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To begin with, Hungarian stopped using passive voice a long time ago. People talked like that a hundred years ago, but not anymore. It was expressed with these suffixes: -atik, -etik. Examples:
it is said – mondatik
it is proclaimed – kihirdettetik
You can find such verbs in old texts. And what about the present time?
Hungarian expresses passive voice WITH ACTIVE SENTENCES!!!
So the formation goes like this:
3rd PP form of the verb with definite or indefinite conjugation
The house was sold. – A házat eladták.
The soup is cooked. – A levest megfőzték.
The cars will be mended. – A kocsikat meg fogják javítani.
So Hungarian says they sold, they cooked, they will mend even if we don’t know who we’re talking about.
For a native English speaker the problem comes with Present Simple and Present Perfect if you want to translate English passive voice in Hungarian. Look at this:
to build = építeni > they built = építették
meg > verbal prefix expressing completeness
The house is built. – A házat megépítették.
The has been built. – A házat megépítették / építik.
Both sentences are translated with past tense in Hungarian. Why? Because the first Present Simple sentence says the house is built, so it is finished. And it had to be built in the past so that we can say it is built. Therefore Hungarian uses past tense.
As for the Present Perfect sentence, it can express the completeness or the continuity of an action, therefore Hungarian uses past tense for completeness and present tense for continuity.
The house has been built at last!
A házat végre megépítették!
The house has been built for a year now.
A házat már egy éve építik.
See what I mean? The first sentences refers to a house already finished, the second refers to a house still being built.
The rest of the tenses shouldn’t be a problem. You just use the same tense as in English. Examples:
The house was built.
A házat megépítették.
The house will be built.
A házat meg fogják építeni.
If it comes to a continous tense, you can put ÉPPEN before the verb, but it is not necessary. Hungarian verbs without a verbal prefix (like meg-) express continuity by themselves.
Present Simple Continuous
The house is being built.
A házat éppen építik.
Past Simple Continuous
The house was being built.
A házat éppen építették.
Future Simple Continuous
The house will be being built.
A házat éppen építeni fogják.
First digest the stuff above, and in the next entry I’ll write more examples and more stuff to learn about “passive voice”.
very good article! thank you!
“The house has been built for a year now” means they finished building the house a year ago.
Maybe the Present Perfect Continuous Tense would be more proper: has been being built.
On the other hand: https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/35784/can-the-present-perfect-continuous-construct-be-used-in-passive-voice
Maybe ‘has been under construction’ sounds better. | <urn:uuid:f0910983-6c26-4fd9-8f02-c9df975f0310> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://myhunlang.com/2010/03/31/passive-voice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646457.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531090221-20230531120221-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.762686 | 848 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Are you wondering where to find an integrative health Clinic? Many people are trying integrative medicine as part of a growing medical movement. While it involves the combination of mainstream and alternative therapies, integrative medicine emphasizes the relationship between the mind, body, and spirit. The goal is not only to treat disease but also to alleviate the underlying causes of illness and ultimately help people experience optimal health. There are many forms of integrative medicine today, each offering specific benefits for patients and doctors.
Integrative medicine is healing-oriented medicine that focuses on the whole person (body, mind, and spirit), including all aspects of lifestyle. As defined by the American Board of Integrative Holistic Medicine, an integrative physician—is trained as a medical doctor with an emphasis on holistic health. Integrative medicine combines conventional and complementary therapies to treat and prevent diseases while promoting optimal health.”
The following principles are fundamental to integrative medicine:
- Patients should be actively involved in their care as informed partners.
- All factors that influence a person’s health, disease, or wealth are considered, such as mind, spirit, community, and body.
- Providers should coordinate care across a spectrum of practitioners for each patient.
- Effective interventions that are natural and less invasive should be used whenever possible.
- Integrative providers care for patients with acute and chronic conditions using the least invasive means possible and do not use harmful interventions.
- The relationship between patient and practitioner is a partnership based on caring.
- The whole person, including body, mind, and spirit, is cared for in an individualized treatment plan.
- The practice of medicine integrates the best of conventional and complementary therapies.
- The healing process encompasses mind, body, spirit, and community.
- Good medicine-:based on sound science. It is inquiry-driven and open to new paradigms.
- The art of medicine includes attention to the subtle aspects of a patient’s experience and the use of specific techniques.
Integrative medicine combines conventional and complementary approaches to care in a coordinated way. This field recognizes that optimal care frequently relies on a combination of conventional, alternative, complementary, and self-care approaches to address physical, emotional, mental, social, spiritual, and other aspects of health and illness. Integrative Medicine (IM) is a term that has emerged in recent years to describe this approach to care.
Integrative medicine is not one specific therapy or treatment but a broad spectrum of safe and effective practices from mainstream medicine and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Complementary or alternative therapies are used in addition to conventional medical treatments to relieve symptoms such as pain or nausea or help patients heal more quickly from illness or injury. Some common examples of integrative approaches include:
- The practice of yoga helps relieve back pain.
- The use of acupuncture to help alleviate side effects associated with cancer treatments is growing.
For people already being treated for a health condition, integrative medicine may involve working with their primary care physician or another health professional on lifestyle changes, such as:
- Stress management techniques
- A healthier diet, A diet rich in fruits and vegetables
- Developing stress management skills
- Moderate alcohol consumption.
- Exercise regularly.
- Improving sleep quality and losing weight
- Quitting smoking.
- You are practicing stress management and relaxation techniques, such as meditation, yoga, and tai chi.
There are many reasons why you may want to use integrative medicine. For example, you may want to:
- Feel better physically and emotionally
- Manage the stress of illness
- Feel more in control of their health and well-being
- Overcome a health problem
- Prevent health problems
- avoid side effects caused by some medicines.
- Improve the quality of life
- Play an active role in their health care
- Get relief from symptoms without using medications or having surgery
- Work with a healthcare provider who considers the whole person (mind, body, and spirit)
You may think that integrative medicine is only for well-off people, But this is not true. Integrative medicine can get used by anyone who wants to be healthy and well.
Conventional medicine has its place in many aspects of life, but it ultimately does more harm than good. Alternative medicine is more holistic and attuned to preventative health than the standard eight-minute checkup. Integrative medicine utilizes both conventional and alternative treatments to improve overall health. It’s a refreshing change from the present system and one that many patients have already begun experimenting with. Don’t let your health suffer when there are steps you can take now to alleviate suffering and promote well-being; integrate integrative medicine into your life today. | <urn:uuid:62632385-7606-4c54-97dc-9b7d12ad3bd5> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://buznit.com/what-is-integrative-medicine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656788.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609164851-20230609194851-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.938438 | 973 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Medical philanthropy has a long history in the United States—from the founding of our first charity hospital in 1735 (by a common businessman acting in a remote frontier town that had only been in existence for 18 years) to the development of therapies that have saved hundreds of millions of lives. Charitable giving has been crucial in catalyzing many of the most far-reaching advances in medicine, such as penicillin, insulin, hookworm control, the polio vaccine, kidney transplants and dialysis, and much of today's success against cancer. Philanthropists established most of America's best medical schools and research institutes. They have endowed professorships, created labs, and built clinics. Philanthropy has been vital in carrying improved health measures out into communities—from the Rockefeller Foundation's heroic campaign against yellow fever right up to today's Gates Foundation battles against malaria, leprosy, polio, and other neglected diseases. With the last generation's explosion of private-industry research and government spending on health care, private philanthropy now comprises only a small portion of funding for medical research and public health, yet because it tends to be flexible, risk-tolerant, fast-moving, and offered without the onerous red tape of government grants, philanthropic funding is especially prized by medical researchers today and continues to have a powerful impact on the field, as you will learn in the pages following.
— Section research provided by Karl Zinsmeister, Cindy Tan, and Thomas Meyer | <urn:uuid:a1d98cf8-8aee-4a10-9e2d-7139a8a65c01> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/medicine_and_health/) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886237.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116070444-20180116090444-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.9507 | 301 | 3 | 3 |
As we near the end of Holy Week culminating in Easter Vigil and then awakening to Resurrection Sunday, I thought it might be helpful to think about why the Church calls this week Holy. What about a day or week makes it holy instead of just a regular day? Christians might assume that such declarations are just contrived by the Church and not really worth spending too much mental energy on; after all, we are busy people with more important things to do, right?
Our culture’s default assumption that there is a division between the sacred and secular often seeps into the mindset of the Church to the point that we begin to hold the same default assumption. In Christian thought, there is no day or time that is not under the authority and power of God. In other words, there is no such thing as the “secular world.”
The Bible and the Church do, however, speak about making people, places, or things, sacred or profane. In Acts 19:11-12, it was reported that God worked through St. Paul, even through hankerchiefs he blessed: “God did extraordinary miracles through Paul, so that when the handkerchiefs or aprons that had touched his skin were brought to the sick, their diseases left them, and the evil spirits came out of them” (NRSV). This is why priests today bless items, such as rosaries, and they make “holy water” through blessing. Only the power of God can make something or someone holy.
The Greek word for holy is άγιος (haggios), and refers to being “sacred” or a “saint.” In the Scriptures, only Mary the mother of Jesus is called holy, which would make logical sense if she was the Theotokos or God bearer. Holiness is a different state of being that is defined by the mighty working power of God.
In the ancient Greek and Roman liturgical books, Holy Week was called the “Great Week” because great deeds were done by God during this week. We know that the name “Holy Week” was used in the 4th century by St. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, and St. Epiphanius of Constantia. Originally, only Good Friday and Holy Saturday were observed as holy days, as well as the requirement of absolute fasting.
So, Holy Week is holy because of the mighty work God accomplished through Jesus Christ, the reconciliation of the world to Himself. By consecrating special days during the liturgical calendar as holy, the Church is inviting all of us to participate in the life-giving power of God’s grace, not just as spectators but as adopted daughters and sons of God. I would like to leave you with one question to ponder as we observe Good Friday, if the Holy Spirit can so empower a hankerchief to share in the miraculous power of God, how much more are we empowered and healed by observing Holy Week? | <urn:uuid:1617bbd6-3955-46fb-a726-1b87de8ca976> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://companionsoftheway.x10host.com/tag/holiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574588.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921170434-20190921192434-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.981265 | 622 | 2.84375 | 3 |
By Zarqa Ahmad and Athena Williamson
What is Mindfulness?
Mindfulness can be defined as, “the ability to be fully present and attentive in the moment” (Sheridan, 2016). The foundational attitudes necessary to successfully progress towards mindful mastery are a beginner’s mind, patience, non-judging, non-striving, trust, letting go and acceptance (Sheridan, 2016). A beginner’s mind will stimulate a curious and new perspective to yourself and the world around you. Patience will guide you to work through the techniques at your own pace. A non-judging attitude will allow you to calmly and openly understand personal experiences, as well as those of others, without labelling them as right or wrong, neither good or bad. A non-striving perspective will encourage you to achieve feelings that are special to you, rather than specific goals; mindfulness is about what is inside, not an external entity. By trusting yourself, you will enable your strength and wisdom to guide you along your own path to mindfulness. Letting go will help you to release troubling thoughts from the past and future, which enable your mind and body to live in the present. Accepting your experiences and seeing the situations clearly from all points of view is the first step you can take towards a positive mindful change in your sense of being.
Therapeutic interventions such as meditation practice; mindfulness can help individuals disengage their “auto pilot” mode in order to look more carefully at their convictions and thought patterns. The act of pushing away negative thoughts and emotions in therapies such as cognitive behavioral theory can increase distress. So, practicing mindfulness can reduce that struggle by allowing people to relax and be calm while reflecting on his/her progress in the therapy. Therapeutic interventions help form self-awareness, and help clients induce a sense of physical and mental calmness.
You can practice the following mindfulness techniques wherever and whenever you can. All it takes is a moment to reflect on your experiences to progress your mindful development, one activity at a time. Mindfulness is not a quick fix, however, with one step at a time, you will get closer to reaching your own mindful awareness.
The Three Ps and the STOP Practice exercises can help a child to respond to situations rather than react in the moment; especially when facing a stressful or confrontational experience (Sheridan, 2016).
The Three Ps
- Pause. Bring focus to your breathing and release yourself from doing mode.
- Be Present. Notice the sensations of your body, the thoughts of your mind and the emotions of your soul. Be accepting to your current experience.
- Proceed. In this moment, pay close attention to what needs your full attention, enabling your sense of being.
The STOP Practice
- Stop what you are doing.
- Take a deep breath and follow the air as it enters your lungs and exits your body.
- Observe your physical sensations, thoughts and emotions. Do you experience tension? – Focus on breathing through it.
- Proceed with the activity at hand when you feel a sense of calm through the exercise and find your centre. (Sheridan, 2016).
THINK ABOUT: What did you notice as you did these exercises? What was it like to transition from doing to being and reactive to responsive?
These mindfulness techniques can establish clarity of mind and allow for rational reasoning to the thought process. They bring your mind into a state of being present in the moment instead of compulsively doing an action or activity. These techniques can help you to deescalate internal and external stress which will influence self control over your emotions and help you to find balance of body and mind. It will enable improvements to adaptive coping, which will result in a faster recovery to the goal of a neutral emotional and physical state.
The Three-Step Breathing Space is a formal practice of meditation, which provides you with the opportunity to take a minute for yourself to breath through your feelings of being overwhelmed with the stresses of life. This exercise can be done in any setting in as little as 30 seconds, to if you have time for.
Three-Step Breathing Space
Sit tall with good posture in a chair and start taking deep breaths. Relax your shoulders down from your ears and rest your arms down by your sides; you can place your hands on your thighs.
- Collect Your Awareness: begin to listen to and understand your body and mind. What sensations do you feel from your head to toe? What thoughts are flowing through your mind? Accept these thoughts and feelings to move forward to the next step.
- Gather Your Attention: now draw your attention to the feelings of your abdomen as your breath in and out. Try to keep the breaths at the centre of your thoughts. If you find yourself thinking of other things, acknowledge the thoughts and transition back to your sensations of breathing.
- Expand Your Awareness: begin to pull your attention to your whole body as you breathe. Allow any tension to release with the exhale of your breaths. Feel the gentle flow of breathing from the top of your head, down to your toes. Accept all the sensations, as part of your complete living and breathing experience.
THINK ABOUT: Once the exercise is complete, consider what you noticed and reflect on the experience that breathing through your feelings of struggle has accomplished. (Sheridan, 2016)
The Three-Step Breathing Space Mindful technique will enable you to collect your awareness of your body, mind and environment, gather your attention to your unique experience and expand your awareness to enhance your physical and mental health and well-being. The ability to accept what is happening in a momentous experience will reflect your ability to accomplish a mindful act. Although it seems easy to do when reading through the exercise, mindfulness takes time to develop; little by little you will get closer to accomplishing mindfulness.
Mind and Body
Practicing the body scan can help you bring attention and awareness to your body. The body scan can help you to relax and shift from “doing” mode to “being” mode while accepting and acknowledging any stresses present (Sheridan, 2016).
The Body Scan
- Start by lying down on your back on a flat surface with your palms facing up and feet slightly apart. Alternatively, you can also do this exercise sitting in a chair with your feet touching the ground.
- Lie still and breath in and out. Notice the rhythm of your breaths. As you breath in notice the different sensations your body is feeling. As you breath out let these sensations go.
- Pay attention to where your breathing is felt the most. Is it the stomach, chest or nostrils? Concentrate your breathing on that area for a few seconds.
- Now feel your breath moving down across your legs to your toes. How does it feel? Are they warm? Cold? Numb? Tingly? Is there no sensation?
- Feel your breath moving from your toes to the ankles. Sense what you’re feeling. What does it feel like?
- Breathe in and out and notice your breath moving up your legs to your stomach. Notice how your stomach rises and falls with each breath in and each breath out. Pause here for a few seconds and think of any feelings or stresses.
- Notice your breath moving from your stomach to your rib cage. Feel each exhale and inhale. Notice your heartbeat.
- Notice your breath moving down your arms to your hands. Feel the sensations in your fingers.
- Notice where your spine connects to your neck. Notice your breath moving from your lips to your eyes and now spreading around your entire body.
- Imagine your breath giving life to your body.
THINK ABOUT: After the exercise, think about and compare how you felt before, during and after practicing the body scan. (Sheridan, 2016)
Five Senses Exercise
This is a quicker exercise that the body scan and can help one be brought to the mindful state. This exercise requires only one to two minutes to complete. (Positive Psychology Program, 2017)
- Look around.
- Identify five things you can see. Pick an object you don’t usually notice like a shadow or a tiny rock.
- Identify four things you can currently feel. These four things can be anything such as the warm sun hitting your skin or the softness of your sweater.
- Identify three things you can hear. Be creative these things can be anything like the sound of the wind or the sound of the car on the road.
- Identify two things you can smell. Are these normal smells? Pick a smell you typically don’t notice. Can you smell the flowers in the grass or the smell of rain?
- What’s one thing you can taste right now? Bring your attention to the texture and describe what it tastes like.
The Mindful Jar
This interactive mindfulness technique can help one positively cope with strong emotions. (Positive Psychology Program, 2017).
- Get a clear mason jar and fill it with water.
- Add some glitter glue to the jar.
- Shake the jar and watch as the glitter swirls around the jar.
- Imagine that the glitter represents your thoughts when you’re mad, sad or stressed out. The glitter’s making it hard to see through the glass. This is what happens when you’re mad or upset, it’s hard to think or see clearly
- Now put the jar down and let it sit for a few minutes.
- Watch as the glitter settles to the bottom of the jar.
- Can you see through the glass now?
- This is what happens when you pause and let your emotions be calm. You can see and think clearer (Blissful Kids, 2017).
Try Our Mindfulness Techniques Video
Video created by
Zarqa Ahmad and Athena Williamson
6 mins, November 2018
Mindful Child Resources
Mindfulness and Meditation Videos for Kids
The Cosmic Kids mindfulness meditation videos are a perfect way to incorporate healthy screen-time in the home and classroom settings for the body and mind. It is a popular website resource among parents, teachers, and children alike. It incorporates fun, kid-friendly yoga, mindfulness and relaxation with the host of the videos, Jaime, and can be accessed through the Cosmic Kids YouTube Channel. It is reported by parents and teachers that by using these videos, significant improvements to children’s ability to self- regulate emotions, focus their attention and empathize with others were observed.
Mindfulness for Children
Annaka Harris, author of the children’s book, I Wonder and editor of Mindful Games, created the mindfulness for children program to support the development of concentration and self-awareness at the malleable age of 8 to 11 years of age. The program incorporates a variety of mindfulness exercises to stimulate the mind and achieve a sense of being present in the moment, such as: mindful hearing, mindful breathing, mindful seeing, and friendly wishes. Also available in this website resource are a series of interactive mindful games (activity cards), guided meditations, lessons on mindfulness and podcast interviews (ex. 10% Happier Podcast Interview).
10 Ways to Teach Mindfulness to Kids
The website resource, the Left Brain Buddha, is a valuable resource for parents and children to incorporate mindfulness in 10 fun and simple exercises developed by Sarah Rudell Beach. The use of these mindfulness techniques will enable the child to develop emotional regulation and cognitive focus to make better decisions and calmly respond to situations rather than reacting irrationally. The website also provides a video resource to the breathing buddies mindfulness technique with Daniel Goleman and a series of external resources to various other exercises to stimulate mindfulness.
The yoga for kids section on the Gaia online resource provides a collection of videos designed to entice discovery, build strength and increase flexibility of the body and mind through their fun yoga sequences. It delivers a channel to tap into children’s busy lives and allow them to reconnect with themselves and the world around them. The videos encourage relaxation, positivity, creativity and silliness, as the poses guide them through interactive stories to benefit their physical, emotional and mental health and well-being.
3 Kid-Friendly Meditations Your Children Will Love
This is a thoughtful article by Melissa Eisler, that outlines the benefits of meditation for children experiencing stress and anxiety, as well as those diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression. Meditation can increase attentiveness and self control as well as respect and empathy for others. The children who utilize these mindful meditation techniques will find they enable them to morph their negative thoughts and behaviors into focussed self-confidence and accepting perceptions of themselves and that of others. Also linked to this online resource is a meditation app for kids to use on mobile devices, which enables convenience for children to practice meditation on the go.
NY Time’s Mindfulness for Children
This website goes through several mindfulness practices and techniques for children and adults. It covers topics for infants, toddlers, children, older children and teenagers. There are also several links to videos and external resources which provide mindfulness games. The site also provides step by step instructions with pictures of how to perform each technique.
Mindfulness Activities for Children and Teens
This website goes through several different mindfulness techniques including the incorporation of games, videos and step by step instructions. They also include tips that adults can utilize to help their children with these activities. The activities range from fun interactive activities to meditation techniques. Several apps are also recommended on the site to help facilitate mindfulness in children.
Meditation for Kids
This resource requires a free subscription and is available in an app format as well as the website format. It goes through five different areas children can explore. The topic areas for meditation include; calm, focus, kindness, sleep and wakeup. These exercises help children practice breathing techniques, and specific visualizations techniques.
7 Fun Ways to Teach Your Kids Mindfulness
This website goes through seven different exercises children can practice. Parents can also go through these exercises with their children. The exercises include the bell listening exercise, breathing buddies, the squish and relax meditation, smell and tell, the art of touch, the heartbeat exercise, and heart-to-heart. The website also includes links to external pages for additional information.
15 Mindfulness and Relaxation Apps for Kids with Anxiety
This resource provides 15 apps children who experience anxiety can utilize to induce a sense of mindfulness. Descriptions and costs of each app are included as well as graphical representations. Along with each description, the ways
in which each app can benefit the child is also described. The website also goes through several children’s books that can help with mindfulness.
Blissful Kids (2017). Mindfulness for Kids and Teens – Calming Glitter Jar aka Mind Jar.
Retrieved from: https://blissfulkids.com/mindfulness-kids-teens-calming-glitter-jar-aka-mind-jar/
Positive Psychology Program (2017). Mindfulness activities for children and teens: 25 fun exercises for kids. Retrieved from: https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/mindfulness-for-children-kids-activities/
Sheridan, C. (2016). The mindful nurse: using the power of mindfulness and compassion to help you thrive in your work. Charleston, SC: Rivertime Press. ISBN: 978-0-9933245-2-9. Paperback | <urn:uuid:f31fa27b-7b39-4d1e-a4e4-b8dd90dca687> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://mindfulfamily.net/blog/?cat=86 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500076.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203221113-20230204011113-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.926951 | 3,188 | 3.859375 | 4 |
The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective
Why did the industrial revolution take place in eighteenth-century Britain and not elsewhere in Europe or Asia? In this convincing new account Robert Allen argues that the British industrial revolution was a successful response to the global economy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He shows that in Britain wages were high and capital and energy cheap in comparison to other countries in Europe and Asia. As a result, the breakthrough technologies of the industrial revolution - the steam engine, the cotton mill, and the substitution of coal for wood in metal production - were uniquely profitable to invent and use in Britain. The high wage economy of pre-industrial Britain also fostered industrial development since more people could afford schooling and apprenticeships. It was only when British engineers made these new technologies more cost-effective during the nineteenth century that the industrial revolution would spread around the world.
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Nothing makes computer work faster than keyboard shortcuts. And, it is the rare student who doesn’t claim them as their own and pass on to friends their favorites.
Here’s the lesson:
If the lesson plans are blurry, click on them for a full size alternative.
–Click for a complete K-8 keyboarding curriculum
Jacqui Murray has been teaching K-8 technology for 15 years. She is the editor/author of over a hundred tech ed resources including a K-8 technology curriculum, K-8 keyboard curriculum, K-8 Digital Citizenship curriculum. She is an adjunct professor in tech ed, CSG Master Teacher, webmaster for four blogs, anAmazon Vine Voice book reviewer, Editorial Review Board member for Journal for Computing Teachers, CAEP reviewer, CSTA presentation reviewer, freelance journalist on tech ed topics, and a weekly contributor to TeachHUB. You can find her resources at Structured Learning. | <urn:uuid:5aeee0e3-d4d5-434c-8425-26cb9a988130> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://askatechteacher.com/2010/09/15/102-23-favorite-keyboard-shortcuts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719815.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00540-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928179 | 193 | 2.53125 | 3 |
THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE WAS OVER AND THE THIRTEEN COLONIES were free to make their own lives. The struggle had told heavily upon their primitive political organisation. The Articles of Confederation to which they had subscribed in 1777 set up a weak central Government enjoying only such authority as the Americans might have allowed to the British Crown. Their Congress had neither the power nor the opportunity in so vast a land of creating an ordered society out of the wreckage of revolution and war.
The strongest element behind the American effort had been the small farmers from the inland frontier districts. It was they who had supplied the men for the Army and who had in most of the states refashioned the several constitutions on democratic lines. They now dominated the legislatures, and jealously guarded the privileges of their own states. With the close of hostilities it seemed that the Union embodied in an unwieldy Congress might snap or wither under the strain of post-war problems. American society was rent by strong conflicting interests. The farmers were heavily in debt to the city classes. The issue of too much paper money by Congress had bred inflation. By 1780 one gold dollar was worth forty paper ones. Every state was burdened with enormous debts, and the taxes imposed to meet the interest fell heavily upon the land. Small impoverished farmers were everywhere being sold up. War profiteers had emerged. A gulf was widening in American society between debtor and creditor, between farmer and merchant-financier. Agitation and unrest marched with a deepening economic crisis. There were widespread movements for postponing the collection of debts. In Massachusetts farmers and disbanded soldiers, fearing foreclosure on their mortgages, rose in rebellion. In the autumn of 1786 Captain Daniel Shays, with a mob of armed farmers, attempted to storm the county courts. There was sharp fear that such incidents would multiply. Washington, himself as strong an upholder of property as Cromwell, wrote, “There are combustibles in every state which a spark might set fire to. I feel infinitely more than I can express for the disorders which have arisen.”
It was not only internal conditions that clamoured for action. Some awkward points in the peace treaty were still unresolved. Debts to the British merchants, compensation for Loyalists, British evacuation of trading posts and forts on the Canadian boundary, all pressed for settlement. The British Government was legislating against American shipping. Spain was re-embedded in Florida and hostile to American expansion in the South-West. America was entangled in an official alliance with France, where the stir of great changes to come was already felt. Far-seeing men perceived the imminence of another world conflict. Distracted by internal disorder, without national unity or organisation, the American states seemed an easy prey to foreign ambitions.
Demand for revision of the Articles of Confederation grew among the people of the towns. Shays’ Rebellion was the spur to action, and in May 1787 a convention of delegates from twelve of the states met at Philadelphia to consider the matter. The partisans of a strong national Government were in a large majority. Of the possible leaders of the farmers, or agrarian democrats as they were now called, Patrick Henry of Virginia refused to attend, and the greatest figure of them all, Thomas Jefferson, was absent as envoy in Paris. One of the leading personalities of the assembly was Alexander Hamilton, who represented the powerful commercial interests of New York City. This handsome, brilliant man, the illegitimate son of a West Indian merchant, had risen rapidly on Washington’s staff during the war. He had entered New York society and married well. He was determined that the ruling class, into which he had made his way by his own abilities, should continue to rule, and he now became the recognised leader of those who demanded a capable central Government and limitation of states’ powers. A sense of the overhanging crisis in Europe and of the perils of democracy guided these men in their labours, and the debates in the Convention were on a high level. Most of the delegates were in favour of a Federal Government, but methods and details were bitterly contested. Many divisions cut across the discussions. The small states were anxious to preserve their equality in the great community of the Thirteen, and vehemently opposed any scheme for representation in a Federal Government on a simple basis of numbers.
All the delegates came from long-established centres on the Atlantic seaboard, but they realised with uneasiness that their power and influence would soon be threatened by the growing populace of the West. Here, beyond the Ohio and the Alleghenies, lay vast territories which Congress had ordained should be admitted to the Union on an equal footing with the original states as soon as any of them contained sixty thousand free inhabitants. Their population was already expanding, and it was only a question of time before they claimed their rights. Then what would happen to the famous Thirteen States? It was they who had expelled the British, and they felt with some justification that they knew more about politics and the true interests of the Union than the denizens of these remote, half-settled regions. As Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania put it—he owed his unusual Christian name to his mother, who had been a Miss Gouverneur—“The busy haunts of men, not the remote wilderness, is the proper school of political talents. If the Western people get the power in their hands they will ruin the Atlantic interests.” Both principles were right. The Atlantic communities had the wealth and the experience, but the new lands were fully entitled to join the Union, and to the lasting credit of the Philadelphia delegates no step was taken to prevent them doing so. But one day the clash would come. The power and the future lay with the West, and it was with misgiving and anxiety that the Convention addressed itself to framing the Constitution of the United States.
This was a concise document defining the powers of the new central Government. It established a single executive: a President, appointed indirectly by electors chosen as the state legislatures might decide, and serving for four years, with the right of veto over the acts of Congress, but subject to impeachment; head of the Army and administration, responsible only to the people, completely independent of the legislative power. The Lower House, or the House of Representatives as it was now called, was to be elected for two years, upon a population basis. But this concession to the democratic principle was tempered by the erection of a Senate, elected for six years by the state legislatures. The Senate was to restrain any demagogy of the Lower House, to defend the interests of property against the weight of a Lower House chosen upon the numerical principle, and by its share in the appointing and treaty-making powers of the President to control this powerful functionary. At the summit of the constitutional edifice stood a Supreme Court, composed of judges nominated for life by the President, subject to the ratification of the Senate. It assumed the task of judicial review—namely, a coercive supervision of the Acts not only of Congress, but also of the state legislatures, to ensure their conformity with the Constitution.
Such was the federal machinery devised at Philadelphia in September 1787. A national authority had been created, supreme within its sphere. But this sphere was strictly defined and soon further limited; all powers not delegated under the Constitution to the Federal Government were to rest with the states. There was to be no central “tyranny” of the kind that King George’s Ministers at Westminster had tried to exercise. The new nation that had with difficulty struggled into being was henceforth fortified with something unheard of in the existing world—a written Constitution. At first sight this authoritative document presents a sharp contrast with the store of traditions and precedents that make up the unwritten Constitution of Britain. Yet behind it lay no revolutionary theory. It was based not upon the challenging writings of the French philosophers which were soon to set Europe ablaze, but an Old English doctrine, freshly formulated to meet an urgent American need. The Constitution was a reaffirmation of faith in the principles painfully evolved over the centuries by the English-speaking peoples. It enshrined long-standing English ideas of justice and liberty, henceforth to be regarded on the other side of the Atlantic as basically American.
Of course, a written constitution carries with it the danger of a cramping rigidity. What body of men, however far-sighted, can lay down precepts in advance for settling the problems of future generations? The delegates at Philadelphia were well aware of this. They made provision for amendment, and the document drawn up by them was adaptable enough in practice to permit changes in the Constitution. But it had to be proved in argument and debate and generally accepted throughout the land that any changes proposed would follow the guiding ideas of the Founding Fathers. A prime object of the Constitution was to be conservative; it was to guard the principles and machinery of State from capricious and ill-considered alteration. In its fundamental doctrine the American people acquired an institution which was to command the same respect and loyalty as in England are given to Parliament and Crown.
It now remained to place the scheme before the people. The delegates foresaw that the democratic, isolationist state legislatures would probably reject it, and they accordingly advised that local conventions should be elected to vote upon the new project of government. Hamilton and Robert Morris, whose strong and well-organised group had become known as the Federalist Party, hoped that all men with a stake in the country, who had probably not wanted to sit on the revolutionary bodies formed during the war for the administration of the different states, would see the value and reason in the new Constitution and limit the influence of the more extreme elements.
To the leaders of agrarian democracy, the backwoodsmen, the small farmers, the project seemed a betrayal of the Revolution. They had thrown off the English executive. They had gained their local freedom. They were now asked to create another instrument no less powerful and coercive. They had been told they were fighting for the Rights of Man and the equality of the individual. They saw in the Constitution an engine for the defence of property against equality. They felt in their daily life the heavy hand of powerful interests behind the contracts and debts which oppressed them. But they were without leaders. Even so in Virginia, New York, and elsewhere there was a fierce and close contest upon the passing of the Constitution. Jefferson in his diplomatic exile in Paris brooded with misgiving on the new régime. But the party of Hamilton and Morris, with its brilliant propaganda, in a series of public letters called The Federalist, carried the day.
The Federalist letters are among the classics of American literature. Their practical wisdom stands pre-eminent amid the stream of controversial writing at the time. Their authors were concerned, not with abstract arguments about political theory, but with the real dangers threatening America, the evident weakness of the existing Confederation, and the debatable advantages of the various provisions in the new Constitution. Hamilton, Jay, and Madison were the principal contributors. The first two were New Yorkers, Madison a Virginian; none came from New England, which was losing its former predominance in the life of the nation. They differed widely in personality and outlook, but they all agreed upon one point, the importance of creating a collective faith in the Constitution as the embodiment of the American ideal. Only thus could the many discordant voices of the Thirteen States be harmonised. How well they succeeded and how enduring has been their success is testified by the century and three-quarters that have elapsed since they wrote. The faith generated by The Federalist has held and sustained the allegiance of the American people down to our own day.
Liberty, The Federalist argued, might degenerate into licence. Order, security, and efficient government must be established before disaster overtook America. In an article in this great political series one of the Federalists stated the eternal problem with breadth and power.
The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is . . . an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property the possession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective proprietors ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties.
The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity, according to the different circumstances of civil society. A zeal for different opinions . . . [has] divided mankind into parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each other than to co-operate for their common good. . . . But the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests of society. Those who are creditors and those who are debtors fall under a like discrimination. A landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest, with many lesser interests, grow up of necessity in civilised nations, and divide them into different classes actuated by different sentiments and views. The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation, and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the Government.
It was in vain that their opponents counter-attacked in print. “Because we have sometimes abused democracy I am not among those who think a democratic branch a nuisance,” wrote Richard Henry Lee of Virginia. “Every man of reflection must see that the change now proposed is a transference of power from the many to the few.” In the midst of faction fights and the collisions of Federalist and Radical mobs the Constitution was within a year ratified by eleven of the states. Rhode Island and North Carolina stood aside for a little longer. Distrust of social revolution had bitten deep into the New World, and the gulf between the two elements that composed its society remained unbridged. The men who believed in the Rights of Man were forced to bide their time. Those, like Hamilton, who feared the mob in politics, and realised the urgent need for settlement, order, and protection for the propertied interests of the seaboard states, had triumphed.
In March 1789 the new Federal bodies were convened. Opponents of the Constitution exulted in the difficulties of gathering a quorum in the Upper and Lower House. There seemed little vigour and enthusiasm in the new régime. But by the end of the month sufficient people had arrived in New York, where the Government was to meet. The first step was to elect a President, and General Washington, the commander of the Revolution, was the obvious choice. Disinterested and courageous, far-sighted and patient, aloof yet direct in manner, inflexible once his mind was made up, Washington possessed the gifts of character for which the situation called. He was reluctant to accept office. Nothing would have pleased him more than to remain in equable but active retirement at Mount Vernon, improving the husbandry of his estate. But, as always, he answered the summons of duty. Gouverneur Morris was right when he emphatically wrote to him, “The exercise of authority depends on personal character. Your cool, steady temper is indispensably necessary to give firm and manly tone to the new Government.”
There was much confusion and discussion on titles and precedence, which aroused the mocking laughter of critics. But the prestige of Washington lent dignity to the new, untried office. On April 30, 1789, in the recently opened Federal Hall in New York, he was solemnly inaugurated as the first President of the United States. A week later the French States-General met at Versailles. Another great revolution was about to burst upon a bewildered world. The flimsy, untested fabric of American unity and order had been erected only just in time.
Many details had yet to be worked out. The first step was the passing of a Bill of Rights. The lack of such fundamental assertions in the Constitution had been a chief complaint of its critics. They were now incorporated in ten Amendments. Next the Judiciary Act of 1789 made the Supreme Court the most formidable part of the Federal machinery. “With elaborate detail,” wrote the historians Charles and Mary Beard,
the law provided for a Supreme Court composed of a Chief Justice and five associates, and a Federal District Court for each state, with its own Attorney, Marshal, and appropriate number of deputies. Such were the agencies of power created to make the will of the national Government a living force in every community from New Hampshire to Georgia, from the seaboard to the frontier. . . . After contriving an ingenious system of appeal for carrying cases up to the Supreme Court, the framers of the Judiciary Act devised a process by which the measures of the local Governments could be nullified whenever they came into conflict with the Federal Constitution. . . . In a word, something like the old British Imperial control over provincial legislatures was re-established, under judicial bodies chosen indirectly and for life, within the borders of the United States.1
As yet there were no administrative departments. These were quickly set up: Treasury, State, and War. The success of the new Federal Government depended largely upon the men chosen to fill these key offices: Alexander Hamilton, the great Federalist from New York; Thomas Jefferson, the Virginian democrat, now returned from Paris; and, to a lesser extent, General Knox of Massachusetts.
From 1789 to his resignation six years later Hamilton used his brilliant abilities to nourish the Constitution and bind the economic interests of the great merchants of America to the new system. A governing class must be created, and Hamilton proposed to demonstrate that Federal government meant a strong national economy. At his inspiration a series of great measures followed. In January 1790 his First Report on Public Credit was laid before the House of Representatives. State debts were to be assumed by Congress; public credit must depend on the assumption of past obligations. The war debts of the states were to be taken over by the Federal Government in order to woo the large class of creditors to the national interest. The whole debt was to be funded; all the old bonds and certificates which had been rotted by speculation were to be called in and new securities issued. A sinking fund was to be created and a national bank set up.
The moneyed interest was overjoyed by this programme, but there was bitter opposition from those who realised that the new Government was using its taxing powers to pay interest to the speculative holders of state debts now assumed by Congress. The clash between capitalist and agrarian again glared forth. The New England merchants had invested most of their war-time profits in paper bonds, which now gained enormously in value. Massachusetts, which had the largest state debt, profited most. The mass of public debt was concentrated in the hands of small groups in Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. The nation was taxed to pay them at par for what they had purchased at a tremendous discount. In Virginia there was a fierce revolt against Hamilton’s scheme. The planters distrusted the whole idea of public finance. They foresaw the worst elements of Whig plutocracy dominating the new Government. “They discern,” wrote Patrick Henry,
a striking resemblance between this system and that which was introduced into England at the Revolution [of 1688], a system which has perpetuated upon that nation an enormous debt, and has, moreover, insinuated into the hands of the executive an unbounded influence, which, pervading every branch of the Government, bears down all opposition, and daily threatens the destruction of everything that appertains to English liberty. The same causes produce the same effects. In an agricultural country like this, therefore, to erect and concentrate and perpetuate a large moneyed interest is a measure which . . . must in the course of human events produce one or other of two evils, the prostration of agriculture at the feet of commerce, or a change in the present form of Federal Government, fatal to the existence of American liberty. . . . Your memorialists can find no clause in the Constitution authorising Congress to assume the debts of the states.
This cleavage is of durable importance in American history. The beginnings of the great political parties can be discerned, and they soon found their first leaders. Hamilton was quickly recognised as head of the financial and mercantile interest centring in the North, and his opponent was none other than Jefferson, Secretary of State. The two men had worked together during the first months of the new Government. Hamilton indeed had only secured enough votes for the passage of his proposals on state debts by winning Jefferson’s support. This he did by agreeing that the new capital city which would house Congress and Government should be sited on the Potomac River, across the border from Virginia. In the meantime Philadelphia was to succeed New York as the temporary capital. But a wave of speculation which followed the financial measures of Hamilton now aroused the Secretary’s opposition. The two leaders misunderstood each other fundamentally. Washington, impressed by the need to stabilise the new Constitution, exerted his weighty influence to prevent an open rupture. But by 1791 Jefferson and his Virginian planters were seeking alliance with the malcontents of Hamilton’s party in New York and the North.
Before the break came Hamilton presented his Report on Manufactures, which was to be the basis of future American Protectionist theory. Protective duties and bounties were to be introduced to encourage home industries. A vision of a prosperous and industrial society in the New World, such as was rapidly growing up in England, was held before the eyes of the Americans.
The outward unity of the Federal administration was preserved for a few months by the re-election of Washington as President. But the conflict between Jefferson and Hamilton was not confined to economics. A profoundly antagonistic view of politics separated them. They held radically opposed views of human nature. Hamilton, the superbly successful financier, believed that men were guided by their passions and their interests, and that their motives, unless rigidly controlled, were evil. “The people!” he is supposed to have said. “The people is a great beast.” Majority rule and government by the counting of heads were abhorrent to him. There must be a strong central Government and a powerful governing circle, and he saw in Federal institutions, backed by a ruling business class, the hope and future of America. The developing society of England was the ideal for the New World, and such he hoped to create across the Atlantic by his efforts at the Treasury Department. He represents and symbolises one aspect of American development, the successful, self-reliant business world, with its distrust of the collective common man, of what Hamilton himself in another mood called “the majesty of the multitude.” But in this gospel of material success there was little trace of that political idealism which characterises and uplifts the American people. “A very great man,” President Woodrow Wilson was to call him, adding with evident bias, “but not a great American.”
Thomas Jefferson was the product of wholly different conditions and the prophet of a rival political idea. He came from the Virginian frontier, the home of dour individualism and faith in common humanity, the nucleus of resistance to the centralising hierarchy of British rule. Jefferson had been the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and leader of the agrarian democrats in the American Revolution. He was well read; he nourished many scientific interests, and he was a gifted amateur architect. His graceful classical house, Monticello, was built according to his own designs. He was in touch with fashionable Left-Wing circles of political philosophy in England and Europe, and, like the French school of economists who went by the name of Physiocrats, he believed in a yeoman-farmer society. He feared an industrial proletariat as much as he disliked the principle of aristocracy. Industrial and capitalist development appalled him. He despised and distrusted the whole machinery of banks, tariffs, credit manipulation, and all the agencies of capitalism which the New Yorker Hamilton was skilfully introducing into the United States. He perceived the dangers to individual liberty that might spring from the centralising powers of a Federal Government. With reluctance he came home from Paris to serve the new system. The passage of time and the stress of the Napoleonic wars were to modify his dislike of industrialism, but he believed in his heart that democratic government was only possible among free yeomen. It was not given to him to foresee that the United States would eventually become the greatest industrial democracy in the world.
“The political economists of Europe have established it as a principle,” Jefferson declared,
that every state should endeavour to manufacture for itself; and this principle, like many others, we transfer to America. . . . But we have an immensity of land courting the industry of the husbandman. Is it best then that all our citizens should be employed in its improvement, or that one half should be called off from that to exercise manufactures and handicraft arts for the other? . . . Corruption of morals in the mass of cultivators is a phenomenon of which no age nor nation has furnished an example. It is the mark set on those who, not looking up to heaven, to their own soil and industry, as does the husbandman, for their subsistence, depend for it on casualties and caprice of customers. Dependence begets subservience and venality, suffocates the germ of virtue, and prepares fit tools for the designs of ambition. . . . While we have land to labour, then, let us never wish to see our citizens occupied at a work-bench or twirling a distaff. . . . For the general operations of manufacture let our workshops remain in Europe. It is better to carry provisions and materials to workmen there than bring them to the provisions and materials and with them their manners and principles.2 . . . The mobs of great cities add just so much to the support of pure government as sores do to the strength of the human body. It is the manners and spirit of a people which preserve a republic in vigour. A degeneracy in these is a canker which soon eats to the heart of its laws and constitution.
Jefferson held to the Virginian conception of society, simple and unassailed by the complexity, the perils, and the challenge of industrialism. In France he saw, or thought he saw, the realisation of his political ideas—the destruction of a worn-out aristocracy and a revolutionary assertion of the rights of soil-tilling man. Hamilton, on the other hand, looked to the England of the Younger Pitt as the embodiment of his hopes for America. The outbreak of war between England and France was to bring to a head the fundamental rivalry and conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson and to signalise the birth of the great American parties, Federalist and Republican. Both were to split and founder and change their names, but from them the Republican and Democratic parties of to-day can trace their lineage. | <urn:uuid:15e3f499-309d-438c-a68d-892e0dbf7f7d> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://erenow.net/modern/the-age-of-revolution/18.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057733.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925172649-20210925202649-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.976394 | 5,628 | 3.25 | 3 |
SubjectThis is the person, place, or idea that is being communicated in the art. In some forms of art like abstract or semi abstract this may or may not be perceivable. If you are using the web as an art form this rule may apply. However for most of the web and web pages this would not be the case, since the main purpose of the web is to communicate instantaneously. This would be a key place to determine what your goals and objectives are. For most of the web and e-business, the subject will be an "idea". So for our purposes much of the time this subject has been pre-determined by the customer.
There are several ways to find out what the essence of the subject may be. One way is to write down what you think the company wants to convey and then interview the key people in the company. This will allow you to compile a list to work from. You can reduce this list by finding the most common themes or you may want to suggest to the customer what you perceive what would be best.
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As anyone who has experienced a bad smell can likely tell you, experiencing odour can be unpleasant. Historically, we have treated smells as a “nuisance” rather than something that might affect our health. There is a lot we do not know about the relationship between odour and health. Some odorous compounds can have negative health impacts themselves, and they can also indicate the presence of other, health-harming air pollutants—either because they’re emitted by the same sources, or because the smelly substances can be transformed into the harmful pollutants in the atmosphere. These linkages between odour and poor air quality are another important dimension of odour impacts.
Smell Vancouver, or SmellVan, is a web-based app that can now be accessed at smell-vancouver.ca. We want to know when and where people in Metro Vancouver experience bad odours in their outdoor environment. Through SmellVan, members of the public have the opportunity to log odours, report on any health effects they are experiencing, and see what others are smelling. We hope to identify odour “hotspots” in the region so we can take a closer look at these areas from an air quality perspective. The SmellVan app does not replace the typical odour complaint process, so if you want to formally complain about odours, you can submit your concern to Metro Vancouver. Submitting a formal complaint will allow the air quality regulator to determine the source and get them to reduce their emissions of odorous air contaminants.
Naomi Zimmerman and Amanda Giang are a pair of UBC researchers who are studying the different scents that permeate Metro Vancouver. | <urn:uuid:5db07bd1-447e-41ab-83ed-5b7f6448c306> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.rehabmagazine.ca/research/the-leading-edge/the-leading-edge-is-there-something-in-the-air/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305242.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127072916-20220127102916-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.939227 | 340 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Mental health is an important issue in the workplace. It is a state of well-being in which an individual achieves his or her own potential, copes effectively with the normal challenges of life, and is able to work more efficiently and productively. When an employee has a mental health concern or significant stress, timely access to mental health services and support can facilitate prompt recovery and avert a crisis.
Mental health can be a delicate balance, with problems developing over a series of adverse circumstances. Individuals at risk may demonstrate an inability to make decisions, repeatedly miss deadlines, be late to work, or exhibit distractibility and a general lack of focus. We need to do everything we can to provide employees and their supervisors with tools to recognize impending problems and be able to respond appropriately.
People of all ages and backgrounds are affected by mental health challenges. This year, one in five Americans over age 18 will experience a mental health condition. Many will experience substance abuse themselves or in their families. In a 3-month period, adults with depression miss an average of 4.8 workdays, and each year employees with depression cost employers an estimated $17 to $44 billion in lost productivity. Nearly 500 million workdays are lost annually due to alcohol abuse. Employees who use drugs are likely to have absences of 8 days or more annually. These numbers do not include the many workers whose productivity is impacted by concerns about children, spouses, and other loved ones with mental health challenges. With proper support, the majority of individuals return to good health and productive lives.
Fewer than half of Americans needing mental health care receive it. Unrecognized and untreated mental health issues can lead to serious consequences. Regrettably, suicide is a leading cause of death among working-age Americans, the second leading cause of death for people 25-34 years old, and the fourth leading cause of death for people 35-54 years old. Every suicide profoundly affects the family, co-workers, and community of the victim.
In June 2013, President Obama called attention to the overarching need to improve mental health when he convened the National Conference on Mental Health at the White House. Together, the President and Vice President have been focused on increasing public awareness of mental health issues, reducing negative attitudes, and encouraging people to seek help when needed. Further, in September 2012, the U.S. Surgeon General published the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention (http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/national-strategy-suicide-prevention/) in collaboration with the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention. The report highlights Federal Agency and employers’ role in a coordinated approach to suicide prevention.
The Office of Personnel Management and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration recognize the critical role that health programs available through a worksite can play in reducing risk for mental health problems and suicide. A supportive worksite:
- educates workers on the basics of mental health and the signs of distress (including suicide warning signs);
- decreases concerns associated with seeking help; and
- enhances emotional health through social connectedness, resilience, and improved problem-solving skills.
Effective and confidential Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) can assist in managing individual, family, or workplace stress before a crisis develops. The EAP can provide support, access to short-term behavioral health services, and referrals for ongoing care. Federal employees and families can also access mental health services and substance use disorder treatment through their Federal Employees Health Benefits insurance plans.
As a top Agency leader, you can start a workplace conversation that will positively impact mental health and well-being. To begin, please share the attached fact sheets throughout your organization. They highlight key resources to increase awareness and access to services when needed. Your EAP administrators, benefits officers, and health unit personnel are also important sources of information to support this conversation within your Agency. More detail can also be found at www.mentalhealth.gov.
Thank you for your attention to this important matter. Working together, we can help ensure a healthier Federal workforce and timely assistance for those in need.
Attachments: Supervisor Fact Sheet, and Employee Fact Sheet
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50-50: Bridging the UN’s Gender Gap
This week the United Nations General Assembly held its 70th session — the last to be headed by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. When he leaves office at the end of 2016, many people want to see a woman as the next United Nations secretary-general, and they also want more gender equality throughout the UN, especially at senior and high-policymaking levels. Why, 20 years after the Beijing declaration pledged equality for women worldwide, are so many women stuck outside important positions of power? Shouldn’t the UN be setting an example of gender equality inside its own four walls?
Efforts made by the UN, including by the Secretary-General, to promote and respect women’s empowerment, are acknowledged by various countries and their delegations, but most feel these gains have not been enough. This video, produced exclusively for the Ralph Bunche Institute’s PassBlue, with a grant from Carnegie Corporation, features frank talk on the topic from longtime UN workers and observers. As Cora Weiss, a women’s rights and peace activist, says in the video, “We don’t lose anything by bringing women to the table, and we have the potential to gain a lot.” | <urn:uuid:a21ffa59-225b-4466-91bd-14ed18f70959> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/50-50-bridging-uns-gender-gap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370507738.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402173940-20200402203940-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.96137 | 266 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Sandblasting allows refurnishing the surface area of any object or a place. Be it anything .Your living room, bedroom or a swimming pool.Things that are required when opting for sand blasting a swimming pool are as follows.
- Thick plastic
- Protective Duct tape
- Protective clothing
- Safety Gloves
- Safety Goggles
- Sandblaster equipment
- Sandblasting medium
- Vacuum cleaner
- Garden hose
First stage in sand blasting is to get removed all remnants of old paint before repainting. For sandblasting the pool’s surface, there are different types of abrasives that can be involved in this method such as sand, crushed glass, steel grit, and aluminum oxide and walnut shell etc.
The second step to follow is to get rid of the water by evacuating all water from the pool and letting it to get dry out. Drift all accessories from the pool such as lights, ladders and drain covers. Put a lid or duct tape on those things which are impossible for you to remove. Ensure safety of yourself by wearing protective clothes, gloves, goggles and a respirator. Also see that the nozzle shutoff valves are completely closed.As a safety measure, having a respirator is a must as excessive sand inhalation may lead to silicosis, a chronic lung disease.
Introducing the Sandblasting:
Introduce the sand blasting medium into the tank till it gets filled. Experts recommend using a suitable medium for the appropriate kind of pool that is to be sand blast. Majority of the in-ground pools consist of concrete or fiberglass. Experts recommend the use of “Black Beauty,” a slag-type medium, for concrete, which is a hard surface to blast. Use flint shot, a white sand, for light blasting and cleaning of a fiberglass pool.
Place the filler valve and produce Pressure:
Place the filler valve back on and keep your hand over it while you open the air valve. Allow at least 20 seconds to produce pressure so that filler valve is in its place till the work is finished. Grab the hose at a right angle to the surface of the pool, which should be around 2 feet away while standing deep in the pool .Open the nozzle shutoff valve. Gradually, open the flow control lid until appropriate amount of sand comes out. Start sand blasting the floor of the deep end of the pool first and work toward the steps then finally get the walls of the pool done in the end.
Sweep the hose across the pool’s surface, moving slowly and maintaining the right-angle position 2 feet away from the surface. Keep the process going on until the whole surface has been sandblasted. Shut down the flow control valve and turn the nozzle shutoff valve to the closed position. Ensure that the air shutoff valve is shut down. Open the pressure-relief valve
Detach all dust:
Detach all dust and remaining residue from the pool and surrounding areas with a vacuum cleaner. Wash off the pool completely with a hose till the entire pool is thoroughly cleansed. Now detach all the duct tape coverings which were done to protect from sand blasting. Let the sand blasting medium dry out so that hoses may not get blocked and the process is carried out easily.
If you are from Sydney, Australia and looking for expert level Sandblasting Services then you should consider Master Sandblasting, their details are given below:
- Business name: Master Sandblasting
- Address: 10 Faulklands Avenue, Bossley Park, NSW, Australia
- Phone number: 0415 812 655
I hope my recommendation will help you to choose best Sandblasting or Shot-blasting services at reasonable cost. Please share this article with your friends and followers who you think are looking for these services. Stay with me for more helpful articles and home improvement tips. | <urn:uuid:75fcf387-3f26-490e-84f6-82c9fada4f71> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://greenwichbsa.org/sand-blasting-a-swimming-pool-or-any-other-area/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804666.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118055757-20171118075757-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.926851 | 798 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Survive in the wilderness in the bitter cold isn’t for the faint of heart. Record low temperatures may create the need for emergency shelters, particularly if you find yourself outdoors and fear exposure.
Your high priorities in a cold environment
Your primary issues in such an unforgiving surroundings is shelter and water. You want to make sure you can maintain your body heat. One tiny mistake such as accidently losing a glove or eye protection can cause detrimental problems like hypothermia, frostbite and even snow blindness. In addition, the wear layers you wear outdoors may create all the difference in the world. Correct layers insulate and prevent heat loss, and in an emergency situation, you may need to improvise and find what’s around you to keep up a proper body temperature. As an example, dry leaves could be used as an emergency layer of insulation if you’re concerned with hypothermia.
A trick that many outside enthusiasts use to warming their outside emergency shelters, is having a heat barrier to trap heat in the shelter. An example of this kind of barrier is Mylar blankets. If you position your Mylar sheeting to reflect the heat of your fire toward your tent, you can increase the warmth considerably. Mylar blankets is one item that can create all the difference in the world! This lightweight prepper item is one of the most multipurpose items you can take with you and a must have for your outdoor gear! Ever wonder regarding all the ways you’ll use Mylar?
Water is another high priority. Dehydration may be a major risk when outdoors. Cold weather studies at the University of latest Hampshire show increased risk for dehydration, a condition many associate with hot weather emergencies. “People just don’t feel as thirsty when the weather is cold,” says Robert Kenefick, UNH professor of kinesiology. “When they don’t feel thirsty, they don’t drink as much, and this can cause dehydration.” Moreover, excessive perspiration, heavy clothing and increased respiratory fluid loss are other factors that contribute to dehydration in cold climates. as an example, when you can see your own breath, that’s actually water vapor that your body is losing. The colder the temperature and the more intense the exercise, the a lot of vapor you lose when you breathe.
As well, you want to put careful thought into the tools you carry with you. Not only ought to the tools be useful, however some should serve a double purpose of preventing hypothermia. Some other tools to consider are:
- Survival knife with 4-6 inch blade
- Thick waterproof tarp
- Extra long Mylar blanket
- Waterproof winter gloves
Keep in Mind
- If you can face your shelter towards the east you will be able to prevent heat loss from prevailing winds and storms coming into your shelter.
- Protect yourself from the weather by using branches, sticks, tarps or whatever you have available. Pine branches are great for wind-proofing your shelter and preventing heat loss from the ground.
- Body heat can quickly escape if you do not have a ground insulator. If you can build your bedding area off the ground, you’ll be able to conserve a lot of body heat. think about pine needles, leaves, spruce boughs and/or branches, or even building up the snow around your primitive shelter.
- Take into consideration your energy output on building the shelter versus the protection of the shelter. | <urn:uuid:4d5fb94e-1e24-4bc4-bd8f-d40bfa498655> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.patriotdirect.org/survival-guides-three-ways-to-survive-outside-in-winter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120063253-20180120083253-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.915135 | 721 | 2.765625 | 3 |
I thought today we would look into mastectomies and I hope you find this blog post interesting and useful.
What is a Mastectomy?
A mastectomy is the removal of a whole breast. There are five different types of mastectomy:
Simple or Total Mastectomy - This concentrates on the breast tissue itself. The surgeon removes the entire breast but does not usually remove the lymph nodes located in the armpit (although this can happen occasionally if the lymph nodes are found in the breast tissue during the surgery). No muscles are removed from underneath the breast during this type of mastectomy.
A SIMPLE OR TOTAL MESTECTOMY IS USUALLY APPROPRIATE FOR WOMEN WITH LARGE AREAD OF DCIS OR MULTIPLE DCIS. IT IS USUALLY APPROPRIATE FOR WOMEN SEEKING PREVENTATIVE MASTECTOMIES.
Modified Radical Mastectomy – This involves removal of both the breast tissue and lymph nodes. The entire breast is removed by the surgeon and an axillary lymph node dissection is performed to remove level I and II of the lymph nodes in your armpit. No muscles from underneath the breast are removed.
PEOPLE WITH INVASIVE BREAST CANCER MAY HAVE A MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY SO THAT THEIR LYMPH NODES CAN BE EXAMINED AS THIS WILL ALLOW THE SPECIALIST TO DETERMINE IF THE CANCER HAS SPREAD BEYOND THE BREAST.
Radical Mastectomy – This is the most extensive type of mastectomy and involves removing the entire breast, level I, II and III of the armpit lymph nodes and the chest wall muscles found under the breast.
RADICAL MASECTOMIES ARE ONLY RECOMMENDED FOR PEOPLE WHOSE BREAST CANCER HAS SPREAD TO THE MUSCLES UNDER THE BREAST. THIS USED TO BE A VERY COMMON TYPE OF MASTECOMY BUT THE MODIFIED VERSION HAS PROVED TO BE JUST AS EFFECTIVE BUT FAR LESS DISFIGURING.
Partial Mastectomy – This involves removing the cancerous part of the breast tissue and normal margins of healthy tissue around it. This is kind of like a lumpectomy, although more tissue is removed.
Subcutaneous Mastectomy (Nipple Sparing) – This is seen as a controversial option by some specialists as all of the breast tissue is removed but the nipple is not touched and as some tissue could be left behind and develop into cancer. It can cause distortion or numbness in the nipple.
Reasons to Have a Mastectomy:
A mastectomy is a huge surgical procedure with lifelong repercussions so it isn’t for everyone. It could be the best way forward for you if you fit any of the following criteria:
*If your tumour is over 5cm
*If your breast is small and a lumpectomy would leave very little scar tissue
*If you have already undergone multiple lumpectomies to try and remove a tumour and have been unable to obtain clear margins.
*If a lumpectomy and radiation is not an option for you
*If you believe total removal of breast tissue would give you better peace of mind then a lumpectomy
Breast Reconstruction Surgery:
It may be possible for you to have your breasts reconstructed during the same surgical procedure as the mastectomy. This is known as immediate reconstruction. An advantage of this may be sparing yourself the trauma of having an empty space where your breast used to be. However, the decision to reconstruct your breast on top of having a mastectomy may be too much emotionally and physically so you may also wait months or years to have your reconstructive surgery.
There are many different techniques available for breast reconstruction, including inserting an implant or tissue from another body part.
You Are Not Alone:
Lots of women have been through this procedure, some for preventative reasons and others because they have had breast cancer. In recent years celebrities such as Sharon Osbourne, Michelle Heaton, Giuliana Rancic and Christina Applegate have all had mastectomies. It doesn’t make you any less of a woman; in fact it makes you a warrior and enables you to beat cancer at its own game.
Sending lots of love to any women considering a mastectomy, recovering from a mastectomy or living life to the full after a mastectomy, you are braver then you know!
For more information please visit www.cancerresearchuk.org | <urn:uuid:55a61dc5-305c-4eae-ae0b-0adb15278794> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://forgeorgiep.blogspot.com/2017/02/preventing-cancer-mastectomy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744348.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118093845-20181118115210-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.928993 | 941 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Wikipedia adorns science hat even though scientists are not using it for the reference. The pioneer of dinner contention and rescuer of those who lack in originality, which is the river that flows through Egypt, what does the independence day mean? Wikipedia has the solution for all the important questions that are swimming through your mind.
It is privy to innumerable scientific entries; Wikipedia provides a speedy citation for the molecular formula of Zoloft, who the inventor of the 3-D printer is and not to forget that the tectonic plates are only a hundred year old. The website is a treasure trove for science fans, science bloggers and scientists alike. However, scientists use Wikipedia but never accept the fact.
The fact is emerging that scientists are browsing just like all the common people. A contemporary investigation discovered that Wikipedia is abreast of all the latest happenings and lexicon from those Wikipedia articles discovers its route into scientific papers. The outcomes do not only showcase the wiki habits of the ivory tower. They also present that the free broadly accessible information source is defining a role in research advancement, especially in poor countries.
Teachers in the school and colleges tell students to refrain from Wikipedia telling them that it is not a citable source. It is privy to editing and articles alter from day to day. Thomas Shafee, a biochemist at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia said that Wikipedia is an untrustworthy site. | <urn:uuid:d408f952-2ab0-461e-a660-5aa4998efd79> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.albaniantimes.com/2018/02/06/wikipedia-adorns-science-hat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891817437.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225205820-20180225225820-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.941024 | 292 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1803-1806 provided the country with its first western heroes and revealed a land so bounteous and alluring that nature itself appeared to have smiled upon the American republic. In 1803, the year of the Louisiana Purchase, the United States was a strong, confident nation with a population of six million. Americans were building canals, bridges, factories, and highways and experimenting with steamboats and gas lamps. But there was another America, totally unknown to the people of the East. In 1800, tens of thousands of Native Americans living within the boundaries of the future United States had never seen a white person. The United States was bordered by a mystery.
The existence of this unknown land fascinated and challenged President Thomas Jefferson. Although he was best known as a statesman, Jefferson was a deeply contemplative man and an accomplished astronomer, archaeologist, geologist, and naturalist.
He was so fascinated that he encouraged expeditions westward on more than one occasion. As president, he delivered a message to Congress on January 18th, 1803, advocating a secret expedition to explore the West. Anticipating that his proposal would be accepted if he offered economic reasons, he suggested that contact would lead to "commercial intercourse." Impressed by his argument, Congress approved the proposal, and Jefferson began to make plans. The land Jefferson intended to explore was owned by France, and in 1802 Napoleon contemplated posting a large military force in the area. However, having a decimated army, and needing funds, Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana, then measuring about nine hundred thousand square miles, for 15 million dollars. The measure won congressional approval, and suddenly the expedition to a foreign land became the exploration of American territory.
The spring and summer of 1803 were given over to preparations. Jefferson... | <urn:uuid:e4a6c3a8-d24d-4a21-bdb3-1fe45144f122> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.writework.com/essay/expedition-lewis-clark | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542932.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00134-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973618 | 370 | 4.25 | 4 |
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home automation lightning motion sensor and zigbee wireless
Engineering and Construction
Pages 5 (1255 words)
Name Instructor Course Date Literature Review Introduction Presence detectors are sensors designed to minimise the amount of time lights are left on unnecessarily. For instance when a room is vacated or there is adequate natural light, the lights in the building must turn off.
Most presence detectors have an in-built light sensor (lux) that will turn off the lights if there is sufficient natural light. Regulating lights with a presence detector may save up to 65% of the total cost spent on lighting energy (CP Electronics, 2013). How the system works Presence detectors also known as PIR (Passive Infra-Red) work on a principle similar to that applied in motion detectors. These devices log the thermal radiations of their environments or area under detection. When thermal radiation in the area is detected, for example, in the case of a person coming close to the sensor, the detector will convert these vibrations into measurable electrical signals which will then turn on the lights. Presence detectors utilised in controlling lighting assist in the continuous adjustment of the output of faint lighting systems. This functionality facilitates management of energy saves costs over the conventional switching systems. Presence detectors provide an automatic hands-off lighting system that combines user comfort with an optimum energy consumption (Theben, 2011). Belki’s new device called WeMo makes home automation simpler. According to the company manufacturers, the device allows the user to control home-entertainment and other applications using iOS devices. Belki’s WeMo system incorporates a number of devices that are linked to the users Wi-Fi network. The system can then be managed by an iPad app or WeMo iPhone. ...
Not exactly what you need? | <urn:uuid:dccdb267-bb50-43bf-97f3-b68925c06945> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://studentshare.net/engineering-and-construction/90538-home-automation-lightning-motion-sensor-and-zigbee | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00023-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894676 | 372 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Essay PreviewMore ↓
Authors often have underlying reasons for giving their stories certain themes or settings. Arthur Miller’s masterpiece, The Crucible, is a work of art inspired by actual events as a response to political and moral issues. Set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, The Crucible proves to have its roots in events of the 1950’s and 1960’s, such as the activities of the House Un-American Committee and the “Red Scare.” Though the play provides an accurate account of the Salem witch trials, its real achievement lies in the many important issues of Miller’s time that it dealswith.
Throughout The Crucible, Miller is concerned with conscience and guilt. Through the character Abigail Williams, he shows how people are willing to abandon their firmly-established values in order to conform with the majority and protect themselves. Those who refuse to part with their conscience, such as the character of John Proctor, are chastised for it. For this reason, the Salem witch trials raise a question of the administration of justice. During this time in the late 1600’s, people were peroccupied by a fear of the devil, due to their severe Puritan belief system. Nineteen innocent people are hanged on the signature of Deputy Governor Danforth, who has the authority to try, convict, and execute anyone he deems appropriate. However, we as readers sense little to no real malice in Danworth. Rather, ignorance and fear plague him. The mass
hysteria brought about by the witchcraft scare in The Crucible leads to the upheaval in people’s differentiation between right and wrong, fogging their sense of true justice.
When Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible in the early 1950’s, the United States was
experiencing a modern “witch hunt” of its own. Senator Joseph McCarthy, provoked by the Cold War, became fearfully convinced that Communists, or “Reds,” were polluting American
government. He intended to hunt them out, force them to confess, and make them name their associates, almost as the Salem judges had done. In fact, the character of Danforth is based on McCarthy himself. There is a great parallel between the witch trials and the “Red Scare.” Both created a frenzy among the public, involved people going against each other to prove their innocence, and sought to hunt out those who rebelled against the dominant values of the time.
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- Context influences all texts, whether it be a novel, play or movie. It is the reader’s knowledge of the historical and cultural background influencing a text, which allows enrichment of reading and understanding that can be gained from a text. The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a play which is a fitting example of this statement. This is due to the multiple references Miller has made to both the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 and to the McCarthy era, the period in which the play was written. Although Miller states “this play is not history”, it serves as an allegory for both time periods and it was the appreciation I had for the historical and cultural context of these time periods which enriched... [tags: Literary Analysis, Analytical Essay]
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- The Importance of Names in The Crucible by Arthur Miller What is the importance of names. In this essay I will be trying to answer the question “What is the importance of names.” Based on the play – The Crucible. Briefly I will explain what happened in the play. In Salem village, Massachusetts, in 1692, which hysteria swept the area. Salem village was a puritan society, you either loved God and did no wrong or you lived with a blackened name. A group of young girls were found dancing naked in a forest.... [tags: The Crucible Arthur Miller]
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Arthur Miller’s own involvement in the McCarthy “witch hunt” is very significant in the writing of The Crucible. He himself appeared before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1956, accused of being a Communist. He admitted to having attended a Communist meeting years earlier to learn about their views. He was asked to name the others at the meeting but refused, stating, “I am trying to and I will protect my sense of myself.” Miller’s reaction to his cross-examination is similar to that of John Proctor, who represents Miller’s belief that righteousness is maintained if one’s moral sense is kept. In Miller’s case, he was convicted of contempt, but the conviction was later appealed and reversed. It is evident that he wrote about McCarthyism indirectly to protect himself at the time.
The witch hunt in Salem in 1692 and McCarthyism and the Red Scare in the United States in the 1950’s are remarkably similar situations. The issues dealt with by Miller in documenting one of these clearly describes almost exactly the issues of the other. Miller masterfully uses the unfamiliar setting of the Salem witch hunt to comment on his own time. It is obvious in all the events represented through the writing of The Crucible that there is a common loss of judgement due to unjustified hysteria. The fact that we see this pattern repeat itself throughout history by reading this play points out that Miller recognizes this as a major concern of society.
Though Arthur Miller creates parallels between controversies that occurred in very different times, it is the great universal significance of The Crucible that makes it successful. Miller’s concern with the shedding of guilt, the loss of morality, lack of genuine justice and the way he deals with these as a theme in the play have a stronger relevance that is striking. He also uses this theme to create a remarkable drama, but more importantly, they are issues that are applicable and crucial to him. Accordingly, The Crucible is far more than a story of the past. Rather, it is an allegory of our times. | <urn:uuid:048f6167-78c1-4dab-9a05-9d43a05406be> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=44512 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.969953 | 2,455 | 3.25 | 3 |
Botanical Description & Habitat
Ascelepias Butterfly weed Canada root Orange milkweed Orangeroot Tuber root Wind root White root
Indigenous to North America and found in some areas of South America. It flourishes in dry, sandy, and gravel soils.
Has large, irregular, yellowish-brown roots producing numerous erect stems which grow from one to two feet in height. The stems are hairy, with a green or red hue, and contain a milky fluid. The leaves are lanceolate, hairy, and grow alternately along the stem paler on the underside. The flowers are bright orange and bloom during June and August. The fruit is a narrow, green pod containing ovate seeds.
Root dried, collected in autumn
Historical Properties & Uses
Pleurisy root has a reputation extending back several centuries. It is a favored treatment for colds, flu, bronchitis, tuberculosis, and pleurisy. In America, it was the primary expectorant of choice for several decades.
One early practitioner, after 25 years of continuous clinical observation, wrote the herb possessed "...an almost specific quality of acting on the organs of respiration, powerfully promoting... expectoration," and that it...proved equally efficacious... in pneumonic fevers, colds, catarrhs, and diseases of the breast in general."
Such enthusiasm was shared by the majority of early American medical doctors. Today, after several decades of obscurity, pleurisy root is once again rising in popularity among herbalists and public alike. While it has not been extensively investigated, it has displayed strong antibiotic and diaphoretic properties. Effects on heart and circulation have been noted, as well as estrogenic and uterine stimulating properties.
Method of Action
Pleurisy root strongly inhibits mycobacterium tuberculosis
Incubated at 37 degrees C. for seven days with the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, pleurisy root extract produced inhibition at dilutions of 1:160 to 1:300, making it one of the most effective among those plants exhibiting such activity.
Pleurisy root has uterine stimulant and estrogenic properties
The fluid extract of pleurisy root exerts an appreciable oxytocic-like action on the uteri of several species of lab animal, including guinea pig and rabbit, both in vitro and in vivo, and contains substances having a strong estrogenic effect on castrated rats.
Miscellaneous Pharmacology Of Pleurisy Root
Tonic effects on the heart and circulation, as well as stimulation of the sweat glands, have been established.
Drug Interactions & Precautions
Since pleurisy root's diuretic action increases the renal excretion of sodium and chloride, the herb may potentiate the hyperglycemic and hyperuricemic effects of glucose-elevating agents.
Diuretics in general may potentiate the action of antihypertensive, ganglionic or peripheral adrenergic blocking drugs, tubocurarine and, to a lesser degree, norepinephrine.
In addition, the oxytocic-like action of pleurisy root may produce neonatal jaundice, which would interfere with serum bilirubin test results.
The antituberculous activity of pleurisy root may potentiate the adverse effects of other antituberculous drugs, especially ethionamide.
When taken in conjunction with corticotropin (ACTH) or corticosteroids, this diuretic herb is more prone to produce hypokalemia. The diuretic action of pleurisy root may also reduce renal clearance of lithium. In general, the use of diuretics may require dosage adjustments of antidiabetic drugs.
The presence of estrogen-like substances in pleurisy root may increase the production of procoagulant factors which, in turn, may inhibit the anticoagulant action of heparin or coumarin. The estrogenic constituents of this plant may also potentiate oral antidiabetics, folic acid antagonists, and some corticosteroids.
Conversely, the presence of estrogen can inhibit antihypercholesterolemics by inducing hyperlipemia. It can also inhibit the activity of most parenteral medications by reducing the rate of spreading. However, the estrogenic activity of pleurisy root may be inhibited by meprobamate and phenobarbital.
Due to the presence of estrogenic substance, oxytocin may augment the neural conductivity and contractility of uterine smooth muscle. The estrogen in this herb may also raise blood glucose levels enough to alter insulin requirements in diabetics.
Prolonged use of this diuretic herb may affect certain laboratory test results such as electrolytes, especially potassium and sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, glucose, and protein bound iodine (PBI).
It should also be noted angina pectoris drugs, such as nadolol and propranolol HCl, may reduce AV conduction induced by this herb.
Safety Factors & Toxicity
Preparation & Administration
Three times a day
made from 1/2-1 tsp of dried root
1:1 in 25% alcohol, 1-4 ml
1:10 in 45% alcohol, 1-5 ml
Note: This Herbal Preparation information is a summary of data from books and articles by various authors. It is not intended to replace the advice or attention of health care professionals.
Costello, G.H. & E.V. Lynn. Estrogenic substances from plants: I. Glycyrrhiza. Journ Of The Am Pharm. Association, 39, 177-180, 1950.
Costello, C.H. & C.L. Butler. Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Co., The estrogenic and uterine-stimulating activity of asclepias tuberosa. A preliminary investigation. J Of The Am Pharm Assoc,39, 233-237, 1950.
Fitzpatrick, F.K. Plant substances active against mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiotics And Chemotherapy, 4(5), 528-536, 1954.
Albert-Puleo, M. 1980. Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2. pp. 337-344.
Am Hospital Formulary Service. Am Soc of Hosp Pharm. Wash, D.C.
Bressler, R., M.D. Bogdonoff & G.J. Subak-Sharpe. 1981. The Physicians Drug Manual. Doubleday & Co, Inc. Garden City, NY. 1213 pp.
Chambers, G., R.J. Kerry & G. Owen. 1977. Lithium used with a diuretic. British Medical Journal, 2. pp. 805-806.
Chiles, V.K. 1968. Drug interactions and the pharmacist. Canadian Pharaceutical Journal, 101(7). pp. 241-247.
Clark, T.H., A.H. Conney & B.P. Harpole, et.al. 1967. Drug interactions that can affect your patients. Patient Care, 1(11). pp. 33-71.
Committee on Pharmocopaeia of the Am Institute of Homeopathy, The Homeopathic Pharmacopaeia of the United States. 8th ed., Vol 1. Otis Clapp and Son, Agents, Boston, l981.
Costello, C. & C. Butler. 1950. The estrogenic and uterine-stimulating activity of asclepias tuberosa. A preliminary investigation. J of the Am Pharm Assoc, 39. pp. 233-237.
De Martinis, M., et.al. Milk thistle (silybum marianum) derivatives in the therapy of chronic hepatopathies. Clin. Ter. 94(3). pp. 283-315. 1980.
Drug package insert (FDA approved official brochure) and other labeling based on sponsored clinical investigations and New Drug Application data.
Goldner, M., H. Zarowitz & S. Akgun. 1960. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria due to thiazide derivatives administered in diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 262(Feb 2). pp. 403-405.
Goodman, L.S. & A. Gilman. 1975. Pharm Basis of Thera. MacMillan, NY.
Hansten, P.D. 1979. Drug Interactions, 4th ed. Lea & Febiger, Phila.
Hansten, P.D. 1968. Antidiabetic drug interactions. Hospital Form. Management, 4(2). pp. 30-32.
Hansten, P.D. 1979. Drug Interactions, 4th ed. Lea & Febiger, Phila.
Hurtig, H.I. & W.L. Dyson. 1974. Lithium toxicity enhanced by diuresis. New England J of Med, 290(Mar 28). pp. 748-749.
Hyde, F.F. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. British Herbal Medicine Assoc: West Yorks, England, 1983
Kastrup, E.K., ed. 1981. Drug Facts and Comparisons, 1982 edition. Facts and Comparisions Division, J.P. Lippincott Co, Phila(St. Louis).
List, P. & L. Hoerhammer. 1969-1976. Hagers Hanbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, vols. 2-5. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Lutz, E.G. 1975. Lithium toxicity precipitated by diuretics. Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 72(5). pp. 439-440.
Martin, E.W. 1978. Drug Interactions Index, 1978/79. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Miller, R.D., et.al. 1976. Enhancement of d-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockage by diuretics in man. Anesth, 45. p.442.
Miller, L. & R. Lindeman. Red Blood Cell and Serum Selenium Concentration as Influenced by Age and Selected Diseases. Journal Of Am College Nutrition, 2. 1983.
Mowrey, Daniel B., Ph.D. Exper. Psych., Brigham Young University. Director of Nebo Institute of Herbal Sciences. Director of Behavior Change Agent Training Institute. Director of Research, Nova Corp.
Nelson, D.H., et.al. 1963. Potentiation of the biologic effect of administered cortisol by estrogen treatment. Journal of Clin Endocrinology and Metabolism, 23(3). pp. 261-265.
Scientific Committee, British Herbal Pharmocopaeia, British Herbal Med Assoc, Lane House, Cowling, Na Keighley, West Yorks, Bd Bd220lx, l983
Spangler, A.S., et.al. 1969. Enhancement of the antiinflammatory action of hydrocortisone by esrtogen. J of Clin Endoc, 29(5). p.650-655.
Stuart, D.M. 1968. Drug metabolism Part 2. Drug interactions. PharmIndex, 10(10). pp. 4-16.
Thorn, G.W. 1966. Clin considerations in the use of corticosteroids. New England J of Medicine, 274(Apr 7). pp. 775-781.
Tuttle, C. 1969. Drug interactions. Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. 22(5-6). pp. 2-15.
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1216 - 1399
- King Henry II 1154 - 1189
- King Richard I the Lionheart 1189 - 1199
- King John 1 1199 - 1216
- Age 9 - 65
- Eldest son of John I
- Born: 1 October 1207 at Winchester
- Parents: King John and Isabella of Angouleme (French)
- Ascended to the throne: 18 October 1216 aged 9 years
- Crowned: 28 October 1216 at Westminster Abbey
- Married: Eleanor of Provence (French), Daughter of Raymond Berenger
- Children: Six sons including Edward I, and three daughters
- Died: 16 November 16 at Westminster, aged 65 years
- Buried at: Westminster Abbey
- Succeeded by: his son Edward
Henry, crowned when 9 years old, did not take full control of England until 1227 when he was 20.
His reign lasted fifty-six years, making it the longest of any English monarch (NB not British monarch)
In 1264 Henry was captured during a civil war and was forced to set up a 'Parlement' (from the French "parler", to talk) at Westminster, the start of the House of Commons.
During his reign Oxford and Cambridge universities were firmly established, and many cathedrals were enlarged or created from scratch including: Westminster, Salisbury, Wells, Lincoln, Peterborough, Winchester (the Great Hall).
1220 Building of Salisbury cathedral begun
His eldest daughter Margaret married Alexander 3rd King of Scotland.
- Age 33-68
- Eldest son of Henry III
- Married Eleanor (Spanish) then Margaret (French)
- Born: 17 June 1239 at Westminster
- Parents: Henry III ad Eleanor of Provence
- Ascended to the throne: 20 November 1272 aged 33 years
- Crowned: 19 August 1274 at Westminster Abbey
- Married: (1) Eleanor, Daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile (Spanish),
(2) Margaret, Daughter of Philip III of France
- Children: Six sons including Edward II,and twelve daughters
- Died: 7 July 1307 at Burgh-by-Sands, Nr Carlisle, Cumbria, aged 68 years
- Buried at: Westminster Abbey
- Succeeded by: his son Edward II
King of England from 1272
Edward 'Longshanks' (so called because he was over 6ft tall) fought wars against the Scots King Robert the Bruce and was called 'the hammer of the Scots'.
Edward formed the Model Parliament in 1295, bringing together the knights, clergy, nobility and burgesses of the cities, bringing Lords and Commons together for the first time.
Edward was a noted castle builder, including the northern Welsh Conway castle, Caernarvon castle, Beaumaris castle, and Harlech castle.
1306 - Robert Bruce is crowned King of Scotland
- Age 23-43
- Born: 25 April 25, 1284 at Caernarvon, Wales
- Parents: Edward I and Eleanor of Castile
- Ascended to the throne: 8 July1307 aged 23 years
- Crowned: 25 February 1308 at Westminster Abbey
- Married: Isabella, Daughter of Philip IV of France
- Children: Two sons and two daughters
- Abdicated: 24 January 1327
- Died: 21 September 1327 at Berkeley Castle (murdered), aged 43 years
- Buried at: Gloucester
- Succeeded by: his son Edward III
King of England from 1307, son of Edward I. Born at Caernarfon Castle, he was created the first Prince of Wales in 1301.
He was called Edward of Carnarvon after his birthplace in Wales.
His invasion of Scotland in 1314 to suppress revolt resulted in defeat at Bannockburn.
Scotland regained independence (which lasts 300 years)
Edward was deposed in 1327 by his wife Isabella (1292–1358), daughter of Philip IV of France, and her lover Roger de Mortimer, and murdered in Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire.
Note modern historians claim that Edward 2nd was not murdered rather just spirited away to secret captivity to enable Isabella and Mortimer to rule the country.
- Age 14-65
- Born: 13 November 1312 at Windsor Castle
- Parents: Edward II and Isabella of France
- Ascended to the throne: 25 January 1327 aged 14 years
- Crowned: 29 January 1327 at Westminster Abbey
- Married: Philippa, Daughter of Count of Hainault (Dutch)
- Children: Seven sons and five daughters, plus at least 3 illegitimate (by Alice Perrers)
- Died: 21 June 1377 at Sheen Palace, Surrey, aged 64 years
- Buried at: Westminster Abbey
- Succeeded by: his grandson Richard II
King of England from 1327
Edward's mother the French Isabella and her lover Mortimer ruled while Edward 3rd was in his minority (too young). In 1330 Edward now 17 assumes Royal Powers, arrests and executes Mortimer and puts his mother under life time house arrest.
Edward fought many battles against the Scots and the French.
The House of Lords was created under Edward 3rd thus separating elected members or “commoners” from Lords and Bishops.
The Black Prince
Edward's lll's eldest son was also called Edward. He was known as the Black Prince because of the colour of his armour.
1329 Robert Bruce charismatic leader of the Scots dies from leprosy. He is succeeded by his son David Bruce known as King David 2nd.
1348 - The outbreak of bubonic plague, the 'Black Death' in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England.
1337-1453 The Hundred Years War with France
1338 French fleets invade England around Southampton, Dover and the Thames Estuary for London but are effectively beaten off.
24 June 1348 - Edward set up the Order of the Garter.
- Age 10-32
- Grandson of Edward III
- Born: 6 January 1367 at Bordeaux, France
- Parents: Edward, the Black Prince, and Joan of Kent
- Ascended to the throne: 22 June 1377 aged 10 years
- Crowned: 16 July 1377 at Westminster Abbey
- Married: (1) Anne of Bohemia (Bohemian), (2) Isabella, nine year old daughter of Charles VI of France
- Children: None
- Died: 14 February 1400 in captivity at Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire (starved to death), aged 33 years
- Buried at: Langley reburied Westminster
- Succeeded by: his cousin Henry IV
King of England from 1377
In the first part of his reign, because he was so young, the country was ruled by his uncle, John of Gaunt whose son Bolingbroke eventually murdered Richard and became king as Henry 4th.
In 1381 Richard was faced with the Peasants' Revolt, a result of the imposition of the Poll Tax in 1380. The leader of the Revolt, Wat Tyler, was stabbed and killed at Smithfield by the Lord Mayor of London, fearing for the safety of the king.
Richard ruled at the time of Chaucer the poet.
1066 - 1154 The Normans
1154 - 1216 The Angevins (The first Plantagenet kings)
1216 - 1399 Plantagenets
1399 - 1461 The House of Lancaster
1461 - 1485 The House of York
1485 -1603 The Tudors
1603 - 1649 and 1660 - 1714 The Stuarts
1714 -1901 The House of Hanovarians
1901 -1910 and 1910 - Today Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and The Windsors | <urn:uuid:ce474326-31f7-46a7-b9e5-ec513c2b2121> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/monarchy/plantagenets.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398455135.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205415-00055-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950773 | 1,663 | 3.40625 | 3 |
"It is not your duty to be average. It is your duty to set a higher example for others to follow."
- Lincoln Alexander
By renaming Ryerson's Faculty of Law in memory of Lincoln Alexander, we endeavour to honour his legacy as a leader in the fight for racial equality, a champion of education and youth, and a trailblazer in Canadian history.
Early Life and Service
Lincoln Alexander was born in Toronto in 1922, the oldest son of Caribbean immigrant parents. Although his father was a carpenter by trade, job opportunities were limited for Black Canadians and so he worked as a porter for the Canadian Pacific Railway. His mother worked as a maid.
After his parents separated, Alexander moved to Harlem, New York as a teenager to live with his mother. It was in Harlem that Alexander first found role models working in professions outside of manual labour.
Alexander returned to Toronto in 1939, shortly after the start of the Second World War. Although he was too young to enlist, Lincoln worked as a machinist in a Hamilton-based factory, making anti-aircraft guns for the war effort.
Alexander later joined the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942 – a branch of the armed forces which often restricted non-whites from entering service. Alexander served as a corporal with the air force until 1945. After the Second World War, he turned his efforts to higher education.
Law and Politics
After earning a Bachelor of Arts from McMaster University in 1949, Lincoln Alexander graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School in 1953.
After privately practicing law for a few years, Alexander was eventually appointed as Queen's Counsel in 1965.
That same year, Alexander entered politics and ran as a Conservative MP for Hamilton West but was defeated. Three years later, Alexander ran again and this time won the seat, making him the first Black Canadian to serve in Canada's House of Commons.
A brilliant and distinguished public servant, Alexander was re-elected four times, serving a total of 12 years. In 1979, Alexander was appointed the minister of labour, a portfolio he held until 1980. In doing so, he became the first Black Canadian to hold a Cabinet position. He resigned his seat following his appointment as Chair of the Ontario Workers' Compensation Board (now known as the WSIB), where he served for five years.
Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
In 1985, Lincoln Alexander was sworn in as Ontario’s 24th Lieutenant Governor, the first Black Canadian to be appointed to a vice-regal position in Canada. As Lieutenant Governor, Alexander was able to take an active role in the multicultural affairs of Ontario, promoting the causes of racial equality, education and youth. At the conclusion of his term as Lieutenant-Governor, Alexander was appointed as chancellor of the University of Guelph in 1991, where he served an unprecedented five terms.
In his provincial, federal, public and private roles, Lincoln Alexander consistently advocated for equity, diversity and inclusion in Canadian Society. For his contributions, Alexander was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Canada and to the Order of Ontario in 1992.
A man of great character, determination, and resilience, Alexander's life serves as an inspiration for all Canadians, and in particular for the students of this law school - who represent the trailblazers of tomorrow.
In 2013, in recognition of Lincoln Alexander’s long record of distinguished public service and commitment to human rights, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario designated January 21, his birthdate, as Lincoln Alexander Day. This day was observed for the first time across the country in 2015.
- War medal 1939-1945 (1945)
- St. Ursula Award (1969)
- Ethnic Press Council of Canada Man of the Year (1982)
- McMaster Distinguished Alumni Award (1982)
- Cultural Achievement Award, Caribana Cultural Committee (1984)
- Boy Scouts of Canada Silver Acorn (1988)
- Member of the Order of Ontario (1992)
- Companion of the Order of Canada (1992)
- 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal (1992)
- Canadian Forces Decoration (1994)
- Osgoode Hall Law School Alumni Association Award of Excellence (1996)
- Lifetime Achievement Award, Canadian Association of Black Lawyers (1997)
- Black History Month J.C. Holland Award (1998)
- Government of Ontario Award for Outstanding Achievement in Human Rights (1998)
- Lifetime Achievement, Harry Jerome Awards (2001)
- Queen Elizabeth II’s Golden Jubilee Medal (2002)
- Canadian Race Relations Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award (2003)
- Queen Elizabeth II’s Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012)
Lincoln Alexander received honorary degrees from six Canadian universities:
- University of Toronto (1986)
- McMaster University (1987)
- Western University (1988)
- York University (1990)
- Royal Military College (1991)
- Queen’s University (1992)
Lincoln M. Alexander Award (Ontario Ministry of Citizenship & Immigration)
This award is given to young people who have shown strong leadership in eliminating racial discrimination. Three awards are given out each year: two Student Awards and one Community Award.
The Lincoln Alexander Award (Law Society of Ontario)
The Lincoln Alexander Award was established in 2002 and is awarded annually in recognition of an Ontario lawyer who has demonstrated long-standing interest and commitment to the public and to the pursuit of community service on behalf of residents of Ontario. The award was created in honour of The Honourable Lincoln M. Alexander, PC, CC, OOnt, CD, QC, LSM, to reward his dedication to the people of Ontario and the legal community.The honour is granted only to members of the Law Society of Ontario or in recognition of service given while a member of the Law Society.
Lincoln Alexander Outstanding Leader Award (The Gordon S. Lang School of Business and Economics, University of Guelph)
The Lincoln Alexander Outstanding Leader Award honours a Canadian whose actions and accomplishments demonstrate a commitment to leadership with particular emphasis on the values of learning, collaboration, advocacy and service. The award memorializes Ontario's former Lieutenant Governor and the University of Guelph's chancellor emeritus, the late Lincoln Alexander.
Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway, Hamilton
- Lincoln Alexander Public School, Ajax
- Lincoln Alexander Public School, Hamilton
- Lincoln Alexander Public School, Markham
- Lincoln M. Alexander Secondary School, Mississauga
- Alexander Hall, University of Guelph
- Lincoln Alexander School of Law at Ryerson University
- 876 Lincoln Alexander Royal Canadian Air Cadets Squadron
- Lincoln M. Alexander Building, The OPP Headquarters Building in Orillia | <urn:uuid:dd85cbd3-8638-41bb-9004-0e404af4281e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.ryerson.ca/law/about/our-namesake/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587606.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024204628-20211024234628-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.960093 | 1,378 | 2.734375 | 3 |
New rules for Erebus living ice caves
Discovery of dozens of unexplored caves on Mount Erebus, towering over New Zealand’s Antarctic Scott Base, has led to tight new rules being imposed on those who want to explore them.
The Antarctic Sun (antarcticsun.usap.gov ), published by the US Antarctic Programme, said about 250 caves may exist on 3794 metre high Mount Erebus, and some of them, warm and dark, contain life.
It described them as one of Antarctica’s most mysterious phenomena with the caves created by the volcano’s steam, like giant blue-white irregular baubles of blown glass.
The US National Science Foundation, which operated out of McMurdo Base near Scott Base, said they were creating a code of conduct to ensure that the scientific values represented by the ice caves, from biological to geological, were protected.
“They’re one of the more vulnerable areas because they have warmer soil temperatures, which means they can be more easily harmed by more temperate plants and microbes,” said the foundation’s environmental policy specialist Adrian Dahood.
New Mexico Tech PhD candidate Aaron Curtis has discovered that gas and steam escaping from the flanks of the Erebus through fissures called fumaroles.
The steam carves structures through the ice and play an important role in how gas and heat escape from Erebus.
Outside Erebus the surface temperature is about minus 33 degrees Celsius with almost no humidity.
Inside the caves the temperature is about zero and humidity up to 100 per cent.
Antarctic Sun said microorganisms existed inside the caves despite the lack of light.
A Scripps Institution of Oceanography scientist, Hubert Staudigel said they would find “a pristine environment” in the caves and they contained extreme life.
Some research and visits by mountaineers had already contaminated some caves.
Crumbs, or smoking, had caused damage, and Dahood said they now wanted to restrict activity until they have a code of practice.
NSF want a moratorium on all visits unless for scientific research and when scientists go inside they have to wear special anti-contamination suits.
Dahood said the US was also working with New Zealand to develop Antarctic Specially Protected Areas on Erebus and on Mt Melbourne, to the north, to protect three high-altitude geothermal areas into a single, more comprehensive management plan.
What will be the main motivation for humanity's future space endeavours?Related story: (See story)
The cost of losing nature | <urn:uuid:a07d7959-8bd0-4c62-be03-8bcc25ee0329> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.stuff.co.nz/science/7913293/New-rules-for-Erebus-living-ice-caves | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719638.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00242-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94294 | 542 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The Origins of Political Correctness
In the wake of a newly chosen U.S. President Elect and the resulting wave of strong emotions that are still rippling throughout the country (and expressed with cries of “Love Trumps Hate” and “Not my president!” in marches in every major city), we will examine what it means to be “politically correct,” and dissect a campaign which was founded upon the idea that to be “PC” means to conceal the truth.
Maybe you’ve heard the criticism from residents of other countries that the U.S. is politically correct to a fault; here, one can’t seem to get away with making a joke at the expense of another person, culture, or community. Is it true? Are we overly sensitive and fearful? In Trump’s “campaign against political correctness,” he rears his head against expectations that his future presidency, as well as American citizens’ roles, should tiptoe around hot-button issues. Throughout his campaigns and presidential debates, which were peppered with personal attacks and derogatory terms, some said he was just “telling it like it is.” With arguments referencing “bad hombres” and one “nasty woman” in particular, many admired Trump’s gumption and willingness to enter into a territory devoid of coded language, after generations of what they believed to be corrupt politicians hiding their true intentions.
Following the mass shooting in Orlando in June of this year, Trump condemned President Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton for both refusing to use the term “radical Islam.” “I am trying to save lives and prevent the next terrorist attack. We can’t afford to be politically correct anymore,” he said in his post-massacre address.
But you may be wondering where the concept of political correctness originated, and why some people in the United States think adherence to it hinders honest conversation.
To give better credibility to the definition, we quote from Joshua Florence from Harvard Politics who really gets to the root of it all.
“The term was used in the past to refer to both actions and words… Republicans believed the anti-war protests during the late ’60s to be ‘politically incorrect’ and Democrats considered support for civil rights legislation to be ‘politically correct.’ In later years, according to Perry, the phrase quickly became a double-edged sword. The late 1990s saw another shift in the phrase and it was soon ‘used every which way—straight, ironically, satirically, interrogatively.’ Political correctness was no longer a compliment, but a term laced with partisan feeling, owned by the left and despised by the right.
“Today, ‘political correctness’ is a term best associated with choice of words. In an interview with the HPR, Sanford J. Ungar, former host of NPR’s All Things Considered and former Washington editor of The Atlantic, posited that modern use of the phrase ‘comes from a reluctance or discouragement of people from saying something terribly unpopular’. Discerning both parties’ stances on the issue requires a mere look at their ideologies. Conservatism, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is a tendency or disposition ‘to maintain existing views, conditions, or institutions,’ including, but not limited to the American vernacular. Conversely, liberalism is a ‘belief in the value of social and political change in order to achieve progress.’ It therefore makes sense that those with liberal ideologies continue to institute new rules of language and speech.”
Language is a powerful tool in social progress, and should be representative of a nation’s civil rights stance. It is through labeling races and sexual identities that they become “othered” and placed outside of the mainstream where treating them as less-than becomes validated and normalized.
As Julian Zelizer put it in his article on this subject, the nationwide goal should be to uphold “the civil liberties that define the country that we are trying to protect.” Isn’t that the purpose of politically correct speech?
In the end, using the argument of being “politically incorrect” is not credible, and an easily revealed mask for protecting yourself from backlash or criticism. On a final thought:
“It turns out that…when they said they were tired of being politically correct…they were tired of addressing others with a modicum of respect.”
Margaret Talbot, “That’s What He Said,” New Yorker
With this article, we would like to open the discussion a little more and we ask you: in light of the US elections, the election results, and all the press coverage, what is the future of political correctness and its place in our speech? | <urn:uuid:57d682d6-0dbc-4675-8e46-378f141a2793> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.languagetrainers.com/blog/the-origins-of-political-correctness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946445.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326173112-20230326203112-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.963923 | 1,028 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The 5 Most Recyclable Materials that You can Sell for Scrap
Almost anything that is made of metal can be recycled. Batteries, car parts, pots and pans, structural materials, you name it. If it's made of metal, chances are you can recycle it. Here are 5 of the most recyclable metals that you can sell for scrap, as well as some items which are commonly made out of them:
- Iron and Steel Steel is actually an alloy made predominantly of iron, which is a mineral. It is the most widely used metal on the planet and may be found in products ranging from garbage cans to appliances and construction materials. Cast Iron is a different alloy used predominantly in dense items such as brake drums and heavy industrial parts requiring resistance to wear.
- Aluminum Next to steel, aluminum is the next most abundant metal used by society. It is used to make everything from ladders and railings to doorknobs and toasters. Car parts such as hoods, suspension, engine blocks, brackets, and alternator housings are all often made of aluminum.
- Copper Copper, due to its excellent conductive properties, is found in all sorts of electrical wiring applications. Copper tubing, found in water and heating systems, is another great source of scrap copper. Copper is also an important component in electronic devices.
- Brass Brass can be tricky to find if you don't know where to look, but, once you learn where it's used, you'll notice it almost everywhere. Look for brass on door handles, heat exchangers, faucets, nuts and bolts, pipe fittings, jewelry, and on pen and lipstick tubes.
Bring Your Scrap to General Recycling Industries Ltd. in Edmonton
Copious amounts of the 5 metals listed above can often be easily obtained. If you're working on a construction or renovation project, or if you're just doing a thorough cleaning of the junk that has accumulated in your home, then you'll likely come across items you can scrap with the Edmonton metal recyclers at General Recycling Industries Ltd.
Just bring your items to one of our two Edmonton recycling locations, or get in touch with General Recycling Industries Ltd. by phone if you have any questions before coming in. | <urn:uuid:c14c650d-2f22-4d56-acac-415c830c1cf0> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.generalrecycling.com/b/the-5-most-recyclable-materials-that-you-can-sell-for-scrap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195967.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129004335-20201129034335-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.956217 | 465 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Actually, social insects such as ants, bees, wasps, and termites would be better subjects for a sourcebook, as they are already organized in a manner superficially similar to an intelligent race's civilization.
The fact that somebody's putting out a book on the ooze-type monsters isn't surprising, given the vast interest they generate. I've always thought they were the most "absorbing" monsters of all (hahahahaha!).
Since DRAGON Magazine recently put out an article which comes close to being X-rated (if you read the mag regularly, you'll know which one I mean), dare I suggest an "Adults Only" sourcebook covering sirens, satyrs, lamiae (the plural of "lamia"), and other creatures that attack adventurers through their libidos? If we dared to put it out, I suspect it would be one of the best-selling supplements of all time. No, no, down boy! (Sound of slapping hand in background.)
Getting back on subject, try cracking the zoology and paleontology books. There are lots of animals out there, both modern and prehistoric, that deserve heavy coverage in their own sourcebooks. How about sabre-tooths, for example? Ever since the Age of Mammals began, sabre-toothed predators have evolved independently about ten times, including at least one marsupial. Not only that, but the beginnings of sabre teeth could be seen in the ancestral reptile Dimetrodon, and virtually all of the carnivorous mammallike reptiles had at least one pair of sabre teeth (some had two or three). In addition, sabre teeth were used as defensive weapons by herbivores as diverse as herbivorous mammallike reptiles---the jonkerids, for starters---and the uintatheres that appeared early in the age of mammals. In addition, the elephant Dinotherium had tusks shaped like sabre teeth, and even today, the Indian rhinoceros prefers using teeth instead of its horn against an enemy. Oh, and today's clouded leopard has the disproportionately largest canines of any carnivore today, making its descendants prime candidates for a futuristic sabre-tooth. Sabre teeth seem to be part of the basic mammalian heritage, and we ought to be able to do something with that in a book. | <urn:uuid:d25322ea-4849-4465-a0a8-39b4f8ba8005> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.goodman-games.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988317.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00298-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961679 | 490 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Spirits are obtained by double distillation of white wines harvested in the area bounded by the “Label of Origin” (Appellation d’Origine).
When the fermentation is complete, the white wine must be distilled in order to turn it into wine spirits. It should not be forgotten that alcohol is a natural product obtained by the fermentation of sugar in the original form of fructose and glucose existing in fruit. But alcohol is associated with many other compounds and the sorting of these between the numerous substances can only be obtained by distillation.
The principle of distillation is based on the differences in volatility of the diverse compounds. Only the volatile substances that make up the principal elements of the “bouquet” can be found in wine spirits.
Since the birth of Cognac, the process of distillation has not changed. The Charente-type copper still comprises a characteristically shaped boiler set over direct heat; a still head shaped like a turban (the traditional "tête de maure" form), an olive, or an onion; and a swan's neck tube that continues to become a coil, passing through a cooling tank referred to as the "pipe”.
The distillation is done in two stages, or two periods or heating: ***First of all the unfiltered wine is introduced into the part of the still which is called “the boiler” and then heated until it reaches boiling point. The alcohol vapors are released and accumulate in the dome before continuing into the swan’s neck tube and the coil. On coming into contact with the refrigerant, the vapors condense and become a distillate known as “brouillis” (alcohol) at about 28 to 30 degrees (but one should speak about percentage / volume, say from 28 to 30% volume). This “brouillis” has a slightly milky aspect.
*** Then the “brouillis” is returned to the still – in the boiler – for a second distilling process that is called “la bonne chauffe”. For this second heating the capacity of the boiler must not exceed 30 hectoliters and the volume is limited to 25 hectoliters.
The distiller must then perform a delicate operation called “la coupe” (the cut). The first drops of spirits that flow must be eliminated: the alcohol content is too high and gives it an ethereal nose; they are called “heads” and represent about 1 or 2 % of the distillation volume. The distiller lovingly conserves the heart: a clear and limpid spirit that will become Cognac.
Then it must choose the exact moment when to eliminate the seconds: after the “heart”, when the alcoholmeter indicates 60% vol., the spirit loses its fineness and distinction; the bouquet becomes heavier and the choice of the cut is extremely important.
Finally it eliminates the “tails”, i.e. the waste, or the spirit remaining after distillation, since it would be too strong.
“Heads” and “seconds” are re-distilled with wine or with the “brouillis”. The success of the distillation cycle, that lasts about 24 hours, requires a lot of attention, constant monitoring and considerable practice on the part of the distiller whose responsibility is capital; there are great distillers just as there are great chefs – they all have their own techniques for distillation (the proportion of fine lees, recycling of the “secondes” in the wine or “brouillis”, temperature curves……) that give Cognac the main characteristics of its personality. | <urn:uuid:dc731aa7-b013-4aba-bc85-e38a46a15f16> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://normandin-mercier.fr/en/content/17-du-vin-a-leau-de-vie-ou-comment-distiller | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510676.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930113949-20230930143949-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.943282 | 779 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Other Common Names
Commonly 500-600 mm, to 900 mm & 4 Kg
Prefers long deep muddy holes with overhanging vegetation. Saratoga are solitary fish and are very territorial and aggressive to other members of their species. Captured specimens often exhibit the scars of past battles.
Saratoga occur throughout the Fitzroy River system of North Eastern Queensland, although stocks have been transferred to other areas.
Saratoga exhibit interesting breeding behavior. The female produces around 70 to 200 large eggs, about 10 mm in diameter. She takes the fertilised eggs into her mouth and keeps them there until they hatch. During this time, she loses all interest in feeding and spends more time at the surface. Other saratoga appear to ignore the breeding females, putting aside their normal enmity towards other fish.
When the eggs hatch, about one to two weeks after fertilisation, the female periodically releases the larval fish near the edges of the pool. She remains nearby and often swims slowly parallel to the bank with the young fish swimming about her head. She recalls the baby fish with a sudden kinking movement of her body which is followed by the rapid return of the fry to her mouth. This release and recall behaviour continues for the first two or three days after the eggs hatch.
Once the juvenile fish become independent of the mother at around 40 mm in length, they take up territorial positions around the edge of the pool. Young fish unable to find or hold a territory form loose shoals.
A carnivorous fish, saratoga mainly take food from the water surface. The bulk of their diet comprises terrestrial insects, although saratoga will take small fish, frogs, shrimps and yabbies.
A well regarded angling species, saratoga are spectacular, jumping fighters and are a favourite amongst fly fishers in the North. In order to protect this ancient and wonderful fish, most anglers for saratoga use catch and release, a practice encouraged by NFA.
On the table
Not generally considered a table fish.
In the aquarium
Smaller examples make very impressive aquarium specimens, although S.Leichardti can be harder to keep than the less flighty S.jardini. The fish is a natural jumper, and any aquarium must have a suitably heavy lid, else the fish is likely to jump out of the tank. This can be a particular problem when performing maintenance, so extra care should be taken at this time. Should be kept only in a single fish tank due to the solitary, agressive and territorial nature of this species. | <urn:uuid:bebf56dc-b574-4041-b047-66fddfcc781a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.nativefish.asn.au/saratoga.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462206.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00219-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93466 | 532 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Advertising is a non-personal form of promotion that is delivered through selected media outlets that, under most circumstances, require the marketer to pay for message placement. Advertising has long been viewed as a method of mass promotion in that a single message can reach a large number of people. But, this mass promotion approach presents problems since many exposed to an advertising message may not be within the marketer’s target market, and thus, may be an inefficient use of promotional funds. However, this is changing as new advertising technologies and the emergence of new media outlets offer more options for targeted advertising.
Advertising also has a history of being considered a one-way form of marketing communication where the message receiver (i.e., target market) is not in position to immediately respond to the message (e.g., seek more information). This too is changing. For example, in the next few years technologies will be readily available to enable a television viewer to click a button to request more details on a product seen on their favorite TV program. In fact, it is expected that over the next 10-20 years advertising will move away from a one-way communication model and become one that is highly interactive.
Another characteristic that may change as advertising evolves is the view that advertising does not stimulate immediate demand for the product advertised. That is, customers cannot quickly purchase a product they see advertised. But as more media outlets allow customers to interact with the messages being delivered the ability of advertising to quickly stimulate demand will improve. | <urn:uuid:4e7a3d4a-8ab9-46ac-aacf-50fe2a90e8f3> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.knowthis.com/advertising/what-is-advertising | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736677620.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215757-00196-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960138 | 305 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In this photo, shark fins are laid out to dry in the sun before being packed and shipped to buyers. These parts are the main ingredient in shark fin soup, a pricey Asian delicacy.
Credit: ©Thomas P. Peschak, Sharks and People (University of Chicago Press)
If sharks made movies about humans, they'd likely be much more frightening than Jaws, considering about 100 million sharks are killed per year to be made into shark fin soup, a Chinese delicacy. But in some rare good news for the animals, the taste for the dish appears to be fading in China: Consumption of the soup is down 50 to 70 percent in the last two years, according to the American environmental group WildAid.
Just a few years ago, most Chinese didn't know that the dish came from sharks, as its name translates to "fish wing" soup, according to the Washington Post. But a series of public relations campaigns appear to have helped spread the word. In 2006, for example, WildAid enlisted the help of professional basketball player Yao Ming to educate people on the brutal process used to obtain soup ingredients, in which sharks' fins are hacked off, and the animals are tossed back into the ocean to slowly die. A government campaign against lavish banquets, where the soup was often served, has also made a difference, the Post reported.
"It is a myth that people in Asia don't care about wildlife," Peter Knights, with WildAid, told the Post. "Consumption is based on ignorance rather than malice." | <urn:uuid:3e48b569-36db-4459-ad54-8b0c560c17f1> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.livescience.com/40875-china-losing-taste-for-shark-fin-soup.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930895.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00343-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973075 | 314 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Young women want to study. English is a language that opens doors to IT knowledge and global know-how.
Photography by Jawad Hamdard Kia
Younger generations like to participate in education courses. Their perspectives on life are much different from 10 years ago.
Waiting for the education programmes to start. Young boys meeting outside the Community Learning Centre on the outskirts of Mazar City.
Producing yarn for carpets is part of the income generating programme that benefits groups of women from poor families.
The community forum is a popular place. After school, youngsters join the education programme to improve their knowledge.
Literacy is still a huge problem in the countryside and among poor urban families. Mothers and young grandmothers play an important role, motivating for more education in their families.
The Community Learning Centres serve different needs within the community. Income generation activities for women are part of the programme. Women produce carpets in groups and participate in the literacy courses.
The economy in Mazar-e-Sharif is booming. New computer and IT knowledge opens new opportunities for the labour market. Community Learning Centres provide a wide range of programmes for beginners and advanced learners.
Women from traditional families produce noodles which they sell in their neighbourhood.
Completing a school education is so important. Complementary lessons, especially in science subjects, help one to successfully finish school and go to university or get employment.
The Blue Mosque – the tomb of Ali, son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad – in the northern part of Afghanistan is a famous place for pilgrims. The white doves are a symbol of peace and sanctity.
You can search for articles in our article index (sorted by authors, issues, year, regions and countries). It also provides a full text search.
The journal Adult Education and Development is distributed free of charge in English, French and Spanish. If you wish to receive the journal, please subscribe here. | <urn:uuid:936318b3-ee20-4453-8028-055d5f43b2ce> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.dvv-international.de/en/adult-education-and-development/editions/aed-812014-communities/photo-reportage/the-other-side-of-afghanistan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668644.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115120854-20191115144854-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.93791 | 398 | 2.65625 | 3 |
From what I’ve been able to find, digital literacy is pretty much knowing how to use various forms of technology to find different types of information and create new information. I feel like a pretty good definition can be found here:http://digitalliteracy.us/.
As technology advances more and more, the definition of digital literacy adjusts, or rather, more and more types of devices and mediums fall under the existing definition. While this can seem daunting, I don’t think it has to be. For our purposes as college students, gaining a basic understand of various internet formats is enough to know how to navigate the vast majority of other digital mediums.
I think I have a pretty good handle on digital literacy. For other classes, I’ve never run into a huge problem while navigating a digital medium. I definitely have had trouble with some of it, but it wasn’t anything I couldn’t figure out pretty quickly. With this class particularly, I had a class that required some of the same things, such as tweets and blog posts, so I don’t anticipate struggling with that aspect of it, but I do look forward to honing my abilities with them.
I’m honestly not sure what I want to learn from this class. That sounds bad, but I can’t think of something concrete. I’d say I’m more eager for the experience and to see where it takes me since I have no clue where it will. With my last class that shared a similar format, we were learning about Adolescent Literature, so we were using the medium of the digital world to learn about that specific topic. Here, however, we’re learning about using the mediums themselves and how to improve our personal digital literacy, which is really interesting. That’s why I’m not sure what I “want” to learn.
I think one of the main things we can do to improve our digital literacy and fluency is to be open to changing our way of using the internet/digital mediums. Since almost all of us have been using the Internet for many years, we’re probably somewhat set in our ways and pretty confident in our abilities, but I think we’ll be seeing a bunch of new ways to express ourselves and our ideas in this class. If we resist adapting to this new information, we won’t get as much as we should out of this class. So let’s keep an open mind. | <urn:uuid:7e491544-0cd7-4761-9d77-ef5a20ce2c22> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://briansmoviesbooksblog.wordpress.com/2019/01/13/what-is-digital-literacy-exactly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583680452.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119180834-20190119202834-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.953368 | 521 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Argan: The Moroccan Tree of Life
(Argane d'Essaouira.com; Al-Bab.com)
Argania spinosa grows in the area due to a unique mixture of soil, strong sun and Atlantic climate. Though declining in number, argans can live up to 250 years through heat and drought in meager, stony soil. Attempts to introduce the species to other parts of the world have failed.
The argan's small habitat makes it virtually unknown outside Morocco and unknown to many Moroccans who live in different regions. The name "argan" likely came from the village of Argana, where the tree may have first been identified.
But there is more to the argan tree than meets the eye.
Growing to a height of 8-10m, the twisted and gnarled trunk of the tree enables goats to climb and eat its leaves and fruit. After the goats consume the green, fleshy, olive-looking fruit, they excrete the nut.
Argan nuts contain oil slightly darker than olive oil with a reddish tinge and nutty taste. Called Moroccan "liquid gold," the oil is extracted in a largely traditional production process that starts with farmers collecting the nuts left by goats.
Opening the nuts to remove kernels requires 20 hours of work to produce one litre of oil. The largely cottage industry is mostly performed by women, though it is possible someday greater popularity of the oil will lead to significant employment opportunities. One indication of the oil's popularity is a Swiss-Moroccan company, Argane d'Essaouria, now sells argan oil over the internet.
At the local level, the difficult oil extraction process from argan nuts yields an unexpected outcome: unscrupulous vendors and distributors. High-priced argan oil tempts many vendors and distributors to dilute it with cheaper oils. On the many roadside stands between Essaouira and Agadir, the oil's authenticity is not guaranteed and customers must be careful.
High costs lead to consumers generally only using argan oil in moderation to flavour dishes such as couscous, salads, vegetables, meat, and fish. People who make their own oil are more likely to utilize it for general cooking.
Argan oil is considered healthy because it contains 80 per cent unsaturated fatty acids like oleic and linoleic. Attributed health effects include reducing cholesterol levels and bolstering the body's natural defenses.
The oil is packed with natural vitamin E and is used as a skin care product. Argan oil's anti-aging effect on skin and ability to soften it makes it a popular ingredient in Moroccan cosmetics. There is also evidence the oil can protect against skin infections.
More than oil is made from the argan kernel. A brown-coloured paste called amlou is made from the kernel, sweetened and served as a breakfast bread spread by Berbers.
Besides the economic benefits that could be spurred by increased investment in argan products, efforts to protect and possibly increase the number of trees will help the environment. The trees' deep roots help bind the soil and prevent erosion.
With the capability of yielding tasty oil, skin care products, a sweet paste, and saving the environment, the Moroccan "The Tree of Life" earned a well-deserved name.
Subscribe to our newsletter and get Magharebia's latest articles delivered to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:158bc3bc-75ca-4a87-802d-bc9d607d1e15> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://magharebia.com/en_GB/articles/awi/features/2005/03/25/feature-01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122233086.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175713-00026-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947867 | 703 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The aim of this module is to show a brief introduction to the basic concepts of mathematics. We will explore how mathematics work and gain experience in different areas where the typical mathematical logic can be tracked through a few different topics. We will not focus on the precise definitions the purpose is more to give insight to higher level modules. In addition we will also touch the applications and relations to other sciences or the real world. The module does not require specific previous knowledge though an interest in the topic is important. Also, the module is not expected to contain a lot of new material for those who already attend special math courses, summer camps, etc. Last, the module is also recommended for those who are probably not going to use this knowledge, but would like to hear a few interesting part about mathematics.
Module Leader:Mátyás József Kiss | <urn:uuid:46e82fcd-7557-4c00-bdd5-98a6131facb6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://milestone-institute.org/module/2019-2020/exploring-maths/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.906574 | 172 | 3.46875 | 3 |
f apples were pears, and peaches were plums, and the rose had a different name. If tigers were bears, and fingers were thumbs, I'd love you just the same.-Anonymous(This Quote is From the Book Chicken Soup for the Soul, Children with Special Needs.)
For this blog post, I wanted to focus on books that deal with children that come from different cultural backgrounds and have disabilities. I am glad that children book authors are thinking outside the box. Talking about children with disabilities opens up windows of understanding for parents, teachers, and children. I have a concentration in Special Education and I think that books are a wonderful resource, especially helping others understand different lifestyles. I think that it is wonderful that I can recommend these books to others. Children in school should learn that everyone is different and that people with disabilities can have a voice. I hope you enjoy my list of great books dealing with characters with disabilities! I would love to know about more!
This has become one of my favorite books, I love the storyline. The story is about a girl name Melody and her family. Melody has cerebral palsy, but Melody does not let that stop her in school or anywhere else. She is faced with challenges, but beats the odds that are stacked against her daily. Draper said that she did not give Melody a race because Melody can be whoever you want her to be. I thought that was unique of Draper to focus on more than just race, but obstacles that Melody and her family achieved.
The book shows so much love, patience, and understanding. Charlie and Callie are twins, they're best friends, and they do everything together. Charle has autism and his sister narrates the story and explains how her and Charlie live day to day. The authors, a mother and daughter team, decided to share their personal experiences. I also like how the illustrator used bright colors to demonstrate the family's love for each other.
Such a sweet story about four friends who are in the same class and are excited about field day. All the children talk about what part they would like to compete in during that day. Then, Zulay says she wants to compete also, her classmates look at her strange. Zulay is blind and just started learning how to use her cane. She overcomes the odds and shows greatness within this story.
Bob Love was a great basketball player, but his story goes beyond the court. Love sustain an injury that placed him off the court and he became a dishwasher after his career was cut short. Love also talks about how he overcame his stuttering problem and now gives inspiring speeches. It is a story on how a man pulled himself up and became a director of community relations for the Bulls.
A three-chapter story narrated by a young boy with Down Syndrome. I like the fact that authors are not just focusing on just the disabilities in these different stories. In this book, Rico makes a new friend, helps his sister with a hard decision, and draws a picture that he really likes.
This story showcases children from all over the world describing how they live with their disabilities and how they feel about living with that certain disability.
I read this book when I was younger. It was the first book I read that talked about a character with a disability. Willy Palmer is fourteen and school has always been kind of hard for him. Willy realizes that he will always be different so he quits school. Then, during the summer, Willy becomes friends with his neighbor's visiting niece, Kathleen. She helps him discover his strengths and helps him emerge from self-doubt. Brown does well at describing Willy's child-like mind, innocence, and inner growth.
When I found out about this book, I had to add it to this list. Nelson, the main character, is placed in Special Education because of a learning disability. Nelson is encouraged by his teachers and parents to fight against the odds that are stacked against him at school. I really enjoyed reading something that teaches children to encourage themselves in the midst of the "labels". This story is personal for the author and that's what makes it such a great story. He beat the odds and now he wants to show others that they can do the same with determination. I also like the quotes that were added by famous people, it was a great touch. | <urn:uuid:12b4eba7-3e93-45f2-a350-56aec835b3b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://askmskt.blogspot.com/2016/09/7-diverse-books-featuring-character.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320489.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625101427-20170625121427-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.988911 | 889 | 2.515625 | 3 |
[koo-prey] /ˈku preɪ/
noun, plural koupreys (especially collectively) kouprey.
a wild ox, Bibos (Novibos) sauveli, of Laos and Cambodia, having a blackish-brown body with white markings on the back and feet: an endangered species.
a large wild member of the cattle tribe, Box sauveli, of SE Asia, having a blackish-brown body and white legs: an endangered species
noun 1. a member of an organized group of elderly people seeking to secure or protect their rights by collective action.
noun 1. an ashy-gray, African parrot, Psittacus erithacus, having a short, red tail, noted especially for its ability to mimic speech.
noun 1. .
noun 1. the organized influence exerted by elderly people as a group, especially for social or political purposes or ends. | <urn:uuid:87cc1c0b-82e8-4d27-ba8d-c192a7f63ef4> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/gray-ox/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320201.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623220935-20170624000935-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.893204 | 202 | 2.625 | 3 |
In 1950, eminent social theorist C.L.R. James declared that it is in the “serious study” of popular comic strips like Dick Tracy and Gasoline Alley that “you find the clearest ideological expression of the American people and a great window into the future of America and the modern world.” This course will take a prolonged look through this “great window” to trace the history of comics and graphic novels in America. Focusing on major representative texts that define and redefine the medium, we will learn how to approach comics as a distinct literary and visual form, while familiarizing ourselves with the critical vocabulary of “sequential art.” By examining the graphic novel with an eye toward the literary, the course will explore the ways it deploys conventional literary forms such as allegory, epic, character, setting, and extended metaphor. We will consider how comics resist, represent, and entrench dominant cultural ideologies about power, myth, heroism, humor, adolescence, gender, sexuality, family, poverty, religion, censorship, and the immigrant experience. With a combination of literary and historical approaches, the course will provide students with the critical tools to read this key vehicle of contemporary creative expression. Readings should include seminal works by Lynda Barry, Alison Bechdel, Charles Burns, R. Crumb, Will Eisner, Jack Kirby, Bernie Krigstein, Frank Miller, Alan Moore, Harvey Pekar, Joe Sacco, Art Spiegelman, Chris Ware, and others. In addition, we will read selections from graphic narrative theory and comics history, beginning with Scott McCloud’s Understanding Comics. We may also hold one of our sessions in Van Pelt’s rare book and manuscript library to sample some of their unique comics holdings. Assignments will include weekly discussion posts, a midterm exam, and a final paper. | <urn:uuid:899d44c7-fe02-4d21-bef8-76a4ad511b6d> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.english.upenn.edu/courses/undergraduate/2013/fall/engl260.301 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590329.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718213135-20180718233135-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.918427 | 383 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Humanists come in all political shapes and sizes. From conservatives to liberals, and socialists to libertarians, we’re a diverse bunch. For this reason, most humanist organisations remain strictly non-partisan, engaging with particular political issues relevant to humanism, rather than backing specific parties or candidates. Despite this, Donald Trump’s victory poses significant challenges to humanists worldwide.
Humanism seeks to understand the world through reason and the application of the scientific method: our knowledge should be grounded in, and tested against, evidence. Trump’s impatience with such values has been laid bare in his assertion that ‘the concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing noncompetitive.’ Statements like these, along with claims that vaccines cause autism and that using hairspray indoors rather than outdoors eliminates its harmful impact on the ozone layer, led to Trump being labelled the ‘anti-science candidate’.
The next President will enact legislation that defies the scientific consensus. He has already made clear his intention to scrap the Paris Agreement, row back on regulations such as the Clean Power Plan, and get rid of the Environmental Protection Agency. This will damage the environment and, coupled with his plans to downsize the Department of Education, it could harm scientific literacy. Trump needs scientific policy led by science, not ideology or dogma.
Trump’s social and domestic policies also clash with humanist values. Building walls and banning people on the basis of their religion runs contrary to humanist principles of tolerance, equality, and promoting human flourishing. His tough stance on terrorism and border control risks isolating America from the rest of the world. Humanism relies on building coalitions, international co-operation, and uncompromising secularism. The President-elect must commit himself to defending civil liberties and human rights both abroad and at home.
Within the United States itself, his election risks legitimising his misogynistic attitude towards women. Despite his opponents’ best efforts, even accusations of sexual assault did not derail Trump’s campaign. If Trump’s attitudes become normalised as a result of his success, gender equality in the US could be severely affected. Similarly, the LGBT community risks facing rising intolerance; Mike Pence (Trump’s Vice-President) wants the Republicans to undo protections for LGBT people put in place by Barack Obama. Equality is a traditional battleground for humanists, and senior politicians expressing prejudices of this kind sets a dangerous precedent.
Ultimately, humanists will have to fight hard to ensure that science is not diminished, that minorities are not discriminated against, and that reason and compassion are at the forefront of political discourse. We will not be alone; the majority of voters opted for Hillary Clinton or for third party candidates, and Trump voters were more united by Trump’s anti-globalisation and anti-politics rhetoric than they were by a desire to frustrate humanist causes or divide society.
Campaigning does not end when the president has been elected, but rather, it now begins. Humanists are used to fighting against the odds — we’ve done it before, and we can do it again! | <urn:uuid:3c4d7f38-cb75-4126-8233-efb5eb2317ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://cwhumanists.org/2016/11/14/what-does-trumps-victory-mean-for-humanists/?like_comment=11&_wpnonce=d4eb1709fa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300574.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117151834-20220117181834-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.955603 | 668 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Sample assessment items related to Common Core writing that are now available put students in a difficult position. If you are an expert writer, you understand the difficulty presented by a task that requires cross-textual analysis. You understand the potential pitfalls of guessing exactly what is to be examined in the multiple texts and how that examination will be accepted by the reader.
Samples of Common Core performance tasks for students in Grade 4 require students to read a poem and an excerpt from a story. The task is to compare the actions of the subjects in the two pieces using evidence from the texts. Even a student in Grade 10 would wonder exactly what it means to only compare two subjects. Some teachers would argue that comparison is only looking at those features that are alike and not to point out features that are different. Others would argue that comparing inherently requires contrasting. So where does that leave the Grade 4 writer? Who has defined “comparison” clearly and how will the work be assessed if the reader has a different interpretation of the task than the writer does?
What will become of the current rubric against which this writing is expected to be assessed after piloting the items with real students in real classrooms? Looking at the expectations which are actually written by adults, there is room for a fair amount of criticism. Teachers need to find the continuum of skills and determine how to move students forward in their writing development. Using an adult “guesstimate” of Grade 4 writing can be dangerous. Using student writing collected across a large sample size is the only way to know if we are working with reasonable, yet rigorous, demands for student work. | <urn:uuid:080aeeb3-4116-49a0-91f2-ea10190878ab> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://dlgollnitz.com/2013/10/30/rigor-of-common-core-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505550.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401065031-20200401095031-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.970379 | 331 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Here are some common myths, and the facts behind them, about depression:
Myth: All young people get depressed. It’s just a normal part of growing up.
The truth: Feeling sad or unhappy is a normal part of growing up. Depression, however, is more than just feeling sad. It’s feeling miserable or upset to the point where it gets in the way of your day-to-day life for two weeks or longer.
Myth: Telling an adult that a friend is depressed is betraying that friend’s trust. If someone wants help, they’ll get it themselves.
The truth: Depression saps energy and self-esteem, so it can get in the way of a person’s ability to ask for help when they really need it. If you’re worried about someone, it’s far better to share your concerns with a trusted adult like a parent, teacher, supervisor or counselor, or other mental health professional. No matter what you promised to keep a secret, someone’s life is more important than a promise.
Myth: Binge drinking is just a normal part of growing up and does not have an impact on depression.
The truth: Binge drinking can put you at greater risk of depression. If you are depressed, alcohol consumption and binge drinking can exacerbate the symptoms.
Myth: A medical doctor is the best person to speak to if you think you might be depressed.
The truth: A medical doctor is a good person to talk to about depression and the treatments available, but not all doctors will necessarily be as good as others in diagnosing, talking about, and treating depression. It might be more helpful for you to speak with a trained counselor, psychiatrist or psychologist about your depression. Get support from the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline by dialing or texting 988 from any phone for free 24/7 support.
Myth: People who are depressed need to wake up and stop feeling sorry for themselves.
The truth: People don’t choose to be depressed. Depression is an illness, and as such, it can be treated with the right help from mental health professionals. Knowing how to recognize the signs and symptoms of depression in yourself and others, and getting help early can help reduce the long-term effects of the illness.
Acknowledgement: This fact sheet was originally developed by youth and staff at ReachOut.com, a website that helps teens get through tough times. | <urn:uuid:4e5565cb-af4e-4f6a-9282-b92bdca9a446> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.wernative.org/articles/setting-the-record-straight-about-depression | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.942625 | 507 | 3.25 | 3 |
By Vinny Reda (October 31, 2007)
Bones Bare Ancient Patterns of Life
Sean Pipkin gazed down diligently at his lab table, and finely wielded a thin stick so as to keep his Dasypus novemcinctus apart from his Meleagris ocellata.
Separations had to be distinct with the several small piles of tiny bones that lay upon his lab desk in the Arts & Sciences Building. Pipkin was not only developing his skills in faunal identification and vertebrate anatomy, but he and his fellow handful of zooarcheology students were participating in actual anthropological research on Maya sites from Belize.
"The students are helping with an original research project that will reveal to various audiences — including the public, academia, and the Maya peoples themselves — ancient patterns of human ecology and economy," said Professor Marilyn Masson, who is instructing the course — Anthropology 431 — this fall.
Pipkin and others began their study by identifying from photos and collections the more than 50 genus and species the class possessed from a 1996-2002 archeological dig at Progresso Lagoon, Belize. For instance, Dasypus novemcinctus is the armadillo, Meleagris ocellata the oscellated turkey.
"Having taken a class on Maya art and archaeology, and learning about the different rituals involving animals, it was particularly interesting. For example, I learned that a lot of Maya used deer bones in their burials. Working with the bones actually made these rituals much more real to me."
The inspection of fauna that the Maya hunted, tamed, traded, ate, used in ritual, or made into crafts, ornaments and tools, "provides students with a wider perspective of human ways of life, and human-environmental or human-animal relationships," said Masson. "Reconstructing ancient diets and ancient patterns of human ecology raises students' awareness of other times, other places, where people lived much differently than they do today."
Masson said the study will help to answer sustainability questions. "To what degree did ancient peoples pressure natural resources, and if this became a problem, how did societies recover? What strategies of conservation, and long-term successful hunting or animal-management techniques were utilized? The course strikes at the core of human impacts on the environment."
Sean O'Brien, a senior, said the course has made a strong impact upon him — so much so that he will join the UAlbany Department of Anthropology's archaeological field course (led by Assistant Professor Robert Rosenswig) this winter in Belize. | <urn:uuid:cf54f07c-7743-4a1d-8cec-3064fe43b0bb> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.albany.edu/news/campus_news/2007/1007/maya.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676596336.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723110342-20180723130342-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.958659 | 544 | 2.875 | 3 |
(RxWiki News) For women who are pregnant, reduced thyroid function can have adverse effects on both the woman's health, and that of her unborn baby. These effects can include the risk of miscarriage and premature birth, but the universal screening of pregnant women for thyroid disfunction is still controversial due to costs.
Thyroid autoimmunity, in which a person's immune system attacks and damages the thyroid, also puts the mother at higher risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis (swelling of the thyroid) and hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone production).
"Pregnant women should ask their doctor about thyroid screening."
Only women at high risk for developing thyroid dysfunction are recommended for screening traditionally. Chrysoula Dosiou, MD, of Stanford University School of Medicine, and colleagues from several other universities the University developed a computer model to compare the cost-effectiveness of three screening strategies: universal screening with thyroid-stimulating hormone and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies during the first trimester, risk-based screening, and no screening.
Patients who receive a positive screening test would receive follow-up testing and treatment with thyroid hormone when indicated, under the developed model. The model takes into account the development of adverse obstetrical outcomes during pregnancy, postpartum thyroiditis, and overt hypothyroidism during a woman's lifetime.
Using the model, researchers found that universal screening for autoimmune thyroid disease in the first trimester of pregnancy is cost-effective compared with screening of only high-risk women. Both the risk-based and universal screening options are cost-effective when relative to no screening.
"Interestingly, the current guidelines do not support universal screening," says Jennifer Mushtaler, MD and an obstetrician in Austin, Texas. "However, the risks associated with untreated hypothyroidism in pregnancy are well-known. It is good to see a model that evaluates the cost-benefit profiles in the general population to show merit to universal screening."
Findings from the model study were presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association in October 2011. | <urn:uuid:dc2ac009-13b0-404d-9364-3c77a83cd582> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://rxwiki.com/news-article/thyroid-reduction-problematic-mother-and-fetus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662519037.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517162558-20220517192558-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.945523 | 434 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The cobalt mineralization in the Blackbird district of Lemhi County, Idaho, probably the most extensive mineralization of its kind in the United States, is confined to irregular and discontinuous veins and lodes along zones of fractured and schistose quartzite belonging to the Belt series (pre-Cambrian). These lodes are represented by (1) zones of cobaltite-impregnated tourmalinized quartzite (cobalt-tourmaline lodes); (2) zones of cobaltite-impregnated biotitized quartzite (cobalt-biotite lodes); (3) bodies of cobaltite-containing quartz in zones of cobaltite-impregnated biotitized quartzite (cobalt-quartz lodes); and (4) stringers and lenses of quartz and such ore minerals as cobaltite, native silver, chalcopyrite, gold, and electrum in zones of cobaltite-impregnated biotitized quartzite (gold-copper-cobalt lodes).These lodes are the products of three stages of mineralization: (1) an early cobalt stage during which biotite, tourmaline, and cobaltite were formed, (2) a copper-cobalt stage during which biotite, quartz, cobaltite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, native silver, chalcopyrite, siderite and other minerals were deposited, and (3) a gold-electrum stage during which scant amounts of these minerals and quartz were deposited. The differences that exist among the lodes depend largely on the variations in the amounts and kinds of minerals added during each stage of mineralization. All lodes show marked effects of the first stage of mineralization; the cobalt-quartz and the gold-copper-cobalt, also the effects of the second stage; and the gold-copper-cobalt lodes, mild effects of the third.The mineralizing solutions apparently had their source in early Tertiary magma which also provided the substance for accompanying bodies of gabbro and lamprophyre. Lode schistosity, which developed concomitantly with the mineralization, indicates deposition along zones of deepseated shearing under intense stress conditions. Mineral associations suggest relatively high temperatures, particularly when cobaltite was deposited. The early-stage solutions apparently carried the cobalt direct from its magmatic source, but the cobalt contained in the second-stage solutions was probably obtained by solution of the earlier-deposited cobaltite. | <urn:uuid:3b480747-706c-428d-bb70-65e6d2332f5a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/42/1/22/15952/cobalt-mineralization-in-the-blackbird-district?redirectedFrom=fulltext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481832.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217091542-20190217113542-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.945211 | 549 | 2.875 | 3 |
Leopold I, Margrave of Austria
|Margrave of Austria|
Leopold the Illustrious fighting the Magyars and defending Melk, Babenberger Stammbaum, Klosterneuburg Monastery, 1489–1492
10 July 994|
|Family||House of Babenberg|
|Wife||Richardis of Sualafeldgau|
|Father||Berthold, Count of the Nordgau (?)|
Leopold I (also Luitpold; c. 940 – 10 July 994), known as the Illustrious (German: der Erlauchte), a member of the House of Babenberg, was Margrave of Austria from 976 until his death. He was the first margrave of the Babenberg dynasty which ruled the March and Duchy of Austria until its extinction in 1246.
The origins of Leopold the Illustrious are not known. According to early traditions, documented by Bishop Otto of Freising in the twelfth century, he is descended from Duke Henry of Franconia and the Elder Babenberg family (Popponids) whose genealogy is documented in Franconia Nobility. According to some sources, his father Berthold was count in the Nordgau, the region north of Ratisbon (Regensburg) in the Duchy of Bavaria. A more recent theory identifies Leopold as a younger son of Duke Arnulf of Bavaria and brother (or nephew) of Count Berthold of Schweinfurt. While his ancestry remains disputed, some affiliation with the ducal Luitpoldings dynasty is probable.
Leopold is first mentioned in a document issued by Emperor Otto I on 13 February 962 as Liupo, count of the Bavarian Donaugau region near Ratisbon, count of the Traungau region, and a faithful follower of the emperor. After Otto I had defeated the Magyars in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld, he re-established the Bavarian Marcha orientalis (Eastern March) in the conquered territories, placing them under the command of Margrave Burkhard, a brother-in-law of Duchess Judith, consort of Duke Henry II of Bavaria. When Burkhard joined the uprising of Duke Henry II ("the Wrangler") against Emperor Otto II, he was deposed at the Imperial Diet of Ratisbon in 976. According to a charter dated 21 July 976, loyal Leopold was appointed margrave of the Marcha orientalis, the core territory of the later Archduchy of Austria.
The resettlement of the east was a slow process that centered from the fortress of Pöchlarn down the Danube river. Leopold's margraviate originally coincided with the present-day Wachau valley, and whose eastern boundary was the Traisen river near Sankt Pölten east of Krems. With the Magyar threat largely reduced following their defeat in 955, Leopold focused on securing his holdings from internal threats and dissensions. In 984, he engaged in the reduction of the fortress at Melk, which was still controlled by supporters of the late margrave. Once Melk was secured, Leopold most likely used it as his residence, founding a monastery there for twelve secular priests. By 987, Leopold extended the boundary of his margraviate to the east as far as the Wienerwald mountain range and by 991, jointly with reinstated Duke Henry II of Bavaria, further down to the Fischa river .
In 994, Leopold travelled to Würzburg to mediate a dispute between his cousin Margrave Henry of Schweinfurt and the Würzburg bishop Bernward von Rothenburg, one of whose knights Henry had seized and blinded. At a tournament held on 8 July, Leopold was hit in the eye by an arrow directed at his cousin. Two days later, on 10 July 994, he died from his injuries. He was buried in Würzburg. In 1015, his son Duke Ernest I of Swabia, was buried next to his father. In the thirteenth century, their remains were returned to Melk Abbey.
Leopold ruled over the re-established Marcha orientalis for eighteen years. He organized and expanded it with great ability, and left behind a margravate that had assumed the character of "an ordered and civilized land". The chronicler Thietmar wrote that no man was wiser that he in all his actions, or of a worthier nature. Perhaps the highest testimony to Leopold's life and reputation came from the actions of Emperor Otto III, who immediately invested his son Henry I with his father's margravate.
Although Leopold is not mentioned in the Babenberger Chronicle written by his descendant Otto of Freising—which only starts with Leopold's grandson Adalbert—he is known today as the progenitor of the Babenberg dynasty. Otto of Freising's claim of ancestry to the Franconian Babenbergs, who are remembered for the Babenberger insurgency of the early tenth century, has not been proven, but cannot be completely ruled out.
In 1976, the millennial anniversary of Leopold's appointment as margrave was celebrated as a "Thousand Years of Austria". Celebrations under the same title were held twenty years later at the anniversary of the famous 996 Ostarrîchi document first mentioning the Old German name of Austria.
Leopold married Richardis, the daughter of Count Ernest IV of Sualafeldgau (according to other sources of the Ezzonid count Erenfried II) and probably the aunt of Duke Adalbero of Carinthia. Their marriage produced eight children:
- Henry I (died 1018), second Margrave of Austria
- Ernest I (died 1015), Duke of Swabia
- Adalbert (985–1055), third Margrave of Austria
- Poppo (986–1047), Archbishop of Trier
- Hemma, married Count Rapoto of Dießen
- Christina, a nun at Trier
- Lingelbach 1913, p. 89.
- "Austria". Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
- Wegener 1965, p. 77.
- Pohl 1995, p. 12.
- Brooke 1938, p. 52.
- Leeper 1940, p. 153.
- Leeper 1940, p. 158.
- Leeper 1940, p. 159.
- Leeper 1940, p. 164.
- Lechner 1976, p. 54.
- Thietmar 2001, pp. 166–167.
- Thietmar 2001, p. 21.
- Lechner 1976, p. 45.
- Beller, Steven (2007). A Concise History of Austria. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521478861.
- Brooke, Z. N. (1938). A History of Europe: From 911 to 1198. London: Methuen & Company Ltd. ISBN 978-1443740708.
- Lechner, Karl (1976). Die Babenberger: Markgrafen und Herzoge von Österreich 976–1246. Vienna: Böhlau. ISBN 978-3205085089.
- Leeper, Alexander W. (1941). History of Medieval Austria. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0404153472.
- Lingelbach, William E. (1913). The History of Nations: Austria-Hungary. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company. ASIN B000L3E368.
- Pohl, Walter (1995). Die Welt der Babenberger. Graz: Verlag Styria. ISBN 978-3222123344.
- Rickett, Richard (1985). A Brief Survey of Austrian History. Vienna: Prachner. ISBN 978-3853670019.
- Thietmar of Merseburg (2001). Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719049262.
- Wegener, Wilhelm (1965). Genealogischen Tafeln zur mitteleuropäischen Geschichte. Vienna: Verlag Degener.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopold I, Margrave of Austria.|
Leopold I, Margrave of AustriaDied: 994
|Margrave of Austria | <urn:uuid:fef634fc-0bc1-4af6-9839-a7e102aa5fda> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Austria_(Babenberg) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948530841.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213201654-20171213221654-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.900653 | 1,820 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The robbery at Norrmalmstorg in 1973 took an unexpected turn when the hostages started sympathizing with their captors. In an instant the Stockholm Syndrome was born.
The corner at the intersection between Norrmalmstorgsgatan and Hamngatan in Stockholm was once the location for one of Kreditbanken’s (The Credit Bank) offices. On an August day in 1973, Jan-Erik “Janne” Olsson, on leave from prison, went into the bank armed with a submachine gun and tried to rob it. The police were on the scene right away and two officers went inside. Olsson opened fire, injuring one of them in the hand and the jaw. He then ordered the other policeman to sit in a chair and “sing something.” He chose Lonesome Cowboy by Elvis Presley.
Olsson took four persons in the staff hostage and barricaded himself in the vault. He demanded that his friend Clark Olofsson, at the time imprisoned, be brought there and his demand was met.
A few days into the robbery attempt, the police drilled holes through the wall to the vault to take pictures. Olofsson fired his gun at the forensic officers photographing the scene and wounded one of them in the face and the hand. He threatened to kill the hostages if any attempts to release gas into the vault were made, and he now and then forced the hostages to stand up with slip knots around their necks so that they would be strangled, as insurance against these attempts. In the end, Olsson and Olofsson surrendered after half an hour and none of the hostages sustained any permanent injuries.
During and after the attempted robbery, the hostages showed sympathy for the robbers and criticized the police for their actions. The Swedish Prime Minister talked with the offenders and the hostages during the drama and one of the latter defended their captors, saying that the police had opened fire first. Some of them also insisted that the robbers should get safe passage to the car that they had demanded. This behavior, unheard of at the time, stirred interest in the academic world.
It was the criminologist and psychiatrist Nils Bejerot who was working for the police at the time that coined the expression “Norrmalmstorgssyndromet” (The Norrmalmstorg Syndrome). This later became known as Stockholm Syndrome. | <urn:uuid:d651e6b3-30ec-4001-a6ad-32206db7c08c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/birthplace-of-the-stockholm-syndrome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178349708.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210224223004-20210225013004-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.979354 | 495 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In the Moslem schools, which, in 1905, comprised 855 mektebs or primary schools, and 41 madrasas or high schools, instruction is usually given in Turkish or Arabic; while in Orthodox schools the books are printed in Cyrillic characters.
Nearly 10,000 pupils are said to receive their education in its 140 madrasas or theological colleges; primary schools are kept at most mosques.
The primary schools are numerous in the capital, as well as in the other cities, and even exist in villages, and madrasas or theological seminaries for higher courses of study are comparatively plentiful.
It draws few students from foreign parts, 2 where the local schools are of the poorest kind, except in India (thanks to a British government) and perhaps in Constantinople., Bokhara was once a chief seat of learning, but is now so sunk in narrow fanaticism that its eighty madrasas (medresses) with their 5000 students only turn out a bigoted and foolish clergy (V5.mbery).
The ten mosques and madrasas of Yarkand, although poorer than those of Bokhara or Samarkand, enjoy wide renown in the Moslem world. | <urn:uuid:1a2f0fa1-d7cb-4a00-b643-b07cea17e93f> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.yourdictionary.com/madrasas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886108709.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821133645-20170821153645-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.9722 | 245 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We don’t know what kind of pack he might have carried, but we do know how a man 5,200 years ago cushioned his feet. Archaeologists in Zug, Switzerland discovered the imprint of a foot on a piece of moss whose other side is flat, indicating it was used within a shoe, the Associated Press reports. Discoverers say the moss is the oldest insole ever found. While he probably wasn’t hiking for pleasure, he may have had one thing in common with today’s backpacker: an appreciation for comfortable footwear.
State archaeologist Stefan Hochuli explained that the 10-inch insole is a men’s size 6. He said it is hard to imagine a thin piece of moss surviving this long intact, let alone being discovered. It was found near a lake in central Switzerland. The wet soils caused the disintegration of the leather shoe that a person of that period would have worn, archaeologists said.
Archaeologists already knew that the town was the site of a Neolithic settlement, and have confirmed the age of the moss by dating other items found nearby.
Once the insole is preserved, it will go on display at Zug’s museum of prehistory. What he used for the blisters caused by those leather shoes, however, is left to the imagination. | <urn:uuid:ccda7cf5-94f1-4aa7-97f3-2fb1bc254eea> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.backpacker.com/destinations-stories/oldest-insole-discovered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400382386.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123302-00017-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973869 | 275 | 3.25 | 3 |
Sediment-dwelling protists are among the most abundant meiobenthic organisms, ubiquitous in all types of aquatic ecosystems. Yet, because their isolation and identification are difficult, their diversity remains largely unknown. In the present work, we applied molecular methods to examine the diversity of freshwater Foraminifera, a group of granuloreticulosan protists largely neglected until now. By using specific PCR primers, we detected the presence of Foraminifera in all sediment samples examined. Phylogenetic analysis of amplified SSU rDNA sequences revealed two distinct groups of freshwater foraminiferans. All obtained sequences branched within monothalamous (single-chambered), marine Foraminifera, suggesting a repeated colonization of freshwater environments. The results of our study challenge the traditional view of Foraminifera as essentially marine organisms, and provide a conceptual framework for charting the molecular diversity of freshwater granuloreticulosan protists.
see on Pubmed | <urn:uuid:8d288273-7a19-42d7-a88e-0d3136013145> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://genev.unige.ch/publication/2407 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479838.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216024809-20190216050809-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.880975 | 205 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Using visuals is an integral part of our daily teaching practice; however, often, our visual aids are rather mundane. For example, one of the primary and most popular visual aid has been PowerPoint. Despite the benefits of using this tool, it can easily turn a classroom into a passive learning environment.
Having said this, there are other tools available through which knowledge and information can be transferred to students. One of the alternatives available is Kahoot. Now, many of us might have heard of or used this tool in our classrooms. Kahoot is a game-based teaching tool that teachers usually use to test student knowledge after their teaching is completed. However, Kahoot can be used for purposes other than testing. This post introduces Kahoot as a tool that can replace PowerPoint presentations Continue reading →
In Six Tools To Enhance Video Learning, I posted about using online video in the classroom more efficiently and possibly creatively. Since then a new education technology development tool, H5P, has emerged. I have been working on a variety of projects with H5P and feel that it is important for educational developers to consider adopting it as a means for enhancing online video learning events.
HTML 5 Packager, better known as H5P, is a free tool that allows you to create custom learning objects with online video. H5P’s Interactive Video feature allows developers to overlay resources and interactive features over a video itself. This optimizes the learners’ video viewing area. Until now, interactivity with the video occurred under the video, on the play back bar, or as a fly out menu to the left or the right of the video. Overlain interactivity on a video makes the end-user’s experience intuitive. Items such as comments, true/false questions or links to further information can be strategically positioned over the video and timed to focus attention to specific parts of the video screen. Continue reading →
This year at the TESL ON conference, Asmaa Cober, Sanctuary Refugee Health Centre, will be one of our Keynote Speakers. The following blog post was written by Asmaa. Here she gives you a synopsis of her keynote address:
Learning never happens in a vacuum — people bring all of their experiences with them to the classroom. Newcomers (and refugees in particular) have a life history — experiences that greatly affect their ability to learn. We will explore some of the types of experiences that refugees bring with them to the classroom. Continue reading →
Twitter is a microblogging tool that has recently been made most famous by the American President Donald Trump. Ok, it was popular before he started running for office, but my point is that everyone is familiar with Twitter. It has approximately one hundred million active users daily. A twitter chat is simply a collection of users that contribute to an online conversation using a common hashtag (#). Twitter chats sometimes feature a guest that allows a community access to his/her expertise.
“You have to get your SBA’s, SUA’s, T’s and A’s in order to have an organized portfolio, Sridatt,” said the Lead Instructor of Portfolio Based Language Assessment (PBLA) implementation. “You also have to get,” continued the official, “peer evaluations [PE’s], learner reflections [LR’s], and inventory checklists [IC’s], all in order to have a good, organised portfolio.” The order and presentation of the portfolio, not the teaching of the language itself, seems paramount. I welcome myself to the new world of English as a second language teaching, even though my new teaching practices are not aligned with my educational philosophy.
By the time the individual was finished, I was beginning to see a sort of preoccupation over skill building activities (SBA’s), skill using activities (SUA’s) tasks (T’s) and assessments (A’s). When the individual was gone, it didn’t take much reflection to conclude that Portfolio Based Language Assessment (PBLA) seems to be a faulty assembly line approach to education. Continue reading →
An interest in languages, combined with a few stints living and working overseas, has meant that I have played the role of language learner more than once. These experiences have greatly informed my practice as a language teacher. Famously, this is called the ‘apprenticeship of observation’. Teaching is a unique profession in this sense; teachers have their own experiences as students watching their own teachers teach, which influences them when they become teachers. Here are a few of the things I have felt and thought as a learner that have influenced my teaching…
One of my courses specifies that students create a presentation on an educational resource and present it to their peers. The following is a model I’d like to share with you as a potential means of using a common theme with a final presentation as a way of promoting inquiry, research, collaboration, communication, planning, and writing within one term of instruction. The project comprises eight separate activities. Each activity involves the students practicing language and social skills in a variety of ways. These steps are detailed below in the section, Project Process.Continue reading →
I was talking with a colleague, Lisa, during lunch break the other day. At our school, the students have a 1-hour class with a pronunciation instructor once per week. Lisa was suggesting the merits of having a similar intensive lesson every week on reading. After our discussion, I began to consider the importance of reading versus the other skills. I am beginning to wonder if reading is the key skill to developing English proficiency.
Don’t get me wrong – Teaching pronunciation is one of my favourite classes to teach. I guess I like the focus of language use and playing with the sounds, the stress, intonation and inflection. Many students have expressed that it is important for them, as well.
One of the best things teachers can do for their students is to help them learn to help themselves. To promote learner autonomy, we need to build students’ self-confidence and give them strategies for teaching themselves. Some of the ways we can do this include the following. Continue reading →
Recently, I tried a campus familiarization activity with my students. In the past terms, students sat at their desks and looked at a map to identify services and their associated locations on a worksheet. Throughout the term students asked me, or each other, where different campus resources were located. It was obvious that they did not take in the campus resources information.
My challenge was to improve this learning activity. Reaching into my technology bag of tricks, I was looking for a technology that would improve this learning task. Continue reading → | <urn:uuid:989fd54a-05a7-4df3-a500-c09207471315> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://blog.teslontario.org/tag/learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660070.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118110804-20190118132804-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.966325 | 1,396 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Top Five Vital Signs to Watch in Hospital
At any time a loved one enters the hospital and undergoes surgery or suffered a trauma you need to be aware of the following top five vital signs to watch:
- Sp02: This is a reading that indicates blood oxygenation. It also is referred to as “02sats” or “oxygen saturation” levels. These readings tell how much oxygen is being carried on a blood cell. You need to keep this number above 90 percent, and the closer to 100 percent the better, though it is highly unlikely to ever see 100 percent. The key is that you need to keep oxygen getting to the brain and other organs. When this number dips below 90 percent, organs-including the brain-can become oxygen-deprived. Oxygen deprivation can lead to organ failure and/or brain damage.
- Blood Pressure: BP is a measurement of the pressure being exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels. And while most people are familiar with this reading, what most do not know is what it might be telling you after a surgery. Low blood pressure can be an indication of internal bleeding. If there is less pressure on the vessel walls, it is often times because there is less blood in the vessels. This can be a tip that there is internal bleeding. (It is worth noting that one way blood pressure is artificially raised is when fluids-not blood-are given to a patient.) So if a patient is receiving saline intravenously, but still has low blood pressure, bleeding should be considered.
- PT/PTT/INR: These readings generally evaluate blood for its ability to clot. A normal PT is in the range of 10-12 seconds. A PTT is similar in its goal, but generally focuses a bit more on the effect of medications, such as heparin, on the blood’s ability to clot. A normal PTT is in a range of 30-45 seconds. Finally, an INR is a reading used to confirm the accuracy of a PT study and to assure that the results of PTs are accurate because they can vary from lab to lab. A normal INR is in the range of 1 to 2.
- Intake & Output: The “I’s and O’s” are also significant in identifying bleeding. Intake and output refers to the fluids going in to a patient and the fluid coming out. If a patient is receiving a steady flow of fluids but isn’t urinating a proportional amount out (it will not all come out) bleeding should, again, be considered. In this case, the fluids going in might be artificially keeping the blood pressure up by making their way through the circulatory system, and not being voided.
- Creatinine/Bun: These are both reading that can indicate how well kidneys are working. Creatinine measures the amount of waste in blood and urine. BUN measures the amount of nitrogen (which comes from waste) that is in the blood. How well one’s kidneys are working can depend upon proper hydration, how well the heart is working, or can be the result of certain medications. | <urn:uuid:d88c9005-ca0f-4a8e-9e7f-3483bcd0027a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.carabinshaw.com/top-five-vital-signs-to-watch-in-hospital.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490225.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219142524-20190219164524-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.951881 | 652 | 3.015625 | 3 |
- Development & Aid
- Economy & Trade
- Human Rights
- Global Governance
- Civil Society
Friday, March 24, 2017
Mithre J. Sandrasagra
- The U.N. Commission on Population and Development, meeting in New York this week, is discussing how to harness the untapped potential of older persons to strengthen families, communities and nations.
The global number of persons aged 60 or over will more than triple, from 705 million in 2007 to almost two billion in 2050.
By 2050, for the first time in history, the number of older persons in the world is expected to exceed the number of children.
Recognising that the issue of aging cannot be discussed in isolation from policy making, Victoria Zimmermann Von Siefart of Germany, speaking to the commission on behalf of the European Union, stressed that “the fact that people throughout the world lived longer should be seen as an opportunity for both individuals and society.”
Somnath Chatterji, team leader for Multi-Country Studies at the World Heath Organisation (WHO), applauded the fact that the issue of aging had taken centre stage in the global development debate.
“Global leaders are now aware of some of the real challenges posed by aging populations,” Chatterji said.
Countries in the West would have to deal with the burden of chronic illness and the feminisation of ageing. The developing world, on the other hand, would have to deal with the burden of illness and maternal and infant mortality.
“Developing countries would face a unique challenge,” Chatterji said, “when their populations began to age: they would become older before they became richer.”
“We need to provide incentives so that older persons continue to consume, and contribute, whether in the informal or formal workplace,” Chatterji told IPS.
“In the developing world there is a far larger proportion of older people already employed, whether self-employed or in the formal sector, because it’s necessary for them, they need to earn their livelihood, and they remain a part of the workforce,” Chatterji said.
“If there is an introduction of a forced retirement age, or some other structure that incentivises leaving the workforce, that is going to create problems, as it has in the developed world,” Chatterji continued.
Currently, there are informal structures in the developing world that enable older people to contribute, like providing care for children at home or providing support within neighbourhoods.
“There is a risk that these structures will be dismantled,” Chatterji said, stressing that the developing world should not try to emulate the developed world in this regard.
In many instances in the developed world, the financial situation of retirees is actually better than when they were active in the workforce – they are wealthier, and their consumption is lower.
“These retirees could actually be contributing to society for an additional 30 to 40 years, but they are subsidised by the government, so they figure ‘why should I work?’,” Chatterji said.
Asked what can be done to encourage people to stay in the workforce, Chatterji said, “People see retirement as freedom, or a state of satisfaction, where they have already ‘done their bit,’ but a large incentive that can be provided for people to continue to work is satisfaction, outside of economics.”
“We have to find creative ways to incentivise this satisfaction and wellbeing,” Chatterji stressed, or the health problems of “obesity and disease” that accompany inactivity in retirement will continue to increase.
“Phased retirement is being used by certain companies in the United States to enable older people to contribute longer,” Graham Schmidt, vice president of EFI Actuaries based in New York, told IPS.
“These programmes enable people past the traditional retirement age to keep their jobs, but work less hours,” Schmidt said, emphasising that phased retirement enabled companies to continue to tap the expertise of senior professionals.
Another strategy Schmidt mentioned, noting that it is a negative incentive, was cutting post-retirement medical benefits to coax people to stay at work longer.
Pointing out that longer life expectancy has not been accompanied by longer working lives, Schmidt suggested simply “raising the retirement age of new hires.”
Average retirement ages have actually dropped, according to Djankou Ndjonkou of the International Labour Organization (ILO), speaking to the commission.
This poses a threat to the financial viability of public budgets and, as a result, older people risk being socially excluded, Ndjonkou said, stressing that, “Many older persons who would like to work longer were discriminated against and forced to leave the labour market prematurely or move to low-quality jobs.”
While high-income countries face the challenge of ensuring the sustainability of social protection systems, the main challenge for low-income countries is to extend social security coverage to the most vulnerable groups, according to the ILO.
“The promotion of decent work is the best way to ensure social protection for all and to allow older age groups the possibility of remaining active longer,” said Ndjonkou, stressing that in developing countries poverty among older populations was an increasing concern, and few older people could afford retirement.
Strategies to address the challenges of demographic change should aim to strengthen the role of social security as a productive factor in promoting employment, stimulating structural change and fostering economic growth, Ndjonkou stressed.
“We live in the best of times and the worst of times,” said Hania Zlotnik, director of the U.N. Population Division, noting that never before had so many people enjoyed such long and healthy lives.
Calling on the international community to work together for a world fit for all ages, Thoraya Obaid, executive director of the U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA), said that there was much to be gained by planners and policymakers taking a hard look at population age structures and dynamics.
As they calculate their spending, Obaid said, “Officials need to know how many and what percentage of the populations were young, in their prime working years, and how many were older.”
Countries need to respond to the new realities revealed by changing age structures with policies and programmes to meet the needs of all groups in society, without compromising the rights of individuals to decide the size and timing of their families, she added.
In this regard, according to Zlotnik, “the Commission is expected to appeal for increased international funding for family planning programmes worldwide.” | <urn:uuid:5334c1ff-e70b-48a8-a90a-61e33caeb420> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/04/population-aging-but-not-obsolete/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188213.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00383-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960114 | 1,398 | 2.53125 | 3 |
ADDING THREE WHOLE NUMBERS LESSON PLAN
Write the problem 2 + 3 on the board, ask students to solve the problem. (5)
Now write 2 + 3 + 2 on the board. Ask students how this problem is the same as the problem they just solved. (2 + 3)
Explain that when you are adding three numbers you break the problem into two parts. You add the first two numbers (2 + 3) then add the next number to that answer (5 + 2). So the answer is 7.
Write the problem 1 + 4 + 3 on the board. Show students again how to break the problem into 2 parts. Adding the first part then adding the third number to that answer.
Write 4 + 2 + 5 on the board. Ask students what they should do first. (add 4 + 2) Then ask students what they should do next. (add 6 + 5) So the answer is 11.
Repeat as many times as the teacher deems necessary.
Use the worksheet to evaluate whether students understand the concept.
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please go back to the InstructorWeb home page. | <urn:uuid:f00ad0a5-c8e0-41dc-a6c6-62a3f354ccfd> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.instructorweb.com/lesson/addingthree.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010962725/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091602-00043-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889792 | 258 | 4.375 | 4 |
There are many ways to approach missing data. The most common, I believe, is to ignore it. But making no choice means that your statistical software is choosing for you. And your software is generally choosing listwise deletion, which may or may not be a bad choice, depending on why and how much data are missing.
Another common approach, among those who are paying attention, is imputation-replacing the missing values with an estimate, then analyzing the full data set as if the imputed values were actual observed values. There are many ways to choose an estimate. The following are common methods:
* Mean: the mean of the observed values for that variable
* Substitution: the value from a new individual who was not selected to be in the sample
* Hot deck: a randomly chosen value from an individual who has similar values on other variables
* Cold deck: a systematically chosen value from an individual who has similar values on other variables
* Regression: the predicted value obtained by regressing the missing variable on other variables
* Stochastic regression: the predicted value from a regression plus a random residual value.
* Interpolation and extrapolation: an estimated value from other observations from the same individual.
Imputation is popular because it is conceptually simple and because the resulting sample has the same number of observations as the full data set. It can be very tempting when listwise deletion eliminates a large proportion of the data set. But it has limitations. Some imputation methods result in biased parameter estimates, such as means and correlations, unless the data are MCAR. The bias is often worse than with complete-case analysis, especially for mean imputation. The extent of the bias depends on many factors, including the missing data mechanism, the proportion of the data that is missing, and the information available in the data set.
Moreover, all of these imputation methods underestimate standard errors. Since the imputed observations are themselves estimates, their values have corresponding random error. But your software doesn’t know that, so it overlooks the extra source of error, resulting in too-small standard errors and too-small p-values. And although imputation is conceptually simple, it is difficult to do well in practice. So it’s not ideal, but might suffice in certain situations. | <urn:uuid:852809c5-65f3-4149-9c34-40e715758f94> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.theanalysisfactor.com/seven-ways-to-make-up-data-common-methods-to-imputing-missing-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805894.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120013853-20171120033853-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.911957 | 474 | 2.609375 | 3 |
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It is difficult to provide a totalizing answer here. There are so many reasons why specific individuals become lionized by history and others marginalized by it. If we were to look at Frances Perkins, herself, one could see that her own private and distant demeanor did not enable her to win over the public to recognize her significant role in the New Deal.
A very guarded individual, Perkins guarded her privacy. She preferred to stay in the office at Washington and use her role as Cabinet leader to focus on initiatives that would help the nation emerge from the grips of a depression. Perkins was a champion of labor, but her own background made it difficult for her to use charisma in making her seem "like everyone else." Unlike Roosevelt, who was able to conceal his aristocratic background in being perceived "like everyone else," Perkins was not as able or willing to advocate her own brand in the midst of the suffering and need for governmental action to end the Great Depression. This might be one reason why she is overlooked.
Naturally, another reason that has to be included is the fact that she was a woman in a setting where men occupied most of the power. Perkins had such a difficult task at hand. She had to come up with plans to help pull a nation out of an economic crisis, the likes of which had never been seen before. Add to this that she was being judged for being the first woman cabinet member, and it becomes clear that that she might have simply not been able to conceive of fighting for an increased role of authorship in the New Deal. She was already fighting a great deal.
Perkins represents some of the most important women, giants who laid the groundwork for the improved condition of gender equality in America today. In her role as being a giant, she props the modern generation up so they can ascend even more. This creates the propensity for history to overlook her. Yet, Perkins' role in American History can never be forgotten by a serious student of scholarship.
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What’s slow, fuzzy, and deadly like a cobra? The slow loris, of course! Researchers are arguing that these endangered Asian primates evolved to mimic venomous snakes.
An article published in the Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases suggested slow lorises adopted serpentine markings and movements as defense mechanisms.
Its big doe eyes, furry face, and tiny grasping hands are a deceptive mask for its deadly nature. Slow lorises are the only known venomous primate, secreting toxins from a gland located along the crook of their inner arms. When threatened, a slow loris will hiss and retreat into a defensive posture with its paws clasped on top of its head. In this position, the slow loris’s upraised arms combined with dark markings on its face look remarkably like the expanded hood of an angered Spectacled cobra.
To add to the effect, slow lorises can even undulate in a serpentine fashion. This unusual movement is made possible by an extra vertebra in their spines. The defense posture also allows slow lorises to suck the venom from their armpits and strike quickly. The bites of these tiny primates have caused anaphylactic shock and even death in humans.
For eight million years, slow lorises and cobras have coexisted in the same parts of Asia. Together, they weathered through drastic climate changes, which may have forced the traditionally tropical forest dwelling slow loris to adapt to an open savannah-like environment by mimicking venomous snakes.
In 1905, naturalist John Still wrote one of the first accounts of coming across a slow loris and mistaking it for a cobra in Sri Lanka.
I got up and took a stick, for I thought that a cobra might be attacking my Loris, who was not in his cage, but only tethered to the top of it.
The sound came from my room, where, although it was dusk, there was plenty of light to kill a snake.
As I went into the room I looked at the cage, which was on the floor, and on the top of it I saw the outline of a cobra sitting up with hood expanded, and threatening a cat who crouched about six feet away. This was the Loris, who, with his arms and shoulders hunched up, was a sufficiently good imitation of a cobra to take me in, as he swayed on his long legs, and every now and then let out a perfect cobra's hiss. As I have said, it was dusk at the time, but the Loris is nocturnal, so that his expedient would rarely be required except in the dusk or dark; and the sound was a perfect imitation. I may mention that I have kept snakes, including a cobra, and am therefore the less likely to be easily deceived by a bad imitation.
Despite all of its cunning evolutionary traits, the slow loris is an endangered species, as the exotic pet trade threatens wild slow loris populations. "Knowledge of loris venom and its danger to humans, we hope, will help curtail the growing illegal pet trade," Anna Nekaris, the author of the article and a professor of anthropology and primate conservation at Oxford Brookes University, tells Popular Science in an email. Nekaris says she hopes more research will show people the slow loris is a rare and complex creature, not a cute face to domesticate.
This article originally appeared on Popular Science | <urn:uuid:7b9d6f7c-6986-4d5a-8731-f8f4aad4059b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.businessinsider.com/slow-lorises-mimic-cobras-for-protection-2014-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943589.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321002050-20230321032050-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.966675 | 728 | 3.625 | 4 |
In the fall of 1778 a large force of Indians, most of them Shawnees, laid siege to Fort Boonesborough in central Kentucky. The fort held out, but the siege provides some pretty nifty examples of military ingenuity.
Native American attempts to capture frontier garrisons were usually pretty straightforward affairs, with a party of warriors surrounding the walls and firing from cover along with attempts to fire the structure with torches or flaming arrows. At Boonesborough, the Indians got creative. The Kentucky River ran parallel to the fort’s rear wall and about sixty yards away from it. The attackers decided to tunnel into the bluff along the stream and dig a mine toward the settlers, either to gain access to the interior or to set off a powder charge under the walls. The defenders heard the digging and saw the river’s water turn muddy, and figuring out what was up, they set to work on a counter-mine. The Indians’ tunnel collapsed before reaching the fort, but it was still a pretty interesting approach to frontier warfare.
The whites inside the fort developed a few tricks of their own, thanks to the ingenuity of Daniel Boone’s brother Squire, who built a makeshift cannon out of gum wood bound with iron wagon wheel strips. The second shot blew the barrel apart, prompting derisive shouts from the attackers. (One notable thing about participants’ recollections of the siege was the frequency of verbal insults traded between the two sides.) Not the most effective of weapons, but the bang did cause a party of Indians to “skamper perdidiously,” as Daniel Trabue put it.
Another of Squire Boone’s inventions proved more effective during the siege when he managed to fashion squirt guns out of rifle barrels to douse the Indians’ torches. I’ve never been able to figure out exactly how these things worked, but apparently some type of piston was involved. This guy was like an eighteenth-century MacGyver.
So, who’s up for an experimental archaeology project? | <urn:uuid:96f14d1e-a936-4cb7-b0c3-89901174bc13> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://pastinthepresent.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/jury-rigged-arms-race-at-boonesborough/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=193d2e3278 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065241.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00125-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95668 | 421 | 3.5625 | 4 |
$\large 1-\cos 2\theta = 2\sin^2 \theta$
According to the expansion of the cosine of double angle in terms of sine of angle.
$\cos 2 \theta = 1-2\sin^2 \theta$
$\implies 2\sin^2 \theta = 1-\cos 2\theta$
$\therefore \,\,\,\,\,\,$ $1-\cos 2\theta = 2\sin^2 \theta$
It is proved that the subtraction of cosine of double angle from one is equal to twice the sine squared angle.
It is also written in other form in mathematics. If angle of the right angled triangle is $x$, then the subtraction of the cos of ange $2x$ can be transformed as the twice the square of the sine of angle $x$.
$1-\cos 2x = 2\sin^2 x$
Remember, the angle of right angled triangle can be denoted by any symbol in trigonometry but the conversion of this trigonometric identity is in same form. | <urn:uuid:f2a27c26-34e8-437f-a079-808a1f0e60ff> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.mathdoubts.com/trigonometry/identity/double-angle/cos/1-minus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647681.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321180325-20180321200325-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.869457 | 250 | 3.109375 | 3 |
I need a detailed summary of the poem "The Frog and The Nightingale" by Vikram Seth.
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The poet, Vikram Seth, very cleverly gives us a message of the importance of self-confidence and moral courage in his poem - The 'Frog and the Nightingale'. Once in a bog, a frog sat under a Sumac tree and croaked all night in a loud and unpleasant voice. The other creatures loathed his voice but their complaints, insults and brickbats couldn't stop him from croaking stubbornly and pompously, insensitive to the disturbance he was causing.
Then, one night a nightingale appears at the bog. Her melodious voice captures the admiring attention of the creatures of the Bingle Bog. Ducks and herons swim towards the Sumac tree to hear the nightingale serenade. Some lonely creature even weeps hearing her song. When she stops, there is thunderous applause with the creatures demanding a repeat performance (encore). The jealous frog disturbed by the intrusion of a challenging rival listens to the nightingale dumbstruck.
Next night, when the modest bird prepares to sing, the plotting frog interrupts and posing as a music critic, says that the technique was fine, of course, but it lacks a certain force. Unassuming and not used to any kind of criticism, she defends herself by saying, "At least its mine".
The nightingale soon became famous and the frog grew richer, earning money from her concerts. Eminent personalities like the Owl (Earl) of Sandwich and Duck (Duke) of Kent attend the concerts. The frog sat and watched with mixed feelings of happiness and bitterness. Happy because he was earning money and jealous because the bird was receiving so much attention.
Meanwhile, the frog makes the nightingale rehearse hard even when it rained and constantly criticized and abused her, ensuring that she became broken in spirit. Fired and spent, her voice lost its beauty and the creatures stopped coming to hear her sing. Morose and depressed, she refused to sing, but the frog goaded her to practice. Scared and unhappy, the nightingale tried, burst a vein, and died.
Any summary of Seth's poem is going to start with the basic exposition of the poem. This frog lives in a bog and croaks as the sole sound throughout the bog. All the other inhabitants have gotten accustomed to the fact that his monotone drone as the "only game in town." For his part, the frog enjoys that he has the monopoly of sound. With the nightingale's entrance and her entrancing songs, a couple of realities emerge. The first is that the frog now has competition for "Bog Idol," so to speak. Additionally, the competition is actually better than his song. It has much more melody, greater harmony, and has excited the other inhabitants of the bog. The frog moves to checking this growth by taking on the role of mentor and elder voice of reason to the nightingale, suggesting that he can help to make her "better." The nightingale is excited by the idea of having a "mentor" or "coach," and does exactly what the frog says. The frog forces her to expend all of her energy and essentially ruins her voice so that she can no longer sing and with her absence, the frog returns to being the sole voice in the bog, the consolidator of all musical power.
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Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:83494db6-c7ef-48b6-bdf4-8a49c8993ed5> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/detailed-summary-poem-frog-nightingale-by-vikram-195039 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135558.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00015-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970774 | 735 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Make no mistake: State policymakers are not unaware of the dangers of climate change. They are simply ignoring the science in their haste to rebuild.
Consider the alarming report that our Department of Environmental Protection posted on its website in June. Its warnings were dire: Eight of the 10 worst storms in New Jersey history have occurred since 1999, and more are likely in the future. “Every year or two” by the end of this century, Atlantic City will experience the kind of flood that today happens just once in 100 years.
We will have warmer summers and winters, and more intense rainfall. Rising sea levels will increase the severity and frequency of flooding along our coast.
Yet the new flood maps that our state has adopted based on federal government models — our guide for rebuilding the shore — reflect none of this. In response to criticism that we are repeating our past mistakes, DEP spokesman Larry Hajna said the agency’s report is based on trends, not an official study that we can build around. “We can’t see into the future and just make it up,” he told NJSpotlight.
Yes, climate change is a series of predictions, not an exact science. But to ignore it altogether virtually ensures we are making the wrong guess.
So far, Gov. Chris Christie has mandated an additional 1-foot buffer above the federally recommended elevation for rebuilding, to create a margin of safety. That’s in accordance with previous state law. But given our worsening weather, how long will that shield us?
The state Legislature, meanwhile, has completely forgotten about Hurricane Sandy. It actually passed a bill that, if signed into law, would allow new construction on piers. That’s not just crazy; it’s costly. Because after the ocean swallows these buildings and whoever’s stuck inside, taxpayers will pick up the tab.
The government now owns most of the risk associated with flooding, since private insurers nervously fled the market. Our national flood program was in debt before Sandy, thanks to a string of major storms dating to Katrina. Now, a group of experts called the Union of Concerned Scientists says the program will be $30 billion in the hole.
Besides our inaccurate flood maps, we need other major reforms. Congress is gradually phasing out insurance subsidies, to end the incentives to build in high-risk areas. But the federal program still requires only the most at-risk homeowners to buy flood insurance, which is like having a health plan that only the sickest join. And its repeat payouts to the same risky coastal properties account for as much as a quarter of its expenses, even though it’s just 1.3 percent of the overall policies.
New Jersey is a major offender on this front. We need to discourage development in flood plains and push for more buyouts. Otherwise, imagine what we’ll be paying when the next Sandy barrels through. | <urn:uuid:9fcc2abe-c11a-429d-822d-14f9ceed1cf7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.nj.com/njv_editorial_page/2013/08/new_jerseys_blind_spot_on_clim.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953627 | 599 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Sculpture, an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects. The designs may be embodied in freestanding objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in environments ranging from tableaux to contexts that envelop the spectator. An enormous variety of media may be used, including clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, glass, wood, plaster, rubber, and random “found” objects. Materials may be carved, modeled, molded, cast, wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or otherwise shaped and combined.
Sculpture is not a fixed term that applies to a permanently circumscribed category of objects or sets of activities. It is, rather, ... (100 of 18,331 words) | <urn:uuid:61d63e7e-0b0b-46cd-b508-3bdffedf97f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.britannica.com/art/sculpture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542213.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00509-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926653 | 157 | 3.25 | 3 |
A nationwide flu outbreak is showing no signs of easing up and may continue for many more weeks. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control said so far more than 17,100 people have been hospitalized with influenza since the flu season began in October. The main culprit for this harsh flu season is the predominant strain, H3N2. Seasons where H3N2 dominates typically result in the most complications, especially for the very young, the elderly and people with certain chronic health conditions.
Workplaces offer many opportunities for people to interact. More interaction between people in close contact increases the risk for respiratory illnesses like the flu to spread. According to the CDC, flu viruses can spread to people from up to six feet away through droplets made by sneezing, coughing or talking. Even before showing symptoms, an infected employee who sneezes during a meeting or coughs at someone’s desk without covering his or her mouth can expose others to the flu.
Here are important steps from the CDC that employers can take to prevent the spread of this year’s outbreak:
Communicate with employees about flu prevention through emails, websites, posters and announcements.
Maintain a clean environment, and provide employees with supplies that prevent the spread of flu.
Educate employees on the following healthy behaviors and when to stay home:
Wash hands often with soap and warm water. Rub them together for at least 20 seconds and be sure to dry them thoroughly. If there is no soap and water available, use alcohol-based disposable hand wipes or gels and also let it dry completely. Washing hands at specific times reduces cold and flu transmission, for example:
Practice good cough and sneeze etiquette – covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing reduces the likelihood of cold and flu viruses becoming airborne and/or contaminating surfaces and other objects in the work environment. However, when hands are used to cover the mouth, they become contaminated. Use a tissue to cover your mouth and nose if you cough or sneeze and encourage workmates to do the same. The tissue should be disposed of and hands washed immediately afterwards. If no tissue is available, cough into the sleeve at the inner elbow. Make sure you have a bin for tissue disposal.
Cold and flu viruses can survive on hard surfaces for up to eight hours and on a person’s hands for approximately five minutes after they touch a contaminated surface. From there they can cause infection if the person touches their mouth or eyes. Reduce your risk of infection by avoiding touching your face, or washing your hands before you do so.
Employees should stay home if they have any of these symptoms:
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs): At work
According to the Pew Research Center, the vast majority of Americans – 95% – now own a cellphone of some kind and 77% of adult Americans own smartphones. Many employees use their personal devices to make phone calls, surf the internet and send texts while at their workplace, and with 69% of U.S. adults using social media, many also check their accounts while they’re on the clock. When less formal policies fail to limit cell phone use at work, it may be time to establish a formal cell phone policy.
Cell phones can be an important tool in the workplace. Business owners and employees often deal with pressing situations, and a delayed response can mean losing a customer, a client, a sale or a business opportunity. While sending a quick text might be important, and a few minutes of cell phone use here and there won’t typically hurt a business, excessive use can be a big distraction and become a problem in terms of productivity.
Your employees could resist strict or unrealistic requirements, so don’t ban cell phone use at work unless there’s a security or safety issue. However, you may want to set rules, such as requiring employees to keep their cell phones on silent and to limit personal phone calls to breaks and emergency situations. It’s also appropriate to ban the use of smartphones for playing games, watching videos or texting and chatting while at work.
Policies can be incorporated into the employee handbook and/or communicated to employees in other ways, such as with orientation materials distributed to new employees; in an email or written notice to all employees; and posting the policies in areas frequented by employees, such as break rooms, main hallways or bulletin boards.
Here are some guidelines to consider including in a cell-phone policy:
-Limit private phone use to urgent and time sensitive matters such as childcare and medical emergencies.
-Employees should make personal cell phone calls during break or lunch times whenever possible.
-Employees who need to make or take personal calls should be asked to step out of the office or go into a private area to not distract others.
-Phones can be kept on but should be set on quiet mode at work, with ringtones off. Those who want to listen to music should use headphones.
-When in a business meeting, or at a business meal, do not text and let calls go to voicemail. If an urgent call is anticipated and received, step away to talk.
-Cell phone use at work must never include obscene, discriminatory, offensive or defamatory language.
-Personal cell phones should generally not be used for business-related purposes unless a business phone is not provided or available.
Be sure to also address employees on the road. Prohibit texting while driving, whether your employees drive full-time or only occasionally to carry out their work, and whether they drive a company vehicle or their own.
One of the best things an employer can do to promote proper cell phone workplace etiquette is to model the behavior. If you’re constantly checking your phone, surfing the Web or replying to texts, your employees are likely to do the same.
Cell phones are a part of everyday life for most Americans, and by creating clear guidelines and realistic expectations, their use in the workplace can be managed to both employers’ and employees’ satisfaction.
January 1st will soon be here and for many people that means it’s time to start their annual New Year’s Resolutions. Research suggests, however, that only a fraction of people actually keep those well-intentioned resolutions. If you’re like most people, your resolve to get in better shape, declutter your home, learn a new language, or read, more likely dissipates by the time February rolls around. Gyms around the country are packed with people after the New Year, but treadmills become much more available after one month or two!
Here are some ways to set and achieve your New Year’s Resolutions:
Be realistic by setting achievable goals. Some of the biggest mistakes people make are setting goals that are too broad, too big, or too many. Your resolutions should be absolutely clear and describe them in specific terms. Instead of “I want to be a better person” which, according to one poll, was 2017’s top resolution, think of specific behaviors which you feel will make you a better person and resolve to act on those behaviors. Find alternatives to a behavior that you want to change and make this part of your resolution plan. Do you want to quit smoking but you smoke to relax? Find other forms of relaxation that don’t include smoking.
Understand that unhealthy behaviors develop over time and changing them will take time, as well. Your timeline toward reaching your goals should be realistic. For years experts used to think it took about 21 days to form a new habit. Current thinking from a landmark 2009 study is that 66 days is much more realistic.
Break down large goals into smaller ones. For instance, if you want to lose weight resolve to join a gym and improve your eating habits. If you would like to make more friends, you could look into joining a club that interests you and volunteer for a cause you believe in.
Setting deadlines is a key to success, especially when dealing with big goals. You can only successfully break a goal down into smaller steps if you set deadlines for each step. It makes your goals more concrete and creates the urgency for you to begin. Logging progress into a journal or making notes on your phone or in an app can reinforce the progress, no matter what your resolutions may be.
Before you start acting on your resolutions, think about the potential barriers that might get in the way and identify contingency plans for how you will respond in those moments. Slips-ups while reaching toward your goals are completely normal. Don’t give up completely because of a minor transgression such as eating a few cookies or skipping the gym for a week because you were busy. Everyone has ups and downs; resolve to recover from your mistakes and get back on track. Be compassionate with yourself, acknowledge your slip-ups, and move on. Identify an important reason why you are resolving to change something in your life. Reminding yourself of that will keep you motivated, even if you experience a setback.
Share your experiences with family and friends and accept help from others. Consider joining a support group to reach your goals, such as a workout class at your gym or a smoking cessation group at work. Having someone to share your struggles and successes with makes your journey toward achieving your goals that much easier and less intimidating.
Celebrate the small steps and achievements along the way. And, even if you run out of steam before achieving your goals, remember that you can start over again. You don’t have to wait for a new year to make a resolution to better yourself.
Employee assistance programs can promote healthier and more productive workers. When employees bring their personal problems to the workplace it can impact their behavior and job performance and negatively affect office dynamics. Access to an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) gives your employees a confidential way to cope with personal issues which can range from workplace stress to drug and alcohol abuse.
EAPs are unique in that they provide services to individual employees and family members and to the employer as a whole. EAPs support management and supervisors by helping them manage troubled employees, as well as by addressing such topics as workplace violence, emergency preparedness and sexual harassment. Companies and organizations that have an EAP see a return on their investment with more productive employees and less absences and employee turnover. Workers are also more inclined to stay with an organization which supports and helps them resolve their personal issues.
Along with decreasing absenteeism and increasing employee retention, EAPs have been shown to help reduce accidents, workers compensation claims and the number of labor disputes, and significantly reduce medical costs by early identification and treatment of mental health and substance use issues. Employers have found that efforts to help employees resolve personal issues before they have serious consequences make good financial sense.
Fully Effective Employees, Inc. has an excellent reputation as a caring, personalized and service-oriented EAP, in which our own professionally trained staff counselors conduct most of the EAP work, from intake to assessment, brief counseling, referral and case management. Our programs can be customized to meet our employer client needs and we service companies nationally who have from five to five thousand employees. We offer a full range of services, including EAP and HR consulting, drug testing, background checks, as well as supervisor and management trainings and consultations. We also offer work/life and legal programs which further assist with employee health and well-being.
If you would like to learn more about our company, please visit us at www.fee-eap.com or email firstname.lastname@example.org.
Holidays can be a lonely time for some. If you find yourself alone during the holidays this year, there are a lot of creative ways to overcome feelings of isolation.
People end up alone during the holidays for a variety of reasons. Some live far away from family or have jobs that require they work the holiday. Those who are grieving sometimes choose to spend the day alone. Others have dysfunctional families that can turn a happy holiday into a depressing day of drama that they would rather avoid. No matter the time of year or season, develop life skills to avoid and overcome loneliness, because research shows it can have adverse effects on health.
If you find yourself alone and without holiday plans and wish to celebrate, take action. Plan now and create action steps. Doing so can help you avoid “depression triggers” that can throw you into a rut. Grab a calendar and plan concrete steps in writing that you will take when the holiday period arrives. Will you open your home to other single friends? Will you seek volunteer opportunities nearby? What about helping feed the homeless or perhaps singing carols at a nursing home? These activities are tried-and-true intervention steps others have used to overcome loneliness and experience gratitude.
Check the newspaper, and begin your to-do list of events, special “me-time” treats, day trips, and new and unusual ways to fill the days. Look to your community for creative opportunities, such as spending the day with military members stationed in your town or baking cookies and taking them to your city’s first responders. A quick way to find ideas to alleviate loneliness is to search online “alone during the holidays.” It’s nearly guaranteed that you will find ideas appropriate for your situation.
Social media can contribute to feelings of loneliness, isolation, and depression, especially during the holidays. Consider limiting your time online. At the very least, remain aware of its potential to show you an unrealistic view of life—friends usually post only the good.
The secret to lifting your spirit is engagement with others. Enjoy the holidays whether you are with others or alone. However, be sure you experience daily interactions with people to safeguard your health during the holiday season and throughout the year. You will feel more uplifted, experience less negative self-talk, and have accomplishments you will look back on with fond memories.
Excerpted from WorkExcel.com
According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) it is unlawful to harass a person, whether an employee or an applicant, because of that person’s sex. Harassment can include unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination that violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII applies to employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations, as well as to the federal government.
Both victim and the harasser can be either a woman or a man, and the victim and harasser can be the same sex. The harasser can be the victim’s supervisor, a supervisor in another area, a co-worker, or someone who is not an employee of the employer, such as a client or customer. Sexual harassment can include offensive remarks about a person’s sex, so it is illegal, for example, to harass a woman by making offensive comments about women in general.
The EEOC states that, although the law doesn’t prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or isolated incidents that are not very serious, harassment is illegal when it is so frequent or severe that it creates a hostile or offensive work environment or when it results in the victim being fired or demoted.
Prevention is the best way to eliminate sexual harassment in the workplace. Employers are encouraged to have anti-harassment guidelines and clearly communicate to employees that sexual harassment will not be tolerated.
Here are important steps to take:
Fully Effective Employees provides basic sexual harassment training and consultation, and for more comprehensive trainings and investigations, we work with our HR partner, Fit HR. For more information please contact us at Fully Effective Employees .
September is Suicide Prevention Awareness Month. Every year, approximately 44,000 people die by suicide, making it the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S. According to a newly released study published in JAMA Psychiatry, suicide attempts among U.S. adults are on the rise. Middle-aged adults (aged 45-64 years) had the highest suicide rate and young adults (aged 21-34 years) had the biggest increase in suicide attempts. And, while suicide attempts were higher among women than men, more men completed suicide.
While suicide is preventable, it is a topic that many feel uncomfortable talking about, even with family and friends. It is important to know that family members, friends, coworkers and others can play an important role in recognizing when someone is at risk or in crisis and connect that person with the most appropriate sources of care. Here are the major warning signs to be aware of:
Signs of Acute Risk:
– Threatening to hurt or kill him or herself, or talking of wanting to hurt or kill him/herself; and or,
– Looking for ways to kill him/herself by seeking access to firearms, available pills, or other means; and/or,
– Talking or writing about death, dying or suicide when these actions are out of the ordinary.
Expanded Warning Signs:
– Increased substance (alcohol or drug) use
– No reason for living; no sense of purpose in life
– Anxiety, agitation, unable to sleep or sleeping all of the time
– Feeling trapped – like there’s no way out
– Withdrawal from friends, family and society
– Rage, uncontrolled anger, seeking revenge
– Acting reckless or engaging in risky activities, seemingly without thinking
– Dramatic mood changes
Suicide Prevention Awareness Month reminds us that suicide deaths can be prevented. According to the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention, for every one person who dies by suicide in the U.S., there are approximately 278 people who move past serious thoughts of suicide and nearly 60 who have survived a suicide attempt. The overwhelming majority of these people will go on to live out their lives.
If you or a loved one is experiencing a mental health crisis or thoughts of suicide, help is available 24/7 through the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK, or go to your nearest emergency room.
For more information about counseling and resources contact the EAP at 425-454-3003 or 1-800-648-5834.
When natural disasters strike, employees often look to Human Resources for answers to their questions. Disasters can create havoc, uncertainty and logistical problems within a company if there are not procedures already in place.
With forest fires raging in the West and hurricanes simultaneously lashing the Gulf and East Coasts, emergency management and disaster response are front and center on many people’s minds right now. To help employers cope with whatever disaster strikes next, here are some valuable resources we found on the HRHero.com website and are sharing with their permission:
If any of your employees are experiencing trauma from the current forest fires or other natural disasters, the EAP can help. Contact us at 1-800-648-5834 or locally at 425-454-3003.
Depression in teens has become extremely common. According to the Department of Health and Human Services, research indicates that roughly 3 million adolescents ranging from ages 12 to 17 have experienced at least one major depressive episode within the past year. Teen depression is a mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in daily activities. It can affect how your teenager thinks, feels and behaves, and it can even cause emotional, functional, and physical problems.
Issues such as peer pressure, academic expectations, and changing bodies will inevitably bring ups and downs. Yet, for some teens, the lows are more than just a fleeting emotional state. Depression in teens isn’t a weakness or something that can be overcome with willpower and “tough love.” Serious cases can require long-term medical treatment and threaten dire consequences. However, for most teens that are beginning to chronically “feel low,” depressive symptoms can greatly improve with the help of weekly therapeutic counseling.
For parents attempting to approach the challenging and delicate task of raising a teen who struggles with depression, it can be helpful to keep these six guide rules in mind:
•Be Genuine – Engage in “real talk” with your teen, both about struggles and ambitions.
•Give Space – Teens need space to grow and gain independence from parents.
•Be Curious – Pay attention and show interest in your teen’s life and inner workings.
•Reserve Judgement – Don’t show anger first, display compassion and concern instead.
•Don’t Delay – If you think your teen might need help, talk with a counselor soon.
•Family Effort – Depression can’t be cured on an island. Familial support is a must.
If your teen is exhibiting signs of depression, contact the EAP for further assistance.
by Drew Thomas, MACP, CMHS, LMHC
More states legalized marijuana in the last election, with the states of California, Nevada, Maine and Massachusetts, joining early adopters Washington, Oregon, Alaska and Colorado in legalizing adult recreational marijuana. Washington, DC also legalized the use in 2015.
In addition many states expanded or voted to approve the use of medical marijuana. According to the Marijuana Policy Project, a pro-legalization group, medical marijuana is legal in 29 states and Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico and Guam. More states are expected to vote in favor of legalized marijuana in 2017.
According to Tamara Cagney, the president of the Employee Assistance Professionals Association, the important focus for Employee Assistance professionals is that marijuana remains a Schedule I drug under the Federal Controlled Substances Act, which means that it is neither lawful to use or possess as a matter of federal law. None of these new legalization efforts aim to change state employment law, employers in the affected states will no doubt be faced with a chorus of questions about how the changes will affect enforcement of their workplace substance abuse policies. If you have concerns about how this impacts your company policies, contact an employment attorney with knowledge about drug testing policies.
If you are a current client with employees who test positive, the EAP can help with a Return to Work Agreement, assessing and referring employees for treatment if needed, and monitoring them for up to two years. If you would like more information about drug testing in general, contact us at 1-800-648-5834 or locally at 425-454-3003. | <urn:uuid:65ae9b45-28d6-47de-81d2-8e3ad44fe321> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://fee-eap.com/blog-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647299.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320052712-20180320072712-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.951844 | 4,651 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Form and Function: A LEGO Camera
Photographers with an engineering streak are always looking for creative ways get an image from an unexpected source. Sometimes invention starts with a big (and heavy) box! Other times, innovation comes in a smaller format, the challenge for a reduced (or upcycled) footprint being part of the novelty and the fun. Turning empty mint tins into pinhole cameras, for example, is an irresistible DIY project for some — and one that can turn out surprisingly good, and characteristically dreamy, pinhole-style photos!
When it comes to point and click, the intersection between art, design, form, functionality, and quality provides a framework for thinking both outside the box and "about" the box, and starting with unexpected materials — or "kid" materials — can yield exciting results and new perspective. An unexpected LEGO camera built by professional photographer Cary Norton has garnered an overwhelming thumbs up recently for its novel construction. He constructed the housing for his Legotron 4x5, a working, large-format, manually-focusable camera out of the classic, colorful building bricks.
If you've ever made a basic square house or "parking garage" from LEGO bricks, you've got the basic shape, but Norton's camera housing slides in and out to focus and integrates a 127mm Æ’4.7 lens. The Legotron took many months to create, from initial idea to the working model. Norton has posted technical specs on the process and implementation on his blog, and the sample photos are impressive!
Reading Norton's blog notes suggests many possible ways you might branch out and further his exploration of LEGO camera modeling to create your own fully-functioning camera. As you consider what's possible, the following science projects can help you learn more about camera construction:
- Point, Click, Shoot! Photography with a Pinhole Camera
- Digital Pinhole Camera
- Pinholes, Light and Aperture Size
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- March Madness Basketball Science Projects: Sports Science Experiments | <urn:uuid:a9eab130-a66a-465c-b981-fb973da6f44f> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.sciencebuddies.org/blog/form-and-function-a-lego-camera | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652161.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605185809-20230605215809-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.919731 | 519 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Tim Berners-Lee created HTML in late 1991, but it officially released in 1995 as HTML 2. Right now, HTML is managed and developed by an organisation called W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). Since the release of HTML, its core developer is evolving it with time, so it became easier for other developers to work on HTML. There was a rapid version up-gradation between HTML 1 to HTML 4, but it took more than 15 years to W3C developers for the release of next HTML version. With each version of HTML W3C introduce us with some new elements and remove some old ones.
|HTML 2||24 November 1995|
|HTML 3||14 January 1997|
|HTML 4||18 December 1997|
|HTML 5(current)||28 October 2015|
A HTML document is a file containing HTML Code. We can create it using any text or code editor and save the file with .html extension, and execute the file using any web-browser. Sample
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Tutorial</title> </head> <body> <h1>TechGeekBuzz HTML</h1> <p>Welcome to TechGeekBuzz!!</p> </body> </html>
- The <!Doctype html> define the version of HTML, right now it is designed on HTML 5.
- <html> it is the opening element for HTML page.
- <head> element contains the metadata about the document.
- <title> element describes the title of the document which display on the web browser tab.
- <body> element contain the web-page data that user sees.
- <h1> element can format the data look, h1 indicates Heading 1.
- <p> it describes the paragraph.
Tags are the important part of HTML, every element you see on a HTML page surrounded by angel bracket <>, is an HTML tag. Mostly all the HTML tags comes in pair like
tag define the starting of the paragraph content and
represent the end of the paragraph. In pair tag, the first tag represents the start tag, whereas a tag with forward-slash represents the end tag. There are some tags which do not come in pair such as
<tagname>tag content content...</tagname>
The main job of tags to represent the content or data of the web page, for instance, the paragraph tag
serve the paragraph content, head tag
is used to describe the meta-information about the page. HTML is case insensitive, so it does not matter how you write a tag,
both are same.
<!DOCTYPE html> Declaration
<!DOCTYPE html> is used to represent the type of document we want the browser to execute, and it generally describes the version of HTML should be used to execute that particular HTML document. It must be written at the top of the HTML document. It is not an HTML tag; it just represents that the current HTML document contains HTML 5 elements and tags so it should be parsed accordingly. In HTML 4 we use this for Doctype declaration.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
Basic HTML tags:
In HTML to represent a heading we use the heading tags, and there are 6 different set from <h1> to <h6>, where <h1> tag represent the largest heading and <h6> represent the smallest heading.
<h1>Largest Heading</h1> <h2>Large Heading</h2> <h3>Moderate heading size</h3> <h4> Small Heading </h4> <h5> Smaller heading</h5> <h6>Smallest heading </h6>
Like other HTML tag heading tags are also case insensitive <h1> and </H1> means same.
The content or paragraph of an HTML page should reside in <p> tags. Example
<p>First paragraph.</p <p>Second Paragraph</p>
Links can be used to connect one page with another or one element with another from the same page. To create a link on the HTML page we use the anchor tag <a>.
is the attribute of <a> anchor tag, which specify the destination location of the link.
To insert an image on the page we use the HTML <img> tag, and it is not a paired tag, which means it does not have an ending tag.
<img src="image.jpg" alt="techgeekbuzz" width="104" height="142">
specify the image location, from where the image should be loaded.
specifies the alternative information about the image, and it can be seen if you hover the mouse over the image.
width and height
specify the rendering dimension of the image. These are some of the most common HTML tags, you will get to know more HTML tags in later tutorials. HTML is all about tags and their attributes because the tags form the layout of the HTML document that needs to be displayed on the user browser.
- Invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991.
- Officially released in 1995.
- HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language.
- It is not a programming language so there will be no errors if the code syntax is wrong.
- HTML is used to structure the web-page.
- It’s the HTML tags which define the formatting.
- The browser is used to execute the HTML code, file or document.
- HTML tags specify how the content and data must be display on the screen.
- The latest version of HTML is HTML 5
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You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
As populations grow and cities become more crowded, there is pressure throughout the world to construct ever-taller building to provide accommodation and offices. Many people object to such developments citing the social as well as the physical dangers. Do you agree with objections to skyscrapers?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. You should write at least 250 words.
The objections to skyscrapers are unfounded as they are found to be the only remedy for the ever increasing demand for space for housing and other purposes. Although certain social as well as physical dangers are attributed to such buildings, they remain the most beneficial invention of man concerning the organisation of space within the geographical limitations of a particular area, especially cities.
The most important benefit of skyscrapers is that maximum space can be made available within a limited geographical area. As price for land is skyrocketing especially in big cities and its availability is does not increase, this seems to be the only solutions for people to own space at moderate expenses. If one takes the example of a city like Bangalore in India, where the land prices are very high, huge buildings are erected within the city limits for residential as well as commercial purposes. This saves huge amount of money and land for individuals and organisations, which can used for other purposes. Large areas are not available in big cities and hence people can operate businesses and live within the city limits.
Another important benefit of skyscrapers is that it gives an outstanding look to the skyline of big cities, which means that most of these buildings are constructed in an aesthetic fashion. Such high rise structures usually give a magnificent look to the city compared to smaller buildings. If you would examine... | <urn:uuid:431497a5-9978-4a7a-97b4-24d149608632> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Ielts-Essay-1413185.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542213.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00223-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96536 | 363 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Lately, I've come across a number of stories in the news about very ancient archeological sites, which pre-date the Egyptian Pyramids by a fair bit. Although some very ancient sites are known (for example, the oldest remains in Jericho have been dated to about 9000 BC), I was under the impression that these were very fragmentary (perhaps known only by a hearth fire or a few stone structures), and little detailed information exists.
Gobekli Tepe is located in southern Turkey, just north of the Syrian border.
I've seen several other intriguing reports about very ancient sites in the Gulf of Cambay in India, Syria, etc. But the site at Göbekli Tepe in Turkey seems to be the most ancient and also relatively well studied, so I decided to collect what information I could find about it.
The antecedents to civilization in this region of the middle east were the Kebaran culture (a nomadic late paleolithic people who lived in the Levant and Sinai around 18,000 to 10,000 BC), and the Natufian culture (a mesolithic hunter-gatherer culture from about 12,500 to 9,500 BC who were unusual in that they built permanent settlements even before the dawn of agriculture). The oldest settlement of Jericho is in fact Natufian. So this region of the middle east was quite advanced for its time, perhaps due to an abundance of natural resources.
Göbekli Tepe is a site in Turkey, just north of the Syrian border, a bit south of the Euphrates river, and about 15 km northeast of the town Sanilurfa in Turkey. The site is on top of a small hill (Göbekli Tepe means "hill with a navel" or "hill with a belly" in Turkish). The site was examined in the early 1960's by archeologists from the University of Chicago, and the University of Istanbul. It was part of a larger survey of the region, and at the time, it was dismissed as the remains of a medieval monastery. Three decades later, a local shepherd noticed some oddly shaped stones on the ground. The news reached the curators of the local museum in Sanilurfa, about 50 km away, and eventually to the government ministry in charge of antiquities. They contacted the German Archeological Institute in Istanbul. As a consequence, Klaus Schmidt re-examined the site in 1994, and noted that various artifacts found at the site were similar to those found at nearby sites which had been carbon dated to as early as 9,000 B.C. Excavation began the next year, with a German-Turkish team.
The mound at Göbekli Tepe
The Göbekli site is spread over an area of about 22 acres on a sort of plateau among the hills. There is a gently rounded mound, about 300 meters in diameter and 15 meters high, on the plateau. From the site there is an almost uninterrupted view of the horizon on all sides. To the north is the Taurus range, to the east the Karadağ. In the south, the Harran plain stretches away to Syria. To the west is a series of ridges over which the road from Orencik traverses, to reach the site.
Barely an acre of the site has been excavated so far. The site consists of a number of stone buildings and walls which date to the period between 9,000 BC and 8,000 BC, although the beginning of the earliest construction appears to be as old as 11,000 BC or 12,000 BC. This is certainly before the beginning of agriculture anywhere in the world, before the invention of the wheel, the creation of pottery. Göbekli Tepe was built by a hunting/gathering society. Twelve thousand years ago, the region was ecologically richer than it is today, and probably supported large numbers of animals. Klaus Schmidt, the chief archeologist of Göbekli Tepe speculates that hunter/gatherer bands or tribes met during part of the year, lived near the site in animal skin tents, hunted local game, and built the complex over several decades. A large number of flint arrowheads found near the site support this idea. Bones of wild animals are found in great profusion, many of them bearing marks indicating that the animals were butchered. All the bones are from wild animals, mostly gazelles, but also boar, red deer, wild sheep, as well as several species of birds.
Many of the stone pillars found at the site weigh between 15-20 tons (some up to 50 tons), and archeologists have estimated that it took a work force of at least 500 people to cut them from quarries up to a kilometer away, and bring them to the site.
The structures are primarily round or oval megalithic buildings. There are at least 7 such circular stone buildings, ranging from about 10-30 meters in size, of which 4 have been excavated. Geomagnetic data suggests that at least 16 more buildings are still buried in the hill, along with 200+ more T-shaped standing stones. The buildings consist of walls of unworked rough stone, about 6 feet high. Along the walls are T-shaped stones, about 9-10 feet tall, many of them covered with carvings of animals. It's speculated that these T-stones may have once supported a roof. In the middle of the buildings are a pair of larger T-shaped stones. Nearby quarries have even more pillars which were still in the process of being cut. The largest was found in a quarry about a kilometer from the Göbekli site, and was almost 30 feet tall. It was cracked, which was probably why it had never been moved.
Many reliefs were carved on the pillars, such as foxes, lions, cattle, wild boars, herons, ducks, scorpions, ants and snakes. There were also a number of free-standing sculptures, which probably also represent animals, though it is hard to tell because they are heavily encrusted with lime. There are also a number of carvings cut into the walls, which have not been properly dated so far. It's notable that most of the carvings are of dangerous animals, such as lions, snakes, scorpions and spiders, and relatively few of useful or harmless animals. Various stone tools such as hammers and blades have been found, which resemble similar stone tools found at other nearby sites which have also been dated to roughly 9,000 B.C.
Detail of a T-stone, showing carved lizard.
The floors are made of burnt lime (terrazzo), similar to floors in ancient Roman buildings of a much later period. There is a low bench running around the inside of the outer walls.
No evidence of habitation has been found at the site, so there is nothing to suggest that people actually lived there. There are no remains of cooking hearths or garbage pits. For this reason, it has been suggested that the site was used for religious or ceremonial purposes. No tombs or graves have been found, although it has been suggested that the site served as a center for a cult of the dead. This is because human remains have been found outside the perimeter of the site, suggesting that humans may have been buried or left in open burial niches outside, to be eaten by animals. This was a common burial practice in many ancient societies.
Construction of Göbekli Tepe is divided into two phases. The older structures belong to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A period, and were probably constructed between 12,000-9,000 years ago. These structures are more elaborate, and include most of the T-stones and the animal carvings. The second phase was about 9,000-8,000 years ago, during a period known as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Construction from this period generally appears to be less elaborate.
Around 8000-7500 BC, Göbekli Tepe was deliberately covered with about 300-500 cubic meters of soil, and abandoned. The reason for the abandonment is not known, but Klaus Schmidt has speculated that the culture outgrew the need for the site.
No other site of comparable antiquity or sophistication has been found so far. A similar site was discovered at Nevali Çori, a few miles away, near Sanilurfa. Nevali Çori is about 500 years younger than Göbekli Tepe, and much smaller and more primitive in terms of construction than Göbekli Tepe. T-shaped pillars similar to those at Göbekli Tepe were found, as well as carvings and statues of animals and humans. Several hundred clay figurines (about 2 inches in size), mostly of humans, were also found. These are made of fired clay, but pre-date the development of pottery, indicating that people knew about fire hardening of clay before they started shaping it into pottery. Human remains in the form of skulls and incomplete skeletons were also found. It appears that unlike Göbekli Tepe, the site at Nevali Çori was used for human habitation. Nevali Çori is now inaccessible, having been buried under the waters of the Atatürk Dam. While the oldest parts of Jericho may be as old as Göbekli Tepe, it has no large scale sculpture or carvings, and is much more primitive.
Another critter of some sort.
Agriculture originated in the hills around Göbekli Tepe around 10,000 years ago, not long before the time Göbekli Tepe was covered with earth and abandoned. Einkorn wheat, a precursor of modern wheat grows wild in this region. DNA analysis of modern wheat shows that it's closest to a variety of wild wheat that is currently found in Karadağ, about 20 miles from Göbekli Tepe. Several lines of archeological evidence indicate that this region was where agriculture and the domestication of farm animals first began (dogs had been domesticated earlier, also in this region -- the oldest evidence of domestication is a Natufian grave about 12,000 years old in which an old man was buried with a puppy, near Ein Mallaha in Israel). Other sites in the region show that within 1,000 years of building Göbekli, people in the area had started to corral sheep, cattle and pigs.
The oldest full-size human statue was found in Balikli Gol near Sanilurfa. - a figure of a man carved from limestone, with obsidian eyes, also about 12,000 years old. Note that this is not the oldest representation of humans. Figurines that are much older have been found, such as the famous "Venus of Willendorf" which is about 25,000 years old, or the "Lion Man" found in the Hohle Fels cave near Ulm in Germany, which may be up to 30,000 years old. But these were only a few inches in size, suitable for nomadic people to carry around with them. Full-sized statues were not meant to be carried around; they were likely placed in permanent structures.
It may be that agriculture spelled the end for Göbekli Tepe. Early agriculture was primitive and not very productive. People may have not recognized the need to rotate crops, fertilize fields, and prevent the erosion of topsoil. It's been speculated that early agriculture led to deforestation of this region, with the loss of game animals. The fields may have turned fallow eventually, and with the lack of proper management the whole area turned into a dustbowl. With no game animals left, there was no way to support a large population, and the site may have been abandoned for this reason. At any rate, Göbekli Tepe was deliberately abandoned about 8,000 - 7,500 BC, soon after the development of agriculture in the region. The entire site was deliberately covered with earth before it was abandoned, which is why it is so well preserved today.
Oldest full-sized human statue, currently at the museum at Sanilurfa. It was found at Balikli Gol, a fishpond near Sanilurfa, and is about 12,000 - 11,000 years old.
Göbekli Tepe may play a part in some early myths. Sumerian tradition holds that the knowledge of agriculture, animal husbandry and weaving were brought to mankind from the holy mound "Du-Ku", which was inhabited by the Anunna gods. These are very ancient gods, many without individual names. Some which have been identified are Ashnan (cereal grain god), Lahar (cattle god), Ishkur (wind god), Uttu (goddess of weaving), Enkimdu and Enbilulu (gods of the rivers and canals). Klaus Schmidt argues that Göbekli Tepe may be the origin of these myths. It was obviously a religious or ceremonial site. The many carvings and statues may well represent mythic figures. It is hard to associate any extensive or well developed belief in gods with Göbekli Tepe - this appears much later in Sumerian culture with the evidence from temples, palaces and shrines. But it is possible that the Sumerians remembered Göbekli and the areas around it as the source of their knowledge and paid homage to the ancient gods. If so, this is pretty amazing, since the earliest Sumerian culture from the Ubaid or Eridu period dates to at least 3,000 years after Göbekli Tepe was abandoned. No doubt much of this area was continuously inhabited, as shown by various archeological sites in the region and the layers of walls in Jericho, but to hold an idea across a span of 3,000 years in the absence of writing is still remarkable.
Various Biblical scholars have also associated Göbekli Tepe with the myth of Eden. According to this interpretation, the myth refers to the transition from a hunter/gatherer society to one based on agriculture. The thinking is that the hunting/gathering lifestyle was easy and pleasant, at least in areas that were rich in resources. Agriculture, by contrast, involved a lot of work and was probably not very productive to begin with. The loss of Eden was the transition to agriculture, and may be a memory of what happened at Göbekli Tepe. God says to Adam: "Cursed is the ground because of you; in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life."
The location of Göbekli Tepe in the fertile crescent matches some people's ideas of where Eden should be located according to the description in the Bible. There is a lot of speculation in this regard, and literally hundreds of web sites with all sorts of kooky theories about how this was either literally the Garden of Eden, or else some sort of folk memory of this place trickled down through 6000 years of pre-history, and led to the myths about Eden, or an Eden-like place in the Sumerian culture, which was later appropriated by the writers of the Old Testament.
The interior of one of the huts, with walls intact.
A few videos of Göbekli Tepe can be found at YouTube here and here and here. Apparently, they are taken from German TV. Here is the Wikipedia entry on Göbekli Tepe. Here's another interesting article by Sean Thomas, with more photographs of the site. Because of its extreme age, Göbekli Tepe is a favorite topic for a lot of kooky theories about ancient civilizations and visitations from aliens and stuff like that. There are a huge number of sites devoted to such theories, which I won't link here, but which often contain useful factoids and more photographs. Google will find them. Note that Göbekli Tepe is also spelled Göbekli Tepe (without the "l"). This is apparently not the correct spelling, but exists on Google anyway.
Some other recent (from 2010) articles on Göbekli Tepe include this one from Newsweek, a blurb with lots of stupid speculation, but some good pictures from the Daily Mail, a sort of a Q&A format writeup by Andrew Collins, and another short article from the Examiner. Other mentions include the Huffington Post and Disclose TV. There are a lot of recent news stories about Göbekli Tepe, but unfortunately, most are in Turkish. If you speak Turkish or would like Google to translate them for you, you can find them here.
Here are some other maps and images of Göbekli Tepe and the surrounding areas, which I've put on a separate page. | <urn:uuid:611fd91f-8df3-418b-82e9-afde1bcafb32> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://essayweb.net/history/ancient/gobekli.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802774894.154/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075254-00099-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981838 | 3,447 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The following strategies offer tips for helping ELL families learn about leadership opportunities in their school community and develop the confidence to step into those roles.
Supporting immigrant families
For related ideas, see the following:
- Ten Strategies for Supporting Immigrant Students and Families
- How to Support Immigrant Students and Families: Strategies for Schools and Early Childhood Programs
15. Encourage ELL parents to take on leadership roles
A. What you need to know
While ELL parents may be underrepresented in leadership roles, some guidance and encouragement from school leaders can go a long way in building their confidence. It may be something small, such as soliciting ideas for school events, or something bigger such as asking them to serve on a parent advisory council or speaking at a school board meeting (Meyers, 45). Your parents know their children and community best, and they are likely to offer successful solutions to problems that the school community hadn't thought of before, particularly if they represent a large number of ELL families.
Do your parent committees reflect your ELL population? Who is advocating for your ELL students?
- Make sure that qualified interpreters are available so that parents can feel comfortable communicating their ideas in their native language. The negative encounter experienced by a gentleman who spoke in front of a legislative hearing in Texas underscores the importance of having an interpreter who can communicate nuances and intent.
- Consider developing a branch of the PTA for your ELL parents, organized by language. While it may seem to isolate or favor certain parents, it will allow ELL parents to become comfortable with the role the school is asking them to take on, to learn more about the school, and to build capacity. Once the parents feel more confident, bring them together with the larger PTA on a regular basis, and help the two groups communicate. (As in other cases, the way people respond to this step will depend on how you frame it. If people understand why you think it's beneficial for the entire school for ELL parents to become more involved in the PTA, they are more likely to support a separate ELL parent group. If you can organize such a group, sit in on a meeting to get a sense of what it's like to follow a PTA meeting in another language!)
- As your ELL parents become more familiar with the school policies and environment, ensure that ELL parents are represented in the PTA and parent advisory groups.
- Offer your ELL parents frequent and convenient opportunities to share input, ideas, and concerns with you and your teachers in a variety of venues (Houk, 67).
- Encourage parents to attend and speak up at school board meetings, even with an interpreter.
- Remind the school board members and district leaders to communicate policies/changes in your families' languages.
- Take parent input seriously, and don't ask for it until you are prepared to listen. As Houk notes, "Parents should not be 'included' to rubber stamp school decisions, or to provide affirmation for school staff about decisions made with no real input (68)." The message parents send may not be what you want to hear (69) and this may require some more flexibility and cross-cultural understanding on everyone's part. However, once you begin to hear their good ideas, you will realize that the learning curve is worth it!
- Marla Hori from Skokie, Illinois describes a program in her district called "Bridge Parents." One or two parents are enlisted from each language group to serve as leaders in engaging other parents around school during coffee hours at the school or parents' homes. Marla also notes that these parents have helped the school as translators (40-41).
Video: Becoming the PTO President
Video: A crisis that created a leader
Video: "But I am the president"
Video: Immigrant families are rising to meet challenges
16. Look for ways to make parent leadership more sustainable
A. What you need to know
Parent leadership can be lost easily as students get older and transition to new schools. Think about putting a mentorship program in place to keep new parents engaged. The mentorship piece is essential because, in these roles, bilingual parents are asked to speak up and make decisions in a new cultural environment — and the cycle of building trust and respect must begin again.
Think about your strongest parents at the school. How do you plan to replace them once their children move to another school? What barriers exist to developing bilingual leaders?
- Form a panel of ELL parents to address questions and concerns.
- Designate parent leaders in each language group to engage other parents.
- Brainstorm with your ELL parent leaders about ways to recruit and mentor new parents.
- Learn from your parents' experiences and find out what they think will make a positive impact on future parents who are new to the U.S. school system.
- As parents prepare to step away from leadership responsibilities, ask them if they would be willing to mentor new parent leaders who are joining the community.
- Ask them for recommendations of other parent leaders that they have gotten to know.
- ELL parents serve on a district Bilingual Parent Advisory Committee (BPAC) in Illinois' District 65, as mandated by Illinois Administrative School Code. Parents on the BPAC help the district:
- Review grant applications and implement grant activities
- Organize Spanish classes for the community
- Review standardized assessment data
- Advocate for programming at school board meetings
- Volunteer and tutor in classrooms
- Organize school events. | <urn:uuid:b4b1f6ad-603c-45da-ab5a-82d5750b7782> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.colorincolorado.org/article/engaging-ell-parents-leaders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.952497 | 1,166 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Into the world of Rwandan Coffee farmers.
Rwanda, a country known for its breathtaking landscapes and vibrant culture, is also gaining recognition for producing some of the finest coffee in the world. Behind the rich and flavorful Rwandan coffee beans are hardworking coffee farmers who dedicate their lives to cultivating this prized crop. However, these farmers often face challenges that hinder their progress and jeopardize their rights. In this blog post, we will explore the inspiring story of Rwandan coffee farmers and how Matriarch Coffee's unwavering commitment to social responsibility protects their rights and ensures sustainable practices.
The Rise of Rwandan Coffee
Rwandan coffee has experienced a remarkable transformation over the years. Despite a tumultuous history, the country's coffee industry has emerged as a beacon of hope and economic empowerment for its farmers. With favorable climate conditions and diverse microclimates, Rwanda is blessed with fertile lands that are ideal for coffee cultivation.
Coffee production has become a vital part of Rwanda's economy, providing employment and income to thousands of smallholder farmers and their families. The dedication and expertise of these farmers have led to the creation of high-quality coffee beans that are sought after by coffee enthusiasts worldwide.
Challenges Faced by Rwandan Coffee Farmers
While the Rwandan coffee industry has witnessed significant growth, coffee farmers still face numerous challenges that threaten their livelihoods and well-being:
Smallholder farmers often struggle to access fair markets and obtain competitive prices for their coffee beans. This can result in financial instability and discourage further investments in their farms. Many coffee farmers lack access to essential resources such as modern farming equipment, proper irrigation systems, and processing facilities. This hinders their ability to improve productivity and the overall quality of their coffee beans. Climate change poses a significant threat to coffee farming in Rwanda. Erratic weather patterns, prolonged droughts, and unpredictable rainfall can negatively impact coffee yields and jeopardize farmers' livelihoods. Limited access to training and educational opportunities prevents farmers from adopting sustainable and innovative farming practices, hindering the industry's overall growth.
The Role of Matriarch Coffee in Empowering Rwandan Coffee Farmers
At Matriarch Coffee, we have recognized the importance of uplifting and supporting Rwandan coffee farmers. Through various initiatives and commitments, Matriarch Coffee strives to protect the rights and well-being of these hardworking individuals while promoting sustainable practices in the coffee industry.
Matriarch Coffee follows a direct trade model, which ensures that farmers receive fair prices for their coffee beans. By bypassing intermediaries, Matriarch Coffee establishes direct relationships with farmers, enabling them to earn a more equitable income for their hard work. We invest in community development projects that aim to improve the lives of coffee farmers and their families. These projects focus on education, healthcare, and infrastructure development, enhancing the overall quality of life in coffee-growing regions.
Not only we encourage coffee farmers in adopting sustainable farming practices but we also support them in this effort. This includes promoting organic farming methods, reforestation efforts, and water conservation techniques to protect the environment and ensure the long-term viability of coffee cultivation. Recognizing the significance of knowledge sharing, Matriarch Coffee provides training and educational programs to farmers. These initiatives equip farmers with the skills and resources needed to enhance their farming practices, increase productivity, and produce high-quality coffee beans. Matriarch Coffee is actively engaged in climate change mitigation efforts. By supporting projects that focus on environmental sustainability and carbon offsetting, the company aims to reduce the impact of climate change on coffee farming.
Impact on the Lives of Rwandan Coffee Farmers
Matriarch Coffee's dedication to empowering Rwandan coffee farmers has had a profound impact on their lives and the coffee industry as a whole. Through fair pricing and direct trade, coffee farmers can earn a more stable and sustainable income. This financial stability enables them to invest in their farms, improve their livelihoods, and support their families. The support and training provided by Matriarch Coffee have led to a noticeable improvement in the quality of coffee beans produced by Rwandan farmers. This, in turn, enhances Rwanda's reputation as a premium coffee producer in the global market. By promoting sustainable farming practices and environmental conservation, Matriarch Coffee contributes to a greener and more sustainable future for coffee farming in Rwanda. The community development projects initiated by Matriarch Coffee have positively impacted coffee-growing regions, fostering a sense of empowerment and cooperation among local communities.
The story of Rwandan coffee farmers is one of resilience, determination, and hope. In the face of challenges, they have shown incredible dedication to their craft, producing some of the finest coffee in the world. Matriarch Coffee's unwavering commitment to protecting their rights and promoting sustainability has amplified their impact, creating a ripple effect that reaches far beyond the coffee plantations.
As we savor our daily cup of coffee, let us remember the journey of those who bring this cherished beverage to our tables. By supporting socially responsible coffee companies like Matriarch Coffee, we can play an active role in empowering coffee farmers, ensuring a sustainable coffee industry, and contributing to the well-being of communities in coffee-growing regions. Together, we can raise our mugs to celebrate the inspiring journey of Rwandan coffee farmers and the positive change they create in the world. | <urn:uuid:321d9861-d2b0-4eb1-b379-c8d3ef5443e9> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://matriarchcoffee.com/blogs/everyday-matriarchs/into-the-world-of-rwandan-coffee-farmers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510501.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929090526-20230929120526-00045.warc.gz | en | 0.944199 | 1,077 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The world can feel like a scary place, full of new, difficult and strange experiences. As adults, we learn to manage our anxiety through knowledge and experience that tell us which situations, things and people are to be avoided versus those that just feel scary, but do not pose any real danger.
Your children, however, need help to understand the difference between safe things that should be experienced — despite the anxiety they provoke — and things that are truly dangerous. When your child experiences fear and anxiety more frequently or intensely than other youth, helping them can be confusing or challenging. For example, you may know that petting a dog or talking to a teacher is not dangerous, but if your child is acting as though these situations are frightening, what should you do? The answer may not be simple, but the following steps can help you better understand your child’s fears and help them cope more effectively:
▪ Encourage your child to discuss their fears. Fear and anxiety often seem hidden from others, as suffering children don’t always demonstrate obvious problem behaviors. Once recognized, it is important to have a discussion with your child about anxiety.
To begin, describe a recent time when you saw your child feeling anxious. For children sensitive to this topic, you can start by describing times when other people experience fear or anxiety. Try to lead this discussion to clarify what the child’s main fears could be. You may not like all the answers you get, especially if your child is avoiding things, such as friends or activities that are important or usually enjoyable, because of their fears. Listen calmly, and express empathy and gratitude that your child shared their experiences.
Never miss a local story.
▪ Teach your child about anxiety and fear. These are normal emotions experienced by all people. They can be enjoyable feelings for some people, like those who like watching a scary movie. So, how does a very common emotion become problematic for your child?
Share with your child that fear feels unpleasant because it serves a purpose — to motivate us to get to safety quickly. When nothing truly dangerous is occurring, these anxious feelings can lead your child astray by suggesting to them that something is wrong when it’s not. It takes time and practice to notice that everything is okay under these circumstances. The true problem your child is experiencing is their strong reaction to fear in a safe situation, not fear itself.
▪ Recognize anxiety-related thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Help your child notice what is referred to as the “three parts” of their fear or anxiety — what they are thinking, what they are feeling in their body, and what they do. By observing the parts of these emotions, it will become clearer how worry and strong reactions to fear in your child’s body may lead them to avoid situations over time. Unfortunately, while avoiding is helpful in the short term to relieve distress, over the long term it teaches your child very little about how to effectively deal with the thing bothering them.
▪ Adjust your parenting when you notice child anxiety. Effective therapies for child anxiety involve gradually approaching, rather than avoiding, feared situations. But it can be very difficult to watch your upset, distressed child. In fact, the normal thing to do when you see an upset child is to soothe them and remove the source of their distress.
This backfires with chronic anxiety, because by allowing a child to, for example, avoid a dance class because they are afraid of separating from you, you inadvertently send a message that the dance class is, in fact, dangerous. By allowing your child to experience their fear and problem-solve how to approach and stay in that class, you are actually helping your distressed child cope with such situations more helpfully over the long term.
▪ Get professional help as needed. The good news about child anxiety is that effective therapies exist. Cognitive behavior therapy, provided at the Child and Adolescent Mood and Anxiety Treatment Program at the University of Miami, is one of the best treatment for child anxiety. Most youth who receive CBT improve after a brief course of treatment (often 12-16 sessions or less). If you have tried the steps outlined above, and are still noticing significant distress in your child, it may be time to reach out for effective help.
If you suspect your child is suffering from anxiety, visit miami.edu/childanxiety for more information. To schedule an appointment with a medical expert, call 305-284-9852.
Jill Ehrenreich-May, Ph.D., is the director of the Child and Adolescent Mood and Anxiety Treatment (CAMAT) Program at the University of Miami. For more information, visit UHealthSystem.com/patients/pediatrics. | <urn:uuid:25ea1483-0473-4a6d-aeb3-af5f9026dc91> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.miamiherald.com/living/health-fitness/article151988682.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886815.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117043259-20180117063259-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.951482 | 971 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Definitions for deinstitutionalization
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word deinstitutionalization
the process of abolishing a practice that has been considered a norm
The government began the deinstitutionalization of background checks for certain Federal jobs.
the process of releasing a person from a facility where their freedom to leave has been restrained
The deinstitutionalization of minor offenders helps reduce prison overcrowding.
the process of reducing a person's dependence on an institutional environment
After thirty years in the asylum, deinstitutionalization would present many problems.
Origin: Derived from institutionalize.
U.S. National Library of Medicine
The practice of caring for individuals in the community, rather than in an institutional environment with resultant effects on the individual, the individual's family, the community, and the health care system.
Deinstitutionalisation is the process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with a mental disorder or developmental disability. Deinstitutionalisation works in two ways: the first focuses on reducing the population size of mental institutions by releasing patients, shortening stays, and reducing both admissions and readmission rates; the second focuses on reforming mental hospitals' institutional processes so as to reduce or eliminate reinforcement of dependency, hopelessness, learned helplessness, and other maladaptive behaviours. According to psychiatrist Leon Eisenberg, deinstitutionalisation has been an overall benefit for most psychiatric patients, though many have been left homeless and without care. The deinstitutionalisation movement was initiated by three factors: A socio-political movement for community mental health services and open hospitals; The advent of psychotropic drugs able to manage psychotic episodes; A financial imperative to shift costs from state to federal budgets.
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A pioneer in targeted cancer treatments, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia developed a new therapy for patients with relapsed cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The hospital is also studying a way to treat certain types of lymphoma and neuroblastoma with a single pill. It offered the world's first proton-beam therapy exclusively to treat childhood cancers. It also concentrates on caring for the emotional needs of cancer patients and their families, offering counseling, parent and sibling support groups, and art and music-therapy groups.
A very close second, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital gives every patient a sophisticated genetic screening that allows doctors to tailor treatment based on 225 genetic indicators. What's more, the hospital offers one of the largest pediatric bone-marrow transplant programs worldwide, including halo-identical -- or partially matched -- transplants, which it pioneered. St. Jude maintains high survival rates and provides state-of-the-art care despite the fact that it doesn't charge families for any treatment. (The cost is offset by the hospital's philanthropic support.) When a child has to be admitted overnight, the hospital even supplies free lodging to families who live more than 35 miles away.
The Childhood Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center is screening more than 340,000 potential medications against childhood and young-adult cancer cells to identify new options. The hospital is also creating molecular profiles of tumor cells from patients in real time in order to guide therapy. While the initial efforts will focus on relapsed leukemias, the program will expand to include solid tumors.
It's one of a handful of hospitals in Parents' survey that offers "MIBG therapy" to treat patients with relapsed neuroblastoma. The treatment targets radiation to kill tumors while sparing normal tissues. And to ease the transition between hospital care and home care, Boston Children's has a team of nurses who make house calls within two days of a patient's discharge.
With the only center in the world dedicated specifically to the research, care, and treatment of children with lymphoma, Texas Children's Hospital will conduct research on the biology of this type of cancer and use the information to develop new approaches to therapy. The hospital also recently opened a Childhood Cancer Prevention and Screening Clinic, the first of its kind in the country. The clinic will care for children who are at an increased risk for developing childhood cancer because of genetic conditions.
Working on more than 200 cancer-related studies including the government's Cancer Genome Atlas Project, Nationwide Children's Hospital has one of the largest cancer biobanks in the country, storing information on more than 100 new cancer cases daily. It also supplies patients and their families with comfort and support through a team including pediatric psychologists, social workers, recreational therapists, massage therapists, and even an events coordinator.
Establishing one of the nation's first cancer-survivorship clinics, Colorado Children's Hospital helps patients manage some of the potential late effects that may have resulted from diagnosis, treatment, or both, including learning disabilities, low self-esteem, and infertility. It also started Youth and Pet Survivors, a unique pen-pal program, in which young cancer patients write to people whose animals also suffer from the disease.
Formerly Children's Memorial Hospital, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital boasts one of the largest stem-cell transplant programs with the country, with more than 1,000 transplants having been performed there since 1992.
Researchers at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin are studying new advances in immunotherapy, which takes advantage of a donor's normal immune system to battle cancer. They have developed a clinical trial that involves bone-marrow transplantation and infusion of donor natural-killer cells to treat high-risk cancers, such as neuroblastoma, sarcomas, and brain tumors. To ease the anxiety of a hospital stay, Children's Wisconsin has an art therapist and displays two galleries of artwork from cancer patients.
The hospital's Aflac Cancer Center offers families innovative research studies (including a recent government grant to study a bioengineered treatment for pediatric brain tumors) as well as an extensive program for long-term cancer survivors. It developed SurvivorLink, a Web-based tool for survivors and their care teams to access a summary of their cancer diagnosis and treatment as well as a plan for what care they might need in the future.
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Introduction - The Estimated Diameter Of Astra
Astra's Size. The diameter, mass and density of Astra at best can only be estimated. One method of estimating its former diameter is to review and assess the diameters of its largest asteroid components. These include (1) the fragments that became asteroids, over 65%, and (2) the fragments that hit Mars, over 30%. It was given in a previous chapter that the ten largest asteroids have the following diameters in miles:
Table III - Diameters of the ten largest asteroids
|Ceres||624 miles||Interamnia||217 miles|
Astra exploded into fragments, tens of thousands of which hit and impacted the Clobbered Hemisphere of Mars. Our estimate for the size of these fragments is 55% to 59% of their huge crater diameters. Therefore the estimates for the diameters of the ten largest of these original fragments are as follows.
Table IV - Diameters of the ten largest original fragments
|Hellas||565 miles||Antoniadi||127 miles|
|Argyre||274||Name Not Known||100|
The density of Mars is 3.93 and the Moon's density is 3.34. The Earth's density is 5.52 (water - 1.0). Judging by the composition of the asteroids, Astra's density seems to have been much like the density of Mars, 3.93. If so, this information can help estimate the mass of Astra. Astra with a diameter of 1,550 to 1,600 miles, was 4% to 5% of the mass of Mars, approximately one-twentieth.
By comparison, the Moon is 11% of the mass of Mars, one ninth. Thus it is estimated that Astra was almost half of the mass of the Moon, and slightly denser. If so, a body 45% as massive as the Moon fragmented on the Martian Roche Limit. The Martian Roche Limit, the place of fragmentation, was 5,200 miles from the center of Mars, but only 3,100 miles from its nearest surface.
Evidence # 5 - Crustal Expansion
How much of the mass of Astra became asteroids? And how many asteroids have been counted? The current asteroid count exceeds 5,000 and increases yearly. How much of Astra's mass was ingested by Mars because of hitting the Clobbered Hemisphere of Mars? Only estimates can be made.
This estimate is that between 30% and 33% of the fragments of Astra hit Mars in its Clobbered Hemisphere. Between 65% and 68% missed Mars and began to orbit the Sun. Also, a small percent, perhaps almost 2%, missed Mars but began to orbit around Mars instead of the Sun. Evidence of this, presented in Chapter 6, is the foundation of an ancient ring system of Mars.
If 30% of the fragments of Astra hit Mars, containing 30% of the mass of Astra, and if Astra was 5% of the mass of Mars, then it follows that Mars gained some significant weight. It gained perhaps 1.5% in mass by absorbing fragments of Astra.
A gain of 1.5% for a 200 lb. man, loosely clothed, is only three pounds. It would be marginally noticeable. But how would a sudden gain of 1.5% in mass affect the tight-fitting shell, or crust of Mars? A shell 20 miles thick on a diameter of 4,200 miles.
Would it bulge? Would it crack and split? Would such a split be perpendicular to the sub crustal pressure, allowing for expansion? The sudden ingestion of the Hellas Fragment caused a bulge. The sudden ingestion of the Isidis fragment created another bulge. But that was merely the beginning.
Rift Systems And Their Genesis On The Earth
Rifts are large, transverse, lineal "tears" or rips across the tight-fitting crust of a planet. One cause of a rift can be that a planet gains weight (mass). Another cause can be that its weight does not increase, but its weight shifts location - a relocation of an equatorial bulge for instance. Rifts can occur in a crust if there is either kind of shift in weight.
The Earth has had such a shift in weight, a relocated equatorial bulge. The cause of the Earth's Great African Rift Valley has been a change in distribution of its mass. It was due to a radical relocation of the spin axis, and a consequent radical relocation of the equator, and consequently of its equatorial bulge.
The Earth has a polar diameter of 7,900 miles but its equatorial diameter is 27 miles greater, at 7,927 miles. The Earth's spin rate is once in 1436 minutes. This spin rate creates its 27-mile equatorial bulge. It also creates two polar flat spots.
Mars rotates at a spin rate almost identical with Earth's, and also has an equatorial bulge. Its equatorial diameter is 4,212 miles. Its polar diameter is 4,170 miles. Its equatorial diameter is 42 miles greater than the polar diameter. It is an oblate spheroid. Its oblateness is .0093. Tiny Mars has a mass of .107 of the Earth, and a spin rate is once in 1477 minutes, only 3% slower than the Earth.
The Earth is a gyroscope in space. Were it to experience a close Mars flyby, the resulting torsion would cause its spin axis to shift its location. The poles would swerve and careen, and would shortly relocate. Its equatorial bulge also would relocate.
A foundation will be laid in Volume III that our North Pole on one occasion shifted at least 3,000 miles during the closest of all of the Mars flybys. That produced a gross relocation of the North Pole by 3,000 miles, as well as of the equatorial bulge and the two polar flat spots.
The shift of the Earth's equator required an expansion of the new equatorial bulge in a new belt across the Earth's middle. The response of the Earth's crust, like a garment, was to tear. The rip was perpendicular to the new equator. The Great African Rift Valley is that rift, a perpendicular rift caused by this radical (and recent) shift of the equator.
The Grand Canyon and the Copper Canyon also are earlier tears in our crust, earlier, also resulting from spin axis relocations. Several rifts have occurred in the Earth's crust above sea level. More have occurred below sea level. 72% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans.
If a man wears a tight-fitting suit or pair of pants, when the cloth is stressed, it tears. It tears perpendicular to the force exerted. Overalls tear across the knees of pant legs when the cloth stretches perpendicularly, beyond the elastic-plastic threshold.
It is all very simple. The crust of the Earth tore across the equator, in a perpendicular manner, to accommodate the new, relocated bulge zone. In modern English it is "The Great African Rift Valley." It is the Earth's biggest rift system.
The Rift System And Its Genesis On Mars
The Great African Rift Valley is deep, wide and handsome. It is 5,000 miles long, over 200 miles wide in its central region, and is over 4,000 feet deep in places. It stretches from Syria, through the Red Sea and across the Central African highlands, to Mozambique and beyond, into and under the Indian Ocean. But what, for a rift valley, is "deep, wide and handsome?"
The Solar System's Biggest Rift System
In the case of the crust of Mars, its rift system was not triggered by a SHIFT of the location of weight, as has been the case with the Earth's crust. It was created by a SUDDEN INCREASE IN WEIGHT, OR MASS OF THE PLANET ITSELF. The gain in weight was due to the sudden ingesting and then digesting of the fragments of Astra. That increase in mass is estimated at 1.5%. If Mars were to increase in mass by 1.5% due to ingestion of fragments of Astra, its equator would expand by 0.5%, or 21 miles. Its polar diameter would increase by 20 miles. This means its old equatorial diameter was only 4,191 miles and it sold polar diameter was only 4,150 miles.
The crusts of Mars and the Earth are tight fitting, unlike a suit of clothes. Obviously with sudden stress and a sudden gain in weight, the old crust, a rigid shell, would experience pressures beyond what the elastic-plastic threshold could cope.
It has already been noted that the two bulges of Mars occurred in its Serene Hemisphere, where its crust apparently is weakest. All of the rather huge volcanoes of Mars also occur in its Serene Hemisphere, further suggesting the Serene Hemisphere has a thinner crust. Third, its Valles Marineris, the greatest rift valley in our Solar System, also occurs in its Serene Hemisphere. Chance? No. Region of its thinner crust? Yes.
It was on the underside of this hemisphere on which the pressure waves and shear waves of the Hellas Fragment were spent. They were caused by the penetrating asteroids, Hellas, Isidis and Argyre. In another chapter, a foundation will be laid that all three of these huge fragments were rotating as they hit at Mars' Clobbered Hemisphere at 25,000 mph.
HORSTS. In geology, large, block-like uplifts on our planet were named originally by German geologists in the 19th century. A block-like uplift such as those found prominently in the Balkans was named a "horst." A standard geological definition of a horst is:
Horst: An elongated, elevated block of crust forming a ridge or plateau, typically bounded by parallel outward-dipping normal faults.
GRABENS. Grabens are intimately related to, and are associated with horsts. Grabens are the valleys between horsts, defined as follows:
Graben: A down thrown block between two normal faults of parallel strike but converging dips; hence a tensional feature.
The greatest grabens and horsts in our Solar System are on the surface of the Serene Hemisphere of Mars - the Valles Marineris. When this giant rift system was first photographed some 30 years ago, astronomers and geologists were aghast when viewing the first photographs by Mariner 2 in August, 1963. Mariner 2 made a flyby of Mars at 22,000 miles and transmitted its pictorial data back to the Earth. Shortly thereafter, this gigantic "horst and graben formation" on Mars was named the "Valles Marineris."
The first viewers of the Valles Marineris were astounded astronomers. Next, and even more astonished, were the jumpy geologists, always needing to defend the dogma of gradualism - in the Solar System as well as on the crust of the Earth.
That has been a pattern that continues. First the astronomers find the evidence, and then the geologists justify, or attempt to justify the chaotic scenes of profound violence and scenes of sudden spasms of catastrophism. Three or four billion years ago, they are apt to say. On Mercury's surface. On Venus. On Mars. On Deimos and Phobos. On the satellites of Jupiter, rings of Saturn and Uranus, ragged, jagged satellites circling Uranus, etc.
Surprises in the cosmos have been so regular and so astounding to gradualists that it makes one wonder if their paradigm is in proper order. It is now over thirty years later since the first photos of the surface of Mars were received, including photos of the Valles Marineris. Its details still startle geologists.
It is not just the huge size of the rift valley. It is not just the size of some of the craters. It is not just the lop-sided distribution of Martian craters. It is not just the crustal bulges, with their five and ten-mile high volcanoes. It is not just evidence of spin axis shifts.
Equally astounding, if not more so, is the recognition of the great rift system of Mars. It is a new fact in a world where old gradualist dogma still dominates. Until this chapter, there has not been much of a theory as to why it exists or how, or when in its freshness, it came to be.
It is a giant crustal rift valley, 2,500 miles long, 4.5 miles deep (not 4,500 feet), and is wider than an eye on the ground can see. Its width in places is 300 miles. The Earth has nothing comparable. Though explanations for this striking feature to date have not been forthcoming, yet the explanation is fairly simple. It was a matter of either shifting the location of weight (as in the Earth's case) or a permanent gain in weight (1.5% as in the Martian case).
The Valles Marineris
Mars has a circumference of 13,200 miles. The Valles Marineris is as long as 19% of the circumference of Mars. It is a 2,500-mile long system of rifts, of grabens and horsts, emanating eastward out of the eastern edge of the Tharsis Bulge. Its canyons are as deep as 4.5 miles, or 23,000 feet, which is four times deeper and steeper than the Grand Canyon of Arizona. In places the grabens are 120 miles wide, and in places it is 300 miles between them.
Here again, a descriptive phrase from A. B. Guthrie is recalled.
These canyons and their near vertical canyon walls, in the "Serene Hemisphere"
of Mars, are truly "high, wide and handsome."
Visible even on long-distance images of Mars is the great canyon system, which straddles the globe just south of the equator between longitudes 30° and 110° W. Called Valles Marineris, this 4,000 km long network begins on the east side of the Tharsis Bulge and ends in an immense region of chaotic terrain between Chryse Planitia and Margaritifer Sinus. At its deepest it is some 7 km deep and individual canyons are up to 200 km. in width. In the impressive central section, where there are three roughly parallel, interconnecting rifts, the total width is 700 km. [n1]
The various grabens on Mars are parallel, even though 100, 200 and 300 miles apart. In Africa, similar parallel rifts - grabens and horsts - occur with spread of 300 miles in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. But Africa's rift valleys are only a half mile to a mile deep rather than four or five miles deep, the case here. In both cases, the systems are over 2,500 to 3,000 miles long, but for Mars that length for a rift system is 19% of the planet's circumference. The length of the African Rift Valley is only 11% of the Earth's circumference.
The gradualist menu, always of interest, on the genesis of the rift
system of Mars is as follows:
Valles Marineris. We now know it to be a large fracture running out from the Tharsis Shield. This photo mosaic taken by the Viking Orbiter 1 very clearly shows the three massive shield volcanoes that sit astride the Tharsis Ridge - Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons and Ascraeus Mons -- as well as the vast canyon system that is Valles Marineris. Similar features occur on Earth [East African Rift Valley], the Moon and Venus. Valles Marineris MAY HAVE BEEN FORMED AS MAGMA WAS WITHDRAWN FROM BENEATH IT TO SUPPLY THE VOLCANIC UPLIFT REGION. [n2] [Caps ours]
Something of the length, breadth and depth of this Rift System, the deepest in our Solar System, is ALSO in the following caption:
Scale of Valles Marineris. A comparison of, for example, the Tithonius Lacus region of Valles Marineris and the Grand Canyon shows the former to be four times deeper, six times wider and ten times longer. [n3]
Were the Valles Marineris in North America, it would stretch from Seattle to Central Florida. On another axis, it would stretch from San Diego to the capitol city of Quebec - or to Portland Me. or Boston. And its depth would be six times deeper than the Grand Canyon. By comparison, Valles Marineris makes both the East African Rift Valley and the Grand Canyon look tame.
The Genesis Of The Valles Marineris
In footnote 2 above, Moore and Hunt tentatively suggest "Valles Marineris
MAY HAVE BEEN FORMED as magma was withdrawn from beneath it to supply the
volcanic uplift region." Their suggestion is poorly conceived for
the following four reasons.
1. No reason is proposed why magma should evacuate from ONLY under the Valles Marineris, but not from elsewhere.
2. If magma were to have evacuated slowly under the Valles Marineris, the crust would have wrinkled, not torn. When a person loses weight, their skin tends to wrinkle, not tear. The same applies to the crust of Mars. A slow withdrawal produces effects that would be quite different than what is evident on the red planet's crust.
3. In the next chapter, an analysis is made of the total mass contained in the top twelve volcanoes of Mars. It is from surrounding surface level to crater rim. Their total or composite volume will be shown to be in the range of 1,000,000 cubic miles.
The volume of the magma of Mars is over 40,000,000,000 cubic miles. The amount of volcanism evident on the Martian surface is only 0.0025% of the total magma of Mars. It is one part in 40,000.
4. The Valles Marineris gives the appearance of youthfulness, a relative lack of wind erosion.
One million cubic miles of magma, or lava, may be a huge amount by the standards of volcanism on the Earth. But by Martian standards, it is one six hundredth of the amount of mass that Mars gained from the fragmentation of Astra. It is not much by the standards of how much mass Astra's fragmentation added to Mars.
Mars experienced internal distress from the fragments of Astra. After that shocking event, Mars experienced a long series of perhaps 300 flybys of the Earth and Venus, all within 100,000 miles. Thus Mars experienced a blast. Next it experienced a long series of squeezes.
The volcanoes of Mars were a result of those sudden, speedy, swift squeeze plays, managed by the Earth and Venus. Tides within Mars, sudden massive magma tides are what caused its volcanism. Those tides were generated by the totality of the magma of Mars, not just from under one locality, and a locality 1,000 miles distant at that. The volcanism of Mars is simple to explain. The rifting of the crust of Mars is also simple to explain; the reasons for rifting are not the reasons for Martian volcanism.
The Great African Rift Valley And Sodom-Gomorrah
The Great Rift Valley of Africa appears to have had its genesis after the time of the last major shift of the spin axis and shift in location of the equator and its bulge zone. In Volume 3, a foundation will be laid that this event occurred after the closest of the many flybys of Mars. It was in the middle of the third millennium B.C.E. Sumerians called it "Utnapishtim's Flood, and reported that it was caused by Enlil (the Sumerian word for Mars). [n4]
It was only 500 years later, very early in the 2nd millennium B.C.E. Abraham was on the scene which involved the northern extremity of the GREAT AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY. It was still active, still splitting, still deepening, still widening, still erupting on its edges. Isostatic shifts of magma create a new equatorial bulge zone but they tend to be slow changes.
Abraham was positioned on the edge of the ledge, and above the rift
valley which he could view below in the distance. It was called The
Vale of Siddim, and included five cities below, the mouth of the Jordan
River and the Dead Sea. It was a Mars flyby of the March case.
It was over 500 years after Noah's Flood, and almost 500 years before Moses.
The description in Genesis is as follows.
The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot entered into Zoar.
Then the Lord rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the Lord out of heave;
And he overthrew those cities, and all the plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the ground.Genesis 19:23-25
Talmudic information is as follows:
Lekah Gen., loc. cit., states that the angels came suddenly like lightning upon Lot, whereas Abraham discerned their arrival from afar. [n5]
It was a catastrophic scene drawn from the dawn of Hebrew history. It was an eye witness description; Abraham was there, viewing the Rift Valley's northernmost finger. It was the trench containing the Jordan River and the Dead Sea. In the distance were fertile irrigated fields below, and five prospering cities. Two of them were Sodom and Gomorrah. A prosperous society there was reported to have given itself over to dissolution and to unnatural sex orgies. All five cities were suddenly engulfed in volcanic gases, ash and a few lava flows. Those lava flows and cinders still remain.
The "death angel" was the triggering agent for this extension to the Great Rift Valley system. Simply put, it was another of the close flybys of Mars. In this case, the "death angel" had a mass 11% of Earth's mass. It had a cometary tail as shall be demonstrated in Chapter 7. It had two visible satellites, the sons of Arcturus in Hebrew, Deimos and Phobos in Greek. This angel had a name in Talmudic Hebrew texts; it was known both as the destructive angel of the Lord and as the evil archangel "Sammael." [n6]
The ancient Hebrew explanation for this event was the general wickedness and dissolute behavior in the five cities in the fertile plain at the bottom. Apart from the Hebrew explanation, and adding thereto, is that pressures had been building up for centuries, waiting for a trigger, to produce another extension in the Great African Rift Valley system.
A Mars flyby triggered the event. At that particular occasion, our estimate of the date was October, 1728 B.C.E. and the closest physical distance between the Great African Rift Valley and the Valles Marineris was, for a minute or two, some 35,000 to 40,000 miles.
The Book of Job is among the oldest treasures of mankind. Job's understanding of cosmology and celestial activity was a big issue in his time, and the issue was recorded as follows:
Figure 5 - The Valles Marineris on Mars
Figure 6 - A Comparison of Dimensions -
Grand Canyon verses Valles Marineris
Then Job answered and said, [God]
Which removeth the mountains, and they know not, which overturneth them in his anger.
Which shaketh the earth out of her place, and the pillars thereof tremble.
Which commandeth the sun, and it riseth not: and sealeth up the stars
Which alone spreadeth out the heavens, and treadeth upon the waves of the sea.
Which maketh Arcturus [Mars], Orion [Jupiter] and Pleiades [Saturn] and the chambers of the south [Milky Way].
Which doeth great things past finding out; yea, and wonders without number.Job 19:1, 5-10
This catastrophic cosmology addresses the increase in mass that Mars experienced as a result of absorbing some 30% of the fragments of Astra. This analysis is an increase in mass for Mars of about 1.5%, due to the blizzard of fragments hitting the surface of the Clobbered Hemisphere. As a result, in time, the physical diameter of Mars needed to expand by some 20 miles in the polar diameter and by 21 miles in the equatorial diameter.
Story 7 describes one of the results of Astra's fragmentation near Mars - MARS PUT ON A LITTLE WEIGHT. It is a story of a crustal expansion on a relatively small planet, and a nearby one. It is a story of a suddenly increase in mass, difficult to encase by the old crust. It tore and rifted. The tear or rift probably was perpendicular to the old equator of Mars of that time.
It is a story of the creation of the most gigantic rift valley in the Solar System, one replete with suddenly uplifted blocks, the horsts, interlaced with adjacent non-uplifted grabens, flat valley floors.
Those deep, steep, sharp canyons developed in response to pressures emanating suddenly from under the Martian crust following the blizzard of asteroids. With its radius of curvature and its estimated 20-mile thick crust, the crust of Mars was (and is) brittle, not elastic. It is far more brittle than is the Earth's crust. It was this brittle crust, curved with a high angle of curvature, that suddenly had to expand. The gigantic rift valley across the Martian crust was nature's response to Mars putting on a little weight, about 1.5%.
Probably these splits and uplifts occurred in a long series, beginning within weeks of Astra' demise. Extensions of the rifting occurred for centuries. Subsequent Mars-Earth flybys and Mars-Venus flybys were triggers for surges exerting more (momentarily expanding) sub crustal pressure.
The thick, brittle crust of Mars at first resisted those pressures to expand. But when its crustal elastic threshold did yield, and when its crust did begin rifting, it was major league rifting. The Valles Marineris accommodated an estimated 78% to 80% of the increase in the mass of Mars. Tharsis and Elysium, the two bulges, accommodated 20%. Volcanism, including all later celestial squeeze plays, is estimated at a mere 2%.
By comparison, on the Earth only minor league rifts have occurred. This is due in part to our crust's greater elasticity, and it is due in part to our planet having been buzzed by a smaller planet (not a larger one). Also, the Earth did not experience sudden increases in mass of one or two percent.
The Tharsis and Elysium bulges on Mars, like the Valles Marineris, were created by a sudden increase in mass. The Valles Marineris was due to long term pressures from a sudden increase in mass. Its appearance was delayed; it did not appear within hours like the bulges. The rifting process was slower, but if slower, nevertheless the rifting was inexorable. Rifting was the major adjustment made by the crust of Mars; bulging was the minor adjustment.
This 20th century AD is saturated with gradualists. Neither Abraham (20th century B.C.E.) nor Job (17th century B.C.E.), were gradualists. Nor was Moses. They saw what they saw. They were catastrophists. And if the dreaded angel of the Lord had a mass of 11% of the Earth, they were planetary catastrophists.
With story 7, the reader now is 34% of the way to the penthouse of cosmology. | <urn:uuid:3d3161d0-0a95-49b0-8266-3db25a03b737> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.creationism.org/patten/PattenMarsEarthWars/PattenMEW03.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860115836.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161515-00116-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951866 | 5,867 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Perhaps one of the greatest problems in education today is not illiteracy, but aliteracy (Cramer and Castle, 1994). Aliteracy has been defined as a "lack of the reading habit; especially, such a lack in capable readers who choose not to read" (Harris and Hodges, 1981, p. 11). With all of our knowledge of reading strategies, activities, lessons, and programs, why do so many of our students seem to prefer aliteracy? What is missing in our classrooms and in our teaching? In this article, it is proposed that a crucial ingredient in helping students become lifelong learners and joyful literates is a clear understanding of motivation.
Scott, J. E. (1996). Self-Efficacy: A Key to Literacy Learning.. Reading Horizons, 36 (3). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons/vol36/iss3/1 | <urn:uuid:f100b0e3-8fc6-421c-ae7f-cee398495eb6> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons/vol36/iss3/1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946578.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424080851-20180424100851-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.901114 | 192 | 3.5 | 4 |
Although primary care physicians take care of many aspects of health and disease, little is known about how they can change sedentary behavior through counseling, according to researchers at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth). Results from a new study suggest encouraging patients to decrease the time they spend sitting each day may be feasible in the primary care setting.
"Reducing sedentary time can be done by virtually everyone and requires smaller changes in energy expenditure than meeting physical activity guidelines, which usually entails a complex behavior change particularly for inactive patients," said Kerem Shuval, Ph.D., principal investigator and assistant professor of epidemiology at The University of Texas School of Public Health Dallas Regional Campus, part of UTHealth. "Reducing sedentary time helps promote health and primary care physicians can play a major role in modifying their patients' sedentary behavior, particularly because adults spend many of their waking hours each day sitting or in passive leisure activities."
Results were recently published online in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.
Unlike physical activity counseling, which has been investigated over the years, sedentary behavior counseling is a new term used in this study to describe a dialogue with a patient about the harmful effects of prolonged uninterrupted sitting. The average amount of time spent sitting or reclining during waking hours in the United States is almost 8hours per day, according to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
In this study, Shuval and his colleagues asked adult primary care patients whether their providers asked, advised and encouraged them to modify their physical activity and sedentary behavior in the past year. The "5A" (ask, advise, agree, assist and arrange) framework was used to examine these questions.
Study results indicated that within the last year, only 10 percent of patients received sedentary behavior counseling compared to 53 percent who received physical activity counseling. No patients received a plan pertaining to decreasing sedentary behavior; however, 14 percent were provided with a written plan for increasing physical activity. More social support and specific strategies for behavior change were provided as it relates to increasing physical activity than decreasing sedentary behavior. Obese patients were more likely to receive counseling to decrease their sitting time.
"Accumulating evidence has found prolonged sitting to be associated with increased risk for chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes as well as premature death," said Shuval, who is also an adjunct professor at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern) and a member of the Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center at UT Southwestern.
Sedentary behavior has emerged as a new field of scientific investigation due to the detrimental health effects of prolonged sitting, according to Shuval. A number of studies have begun to explore the impact of interventions specifically focused on reducing and breaking up sedentary time.
"Our study provides initial insight into sedentary behavior counseling practices in the primary care setting," said Shuval. "Additional research is needed prior to developing programs to change patients' sedentary behavior." Several countries have already begun to provide general recommendations to decrease sedentary time.
Co-authors on the paper include Harold W. Kohl, III, Ph.D., professor of epidemiology at the UT School of Public Health; Loretta DiPietro, Ph.D., M.P.H., professor and chair of the Department of Exercise Science at George Washington University; Celette Sugg Skinner, Ph.D., chief of the Division of Behavioral & Communication Sciences, and associate director of population research and cancer control for the Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center at UT Southwestern; Carolyn Barlow, doctoral candidate at the UT School of Public Health and director of knowledge management at the Cooper Institute; Jay Morrow, D.V.M., M.P.H, faculty associate at UT Southwestern; and Robert Goldsteen, D.O., professor of internal medicine at UT Southwestern.
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:93b1deb8-d4fd-4952-a9b3-89455ac831e9> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121022145138.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676547.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00065-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957657 | 824 | 2.875 | 3 |
The death of Robin Williams is an eye-opener that explains that no matter how successful one gets or no matter how many people he made smile, he himself might suffer from depression. Read through the article to know how to fight depression or help a loved one fight this potentially dangerous condition.
Depression doesn’t discriminate between the rich and the poor, the famous and the unknown, or someone surrounded with family and someone living alone. Individuals who suffer from depression do not seem to see any hope in the future and their condition may go unnoticed and unresolved until they find refuge in suicide.
10. Confront the Past
Regardless of how many achievements one accomplishes, if we don’t confront our past pains they’ll keep haunting us. Changing the past is out of our hands; nonetheless, we are very capable of changing our way of dealing with what happened before to avoid its negative influence on our current lives.
9. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
Depression is often linked to cognitive distortions that can be solved with Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) that helps in challenging irrational thoughts. An irrational way of thinking is categorizing one’s self as a loser; this thought can be replaced with a truer statement like “I’m not satisfied with myself.” This way self-talk becomes healthier and eliminates hopelessness. Learning effective CBT is possible from resources such as books as well as therapists.
8. Difficulties Don’t Define Us
Life is not offered on a golden platter for anyone. Adversities whether in career life, health or relationships are bound to happen. However, they mustn’t define us and we must rather face them as challenges in our lives that help us develop.
7. Speak Up!
Isolating yourself with your dark thoughts may amplify problems. On the other hand, speaking up in a support group or communicating with positive people will help you gain a healthier view of things. Avoiding negative individuals is a must.
6. Revive Hope
A depression mindset believes that there is no way out of current dilemmas. Therefore, depressed individuals may resort to suicide to end their problems once and for all. An advice to those who might attempt suicide, rather than doing this, give yourself time to write down the positive and hopeful things that occur or might occur in life. Give yourself the time because you deserve it.
5. Seeking Help is a Courageous Act
Going to see a therapist about depression does not make us weak people. The first step to help ourselves out of the tunnel of depression is admitting that we need help. There are many life skills that a therapists can provide you with to fight depression and defy unhealthy thinking and behaving.
4. Have Realistic Expectations
Depressed individuals concentrate on their failures excessively that they forget their successes. Setting unrealistic expectations of themselves and not achieving them makes them feel worthless. Realizing that humans are not perfect is important and helpful.
3. Set Sensible Schedules
Achieving a huge task by breaking it into manageable pieces gives us a feeling of accomplishment that enhances our moods. This can be done by scheduling the tasks of the day and activities that you like to pick up and doing them in little steps to see miracles happen.
2. Improve Your Life Style
Taking care of our health has a great influence on depression. For instance, regular exercise makes the body release endorphins and give us a sense of control over our bodies. Eating lots of fresh fruits and vegetables and avoiding excess sugar and fat also enhances our moods.
1. Forgive Yourself
Guilt can have its toll on one’s psych if not handled correctly. Beating ourselves over mistakes is not going to make anything better. We just ought to learn from our regrets and use them to face similar future situations. | <urn:uuid:1e2fcf47-d9a9-49a7-bd92-7fdd38af1e25> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://inminutes.com/10-behaviors-that-help-in-fighting-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717963.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00156-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950771 | 793 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Hey Everyone, welcome back to Colourful Friday.
As promised today’s post is about value. Value is the relative lightness or darkness of a fabric. Last week I talked about tints, shades and tones and how these help to create light and dark fabrics.
Value is very important in quilt making whether it be a traditional patchwork quilt or an art quilt. Without the use of value there would be no contrast in the quilt and contrast is what draws the eye to the quilt. The use of light, medium and dark valued fabrics or colours within the piece is what creates the contrast. Depending on where these values are placed and what other value they are placed beside will result in varying degrees of contrast.
Value Represented On The Wheel
Each colour wheel is different but for the most part each colour is represented with a tint, shade and tone or light, dark and medium valued version of the colour.
Here are some examples of different wheels and how they present the different values for each colour.
A very easy to read wheel for value.
Not quite as easy to read.
The Colour Star – easy to follow and read.
An interesting fact is that yellow is the lightest colour on the colour wheel even when it is at it’s most intenseness it remains the lightest of all the colours. Even though yellow reads as the lightest of all the colours it has a big impact when used so needs to be used carefully.
There are a couple of different ways to determine value of fabrics especially if they are placed side by side.
Yes, good old eye squinting will help to determine value of colour. When squinting the eye is closed enough that the colour receptors in the eye are not working and so the eye can only see in grey scale. By only seeing in grey scale the colour has been removed and the value of the colour or fabric is seen easier.
Taking a photograph
Taking a photograph of the fabrics and then changing it to black and white to create a grey scale photo will help to determine the value of the colour. This can be done right on the camera or in photo editing software. I find this method the best and use it all of the time especially when I am making colour runs for a Bargello.
In the photo below I have placed the fabrics in a run according the order in which my eye sees the value or perceives he value of each fabric from dark to light.
Removing the colour from the photo leaves one with a grey scale version of the fabrics. It can be quite interesting to see what was thought to be light may actually be medium or vice versa. As well what was considered to be the darkest may not be. Here is the photo from above turned into black and white.
Another example using a bargello run.
Contrast in Designs
Contrast is created with the use of different values and contrast in a design is the first thing the eye will see. This is true at a distance and up close. Having well proportioned value in a design is of utmost importance.
Tune in next week to learn more about how value is used to create contrast in a quilt design. | <urn:uuid:247b3697-5d5a-4430-96a3-f1fc0ed8aad6> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://quiltsbyjen.ca/what-is-value-in-relation-to-colour/?replytocom=898 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.930099 | 657 | 2.921875 | 3 |
This seasonal question is age-old: Is it a cold or is it the flu? While it often feels like you’re only choice to wait and see how sick you get, there are clues to help you differentiate one from the other. Typically, colds begin gradually with a sore throat that is rarely accompanied by a fever, headache and/or muscle aches. The main symptoms of a cold are sniffles, a runny nose and a wet sounding productive cough. Flu on the other hand, hits you like a freight train with a high fever that’s usually greater than 100-102 degrees Fahrenheit, a bad headache and muscle aches. Rarely do you have sniffles, and if there is a cough, it is usually a dry non-productive cough. The flu causes severe fatigue; you will be wiped out. Colds usually get better by 1 week at the most but the flu can linger longer.
And while colds and flu are simply a nuisance for most of us, they can be deadly for those with severe asthma or other respiratory problems, or those who are immune compromised. While our bodies are fighting off these viral infections they become more susceptible to secondary, more serious bacterial super infections. In fact, the death rate attributed to the flu is primarily due to the secondary bacterial pneumonias that develop. Click here to read more about super infections.
It is also believed that colds in young people may play a role in the development of asthma by programming their immunes systems.
The Uncommon Cold
The common cold is somewhat of a misnomer. It isn’t caused by a single virus. There are over 200 different viruses that cause the “common” cold. Over half of them are a type of virus called the rhinovirus and there are 99 different types of rhinoviruses! That is why we can send a man to the moon but we can’t cure the common cold. All these heterogeneous distinct viruses make it difficult to develop a vaccine to prevent the cold or even an antiviral drug to combat it.
Fighting the Flu
An RNA virus in the Orthomyxovirus family causes the flu. There are 3 main types, Influenza A, B, and C. (Influenza A is further divided into subtypes.) Humans can be infected with all 3 types of Influenza. Most of the virus subtypes of Influenza A also have natural animal hosts such as birds and pigs. And even though from year to year the viruses mutate and change through a process called antigenic shift and drift, we still develop new vaccines every year to prevent infection. Occasionally, as seen in last year’s H1N1 outbreak, there is a completely new mutated subtype of the flu virus that causes a pandemic. But our global surveillance system caught it and, even though it took some time and effort, a vaccine was developed for this new subtype of influenza virus.
Also, because the flu is more homogenous and uniform when compared to the cold, we have been able to develop antiviral medications. These medications can help prevent the flu if you take them after exposure but before you get sick, or they can help shorten the course of the illness (but only by a day or so).
However, most healthy people don’t need antiviral medicine; they are a good idea for individuals at high-risk for experiencing serious complications from the flu. Those are people with compromised immune systems, chronic illnesses such as diabetes, or respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema.
Good hand washing is key to preventing both colds and the flu. Also, be careful not to touch your face, eyes, nose and mouth during this cold and flu season without washing your hands since this is how viruses can be transmitted. Cover your sneezes and cough with the inside crook of your elbow (if you don’t have a tissue). Throw out used tissues immediately.
The best way to prevent the flu and any complications that can develop from it, such as pneumonia, is to get a yearly vaccination. The CDC recommends that everyone 6 months and older get a flu shot. And this year the H1N1 is included in the regular flu vaccine.
As with many diseases and medical conditions, your lifestyle can critically affect your health. So eating healthy is an important prevention technique, as well as being good for your overall health. Bright, colorful fruits and vegetables contain phytochemicals, which have anti-oxidant properties to boost your immune system.
Yogurt has probiotics that can strengthen your GI tract’s immune system and mucus membranes. It increases the amount of antibodies in your mouth and nasal passage, points of entry for many viruses. Some studies showed a daily helping of yogurt may decrease cold and flu susceptibility by 25%.
Green tea contains catchins, anti-oxidants that help stimulate the immune system’s T-cells. There is actually very little evidence that vitamin C prevents colds, but studies show that people with low levels of vitamin D are almost 40% more likely to get a respiratory infection. Sun exposure can be in short supply during the winter months, so try foods that are vitamin-D fortified, such as dairy, tuna and salmon or taking a supplement of about 1,000 IU/day can help.
Cutting your alcohol consumption is also a good idea as heavy alcohol use suppresses your immune system and makes you more susceptible to viruses and secondary complications.
Lifestyle strategies can also help prevent cold and flu. Try reducing your stress level; natural virus-killing chemicals are released during relaxation techniques, such as biofeedback.
Massage and saunas also have been found to bolster your immune system and lower your level of cortisol, a stress hormone that decreases immune function. A German study found that people who took a sauna twice a week had half as many colds as those who did not. They theorized that as you inhale the hot air, it helps kill viruses.
If you smoke, quit. Statistics show smokers have more frequent and severe colds that more often produce secondary complications like pneumonia.
Regular, moderate exercise releases endorphins and reduces stress and cortisol levels Studies found that people who exercise experienced a 23% reduction in upper respiratory infections.
Lastly, keep in touch with friends and families. Research shows people with close ties to their loved ones were less susceptible to colds than socially isolated individuals.
Looking to the future, there is exciting new research that shows promise for treating and preventing colds and the flu. New studies may lead to a single universal flu vaccine. Currently, vaccines target the head of the flu virus, an area that is able to mutate (thus requiring yearly new vaccines.) A newly discovered antibody targets the stem area of the virus, which is similar in many different types of flu strains and doesn’t mutate as often. Animal studies are being conducted now, but as early as 2011-2012 there may be human clinical trials in the works.
Another recent study just cracked the genetic code for the common cold, identifying the DNA sequence of all 99 different strains of human rhinoviruses. This has allowed researchers to pinpoint areas of similarities, grouping the 99 diverse strains into 15 smaller similar groups. The hope is to eventually develop classes of antiviral medications and vaccines aimed at these 15 different groups. Researchers believe we may see development of these new types of therapies within the next several years!
But for now we will have to use common sense and listen to our grandmothers, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure! | <urn:uuid:c16c49ef-6ca5-45d8-9c5d-327d636b6f64> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.doctoroz.com/article/comparative-anatomy-cold-or-flu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612003.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528235437-20170529015437-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.958005 | 1,574 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The New Student's Reference Work/Lactometer
Lactom′eter or Galac′tome′ter, a simple instrument used in testing the richness of milk, is graduated into a hundred parts. Milk is poured in and allowed to stand until the cream has formed, then the depth of the cream deposit in degrees determines the quality of the milk. Another instrument, invented by Doeffel, is two inches long, divided into 40 parts, beginning at the point to which it sinks when placed in water. Milk unadulterated is shown at 14°. | <urn:uuid:2d6aaf3c-7dd7-4fde-90f5-d58df66afb66> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Lactometer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982298977.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195818-00216-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929358 | 117 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Opioids, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants, and anticonvulsants are used as pharmacological agents to treat pain. However, no single class of drugs has been found to be effective in all types of pain, presumably because pain syndromes involve different mechanisms.
In addition, each of the currently available drugs is associated with adverse effects, some of which are potentially serious or life‐threatening such as idiosyncratic or toxic reactions.
Traditionally, the treatment of neuropathic pain has involved anticonvulsants, such as carbemazepine, valproic acid and phenytoin, and tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline and nortriptyline and doxepin. The main disadvantages of the anticonvulsants are their potential for drug interactions via the induction of hepatic enzymes, or resulting from inhibition of hepatic enzymes by other drugs. Minor side‐effects such as sedation, ataxia, vertigo and diplopia are associated with carbemazepine and phenytoin, whereas, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and tremor are associated with valproic acid. Chronic phenytoin use may cause peripheral neuropathy (30%) and gingival hyperplasia (20%), and fetal hydantoin syndrome if administered during pregnancy. Carbemazepine can cause chronic diarrhoea or the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, and rarely aplastic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, hepatocellular jaundice and cardiac arrhythmias.
Tricyclic antidepressants also cause side‐effects that can be troublesome or potentially dangerous, such as anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, ileus), sedation, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia and atrio‐ventricular conduction disturbances. Such adverse effects are likely to reduce the tolerance of this group of drugs in elderly or unwell patients. Some subgroups of patients with painful neuropathy such as diabetes may also have autonomic neuropathy and may not tolerate the orthostatic hypotension associated with tricyclic antidepressants.
With increasing evidence of the efficacy of gabapentin in a wide variety of pain syndromes, especially neuropathic pain, gabapentin may be potentially useful because of its relative freedom from serious adverse effects, its lack of interactions with other drugs and its lack of potential for causing drug dependence.
A comparison of the evidence available of efficacy and toxicity for anticonvulsants (gabapentin, phenytoin and carbemazepine) and antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs) in patients with diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia has recently been made by Collins et al. These two neuropathic pain conditions were chosen according to strict diagnostic criteria. Although two previous systematic reviews of anticonvulsants and antidepressants in diabetic neuropathy showed no significant difference in efficacy or adverse effects between the two drug classes [130, 131], Collins et al. found that when data from randomised controlled trials for both diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia were pooled, the NNT for at least 50% pain relief was identical for both classes of drugs. When gabapentin was compared with other anticonvulsants, there was no significant difference in efficacy.
The NNT for gabapentin was 3.4 compared with 2.2 for phenytoin/carbemazepine. The number needed to harm (NNH, defined as the number needed to harm one patient from the therapy) for minor adverse effects was 2.7 for both antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Collins et al. used two trials to provide data on minor adverse effects for gabapentin and two trials for phenytoin. The NNH (minor adverse effects) was 2.6 similar to that of gabapentin and 3.2 for phenytoin. The NNH (major adverse effects) for the tricyclic antidepressants was 17, and no significant difference in the incidence of major adverse effects was found between anticonvulsants and placebo.
Collins et al. suggested that the difference in the incidence of major adverse effects can be compared by using the ratio between treatment specific benefit and treatment specific harm (defined as the number of patients needed to experience at least 50% benefit for one to experience a major adverse effect that warranted discontinuation of treatment). The ratio for gabapentin was 6 compared with an average of 8 for all anticonvulsants, and 6 for all antidepressants. As adverse data were pooled from both diabetic and postherpetic neuralgia studies, methodological factors and heterogenicity in these data may limit the validity and robustness of these ratios. The spectrum of the pain and short study duration tend to underestimate the treatment effect, whereas the small sample size of the studies overestimate the treatment effect.
The above evidence suggests that gabapentin is as efficacious at treating neuropathic pain with no significant difference in minor adverse effects and a low propensity for serious adverse effects compared with other anticonvulsants and antidepressants. Therefore, gabapentin is a useful agent in the multimodal approach in the management of neuropathic pain. | <urn:uuid:1ae6ef55-1213-43e9-b287-923135d38443> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://buyonlinegabapentin.com/tag/opioids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510427.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928162907-20230928192907-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.936758 | 1,109 | 3.1875 | 3 |
SALT LAKE CITY -- Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and Ceramatec, Inc. of Salt Lake City are reporting a significant development in their efforts to help the nation advance toward a clean hydrogen economy.
Laboratory teams have announced they've achieved a major advancement in the production of hydrogen from water using high-temperature electrolysis. Instead of conventional electrolysis, which uses only electric current to separate hydrogen from water, high-temperature electrolysis enhances the efficiency of the process by adding substantial external heat – such as high-temperature steam from an advanced nuclear reactor system. Such a high-temperature system has the potential to achieve overall conversion efficiencies in the 45 percent to 50 percent range, compared to approximately 30 percent for conventional electrolysis. Added benefits include the avoidance of both greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel consumption.
"We've shown that hydrogen can be produced at temperatures and pressures suitable for a Generation IV reactor," said lead INEEL researcher Steve Herring. "The simple and modular approach we've taken with our research partners produces either hydrogen or electricity, and most notable of all – achieves the highest-known production rate of hydrogen by high-temperature electrolysis."
This development is viewed as a crucial first step toward large-scale production of hydrogen from water, rather than fossil fuels.
The major private-sector collaborator has been Ceramatec, Inc. located at 2425 S. 900 West, Salt Lake City. "We're pleased that the technology created over the nearly two decades dedicated to high-temperature fuel cell research at Ceramatec is directly applicable to hydrogen production by steam electrolysis," said Ashok Joshi, Ph.D., Ceramatec chief executive officer.
"In fact, both fuel cell and hydrogen generation functionality can be embodied in a single device capable of seamless transition between the two modes. These years of investment, both public and private, in high temperature fuel cell research have enabled the Ceramatec-INEEL team to move quickly and achieve this important milestone toward establishing hydrogen as a part of our national energy strategy."
"This research is the INEEL's response to a national challenge to help the United States advance the President's Hydrogen Fuel Initiative," said Michael Anderson, DOE-Idaho initiative lead for the project. Anderson also hailed the steady focus from INEEL researchers and their partners for their determined efforts to overcome many research challenges to advance the technology.
"This research effort – building on the regional expertise Idaho and Utah have in this area – shows the INEEL is a hub for hydrogen technology development," said DOE-Idaho Deputy Manager John Kotek.
The hydrogen production rate achievement of 50 normal liters (standard temperature and pressure) of hydrogen per hour is an initial result, midway through a more than three-year effort by a team of researchers at the INEEL that includes Herring, Carl Stoots, James O'Brien, Will Windes and Paul Lessing.
Hydrogen Production Research
Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham recently announced a grant of nearly $2 million to a Ceramatec-led effort teaming with the INEEL, the University of Washington and Hoeganaes Corp. to continue work in the broad area of high-temperature electrolysis and fuel cell development. This new grant will work to enlarge by 100 times the size of a hybrid solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that is capable of co-generating high-purity hydrogen and electric power from natural gas. The program will build on a cell stack architecture of alternating flat cells and gas distribution plates invented at Ceramatec for NASA.
"Cell designs and fabrication processes, which are scalable to a commercially practical size, are essential to securing our energy future," said Ceramatec senior engineer Joseph Hartvigsen, who will lead the project.
Dave Swank, INEEL Thermal Spray Research Team lead, says he and his colleagues will leverage this new funding to focus on refining the fabrication of fuel cell electrodes using plasma spray coating processes.
"Our team has worked for over 15 years to develop process diagnostics that are now being put to use to improve and develop thermally sprayed coatings for industry," Swank said. Thermal spray research team members include D.C. Haggard, Tim Hyde, Randy Bewley and Rich Williamson.
Ceramatec has nearly three decades of research and development experience in advanced electrochemical ceramic energy systems, and is considered one of the world leaders in planar SOFC systems. Cells have operated for over 40,000 hours, and cell stacks are routinely built and evaluated. Recent efforts have expanded to include developing technologies for hydrogen production and purification from a wide range of primary energy sources. The Ceramatec fabrication technology approach has emphasized the use of mature, low-cost fabrication processes that are easily scaled to mass production. Ceramatec has been involved in the research and development of ionic ceramics ever since it was founded in 1976.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
Courage is being scared to death and saddling up anyway.
-- John Wayne | <urn:uuid:eb33d48a-7e50-499b-a5d1-f8779c8f1149> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2004-12/dne-ilu120704.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163050122/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131730-00075-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945468 | 1,083 | 2.75 | 3 |
Radiometric Dating Radiometric Dating Radioactive dating or radiometric dating is a clever use of naturally occurring radioactivity. Luminescence dating methods are not radiometric dating methods in that they do not rely on abundances of isotopes to calculate age. Radiometric dating has been carried out since when it was invented by Ernest Rutherford as a method by which one might determine the age of the Earth. This makes carbon an ideal dating method to date the age of bones or the remains of an organism.
Creationists often blame contamination. Sections Learning Objectives. Furthermore, astronomical data show that radioactive half-lives in elements in stars billions of light years away is the same as presently measured.
Its remarkable negative imprint of an apparently crucified body resembles the then-accepted image of Jesus. John Lynde Anderson and George W. Due to the long half-life of uranium it is not suitable for short time periods, such as most archaeological purposes, but it can date the oldest rocks on earth. Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese.
Half Life and Radiometric Dating
An enormous amount of research shows that in the lab decay rates are constant over time and wherever you are. Samples are exposed to neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units.
These temperatures are experimentally determined in the lab by artificially resetting sample minerals using a high-temperature furnace. Samples were tested at three independent laboratories, each being given four pieces of cloth, with only one unidentified piece from the shroud, to avoid prejudice. This is frequently because the selected technique is used outside of its appropriate range, for example on very recent lavas.
Further we have recently examined half-lives of short-lived isotopes under a series of differing environmental conditions. According to the Goldschmidt classification scheme, Lu and Hf are both lithophile earth-loving elements, meaning they are mainly found in the silicate fraction of Earth, dating forums ireland i. Mistakes can be made at the time a procedure is first being developed.
- Other elements used for dating, such as rubidium, occur in some minerals but not others, restricting usefulness.
- The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its atomic number.
- This is not true, although for a short period of time compared to the length of the half life the change in production rate may be very small.
- The divine comedy Creationism.
- Most rocks contain uranium, allowing uranium-lead and similar methods to date them.
The meaning of this equation is that the rate of change of the number of nuclei over time is proportional only to the number of nuclei. What do we mean when we say a source is highly radioactive? Applied to radioactive counting, smokers the conformity of observed distributions with the expectation i. Dating methods based on extinct radionuclides can also be calibrated with the U-Pb method to give absolute ages.
Creationists also attack radioactive dating with the argument that half-lives were different in the past than they are at present. The amount of strontium in a given mineral sample will not change. The argon age determination of the mineral can be confirmed by measuring the loss of potassium.
Ultimately testing and proof of the hypothesis of exponential decay must be made using statistical tests of detected emissions. United States Geological Survey. Different methods of radiometric dating vary in the timescale over which they are accurate and the materials to which they can be applied. It has not been determined how the image was placed on the material. That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will undergo radioactive decay and spontaneously transform into a different nuclide.
Lutetium hafnium dating
Nevertheless, the principles described are substantially applicable to the actual relationship. Not to be confused with single's night for devilish ham radio enthusiasts. Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering. Zircon has a very high closure temperature, with is resistant to mechanical weathering and is very chemically inert. It operates by generating a beam of ionized atoms from the sample under test.
A Medley of Potpourri Radiometric dating
Carbon dating works on organic matter, all of which contains carbon. We define activity R to be the rate of decay expressed in decays per unit time. The key is to measure an isotope that has had time to decay a measurable amount, but not so much as to only leave a trace remaining. Another creationist argument is to claim that rates of atomic decay are not constant through time. The rate of creation of carbon appears to be roughly constant, as cross-checks of carbon dating with other dating methods show it gives consistent results.
As a result, the half-life will need to be converted to seconds. Learn about different types of radiometric dating, such as carbon dating. In many cases our studies are not yet complete. The two isotopes, Lu and Hf, in the system are measured as ratio to the reference stable isotope of Hf. Nuclear decay is an example of a purely statistical process.
Radiometric dating - RationalWiki
However it is less useful for dating metal or other inorganic objects. The corresponding half lives for each plotted point are marked on the line and identified. The decrease in the amount of potassium required to form the original mineral has consistently confirmed the age as determined by the amount of argon formed.
- The trapped charge accumulates over time at a rate determined by the amount of background radiation at the location where the sample was buried.
- Given isotopes are useful for dating over a range from a fraction of their half life to about four or five times their half life.
- Carbon dating has an interesting limitation in that the ratio of regular carbon to carbon in the air is not constant and therefore any date must be calibrated using dendrochronology.
- Instead, they are a consequence of background radiation on certain minerals.
- In addition, it is not formed as the result of a radioactive decay process.
Radioactive carbon has the same chemistry as stable carbon, and so it mixes into the biosphere, where it is consumed and becomes part of every living organism. After all we have been examining the behavior of relatively long-lived radioisotopes over very short periods. It suffers from the problem that rubidium and strontium are very mobile and may easily enter rocks at a much later date to that of formation. The basic equation of radiometric dating requires that neither the parent nuclide nor the daughter product can enter or leave the material after its formation.
Closure temperatures are so high that they are not a concern. Additional information is also available in talk. Why do we use the term like half-life rather than lifetime? | <urn:uuid:3671458f-0cf7-4cca-a328-cbdee6ca8355> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://york4europe.online/radiometric-dating-decay-constant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668416.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114104329-20191114132329-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.943746 | 1,393 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Updated: December 26, 2015 12:10:44 am
How does a repo cut help?
Repo rate is the rate at which the RBI provides funds to banks. A lowering of this rate should translate into lower cost of borrowings for banks, but lenders have argued that with deposit rates being sticky, it would be difficult to reduce interest rates.The other contention is that rates on small savings schemes such as Public Provident Fund (PPF), post office savings schemes, and provident fund or retirement schemes is way higher than that offered by banks on term deposits, making it tough for them to reduce deposit rates. And banks need such term deposits to boost their lending. But a cut of 50 basis points will help retail customers or individuals lower their cost of borrowing when they buy a home, automobiles, consumer durables or other assets. Similarily, for corporates or firms, this will lead to lower interest outgo on their borrowings. Broadly, it should help boost demand, with gains for both individuals and companies, which in turn should reflect in higher revenues for firms and for the government — and perhaps more jobs too, as demand picks up and factories raise their output. For the government, the biggest borrower, it will mean raising funds at a lower cost.
How does this benefit banks?
With lower rates, as the demand for loans picks up, the income of banks and their earnings will be boosted. Loan growth for banks in India was at a two-decade low at last count. With a pile of bad loans on their books, banks should gain this time, as a half per cent rate cut will signal improved treasury gains for them. What this means is that they will book gains on bonds that they had subscribed in the past at higher interest rates, as investors buy those bonds, with interest rates sliding. These gains can be used to set aside money for providing against bad loans, or for the mandatory norm of apportioning capital against the risk of loans going bad.
What happens now? How will the impact of the rate cut play out?
Banks should be reducing deposit rates further on term deposits. But expect the government to soon lower the high rates — averaging well over 8.25% — on small savings schemes. These rates are way above the mean average rate, and which banks complain prevent them from cutting their rates aggressively. The RBI has said that it will work with the government on transmission — or ensuring that the benefits of a lower policy rate filter down. Corporates with debt contracted at high levels can negotiate with their lenders for refinancing at lower rates.
The RBI has said it would allow foreign investors to buy more government bonds or securities. How will that help?
Foreign funds or portfolio investors are allowed to buy both government bonds and bonds and securities issued by corporates. There is plenty of demand from this set of investors, who want to stock up on sovereign paper as it is called — be it treasury bills or government securities of various maturities. This should open up an additional investor base for the issuer — the government and the RBI, which in the past have been wary of allowing foreigners to hold more of sovereign debt. India has been conservative on this. But where this helps is in keeping rates stable, as higher demand will reflect in competitive prices. And this time, with a separate limit for foreign investors who want to buy state development loans or securities issued by state governments, governments of better performing states should be able to borrow at cheaper rates.
How will the issuance of rupee denominated bonds by Indian corporates overseas help?
For Indian companies, it is tempting to borrow abroad now — with average rates a little over 2% in many markets, compared to the close-to-double-digits for top companies in India, and higher for the next rung of companies. But attractive as it is, borrowings abroad carry the risk of currency fluctuation. A sharp swing can damage the balance sheets of companies — especially those without the comfort of export earnings that can offset this. That is why a rupee denominated bond in an overseas market transfers the risk to the investor rather than the borrower. The key will be the reputation and performance of the issuer of such bonds. In the long term, this should also help in the internationalisation of the rupee. China has its set of bonds — the renminbi bonds.
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- The Indian Express website has been rated GREEN for its credibility and trustworthiness by Newsguard, a global service that rates news sources for their journalistic standards. | <urn:uuid:e52579e8-f513-44f9-b121-41b18e57f3fc> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-the-cut-and-likely-thrust-to-demand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588153.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027115745-20211027145745-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.967453 | 952 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Results for 'size'
- Length: 4 characters
- Syllables: 1
Results for word: size
- One of the 850 words in Basic English
- In the top 2,000 words in the Brown Corpus
- Common word- this is one of the thousand words most frequently used in English.
- A list of about 3,000 words defined as easy for the Dale-Chall Readability Formula
- Nouns are words giving names to objects and things, which can be physical or concepts, etc
Related Glossary Definitions:
Definitions of Size:
Cambridge Dictionaries |
New Zealand |
Similar Words (using 'size' as word stem):
Prefix + 'size'
assize, biosynthesize, capsize, deemphasize, downsize, emphasize, fantasize, hypothesize, midsize, outsize, overemphasize, oversize, pagesize, photosynthesize, pintsize, reemphasize, resize, resynthesize, supersize, synthesize, undersize,
'size' + Suffix
sizeable, sizeably, sized, sizer, sizers, sizes, | <urn:uuid:e8d31c49-8fb3-4584-87cc-df429f0a2109> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.usingenglish.com/resources/wordcheck/size.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447860.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00060-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.709254 | 247 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Taj Mahal is the tomb of Mumtaj, the wife of Emperor Shah Jahan, which is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal to immortalize his love for his dear wife Mumtaj. Emperor Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal to immortalize his love for his dear wile Mumtaz. A profound feeling of love for the wife prompted Shah Jahan to build such an expensive building.
The body of Shah Jahan and Mumtaj lie in two graves below the central room. The Taj Mahal is still one of the most beautiful buildings in the world for its wonderful architecture. The white marble is the architectural feature which makes the Taj Mahal most impressive. It is called the Taj Mahal because it was built as a tomb in memory of Mumtaj Mahal. The pool enhances the beauty of the Taj through the reflection of the image of the Taj in its water. The Taj seems most appealing in moonlit nights. Fine white marble with inlays of colored marble is the major element of the Taj. It was built more that 300 years ago. | <urn:uuid:0742688f-969a-4ef6-90e3-e2593e373a2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://qsstudy.com/story-taj-mahal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710918.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203011523-20221203041523-00749.warc.gz | en | 0.97387 | 232 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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Posted by Royal Sundaram on 10 Mar 2014
What if there was an answer to the ever rising fuel prices? What if the pleasure of driving was not marred by depletion of fossil fuels, which are nonrenewable? The solution may not be too far into the future! Yes, water powered cars could be the answer.
The concept of water fuelled cars is relatively new, but a lot of research is being done in this area. In 1970, a well-known chemist John Bockris gave the term ‘hydrogen economy’ to refer to a future in which all vehicles would use hydrogen as a fuel. These water-fuelled vehicles are based on the use of hydrogen present in the molecular compound of water.
Based on a concept propagated by Dr. Yul Brown, the compound of the water molecule, which has two atoms of Hydrogen and one of Oxygen, is split into its elements via electrolysis or any other method. The resulting compound – which is HHO (also known as Brown’s gas) – is burnt to produce energy for running the car.
Advantages of Water Powered Cars
Some basic benefits of water fuelled cars are listed below:
1. Lessens Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The gasoline and petroleum powered vehicles emit huge amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) and contribute to global warming. Fuel cell powered by pure hydrogen emits only water and heat instead of any kind of greenhouse gases. Such cars would cause a remarkable reduction in CO2 emissions.
2. Reduced Oil Dependence: Water powered vehicles could reduce the dependence on foreign oil, since hydrogen can be derived from renewable resources such as water, making our economies less dependent on other countries and less susceptible to oil price shocks from an increasingly unstable oil market.
3. Improved Vehicle Mileage: It is said that cars running on water have better mileage by up to 35% which includes both city and highway driving conditions.
4. Smoother Operating Vehicles: The effect of water on the combustion cycle inside the engine causes the operation of the vehicle and the gear shifts to be calmer and quieter.
5. Cost Cutting: Water is cheaper than any of the fossil fuels and hence would help in cost cutting to a large extent.
6. Easily to refuel: Such vehicles can be refueled from various natural resources of water like lakes, rivers, ponds, etc. which are quite easily available.
In 2008, a Japanese company by the name of Genepax unveiled its water-fuelled automobile in Osaka. A few years later, the company shut down due to the lack of funds. It’s time that governments begin investing in the R&D for such technologies that are more harmonious with the planet. Till then, we can wait for water powered cars to hit the market with their cost efficient and eco-friendly technologies.
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*We won't spam you, promise | <urn:uuid:b78cc8c8-90f9-4871-b8ba-93cff84929dc> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.royalsundaram.in/blog/car-insurance/look-to-the-future-with-water-powered-cars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122050455-20171122070455-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.963677 | 668 | 3.21875 | 3 |
IS IT possible to measure something without looking at it or touching it? Common sense says no, but then it rarely applies in the world of quantum physics. Scientists in Austria and the US have worked out how to measure the energy state of an atom using a single photon of light – without ever bringing the two into contact (Physical Review Letters, vol 54, p 4763).
In classical physics, which deals with relatively large objects, the tiny disturbance caused when making measurements can be ignored. But on the quantum scale, the mere act of making a measurement changes the behaviour of the system being observed.
Paul Kwiat and his colleagues at the University of Innsbruck, working with Mark Kasevich of Stanford University in California, have now dreamed up a solution to this problem, which relies on the fact that photons can behave either as particles or as waves. Their system uses a partial reflector sandwiched between two mirrors. The reflector lets through a tiny amount of light, bouncing the rest back like a normal mirror.
If a single photon is fired into the apparatus, what happens next depends on whether the photon behaves as a particle or a wave which in turn depends on whether a photon-absorbing object lies the other side of the partial reflector (see Diagram). If the photon behaves as a wave, it will split when it reaches the partial reflector: most of it will bounce back, but a tiny fraction will pass through to the upper part of the apparatus. As the reflected portion of the light wave bounces back and forth between the lower mirror and the partial reflector, progressively more of it will end up above the partial reflector.
Introducing a photon detector into the upper half of the apparatus, however, throws a quantum spanner in the works. The detector operates by absorbing single photons, so must either detect a whole photon or no photon at all. Quantum theory says that the mere presence of the detector will force the photon to behave like a particle, which means that it cannot split, and must either pass through the partial reflector or bounce back. Because the partial reflector lets very little light through, a whole photon in the form of a particle is almost certain to bounce back each time it hits the partial reflector, and so will remain in the bottom half of the apparatus.
Kwiat and his colleagues say it should be possible to replace the detector with a single atom and then determine the atom’s energy state. This time, the photon would be given just the right amount of energy needed to excite the atom from its ground state to a higher energy state.
If the atom is already excited, its presence will not affect the wave character of the photon, which can then gradually migrate across the partial reflector. But if the atom is in its ground state, ready to absorb a whole photon, its presence will force the photon to behave as a particle. And because the chances of a whole photon passing through the partial reflector are very small, the photon is almost certain to stay in the bottom half of the apparatus.
So, if the photon migrates to the top half of the apparatus, the atom is almost certainly already excited. If the photon stays in the lower half, the atom is in the ground state. In neither case will the photon and the atom interact, and measuring the atom’s energy state will not alter its energy.
In principle, say the researchers, their system could have been invented at any point in the past half century. “We don’t invoke anything that wasn’t known already,” says Kwiat. “People just never put the elements together until now.” | <urn:uuid:b9361d9b-1693-41cd-a949-83cc944caf0c> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14719872-700-how-to-see-in-the-dark-without-looking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574018.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920113425-20190920135425-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.928242 | 749 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Avid gamers know how important video-game preservation is. So often it’s difficult to (legally) get our hands on a title because the hardware is outdated, or the original game has been region locked for generations. To help get around these roadblocks, video-game preservationists around the world work hard to preserve a record of these games that might otherwise be lost to time.
That’s where industry experts at locations like the Strong National Museum of Play come in. These archivists and game educators are committed to obtaining, copying, preserving, and showcasing games from all around the world. We spoke with two professionals from the Strong Museum in Rochester, NY: Jon-Paul Dyson, Director for the International Center for the History of Electronic Games and Vice President for Exhibits, as well as Andrew Borman, a Digital Games Curator for the museum.
Dyson has been with the Strong National Museum of Play for 23 years, a museum that sees about 600,000 visiting guests every year.
“The Strong Museum is a very hands-on, interactive place. We create exhibits that don’t just have artifacts to see, but hands-on activities to do. It’s a very social experience.” - Jon-Paul Dyson
Dyson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century American History, and part of his concentration has been looking at other mediums, like the preservation of the book.
“How can we do this for video games?” Dyson said. “People in the future will want to ask questions. How are games made? What goes into a company turning out a successful game?”
Andrew Borman has been with the museum for three years and spends his days collecting and archiving game media for the museum.
“We want to focus that we’re the International Center of the History of Electronic Games. So we have Apple II computers, our Japanese collection is comprised of over 7,000 console games. We have complete collections or nearly complete collections of Famicom through GameCube, including the Nintendo 64DD,” Borman said.
“We have over 65,000 objects related to video games."
How the Strong Museum Has Operated During the COVID-19 Pandemic
COVID-19 has globally affected many industries, museums included. To be safe, the Strong Museum closed a few months before New York made it a requirement. As they cleaned and reassessed how to best and safely serve their guests, they were able to reopen in June. Some exhibits had to be adjusted for social distancing, while others with high levels of interaction needed to be closed altogether.
“We want to make sure all our guests are safe, so we limit attendance,” Dyson said.
Even with closing select exhibits, the Rochester-based video-game museum has gotten creative with how these closed sections are presented to the public. One particular exhibit was a beach with a lot of fake sand that guests were encouraged to play in. Since sanitizing sand isn’t exactly possible, they put up “shark sighting” signs and put a big inflatable shark in the exhibit.
Though attendance has been down, Dyson looks forward to a bright future with new exhibits and expansions.
“We’re in the middle of a huge expansion right now,” Dyson said. “We just built a 1,000-car parking garage, and we have plans for a 90,000-square-foot expansion.”
Part of this expansion will be for the World Video Game Hall of Fame, while another section, Level Up, will allow Strong Museum guests to create an avatar. They’ll receive an RFID bandage and they’ll earn badges and achievements as they play their way through the exhibit. Visitors can experience what it means to move, compete, and create. They’ll see how these things come together to make a video game.
The museum hopes to open these exhibits by 2023, with the goal to increase annual attendance to one million visitors.
Strong National Museum Video Game Preservation
The founder, Margaret Woodbury Strong, left a Trust to help support the museum, even in uncertain times. It ensures the viability of the museum and the ability to continue caring for archived games.
“We can care for games in climate-controlled facilities for the long term,” Dyson said.
Dyson also mentioned that with the Strong Museum being dedicated to the history of play, it can sometimes be difficult to determine what exactly qualifies as a video game.
“Our significant collections start in the 1960s, but we have other items like pinball machines that date back to the 19th century. Or other mechanical games that even predate that. Really, we have exhibits about the predecessors of modern video games.” - Jon-Paul Dyson
Dyson’s goal isn’t just to preserve a game itself, but at the very least preserve a record of it.
“You can’t preserve an MMO without players, but we can preserve a record of it," he said.
Borman’s role is helping to procure and preserve different games from all around the world.
"Online games have a shelf life,” Borman said. “Whether it’s a community-based shelf life or not, at some point those servers are going to shut down.”
Borman acknowledges that loss is going to happen, there’s just no way around it. But by committing their efforts every day, they’re able to back up and preserve copies that studios, especially indie developers, won’t necessarily keep forever.
“Sometimes that means going out and buying a physical copy of a game,” Borman said, “or we have accounts on various services where we buy digital games. I also try to back up major revisions. For Fall Guys I backed up Season 1 and 2 because that’s a very experience-driven game. It’s not going to be the same five years from now, if it’s even still playable. But at the very least we have the data to show how the game evolved and how those maps changed over time.”
The Strong Museum works with developers from all over the world, big-name studios and indie companies alike. Fostering these relationships has helped them get copies of older games and versions that haven’t been patched with modern updates. Much of their collection is backed up on floppy discs, but that’s not possible with a modern game on a modern console.
“It’s important to prioritize what we back up for historic material," Borman said. "I’m not necessarily concerned about backing up the millionth copy of Super Mario. There are some games from indie studios that we’re the only people in the world who have it.”
Emulation is one tool the museum uses to help make these games accessible to the public, and for the older arcade games, they have full-time arcade technicians who know how to operate and fix these machines when they break down. They don’t currently have this role filled for consoles, making repairing home video-game consoles more of a challenge.
Strong National Museum Exhibits
The Strong Museum itself is massive, currently occupying approximately 285,000 square feet. If you’re able to visit the Rochester museum soon, some of their current short-term exhibits include Millennial Madness: The Toys that Shaped a Generation, and Take Flight, an exhibit that showcases the joy and playfulness of flight, from hot air balloons and planes to drones and spaceships. There are so many exhibits on display, it can be difficult to decide what to look at first.
“If you’re a board-game fanatic, our History of Board Games exhibit is great,” Dyson said. “We have a prototype Monopoly game and other classic games from Parker Brothers.”
To highlight one part of game history that’s often gone unseen, the Strong Museum opened the Women in Games exhibit in 2018. Women have had a huge impact on the industry, and this exhibit focuses on showcasing examples of games marketed to girls and created by female-led companies. Learn about the women behind the Halo franchise, female audio designers, board games designed by women, and so much more.
Borman acknowledges this exhibit’s purpose is to highlight not just the named developers and executives that we know about, but the countless unnamed women who played a part in bringing games into our homes.
“Think about the women working in the factories who were physically assembling the motherboards of these Atari games. We may never know who they were,” Borman said.
But their story is important, and it’s one the museum is proud to tell as the industry works to involve more female voices in the design, writing, and marketing of video games. Plus, you can try your hand at playing Ms. Pac-Man.
Some other Strong National Museum of Play exhibits include the Toy Halls of Fame, Pinball Playfields, Imagination Destination, and American Comic Book Heroes: The Battle of Good vs. Evil.
Visit the Strong National Museum of Play
If you live in the northeast U.S> or are planning a trip to upstate New York, the Strong National Museum of Play is located at One Manhattan Square in Rochester, NY. Capacity is currently limited due to COVID-19, but you can purchase tickets online ahead of time. They also offer virtual events, like one upcoming on Feb. 25, 2021, where you can meet Tom Kalinske, former CEO of Mattel, Sega of America, Inc., and Leapfrog. Discover all the steps these game archivists and preservationists have taken to help preserve some of our favorite games for future generations to enjoy. | <urn:uuid:e9aed64f-338d-4e07-b500-b460706a7172> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://techraptor.net/gaming/features/strong-national-museum-play | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335530.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001035148-20221001065148-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.958131 | 2,067 | 2.546875 | 3 |
From efficiency and effectiveness, we transition to insight and intelligence. The focus in this chapter is on the quantum of unstructured data at our disposal and the need for a contextually relevant framework to uncover intelligence from such information. We begin by highlighting the information overload prevalent today. We examine why timely access and analysis of information is important. And we discuss why the value of differential information is the key competitive factor in most industries.
We then proceed to discuss the popular methods for creating machine intelligence and knowledge representation. We point out why “black box” methods are unlikely to be widely accepted. We present a framework that can enable machine learning and knowledge representation in a contextually relevant, traceable manner. We end the chapter with lists of several real world applications that are in use today by thousands of people.
For the reader with a technical background, further technical details on the various methods for machine learning beyond the overview provided in this chapter can be found in the references at the end of the chapter.
What do we mean by “big data”? Why is there so much hype about big data? What opportunities does big data afford enterprises?
Digital Intelligence Today (2013) reports the following facts about the digital world: | <urn:uuid:caf9e4c7-61c4-471b-bc0a-e54b07c375c7> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-intelligent-enterprise/9781118834626/c03.xhtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510019.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016051435-20181016072935-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.900814 | 249 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Parents are a child’s first teacher. Parents are the baby’s first person they see after their birth. Parents are their world. They learn, they believe, they grasp everything from their parents. Parents can be a great teacher because since the beginning a child starts realizing small things they believe in from their parents. They believe what their parents say to them, teach them, and learn morals and values.
Early childhood family education is very important because it renders one-to-one assistance and support by the parents. Parents are very interested in shaping their child into a healthy and very enthusiastic child ready to enter school and prepare a road to great success in life.
In the beginning of the first few years of life children tend to learn very quickly and at a faster pace than any other time in their life span. Parents help their child shape their life and enrich their knowledge with the kind of experience they will have in their life. Parents can be a child’s best teacher as a child spends most of their time with them.
Parents are very important for the child. They tend to follow, listen and learn a lot of things from them. Parents before teaching their children should be well prepared and well informed about what they are going to teach to their children. Parent by any chance should not lose patience with them. A parent needs patience, willingness, strong etiquette and good moral values to raise their child because today`s child is tomorrow`s future. It is the parents’ responsibility to give their child a great future. | <urn:uuid:00183f9e-fe3b-4852-a076-144edfc8f7d2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mysmartchild.com/parents-are-a-childs-first-teacher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.981279 | 312 | 3.03125 | 3 |
American Cinema’s Transitional Era: Audiences, Institutions, Practices
Editors Charlie Keil and Shelley Stamp
The years between 1908 and 1917 witnessed what may have been the most significant transformation in American film history. During this "transitional era," widespread changes affected film form and film genres, filmmaking practices and industry structure, exhibition sites, and audience demographics. By the end of the period, cinema had moved toward the shape it would assume for decades under the studio system. This collection of new essays by prominent film scholars traces these myriad changes, presenting the most detailed and comprehensive portrait yet of this pivotal stage in cinema's development.
Topics under discussion include debates about cinema's place in American culture; the influence of an evolving feature format; the role of state censorship; emerging genres and audiences; onscreen depictions of gender, race, and nationality; changing exhibition practices and theater locales; and the emergence of Hollywood as the nation's film capital. | <urn:uuid:40a4275d-813f-43c6-aa79-43ba08220b78> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.history.utoronto.ca/node/693 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513548.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021010654-20181021032154-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.930711 | 193 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Sometimes it seems like our kids are more unfit than ever before. Childhood obesity rates are on the rise, many concerned parents are encouraging their kids to put the playstation away and get more active. One of the many options for kids exercise are children’s fitness programs.
Many local gyms, fitness clubs and personal trainers have introduced kids programs. These classes are designed with children in mind, focusing on making fitness fun while still helping them build stamina and strength.
Building healthy habits during childhood increases the likelihood that kids will live a healthy life as an adult. Many kids classes do more than get kids active for an hour once a week...
Kids exercise classes are about making fitness enjoyable. Fitness instructors are friendly and approachable. It’s important that the environment feels safe and non competitive, so that everyone feels comfortable taking part in the class.
Kids programs are designed to be suitable for a whole range of fitness levels. Whether a child has done little exercise previously or is not a stranger to sport, all those who take part will be able to improve their fitness in an environment that is fun and social.
Like any exercise class, kids fitness will begin with a warm up. During the class kids may take part in aerobic activity and strength building exercises. Each class is different.
Health and fitness is important at any age. It’s important for children especially to have strong bones and muscles to help their growth and development. Regularly attending a fitness class can help a child achieve a healthy level of fitness and strength.
Exercise programs for kids are all about showing that fitness can be fun and social. Any child can attend a class and expect to have a good time while still being challenged. Many classes focus on non competitive sport, an aspect of some kids activities that can discourage some kids from taking part. | <urn:uuid:3c4a178e-5136-4c24-b8b4-2cb8357fda0d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.meetyourkidsfitnesstrainer.com.au/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273766.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00286-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957124 | 370 | 2.765625 | 3 |
These lovely birds populate the world with their cute chirps and songs. Their ubiquity lends them a large amount of myths, legends, symbols, and spiritual meaning. The sparrow remains one of the most traditional tattoos in the world, but that doesn’t mean it’s a common copy-and-paste design. Rather, the sparrow represents something that anyone can find dear. In today’s article, let’s talk all about the deep meaning behind the sparrow, and show off a huge sparrow tattoo gallery!
What Does a Sparrow Symbolize?
In ancient times, a lone sparrow represented loneliness and solitude. You can see this is old stories, including the Old Testament. Undying love, loyalty, and friendship encompass the feather design of a sparrow tattoo. As we spread out across the world, we realized that sparrows are everywhere—and once we knew that, they gained a new meaning. Freedom.
Sailors would see migrating sparrows in the rafters of their ship and know they were close to land. On top of that, the company of a sparrow gave them comfort. After all, that sparrow could land wherever it pleased—but it chose their ship. Sailors who traveled more than 5,000 nautical miles would get a tattoo of a sparrow to show their accomplishment.
Sparrow Tattoo Position Meaning
The position of a sparrow adds to its meaning. Pairs of sparrows represent a completed journey, or perhaps love found. Two sparrows on the chest of a sailor represent a great accomplishment during their journeys, and two sparrows on the wrist of a sailor meant they were the saltiest sailors around. In England and Russia, a sparrow on the back of your hand is a reminder to stay on the right track. Most commonly, those exiting jail would get a sparrow tattoo there. More than one sparrow tattoo on your hands means that you have trouble staying out of the slammer.
Small Sparrow Tattoo
Now that we have sparrow tattoo meaning out of the way, let’s check out the application of these designs! Sparrow tattoo designs fall into four categories: realistic, traditional, neo traditional, and abstract. Realistic sparrows capture the beauty of the bird, and they usually mean love and loyalty, rather than referencing a journey. Neo traditional tattoos create a cartoony look for the birds and add some unnatural, but beautiful, colors. Abstract sparrow tattoo designs use watercolor ink techniques to create a colorful design that resembles painted-on art.
Traditional Sparrow Tattoo
Traditional tattoos of sparrows get a little more complicated. Also called a Sailor Jerry tattoo, sailors have used this tattoo style since WWII. The style uses red, black, and yellow ink to paint a picture of a sparrow. The outlines are bold and toony, with the sparrow’s eyes sometimes appearing as a curled line, rather than an actual eye. If you’re interested in a traditional tattoo, seek out artists with experience in the art. Artists use special rules for traditional tattoos that they pass down through apprenticeships.
Ultimately, these tiny birds offer a lot of meaning to us. Though common, they represent the highest form of freedom. They live wherever they please, fly across the entire world, and travel in large flocks. They are even freer to travel than we humans are! Sparrows remind us that no matter how small or trivial we may be in this world, we still live our lives with freedom. We all travel, we all love, and we all sing in our own ways. Perhaps a sparrow tattoo is the first step to finding the freedom of the sparrows. | <urn:uuid:7eba6035-2080-43d9-a7b0-ad26ee18d4e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://inkdoneright.blogspot.ch/2016_12_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822513.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017215800-20171017235800-00777.warc.gz | en | 0.94107 | 767 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Issue: July 3
- Blossom end rot can keep squash from developing.
- Slime mold is a strange landscape invader, but beneficial.
Slime mold is a strange landscape invader, but beneficial.
Q. I found a strange substance in a dead area of my lawn. One day it was a bright yellow color, the next it was tan. It looked like a dog was sick on my lawn, but I do not have a dog and the yard is fenced. What is this strange stuff?
A. This looks like a sighting of the strange organism know as slime mold. Your use of the word "strange" is very appropriate. This is an organism that feeds on decaying organic matter and microorganism causing the decay, hence its presence in the dead area of the lawn. It needs high moisture so irrigated lawns, areas of mulch that are kept moist, and most areas with dead organic matter during the monsoon become prime habitat for slime mold. Slime mold does little harm to living plant material. It can climb (and perhaps shade) grass leaves, but it does not cause diseases in them. As the slime mold feeds on dead plant matter and composting organisms, it releases nutrients that actually benefit surrounding, living plants. It can be washed away or brushed off any plants that it gets on. It is strange, but not harmful. Enjoy one of the very interesting residents of the microbial world when it comes to visit.
Blossom end rot can keep squash from developing.
Q. My summer squash will not grow more than about three inches in length. They look normal but quit growing at about that length. I am also losing blossoms off of my tomato plants. I had this problem with the tomatoes once before and tried some high phosphorus fertilizer.
A. Blossom end rot may be the problem in the case of the squash (the end away from the stem turns black and the squash fails to develop). It is caused by hot, dry, windy conditions and dries the plant even if the soil is moist. Water carrying calcium necessary for the fruit development does not reach the developing fruit, so it stops developing.
Tomatoes are sensitive to high temperatures. If the temperature is too high, the pollen is killed and cannot fertilize the ovules, hence the fruit fails to develop and the blossoms fall. Smaller tomato varieties (cherry and pear tomatoes) have less problems, while the largest fruited varieties are most sensitive. Excess nitrogen fertilization can cause the production of beautiful tomato plants, but failure to develop fruit. Addition of phosphorus to balance the excess nitrogen may help if surplus nitrogen is the problem. If the problem is the high temperature, it will be overcome when (if) the monsoons arrive and temperatures drop.
For more gardening information, visit the NMSU Extension publications World Wide Web site at http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h.
Send your gardening questions to:
Yard and Garden, ATTN: Dr. Curtis Smith
NMSU Cooperative Extension Service
9301 Indian School Road, NE, Suite 112
Albuquerque, NM 87112
Curtis W. Smith, Ph.D., is an Extension Horticulture Specialist with New Mexico State University's Cooperative Extension Service. New Mexico State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer and educator. | <urn:uuid:594c618e-037e-4014-b2a4-bcb24c1755ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://aces.nmsu.edu/ces/yard/archives/july-3-2010.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930375 | 693 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Practice sorting different shapes with this worksheet.
Same but different object size
Practice differentiating objects, same but different object size with this worksheet.
Sorting same objects
Identifying same objects sorting worksheet.
Compare in mixed groups with pictures
Comparing mixed groups of objects with pictures with this worksheet.
Comparing more and few with dots
Comparing more or fewer objects with dots worksheet.
Comparison of more / few with pictures
Learn comparing more / few objects on pictures with this worksheet.
Counting tally marks up to 20
Counting tally marks 1 to 20 with worksheet pdf.
Counting tally marks 1 to 30
Counting tally marks 1 to 30 with worksheet. Print and practice
Counting objects / pictures
Counting objects on a worksheet.
Learn counting in a house mix
Practice counting stuff in a house with this worksheet.
Counting on a pyramid
Counting objects on a pyramid worksheet.
Learn spelling number one worksheet
Practice Number 1 worksheet with this worksheet.
Counting to two worksheet
Practice number 2 worksheet with this worksheet.
Number 3 worksheet
Practice Number 3 worksheet with this worksheet.
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Practice Number 4 worksheet with this worksheet.
Number 5 worksheet
Practice Number 5 worksheet with this worksheet.
Number 6 worksheet
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Growing pattern in maths
Growing patterns worksheet for kindergarteners.
Identifying similar patterns activity worksheet.
Inside and outside spatial sense
Positioning objects - inside vs outside activity worksheet.
Positions - Left, right, middle & positions
Practice left, right & middle positions worksheet.
Left vs right positions
Left vs right positions / spatial sense worksheet.
Location in a 3 by 3 grid
Learn locating in a 3 by 3 grid with this worksheet.
Locate in a 3 by 3 matrix
Practice locating in a 3 by 3 graph in this worksheet.
Top, bottom & middle positions
Learn about top, bottom & middle positions with this sheet.
Identifying shapes in real life
Geometry & Shapes in real life practice for kids.
Shapes & geometry activity
Shapes and geometry worksheets, learn basic shapes.
Solid and planar figures
Identify solid figures that relate planar shape with this worksheet.
Observe symmetry / asymmetry in objects activity in geometry .
Light or heavy activities
Comparing light & heavy objects - which is lighter or heavier ?.
Size vs long objects
Review comparing object sizes, long vs short worksheet.
Tall vs Short worksheet
Comparing objects - which is taller vs Shorter.
Preschool math worksheets - PDF Printable math activities
Preschool math worksheets for children to practice early math skills on counting, numbers, positions, time and more. These worksheets are in printable pdf format and are well illustrated with the best graphics and pictures that appeal to children at this age. Remember pre-k worksheets on that page can supplement teaching materials for teachers and parents who need to give their kids extra practice. There is a lot to learn about shapes: identify different geometric shapes, on spatial sense learn about position of objects in space, learn how to compare numbers of items, learn about patterns, counting tallies etc. | <urn:uuid:f827a242-80f7-44d7-bfc6-208d5cb85662> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.kidsmathtv.com/pre-school-worksheets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588282.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028065732-20211028095732-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.847589 | 790 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Child Development Theories: Jerome Bruner
Jerome Bruner was an American psychologist who made important contributions to human cognitive psychology as well as cognitive learning theory in educational psychology. His learning theory focuses on modes of representation and he introduced the concepts of discovery learning and a spiral curriculum.
Jerome Bruner Theory
Jerome Bruner (1915-2016) regarded the aim of education as being the creation of autonomous learners who had ‘learned how to learn’.
His research on children’s cognitive development proposed three ‘modes of representation’:
- Enactive representation (based on action)
- Iconic representation (based on images)
- Symbolic representation (based on language)
Modes of representation are ways humans store and encode knowledge or information in the memory. Bruner’s modes are only loosely sequential.
Enactive (0 – 1 years)
This mode involves encoding action-based information for storage in our memory – e. g. an infant recalls shaking a rattle by developing a ‘muscular memory’ of the task.
Infants, and adults, recall tasks via muscular memory. For instance, miming operating a lawn mower is much quicker and easier than a complex verbal explanation.
Iconic (1 – 6 years)
This is the ability to store a mental picture ‘in the mind’s eye’. When learning a new topic, it can be helpful to use pictures and diagrams to support verbal explanations.
Symbolic (7 years and above)
This more-sophisticated mode is the last to develop and is more flexible than the previous two modes. Mostly via the medium of language, information is stored using codes and symbols. For example, ‘dog’ is a symbolic representation of a certain class of animals.
Such symbols can be manipulated, sorted, classified etc., so the learner is not restricted to using only actions or images. Data storage is accomplished via words, mathematical signs and/or other symbol systems.
This constructivist theory implies learners (even adults) should tackle new material by progressing from enactive to iconic to symbolic representation. Another implication is that even very young learners are capable of learning any material, provided it is appropriately organised to match their current level of ability.
Jerome Bruner Spiral Curriculum
Bruner believed all children were capable of grasping complex information: ‘… any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development.’ This idea underpins his concept of the spiral curriculum – structuring information to first teach complex ideas in a simplified form, and then later re-visiting them in a more complex form. All subjects would therefore be taught at gradually increasing levels of difficulty.
Bruner also developed the concept of discovery learning in which learners construct their own knowledge for themselves. In his view, discovering information was a more effective way of learning than just being told by a teacher. | <urn:uuid:8235dc10-c1f0-42d4-8e23-bc0536dd6b02> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.firstdiscoverers.co.uk/jerome-bruner-child-development-theories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100227.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130130218-20231130160218-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.932983 | 616 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Murder of the Lvov Professors
Prior to September 1939 and the joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of of different ethnic groups and religions, 60% of whom were Poles, 30% Jews and about 10% Ukrainians and Germans. The city was one of the most important cultural centres of pre-war Poland, housing Lvov University and Lvov Polytechnic. It was the home for many Polish and Jewish intellectuals, medical fraternities, political and cultural activists, scientists and members of Poland's interwar elite.
After Lvov was occupied by the Soviets in September 1939, Lvov University was renamed in honour of Ivan Franko, a Ukrainian hero, and the language of instruction was changed from Polish to Ukrainian. Lvov was captured by German forces on 30th June, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Along with the German Wehrmacht units, a number of Abwehr and SS formations entered the city.
On 29th June, the city of Lvov fell to the Germans, which was the trigger for Dr Schoengarth to initiate his move towards Lvov with his specialist officers of zbV and to set up the framework of ensuing Nazi policies in the districts of East Galicia. Elsewhere, the Jewish communities were being subjected to atrocious brutality and trembled with thoughts of more to come.
On July 1st, 1941, as the fast-advancing German army entered the City, and only two days later, by order and with the encouragement of the Field Komandanture, Lvov's Ukrainians organized a systematic, unusually bloody and beastly pogrom of the City's Jews. The action
started July 3rd about 10 a.m. and lasted till 6 a.m., with German uncompromising punctuality.
Thousands of Ukrainian rioters, mostly young peasants between 14 and 30 years old, armed with heavy wooden sticks and steel bars, appeared from nowhere, simultaneously in all the Jewish neighbourhood streets. In groups of a dozen or more, they broke into one house after another, and then into individual apartments, beating every Jew they found in a heinous manner, frequently to kill. Crowds of followers, men and women, kept them company, and avidly lent a helping hand in beating or murdering the victims, and grabbing everything in sight in large bags brought along especially for this purpose. These hoodlums did not spare anyone sick, handicapped, old people, women, even pregnant women, or children. In some houses they were throwing Jews, beaten unconscious, from balconies down to the streets or patios, to their death. Then they gathered groups of victims in the prisons near Zamarstynowska and Kazimierzowska streets (called Brygidki), where a pile of prisoners' bodies murdered the night of June 30, immediately prior to the entry of the Germans, was found by militias. The Germans and Ukrainians spread rumours implying that retreating Bolsheviks perpetrated the murders. They blamed the Jews, acting as 'prison guards and prison heads', and consequently directed the revenge toward all Jews, in accordance with their concept of collective responsibility, avenging the Jewish cooperation with the Soviet authorities.
Their revenge was atrocious. The Jews assembled in the prison yard were undressed, and subjected to tortures impossible to describe. They were beaten with wood and steel bars, suffering broken bones, torn beards, were forced to drink urine, to perform dancing and walking on nails, to mutually beat each other. Amidst screams and insults they were ordered to clean and bury the murdered prisoners in a common grave. All these activities were performed in the presence of German officers, observing with a smile the sadistic performance of Ukrainian hooligans, giving them encouragement. They also kept taking photographs, which was indeed, their preferred activity.
Entry into Lvov
Dr Schoengarth, with 230 men of Commando zbV, marched into Lvov on the heels of 'EG' 'C' in the afternoon of the 2nd July, and immediately began to fulfil
their orders, to arrest and execute all members of the Polish intelligentsia and prominent Jews. Over 3,000 Ukrainian politicals had already either been murdered by the NKVD or left in the prisons. As soon as the Russians had withdrawn, Ukrainian nationalists (OUN) turned on the Jews in the city, murdering up to 10,000 in the wake of the German occupation. One other task, which had been delegated to zbV, was the seizure of art objects and documents. For these purposes and taken along for the ride, the expertise of a civilian foreign Dutch national and art expert, Pieter Menten, was given the title of Sonderfuehrer and the bogus rank of SS-Scharfuehrer.
The Leadership of zbV:
|SS-Brigadier Dr Schoengarth||Commander-in-Chief BdS and zbV.|
|SS-Captain Hans Krueger||Regional Commander KdS East Galicia|
|SS-Lieutenant Colonel Heim||Deputy to Schoengarth|
|SS-Major Helmut Tanzmann||Personnel SS-2nd|
|Lt. Wilhelm Rosenbaum||Logistics|
|SS-Sonderfuehrer Pieter Menten||Interpreter|
|SS-2nd Lt. Oskar Brandt||Specialist Jewish Affairs|
|SS-2nd Lt. Kuch||Specialist Jewish Affairs|
|SS-2nd Lt. Grothjan||Specialist Jewish Affairs|
|SS-2nd Lt. Otsch Kiptka||Specialist Jewish Affairs|
|SS-Scharfuehrer Horst Waldenburger||Specialist Jewish Affairs|
|SS-Captain Dr Walther Kutschmann||Specialist Jewish Affairs|
Officers from zbV, now in possession of the '88' list of prominent members of Lvov society, began to comb the area. The first victim to succumb to the work of zbV was an ex-Polish prime minister, Kazimierz Bartel, who was immediately shot. Professor Groer, of Lvov Medical Institute, and a witness, escaped death by chance and lived to testify to the Soviet Special Commission who investigated the crime after the war.
During the night of 3/4th July, 23 Professors from the two Lvov Universities were arrested with their families and taken to the interrogation centre of 'Bursa Abragamovichev House', the headquarters of zbV. Some of the first victims were: Professor Tadeuz Ostrowski, a noted surgeon and art-collector; Professor Jan Grek, an internal medicine expert, also an art-collector. Among those killed
by the zbV team during the next few days was every member of the Grek and Ostrawoski families. During that night, a firing squad was detailed consisting of five ethnic German SD, and two Ukrainian police auxiliaries.
At 5 a.m. on the morning of 4th July, officers of zbV took the arrested professors and their families in trucks to the Wulecka hills where two Ukrainians had prepared a pit. All twenty-three professors and their families were then executed. The two Ukrainians were also executed and thrown on top of the other dead bodies. A witness to these murders was a resident from Lvov, named Golzmann, who also gave evidence to the 'Soviet Special Commission': he had seen 20 persons, including four professors, lawyers and doctors, brought into the yard of 8, Arciszewski Street and soon thereafter removed together under guard. These murders were carefully concealed from the outside and repeated enquiries from relatives and friends were ignored. It wasn't until the first week in October 1943, when the Blobel Commando 1005 exhumed a number bodies at Wulecka and burned them, that the fate of the professors were known and confirmed. In addition to the recollections of the escaped Jewish prisoner Leon Wells, the 'Soviet Special Commission' and two further witnesses, whose names were Mundel and Korn, corroborated the findings. What part Hans Krueger played in these murders cannot be ascertained. After the war, Krueger was closely questioned about these murders but declined to give any further information. We do know that the whole episode was conducted under the direct orders and supervision of Dr Schoengarth.
Pieter Menten is prominent when delving into the facts surrounding the 'professors' murder. According to Simon Wiesenthal, in a letter to the author, 'it's not at all unlikely that Menten played some role in those professors' murders'.For sure, the Lvov neighbours of the Ostrowsky's confirmed that Menten became their neighbour just hours after the murder, and immediately had men working to remove the art collection to a warehouse near the railway station.
In the house of Dr Tadeusz Ostrowsky, which was situated at 3 Slowackiego Street, (now called Saskasangsko), had been used as a safe house for fellow art collectors of the Lvov intelligentsia society whose art collection was said to be worth millions. On the night of the 3/4th July, it was Menten who had selected this venue from the '88 list'. In the company of Horst Wallenberger (the identity of this officer is debatable), Menten removed the occupants from the apartment and took them to the zbV headquarters for interrogation. The following morning, Menten alone, returned to the apartment and requisitioned it. He also
requisitioned the apartment of Jan Grek. Pieter Menten personally took possession of some of the most valuable art collections from these premises. After the professor's murder, Menten organised the removal of this valuable collection to a warehouse near the railway station and from there to Krakow. As was the case in these times, only a proportion of this property was dealt within the regulations and sent on to Berlin for cataloguing and disposal. A few selected items, no doubt of exceptional value, found their way to a secluded warehouse at the rear of the Sipo-SD Rabka School.
One curious aspect of the Professors' murder, was how they were able to remain in Lvov under Soviet control, when it was clearly their principle to deport all such intellectuals to the outer regions? How were these academics, from the highest of Lvov cultural and literary society, able to operate under the eyes of the NKVD (later KGB)? It is not a question that can be fully answered here, but it is enough to say, that some selected members of the Polish elite were being protected by the Soviets for political reasons, perhaps to play the 'Polish Card' at some indeterminate time.
The first genocidal action that the Nazis carried out in Galicia was the murder of the Lvov professors in the first week of July 1941. This was described by Polish historian Zygmunt Albert:
Here is what the sole survivor, Professor Groer, stated:
'We were taken to the Abrahamowicz dormitory. The car was driven into the courtyard; brutally pushed we were crammed into the building and told to stand facing the wall. There were already many professors there. We were ordered to lower our heads. If someone moved he was hit with a rifle butt or his head was struck with fists. Once, when a new group of captured men was brought in, I tried to turn my head but was immediately hit with a rifle butt and, henceforth, I refrained from such attempts. It was probably half an hour past midnight, and I stood motionless until 2 a.m. More victims were brought in and told to stand against the wall. Every ten minutes or so we heard screams from the cellar and sounds of shots commented by one of the Germans: 'Einer weniger' (one less), which at that time I considered to be an attempt of terrorizing us. Every few minutes the name of a professor was called and the man was led to a room on the left. I remember well that Prof.
Ostrowski was called; afterwards I was the tenth or perhaps twelfth to go as the next. I found myself in a room where there were two officers, a younger one who arrested me and another one of a higher rank, a large, portly man. He immediately shouted at me: You dog, you are a German and have betrayed your German country! You served the Bolsheviks! Why didn't you, when it was possible, depart with all the other Germans to the West? I began to explain, at first quietly and then louder, as the officer raised his voice, that although I was of German descent I considered myself a Pole. Secondly, even had I intended to go west, the Soviet authorities would not have permitted it because of my high social position as University Professor and well-known clinician they considered me indispensable? I was then asked to explain the meaning of the visiting cards of British consuls found in my possession. I replied that I was married to a titled English lady and we were often visited by British consuls. He grew quieter, and apparently impressed he said: I'll have to speak to my boss, we shall see what can yet be done for you and hurriedly left the room.
The younger officer who remained with me said quickly: That really depends only on him, since he has got no superior here. Tell him you have made an important medical discovery, which may be useful to the German Army. This could save you. At that moment the other officer returned. There was no time to say a word because they ordered me out of the room. I was taken to the opposite, i.e., left side of the corridor, allowed to sit down and smoke a cigarette. I was even given a glass of water. Beside me there were standing professors Solowij and Rencki. After a while one of the Gestapo men asked them how old they were. I think they said 73 and 76. I was certain that due to their age they would be set free. I also thought that my case was not quite hopeless. The officer who interrogated me came and told me to go into the yard and walk, adding: Behave as though you were never arrested. I began to walk round the yard smoking one cigarette after another. I kept my hands in my pockets. Some time went by. All at once two Gestapo men entered the yard from the street. The building and the yard were of course guarded. The two saw me, rushed at me, slapped my face shouting furiously what business I had in the yard strolling with my hands in my pockets. I said I was told to behave as a non-arrested person. They grunted something, lost interest in me and entered the building.
It was perhaps four o'clock in the morning when a group of 15 to 20 professors was led out of the building. The group was headed by four professors: Nowicki, Pilat, Ostrowski and, I think, Stozek who carried the bleeding body of young Ruff. They were followed among others by Witkiewicz. When they passed the gate and disappeared on the Abrahamowicz Street, the Gestapo ordered Mrs Ostrowska and perhaps also Mrs Grek to wash the blood off the stairs.
Twenty minutes later I heard some shots from the direction of the Wulecki Heights. Shortly afterwards a group of 20 to 30 persons was led into the yard through the same back door of the building and was told to stand in two-three rows facing the wall. Among them I recognized only Assistant Professor Mlczewski. Some time later the Germans led out of the building Dobrzaniecki's service staff, Ostrowski's cook and a younger female servant, Grek's cook and domestic servant and the English teacher who stayed with the Ostrowski family. The Gestapo chief, who had earlier interrogated me, asked them if they all belonged to the domestic service. Only the teacher replied negatively stating who she was. The German, obviously annoyed, ordered her to join at once the group facing the wall and told his comrade loudly that those (standing at the wall) were to be taken to prison, while those others (indicating the servants and me) are to go free. I noticed that the servants talked with the Gestapo man and a civilian agent. The Gestapo man told the servants to return home, take their belongings and go wherever they wanted. They may look for work. All would be well now, no more Poland or Soviets, henceforth there would be only Germany forever.
When I was about to leave I went up to a Gestapo men and asked him if I could get back my photo camera. He pointed to a room where another German arranged all the plunder. Being afraid they may remember the 20 dollars I had, I gave these to the Gestapo man and he returned my belongings. As I was leaving the room he rushed out saying: Listen, give us your address because another unit may come and take you in again. We shall make a note here, so you will be left alone and not bothered again. He wrote down my address in his notebook, I left the building and went home. Later, the same morning, on my way to the clinic, I met near Prof. Ostrowski's apartment the Gestapo officer, who had arrested me on the previous night. Smiling he said: You were very lucky. Several days later I was visited by two German officers who
were present at my arrest. They wanted to buy my photo camera and carpets. During their visit I found out their names, one was Hacke, the other Keller or Kohler. In the following two or three months, despite evicting me from my apartment, the Germans came several times, beguiling me out of various valuable objects, for instance, photo cameras which I have been collecting. Once I ventured to ask Keller what happened to the other professors. Waving his hand he said: They all were shot that night.'
Further witnesses come forward
Tadeusz Gumowski, an engineer, who lived with his family at Nabielak Street 53. During the night from July 3 to 4, 1941, they were woken up by the Germans and Ukrainians who demanded to see their registration papers. He described the events:
'[...] I spent some time sitting in the garden. At the first light of the day I saw soldiers digging a hole on the slope of Wulecki Heights. Feeling apprehensive, I called my family and we watched the Germans through the window. The pit was dug in about 30 minutes. The prisoners were brought in batches of four from the direction of the Abrahamow buildings (this was their name if I remember correctly) and made to stand in line facing us along the edge of the pit. The firing squad stood on the opposite side of the grave. A volley rang out and almost all fell into the pit. Prof. Witkiewicz crossed himself and collapsed. The men were not handcuffed. We counted the groups of four. If I remember correctly there were about five such groups. I think there were also three women. The whole action did not take long and other batches of four persons waited nearby. After the execution the ditch (grave) was quickly filled up, the earth stomped down. This was done by German soldiers. We, myself, my father, wife and sister, watched the execution in turn through field-glasses. At present my sister lives abroad, the other members of my family are dead. We watched from the same room and the same window. I recognized no one besides Prof. Witkiewicz. But the others recognized several persons including Professor Stozek and his sons, Professor Ostrowski and his wife, Professor Longchamps and probably his wife, and others. One of the ladies wore a blue shawl. There were probably three women. One of them, unable to walk, was dragged by two soldiers. My sister Zofia Nowak-Przygodzka lives now in Paris VII, 31 rue Rousselet. Approximately twenty persons were shot
that night. None of them received a coup de grace after the volley. It is quite probable that some were buried alive. On the second or third day after the execution, I, my sister and my wife went towards the grave. It was rather indistinguishable and we found it only because we knew the exact spot. A bunch of flowers was on it and this may have been an indication to the Germans that the grave site was known; so, several days later, they excavated the bodies and took them away. I did not see the exhumation. We assumed it took place, because we noticed that the grave was dug up [...]'.
Gumowski's sister, Dr. Zofia Nowak-Przygodzka, who moved to Paris after the war, stated:
'[...] In Lvov I lived in a villa at 53 Nabielak street, next to the condominium of professors from the Institute of Technology, and also Prof. Witkiewicz. Our villa stood on a 12-meter high embankment, several hundred meters from the Wulecki Heights, where the Abrahamowicz Educational Institution and the House of Technicians were.
That critical night I got up as usual to take a look at my little children. As always I went up to the window to look around. We have been living in constant fear because of German searches and arrests. Two nights before, they sought Prof. Witkiewicz in my house. He was arrested the same night together with two other professors from the Institute of Technology.
I noticed some unusual movement on the Wulecki Heights: several men were digging. I woke my parents and we began to watch, but taking care not to be seen.
After some time we saw people coming down on the left side of the hill in a file along a pathless tract. I noticed soldiers in German uniforms and a dozen or so civilians. Some women (perhaps three) were at the end of the column. One wore a shawl, which was well visible because it undulated in the breeze. The soldiers helped some persons to walk down. Several persons were then lined up along the pit, which just had been dug. We heard dry cracks (shots), and the persons dropped from the row into the pit.
Another group followed the first to be executed. Distinguished among them was a grey-haired man who crossed himself. The women were in the rear. The pit was filled up. Watching the execution we had no idea what it was all about. There was no mention about it anywhere next day. We knew that to have witnessed it was dangerous to us. The execution was also watched from the neighbouring houses and it became known that professors were murdered.
Weeks later I ventured to go up the Wulecki Heights as though taking my children for a walk. I found the place of the execution. It hardly differed from the surroundings; the soil was slightly depressed, and grass grew as everywhere. I would not have found it had I not known the area well. I was told later that the Germans secretly exhumed the bodies.'
This is how Mrs Lomnicka described the execution after her husband was arrested:
'[...] sleep became impossible. I stood at the window for hours waiting for daybreak, wishing to go out and find out more about the raid. At dawn I saw from the window of our third floor apartment some movement on the Wulecki Heights. Silhouettes appeared, a group separated from the others who remained near the Abrahamowicz Institution, went down the slope and disappeared from sight behind the house of Dr Nowak-Przygodzki. I sat on the couch wondering what was going on at such an early hour (4 a.m.). At this moment I heard the first shots and all became clear. I rushed to the staircase where the window looked out to the right and made a better observation possible. I saw that those who came down the hill stopped midway in a small dale. I recognized German soldiers and men in civilian suits. There were also women; one figure gave the impression of being a priest in a cassock. One of the men wore a grey suit. He looked like my husband, but I quickly rejected the gruesome thought. They led up groups of five at a time and I saw how they collapsed after each volley of shots. I stood there frozen to the floor, semi-conscious, watching the ghastly spectacle. Two ladies from the neighbourhood were with me: Mrs Janina Wieckowska, later to become the wife of judge Zenek in Kracow, and Mrs Solecka, wife of a secondary-school professor in Lvov at Kazimierzowska Street. Were those people the professors arrested that
night? Was my husband among them? It was impossible to be certain because of the distance [...]'.
Maria ZaLeska, an artist who also lived at Nabielak Street, stated:
'[...] those to be executed were brought down the hill in pairs. The place of execution was not directly in front of us but slightly to the right. It was a small depression among the trees. I saw three of them standing on the embankment. One group after another came down the hill. If I remember correctly, one person was dressed in black it could have been a woman or a priest. My son, with whom I shared the field-glasses, watched other groups. I saw at the rear a slowly walking, lone woman. In our field of vision there were three soldiers from a special squad. The area was so narrow and steep that it is doubtful whether there were more than six. If I remember correctly, the men I saw were hatless. I did not recognize anybody. We thought in horror that they might be executing Jews. Soon after the execution we were told that the grave was watched. I was there in winter or early summer, 1959. I knew nothing of the exhumation and was surprised that there was a depression where the grave was supposed to be and no embankment nearby. During that tragic night the events were also watched by my son he was executed in Stutthof in 1944. In my opinion, most information could be obtained from Prof. Witkiewicz's tenant and Dr Ostrowski's housemaids but who knows where they are?
Here is some hearsay evidence: 'the last to be shot was Mrs Ostrowska who could barely walk suffering from a leg ailment. A woman with a bright scarf was seen. Prof. Witkiewicz, easily recognized by his neighbours, was hatless. It was said that the Germans made the arrests assisted by Ukrainians, and that the list of those to be seized must have been prepared some time ago, because they also came to arrest Professor Dr Leszczynski who had died already some time ago, as a victim of Soviets.'
Zofia Orlinska-Skowronowa related:
'[...] we lived in a villa with a small garden at 55 Nabielak Street, facing Wulecka Street and, for this reason, could see the Wulecki Heights from the window of my room on the second floor. On the tragic day I was awoken by a volley of shots from the direction of Wulecki Heights.
Approaching the window I saw a group of persons, about 36, walking in a file from Abrahamowicz Institution in groups of five or six, assisted by a German, towards the foot of the hill. They stopped on the flat part of the slope, a clearing, stood in a row with their backs to Wulecka Street, facing the Abrahamowicz Institution. My attention was drawn to the firing squad consisting of about ten soldiers in grey-green uniforms, who shot those standing in front using automatic weapons. As the bodies that collapsed could not be seen on the surface, it was obvious that a pit had been dug, but I do not know when and by whom.
I have also noticed that at the left side of the pit there was a small group of military men. They may have been German officers. The execution described above was repeated until all prisoners, including one woman, were killed. I recognized Professor Wlodzimierz Stozek and his son Emanuel (called Mulek) among those executed. Concerning Emanuel, I remember a horrible moment: after the volley all persons except Mulek Stozek fell into the pit. He remained standing, but soon a single shot threw him into the common grave. He was dressed in a tobacco-brown coat and grey trousers. Prof. Stozek wore a dark overcoat. I watched the execution through binoculars from about 3:30 to 4 a.m. Shortly afterwards, several soldiers they may have been either from the firing squad or from the group standing nearby filled the pit up [...]'.
But the most detailed statement describing the execution was made by Karol Cieszkowski, an engineer:
'[...] during the night from July 3 to 4, about 10 p.m. I heard violent knocking on the door of the neighbouring house at 53c Nabielak Street, where Prof. Witkiewicz lived. Because no one opened the door, the intruders I was told later shot into the lock. At about thirty minutes past midnight the Germans came to our house and took away Professor Stozek who lived on the ground floor and his two sons. I do not know whether they went by car or were led away on foot. As I was very upset I could not sleep all night.
At 4 a.m. I remember the time well because I was just checking my pulse by means of a phosphorescent watch. I heard some shots from the direction of Wulecki Heights. The day dawned. On the slope of the Wulecki Heights, well seen from the window of my corner room extending to the north, I saw some scores of civilians standing in a row
and at a distance; right and left of them there were several smartly, one could say elegantly dressed German officers with revolvers in their hands. I did not count the civilians; there may have been about 40 to 50 persons. Somewhere in the middle of the slope I saw on the edge of an excavated pit four civilians facing the slope with their backs to me. Behind them were four German soldiers armed with rifles. An officer was nearby. Probably at his command, the soldiers fired simultaneously and the four persons fell into the pit. Another batch of four was led down the path and the action was repeated. This went on until all civilians were brought down and murdered. The last to be shot down was an elderly woman in a long black dress. She was alone and walked staggering. As she was led to the edge of the pit filled with corpses she reeled and was held up by an officer. A soldier shot her and she fell into the common grave.
As regards details of this execution, I recognized some persons with certainty, not only because I watched the proceedings through binoculars but some of them I knew very well and even with the naked eye I recognized their suits, characteristic movements, etc. I distinguished Prof. Stozek beyond question. He stood at the pit in his characteristic pose with his hands clasped behind his back. But I failed to see the professors Lomnicki, Pilat and Witkiewicz. I did not see or recognize professors Weigl and Krukowski. But I failed to see the execution of the first victims because I approached the window after the first shots were fired. Nor did I see any more women in addition to the one killed at the end.
I distinctly remember that four of the condemned came down the slope carrying an unconscious man. Another group of four came down slowly because one of them visibly limped. I suppose it might have been Prof. Bartel, but I failed to recognize him. I remember that when one of the groups of four stood at the edge of the pit, with their backs to the soldiers, one of the condemned turned to the killers and holding his hat in his hands (all condemned men took off their hats probably by order) began to remonstrate animatedly gesticulating. An officer standing at the side made a gesture as though telling him to turn round, and when the man obeyed, the soldiers shot him down.
I remember other details. A second before the order to 'fire' was given, one of the victims jumped into the pit, probably to save himself, and
tried to get out immediately after the volley, but a soldier shot him; the man staggered and fell into the grave.
The pit was rectangular, divided by a non-excavated strip of earth, so that the victims standing on it fell, after being shot, forwards or backwards always into the pit. It happened only once that one of Prof. Stozek's sons standing on this narrow strip at the end of the line of four did not after the volley fall into the pit, but his body was pushed down by soldiers.
After the execution the squad led by an officer remained at the pit. The soldiers took off their coats, rolled up their sleeves, picked up spades and began to fill up the grave. At first, they proceeded carefully because the earth was spattered with blood, which I saw as large red patches. From time to time the soldiers interrupted their work and listened to the officer who seemed to talk to them or explain something.
The execution was watched from my window by my father, my sister and a tenant. They all came to my room because being farthest to the north, it was nearest towards the Wulecki Heights. Watching the murders, my father did not say a word and afterwards never talked to me about them. But my sister and the tenant recognizing individual persons (for instance when Prof. Stozek's sons were led to the pit) cried: Oh, they are leading Mulek!'
Persons Murdered 4th July 1941: Wulecki Hills
1. Prof. Dr Antoni Cieszynski, age 59 Chairman of Stomatology, UJK
2. Prof. Dr Wladyslaw Dobrzaniecki, age 44, head of Surgery, PSP
3. Prof. Dr Jan Grek, age 66, Chairman of. Internal Diseases, UJK
4. Maria Grekowa, age 57, wife of prof. Grek
5. Doc. Dr Jerzy Grzedzielski, age 40, Chairman of Ophtalmology UJK
6. Prof. Dr Edward Hamerski, age 43, Chairman of Internal Diseases, AWL
7. Prof. Dr Henryk Hilarowicz, age 51, Chairman of Surgery, UJK
8. Priest Dr Teol Wladyslaw Komornicki, age 29, relative of Mrs. Ostrowska
9. Eugeniusz Kostecki, age 36, husband of prof. Dobrzaniecki's housekeeper
10. Prof. Dr Wlodzimierz Krukowski, age 53, Chairman of Electrical Measurements, PL
11. Prof. Dr Roman Longchamps de Berier, age 59 Chairman of Civil Law, UJK
12. Bronislaw Longchamps de Berier, age 25, PL-graduate, son of professor
13. Zygmunt Longchamps de Berier, age 23, PL-graduate, son of professor
14. Kazimierz Longchamps de Berier, age 18, Secondary School-graduate, son of professor
15. Prof. Dr Antoni Lomnicki, age 60, Chairman of Mathematics, PL
16. Adam Miesowicz, age 19, HighSchool graduate, grandson of professor Solowij
17. Prof. Dr Witold Nowicki, age 63, Chairman of Pathological Anatomy, UJK
18. Dr med. Jerzy Nowicki, age 27, senior assistant of the Chair Hygiene, UJK, son of professor
19. Prof. Dr Tadeusz Ostrowski, age 60, Chairman of Surgery, UJK
20. Jadwiga Ostrowska, age 59, wife of prof. Ostrowski
21. Prof. Dr Stanislaw Pilat, age 60, Chairman of Petrol and Earth-Gas Technology, PL
22. Prof. Dr Stanislaw Progulski, age 67, Chairman of Pediatrics UJK
23. Ing. Andrzej Progulski, age 29, son of professor
24. Prof. Dr Roman Rencki, age 67, Chairman of Internal Diseases, UJK
25. Dr med. Stanislaw Ruff, age 69, Chairman of Surgery, Jewish Hospital taken from prof. Ostrowski's flat with his family
26. Anna Ruffowa, age 55, wife of dr Ruff
27. Ing. Adam Ruff, age 30, son of dr Ruff
28. Prof. Dr Wlodzimierz Sieradzki, age 70, Chairman of Forensic Medicine, UJK
29. Prof. Dr Adam Solowij, age 82, ret, Chairman of Obsterics and Gynaecology, PSP
30. Prof. Dr Wlodzimierz Stozek, age 57, Chairman of Mathematics PL
31. Ing. Eustachy Stozek, age 29, ass. PL, son of professor
32. Emanuel Stozek, age 24, PL-graduate, son of professor
33. Dr iur. Tadeusz Tapkowski, age 44, taken from professor Dobrzaniecki's flat
34. Prof. Dr Kazimierz Vetulani, age 52, Chairman of Theoretical Mechanics PL
35. Prof. Dr Kasper Weigel, age 61, Chairman of Measurements PL
36. Mgr iur. Jozef Weigel, age 33, son of professor
37. Prof. Dr Roman Witkiewicz, age 61, Chairman of Mechanical Measurements PL
38. Prof. Dr Tadeusz Boy-Zelenski, age 66, writer, Chairman of French Literature at the University, arrested in prof. Grek's flat
Persons murdered in the courtyard of the hostel of Abramowicze:
1. Katarzyna Demko, age 34, teacher of English, taken from apartment of Prof. Ostrowski
2. Doc. Dr Stanislaw Maczewski, age 49, Chairman of Obsterics and Gynaecology, PSP
3. Maria Reymanowa, age 40, nurse taken from apartment of Prof. Ostrowski
4. Wolisch, age 40-45, businessman taken from prof. Sieradzki's flat
Persons murdered on 12th July 1941:
1. Prof. Dr Henryk Korowicz, age 53, Chairman of Economics, AHZ
2. Prof. Dr Stanislaw Ruziewicz, age 53, Chairman of Mathematics, AHZ
Person murdered in prison on 24th July 1941:
1. Prof. Dr Kazimierz Bartel, age 59, Chairman of Design Geometry, PL, former prime minister of Polish Republic (three terms of office), who has been arrested already on 2nd July 1941.
After World War II the leadership of the Soviet Union made attempts to diminish the Polish cultural and historic legacy of Lvov. Crimes committed east of the Curzon line could not be prosecuted by Polish courts. Information on the atrocities that took place in Lvov was restricted.
In 1960 Dr Helena Krukowska, the widow of Prof. Dr Włodzimierz Krukowski, launched an appeal to the court in Hamburg. After five years the German court closed the judicial proceedings. Public prosecutor von Beelow argued that the people responsible for the crime were already dead. This however was not true since at the same time SS-Hauptsturmfuehrer Hans Krueger, commander of the Gestapo unit supervising the massacres in Lvov in 1941, was being held in Hamburg prison (he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the mass murder of Jews and Poles in Stanislawow, committed several weeks after his unit was transferred from Lvov). As a result no person has ever been held responsible for
this atrocity. In the 1970s Abrahamowicz Street in Lvov was renamed Tadeusz Boy-Zelenski Street. Various Polish organisations have made deputations to remember the victims of the atrocity with a monument or a symbolic grave in Lvov. These requests have been so-far rejected.
Medical Practioners Targated by zbV
The first doctor who perished at the hand of German murderers, starting the bloody chain of nightmares, was Dr Perec Gleich. On that morning, he left his house at Kollataja Street. A few hours later he was executed by a German firing squad in the yard of Brigidki, together with the rabbi, Dr Lewin, and the newspaper editor, Henryk Hescheles.
The second victim, although not killed, was Dr Ascher Izrael, who was dragged to the yard of the Zamarstynowski prison, where he was terribly beaten, his face transformed into bleeding rags and his body covered with open bleeding lacerations. The third victim was Dr Mejbaum, a surgeon, also heavily lacerated to a point that he never recovered and was unable to return to work. He was killed in an action at a later date. On that day several hundred Jews were killed, and over 2000 were severely wounded. The next day the situation was quiet and we started the work, caring for the victims of the pogrom. The Jewish neighbourhoods had the appearance of a battlefield, covered with traces of the terrible butchery. Most houses were full of victims of beating, calling desperately for help and assistance.
The next Action followed on July 25th, (directly after the prison murders) and was directed specifically by zbV against the Jewish intelligencia, including a group of most prominent doctors. This pogrom was called the 'Petlura Action', since it was carried out following a list prepared by the Ukrainians cooperating with the German authorities. They were taken in the middle of the night from their beds, and given orders to take a blanket and change of underwear, under the pretext of being taken to a field hospital. They were taken to the police station and never seen or heard of again. Some unconfirmed reports were received later that they were deported to one of many extermination camps near Lvov. During this Action, approximately 2000 Lvov Jews, mostly prominent citizens distinguished by their social and professional position, perished. Among them were 20 doctors, including Dr Mauryc Pensias, an outstanding radiologist; Dr Schneider, president of the Medical Union; Dr Marek Wollner, laryngologist; Dr Bernard Sonnenschein-Swiatlowski, Dr Kornelia Graf, wife of Dr Natan Graf, president of T.O.Z (Towazystwo Ochrony Zdrowia,) and many others.
It was a sad reality of the times when German doctors, both military and civilian, quietly looked on while Jewish doctors were murdered and tortured. They observed the tortures and bestialities inflicted on their colleagues without a single word of protest and without any sympathetic reaction. They participated actively in actions, with willing zeal. They derived personal profits, exploiting the hopeless situation of Jews, blackmailing whenever possible, extorting gifts in exchange for worthless 'Ausweis', armbands, certificates, 'iron lists' or similar 'protective' devices. They frequently evicted their fellow Jewish doctors literally on to the street, occupying their fully furnished apartments.
The German doctors, in committing these felonies and crimes, used their own initiative and zeal, not necessarily imposed by the regime, but rather flowing directly from their own anti-Semitic instincts. There is abundant evidence of this: Immediately following these actions, in front of the Jewish hospital on Alembek Street, Dr Doppheide, principal physician of 'District Galicien', arrived in his car with his staff. After emptying all the halls and evicting all the patients, he stole, with great deal of effort, all the expensive instruments left by the departing Jewish doctors, delighted with his looting.
The days following these events brought an avalanche of new directives and orders, following each other at a lightning pace, not giving the battered community time to breathe or recover. The orders to surrender radios and telephones were followed by prohibition of employment of a Jew in workplaces, then interdiction of employment of Aryans by Jews, the immediate release of
Christian domestic helpers, interdiction of school attendance by Jewish children, forbidding the Jews entrance to movies, theatres, public parks, restaurants, coffee shops, etc. Then, buying food in markets, use of public transportation, such as streetcars or railways were prohibited. Shortly afterwards, the closing of synagogues was followed by the burning of the Temple on Zolkiewska Street, and finally the order to wear a white armband on the left arm with an embroidered star of David.
At the same time, Jewish assets were confiscated including businesses, retail stores, warehouses, real estate. Farms were confiscated and taken over by so-called German 'Treuhanders'. In order to dig out hidden assets and jewellery, huge 'contributions' were imposed. With these powerful blows, the Germans, in a very short time, eliminated all advances and gains of the emancipated Jewish community. Jews were removed from the protection of law, becoming free game for every Aryan without a hunting permit, totally unprotected. An active hunt could even result in a reward and recognition by the German authorities, while hiding or helping a Jew was punishable by death.
Dr Mark Redner:
'Now, let's review some numbers. The number of Jewish doctors annihilated in Lvov by the Germans cannot be established accurately. When the Red Army occupied Lvov in September of 1939, they found many doctors, refugees from Western Poland, who fled at the time the war started from Hitler's advancing armies and found in Lvov a warm welcome, hospitality, and jobs, thanks to the help and friendly attitude of the Jewish and non-Jewish population. At the very end, they did not escape their tragic destiny, when they fell back into the hands of their German executioners, with the exception of those few that the Soviets deported deep into Eastern Soviet Union. As a result of these complications, it is impossible to account exactly for the number of Jewish doctors remaining in the city on July 1st 1941, which is the day of the occupation of the city by the Germans. Also, we cannot establish exactly the number of colleagues that survived the annihilation. Many escaped the city and survived using 'Aryan' papers, changing their names and religions, staying in Poland, and perhaps till today retaining their assumed identity. Many of them, after the war, broke ties with the Jewish community as a result of the loss of their families and of the persecution they suffered. One thing is certain, that the Jewish medical
community, so rich and remarkably excellent, was completely annihilated and simply ceased to exist.
The expulsion of Jews from their apartments located in the Aryan neighbourhoods started soon after the invasion by German troops. In the beginning, it was a sporadic and random action affecting mostly the largest and most beautiful apartments of doctors and other wealthy Jews. After a while, the Germans started to clean up whole streets, or city blocks of the newest and most modern houses, assigning them to dignitaries, members of the N.S.D.A.P, military authorities, and civilians assigned on the basis of 'Raumungabefehland,', issued by Stadthauptman's office. It was also a daily occurrence to see an arbitrary expulsion of a doctor by a Hitlerite, with typical brutality. It would be perpetrated by a Gestapo bureaucrat, or by another German kicking in the door, with loud screams, requesting the owner to vacate the house within hours. It was not uncommon to see the expulsion carried on with a whip, chasing people from their home straight onto the street, and not allowing them to carry any belongings. More than one doctor suddenly found himself under the blue skies, sometimes with a sick child in his hand In a very few exceptional cases Germans returned some items, such as bedding and clothing to the owner. The medical instruments, X-ray equipment, and other medical tools were confiscated, if not saved previously by donation to a Jewish Hospital or institution.
The local Ukrainians also took an active part in the expulsion of Jewish doctors. In a few instances, Poles, including professionals and neighbours (till recently good friends) participated in the plunder, with the help of Gestapo friends or acting with a formal allocation from the Stadthauptman's office. A classic case of this type was the expulsion of Dr Nadel by Dr Reinc, a Volksdeutsch, in an extremely brutal manner, without any warning.'
Dr Schoengarth's Shooting Seminar
A matter of hours after the professors' murder, Dr Schoengarth gathered his officers and proceeded to lecture them on their forthcoming duties. His senior officers, including Krueger, Rosenbaum and Kutschmann, were taken to the Lvov prison where they were shown the thousands of dead prisoners the Soviets had left behind. It was emphasised that they had been killed by the Soviets at the instigation of the Jews.
The shooting of the prisoners found in the three prisons in Lvov, were committed by the NKVD prior to the Russians' withdrawal from the city and on the orders of the Soviet 'Special Courts'. From the prison, the SD entourage was taken to a previously prepared pit on the outskirts of the town where shooting of Jews had already commenced. Dr Schoengarth lectured his men on the exact way that these pits were to be prepared. According to Hans Krueger's testament after the war, Schoengarth pointed out the precise Berlin-designated dimensions, transport, security, the varieties of execution, the placement of the bodies in the graves, and the coup de grace: 'Schoengarth stood at the pit edge while the executions were going on. Ukrainians were in the pit arranging the dead bodies. Men and women were driven up in trucks. They stood at the edge of the pit and were then shot. They had remained clothed. The Ukrainians were then ordered into the pit to arrange the bodies'.
Other reports of the Dr Schoengarth seminar suggest that he instructed all his commanders to personally engage in the killing. Evidence was given of Jewish men and women being brought to the pit and made to undress, robbed of their possessions and made to kneel or stand at the edge of the pit. Each commander took it in turn to shoot at least one Jew. SS Scharfuehrer Wallenberg (noted chief executioner of zbV) and Dr Schoengarth demonstrated to those present how this was to be done. Wallenberg selected his Jew and shot him in the nape of the neck. He then called the next officer to repeat the action with another victim and so it went on.
Hans Krueger describes events:
'Schoengarth ordered his commanders to shoot Jews during these actions. On the evening after the Lvov demonstration, Schoengarth gathered together all SS staff. Rosenbaum and Menten were there. Schoengarth made a speech. He said, You saw how it was done. Every man should join in the shooting. I will shoot anyone who doesn't agree. I will back up every SS Fuehrer who shoots a man for not obeying my order.We all felt it was horrible but necessary to deal with any sissies.
Two SS men who refused to kill Jews were driven to commit suicide by Schoengarth: some SS men went into the woods near Lvov in search of partisans. An SS Fuehrer shot himself there. The other SS men reported that partisans had shot him. In fact this man had shot himself on orders from Schoengarth because he did not wish to kill Jews.
Schoengarth gave him the opportunity to kill himself so that his wife would receive a pension, which she wouldn't have done if the officer had appeared in an SS Court. In Warsaw, an SS Fuehrer refused to kill Jews and was imprisoned. Schoengarth had arranged for a pistol to be put in his cell and the man shot himself.'
Krueger's remarks are interesting. In most war crimes trials the accused continually put up the defence of 'Acting under orders'. 'If I refused to obey an order, I could be shot.' Prosecution at these trials invariably challenged this assumption. Many historians today assert that there is no evidence where a German officer was disciplined for refusing to shoot Jews. The evidence that no German was ever killed or incarcerated for having refused to kill Jews is conclusive. The officer was given other duties or transferred. We have in Krueger's testimony a direct contradiction (if true). I would suggest that repercussions for refusal very much depended on the Commanding Officer of the day. Dr Schoengarth was not one of those officers who adhered to leniency. We will see later where seven of the SS-garrison in Belzec were acquitted of mass murder, citing their defence: 'If we disobeyed orders, our lives and our families lives were in danger.' We will also review the suicide by shooting of two SS-Sharfuehrer s in the 'Reinhardt' camps brought about by fear of Commandant Wirth.
Hans Kreuger moves to Stanislawow
Dr Schoengarth sent Hans Krueger, no stranger to executions, to Stanislawow as a forward unit of Sipo-SD where, in October 1941, he would instigate one of the biggest mass murders in the history of the Holocaust and pave the way for the resettlement transports to Belzec. In my view, this was a defining moment that set in motion the entire destruction policy of European Jewry.
Stanislawow was in south-east Galicia and had been occupied by the Hungarians before the Nazis' arrival. The first killing action in the city was overseen by Krueger on August 2nd and resulted in the murder of approximately 500 male Jews and 99 Poles in the forest near Pawelce. This was documented at Krueger's trial after the war.
These killings still came within the scope of the so-called 'Intelligenz-Action': killing the intelligentsia. An escalation of killing to include normal civilian men, women and children occurred in September, and was prompted by the decision of the new Lvov chief, SS-Major Tanzmann, to set up a ghetto in Stanslawow
that was too small to hold all the Jews. Krueger gave a candid account of this process in his pre-trial interrogation of 26th June, 1962. One small area where Krueger would not have to concern himself with, were the lost villages in the Stryj valley, where a splinter group of zbV (BdS) were about to make a visit.
Dr Schoengarth (taking with him Wilhelm Rosenbaum) had now returned to security duties in Krakow, probably to supervise the oncoming Jewish resettlement in the Generalgouvnement and the re-commissioning of the Sipo-SD School at Bad Rabka. SS Captain Hans Krueger after the initial settling of accounts in Lvov now commanded his own SD unit in Stanislawow where he was engaged in setting standards for Jewish destruction. Krueger co-ordinated mass slaughter of the Jews and supervised rounding-up techniques for deportations to the Belzec death camp and Pieter Menten went his own way.
Dr Schoengarth's zbV final report to Himmler would detail that their Einsatzgruppe could be credited with 17,887 victims up until September 1941, not including the four Pieter Menten massacres in the Stryj Valley.
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Updated 14 Jun 2012 by LA | <urn:uuid:cd955bd1-2936-4b6e-9702-531f0e0405a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Galicia3/gal041.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521041.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518021247-20220518051247-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.979209 | 12,065 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The quality of drinking water in the Netherlands in 2010
De kwaliteit van het drinkwater in Nederland in 2010
26 May 2012, PDF |
40 pages |
Versteegh JFM, Dik HHJ
RIVM Report 703719081
Drinking water in the Netherlands in 2010 was of a good quality. Non-compliance to the standard for good quality drinking water occurred at 16 percent of the treatment plants, none of which represented a threat to public health. These are the main conclusions of the annual report 'The quality of drinking water in the Netherlands in 2010' compiled by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) by order of the Inspectorate of the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment of the Netherlands (VROM). The most important results of the measurement programmes carried out by water supply companies are reproduced in this report. The report concludes that regulations governing the quality of the drinking water were well-observed.
The Inspectorate for VROM is responsible for enforcing the Drinking Water Act, which includes ensuring that the standards set by this Act for the presence of micro-organisms and chemicals are maintained. The Inspectorate is required to report the results of its control activities to both the responsible Minister and the Dutch Parliament. RIVM manages the data and produces the annual report.
The number of drinking water treatment plants with one or more non-compliances (33 = 16%), which fluctuates from year to year, was in 2010 at the same level compared with 2009. A large number of the non-compliances were incidental, involving substances/parameters related to production processes, such as turbidity, iron and manganese. There were no serious implications for public health. There was an incidental non-compliance for only one pesticide at one treatment plant. Indicators for pathogens were not found at drinking water treatment plants. In the networks the indicators were found more frequently. Always the indicators were absent after resampling. The presence of Legionella bacteria in drinking water is tested when the water leaves the treatment plant and in the distribution network. No non-compliance at the treatment plant were found, while in samples taken randomly throughout distribution Legionella bacteria was detected at 28 sites. Contamination can result from standard maintenance/construction activities on the distribution network. In 91 of such cases the inhabitants of nearby houses were advised to boil their drinking water before using it. | <urn:uuid:9aabf16e-3410-4f0d-b2e6-96e790b60b15> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.rivm.nl/en/Documents_and_publications/Scientific/Reports/2012/januari/The_quality_of_drinking_water_in_the_Netherlands_in_2010 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689779.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923213057-20170923233057-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.965219 | 497 | 2.75 | 3 |
System of Cooperation Among the American Air ForcesWikipedia short information
The System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces (Spanish: Sistema de Cooperación entre las Fuerzas Aéreas Americanas, SICOFAA) is an apolitical voluntary international organization among the North and South American air forces.
SICOFAA's mission is to promote and strengthen the bonds of friendship prevalent in the Air Forces of the American Continent, members of the System, as well as to achieve the mutual support among them through their cooperation to act jointly when directed to do so by their respective governments. Critical topics include air operations, human resources, education and training, search and rescue, disasters relief, telecommunications, aerospace medicine, weather, prevention of plane crashes, and scientific research.
System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces (Spanish: Sistema de Cooperación entre las Fuerzas Aéreas Americanas) or SICOFAA. Is based out of Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. SICOFAA started in 1961 as a forum for senior leaders from Air Forces in the Western Hemisphere to discuss military issues and aviation topics. Today, the organization has become more formalized, but has kept to its voluntary and apolitical status while striving to foster friendship and cooperation among American Air Forces through the interchange of experiences, training and education. SICOFAA also develops procedures and plans to facilitate combined actions between air components of member nations.
SICOFAA holds a yearly meeting called the Conference of the American Air Chiefs or CONJEFAMER, this is where air chiefs and representatives from 20 Western Hemisphere member nations meet, ranging from Canada to Argentina. | <urn:uuid:ea8f65bb-387e-4312-a3ce-5981bc65ef3b> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.geo-ref.net/ph/t-sicofaa.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107869785.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020021700-20201020051700-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.927663 | 346 | 2.875 | 3 |
Home / Cultural Services / Anishinaabemowin
Anishinaabemowin and Culture are a vital part of who we are as Anishinaabek. This is our identity and the two cannot be separated. Our Culture and Language have been oral teachings that have been brought down from generations past. It is of utmost importance today that those who are still knowledgeable and those who are presently learning our Language and Culture, must continue on the teachings for generations to come through oral, written, visual aids, necessary so these teachings will continue on.
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|Isadore Toulouse -| | <urn:uuid:005af4e0-12b7-4c42-9996-45c9015fa6f6> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.gtbindians.org/anishinaabemowin.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949598.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331082653-20230331112653-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.878453 | 238 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Novices often have difficulty seeing the forest for the trees. We can help our students see the central ideas by making our learning goals and expectations for them explicit. Documenting our learning goals can also be helpful for students when they are studying.
Example: "By the end of this lecture you should be able to..."
See this and related tips as a Tip Sheet: http://csteachingtips.org/tips-for-lecturing | <urn:uuid:54649703-b4eb-418c-ade0-9d62162f53af> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://csteachingtips.org/tip/make-learning-goals-explicit-help-students-identify-important-ideas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806421.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121170156-20171121190156-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.940349 | 90 | 2.78125 | 3 |
By Maria-Jose Viñas,
NASA’s Earth Science News Team
Earlier this year, Arctic sea ice sank to a record low wintertime extent for the third straight year. Now NASA is flying a set of instruments north of Greenland to observe the impact of the melt season on the Arctic’s oldest and thickest sea ice.
Operation IceBridge, NASA’s airborne survey of polar ice, launched a short campaign on July 17 from Thule Air Base, in northwest Greenland. Weather permitting, the IceBridge scientists are expecting to complete six, 4-hour-long flights focusing on sea ice that has survived at least one summer. This older multiyear ice, once the bulwark of the Arctic sea ice pack, has dramatically thinned and shrunk in extent along with the warming climate: in the mid-1980s, multi-year ice accounted for 70 percent of total winter Arctic sea ice extent; by the end of 2012, this percentage had dropped to less than 20 percent.
“Most of the central Arctic Ocean used to be covered with thick multiyear ice that would not completely melt during the summer and reflect back sunshine,” said Nathan Kurtz, IceBridge’s project scientist and a sea ice researcher at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “But we have now lost most of this old ice and exposed the open ocean below, which absorbs most of the sun’s energy. That’s one reason the Arctic warming has increased nearly twice the global average— when we lose the reflecting cover of the Arctic Ocean, we lose a mechanism to cool the planet.”
The sea ice flights will survey melt ponds, the pools of meltwater on the ice surface that may contribute to the accelerated retreat of sea ice. Last summer, IceBridge carried a short campaign from Barrow, Alaska, to study young sea ice, which tends to be thinner and flatter than multiyear ice and thus has shallower melt ponds on its surface.
“The ice we’re flying over this summer is much more deformed, with a much rougher topography, so the melt ponds that form on it are quite different,” Kurtz said.
IceBridge is also flying a set of tracks to locate areas of sea ice that the mission already flew over in March and April, during its regular springtime campaign, to measure how the ice has melted since then.
“The sea ice can easily have drifted hundreds of miles between the spring and now, so we’re tracking the ice as it’s moving from satellite data,” Kurtz said.
The summer research flights are aboard an HU-25C Guardian Falcon aircraft from NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The plane is carrying a laser instrument that measures changes in ice elevation and a high-resolution camera system to map land ice, as well as two experimental instruments.
IceBridge’s main instrument, the Airborne Topographic Mapper laser altimeter, was recently upgraded to transmit 10,000 pulses every second, over three times more than the previous laser versions and with a shorter pulse than previous generations. The upgrade will allow the mission to measure ice elevation more precisely as well as try out new uses on land ice. During this campaign, IceBridge researchers want to experiment whether the laser is able to measure the depth of the aquamarine lakes of meltwater that form on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the summer. Large meltwater lakes are visible from space, but depth estimates from satellite imagery — and thus the volume of water they contain— have large uncertainties. Those depth estimates are key to calculating how much ice melts on Greenland’s ice sheet surface during the summer.
“Scientists have measured the depth of these lakes directly by collecting data from Zodiacs,” said Michael Studinger, principal investigator for the laser instrument team. “It’s very dangerous to do this, because these lakes can drain without warning and you don’t want to be on a lake collecting data when that happens. Collecting data from an airborne platform is safer and more efficient.”
Researchers have used lasers to map the bottom of the sea in coastal areas, so Studinger is optimistic that the instrument will be able to see the bottom of the meltwater lakes and that possibly IceBridge will expand this new capability in the future. A mission that IceBridge flew on July 19 over a dozen supraglacial lakes in northwest Greenland gathered a set of measurements that Studinger’s team will analyze over the following weeks and months.
The goal of Operation IceBridge is to collect data on changing polar land and sea ice and maintain continuity of measurements between NASA’s Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) missions. The original ICESat mission ended in 2009, and its successor, ICESat-2, is scheduled for launch in the fall of 2018. For more about Operation IceBridge and to follow the summer Arctic sea ice campaign, visit http://www.nasa.gov/icebridge. | <urn:uuid:e37f1a61-e8e5-4774-8f73-e69d9e0671de> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://wattsupwiththat.com/2017/07/30/nasa-flights-gauge-summer-sea-ice-melt-in-the-arctic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813712.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221182824-20180221202824-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.934448 | 1,055 | 3.890625 | 4 |
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