the window, is to proudly (often defiantly or dangerously) display the lit candles to passersby. In doing so, we multiply the lights in the reflection of the window as well, and offer the light of hope and renewal to those around us.
May the lighting of your Hannukah lights increase the light in your heart and in your soul. | <urn:uuid:e03791be-224d-4a3b-b0a2-0a3411065c78> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.tasmancenter.org/writings/a-hannukah-reflection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201882.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319012213-20190319034213-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.9362 | 512 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Worker injured on construction site
In October 2019, a compact track loader (commonly known as a posi-track or bobcat) was moving spoil on a construction site when it reversed into a worker who suffered serious leg injuries.
Investigations are continuing to establish the cause of the incident.
Preventing a similar incident
The operation of powered mobile plant at construction sites exposes workers to a range of health and safety risks, including;
- the plant colliding or contacting people or objects such as workers, other vehicles or plant, energised powerlines
- the plant overturning
- objects falling on the operator of the plant
- the operator being ejected from the plant
People required to operate or work around powered mobile plant may also be exposed to excessive noise and vibration, dust, hazardous fumes and fall hazards. Powered mobile plant includes but not limited to earthmoving machinery (e.g. rollers, graders, scrapers and bobcats), excavators and mobile cranes.
The person with management or control of powered mobile plant at the workplace must manage the health and safety risks associated with the movement of traffic while construction work is occurring. Effective risk management starts with a commitment to health and safety from those who manage the project, including company officers.
Managing work health and safety risks is an ongoing process. Risk management involves four steps:
- Identify hazards – find out what could cause harm.
- Assess risks - understand the nature of the harm that could be caused by the hazard, how serious the harm could be and the likelihood of it happening.
- Control risks – implement the most effective control measure that is reasonably practicable in the circumstances.
- Review – asses control measures to ensure they are working as planned.
Once the risks have been assessed the next step is to control risks associated with the plant. These control measures are ranked from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest and are known as the hierarchy of control. A person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) must work through this hierarchy to choose the control or controls that most effectively eliminates or, where that is not reasonably practicable, minimises risks. Risk control measures include:
- Elimination - removing the hazard or hazardous work practices associated is the most effective way to control risks. For example, removing plant and people from the same work area by changing work processes. If this control measure is not possible the next steps can be considered.
- Substitution – substitute the plant for safer alternative plant. For example, consider replacing an item of mobile plant, which has a restricted field of vision to one that has a clear field of vision.
- Isolation – isolate workers from mobile plant. Examples include;
- using physical barriers
- organising the layout of the workplace to isolate pedestrians from mobile plant
- creating exclusion zones that are enforced and clearly marked
- segregating the work processes through distance and time, for example allowing earthworks to finish before surveying begins.
- Engineering controls - this involves changing physical characteristics of the plant or work area to remove or reduce the risk. Examples may include;
- reversing cameras that provide clear visibility of the area behind the mobile plant
- proximity detection technology within mobile plant that allows for monitoring of ground crew at all times by the plant operator
- re-design of plant to allow for clear line of sight
- plant has a warning device, such as flashing light or reversing alarm, to warn pedestrians and workers nearby.
- Administrative controls – this includes procedures, signs and training to control the risk. Examples may include;
- developing and implementing a traffic management plan and work method statements for high risk construction work, including any construction work that is carried out in an area or adjacent to an area at a workplace where there is movement of powered mobile plant
- obey any speed limits and ensure there is adequate distance for a safe stop
- avoid rapid acceleration, deceleration and quick turns
- organising, co-ordinating and monitoring work processes to reduce interaction between workers and mobile plant by;
- implementing measures where workers have clear sight of mobile plant operating and operators of mobile plant have a clear line of sight in the direction of travel
- providing equipment such as two-way radios that allow for communication between mobile plant and ground crew
- thoroughly checking safety devices and audible working alarms of mobile plant prior to commencing any work
- ensuring worker training, experience and competency.
- Personal protective equipment (PPE) - any remaining risk must be minimised with suitable personal protective equipment. For example;
- the use of hard hats, steel cap boots and high visibility vest.
From July 2013 to June 2018, there have been on average 71 workers’ compensation claims each year for injuries involving workers struck by mobile plant. Fifty-four per cent of these claims involved a serious injury requiring five or more days off work.
Between July 2014 and October 2019, there have been 747 notified events of people being struck, or at risk of being struck by graders, dozers, scrapers, excavators, bobcats, or other mobile plant in the construction industry. In the same period, WHSQ issued 302 statutory notices involving injuries or managing the risk of being struck by graders, dozers, scrapers, excavators, bobcats, or other mobile plant in the construction industry.
Prosecutions and compliance
In 2019, a company was fined $90,000 after a worker sustained serious leg injuries from being run over by a forklift. The investigation identified forklift operators were directed to switch off the reverse warning beepers at certain times as a noise abatement measure because of complaints made by neighbours. An inadequate traffic management plan for mobile powered plant and pedestrians was also in place. It had some pedestrian walkway markings but not in the immediate vicinity, and those that existed, were degraded and barely visible.
In 2015, a mobile plant operator was given good behaviour bond for a period of one year with a recognisance of $5,000 under s.31 of the Penalties and Sentences Act 1992, and a training order under s.241 of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 after a worker died as a result of being struck by a bucket truck. Two workers were in the wash bay area of a depot and maintenance shed when the person began reversing the bucket truck which has then crashed into one of the workers in the wash bay and killed him.
- Managing risks of plant in the workplace Code of Practice 2013(PDF, 1067.46 KB)
- How to manage work health and safety risks Code of Practice 2011(PDF, 1048.03 KB)
- Working in and around mobile plant – film
- Traffic Management: Guide for construction work - Safe Work Australia
Support for people affected by a serious workplace incident
- Last updated
- 04 December 2019 | <urn:uuid:82a37743-0592-4976-b040-7ede407505ca> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/injury-prevention-safety/alerts/incident-alerts/2019/worker-injured-on-construction-site | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736902.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806091418-20200806121418-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.953444 | 1,402 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What is artificial intelligence – AI?
A simple definition is intelligence demonstrated by machines as compared to that of sentient beings, that is, humans and animals. It could well be argued that machines cannot feel therefore they are not sentient, but they can certainly perform quite complex tasks extremely accurately and they can learn from experience.
The term robots is often used but these are rarely humanoid, although they can be, but are more likely to be industrial machines which can do any range of tasks from assembling cars to performing surgery (such as the bone cutting machine used in knee replacement surgery, quicker and more accurate) or to carrying out simple tasks such as remotely turning on lights and appliances in your home. See our previous blog post on the Internet of Things.
Here is another interesting example, there is a machine/robot being trialled in the USA which flips hamburgers in a fast food outlet. The makers say it is not there to take over jobs from fast food kitchen hands but to make their life easier, however, if a machine is doing your job there is a pretty good chance you will be dismissed. And who can forget the ‘dog’ robot opening a door and letting another robot through. They had no heads, now that’s creepy.
Who is running the development?
Of course it is the current big players such as Google, Facebook, Amazon and individuals such as Elon Musk and Demis Hassabis (who started his career in game design but who has more recently ventured into AI) to name a few. Then there are any number of smaller players developing niche products but these are often bought out by the big guys if they see value in what they are doing.
Even among the developers there is a range of opinions about the good and the evil of AI. It has been reported that Elon Musk is somewhat pessimistic about the human races chances if AI gets too intelligent even to the extent that one of the reasons he wants to colonise Mars is so we will have somewhere to run if the machines take over. But if there is a colony of humans on Mars chances are AI played a big part in getting us there so it would be more than likely AI would be entrenched on the red planet.
Demis Hassabis, however, is more sanguine believing that AI will make our lives so much easier and could in fact be our saviour as the world faces increasing problems we are currently struggling to solve.
What does the future hold
The truth of the matter is that artificial intelligence is already here and whether we know it or not we come into contact with it every single day. What will the future hold? Well that is difficult to say except that the machines will become more and more intelligent and people will become more reliant on them.
We already have wearable technology in watches and rings as well as easily portable devices such as phones with internet connectivity. These have come on in leaps and bounds over recent years so is it too much to surmise we could soon have embedded chips which would lead to neuro connectivity to AI. | <urn:uuid:78f1e6d3-8b78-4bfc-bb0e-e49235d0fde2> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://spinoffdigital.blog/2018/03/14/artificial-intelligence-the-good-the-bad-and-the-speculative/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301182445-20210301212445-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.9785 | 617 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Despite the fact that Julius Caesar is the play's title, Brutus is considered to be the hero of the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. Why is that so?
In the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, the title character is only alive for about half the play. He isn't considered the hero, or even one of the two main characters, because he isn’t the character that the audience watches struggle with internal conflict. Brutus and Cassius are the most human of the characters, in that they have goals and misgivings that develop throughout the play.
At first, Brutus cannot decide whether to join the conspiracy. Once he does, he conflicts frequently with his friend Cassius, and they argue violently at one point. In Cassius we see emotional turmoil as he doubts Brutus’ loyalty and friendship for a while.
Although the name Julius Caesar appears in the title, the word “tragedy” refers more to the fate of Brutus and Cassius than to him. Their motives are considered to be purer and more admirable than Caesar’s. The true tragedy is that Brutus and Cassius could not attain their goal of removing Caesar and keeping Rome free of tyranny. | <urn:uuid:337aa927-3da3-4233-b8c4-bfe5befe3fec> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/despite-fact-that-julius-ceasar-books-title-brutus-336203 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887054.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118012249-20180118032249-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.954811 | 255 | 3.078125 | 3 |
New experiments on mice show, that mouse mothers can protect their pups from developing type 1 diabetes by eating a gluten-free diet. According to preliminary studies by reseachers at the University of Copenhagen, the findings may apply to humans.
More than 1% of the Danish population has type 1 diabetes, one of the highest incidence rates in the world.
The mouse study adds more knowledge to a field that has been object for research many years.
New experiments on mice now show a correlation between the health of the pups and their mothers eating a gluten-free diet. Our hope is that the disease may be prevented through simple dietary changes, the researchers say.
"Preliminary tests show that a gluten-free diet in humans has a positive effect on children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. We therefore hope that a gluten-free diet during pregnancy and lactation may be enough to protect high-risk children from developing diabetes later in life," says assistant professor Camilla Hartmann Friis Hansen from the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences.
The findings have recently been published in the recognised journal Diabetes.
Findings from experiments on mice are not necessarily applicable to humans, but in this case we have grounds for optimism, says co-writer on the study professor Axel Kornerup from the Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences.
"Early intervention makes a lot of sense because type 1 diabetes develops early in life. We also know from existing experiments that a gluten-free diet has a beneficial effect on type 1 diabetes," he says.
Experiments of this type have been going on since 1999, originally initiated by Professor Karsten Buschard from the Bartholin Institute at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen, another co-writer on the study.
"This new study beautifully substantiates our research into a gluten-free diet as an effective weapon against type 1 diabetes," Karsten Buschard explains.
The experiment showed that the diet changed the intestinal bacteria in both the mother and the pups. The intestinal flora plays an important role for the development of the immune system as well as the development of type 1 diabetes, and the study suggests that the protective effect of a gluten-free diet can be ascribed to certain intestinal bacteria. The advantage of the gluten-free diet is that the only side-effect seems to be the inconvenience of having to avoid gluten, but there is no certain evidence of the effect or side-effects.
"We have not been able to start a large-scale clinical test to either prove or disprove our hypothesis about the gluten-free diet," says Karsten Buschard.
Assistant Professor Camilla Hartmann Friis Hansen is hoping that it will be possible to continue the work.
"If we find out how gluten or certain intestinal bacteria modify the immune system and the beta-cell physiology, this knowledge can be used to develop new treatments," she says.
Professor Axel Kornerup Hansen
Cell: 30 66 34 86
Axel Kornerup Hansen | Eurek Alert!
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23.10.2017 | Health and Medicine | <urn:uuid:c08a36df-6745-4d10-9004-fb0d95c9fe9a> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/gluten-free-diet-reduces-risk-of-type-1-diabetes-in-mice.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826283.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023183146-20171023203146-00812.warc.gz | en | 0.922185 | 729 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Venus continues to dazzle in the evening sky and is hard to miss as dusk falls. Over the next few days you can watch as it comes close in the sky to another planet, Mars.
You may already have noticed a moderately bright “star” near Venus and not thought much about it. From mid-northern latitudes, it currently appears to the upper left of Venus at dusk. From Southern Hemisphere locations such as Cape Town, Sydney and Wellington, it shines to the upper right.
This “star” is really the planet Mars. It is now much fainter than it was when closest to Earth in May 2016, but is still as prominent as some of the brightest stars at magnitude 1. However, it is put in the shade by the overpowering brilliance of Venus, our inner neighbour world, which is the brightest object in the night sky after the Moon, and is shining at -4.5 at the moment.
(Astronomical brightness is measured in magnitudes, where the smaller the number, the brighter the object. Those with negative values are the brightest in the sky.)
Venus and Mars come to a distance of a little over 5° from each other at the very end of January and in the first week of February. It will make for an interesting view and a photographic opportunity, particularly on January 31 and February 1 when the crescent Moon will lie close by.
Of course, Venus and Mars are not really close together but widely separated in the Solar System, so it is purely a line-of-sight effect. Mars is currently on the far side of the Sun while Venus is on the same side as the Earth from where we are observing. | <urn:uuid:ce6505b1-db6a-48e4-a2b6-983d10479c9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.skymania.com/wp/2017/01/venus-and-mars-get-close-in-evening-sky.html/11736/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171004.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00623-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970565 | 348 | 3.25 | 3 |
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Littérateur, philosopher, astronomer, b. 13 June, 1508; d. 12 March, 1578. He passed his youth in the study of literature and wrote several comedies ("Amor costante", "Alessandro", "Ortensio"), translated into Italian verse Ovid's "Metamorphoses", part of the "Æneid", Aristotle's "Poetics" and "Rhetoric", composed a hundred sonnets (Rome, 1549), and other rhyme. He repudiated in later years "Raffaello" or "Dialogo della creanza donne" as too licentious. In 1540 he became professor of philosophy at Padua, where he wrote "Istituzione di tutta la vita dell' uomo nato nobile e in città libera", "Filosofia naturale" in which he followed the theories of ancient and medieval philosophers, while in his "Trattato della grandezza della terra e dell' acqua" (Venice, 1558), he combatted the Aristotelean and Ptolemaic opinion that water was more extensive than land, thereby provoking, with Antonio Berga, professor at Mondovì, a controversy, in which he was assisted by Giambattista Bennedetti. In astronomy ("Sfera del mondo", "Delle stelle fisse", "Speculazioni de' pianeti") he adhered to the Ptolemaic theory. He also wrote on the reform of the calendar (1578), and a commentary on the mechanics of Aristotle. To counteract "Raffaella" he wrote his "Orazione in lode delle donne" (Rome, 1549). His fame extended beyond Italy. Gregory XIII, in 1574, appointed him titular Bishop of Patræ and coadjutor to Francesco Bandini, Archbishop of Siena, who survived him.
FABIANI, Vita di Alessandro Piccolomini (Siena, 1749 and 1759); TIRABOSCHI, Storia della letteratura italiana, VII, pt. i.
APA citation. (1911). Alessandro Piccolomini. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12073c.htm
MLA citation. "Alessandro Piccolomini." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12073c.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Thomas J. Bress.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. June 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:cbb81d2e-32fa-4157-b722-657fe6164121> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12073c.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824185.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00251-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875114 | 730 | 2.796875 | 3 |
read vs. mmap (or io vs. page faults)
mi at aldan.algebra.com
Wed Jun 23 03:59:14 GMT 2004
вівторок 22 червень 2004 23:27, Peter Wemm, Ви написали:
= On Monday 21 June 2004 10:08 pm, Mikhail Teterin wrote:
= The amount of "work" for the kernel to do a read() and a high-speed
= memory copy is much less than the cost of taking a page fault, running
= a whole bunch of really really nasty code in the vm system, repairing
= the damage from the page fault, updating the process paging state and
= restarting the instruction.
Does the code _have_ to be "really really nasty", or it just _happened_
to be that way for historical reasons -- like this being a very complex
issue, and, once it worked, no one really wanted to mess with it?
= The numbers you're posting are a simple reflection of the fact that
= the read syscall path has fewer (and less expensive) instructions to
= execute compared to the mmap fault paths.
Why, then, is the total number of CPU seconds (kernel+user) favorable
towards mmap on CPU bound machines and about the same on IO bound? May
be, because all that CPU work, you are describing, is also much faster
on the modern CPUs?
= Some operating systems implemented read(2) as an internal in-kernel
= mmap/fault/copy/unmap. Naturally, that made mmap look fast compared to
= read, at the time. But that isn't how it is implemented in FreeBSD.
= mmap is more valuable as a programmer convenience these days.
I figured :-( It is very convenient. As such, it should be wider used
(because it leads to cleaner code), but that wouldn't come until it also
offers the performance comparable to the less clean method(s)... Yours,
More information about the freebsd-current | <urn:uuid:c734aa18-f336-4149-9d54-13491fedff91> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-current/2004-June/029824.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.923845 | 465 | 2.515625 | 3 |
11 Items You Didn’t Know You Could Recycle or Upcycle
You're already recycling paper, bottles, and cans, but there's so much more that you can keep out of landfills.
Plastic grocery bags
Americans use a shocking 100 billion single-use plastic bags a year—a huge number of which make their way into combined sewage overflows and then on to the ocean, where they pollute global waters and kill upwards of 100,000 marine animals per annum, according to the Center for Biological Diversity. You can recycle these and other kinds of soft plastics like dry cleaning bags; find a location near you on plasticfilmrecycling.org. Make sure you know about these 15 things that should never go in the recycling bin.
Any house with kids is likely to have a never-ending supply of crayons, some of which are too short to use or quickly fall out of favor. Instead of sending these non-biodegradable items to the landfill, though, you can give them a new life and new purpose by donating them. Programs like The Crayon Initiative collect them to distribute to kids in hospitals. You can keep those old, dried-up markers out of landfills as well with the Crayola ColorCycle repurposing program.
Eco-minded toothbrushes, made with sustainable materials like bamboo or with disposable, replaceable heads, are helping to keep some of the world’s 3.5 billion toothbrushes out of oceans and landfills every year. But you can do a more efficient job of disposing of the plastic ones too. A collaboration between Sam’s Club, Colgate, TerraCycle, and the Kids in Needs Foundation lets you send your old ones for free to be upcycled into other products. Don’t miss these other 41 ways to save the planet in five minutes or less.
Tossed batteries are an ecological nightmare, corroding as they sit in the landfill and leaching toxic chemicals into the soil and the air, according to experts. Although they can’t be recycled with regular household metals, there are plenty of places that accept them for recycling, including Staples and Lowes stores. Battery Solutions will accept old batteries through the mail too.
Your empty lipstick, concealer, and eye shadow containers are likely not accepted by your municipal recycling center. So what to do with these gloop-smeared bits of plastic when you’re done with them? Recycle Nation reports that many cosmetics companies are happy to take these tubes and cases off your hands—sometimes giving you a discount on future purchases—so they can turn them into new packaging. You can also send old packaging to TerraCycle through its collaboration with Garnier. On the other hand, these are 11 items you thought were recyclable but actually aren’t.
Almost everyone’s got a drawer in the house holding mystery keys they’ve been hanging on to for years. Rather than throwing them in the regular trash, Recyclebank recommends calling around to your local recycling center to see if they accept them. Most towns won’t take scrap metal in curbside programs, but they might have options for drop-offs.
In our increasingly disposable society, Americans generate close to 16 million tons of textile waste a year—a figure that seems to be growing and leads to a massive strain on landfills and the overall environment. The good news: Clothing and other textiles in good condition are upcyclable—take them to your local Goodwill or sell them to a consignment shop. TerraCycle sells boxes that you can fill with discarded fabrics, which the company will reuse, upcycle, or recycle. Learn more about what happens to your used clothing donations.
Livescience.com reports that almost 54 million tons of e-waste like old computers, tablets, TVs, phones, video game consoles get thrown away a year around the world. Luckily, centers exist widely that will take this stuff off your hands and break it down into usable parts for repurposing or recycling. Find a site near you by plugging in your state on E-cycling Central. A lot of these centers take CDs and DVDs as well. Just make sure you do this one thing before recycling an old phone.
Remodeling your bathroom? Believe it or not, many recycling centers will take your old toilet and turn it into the concrete that goes into local roads and sidewalks. Chasinggreen.org suggests calling around to facilities near you to see what the procedure is—you make have to remove the seat and any screws or bolts before they’ll take your toilet off your hands.
Lions Club has long set out bins in easy-to-find locations, where you can place donations of old prescription eyewear—according to greenamerica.org, the lenses are re-ground so they can be donated to people in need. The site points out that many eye doctors’ offices collect used glasses as well. Check out these other 12 simple ways to reduce waste—and save money.
It’s inevitable—every winter you unpack the holiday decoration boxes, untangle the strings of white and colored lights, only to discover that at least one strand of them has gone dead. Programs abound for recycling them, and some even reward you with discounts or gift cards. You can find a list of possible drop-off spots at houselogic.com. Read on for 30 ways to recycle just about anything. | <urn:uuid:25908327-1fa1-45a5-bc2f-a5f317794dcd> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.rd.com/list/items-to-recylcle-or-upcycle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198887.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921014923-20200921044923-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.93622 | 1,140 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Uthman, Ruqayya and their son Abdullah adjusted themselves to the new surroundings. Uthman devoted most of his time to his business, and whatever time he could spare, he spent it in the company of the Holy Prophet. The Holy Prophet called frequently at their house to inquire about their welfare. The Holy Prophet had great liking for the young Abdullah, and often played with him.
The happiness of the family was, however, short lived. The climate of Makkah was dry but the climate of Madina was damp. That adversely affected the health of the immigrants. During the first year of their migration many Muslims from Makkah suffered from fever. In the second year of the migration small pox broke out in Madina. In 624 C.E., Ruqayya suffered from malaria and then caught small pox. No remedy availed her, and her malady grew worse day by day.
On the occasion of the battle of Badr, Ruqayya lay on the sick bed. Uthman offered to join the battle. The Holy Prophet made him stay at Madina as his vicegerent, and also to look after the ailing Ruqayya. The Holy Prophet assured him that he would have the reward of participating in the battle, and would have his share in the booty captured from the enemy.
Ruqayya died while the Holy Prophet was still at Badr. When the news of the victory of Badr was brought to Madina, the good lady Ruqayya was being buried. The Holy Prophet could not attend her funeral.
In the battle of Badr the Quraish suffered a serious defeat. Seventy men of the Quraish were killed, and about seventy of them were taken as prisoners. Among those taken captive was Uqba 1' Abi Muheet, the man, Uthman's mother had married. Uqba had been in the forefront in his hostility to the Holy Prophet and Islam. While most of the other captives were released on ransom, Uqba on account of his crimes, was ordered by the Holy Prophet to be killed. Uqba wanted Uthman to intercede in his behalf, but Uthman refused to interfere on the ground that his crimes were too heinous to be forgiven. When Uqba was being led to execution, he asked the Holy Prophet,"Who will take care of my children" ? The Holy Prophet said, "Hell would take care of you and your children who die in disbelief". | <urn:uuid:c72c9931-8c32-4716-8f4c-d012efdd8446> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.alim.org/history/khaleefa/uthman/3/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.992945 | 520 | 2.890625 | 3 |
This Is the Story of a Resistance Fighter During World War II
On the days leading up to Remembrance day, television programs are filled with stories about The Great War, World War II, and other more recent wars (Korean, Vietnam, Iraq) and the screen is filled with images of bravery, heartache, fear, depression, and post traumatic shock.
We’re living our free lives because of those brave souls who gave everything to fight for what they believed in. We associate WWII with Hitler terminating the lives of millions of innocent Jewish people. My own father-in-law’s father was taken away for a few days in his home in Germany, and questioned if he knew where Jews were hiding. Lord only knows what horror he went through those few days.
But here’s the story of one brave man, a whistleblower from WWII who could have changed history as we know it, and potentially been part of saving the lives of millions of Jewish people… if someone had only listened to his allegations. He’s a Holocaust whistleblower, a Polish man who risked everything.
Jan Karski, a World War II Polish resistance fighter who risked his life to bring firsthand reports of the Holocaust to the Allies. He defied personal danger to bring information about what was being perpetrated by the Nazis against European Jews to the attention of Allied leaders, including then US President Franklin Roosevelt.
He was born in Poland in 1914, and completed his mandatory military service and then graduated with honors from law and diplomacy studies at the University of Lwow. He was called up for military duty when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.
Jan Karski twice infiltrated the Warsaw Ghetto, and also posed as a guard at the Izbica transit camp, where he witnessed Jews being herded on to train cars bound for their deaths. He also entered a Nazi transit camp near Warsaw by dressing as a Ukrainian guard. After he witnessed Nazi atrocities against the Jews, he provided eyewitness accounts to the British foreign secretary, and President Roosevelt. As any whistleblower attempts to do, he urged them to take action, including bombing the railroads leading to the death camps. But unfortunately like many whistleblowers, his message fell on deaf ears. Sadly many thought he was exaggerating.
He ended up as a professor for four decades at Georgetown University, and died in 2000.
Stories of whistleblowers have emerged from years past, and continue to this day. Can you image what the turn of events would have been if someone took his allegations seriously?
Can you image what could have happened if recently past whistleblower’s allegations were taken seriously? Can you imagine what can happen in the future if we take whistleblower allegations seriously?
A Cardinal Rule(s) when it comes to allegations of wrongdoing:
1) Acknowledge the allegations and the person who blew the whistle
2) Seriously look into the allegations and figure out if they are justified
3) If they are, fix them!
We can’t change the past, so let’s learn from it. There will always be people who need to come forward for the good of their organizations and communities, and blow the whistle on wrongdoing. The first step is implementing a program where people can come forward to report on wrongs they see. The second step is take their reports seriously, investigate, fix, and learn. Preventing past tragedies is just one great reason to implement an ethics reporting system. | <urn:uuid:c07a5851-6497-479b-9e16-6b225a226212> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.whistleblowersecurity.com/how-one-whistleblower-could-have-altered-history-as-we-know-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657129517.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712015556-20200712045556-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.977802 | 702 | 3.265625 | 3 |
How Can We Be Sure the Biblical Books Are All the Inspired Ones?
This is a vital question. A chain is only as strong as the weakest link. If we can’t trust the Bible in our hands, the communication God intended collapses and becomes untrustworthy as well.
The books of the Hebrew Old Testament were written from about 1400 to 400 B.C. In approximately 250 to 200 B.C. those Hebrew books were translated into Greek, which we know as the Septuagint. The books of the Greek New Testament were penned from A.D. 45 to about 85.
The 66 books that make up the Bible we use today are called the “canon of Scripture.” The word “canon” comes from a Greek word for “measuring stick” or “standard,” and it relates to the rule of law that was used to govern the standards for books.
One criterion used for the Old Testament included whether the book was quoted in the New Testament—there are about 850 times when the Old Testament is quoted in the New. Jesus and the apostles who used Scripture in their own writings plainly deemed them to be authoritative, authentic, and true. Jesus explicitly spells that out when He quotes David in Psalm 110: “David, in the Spirit, calls him Lord…” (Matthew 22:43). When Jesus instructs Peter to resheath his sword and forewarns that “the Scriptures be fulfilled” (Matthew 26:52-54), He is clearly referring back to passages in the Old Testament that predicted His suffering like Isaiah 53 and Psalm 22. In John 10:35, He quotes Psalm 82:6, with an almost parenthetical statement of critical importance: “The Scripture cannot be broken.” This is powerful acknowledgment by Christ of the verbal plenary inspiration of Scripture.
Another criterion is the endorsement of the rabbis and other Jewish scholars who had painstakingly preserved them. Because of their thoroughness, there were few controversies over what did or did not belong. Jesus also essentially legitimized the Hebrew canon when He cited in Matthew 23 the early narrative of Abel and the late one of Zechariah (Matthew 23:35).
For the New Testament, the books had to pass a “truth test.” Was the message orthodox? Did it harmonize with other already agreed-upon Scripture? Did it reflect the work of the Holy Spirit with evidence of moral integrity and values? The early church also considered whether the human author was an eyewitness of Jesus, usually an apostle or someone closely associated with an apostle. Once these criteria were met, the churches accepted a book as scriptural, and this is true of all 27 books.
Kenneth Berding, a New Testament professor at Talbot School of Theology, writes, “Long before biblical books were even discussed in councils, all the books of the New Testament had been accepted as Scripture in the churches. And Christians didn’t decide it; they simply recognized it to be so.”
All of these things were then methodically deliberated upon at several church councils starting in the first century. The Old Testament canon of 39 books was affirmed at the Councils of Jamnia (A.D. 90 and 118) and then garnered nearly universal acceptance by A.D. 250. When Marcion of Sinope created his own collection of books to agree with his heretical view that the deities of the Old and New Testaments were two different gods, orthodox Christians were spurred to formalize a New Testament canon. The 27 books of the New Testament were listed by Athanasius in A.D. 367 and upheld as authoritative by the Council of Hippo (A.D. 393) and the Council of Carthage (A.D. 397).
In considering these things, it is logical to ask two questions: Why would God go to all the trouble to inspire His word and then not protect and sustain it? And why would He speak to us and then neglect to lead us to recognize His speech? Since the authority of Scripture is the basis of Christianity, it’s important to remember that the books of the Bible were canonical at the moment “when the pen touched the parchment.” The psalmist recognized this when he said, “Forever, O Lord, your word is firmly fixed in the heavens” (Psalm 119:89).
God is a communicator and He gave us His Word to reveal Himself to us. God chose human authors to accomplish this purpose, and then guided the early church and her councils to recognize, not decide upon, the books He intended. The determination of which books made it into the canon was made by God alone, and we can have complete confidence in that fact.
For further reading, see:
Karen Coleman is a ministry assistant at Eternal Perspective Ministries. She spent 23 years in Cameroon, West Africa involved in Bible translation and missionary care. Before going to Africa and before EPM began, she served as Randy’s assistant when he was a pastor. | <urn:uuid:c4793432-54ef-4566-b763-f4a0e19f711a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.epm.org/resources/2017/Jun/9/biblical-books-inspired/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812913.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220070423-20180220090423-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.972169 | 1,049 | 3.125 | 3 |
Leading the Way to the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy
Mathis also worked long and diligently from 1948-1956. It was at the National Liturgical Week sponsored by the Conference at Notre Dame in 1959, that Mathis made his last major public appearance. Still recuperating from a major heart attack, Mathis was brought to the conference in a wheelchair and could manage only a momentary appearance on stage. There, this small, now frail man standing with Cardinal Giacomo Lercaro, who had literally worn himself out for the love of the liturgy without any recognition for so many years, was greeted at last with the standing ovation he so richly deserved.
Six months later, exhausted by what a confrere called "his many years of overtime in the service of the Lord," Michael Ambrose Mathis died on March 10, 1960, on the eve of the Second Vatican Council where a number of the very scholars he had brought to Notre Dame over the years would author the Constitution on the Second Liturgy, promulgated in December 1963, three years after Michael Mathis' death. | <urn:uuid:0ed445e7-f96e-40be-bfad-f6f071e5b11d> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://liturgy.nd.edu/about/michael-mathis-c-s-c/leading-the-way-to-the-constitution-on-the-sacred-liturgy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661953.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00260-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979271 | 225 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Syllabus (Original in PDF)
Bibliography, Final, Notes, Term Paper
In-depth analysis of selected psalms with special attention to genre, literary style, historical setting and expressions of religious sentiment. Major trends in modern scholarship: the historical approach; form-criticism; modern literary methods.
Preparation of sources and readings on the syllabus prior to each class, before which a short quiz will be given. Familiarity with studies and commentaries in the bibliography below, pp. 4-5. Final examination (class fifteen). Research paper (15-20 pages) on a topic chosen in consultation with the professor. Please bring a Tanach (without English) to each class.
Primary source notations:
* - Crucial source; to be reviewed for every subsequent class
- Already seen on a previous assignment
()- Study briefly, mainly for comparison with other sources.
Alonso-Schöckel, Luis. "The Poetic Structure of Psalm 42-43," JSOT 1 (1976) 4-21
Alonso-Schöckel, Luis. A Manual of Hebrew Poetics (Rome, 1988) (It's 17 Mbytes, so please right-click and select "Save Target as..." Requires a password to open this file since it is copyrighted.)
Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Poetry (New York, 1985)
Alter, Robert. "Psalms," The Literary Guide to the Bible, ed., R. Alter and F. Kermode (Cambridge, MA, 1987), 244-262. Findings of recent Psalms scholarship; modern literary criticism.
Cohen, Mordechai Z. "'The Best of Poetry': Literary Approaches to the Bible in the Spanish Peshat Tradition," The Torah U-Madda Journal 6 (1995/6): 15-57.
Gunkel, Hermann. The Psalms: A Form-Critical Introduction, trans., T. Homer (Philadelphia, 1967). Abridged version of Gunkel's seminal work. 5th floor library folder ("Gunkel")
Kugel, James. The Idea of Biblical Poetry: Parallelism and Its History (New Haven, 1980)
Sarna, Nahum. On the Book of Psalms (New York, 1993). Essays on selected Psalms; emphasis on historical setting. Uses, but does not confine himself to, form criticism.
Simon, Uriel. Four Approaches to the Book of Psalms: From Sa'adia Gaon to Abraham Ibn Ezra (New York, 1991)
Watson, Wilfred G.E. Classical Hebrew Poetry: A Guide to Its Techniques (Sheffield, 1986)
Weiss, Meir. The Bible from Within (Jerusalem, 1984). Applies modern literary theory to biblical literature; polemics against form-criticism.
Westermann, Claus. Praise and Lament in the Psalms, trans. KR. Crim and R.N. Soulen (Atlanta, 1981). Revises genres identified by Gunkel; outlines their literary structure.
Westermann, Claus. The Psalms: Structure, Content and Message, trans., RD. Gehrke (Minneapolis, 1980).
(Straus: Mikoma shel Hayitzira Bimtziut, Pirkei Tehillim)
Dahood, Mitchell. The Anchor Bible: Psalms (New York, 1965-70; 3 volumes). Focuses on (and at times overstates) Ugaritic parallels to Psalms.
Gerstenberger, Erhard. The Forms of the Old Testament Literature, Vol. XIV: Psalms, Part 1 (Grand Rapids, 1988); Vol. XV Psalms, Part 2 and Lamentations (Grand Rapids, 2001). Meticulous application of form criticism.
Word Biblical Commentary (good overall commentary with extensive bibliography):
The lack of narrative in Psalms creates an emphasis in the Man to God direction of communication. Feelings are intensified by the use of language.
Four Phases of Psalms scholarship
Assignment: Try to classify the assigned psalms, and try to identify their structure. Compare the life-setting with Hannah and Hezekiah. Keep a look out for two prayers by Hannah in I Samuel.
Cassutto on "How did Hebrew writing start off so polished?"
1. Can’t be borrowed from Akkadian / Egyptian (like medieval lit. borrowed from Islam) since:
a. Language unknown to the masses
b. Religion of A/E to foreign for religious works
c. Too many aspects of the literary style just don’t translate
Can be from an earlier Canaanite literature
4th phase: literary approach. New critisism of the earlier 20th century.
Assignment for next time
Read Westerman carefully. How does he break down the major genres? Calls Thanksgiving “praise.” Why? How does he identify structure of a lament (Tefilla, bi’Et Tzara) in 80, 54, 3.
Read FOTL. Try to apply Genre breakdown based on the readings.
The motif of, if I am dead I can’t praise you, and the dead won’t recognize you. Form critics looked for these common motifs. See Uriel Simon for one interested in Literary approach reacts against FC, accusing them of simplification into forms of tradition, rather than individual authorship. LC says each critic is unique. Weiss denies that connection . Extreme. Others recognize the connections and forms, but they see them as tools in the hands of the authors. For instance, in 38, personal admission of guilt is much more dominant than in the other laments. This confession of guilt can also be found in Isaiah 38 in Hezekiah’s famous letter. 116, has thanksgiving, following a description of lament.
106 works well with FC since it describes the sitz in leben. It gives the situations, and an instruction of what to say in each situation. The thanksgiving (or praise) is intended for public use. So too 100. (Although one can’t say 100 is a thanks since there were no troubles, so FC’s call this a hymn.) Note that Hana’s prayer doesn’t focus so much on her situation, its more a recognition of God’s greatness. This indicates a non-rigidity of the Genre.
Alter on Repetition in Psalm 13 in Biblical Poetry
Even FC’s recognize that there is crossover and overlap
in between elements. 116 has “I
am giving a thanksgiving.” See also Yir 33:11 where he mentions the cessation
of the thanksgiving hymn This hymn
also shows up in 116.
Cassuto understands this as a literary convention,
specifically of Ugarit and the Cannanite predecessor.
Note that Yad and Chetz are not common. There seems to be escalation, rather than equivalence. Metom vs. Shalom, is a movement from one to the other. The parallels are often sort of non-parallel, breaking the mode in order to make a stronger . And the ViAta H' Ad Matay breaks the parallel.
Division between community and individual lament.
88 starts with an introductory petition, a description that there is a prayer coming up.
There are three forms of complaint I, Thee, They
88 never gets to petition.
It falls back into the same complaint that it had in the middle section.
Hirchakta Meyuda’a mimeni
In Mizmor 3, the suffix form at the end works as a future sure event
6. Anticipated thanksgiving
Assignment for 9/28. Focus on Westermann on the continuum of the lament and the thanksgiving. What elements are shared. New Mizmorim Yona 2 and 2 Chron 20. Key question: how to understand the last verse of psalm 13. Look up all the opinions and see how the last verse fits in to the psalm
What happens when a prayer doesn’t match the siz im leben, such as when Chanah
sings a hymn when we would expect a thanksgiving? So too Yonah, giving
thanks when he was still in the belly of the fish. Another problem,
related, is the hybrid psalm. Psalm 22, for example has a turnaround at
verse 23, but don’t be confused by verse 9 which is a statement of confidence.
Another example is Psalm 40, but here the praise comes before the lament, so why is he still complaining? Amos Chacham says that he was saved from one despair, but still has another difficulty to overcome. In Psalm 41 we also have an internal lament sandwiched by a thanksgiving. See also 116:4 and 30:10. In these cases, the lamentation serves as a reminder and a counterpart. Psalm 40 is a bit more difficult since the Lament is disconnected from the thanksgiving. Westermann speaks of a Lament Thanksgiving continuum where both elements are present in single psalms but some emphasis thanksgiving and others emphasize lament.
Focusing on Psalm 13’s final verse, one might say that it is super
1. Confidence, as expected in the form
2. A later interpolation, which served to change a lament into a thanksgiving
3. The result of an Oracle
4. The statement of the lament itself promotes confidence.
Historical / form / cultic / interpretive schools all share in their attempt
to discover/uncover the historical background framework.
Psalms 13 (The problem us the shockingly sudden shift from despair and prayer to super-confidence that assumes that all problems of no more concern): Amos Chacham criticizes for criticism since (1) the genres mix and intermingle (2) the expected genre doesn’t always show up in the narrative sections (e.g. Hanna’s Hymn (! thanksgiving expected), Yona’s Thanksgiving (! Petition expected)
M. Weiss has a solution that the prayer itself resolves the despair, since the problems induced by the self-exclusion are resolved before the last verse in their very formulation, allowing the last verse to be stated. (Of course, the enemies according to Weiss must be internal inventions, his own despair, since how could flesh-and-blood enemies be routed to an internal change by the singer.)
Hoffman suggests that the conventions exist, but they used by the author to exercise an independent statement. Note that in Psalm 88, the psalm rolls back for a second lament where one expects petition, confidence, and/or vows. From these we can deduce that conventions indeed existed, and that the author uses the formal element, much as he would use the words themselves, to create an individual and unique literary work. The also demonstrates the lateness of the work, since the fewer formal element, especially used in this way indicate the existence of older, more entrenched forms.
In Psalms 61 and 62 there is mostly confidence (or Wisdom). These leads Gunkel to assume that the simple forms are earlier in the history of Psalms development (actually, he would probably say religious and social Israelite development, as he doesn’t think much of the ancient Israelite religion, describing images such as petitioners rolling around in the dirt begging for mercy in a primitive, naïve, and unsophisticated matter suiting to the limited religious capabilities of the ancient soul.) Hoffman feels that these are later since the newer authors are “playing with” the older, more cut-in-stone tripartite formula (Lament, Petition, Confidence), extracting just the element that they wanted for their personalized poem.
Psalm 23: Note the switch from 3rd person to second person in verse 4. Is this a petition? If so, does it call on lament forms?
See the Malbim on Psalm 27.
Psalm 27 cannot be a standard lament, since the speaker is speaking about God, and not to God. Only in verse 7 does it turn towards God as in a standard lament. However, note that within this unique 3rd person perspective we have an implied Lament of the Individual:
יְהוָה, אוֹרִי וְיִשְׁעִי--מִמִּי אִירָא;
יְהוָה מָעוֹז-חַיַּי, מִמִּי אֶפְחָד
בִּקְרֹב עָלַי, מְרֵעִים-- לֶאֱכֹל אֶת-בְּשָׂרִי:
צָרַי וְאֹיְבַי לִי; הֵמָּה כָשְׁלוּ וְנָפָלוּ
אִם-תַּחֲנֶה עָלַי, מַחֲנֶה-- לֹא-יִירָא לִבִּי:
אִם-תָּקוּם עָלַי, מִלְחָמָה-- בְּזֹאת, אֲנִי בוֹטֵחַ.
אַחַת, שָׁאַלְתִּי מֵאֵת-יְהוָה-- אוֹתָהּ אֲבַקֵּשׁ:
שִׁבְתִּי בְּבֵית-יְהוָה, כָּל-יְמֵי חַיַּי;
לַחֲזוֹת בְּנֹעַם-יְהוָה, וּלְבַקֵּר בְּהֵיכָלוֹ.
כִּי יִצְפְּנֵנִי, בְּסֻכֹּה-- בְּיוֹם רָעָה:
יַסְתִּרֵנִי, בְּסֵתֶר אָהֳלוֹ; בְּצוּר, יְרוֹמְמֵנִי.
וְעַתָּה יָרוּם רֹאשִׁי, עַל אֹיְבַי סְבִיבוֹתַי, וְאֶזְבְּחָה בְאָהֳלוֹ, זִבְחֵי תְרוּעָה;
אָשִׁירָה וַאֲזַמְּרָה, לַיהוָה
The second half is more negative
39:2-4 rebels from the form by describing a preface to the psalm. The
structure sees to be:
a1) Silence (2-4)
b1) Complaint (5-7)
c1) Prayer (8-9)
a2) Silence (10)
b2) Prayer (with a bit o’ complaint) (11-
c2) Prayer/complaint, or better, and anti-prayer: “leave me alone…”
This end piece is unique in it’s sharpness, although similar despair can be seen in Psalm 88. See Ibn Ezra on 88 about the gadol who would hear or say that psalm.
For next time, Alter vs. Strauss, Shokel, compare 42:7-9 Rashi vs. Ibn Ezra. Look for Rambam do separate the aesthetic from meaning
Look for נפשי in M”B 1:6 (?), and see commentators. A bit more in Psalm 23.
In Pslam 131 Gemul means a comfort level. The Psalmist is saying
that just like a child is satisfied in the comfort of his/her mother’s
embrace, so to is his inner self (nefesh: emotional soul? Religious soul?)
satisfied with its sense of self ( they “ay” part of “alay”). This
matches the rest of the Psalm, which was struggling with the need not to go
beyond oneself. (Tzimtum in the words of Strauss.)
Psalm 42-43: Read Shockel’s “Manual of Poetics” or Watson’s “Classical Hebrew Poetry” The psalm is unique in that it begins with a simile (which breaks from the form critical categories.) In verse 2, the passive “I will be seen” matches Exodus 34:33, which clearly creates refers to pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Note the shift from 2nd person to 3rd person. Add this shift to the change from the weaker Ta’arog to the stronger Tzimaon, creates a sense of increasing distancing from God. Gikatilla on Psalms (read Uriel Simon, 4 approaches to the book of Psalms) is very historical, which in in these psalm is easier to place.
Note the Alay/Nafshi dichotomy that we leaned in Psalm 131. The “ay” is complaining to the nefesh: what are you doing “tishtochah”ing, get it together and pray to God!
Verse 7 moves into lament. Ibn Ezra says that this is actually the pleasurable memory of pilgrimage past, with children splashing, etc. described in v. 8a. A real joy of life scene, thus the lament turns to happiness.
Extending into Psalm 53 (the continuation of Psalm 52) contrast “bring” me in v. 3 with the “I will come” in v. 4. Confidence is definitely at play. But in v. 5 reality sets in. Dr. Cohen feel that the movement from water, which are images of a youth past, to light/darkness which indicate self actualization of the present. I think, based on the connection between “keidar” as darkness, but also as water imagery in Job 6:15, and the idea of אַחַי בָּגְדוּ כְמוֹ נָחַל; כַּאֲפִיק נְחָלִים יַעֲבֹרוּ , one could posit the questionable reliability of water as an anchor for memory. Or as princess Leah says: “the more you tighten your grip, the more star systems will slip though your fingers.”
Read Pierre Ofre article: The structure of Psalm 51
Manuel of Poetics
In 23 there is a shift in imagery, from a sheep
being guided to (and one needs to ask if this is still drawing on metaphor, or
whether it’s a standard expression for something that is no longer a metaphor
[a dead metaphor]) but either way, the following verses continue with the
pastoral imagery, so even if the metaphor was dead, it is reanimated by the
companion images. However, the
human starts to show up in v. 4., The
Comfort “nachum” seems to tend towards a human.
The Radak mentions that we are moving from metaphorical to realistic
Note that change from Yinahaleini to Yanchuni (poetic) to yenachameini
(less poetic and more real). The Malbim
points out that Yirdefuni is a negative sense (shelo bitovati) since it’s only
due to his promotion from being a shepherd to king that all the troubles of
being a King are setting in.
New scholarship wants to know what the images speak
locally. How does these images help
us understand THIS text. (Extremely,
they would argue to avoid history, since it obscures the text.) (Of course, the
whole promotion idea assumed a Dividic history.)
Lowth takes a step farther by saying that parallelism is a
necessary part of poetry. Radak and
Ibn Ezra want to minimize it since extra words cause friction in a holy text.
Empty space is undesirable. Moshe ibn Ezra is unhappy with empty
repetition since its not as advanced as Arabic poetry.
Lowth says that repetitions is the defining factor of poetry.
Unfortunately, wherever it doesn’t exist, he has to chuck into
synthetic parallelisms anything that doesn’t fit.
Kugel disagrees and says that all forms are an ________ /
_________//. (A + B, or seconding). And even synonymous parallelism is a mere byproduct of the
A+B form. In 142 v.2 and 3 there is
a move not only to increase, but demetaphorization.
In v. 4 the A B1 B2 C move used B1 and B2 just to move the forward
“narrative.” (See Idel Berlin)
(See Malbim on 27:1 and 92:??) But Malbim is stuck with differentiating every word, whereas
K&A don’t have to stick to 100 significance. But in addition, Malbim allows for no literary method, whereas
K&A allow for a literary method/convention in addition to the significance.
Alter notes that the artist uses the conventions to create an individual
statement. See p. 24 “Let me
spell out...converts the formal limitations …into an occasion for artistic
Moshe Ibn ezra notes the use of ballasting “Washu B’th Leakkma Wzn” (Fill the house to create balance.)
Next Week: Thanksgiving Genre. Foxus on text. USe commentary to draw a map of components. Individual and Communal.
Cassuto feels that the genre of the epic influences biblical literature. He believes the BL rebels against the existing literature, as oposed to Eurpean scholars who liked to see it as the same old, same old.
Psalm 89 for 106 (?) note the communal lament is really an admission of guilt. Compare Nahemia 9 for the sitz im leben as part of the cultic service. See also Yoel and Yona. See Nehemia 9:18 for compassion: a) God's acts of kindness, b) confession, and c) petition.
Psalm 105: see I Chronicles 16 for the sitz im leben. The introduction of the ark. See also Ps 96. There is a Higher Critisism question: Did David take it from an existing Psalm, and adapt it, or did David (re?)write it for his own use. See Ps 51 for a reworked psalm (last two verses). See the Ibn Ezra on 89:1. Note also that Ps 131 is changed from individual to communal by the last verse. Also Ps 13. Compare 51:13 to 36:26. Reinterpretation of 51 for communal needs (?).
History used as an example on which t base one's hopes. See Amos Hakham on Ps 79. Chasmonaim borrowed this psalm.
Compare 14 to 57 (vow to praise) and 60. How are the Genres put together for a new cmposition. Compare 126 and 40. See A. Hakham on 126.
Next Week: More CL. See Cassuto, and check what issues Meir Weiss has with Westermann. See Ibn Ezra on 89:1 and last two verses of 51.
Amos Hakham is always trying to fins a historical setting for the psalm, whereas Westermann and Gerstenberger are always looking for a sitz im leben. Note that Joel (1-2) is more dramatic that Chronicles (II Chronicles 20) since Joel is involved in the matter, rather then just being an historical account.
Psalm 79 has Invocation->complaint->petition (with justification)->vow to praise.
The reflection of past salvation can be either a confidence (83, see also 54[?]; note the move from singular to plural; v. 2-9 is all good) or complaint (80, 74).
See 74:11, and compare to 60's Hohia yemincha va'aneini.
Gerstenberger: protector of Deity. Compare oath in 44 to the oath in 7.
Notice that in the narratives we see the vow to priase.
The oracle appears (maybe in 85) (See Saadya Geon?)
Note that in Yirmiyahu (Ch 14) he calls for an oracle, but God says "No."
Next week: Hymns. Read Amos Hakham’s response to form
criticism, and review Alter’s as well. How would Westermann respond to
these? Read Westermann on Hymns and Praises. Why does he object to
the term “Hymn?” What term does he use instead? What is the difference
or connection between Community Thanksgivings and Hymns.
Form critics say that the second half of Ps 22 can’t be a standalone CP since there’s no narrative inside, relying instead on the previous part of the psalm. Westermann says this is a lament that is converted to a praise, like Ps 13. See also 67 which ends with praise, but the praise is not complete. Look at 116 for the completion of this praise started in 67. A CP/IP picks up where the lament (with a positive ending) ends off.
In 108, the psalm is made up of 57 (1st half) and 60 (2nd half). 108 opens up with praise, a sign of thanksgiving. This is how 57, an IL ends off. Where the latter ends off with confidence and a vow to praise. This vow of praise is picked up by 108, and the conclusion of despair taken from 60 merely recalls a past history, even though we never hear a resolution.
A Classic expression of confidence is sacrifice
B: Salvation summary
C: Salvation narrative.
D: 2nd proclamation or announcement. Now I’m bringing a sacrifice.
But in Ps 40 there is a rejection of sacrifice. He comes instead with “something written down.” This may be referring to the lament which will be introduced in the 2nd half of the psalm. In Psalm 30, the singer doesn’t even have to mention the sacrifice. What’s unique in Ps 30 is an admission of guilt: "I never appreciated it when things were going well"
More on the Thanksgiving structure
Ps 116: 1) Subdued call to praise 2) Salvation narrative
Difference between thanksgiving and praise is that thanksgiving is for something done for me, but I can praise God for anything, including things that he has done for anybody, or at any time.
In Deut 26 we have 1) a call for thanksgiving, 2) a salvation narrative, 3) another call of thanksgiving.
Scholars on Psalm 66 A) Hymn B) Community thanks C) Individual Thanks.
For CP see Shirat Hayam
Psalm 124 is not fully bright. We still sense the danger. Even the last verse means that we still have problems.
Where did all the Communal Thanksgivings go? Amos Hacham reads 118 as a community Thanksgiving, perhaps to find a communal thanksgiving, but it may be a stretch.
Psalm 123 and 125.
Not fully developed. One is a CT and the other is confidence. The generic conventions seems to have fallen apart. Simpler. Are they Second Temple psalms?
Next time: Give titles to the four groups of hymns, focus on Sarna's
reaction to Mowinkle.
Hymn (e.g. Ps 117)
1. Call to praise
a. God of History
b. God of creation
Ps 150 is all a call to praise
1. Section A (Heaven) God of Creation
a. Call, Call, Call, Call
b. Why we need to call, i.e. praise
2. Section B (Earth) God of Creation
a. Why we need to call, Why, Why, Why
b. Call to praise
3. Section C (God of History)
a. Call to praise
b. God of History
Note that Ps 33 ends with a lament/prayer. A Hckam says don’t over define forms, since they can be reinterpreted at the time that they are read. Westermann argues that L->T->L->…is all one continuum.
Westermann on Hymns: Can be defined as
(a) Literary units (so Buber [find article] on Ps 1, read and learn Tehillim like a torah; hence the 5 books. Message of PS 1 at the beginning of the final canonized Psalter)
(b) A cultig/liturgical purpose (which later becomes spiritualized, moving away from the cult. So Gunkle. Note also Ps 40: az amarti, hinei bati, bimgilat keter katuv alai.
(c) Prayer, so Westermann. Spontaneous prayer formalizes LATER into liturgy and cultic use
Where is the CT? It is in the H, i.e. Ps 136! CL don’t have an immediate vow to praise since the horizon is longer on the national level, and the solutions don’t come as quickly. Hence the recollection of History.
(E: It seems that the perfect Form critical categories is that there they all one.)
When reading Gunkel, pay attention between cultic vs.
spiritualized psalm, which is related to the conventional vs. the creative/free
psalms. Look at critiques of Gunkel. Look
at imagery, diction and parallelism. Shift in imagery in 42/43, 23.
Note when the form is broken, e.g. in 74 when we’re looking for an
oracle, but it doesn’t appear. Or
where we’re looking for a sacrifice, but it just won’t do.
The attempt to categorize os to discover the sitz im leben.
1. Ps. [47, 93, (96, 97, 98, 99).] Enthronement hymns. Cassutto would argue a literary connection to the enthronement mythology, but not a literal one. Amos Hacham comments on enthronement psalms. Another possibility for another possibility for defining this genre. Word suggests on Ps. 47 that this is a victory psalm (v. 4). This makes it a communal thanksgiving, and not just a hymn.
2. Psalms (78, ,) 135-136 . Liturgical use. (Hackam says Hag Hassukot) David took 105A (history hymn) and 96 (enthronement psalm) to finish off the liturgy used for the introduction of the Aron. Note 105-106 become a community lament in the last verse. All a continuum. These history psalms are used on other psalms, and may have been used as a thanksgiving psalm to link the current salvation with previous victories. This creates a broader horizon for national salvation.
3. Psalms 46, 48, (76, 87). Zion Psalms. In 48, H likes liturgical over thanksgiving after war. Sarna says war, but not right after but on an anniversary that recalls the lifting of the siege on city. Look at 137. After saying that they wong a song of Zion, they do, but its an reverse from the usual format.
4. Psalms 8*, 19A, 104; compare Ps 148 Nature hymns. Ps. 104: praise God from the inside. How does nature affect me (So, Weiss.) In 8 the psalmist is so impressed by the stars that prompts the psalm. These seem more spontaneity. In 19A a psalm of nature, introducing the Torah Psalm (19B). (See also 119.) (19C) Followed by an individual lament. Compare perfect nature to perfect Torah to imperfect man. Juxtaposition creates this tension.
Ibn Ezra on Yona 2:1
כי יונה לא
התפלל רק אחרי
צאתו אל היבשה בעבור שמצאו ממעי ולא אמר במעי והלא ראו שם כתוב מבטן שועתי וככה
ממעמקים קראתיך ה' ועוד כי מלת שועתי לאות כי התפלל ושוע אל השם טרם שיקיאנו הדג וככה
ותבא אליך תפילתי והנה למה לא היה כתוב ויתפלל יונה אחרי צאתו ממעי הדגה ועוד כי אחר
תפלתו כתוב ויאמר יי' לדג והביאם בצרה הזאת בעבור ותעל משחת ותבוא אליך תפלתי, ועתה
שים לבך וראה כל תפילת נביא וברכתו היא ברוח נבואה ויעקב אמר לקחתי מיד האמורי כי דבר
שנגזר להיות ידבר לשון עבר וככה ויט שכמו לסבול דרך כוכב מיעקב וישמן ישורון ויבעט וירא יי'
וינאץ וישכן ישראל בטח בדד ובתפילת דוד בברחו ויענני מהר קדשו סלה כי הכתו' אמר בברחו
ולא אמר ברחו ובתפילתו אך אוסיף להביט אל היכל קדשך שהוא השמים וה' בהיכל קדשו ורבי'
ככה ושם כתוב ישועתה ליי' שהיה מקוה כמו ישועתה ליי' לבקש ויש מי שאומר כי דגה בלעה הדג
ואין צורך כי דגה ודג שם המין כמו צדק וצדקה:
The final exam will cover class discussions of assigned psalms and other biblical sources, as well as secondary readings. Review especially readings listed below and the psalms for the pasuq fill-in.
List of psalms for pasuq fill-in Section: 8, 12, 13, 22, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 54, 56, 60, 66, 74, 79, 85, 88, 108, 123, 124, 125, 131
GUIDELINES FOR READING GUNKEL
Read Gunkel critically; some of his views have been rejected by subsequent scholars. Still, this classic expression of form-criticism contains many crucial insights and (more importantly) raises the questions, if not always the answers, that stimulated much of modern Psalms research. | <urn:uuid:c960065a-5cd2-4277-b6cc-8575afcad240> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://ericlevy.com/Revel/Revel_BookOfPsalms.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145746.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223032129-20200223062129-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.859487 | 8,407 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Last week I wrote about how our R&D Coordinator, Scot Hoffman, and myself are working on a Multimedia Project Guide and Planner for Teachers. Our aim is to empower the teachers to be able to give students much more choice about the types of media they use to communicate their learning. All too often, in schools where there is a one-size-fits-all approach to teaching, students are mandated which tool they should use, ending up with cookie-cutter projects where the tool drives what students are doing, rather than the communication goals driving the choice of technology. In the case of teachers this is also true - when they are limited by the tool they can use to communicate with their class, pedagogy will bend to fit the tool.
In Knowing Knowledge, George Siemens write that "fostering learning requires rethinking the tools used. Do the tools work in the manner in which people learn? Do the tools represent how the learners will be functioning in "real life"? | <urn:uuid:fc6a2fbf-447f-4736-9a00-a85b355f5aea> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.maggiehosmcgrane.com/2014/02/rethinking-tools-to-foster-learning.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573439.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919040032-20190919062032-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.959017 | 202 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Q: Texas has a marker stating that Jakob Brodbeck was the first person to fly an airplane. I was taught it was the Wright brothers. What gives?
— Richard DeLong | San Antonio, Texas
Ignore the plaque. Even before Orville and Wilbur Wright made history in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903, there were dozens of claims about and by other inventors of having achieved flight and they are all, including Brodbeck’s, discredited or unsubstantiated. What’s remarkable about the Wright brothers’ achievement isn’t just that they were the first to get a plane off the ground, explains Peter Jakab, chief curator of the National Air and Space Museum. They wanted to create what they called “a machine of practical utility.” And with the 1903 Wright Flyer, they engineered a design that could evolve into a lasting technology. Every airplane that followed that machine—to this day—flies on the same basic principles.
Q: How does a hippopotamus swim so fast?
— Derrick McPheely | Hughson, California
They’re actually galloping, explains Tony Barthel, a curator at the National Zoo. Hippos, which spend up to 16 hours a day in water, don’t swim. They either walk underwater or bounce and propel themselves off the riverbed with their webbed toes. Though they can weigh over four tons, their low bone density and their fat increase their buoyancy, making it easier to move through water. And it helps that they can hold their breath for minutes at a time.
Q: What is at the center of neutron stars?
— Mai Cwajbaum | Morgan Hill, California
Neutron stars, the compact relics of collapsed massive stars, are largely made out of neutrons and some protons. Beyond that, things are hazier, says Patrick Slane, a scientist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. When a massive star collapses into a neutron star, the neutrons and protons at its center are squished together at such a high density that it might create new particles, like quarks, kaons and pions. Scientists are currently unable to recreate that high-density, low-temperature state of matter in terrestrial experiments. But NASA’s Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) mission might get to the core of the issue. An X-ray-tracing device on the International Space Station, NICER will measure the mass and radius of the neutron stars. With that data, scientists can calculate the pressure on the inside of the star, which will offer hints about its composition.
Q: Did Japan ever compensate and apologize to the American civilians held captive in the Philippines during World War II?
— Darren Feit | Troy, West Virginia
Not formally, says Frank Blazich, curator of modern military history at the National Museum of American History. Many civilian internees received token restitution from the U.S. War Claims Commission, which liquidated assets seized from Germany, the Imperial Japanese Empire and other Axis parties, and distributed more than $13.6 million to over 9,000 internees of the Japanese in the 1950s. When Japan and the Allies re-established relations in 1951, the multilateral Treaty of Peace waived reparations, citing Japan’s lack of resources as it rebuilt its economy. But despite statements of regret from Japanese politicians, Japan has never offered reparations or an unambiguous apology to U.S. captives.
It’s your turn to Ask Smithsonian. | <urn:uuid:15db4a2f-97dd-4e12-b062-343d457b9280> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/jakob-brodbeck-first-flight-180973339/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.941871 | 744 | 3.578125 | 4 |
The Respect Project is a 10-week early intervention programme, working through local schools to engage with Year 9 students aged 13-14 years old.
The programme is designed to help young people to increase their ability to deal with life’s problems; overall becoming more resilient.
How does it work?
1. Recruitment by Teachers – three schools from Bristol are invited to each nominate twenty of their Year 9 students to join the program, who will benefit from an opportunity to excel in a non-school setting.
2. An Activity Day during School – all 60 students attend an outdoor activity day where they are assessed on the way they approach the physical and mental challenges put before them.
3. Invitation to Continue – 20 of the students are invited to continue to the next stage. For those not invited back, teachers are debriefed with the reasons.
4. A Second Activity Day during School – the 20 students complete a second activity day as a group. These students are assessed on how well they listen to instructions, show a willingness to get involved and work as a team.
5. Life Skills Evening Course – 15 students are invited to take part in 10 weeks of weekly evening sessions in a local community centre or youth club. Transport is provided. Sessions start with a personal contract and cover self-respect, personal challenges, relationship management, teamwork, leadership, communication skills, decision-making, drug awareness, healthy eating, local opportunities.
6. Week-long Residential in either The Lake District or Wales – this is the opportunity for the young people to use the personal and social skills they have built up to take on individual and team challenges during the week away. The experience of climbing mountains and living away from home in an alien environment sees the young people pushed outside their comfort zones and ultimately achieve more than they ever thought possible.
7. Graduation Evening with local dignitaries.
8. Debriefing to Teachers & Parents including ongoing monitoring.
The Respect Project is part of a national collaboration funded by the Youth Endowment Fund and led by Essex Boys and Girls Clubs, working with the Boys and Girls Clubs of Greater Manchester; Boys and Girls Clubs of South Yorkshire; Boys’ and Girls Clubs of Wales; Lancashire Association of Boys and Girls Clubs, and Young Bristol. | <urn:uuid:f59a8e16-69c7-42e1-b00b-a54f468ff3ce> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://youngbristol.com/our-programmes/the-respect-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141735395.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204071014-20201204101014-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.958416 | 469 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Updated: July 21, 2021 8:06:59 am
A hundred years ago this month, a group of young men gathered in Shanghai and founded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). This ragged dozen had no idea that the body they were founding would turn into a machine that would rule over a quarter of humanity. Today, the CCP governs a country of 1.3 billion people with cities studded with skyscrapers. It maintains some of the most entrepreneurial cultures of technological and economic innovation on earth, while also ruthlessly repressing political dissent. Mao Zedong, one of those founders, was fond of discussing the Marxist concept of “contradictions”. There are contradictions aplenty in today’s CCP.
First of all, the Chinese Communist Party governs one of the most capitalist countries on earth. The days of the Soviet-style command economy are long gone, abolished by the moves of paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and his protégé, party secretary Zhao Ziyang, to create “socialism with Chinese characteristics” — in other words, a market-driven economy in which the state would still play a major role, but as an enabler of capitalism rather than a destroyer of it. In the 2000s, a later leader, Jiang Zemin, would officially welcome business leaders to the party. Today it is a party that wears business suits, not boiler suits. But it is still a very male party; while there are growing numbers of women leaders at lower levels, the closer one gets to the Politburo, the fewer there are. China’s business elite has significant numbers of women; its political elite, far fewer.
One characteristic that has not changed since the 1920s is the party’s obsession with control and power. It spent much of its first few decades on the run from its enemies, notably the Nationalist (Kuomintang) party of Chiang Kai-shek and the Japanese during World War II. The Long March of 1934-5 has become a legendary tale of heroism in the party’s eyes, but at the time it was a forced retreat in the face of near-certain defeat. The zero-sum nature of the party continued after 1949, when Mao brought the party to power, and there has never been any real prospect of a pluralist democracy under what is still a Leninist party. There have been times of relative openness, such as the 1980s and early 2000s, but the desire of the party to stay in command has always been its driving characteristic. The killing of hundreds of civilians in the centre of Beijing in June 1989 was an indication that the CCP will never give up its use of force to protect its interests.
The party has a fascinating history but you will read little about much of it in China itself, where the past hundred years have become a hagiography of the historical inevitability of the CCP’s rise to power. In fact, the real achievement of the party was to go so far when it was so much under threat. Repeated infighting, in which cadres murdered each other, has been a feature of much of the party’s history. The violence associated with intra-party purges such as the Rectification Movement of the 1940s has been sanitised, but they remain key moments in understanding why violence and obedience remain so central to the party. There is much discussion in today’s China of the rise to power of the party and its political and economic astuteness. But it is much harder to discuss the terrible Great Leap Forward famine of 1958-62, the product of a failed economic experiment that killed 20 million or more people through starvation.
The CCP also thinks long and hard about its relationship with the wider world. The relationship with the US is, bar none, its most important and most fractious. The US is regarded not just as an economic and strategic competitor, but also an ideological challenge: The CCP is always keen to portray itself as a peaceful advocate of non-interference, as opposed to a wild-eyed America which Beijing portrays largely in terms of the Iraq War and the excesses of the Trump years. Other countries are assessed in terms of the closeness or distance of their relationships with America. India’s recent moves toward the Quad, where it would work more with the US, Japan and Australia on defence issues, has raised hackles in Beijing, which had become used to thinking of New Delhi as a rather passive player. Expect to see plenty of lively language around India’s new desire to play a regional role in Asia.
Leadership matters for the party as well. The turn toward a much more authoritarian CCP did not start with Xi Jinping’s rise to power in 2012; things had turned much colder even a few years previously. But there is no doubt that Xi is a master of narrative, with himself at the centre. Xi sees himself as a figure destined to bring China back to the global role that it last had under the Qing emperors of the 18th century, and perhaps briefly under Mao in the mid-20th. His instrument for doing that is the party, which he argues should be in control of everything in China: In his words, “east, west, south, north, and centre, the Party leads everything.” Yet, although Xi’s style and promotion of his own personality remind many of Mao, in one important area, the two are very different. Mao’s ultimate goal was the mobilisation of his own people, an idea which led ultimately to the disaster of the anarchic Cultural Revolution of 1966-76. Xi’s party does not share that desire. It wants China to rise, but its people are supposed to have a Confucian relationship with their leaders, not a Maoist one. They should know their place, and be pleased to receive the benevolence assigned to them by the power of consumerism: New flats, mobile phones, vacations, good education. Xi’s party makes bargains, but they are technocratic and consumerist ones, not dreams of revolution.
Firmly authoritarian, global in scope, consumerist in aspiration, and innovative in technology. The party’s founders could scarcely have imagined what they had set in motion a hundred years ago.
This column first appeared in the print edition on July 21, 2021 under the title ‘Making of a party state’. The writer is the author of China’s Good War: How World War II is Shaping a New Nationalism (HarperCollinsIndia). He teaches at Oxford University
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- The Indian Express website has been rated GREEN for its credibility and trustworthiness by Newsguard, a global service that rates news sources for their journalistic standards. | <urn:uuid:af403e69-94d6-4f87-a432-34d2aeb7521b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/power-control-and-100-years-of-the-chinese-communist-party-7414259/?utm_source=Taboola_Recirculation&utm_medium=RC&utm_campaign=IE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587659.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025092203-20211025122203-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.974762 | 1,422 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Park and Walk
An opportunity for more children to experience the joys and reap the benefits of walking to school, regardless of the distance of their homes from school.
What is a Park & Walk?
- A Park & Walk is when parents and caregivers drop students at a predetermined location approximately 0.5 miles from school (a 10-12-minute walk) instead of the front door of the school.
- School staff and volunteers meet students at the drop-off site and accompany them along a designated route to school.
Why start a Park & Walk?
- Research shows a positive correlation between physical activity and academic achievement.
- The walk to school helps students meet the goal of 60 minutes of daily physical activity.
- Park & Walks build community through positive exposure for the school in the neighborhood.
- Park & Walks provide leadership opportunities for older students as they help younger students on the way to school.
- Students that walk to school have increased environmental awareness and learn lifelong pedestrian safety skills.
How do I start a Park & Walk?
Below is a summary of the main steps involved in planning a Park & Walk.
- Identify a Park & Walk School Leader to meet and greet the vehicles.
- Work with the school district transportation department to identify a drop-off location and communicate with parent and caregivers who transport students.
- Determine strategies to involve students of all abilities.
- Identify school staff and adult volunteers to support the walk.
- Communicate with parents about Park & Walk purpose and schedule.
- Establish a back-up plan for weather, illness, etc.
- Share behavior expectations with students, parents and staff.
- Greet vehicles at the drop-off location and have fun! | <urn:uuid:7b55e2eb-e1ea-4231-a3f1-173589d56cb1> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.dot.state.mn.us/mnsaferoutes/training/park-and-walk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529179.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122082356-20210122112356-00739.warc.gz | en | 0.938278 | 360 | 3.40625 | 3 |
One of the most common causes of loss of teeth in adults is periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is commonly known as gum disease. It is an infection of your gums, the soft tissue that surrounds your teeth. Most of the time people don’t feel pain from gum disease. This is because it is caused by the slow build up of plaque. Plaque is a sticky film containing many bacteria that builds up on teeth. Since there is no pain, most people who have gum disease don’t even know it. That is why seeing a dentist about gum disease in Beverly Hills will help you know and understand the warning signs and preventing gum disease are the only way to protect your mouth.
Symptoms of Gum Disease
- Swollen, red or tender gums
- Bleeding gums
- Pus between teeth and gums
- Receding gums
- Bad breath
- Mouth sores
- Changes in your bite
- Changes in how dentures fit
Although these are the symptoms of gum disease, it is important to remember that some people do not experience any symptoms at all before permanent damage is done. This is why it is so crucial to have regular dental care. Your dentist can tell you if you are developing gum disease before you feel it and hopefully prevent any damage to your teeth and mouth.
Stages & Types of Gum Disease
Like many diseases, gum disease progresses through stages. Over time the stages become worse. Here is a look at each stage of gum disease.
The earliest form of gum disease is known as Gingivitis. In this early stage, you may experience mildly aggravating symptoms like swollen or bleeding gums. It is important to see your dentist immediately if you notice symptoms of Gingivitis.
If it is caught in the early stages a proper deep cleaning by a professional may cure the problem immediately. If it is not taken care of, it will progress and become periodontitis.
Periodontitis is a chronic condition where the gums stay inflamed. This inflammation damages the teeth and gums and can eventually lead to a breakdown of the tissue and bones that support the teeth, culminating in tooth loss.
This is normally a slow progressing disease, however, there is aggressive periodontitis which advances much quicker and can do a lot of long lasting damage fast.
Treatments for Periodontitis
This disease is treated by a periodontist, which is a dentist with a special education to treat periodontitis. This kind of professional can perform a Comprehensive Periodontal Evaluation which examines your mouth, teeth and gums to diagnose the disease as well as define exactly what stage that you are in.
A periodontist can also prescribe treatment for all stages of gum disease. Common treatments for this ailment include:
- Enhanced daily care routine: recommend and prescribe products that can be used at home daily. This may include a topical treatment or oral antibiotics.
- Scaling: the manual removal of plaque and bacteria build up from the teeth and gums
- Root planing: a method of soothing and strengthening the roots of teeth.
- Flap surgery: reduces the pockets between teeth and allows for more direct more effective root planing and scaling
- Soft tissue & Bone grafts: moving tissue to create a catalyst for the regrowth of natural material
- Guided tissue regeneration & Tissue-stimulating proteins: enhance the body’s natural ability to regrow healthy bone and tissue
A highly skilled periodontist will even be able to place dental implants if teeth are lost.
Risk Factors & Preventing Periodontitis
Common risk factors include:
- Tobacco use
- Poor oral hygiene
- Use of certain medications
The best way to prevent gum disease is with good routine oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups. Since gum disease silently does so much damage, you will want to visit your dentist regularly to make sure if you do develop gum disease that it is caught early. | <urn:uuid:bde0374a-50b7-45cf-8be6-7388d73e95b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://dentalgroupbh.com/gum-disease-beverly-hills-ca/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662519037.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517162558-20220517192558-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.941238 | 837 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Facts, information and articles about Chief Pontiac, a Native American Indian Chief from the Wild West
Chief Pontiac Facts
Chief Pontiac Articles
Explore articles from the History Net archives about Chief Pontiac
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Chief Pontiac summary: Pontiac was an Ottawa Indian chief that has become known through history. He was quite successful in protecting his land and his people from enemies. During the final French-Indian War, Pontiac was an ally of the French. However, the French lost the war, losing their property and holdings to the British. Unlike the agreements Pontiac and the tribe had with the French, the British did not trade supplies and goods with the Indians or ask for permission before building forts. This did not sit well with Chief Pontiac, and in 1763, the Ottawa began what would be referred to as Pontiac’s Rebellion.
The Indians proceeded to capture all of the British forts in the area and sink some of their ships. The Rebellion led to the death of about 400 British soldiers. The conflict ended due to the Indians having to resume hunting, and in the meantime, the British had to send reinforcements across seas. Despite numerous attempts to renew the battle, Pontiac was unable to garner enough support. In 1766, he accepted British occupation of the territory, but tensions remained. The British were quite fearful of Pontiac and his warriors, and they hoped to establish peace with the tribe. However, in 1769, after a trade, a Peoria Indian clubbed Pontiac in the head, killing him. Some believed that his death was set up by the British, while others believed it was a personal dispute. Despite fears of retaliation for Pontiac’s death, the Indians and the British maintained peace afterwards. | <urn:uuid:64381f3b-ea97-4615-bb3b-fdc1b4c5d078> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.historynet.com/chief-pontiac | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190183.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00175-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978455 | 364 | 3.875 | 4 |
Matthew Macfadyen’s character in “Ripper Street,” Inspector Reid, was an actual police officer within the H Division. Find out more about the police force that was responsible for bringing Jack the Ripper to justice below:
When the 1829 Metropolitan Police Act was passed through the Parliament of the United Kingdom, it introduced a new Policing organization to London which was soon to be adopted throughout the world. The Met, as the force came to be known, stretched across London. The only area within the Metropolis which the Met did not cover was the square mile of the city, which had its own City of London Police Force.
Operating out of its headquarters, based at the famous Scotland Yard, The Met force was broken down into 4 districts – Northern, Eastern, Western and Southern. Within these districts were jurisdictions known as divisions and each division was given its own letter of the alphabet. Initially there were only 6 divisions; however, by 1888 these had expanded to 22 — and if you were to become a Police Constable in 1888, one of the most notorious and feared divisions to be posted to was that of H Division, Whitechapel.
The division was headed by Superintendent Thomas Arnold and, as with every division in the Met, it was split into two; uniformed and The Criminal Investigation Department, or CID for short. The uniformed men concentrated on the day to day policing of the area whereas CID undertook detective work. The uniformed side was led by acting Chief Inspector John West who reported directly to Superintendent Arnold.
Map of the London Metropolitan Area in 1888 (click to zoom)
To join the Met you had to be over 21 years of age and under 35, be physically fit, able to read and write, have no more than two children at the time of joining and neither you or your wife were permitted to own a shop. Married men with children were permitted to live with their families at police owned properties. Unmarried men were expected to live either within the station they were based at or a special property called a section house, which was a male-only environment.
Whitechapel was a notoriously hard area to live in. Situated just north of the London Docks, it was one of the first areas a newly landed immigrant would find themselves, wide-eyed and not knowing what was about to hit them. Work was rare and in Whitechapel, men would literally fight each other with pickaxe handles for jobs. Alcohol was plentiful and cheap so public houses and beer shops dominated almost every street.
With little else to do, men and women would sooner spend what little money they had on booze. The sanitary conditions and poor quality of the water supply meant that beer and gin were often the safest drinks around. Children were weaned on to it and it is with little wonder that alcoholism was rife.
These elements combined to make living in the area a dog-eat-dog world. When you add to the Whitechapel mix the Bearer Uppers, the Bug Hunters, the Demanders, the Rollers, the Lurkers and any of the wonderfully named villains, criminals, robbers, pimps and thugs, of which there were thousands, then you have an idea of the dark and desperate world the men of H Division worked in.
The Original H Division (click to zoom)
And it was into this world that your regular Police Constable walked his beat (patrol). Dressed neatly in his dark blue Melton uniform, with his Brunswick star glinting upon his helmet and his collar number (ID) shining, the Bobby (as he was known) walked the main gas lit streets, the back streets, dark alleyways and filthy courts armed with regulation-issued truncheon for defense and his oil-fueled Bulls Eye lamp for light. Inside his collar he wore a leather stock which helped him survive the most common of attacks upon the Police, garrotting.
During the Jack the Ripper Murders of 1888, their numbers were bolstered by the temporary recruitment of uniformed Constables to their ranks, as well as the return of one of their most popular of Detectives, Frederick Abberline. Abberline had been in H Division CID ever since his promotion to local Detective Inspector in 1873 and he soon gained a reputation for being an excellent one. Earning his stripes in the most difficult District in London enhanced his reputation, and by 1887 his superiors summoned him to work within Scotland Yard itself as part of the famous Central Office Detective Force.
However during the Ripper murders it was felt that the H Division needed someone with area experience to aid the new Local Detective Inspector Edmund Reid (who was a greatly reputed Detective himself) and to liaise with the freshly appointed head of the Ripper case, Chief Inspector Donald Swanson of Scotland Yard.
Swanson’s role was to be the Met Commissioner Sir Charles Warrens ‘eyes and ears’ on the case. Every piece of information pertaining to the murders went through him. Between Swanson, Abberline and Reid’s H Division, Scotland Yard and the Met had what they thought was a formidable Detective Department hunting the killer known as Jack the Ripper.
H Division Headquarters in Whitechapel (click to zoom)
Local Detective Inspector Edmund Reid had already been a pastry cook and ships steward before joining the Met. Originally posted to nearby J Division in Bethnal Green, Reid took on Abberline’s role when the former moved to Scotland Yard just prior to the beginning of the Jack the Ripper murders in 1888. He was noted as ‘one of the most remarkable men of the century’ by the Newspaper The Weekly Dispatch when they wrote about him upon his retirement in 1896. Though an excellent Detective, Reid was also a most noted amateur actor and singer.
Though these men never managed to bring the notorious Jack the Ripper to justice, it was not through any lack of trying. It must be noted that forensics in 1888 was virtually non-existent. Fingerprinting was not used by the Met until 3 years later in 1891, and the best you could get from a blood test was to determine if it was mammalian or not.
The best chance of a conviction was to either locate damning evidence on a person, a confession or capturing the murder in the act. To do this, the Met sent men out in various disguises into pubs to obtain gossip and to mill the streets with the homeless and unemployed just in hopes of picking up some information. They also wandered the dangerous streets at night, arresting anyone who acted suspicious.
However, it was all in vain. By 1896, the Whitechapel Murderer, aka Jack the Ripper, had not been brought to task and the investigation wound down. As with any unsolved crime, the file remains open and maybe somewhere in the archived records of the Met police or the personally owned files of an Ex Met Policeman, lays the unnoticed Jack the Ripper. If it does, the Met may have had their man all along.
Neil Bell is a noted researcher on Jack the Ripper and Victorian Policing. He has been featured in various podcasts and Radio programs discussing the crimes and has advised the City of London Police Museum upon the case. Neil was the Police Advisor for the documentary about the crimes, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Story, where he was filmed talking about the Policing aspect, and is currently advising on a number of upcoming Jack the Ripper projects. | <urn:uuid:264b75cd-80f4-4470-839c-16b5baf3ef0a> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.bbcamerica.com/ripper-street/2012/12/13/the-h-division/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535920849.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909043140-00110-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985378 | 1,536 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Vision for Society
Written by: Benjamin E. Zeller
ISKCON fundamentally differs from other forms of Hinduism in its missionary zeal and hopes to create a worldwide culture predicated on Krishna Consciousness. Like other monotheistic religions, namely Christianity and Islam, Gaudiya Vaishnavism considers itself the best path to achieving and developing a relationship with the one true God who creates and maintains the cosmos. In India this philosophy has lead the tradition to adopt the practice of sankirtan, or public devotion and preaching, in an effort to spread the worship of Krishna. This missionizing approach led to great success. From its origins as only a handful of disciples of Sri Chaitanya in the 16th century, Gaudiya Vaishnavism had become a major religious force in Bengal by the 19th century.
A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada represented both a continuation and departure from that previous Gaudiya Vaishnava pattern. Following the lead of Chaitanya, Bhaktivedanta hoped to spread Krishna Consciousness and used public means to do so. After arriving in New York City, the swami chanted in public parks in order to attract attention, and frequently offered lectures designed to gain converts. Like his own guru Bhaktisiddhanta, Bhaktivedanta discounted caste and social status to do so. Yet in seeking a non-Hindu audience and traveling overseas, Bhaktivedanta rejected the religious norms of Hinduism, which had long frowned on missionizing and considered the West an impure land far removed from the sacred geography of India.
Though ISKCON admits the value of other monotheistic religions, it ultimately hopes to supplant them through the creation of a global culture of Krishna Consciousness. What such a culture would entail has varied throughout the history of the movement. All devotees look to the ancient texts of the Vedas and the teachings of Krishna as the best foundation for society, but since the Vedic corpus offers so many different perspectives, ISKCON devotees differ on the nature of a Krishna Conscious culture. But as the Hare Krishna movement generally reads it, Vedic culture emphasizes simple agrarian living aimed toward spiritual rather than material success.
As the Hare Krishna movement understands it, Vedic culture is also hierarchal. One contentious issue is of that of caste, or varna, to use the technical term employed in the movement. Since the varnas serve such a central role in the Vedic texts, ISKCON has had trouble separating itself from the notion of caste. Bhaktivedanta implied that an ideal Krishna Conscious society would include all four of the castes living in perfect hierarchal harmony: brahmins (religious leaders) overseeing the kshatriyas (administrators and warriors), who oversee the vaishyas (merchants and artisans), all of whom receive the support of the shudras (servants). Bhaktivedanta at times made impolitic statements about the nature of shudras, at times linking the concept to race and skin color. One notable Hare Krishna community attempted to put the varna system into practice, assigning devotees particular castes and services. This experiment ended in failure. | <urn:uuid:12b2762c-50f1-4c6f-a043-2d768ed0ad44> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.patheos.com/Library/ISKCON-(Hare-Krishna)/Ethics-Morality-Community/Vision-for-Society | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935954.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00153-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931384 | 666 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Habits of Mind
Educational outcomes in traditional settings focus on how many answers a student knows. When we teach for the Habits of Mind, we are interested also in how students behave when they don't know an answer. The Habits of Mind are performed in response to questions and problems, the answers to which are not immediately known. We are interested in enhancing the ways students produce knowledge rather than how they merely reproduce it. We want students to learn how to develop a critical stance with their work: inquiring, editing, thinking flexibly, and learning from another person's perspective. The critical attribute of intelligent human beings is not only having information but also knowing how to act on it.
What behaviors indicate an efficient, effective thinker? What do human beings do when they behave intelligently? Vast research on effective thinking, successful people, and intelligent behavior by Ames (1997), Carnegie and Stynes (2006), Ennis (1991), Feuerstein, Rand, Hoffman, and Miller (1980), Freeley (as reported in Strugatch, 2004), Glatthorn and Baron (1991), Goleman (1995), Perkins (1991), Sternberg (1984), and Waugh (2005) suggests that effective thinkers and peak performers have identifiable characteristics. These characteristics have been identified in successful people in all walks of life: lawyers, mechanics, teachers, entrepreneurs, salespeople, physicians, athletes, entertainers, leaders, parents, scientists, artists, teachers, and mathematicians.
A Habit of Mind is a composite of many skills, attitudes, cues, past experiences, and proclivities. It means that we value one pattern of intellectual behaviors over another; therefore, it implies making choices about which patterns we should use at a certain time. It includes sensitivity to the contextual cues that signal that a particular circumstance is a time when applying a certain pattern would be useful and appropriate. It requires a level of skillfulness to use, carry out, and sustain the behaviors effectively. It suggests that after each experience in which these behaviors are used, the effects of their use are reflected upon, evaluated, modified, and carried forth to future applications.
Learning and Leading with Habits of Mind. Costa & Kallick (2008), Chapter 2, "Describing the Habits of Mind" | <urn:uuid:a4174949-3d5c-4de9-98cd-a7bd415ec7ac> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.spokaneintlacademy.org/habits-of-mind?lightbox=cblx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400213454.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924034208-20200924064208-00752.warc.gz | en | 0.938851 | 467 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Your son is worried again.
He doesn’t want to go to school tomorrow. He says he thinks he’s getting sick.
You’ve been here before.
You feel helpless and overwhelmed, not sure how to help your anxious child.
You encourage him to “take a deep breath,” but he refuses, saying “it doesn’t help!”
Going Beyond “Take a Deep Breath”
Deep breathing is great, but sometimes, your child needs another option. Or ten other options.
One of the best ways to manage anxious feelings is by having a huge list of coping skills and strategies to try. With time and practice, your child will find a few that work well and some that don’t work at all.
More Calming Ideas
- Put a basket of Kimochi’s on the counter. Ask your child to pick what they are feeling out of the basket.
- Hang a page with feeling faces on the refrigerator or bedroom door. Ask your child to circle or point to what they are feeling.
- Allow for creative expression. Set out crayons and paper or a notebook and pen, encourage scribbling, note writing or drawing (Some teens still like to color too!)
- Download a relaxation CD onto their iPod or iPad. Encourage them to go to a quiet place in the house and listen for a few minutes.
- Create a calming spot in the house. Make it a normal part of the day to visit the calming spot to relax or recharge.
- Have fidgets available. Play-dough, slinkies, tangle or koosh balls are all great for a child who needs to keep their hands busy.
- Model deep breathing throughout the day. Say out loud, “I’m going to take a deep breath,” use bubbles, balloons, candles or a pinwheel to make it fun.
- Make relaxation part of the routine. Let your child pick out a favorite bubble bath scent, include back rubs or hair brushing into the pre-bedtime ritual.
- Get moving. Go outside, run around, go to a park, swim or play catch. Enroll your child in activities that give them opportunities for movement.
- Let feelings be feelings. Rather than minimize or discourage your child from expressing their feelings, normalize them by saying, “you look angry right now” or “you seem really worried about that test tomorrow.”
- Read a great book. While there are many good authors, Freeing Your Child from Anxiety by Tamar Chansky is a wonderful resource for parents.
Practice When Your Child Is Calm
Rather than wait for the next anxiety crisis, start practicing calming strategies today!
Explain to your child that their brain is amazing. The more they practice using calming strategies, the easier it will be for their brain and body to remember what it feels like to be calm. This will help them get back to a calm brain and calm body faster next time they are worried or anxious.
It’s OK to Seek Help
These tips may not help every child overcome their anxiety. If your child continues to struggle with their worries, it may be best to seek help from a mental health professional. A therapist can work with you and your child and suggest more tips and strategies to manage and overcome anxiety. | <urn:uuid:5cf28aa4-0b0a-4ad5-8167-aff77ce7f390> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://imperfectfamilies.com/beyond-take-a-deep-breath-helping-your-anxious-child-practice-calming-strategies-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822822.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018070528-20171018090528-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.936488 | 703 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Long regarded as a violent outburst significant mainly for California history, the 1871 Los Angeles anti-Chinese massacre raises themes central to America’s Civil War Reconstruction era between 1865 and 1877, namely, the resort to threats and violence to preserve traditionally conceived social and political authority and power. Although the Los Angeles events occurred far from the American South, the Los Angeles anti-Chinese massacre paralleled the anti-black violence that rose in the South during Reconstruction. Although the immediate causes of the violence in the post–Civil War South and California were far different, they shared one key characteristic: they employed racial disciplining to preserve traditional social orders that old elites saw as threatened by changing times and circumstances.
In September 1962, the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) held its first convention in Fresno, California, initiating a multiracial movement that would result in the creation of United Farm Workers (UFW) and the first contracts for farm workers in the state of California. Led by Cesar Chavez, the union contributed a number of innovations to the art of social protest, including the most successful consumer boycott in the history of the United States. Chavez welcomed contributions from numerous ethnic and racial groups, men and women, young and old. For a time, the UFW was the realization of Martin Luther King Jr.’s beloved community—people from different backgrounds coming together to create a socially just world. During the 1970s, Chavez struggled to maintain the momentum created by the boycott as the state of California became more involved in adjudicating labor disputes under the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act (ALRA). Although Chavez and the UFW ultimately failed to establish a permanent, national union, their successes and strategies continue to influence movements for farm worker justice today.
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Please check back later for the full article.
Chinese herb medicine in the United States is an important part of Chinese American history. As an interesting case of cultural migration, it illustrates how people, work skills, and cultural traditions were transplanted from one place to another. It is both a medical and social history. Chinese herbalists provided a vital medical service to both Chinese and Caucasian patients from the mid-19th century to the first half of the 20th century. This article documents when, how, and why Chinese herbal medicine spread and became popular in America, who the herbalists were, how they operated their businesses, how they served both Chinese and non-Chinese patients, what kinds of challenges they faced, and why herbal medicine became a much needed yet also controversial profession. Its significance and theoretical implications are manifold. Cultural traditions, medical knowledge, medical license laws, racial environment, and ethnic resilience were all important themes in Chinese herbalists’ history.
Kelly N. Fong
The Sacramento Delta is an agricultural region in northern California with deep historic significance for Asian Americans. Asian American laborers were instrumental to the development of Sacramento Delta, transforming the swampy peat bog into one of the richest agricultural areas in California. Beginning in the mid-19th century, Chinese laborers constructed levees, dikes, and ditches along the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers before breaking the fertile soil to grow fruit and vegetables including pears and asparagus. Asian Americans continued a permanent and transient presence in the Sacramento Delta on farms as migrant farm laborers, permanent farmworkers, and overseers, and in the small delta towns such as Isleton that emerged as merchants, restaurant operators, boardinghouse operators, and other business owners catering to the local community.
The national parks of the United States have been one of the country’s most popular federal initiatives, and popular not only within the nation but across the globe. The first park was Yellowstone, established in 1872, and since then almost sixty national parks have been added, along with hundreds of monuments, protected rivers and seashores, and important historical sites as well as natural preserves. In 1916 the parks were put under the National Park Service, which has managed them primarily as scenic treasures for growing numbers of tourists. Ecologically minded scientists, however, have challenged that stewardship and called for restoration of parks to their natural conditions, defined as their ecological integrity before white Europeans intervened. The most influential voice in the history of park philosophy remains John Muir, the California naturalist and Yosemite enthusiast and himself a proto-ecologist, who saw the parks as sacred places for a modern nation, where reverence for nature and respect for science might coexist and where tourists could be educated in environmental values. As other nations have created their own park systems, similar debates have occurred. While parks may seem like a great modern idea, this idea has always been embedded in cultural and social change—and subject to struggles over what that “idea” should be.
U.S. imperialism took a variety of forms in the early 20th century, ranging from colonies in Puerto Rico and the Philippines to protectorates in Cuba, Panama, and other countries in Latin America, and open door policies such as that in China. Formal colonies would be ruled with U.S.-appointed colonial governors and supported by U.S. troops. Protectorates and open door policies promoted business expansion overseas through American oversight of foreign governments and, in the case of threats to economic and strategic interests, the deployment of U.S. marines. In all of these imperial forms, U.S. empire-building both reflected and shaped complex social, cultural, and political histories with ramifications for both foreign nations and America itself.
The United States–Mexico War was the first war in which the United States engaged in a conflict with a foreign nation for the purpose of conquest. It was also the first conflict in which trained soldiers (from West Point) played a large role. The war’s end transformed the United States into a continental nation as it acquired a vast portion of Mexico’s northern territories. In addition to shaping U.S.–Mexico relations into the present, the conflict also led to the forcible incorporation of Mexicans (who became Mexican Americans) as the nation’s first Latinos. Yet, the war has been identified as the nation’s “forgotten war” because few Americans know the causes and consequences of this conflict. Within fifteen years of the war’s end, the conflict faded from popular memory, but it did not disappear, due to the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War. By contrast, the U.S.–Mexico War is prominently remembered in Mexico as having caused the loss of half of the nation’s territory, and as an event that continues to shape Mexico’s relationship with the United States. Official memories (or national histories) of war affect international relations, and also shape how each nation’s population views citizens of other countries. Not surprisingly, there is a stark difference in the ways that American citizens and Mexican citizens remember and forget the war (e.g., Americans refer to the “Mexican American War” or the “U.S.–Mexican War,” for example, while Mexicans identify the conflict as the “War of North American Intervention”). | <urn:uuid:0bc342f0-3640-4427-8be4-da49316dd987> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://americanhistory.oxfordre.com/search;jsessionid=7F6176649A45CE2A95DDF03FAA6286CA?t0=ORE_AMH%3AREFAH025 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812841.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219211247-20180219231247-00606.warc.gz | en | 0.957801 | 1,463 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Dupuytren's disease (also referred to as Dupuytren's contracture) is a common condition that usually arises in middle age. Firm nodules appear in the ligaments just beneath the skin of the palm and in some cases they extend to form cords that can prevent the finger straightening completely.
It is unknown, it is more common in Northern Europe than elsewhere and it often runs in families. Dupuytren's disease may be associated with diabetes, smoking and high alcohol consumption, but many affected people have none of these. It does not appear to be associated with manual work. It occasionally appears after injury to the hand or wrist, or after surgery to these areas.
Dupuytren's disease begins with nodules in the palm, often in line with the ring finger. The nodules initially can be uncomfortable on pressure, but the discomfort almost always improves over time. In about one affected person out of every three, the nodules extend to form cords that pull the finger towards the palm and prevent it straightening fully. Without treatment, one or more fingers may become fixed in a bent position. The web between thumb and index finger is sometimes narrowed. Contracture of fingers is usually slow, occurring over months and years
There is no cure and surgery can usually make bent fingers straighter, but cannot eradicate the disease. Over the longer term, Dupuytren's disease may reappear in operated digits or in previously uninvolved areas of the hand. But most patients, who require surgery, need only one operation.
It is not always needed, depending on a number of factors, including degree of contracture, speed of progression, your expectations/ needs and your general health, just to mention the most important factors. I will be more specific after I have examined you. Normally, you would need to see me when it has become impossible to put the hand flat on a table. If you have reached this stage, you will need to seek advice at the earliest opportunity. I can advise on the type of operation best suited to you and on its timing. The procedure maybe carried out under local, regional (injection of local anaesthetic at the shoulder) or general anaesthetic.
Fasciotomy. The contracted cord is simply cut in the palm, in the finger or in both, using a small knife or a needle.
Limited fasciectomy. Short segments of the cord are removed through one or more small incisions.
Regional fasciectomy. Through a single longer incision, the entire cord is removed.
Dermofasciectomy. The cord is removed together with the overlying skin and the skin is replaced with a graft taken usually from the upper arm. This procedure is usually undertaken for recurrent disease, or for extensive disease in a younger individual and helps prevent recurrence.
For the first week, your hand will be in a bulky bandage, resting in a sling. You will have to take regular oral analgesia and limit your activities to a minimum.
At the end of the first week, the dressing will be replaced with a simple one which will be kept for another week.
At 2 weeks following surgery, stitches will be removed and you will start hand therapy.
It normally takes approximately 3 months to go back to full activity.
It is not allowed during the first week postop, since the bulky bandage would be a problem and your insurance will be temporarily invalid. We will discuss this in detail during our preoperative briefing and consenting in the clinic.
I may need to prescribe a splint, to be worn at night for 6 months.
Hand therapy is a very important element in the overall management and we will have to make an early referral to your local NHS service. Private/ insured patients have additional options.
Depending on whether you are a NHS patient or private/ insured, hand therapy will be organised either by your GP or myself.
The degree of improvement achieved is variable but usually satisfactory. The final outcome is dependent on many factors, including the extent and behaviour of the disease itself and the type of surgery required. I will tell you more during our meeting in my clinic. | <urn:uuid:50a204d5-6933-4775-b661-597dd138c217> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.londonhandspecialist.com/services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141727627.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203094119-20201203124119-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.95392 | 851 | 2.796875 | 3 |
British Values at Berridge Primary
School wants to ensure that our children can develop skills and attitudes that will allow them to contribute positively to life in modern Britain. This involves the children’s acceptance and engagement with fundamental British values of
rule of law
tolerance of those of different faiths and beliefs
These values are taught explicitly through Personal, Social, Health and Emotional (PSHE), and Religious Education (RE). We also teach British Values through planning and delivering a broad and balanced curriculum.
The school takes opportunities to actively promote British Values through daily collective worship and whole school systems such as electing and running school council.
At Berridge Primary School, these values are reinforced regularly and in the following ways:
Democracy is an important value at our school. Pupils have the opportunity to have their ideas heard through our school council. The elections of members of the school council are based on pupil votes. Decisions and discussions are passed through school council to ensure views are expressed and decisions made democratically.
The Rule of Law:
The importance of laws and rules, whether they are those that govern the class, the school or the country, are consistently reinforced throughout regular school days. Our system for behaviour is aligned to an agreed set of rules and if children are given verbal warnings this is always set against the agreed school behaviour code.
Pupils are taught the value and reasons behind laws, that they govern and protect us, the responsibilities that this involves and the consequences when laws are broken. Children are encouraged to become ‘monitors’ and ‘referees’ at break times. They learn the value of responsibility, ensure break time games are well managed and contribute to the excellent behaviour at Berridge. Children learn to listen to referees and respect their decisions.
To encourage and promote good behaviour, attitude and work, we have devised a reward system which is consistently followed throughout the school. We are committed to praising children’s efforts. We endeavour to praise the children informally, individually, during group work, in front of the whole class and the whole school. Children are rewarded not only for achievement in curriculum areas, but for behaviour and general attitude towards school life.
Rewards are given in the form of stickers, smiley stamps, ‘golden book’ and certificates. Children’s achievements are also recognised during Celebration Assemblies.
Individual Liberty :
Pupils are actively encouraged to make choices at our school, knowing that they are in a safe and supportive environment. As a school we provide boundaries for our children to make choices safely, through the provision of a safe environment and planned curriculum. Pupils are encouraged to know, understand their rights and personal freedoms and are advised how to exercise these safely, for example through a range of programs taught such as e-Safety, ‘GREAT’ project and IMPS. Pupils are given the freedom to make choices like joining extra-curricular clubs offered.
Part of our school ethos and behaviour policy are based around core values such as ‘respect’ and ‘responsibility’ and these values determine how we live as a community. Our curriculum teaches significant people in history and respect for different cultures/beliefs.
Tolerance of Those of Different Faiths and Beliefs:
Berridge is proud to be a multicultural school serving a diverse community. At present over 80% of our children speak English as an additional language and there is currently over 40 different languages spoken in school. Our RE, PSHE and collective worship are planned to teach about different faiths/beliefs enhancing pupils’ understanding of their place in a culturally diverse society. We use different religious festivals and events such as the World Cup to learn more about life and culture in different countries. | <urn:uuid:9961437e-e0ac-48fe-9226-6df90de3e532> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.berridgeprimary.com/british-values/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.961558 | 774 | 3.390625 | 3 |
We’ve heard from many of you that you’re always looking for more training and professional development resources. We’re excited to share with you some fantastic examples of how educators are using wikis to bring together their professional development resources. We hope they spark your creativity.
iPads and Professional Development at Buhler USD 313
Rosemary Miller, District Integration Technology Specialist from Buhler Unified School District 313 in Buhler, Kansas, uses wikis regularly to organize all of her professional development resources. One of Buhler’s wikis at http://buhleripads.wikispaces.com/ is a great example of this. You can find information on different apps for the iPad as well as how they’re being used in the classroom. Be sure to check out how they snazzed up their wiki with a custom Wikispaces theme and embedded graphics.
Empowering Teachers to Empower Students
Helen Gooch, Instructional Technology Coordinator at Clarksville-Montgomery County Schools in Clarksville, Tenneesee, uses Wikispaces to “house all the technology we do here in the district as an exemplar of what is possible and a test bed for assisting teachers with their implementation.” Check out just one of their rich professional development wikis at http://empowerstudents.wikispaces.com/.
Organize Workshops and Conferences
By sharing your PD resources and events on a wiki, your educators can easily reference, share, and engage with them. Melissa Shields from Etowah County Schools hosts her workshops on her wiki. Her teachers visit the site to find PowerPoints, exercises, checklists, and even how-to videos from her workshops.
Manitou Springs School District uses a wiki for their Summer Learning Institute. There, attendees can find resources and activities for each event, work on them at their own pace, and return to them as needed throughout the year. Adrienne Michetti from the Australia International School of Singapore posts her workshop resources in one place as well.
We’ve highlighted a few ways people are using wikis to support their professional development, but we’d love to hear more. Let us know in the comments below. How do you PD? | <urn:uuid:17bf613a-58a3-462f-8033-6de3989428d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://blog.wikispaces.com/2012/11/showcase-professional-development-wikis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118740.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00149-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920476 | 472 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Since 2005, at least 56 western chimpanzees have fallen sick with a mysterious lethal disease in the Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Sierra Leone. After being sluggish with a lack of coordination, the chimps go on to develop vomiting and even seizures. Even after receiving extensive medical treatment by veterinarians, the overwhelming number of chimps eventually die.
The cause of the disease – dubbed “epizootic neurologic and gastroenteric syndrome” (ENGS) – had long remained mysterious, but thanks to years of veterinary sleuthing, a team of scientists believe they have found the culprit: a newly discovered species of bacteria named Candidatus Sarcina troglodytae.
The team reported their findings in the journal Nature Communications this week.
The bacteria was pinned down by searching for viruses, parasites, and bacteria within all manner of samples taken from western chimpanzees – a critically endangered subspecies – at Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary with ENGS, comparing them to ones taken from healthy individuals.
Eventually, they noticed that up to 68 percent of the sick chimps carried a certain bacteria that wasn’t found in any of the healthy chimps, which was later named Ca. S. troglodytae. Most unusually, this bacteria wasn’t just discovered in the gastrointestinal tracts of infected individuals, but also embedded in their internal organs including the brain.
While this bacteria is a newly identified species, other members of the Sarcina genus are fairly well-known and are known to be common in soil. Other species have been detected in the human microbiome too. S. ventriculi, for example, has been in the stomach contents of humans suffering from recurrent vomiting and has been linked to a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weakness. In these cases, the patients are often treated with antibiotics successfully. Now Ca. S. troglodytae has been identified within the sick chimps, the team hopes they can open the door to treatment for this grim disease.
Rest assured, however, the cases of ENGS in Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary are unlikely to spark a global plague that ravages chimps or humans. The study authors write that “human cases have not been reported, even among personnel with close daily contact with affected individuals.” It’s still unclear how the chimpanzees became infected with the bacteria, but it's apparent the bacteria could be living in their surrounding environment since members of the Sarcina genera are found in water and soil across the world.
"Many questions regarding ENGS and 'Ca. S. troglodytae' remain unexplained," the study concludes.
Although mystery remains, a deeper understanding of this newly identified bacteria helps to uncover more information about the wider genus Sarcina and how it affects humans. Since Ca. S. troglodytae can be found in the brains of chimps, perhaps S. ventriculi can also affect the central nervous system of humans. The study adds: "We advocate that prior and future human and animal cases of severe disease associated with sarcinae, particularly those cases without clear predisposing factors, be revisited." | <urn:uuid:3f55cb6d-7c1b-480a-9d34-bc3b27136f4f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.iflscience.com/newly-discovered-bacteria-may-be-behind-a-mysterious-disease-outbreak-in-chimps-58623 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.945431 | 663 | 3.9375 | 4 |
June 3-4, 1989: Carnage in Tiananmen Square
After crackdown, change comes slowly to China
By Greg Botelho
(CNN) -- One man, alone and unarmed, boldly shuffles to confront a column of tanks, climbs atop one, then berates its occupants. For many, this image defined the tumultuous 1989 clash between Chinese armed forces and anti-government protesters.
Yet this scene, broadcast to millions worldwide, ran counter to what transpired in Beijing that bloody week. Whereas that still unidentified man walked away unscathed, hundreds of fellow demonstrators did not, killed as troops tore through the city. Ultimately, the military showed little restraint, and protesters could claim few victories.
When the massive Tiananmen Square rally ended, so did many Chinese hopes for immediate, drastic political reform. Much like after similar student-led protests in 1919, 1976 and 1986, quiet quickly displaced pro-democracy chants, industriousness took the place of rebellion in the capital and throughout the country.
"They had come close to the edge of chaos and looked over, and they didn't like what they saw," UCLA Professor Richard Baum said of the millions of Chinese, including many of his friends, who had backed the students. "Now they were saying that China needs time to heal its wounds, that we'll have gradual change instead."
But outside China, the reverberations were far more pronounced. Unlike at the earlier, large-scale protests, the global media -- having flocked to Beijing to cover Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's summit with China's Deng Xiaoping -- witnessed the huge demonstrations and stern crackdown.
"The students in the square rained on Deng's parade," noted Baum, calling the incident a "public relations disaster" for China's leadership. "The world press turned their cameras on the more interesting show... Internationally, China suffered a huge amount of damage."
Leaders worldwide swiftly and strongly condemned China's leadership. Many subsequent sanctions, including U.S. and EU bans of arms and certain technical sales, remain in place to this day, as China plays an increasingly vital role in the global economy.
"China was viewed as a pariah state -- it was catastrophic," said University of Pennsylvania Professor Avery Goldstein. "It catalyzed the redefinition of the American view of China" from being a useful ally to being a close-minded, authoritarian nation without respect for human rights.
A Communist exception
Most everywhere else, state communism -- like one of its preeminent symbols, the Berlin Wall -- crumbled in the late 1980s.
The ruling Communist regime acted militantly after the number of activists topped 1 million.
In 1988, Gorbachev announced massive military cuts and pulled forces from Afghanistan, while Soviet citizens voted in legislative members three years ahead of the regime's fall.
The next year, the Solidarity movement swept out the ruling Communist party in Poland, long-time dissident Vaclav Havel became Czechoslovakia's first freely elected leader, and Romania's army joined its citizenry to evict then execute strongman Nicolae Ceaucescu.
The wave seemed set to hit China, the world's most populous Communist state, in spring 1989.
A once modest demonstration marking the death of Hu Yaobang, a party leader ousted two years earlier for being soft on student protesters, had swelled in two months. Not only had Chinese leaders refused to listen to the 1989 protesters' demands, but Deng blasted them as unpatriotic -- actions that fueled popular discontent.
"The government [claimed] this was turning into massive civil unrest," said Goldstein. "In fact, that was not the case. There was some turmoil, but these were peaceful demonstrations."
By early June, hundreds of thousands had gathered in Tiananmen Square urging not just anti-corruption measures, but democracy and an end to Communist rule. Demonstrations took place throughout China, particularly fervent in major northern and eastern cities.
"In every city, the majority of the citizens supported the students and what they were doing," said Baum, who spent much of May 1989 in China and observed huge rallies in Shanghai and Nanjing.
"They shared the grievance that the government wasn't paying attention to ordinary people, that it was time to respond to the negative byproducts of economic reform. They considered the government to be arrogant, haughty and unresponsive."
In early June, government leaders toughened their stance, ordering soldiers to break up the demonstrations in Beijing. Troops began rolling through the streets late June 3, firing on dissenters. The following morning, protesters ceded to regime demands and departed Tiananmen Square.
Although exact fatality figures are unknown, estimates range from 300 to several thousand dead. The government, to date, has resisted calls for an open inquiry into that week's events, including a full account of victims.
"There was a sense of disbelief after June 4," recalled Baum. "People in China, even liberal intellectuals, were sobered by the crackdown and its ferocity."
The demonstrations built up gradually, spreading their message to an international audience.
Twentieth century China has seen many examples of the state's heavy-handed approach to dissent, particularly under the rule of Communist leader and icon Mao Zedong.
But after the bloody Cultural Revolution and Mao's 1976 death, China inched toward a "more open, more pluralistic, more tolerant society" in the 1980s, said Baum.
Chinese authorities initially pushed economic and political reforms simultaneously, before deciding to accelerate the former while stunting the latter -- learning from what happened in Poland, where the ruling Communists cession on small issues to Solidarity leaders had opened the floodgates for regime change.
After Tiananmen, China's leadership continued to resist major political reforms in favor of promoting financial development -- ironically, making many 1989 demonstrators wealthy in the process.
"They wonder if the authoritarian order may have facilitated economic growth," Goldstein said, referring to the mixed feelings many student protesters and their supporters now feel. "They realize that political stability made it easier to carry out reforms and attract foreign investment."
Still, Goldstein said the poor health of Zhao Ziyang -- the former Communist party secretary exiled for his conciliatory views in 1989 -- may now worry Chinese leaders, fearful the large demonstrations might erupt should he die.
"If they're helping defray his medical expenses, they're making sure he lives well past June," said Goldstein.
But he adds that a repeat of the 1989 Tiananmen Square events -- both in terms of matching the number of demonstrators, or the prospect of a heavy-handed response from the Chinese government -- is unlikely, given the strength of China's economy.
Economic globalization has opened the country up to new information, new ideas and new personal and national aspirations. Today, there are 280 million cell phones, 120,000 lawyers, 42 million satellite dishes, 60 percent home ownership and an "enormous middle class" in China, according to Baum.
While a total political overhaul -- such as open national elections, an end to one-party rule or a full accounting of what happened in 1989 -- may be decades away, Baum said Chinese "are freer now than ever before."
"Leaders at the top may still cling to power but, in the meantime, bubbling up is a healthy, vibrant society," he said.
"For the first time, I hear more and more Chinese say in open forums that they understand China will [become] more open," seconded Goldstein. "They recognize that eventually tight control will no longer be viable, but they want an orderly process." | <urn:uuid:55486fbc-a123-437b-a39f-9b4105b2f4da> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/06/01/tiananmen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542648.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00412-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96572 | 1,572 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Environmental Quality / 2013
Serious Game: Los Angeles 2050
Have you ever played SimCity & thought “Wouldn’t it be cool if this virtual city was an accurate representation of Los Angeles?” Our geography, our neighborhoods, our roads, freeways, buildings, landmarks - from South LA to the San Fernando Valley & down to the Port… Wouldn’t THAT be interesting?How about we do that? How about we build a 3D virtual LA using actual GIS data on all the natural & built environments here, add in social & economic data, make it relational & run it all through existing hydrologic & climate models that’ll let us move through time to 2050?
Ooh, ooh! What if we took that & made a game the public could use?! That would be some SERIOUS GAMING!!
Imagine what you’d learn from that game. You’ve always had GREAT ideas about how we could do things better. What choices would you make to create a healthier, more resilient LA in the face of climate change? How can we integrate & prioritize the cycles of air, water, soil & fire in urban planning & design for a truly sustainable LA? Can we do that & be economically vibrant, too? Can we do it quickly enough so that our investments help us ADAPT rather than RECOVER?
What if you could play the game with that friend who also has ideas about how to run the city, but….he’s just wrong, y’know? Play the game WITH that guy, & watch the impacts of his choices & yours as you play! What happens if we invest in public transit, add park space, revitalize existing neighborhoods, ramp up home solar, install cool roofs, capture stormwater, revitalize the river? What happens if we expand freeways, demolish crumbling neighborhoods to make way for new development, build more in the mountains, add concrete to the river walls, invest in desal? You can play until you find an approach that meets common goals. In fact, that’s a major objective OF the game: to prompt informed collaboration.
Imagine doing this with students in a classroom, or with your local Neighborhood Council? Making sound decisions about how we invest scant resources is challenging. The problems involved are complex & the various interests are often at odds. A solution seems logical to one partner, but makes the problem more complex for another. Playing the game, all parties see impacts of any approach & work toward common ground, learning that collaboration really does reap better solutions. Imagine being able to show the results of your choices to the public by projecting it on the side of a building downtown? Cool, huh?
LET’S DO IT! ‘Cause guess what? We need to make serious decisions NOW. And now we have the technology to make those decisions more quickly, in a more informed & equitable way – collaborating on what LA 2050 will be. Let’s start with 2013 & see what challenges the game presents:
20th c. LA relied on the idea that resources could be extracted from afar & that the city should promote car culture. This had huge ecological & social effects: air quality degraded, resource lands paved, groundwater depleted, agriculture extirpated, public health & quality of life in decline. Our freeways’ promise of mobility gave way to the reality of congestion & immobility - neighborhoods are physically & socially isolated, the single-family housing model turned people inward rather than toward community gathering spaces. In addition to ambient air pollution, freeway traffic directly affects the health of people living & working nearby. The flow of goods inland from the Ports exacerbates this effect & compromises the livability of communities near goods movement corridors. As LA grew, so did its dependence on imported water, with impacts to distant communities & regional competition for water resources. The energy needed to deliver & treat water, & to mimic compromised ecological functions, caused environmental impacts on a scale reaching well beyond metro LA.
Reestablishing ecosystem services is key to ameliorating impacts & rethinking urban form for the future. As the city reshapes itself with public transit & density, the time is ripe to require strategic, concurrent open space set-asides that provide critical ecosystem services. Strategic densification, coupled with green streetscapes that enhance pedestrian, bicycling, & public transit opportunities, can provide local water supply, reduce air pollution, increase public health & significantly enhance our quality of life. But how do we accomplish this while supporting existing key services & keeping the economy strong?
Angelenos hold an illusion that the existing grid & infrastructure are permanent, yet our long-term success may depend on re-shaping that grid to integrate natural processes with sustainable urban design - to see ecosystem functions as critical infrastructure, while anticipating the need for resiliency & local resource security. Serious Gaming provides a means to test both the reality & the value of that permanence in the face of a climate change & post-carbon world.
What are some of your organization’s most important achievements to date?
The River Project organized the Coalition for a State Park at Taylor Yard and led the successful fight to establish the first state park on the Los Angeles River - Rio de Los Angeles State Park.
We produced a comprehensive watershed management plan for the Tujunga Wash subwatershed, and are actively engaged in partnership with the City of Los Angeles and the Department of Water & Power in it's implementation. The plan received an award for Innovation in Green Community Planning from the American Planning Association.</p.
Our educational program has been named in the state board of education's California Guide to Environmental Literacy as one of the best environmental education projects in the state.
We are currently partnered with the State and the City on bringing Low Impact Development strategies to residential homeowners throughout the City through our Water LA program.
We are active in the development of water and land use policy at the local and statewide level.
Please identify any partners or collaborators who will work with you on this project.
We will work with the software and gaming designers from Tygron who pioneered the serious gaming the Dutch Government uses in making collaborative decisions about their climate future.
We will work with the County of LA, the LA Regional Collaborative for Climate Action and Sustainability at UCLA (LARCC), & our partners in the Urban Waters Federal Partnership in organizing the data & models.
A preview of the Serious Game will be debuted at the “Room for the River: Los Angeles” Symposium produced in partnership with the City & County of Los Angeles, the Consulate General of the Netherlands, The River Project and other local partners including TreePeople & LARCC, in late May 2013.
Please explain how you will evaluate your project. How will you measure success?
Everyone who uses the Serious Game will be given the means to provide online feedback to us in the form of a survey. This will help us gauge increases in awareness and willingness to participate in contributing their ideas and voice in planning their future city. The feedback will also help local agencies better understand the public’s priorities and concerns, and vice versa.
How will your project benefit Los Angeles?
We expect to see a broader awareness of the specific challenges Los Angeles will face in the era of climate change, a better grasp of what each individual can do here at home, a clearer understanding of how each choice affects another, increased collaboration and communication among stakeholders, education, empowerment, participation, vision, a shift in priorities, more local vocal engagement.
We will be able to move more quickly in deploying the critical changes necessary to adapt to a shifting climate in a timely, cost-effective way while at the same time not merely protecting but improving the livability of the city and its environmental function and quality.
What would success look like in the year 2050 regarding your indicator?
Our priorities have shifted. The region no longer relies on imported water supplies, nearly everyone has access to parks and transit, more local food, better air quality, large segments of our rivers, creeks and streams are alive. The Sacramento Bay Delta and the Colorado River Estuary have rebounded, relieved of the pressure of extraction from 9 million users in Greater Los Angeles. The air feels good to breathe in deeply when you walk and hike.
We have rebuilt an ecologically functioning landscape with green infrastructure, an extensive public transportation network, pristine air, swimmable rivers and beaches, a vibrant economy, and a healthy populace equipped to be resilient in the face of whatever climate change brings. | <urn:uuid:3519fe81-7dfc-409c-8ca7-449feb337b4f> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://archive.la2050.org/2013/serious-game-los-angeles-2050/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964361064.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201234046-20211202024046-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.925117 | 1,756 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Q: I’ve read that Sam Weller in The Pickwick Papers is supposed to be a cockney. But the main peculiarities of his speech (using “v” where there should be a “w,” and “w” where there should be a “v”) doesn’t sound like any cockney accent I’ve heard.
A: You’re right. The dialect spoken by Sam Weller in the novel, which Charles Dickens originally published as a serial in 1836-37, is different from the cockney spoken in London now.
In fact, it’s different from the cockney spoken 40 years later, when George Bernard Shaw arrived in London. But as Shaw came to learn, Sam Weller’s dialect was indeed cockney.
In an explanatory note about the cockney used by Frederick Drinkwater, a character in his 1900 stage comedy Captain Brassbound’s Conversion, Shaw writes:
“When I came to London in 1876, the Sam Weller dialect had passed away so completely that I should have given it up as a literary fiction if I had not discovered it surviving in a Middlesex village, and heard of it from an Essex one.”
Shaw adds that he used the Drinkwater character to educate people about how cockney was really spoken at the turn of the century.
“So I have taken the liberty of making a special example of him, as far as that can be done without a phonetic alphabet, for the benefit of the mass of readers outside London who still form their notions of cockney dialect on Sam Weller.”
In Shaw’s play, Drinkwater pronounces “v” and “w” normally, and speaks with many of the characteristics of modern cockney, such as pronouncing “lady” as LIE-dy, “ever hear” as HEV-er EAR, and “likely” as LOI-kly.
Shaw uses an “aw” instead of “oi” to render the cockney “likely” in his script, but he’s apparently referring to the same sound. “This aw for i, which I have made Drinkwater use, is the latest stage of the old diphthongal oi,” Shaw writes.
In Cockney Past and Present (2015), which traces the evolution of the dialect from the 16th century to modern times, William Matthews indicates that the use of “v” for “w” and “w” for “v” were features of cockney at least as far back as the 1700s.
He notes that the educator James Elphinston, who translated the odes of Martial into English in 1782, used one of the Roman writer’s odes to illustrate the cockney speech of Elphinston’s time. Here are the opening lines:
Ve have at length resoom’d our place,
And can, vith doo distinction, set;
Nor ve, the great and wulgar met.
Ve dooly can behould the play,
Sence ve in no confusion LAY.
Matthews points out several other literary examples of “v” and “w” swapping from the 1700s and 1800s.
In The Waterman, a 1774 opera by the British composer and dramatist Charles Dibdin, the cockney character Tom Tugg pronounces “w” in the usual way, but “v” comes out as “w” when he says “you’ll never catch me at your Cupids and Wenisses.”
And in Fanny Burney’s 1796 novel Camilla, the cockney actor playing Othello pronounces “w” as “v,” and “v” as “w,” but not every “v” is transformed: “I vil a round unwarnish’d tale deliver.”
As we’ve written many times on the blog, the English of yesterday isn’t the English of today, and today’s English won’t be tomorrow’s. The same is true of English dialects.
However, literary cockney isn’t necessarily the same as the cockney spoken on the streets. Writers pick and choose whichever sounds of speech serve their fiction best.
In Dickens’s Pickwick, for example, Sam is much more likely to use “w” for “v” than “v” for “w,” and sometimes both letters are pronounced the usual way. Here are a few examples of Sam’s speech (minus the interpolations):
“Wy, that’s just the wery point as nobody never know’d” … “They von’t be long, Sir, I des-say” … “Yes every man slept vere he fell down” … “Vell all I can say is, that I vish you may get it.”
And here’s an example written around the same time, from Renton Nicholson’s Cockney Adventures (1837-38): “We went in a wan cowered all over with bows, and I vos dressed as smart as a new pin.”
It’s clear that cockney speakers did once pronounce “v” as “w,” and “w” as “v,” but not necessarily in the precise way Sam Weller renders them. Dickens was a novelist, after all, not a phonologist.
from Grammarphobia http://www.grammarphobia.com/blog/2016/09/does-sam-weller-speak-cockney.html | <urn:uuid:8feae350-1c58-4351-baf7-67cdb0d722ff> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://lawrence29white.wordpress.com/2016/09/28/does-sam-weller-speak-cockney/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.951588 | 1,273 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Summer may now be over, but the debate over how OSHA should regulate worker exposure to heat – indoors and out – may be getting hotter. Over the summer, both the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and a coalition of private advocacy groups and individuals supported OSHA developing a heat stress standard. While OSHA has offered guidance on protecting workers from overheating and cited companies under the catch-all General Duty Clause, it does not currently have particular heat exposure limits or mandates.
The renewed discussion of a national OSHA standard began when NIOSH released a report on July 6, 2018 recommending that companies comply with the agency’s unofficial exposure limits. The paper echoed NIOSH’s long-standing recommendations that OSHA adopt an occupational heat stress rule. Those recommendations, first developed in 1972 and revised in 1986 and 2016, are in a NIOSH document called Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Heat and Hot Environments.
NIOSH says current OSHA guidance “might not be sufficiently protective”
In its most recent report, NIOSH suggested tightening its recommendations further. The research agency said that by looking at OSHA records of 25 individual heat stress cases, it could “validate” appropriate exposure limits. Moreover, it concluded that OSHA’s “current occupational Heat Index guidance might not be sufficiently protective,” and it suggests a lower temperature threshold than before for taking protective measures.
NIOSH generally has recommended that OSHA impose permissible exposure limits for heat stress due to heat in the environment based on the “Wet Bulb Glove Temperature” (WBGT), which includes factors such as humidity, sunlight, and wind. It would also limit exposures based on metabolic heat (based on workload).
While NIOSH says that WBGT is the “gold standard,” outdoor work sites often do not have this measurement available and rely on weather reports for heat index information. Until now, NIOSH and OSHA have suggested that 91°F was the level for taking additional precautions.
However, NIOSH now says that the trigger for heightened preventive measures should be lower because “at a heat index of 85°F (29.4°C), workers wearing normal clothing are at risk for heat related illness.” As a result, says NIOSH, OSHA’s current guidance “might not be sufficiently protective,” and employers should implement additional protective measures to prevent heat-related illness and to screen for hazardous workplace environmental heat at 85°F.
Do you have a heat-related illness prevention program?
NIOSH has further recommended that employers adopt a comprehensive heat-related illness prevention program, including at least the following general components:
- Measure heat stress throughout the day using WBGT;
- Take actions to prevent heat exposure in excess of exposure limits;
- Use a heat index of 85° when WBGT is unavailable to screen for hazardous heat exposure;
- Use an acclimatization schedule for newly hired or long-term unacclimatized workers;
- Use engineering and administrative controls to reduce heat stress;
- Provide medical surveillance; and
- Provide fluids and shade areas for rest breaks.
OSHA also has extensive resources on its web site with guidance for dealing with heat exposure at different levels, including developing programs and training employees.
Private groups also call for a national heat stress standard
In the wake of the NIOSH report, Public Citizen, a consumer health advocacy group, submitted a letter on behalf of over 130 of organizations and 90 individuals, renewing a call for a national heat stress standard. In the letter, they petitioned OSHA to initiate the rulemaking process to formulate such a standard. They note that several states already have state heat stress regulations.
In 2012, Assistant Secretary David Michaels denied a similar petition saying, among other reasons, that it was unnecessary since OSHA has authority under the General Duty Clause to cite employers for hazardous heat exposure violations. A case pending before the OSHRC, Secretary of Labor, Department of Labor v. A.H. Sturgill Roofing, Inc., may address whether OSHA can continue to use the General Duty Clause in this way. Interestingly, this time, Dr. Michaels, who is no longer in office, actually signed onto the petition with Public Citizen, asking OSHA to issue the standard that he declined to issue in the past.
If your employees are exposed to potential hot conditions or heat stress, it is wise to include heat illness prevention measures in your safety plans and policies. Please contact Avi Meyerstein if you have questions about addressing potential heat hazards in your workplace. | <urn:uuid:0f11c326-707a-49be-8680-ed9998a942dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.safetylawmatters.com/2018/09/niosh-and-private-groups-turn-up-the-temperature-on-osha-for-a-heat-stress-standard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141197593.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129093434-20201129123434-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.933373 | 957 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Saturday, November 8, 2008
Epps on The Antebellum Political Background of the 14th Amendment, and more
Posted by Mary L. Dudziak
Garrett Epps, University of Baltimore School of Law, has posted an article, The Antebellum Political Background of the Fourteenth Amendment. It appeared in Law & Contemporary Problems (2004) . He has also posted on SSRN a lecture, Second Founding: The Story of the Fourteenth Amendment, and a speech on The Bill of Rights. Here's the article abstract: Understanding the Fourteenth Amendment is the key question of Constitutional law, both as it pertains to individual rights and, in many areas, as it relates to questions of Congressional power as opposed to the reserved powers of the states. The Amendment is often disaggregated and read clause by clause - but the intellectual and political background of its framers suggests that the Amendment in fact forms a coherent whole and that reading it as a whole might be a fertile source of new meanings. The Amendment was written by politicians who had spent their careers deeply involved in anti-slavery politics. The political concepts developed by this movement are unfamiliar to most lawyers today. One such concept, richly documented by historians, is that of the Slave Power. The Slave Power, as used by mainstream anti-slavery politicians like Charles Sumner, William P. Fessenden and Thaddeus Stevens, referred to the institutions that had grown up under the original Constitution of 1789 to protect and advance the South's slave system. A glance at the writings of anti-slavery politicians is enough to suggest that in writing the Amendment they were taking aim at what they regarded as the key elements of the Slave Power - the overrrepresentation of slave states in Congress and the Electoral College, and the ability of the Southern states to suppress free debate and democratic political institutions within their borders. The individual rights guarantees of Section One, seen through this lens, are not a limited set of minimal rights but in fact seem designed as a broad charter of freedom for residents of all the states, with Section Five placing Congress squarely in control of the political progress at the state level. | <urn:uuid:71b07fbb-a5ef-430e-b17a-31ea3fbd4ee0> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://legalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2008/11/epps-on-antebellum-political-background.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464088.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00150-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974165 | 442 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Real-time Flood Forecasting
We’ve learned to predict typhoons. What is required to predict the floods they bring?
Taiwan boasts steep terrain and massive rainfall during the typhoon season. In Metropolitan Taipei, home to 10 million people, major tributaries that drain the mountains collide with tidal flows that change direction daily, resulting in every imaginable combination of forward and reverse flow where the channels meet. Spectacular floods have often resulted. The authors built a computer model of the Taipei watershed that captures this complexity, creating accurate, lifesaving forecasts of the height of the water at specific locations as long as 24 hours in advance and pinpointing areas that would be inundated.
Go to Article | <urn:uuid:665b7a24-29c8-4801-83ff-e4381f0497b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2009/2/real-time-flood-forecasting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9536 | 144 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What's that? Up there! Way high in the sky! Is it a bird? Superman? Nope. It's an airplane taking passengers from one place to another.
Traveling on an airplane is one of the fastest ways to get from one point to another. Have you ever flown on an airplane? Perhaps you flew to the beach for a vacation one year? Or maybe you flew to the mountains for a skiing trip?
Flying on an airplane can be very exciting. It can also be very frightening. If you've never flown on an airplane before, it can be a bit scary. After all, human beings don't have wings and aren't used to flying thousands of feet above the ground.
Some people have a fear of flying. This fear is called by different names, including aerophobia, aviatophobia or aviophobia. These phobias are considered anxiety disorders, since anxiety or nervousness is one of the main symptoms people exhibit when the fear of flying hits them.
Why are some people afraid of flying? For some, it's fear of the unknown. If you've never flown on an airplane before, it's natural to be nervous about a new experience. For others, the fear of flying continues throughout their lives, no matter how many times they fly. For these people, the fear of flying might be based upon a fear of heights or worries about a plane crash.
Of course, experts will point out that you have a better chance of being injured in a car accident than a plane crash. But this fact usually does little to calm the nerves of those who fear flying.
Mathematical statistics may indeed show that planes are safer than cars, but that usually doesn't counteract the real, personal experience that people have with cars vs. flying. Most people have been in cars thousands upon thousands of times without incident. As for flying, what if that one plane crash happens right now on your flight?
Some people become anxious because of particular elements of the flying experience. For example, the security screening process or being in an enclosed space with many people might bother some people. Others might fear being over a large body of water or flying through turbulence or bad weather.
There are many people who experience a fear of flying. Some experts believe that as many as 20% of adults are afraid to fly and up to 50% of people experience some form of anxiety related to flying at some time.
Fear of flying affects people in different ways. Some people are so afraid of flying that they will avoid flying at all costs. This can, of course, affect their ability to travel quickly from one place to another. Others may choose to fly and experience physical and psychological effects from their anxiety. Fortunately, there are many ways that a fear of flying may be overcome. | <urn:uuid:83d96629-361d-44c7-b1b6-d0ab7b739400> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-do-you-prepare-for-takeoff | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210735.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180816113217-20180816133217-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.972235 | 565 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Provisional State Council
|This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
The Provisional State Council (Hebrew: מועצת המדינה הזמנית, Moetzet HaMedina HaZmanit) was the temporary legislature of Israel from shortly before independence until the election of the first Knesset in January 1949. It took the place of His Majesty's Privy Council, through which the British Government had legislated for Mandatory Palestine.
It began life as Moetzet HaAm (Hebrew: מועצת העם, lit. People's Council) on 12 April 1948 in preparation for independence just over a month later. There were 37 members representing all sides of the Jewish political spectrum, from the Revisionists to the Communists. A separate body, Minhelet HaAm was set up as the proto-cabinet, all of whose members were also members of Moetzet HaAm.
On 14 May at 13:50, Moetzet HaAm met at the JNF building in Tel Aviv to vote on the text of the declaration of independence. Despite disagreements over issues such as borders and religion, it was passed unanimously and the meeting ended at 15:00, an hour before the declaration was to be made. The 37 members were those that signed the declaration.
Following independence, the body was renamed the Provisional State Council. Its last meeting was held on 3 February 1949.
- Historical overview of the Provisional State Council Knesset website
- Provisional State Council Knesset website | <urn:uuid:3528a41f-2530-4bda-adc6-e2f3ed4d4baa> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_State_Council | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997888216.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025808-00227-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968687 | 344 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Pain is a complex thing and it is the number one reason why people in the U.S. search for help via the healthcare system. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, chronic pain is the most common cause of long-term disability. It can also be a barrier to treatment, accounts for a large portion of healthcare costs, and is the biggest reason for work absenteeism. But what do you do when your chronic pain doesn’t respond to standard treatments such as medications, steroid injections, or physical therapy? One approach is called spinal cord stimulation (SCS).
What is spinal cord stimulation?
Spinal cord stimulation has been around for about four decades. A permanent spinal cord stimulator device is made up of small, thin wires that have electrical leads on the end. These are placed along the spinal column. The wires are capable of delivering electrical pulses to the epidural space via a power source called an internal pulse generator. This can help relieve pain in some patients.
This treatment approach focuses on treating neuropathic pain. This is pain that develops as a result of damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. This is a major reason why spinal cord stimulation is so useful for patients of failed back surgeries. It can help alleviate pain even when the underlying cause has yet to be identified.
How does spinal cord stimulation work?
Spinal cord stimulation can be very effective in reducing overall pain, especially that from failed back surgery. This is likely because the electric charges produced by this medical device mimic the body’s natural neurological system. This has the effect of interrupting some of the pain signals being created by the body before they can reach the brain.
The spinal cord device comes with an exterior remote that allows the patient to send pain-blocking signals to the spinal cord as desired. This gives the doctor and patient some degree of control of these signals. The machine can be adjusted as needed to provide different levels of relief and can be turned on and off as the patient would like.
Spinal cord stimulation effectiveness is heavily dependent on the person, so this treatment option always starts out with a brief trial period. The trial usually lasts between three and 15 days to see if a patient will actually find relief from the device. A reduction of pain by at least 50% from the baseline with no major complications is required to consider a trial successful.
The science behind spinal cord stimulation
There has been quite a bit of research done on the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation in the last 40 years. Much of it has shown that these devices are safe. It also shows that they are very good at managing certain kinds of pain. While there are many benefits to this treatment, there are still some complications inherent to the procedure.
One study, conducted by Dr. Young Hoon Jeon, MD, showed that SCS greatly improves the quality of life, daily function, and overall satisfaction of patients that undergo this treatment. It also revealed that most complications in this procedure are related to hardware issues. However, these issues were generally minor if the operation was overseen by someone with the proper expertise.
In another study, by KJ Burchiel et al, all 219 patients underwent a trial period for a SCS device of which only 182 patients obtained a permanent version. Of those who responded after one year, all of the pain and quality of life measurements used were significantly higher during the treatment year. Furthermore, complications were shown only to affect 17% of those patients. Overall, the study showed that spinal cord stimulation is a great pain management tool. It also has significant value in treating chronic pain in the lower back and extremities with minimal complications.
Spinal cord stimulation for failed back pain patients
A literature review was conducted by Michael Frey et al to exam the evidence and to evaluate the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation, specifically relating to failed back surgery syndrome. This was measured by first measuring the pain relief provided in these studies. Then they took into account secondary measures that included functional status, psychological status, reduction of opioid medications, and the patient’s ability to return to work after the procedure. Overall, it was found that the evidence showing the effectiveness of SCS in relieving chronic pain from failed back surgery syndrome was obtained from well-designed trials. Further, case-controlled analytics studies backed the efficacy of spine cord stimulation on a long-term basis.
What is it like to have a spinal cord stimulator?
The procedure itself takes anywhere between an hour and 90 minutes to complete. During that, the pain doctor will place the leads near the spinal column with a needle. If the treatment is deemed successful, a more permanent spinal cord stimulation device is surgically implanted.
With spinal cord stimulation, you will first use a trial device. It comes with a preset program for the temporary electrical generator that you wear on your waist like a cell phone. If spinal cord stimulation is successful, a tiny electrical generator is implanted in the abdomen or upper buttocks via a small incision. The incision for the generator is so small that it will not be visible on the body. It will not inhibit any other activities, such as swimming.
The generator only requires new batteries every two to five years depending on use.
Risks of spinal cord stimulation
This treatment option is considered safe and easily reversible. However, there are a few reported complications to be aware of, although serious complications are very rare.
As with all surgeries, there is a risk for infection. Implanting a spinal cord stimulator also carries with it the possibility of scar tissue to build up around the wires and generator.
Other issues that can occur include:
- Migration of the electrode
- Unpleasant stimulation of the chest and ribs
- Cerebral spinal fluid leak
- Numbness or paralysis
- Hardware failure
- Allergic reaction
- Pain at the incision site
Have you ever received spinal cord stimulation for failed back surgery?
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Something went wrong. | <urn:uuid:b19df597-8b2b-4be5-b0ae-b66636a573c9> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://arizonapain.com/spinal-cord-stimulation-failed-back-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988961.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509062621-20210509092621-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.958282 | 1,237 | 3.03125 | 3 |
ENGLISH COURSES FOR TEENS
You Can to learn
What is the English courses for Teens?
English courses for Teens Specifically designed for learners aged 12-18, running throughout the year.
Why choose English for Teens course in ASER BRITISH CENTER .
Courses are specially designed for learners aged 12 to 18 year roundInnovative and communicative lessons that engage students and draw their attention to age-appropriate topics and activities, while building solid knowledge of EnglishCourses from 4 to 36 weeks, depending on student needs.All courses guarantee high levels of education and individual care for our studentsIndividual counseling for students and academic assistance
MORE INFORMATION ABOUT ENGLISH COURSES FOR TEENS
DURATION OF THE COURSE | <urn:uuid:09937009-8773-4871-a9ab-3349247bff60> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://aserbritishcentre.com/english_courses_for_teens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151760.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725174608-20210725204608-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.898883 | 159 | 2.65625 | 3 |
No "window of opportunity" for celiac disease prevention
December 08, 2014
As a pediatric gastroenterologist, I’m often asked whether there is any way to prevent a child from developing celiac disease. Based on what I knew regarding how food allergies develop, I used to counsel families that there might be a “window of opportunity”, between four and six months, when it’s possible to introduce grains and other gluten-containing foods that could potentially “teach” the immune system to tolerate gluten and thus lower the risk of developing celiac disease.
However, my “window theory” recently got thrown out the window when the results of two important scientific studies were published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
The first study involved nearly a thousand infants who were enrolled into an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dietary intervention. All of the children carried genes that made them susceptible to developing celiac disease and some even had a first-degree relative with the condition. From the age of four to six months, approximately half of these infants were fed gluten while the other half received placebo. When they reached the age of 3 years, there was no significant difference in the number of kids who developed celiac disease between the two groups. The researchers also looked into whether breast-feeding influenced the development of celiac disease, but also found no difference.
The second study, also a randomized trial, involved over 800 Italian children, all of whom had first-degree relatives with celiac disease. As infants, these children were divided into two groups: one group was fed gluten starting at six months of age while the second had gluten introduced at 12 months of age. The children were tested until they were 10 years old. Results showed that that the risk of developing celiac disease depended more on genes than other factors (not when gluten was introduced into the child’s diet nor whether the infant was breastfed).
Disheartening as these study results may be, it’s important to note that while we may not be able to prevent the development of celiac disease, it is completely treatable with diet alone. With strict adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet, your child can expect to live a long and healthy life. Also, remember that celiac disease is not the same as food allergy or food sensitivity. It’s an autoimmune disorder triggered in some genetically-predisposed individuals to cause inflammation in their body when they eat gluten. If you’re interested in knowing how to have your child checked for celiac disease, make an appointment with our pediatric gastroenterology team. | <urn:uuid:8be0cadf-2607-4db3-ad7f-932cf16f16c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.swedish.org/blog/2014/12/no-window-of-opportunity-for-celiac-disease-prevention | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514238.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212002021-20171212022021-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.971515 | 544 | 3.015625 | 3 |
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