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Rodents not only cause a nuisance by invading your house and stealing your food but also by damaging your ceiling, walls and furniture. In addition to this, they can spread various diseases that can be harmful to humans and pose serious health hazards. They can be very difficult to keep out and since they reproduce really quickly, only a few rodents can lead to a full blown infestation very soon.
A rodent infestation can be very dangerous because rodents contaminate food and cause all kinds of diseases like Plague, Hantavirus, Salmonellosis, Rat-bite fever to name a few. It is therefore very vital that adequate precautions should be taken in and around your house to prevent any infestation, and eliminate any existing rodents.
Some precautions that can be taken to decrease the chances of a rodent infestation are as under:
Sealing up all entryways like holes, gaps, chimney vents and cracks in your house to prevent rodents from coming inside your house.
Secure food in glass or steel containers with air tight lids.
Store firewood away from your house and keep it covered.
Remove all debris near the foundation of your house.
Place traps in and around your house to catch existing rodents.
Ensure all gutters direct water away from the house and eliminate places of moisture build up.
Keep your house clean, ventilated and well lit.
If your house is infected by rodents, clean out urine and droppings and disinfect the entire area.
Maintain a well trimmed garden and keep shrubberies trimmed to reduce presence of rodents in them.
Places like basement and attic should be well ventilated and should always be kept dry.
In case of a rodent infestation, it is always better to call a professional and avail specialized pest control services to completely eliminate the infestation and to prevent spread of diseases. | <urn:uuid:a7df4fc3-9bd8-43b4-b956-2d6c0c22c0e3> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://www.pestcontrolqatar.com/precautions-against-rodents.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991921.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516232554-20210517022554-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.93963 | 378 | 2.671875 | 3 |
January 28, 2013
Laura Kane, News Reporter
A study commissioned by the city predicts heavier rain storms, but less snow in 2040. How will the city adapt its outdated infrastructure?
Toronto must overhaul its aging infrastructure to adapt to dramatic new climate change projections — a process that could cost billions — say some councillors and environmentalists.
But some fear the city is not taking the matter seriously enough, as the chair of the Parks and Environment Committee remains skeptical of the projections.
A study commissioned by the city and set to be discussed Tuesday by the parks committee predicts temperatures about 4.4 degrees warmer and a marked increase in extreme storms by 2040.
“If people are concerned about a crumbling Gardiner, this study makes it look like a teeny, tiny pothole,” said Franz Hartmann of the Toronto Environmental Alliance. “If we’re not paying attention, it will literally be catastrophic.”
The study, called “Toronto’s Future Weather and Climate Driver Study,” foresees Toronto’s climate 30 years in the future as marked by fewer but more intense storms, less snow in the winter and increased heat and humidity in the summer.
Torontonians have already braved three of the worst storms in the city’s recorded history in the past 12 years, and sweltered through the earliest known heat wave on June 19, 2012.
The city’s roads, sewers, storm drains and electrical grids were simply not built to withstand the new climate, said Councillor Gord Perks, a member of the committee.
“If you took Toronto and put it in another part of the world, our infrastructure would be wrong for that weather. This is the same kind of problem,” he said.
He said the study means the city has “billions of dollars of work to do,” including expanding the capacity of sewers and re-engineering green spaces to accommodate ponds of rainwater.
“We’re already experiencing severe weather. . . . We can’t delay doing this work for even one year,” he said.
Councillor Norm Kelly, chair of the committee, said climate change is a “contentious” issue and questioned the modelling process used to make the predictions.
“You know how hard it is to predict the weather for next week, let alone three decades out,” he said. “But let’s assume that they’re correct. Then what the city has to do is take stock of its infrastructure and figure out how to roll out programs of repair and replacement.”
Councillor James Pasternak said the conversation too often devolves into a debate on climate change.
“Building a city that is able to prepare for the worst is really the most prudent thing that city hall can do,” he said. “(Preventative upgrades) cost a lot less than reconstructing entire roadways or sewer systems afterwards.”
Toronto Water — which has the largest infrastructure renewal backlog of urban centres in Canada at $1.6 billion — has launched a study of 34 peak basement flooding areas and already installed new storm drainage in some.
The model projects the impact of current carbon dioxide emissions on the atmosphere and includes the impact of so-called “climate drivers” like Lake Ontario and the polar front jet stream.
“The results are quite dramatic,” Young said. “The extremes are about to change.”
The years 2040-49 were selected because they represent a “time horizon relevant to a number of infrastructure replacement activities,” according to the study. It recommends that climate studies continue over the next three decades.
See the original article at: | <urn:uuid:e5638962-44cb-4875-82af-5d353561c557> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.torontoenvironment.org/toronto_must_overhaul_aging_infrastructure_to_meet_dramatic_climate_change_projections | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815951.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224211727-20180224231727-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.952156 | 787 | 2.75 | 3 |
The cradle of the Danubian church district.
According to the census carried out in 2001 there are 4,056 Reformed people in Croatia, most of them residing in Eastern Slavonia and in the Drava Triangle. The Drava Triangle is a territory formed by the Danube and Drava rivers and the borders of Hungary and Croatia. In the age of the ancient Romans, a road was built here linking Osijek (Mursa) with Buda (Aquincum). Today the remains of the Roman age are still visible. For example, church buildings of Hercegszollos (Knezevi Vinogradi), Csuza (Suza), and Lasko (Lug) were built on the foundations of the Roman watch towers. Also the church at Lasko bears a carved stone engraved with the phrase “To the great and greatest god and the most sacred holliness” similar to the altar to the unknown god mentioned in Acts 17:23. The Roman watch towers (called Castrums in Latin) fell in 409AD when the Huns invaded the region. After the Huns the Hungarians also built their settlements on the hills of the Roman watch towers. The Hungarian villages between Osijek and Kiskoszeg (Batina) are the same distance apart as the Roman watch towers used to be.
At the time of the Reformation, many of the Hungarian students who had graduated from Western European universities started work in this region. One of these graduates, Mihaly Sztarai, arrived in Southern Baranya in 1544 and started serving as a pastor in Lasko. In this time he wrote parts of his apologetic dramas, his own songs and translated Genevian Psalms and other works. According to a letter that he wrote in 1551, he established 120 congregations along the Drava River. Another theologian, Istvan Szegedi Kis, instead of following the Lutheran Reformation like his predicessor Mihaly Sztarai, was a follower of John Calvin. These two were succeed by many more esteemed Hungarian theologians trained at the same Western European universities.
An example of their work is the Synod held on August 16th and 17th of 1576 in Hercegszollos. At this Synod in the presence of teachers and pastors from through out the Danube region the first Canon was passed. The Canon was used in this area and by congregations in Western Hungary. A year after the Synod the Canon was published in Papa, Western Hungary. The Canons strictly defined the church life from the roles of teachers and pastors and their wives to rules governing the whole church body, such as forbiding the parishioners from dancing. It is interesting that church schools and reformed education were not mentioned in the documents. (Perhaps this is due to the fact that the educational roles were obvious at the time.)
In the 16th century the first reformed seminaries appeared in Hungary. The teachers of the schools were recent graduate pastors of these Hungarian seminaries who, after a few years of teaching, continued their studies abroad. In the 16th century there was a seminary in the village of Vorosmart. This seminary was supported by the congregations in the area and nobles in Transylvania, as well as publishing houses. The Transylvania support was not limited to financial aid and printed material. For example, according to a letter written in 1678 a congregation of this region requested a pastor from the seminary in Transylvania.
Due to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire the local primary schools, high schools, and the seminary had to flee further north. But the Canons of Hercegszollos, the teachers and pastors who studied abroad, and the Transylvania nobles set a foundation for the Reformed people in this region that was able to withstand the 150- year Turkish occupation.
Outside of the Danubian Church District
By the end of the 18th century, rich congregations were living in this region of Hungary that, due to growing congregations, needed to expand their buildings. The wealth was the result of the congregations’ Calvinistic attitude. The Protestant work ethic helped the congregation meet new challenges. For instance, many of the congregations opened small businesses dealing with salt, wood, wine and fish. There was another aspect that aided prosperity but foreshadowed a dark future. During this time period Reformed communities purposely chose to have only child per family so that their land, when inherited, would not be divided. This fragile prosperity did not last long. After losing World War I, Hungary lost almost two-thirds of its territories to its neighboring countries. The Reformed people of Southern Baranya were cut off from the Daubian church district that was born in 1576 at the Synod of Hercegszollos. This disassembling of the country also fractured the fruitful relationships of Reformed people throughout the former territory of Hungary. Even the most basic relationships dissolved because it was impossible to maintain any lines of communication.
With Vojvodina Reformed population, all together 50,000 Reformed people became members of the Serb-Croat-Slovene (SCS) Kingdom. It took a decade to establish the Reformed Christian Church in Yugoslavia, for during this time no type of autonomy was tolerated in the SCS Kingdom. The only denomination recognized by the State was the Serbian Orthodox church and any kind of independent church was incomprehensible to the leaders of the State. The church life until 1930 was organized by the old Danubian statute. Only in 1930 with the so-called Protestant law did it become possible to legally organize a church. The Constitutional Synod of the Reformed Christian Church in Yugoslavia was held on July 17, 1930 with the delegates of 58 congregations in attendence. According to the new constitution Bishop Sandor Agoston was elected in 1933. In the “new” church the congregations of the former Southern Baranya Deaconate were called Baranya-Slavonia Deaconate. After WWII due to the nation’s high living standards and the States financial support the pastors were realitively well-off.
During Tito’s regime it was possible to form relationships with the foreign Protestant and Neo Protestant churches and several international church organizations (WARC, WCC, and Ecumenical aid relief organizations from Switzerland and Germany). It was Sandor Agoston who was the link between the Western and the Yugoslavian church leaders. Therefore the Reformed Bishop was the most well-known church leader of Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 1970s. But the situation was not positive by all means. For instance there was no Reformed seminary in the country so one way to become a pastor was to study in Budapest or in Debrecen. The other and more popular way was to be trained by an older and more experienced pastor. So the pastors and lay pastors were serving simultaneously.
Meanwhile the number of the Reformed people in the Baranya Triangle and Eastern Slavania were decreasing. The church buildings that were expanded in the 19th Century now became to large for the congregations’ use. Many of the congregations were too small to warrant a full time pastor. Those who graduated in Western Universities, in spite of their Reformed ancestory, did not return. Laborers also left to seek work in Western Europe as guest workers and most of them ended up in Western Europe, Australia, and the United States. Adding to the loss of WWII and forced resettlements, another aspect accelerated the decrease of the Reformed population: the relatively liberal minority policy of the State.
After the outbreak of the war between Croatia and Serbia, maintaining the relationships with Reformed people in this region became difficult once more. Slowly it became obvious that the war would not end quickly and there was no hope for reuniting the Reformed population the the region. Adding to the pain of this further division was the Serb occupation. During this period of time the church of Bellye burned down (the restoration has still not been completed). The Serbs also tried to burn down the church of Mihaly Sztarai in Alasko (a restored pipe organ was dedicated in the fall of 2003). During this time when the churches of Szentlaszlo (Laslovo) and Korogy (Korod) were completely destroyed. The former church’s restoration has not yet been finished but the latter’s is open for the public in its restored original form. There are countless other examples of physical and spiritual destruction.
Also during this time, many pastors had to leave along with their parishioners. A price was put on Pastor Janos Kettos’ head, causing him to decide to follow the majority of his village to Hungary. There were only two pastors who stayed behind: Lajos Csati-Szabo, pastor in Lasko, and Janos Hajek Sr., dean in Karancs.
Relationships among Reformed people became impossible with those in Serbia as well as those in Hungary. After the Serb occupation of Baranya, a new country was established, the Serbian Republic of Krajina. This way the Serbian establishment could claim that they did not take over this land, but that the Serbs already living there liberated themselves. However, the only country acknowledging this new republic was Yugoslavia. The borders surrounding Krajina were closed in all directions except to Yugoslavians.
Beginning 1993, the Yugoslavian War lasted in this area for one and a half years. The Reformed people living in the free territory of Croatia were separated from the center of the church body. The unity of the Reformed Chruch in Yugoslavia had clearly come to an end. These Reformed pastors, curators, elders and refugees from Hungary gathered on January 30, 1993 in Osijek-Retfalu in order to share their ideas and visions for the church. They agreed that Endre Langh, a lay pastor, should act as the church’s temporary leader because he was the oldest among his associates. A decision was made that Langh would call together the Consitutional Synod in the next two years and prepare a new constitution and bylaws. They also decided then that the congregations in the territory of Croatia would establish a new church called the Reformed Christian Church in Croatia. This was the first synodical meeting of the Reformed people in Croatia.
When the Reformed refugees returned to Croatia in 1995, they were faced with harsh circumstances: their houses were either looted or destroyed, the infrastructure was completely devastated. During the war, many houses were abandoned and were subsequently occupied by ethic Serb refugees The United Nations peace agreement allowed the ethnic Serb population to remain in the homes they were occupying. Later these houses were abandoned and found completely robbed and damaged.
(For further information please write to: email@example.com) | <urn:uuid:50ece636-dc95-4a40-b3db-749d0cd95743> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.reformatus.hr/uncategorized/an-introduction-to-the-hungarian-reformed-christian-church-in-croatia-i/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572934.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916200355-20190916222355-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.982597 | 2,260 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Common Misconceptions About Dental Cavities
There are very few people who can say they’ve never had a dental cavity. In fact, around 90% of the human population will have at least one cavity during their life. Even if you’ve had dental cavities in the past, you may not know how cavities develop, how dentists treat them, and how to avoid dental cavities altogether.
Misconceptions About Dental Cavities
Below are a few of the most common myths and misconceptions regarding dental cavities and the truth behind them:
- Cavities will start to hurt right away – This is a myth; in reality, the early stages of dental cavities are painless and may have no symptoms at all. This is why regular dental checkups are so important, as your dentist can catch a cavity before you even know it’s there. If you wait until you feel pain, the dental cavity has reached the pulp of the tooth, which can cause an infection.
- Sensitive teeth point to a dental cavity – One of the many reasons for tooth sensitivity may be a dental cavity, but there are a variety of reasons for tooth sensitivity. These can include brushing too hard, the use of tooth whitening products, or even gum recession.
- Kids get more dental cavities than adults – There has actually been a decrease in childhood dental cavities, which probably has a lot to do with fluoridated water and better pediatric dental treatment. Many adults can develop dental cavities as a result of poor dental hygiene or even medication that causes dry mouth.
- Baby teeth cavities can be ignored – Lastly, even though baby teeth do eventually fall out, it’s still vitally important that baby teeth with cavities be treated. Not only to protect the structure of your child’s mouth but also to save your child the pain of an untreated dental cavity that can progress into something worse.
If a dental cavity goes untreated for long enough, it could worsen and lead to a tooth infection or gum disease. If you’re concerned about your gum health and would like to make an appointment here at Coastal Periodontics, please contact our Portsmouth, New Hampshire periodontics office today. | <urn:uuid:b083490b-885b-48a8-a680-f15eb7892c6c> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://coastalperiosurgery.com/blog/common-misconceptions-about-dental-cavities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103941562.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701125452-20220701155452-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.958786 | 457 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|PDH Online Course Description||PDH Units/
Learning Units (Hours)
Conrad G. Leszkiewicz, PhD, PE, PG
The dominant application of groundwater engineering is the provision of water supplies for municipalities, agriculture, and industries. Groundwater is the earth’s most abundant available fresh water source, exceeding that in all of the fresh water surface bodies on earth. With increasing demands for water from growing world populations, agriculture, and industry, as well as growing intermittent, if not long-term, shortages of surface water due to droughts, groundwater is becoming an even more important source of fresh water for society. This 10-hour course is the third part of a three-part series that will provide the essential tools necessary for effective groundwater engineering for the development of water supplies. It will introduce the reader to the fundamentals of water well drilling, construction methods, well design and well acceptance tests, specific capacity of the well(s), well field design, natural and anthropogenic impacts to water quality, potential problems to be expected during operation, and methods for mitigation. It will also provide basic information on well protection and operation.
This course includes a multiple-choice quiz at the end, which is designed to enhance the understanding of the course materials.
NY PE & PLS: You must choose courses that are technical in nature or related to matters of laws and ethics contributing to the health and welfare of the public. NY Board does not accept courses related to office management, risk management, leadership, marketing, accounting, financial planning, real estate, and basic CAD. Specific course topics that are on the borderline and are not acceptable by the NY Board have been noted under the course description on our website. | <urn:uuid:3ee16a25-bc63-4beb-94ae-0ea5e3c50776> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.pdhonline.com/cgi-bin/quiz/courses/courselist.cgi?class_name=c693 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587606.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024204628-20211024234628-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.92822 | 350 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Sienna is a form of limonite clay most famous in the production of oil paint pigments. Its yellow-brown colour comes from ferric oxides contained within. As a natural pigment, it (along with its chemical cousins ochre and umber) was one of the first pigments to be used by humans, and is found in many cave paintings.
Sienna, in and of itself, is sometimes referred to as "raw sienna", in order to differentiate it from "burnt sienna", which is a more common pigment than the raw form. The difference is in the process applied to burnt sienna, which is raw sienna heated to remove the water from the clay and redden its brownish colour.
The name derives from the most notable Renaissance location for the earth, Siena, Italy, and is short for terra di Siena, "earth of Siena". The mines used to produce this sienna petered out in the 1940s. Much of today's sienna production is still carried out in the Italian islands of Sardinia and Sicily, while other major deposits are found in the Appalachian Mountains, where it often goes hand-in-hand with the region's iron deposits. | <urn:uuid:b1da18de-427b-47bf-9a0d-77bca6220cbe> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.reference.com/browse/sienna | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115857200.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161057-00050-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965484 | 251 | 3.390625 | 3 |
WHEREAS, several states have already passed legislation aimed at reducing injuries and fatalities to children as they board or depart from school buses that are stopped with their lights flashing and stop sign extended.
WHEREAS, national statistics compiled since 1970 by the Kansas Department of Education show that nationally an average of 11 students have died each year for the past 41 years because motorists have failed to stop and yield to students entering or leaving school buses.
WHEREAS, children riding school buses are most vulnerable to be killed or injured when exiting or boarding the bus.
WHEREAS, in a single day, 76,600 vehicles in 28 states passed school buses illegally, while the buses were stopped, flashing their stop lights and displaying their stop signs, according to a 2011 survey by the National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services (NASDPTS).
WHEREAS, the NASDPTS estimates 13 million vehicles pass school buses illegally in a typical 180-day school year, putting children in serious danger.
WHEREAS, the National Association of Pupil Transportation finds the illegal passing of stopped school buses unnecessarily exposes our children to the risk of injury and death, and that it must be eliminated through standardized penalties, simpler enforcement and penalties, and great public education efforts.
WHEREAS, a NHTSA survey found 82% of drivers agree automated photo enforcement would be a “good idea” to identify vehicles that illegally pass school buses.
WHEREAS, school bus safety cameras enable bus drivers to focus on the road and on children to secure their safety rather than monitoring the actions of reckless drivers.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the U.S. Conference of Mayors strongly supports the use of school bus safety cameras to help reduce the number of vehicles that pass school buses illegally.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Conference of Mayors pledges to provide information to Mayors and Legislators about the benefits of these lifesaving devices.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Conference of Mayors support safe, efficient and innovative solutions to traffic law enforcement for the safety of all road users, especially children.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Conference of Mayors encourages Mayors and other elected officials to consider all options when addressing the issue of vehicles that pass school buses illegally, including education and enforcement. | <urn:uuid:d25edad6-8dc9-4953-a647-4b415b1458fc> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.usmayors.org/resolutions/80th_Conference/chhs12.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00097-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952892 | 484 | 2.609375 | 3 |
One of the most common chronic conditions among people over the age of 50 is osteoarthritis, which is a progressive degenerative condition that worsens over time due to destructive thinning of the cartilage. This leads to pain and dysfunction, including strength, range-of-motion and functional deficits. Common treatments include exercise, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and heat/ice. However, once all of the cartilage is lost, these treatments are ineffective and more intensive options need to be explored. Total joint replacement has become a routine treatment, and the two most common joints to undergo the procedure are the hips and knees. According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, osteoarthritis is the leading cause of knee replacement and 90% of patients report a significant improvement in symptoms following the procedure.
In 2010, approximately 2.5 million people were living with total hip arthroplasties (THA) and 4.7 million people with total knee replacements (TKR) in the U.S. (Kremers, 2015). Currently, more than 700,000 total knee replacement surgeries take place annually and that number is expected to increase significantly to 3.5 million annually by the year 2030. Given the continued increase in the number of people undergoing joint replacement surgery, as a health and exercise professional it is essential that you have the knowledge and skills to be able to work with these clients, both before and after their procedures. This article summarizes the rehabilitative process and exercise recommendations for these clients.
The Rehabilitative Process
Acute post-operative physical therapy often starts the day after surgery to start working on improving range of motion, basic strengthening, gait training and stair climbing. The typical hospital stay is only about four days unless there are complications. Once released from the hospital, a patient may receive some home therapy before being referred to an outpatient clinic. During outpatient therapy, the main focus is to maximize strength, range of motion and functional mobility (including gait and balance). Although exercises after TKR will be more “knee dominant” and exercises after THA will be more “hip dominant,” each of these programs will include knee and hip exercises as they are both important in the kinetic chain to restore functional movement.
Immediately after THA and early in the rehabilitative process (60-90 days typically), the patient will likely be instructed to avoid hip flexion past 90 degrees, crossing the operated leg over the other, and walking pigeon-toed (internal hip rotation). Recovery time is similar for both procedures and it typically takes about two to three months post-surgery to return to a “normal” level of functioning. During therapy, the patient will be asked to perform a home exercise program to maximize his or her recovery progress and it is important that the program is adhered to for best results.
Exercises for THA and TKR
When working with a client who is still undergoing the rehabilitative process or who has just been released, it is important to directly communicate with his or her physical therapist to obtain input regarding what types of exercises to include or avoid in the client’s program. Ask your clients if they have been given a home exercise routine by their physical therapist upon discharge, as this can also be useful information in developing their new program. Exercise at this stage may include a mix of exercises to target the individual muscle groups (e.g., hamstrings, glutes, quads, calves) and more functional or whole-body patterns such as squats, deadlifts and lunges. Balance work may also be a continued component.
In most cases, clients who have undergone joint replacement surgery will have few long-term exercise limitations and their function should improve dramatically because they will no longer be experiencing the pain and discomfort of an osteoarthritic joint. However, if an individual has lived with a painful hip or knee for many years, he or she will have likely developed dysfunctional movement compensations that will need to be addressed. Therefore, these clients should be screened to identify their deficits. Other assessments for strength, gait and balance may also be incorporated, depending on the client’s age and ability level.
Ultimately, it is important to progress these clients to loaded movement patterns. Unilateral lower-body exercises such as step-ups, single-leg stands and forward lunges can reveal deficits in one limb compared to the other, while three-dimensional movements such as clock/matrix lunges, ViPR flow routines and even farmer’s walks can facilitate “linkages” in the kinetic chain. Dynamic balance and agility training, such as agility ladders or obstacle courses, may be incorporated to continue to challenge proprioception and coordination.
If full motion (0-110 degrees) has not been achieved after TKR, range-of-motion exercises should also be included. It may also be necessary to refer the client back to physical therapy for additional considerations, such as aggressive physical therapy, manipulation under anesthesia, surgical removal of scar tissue or even revision knee replacement (only about 1-2% need a revision). Some patients may report noises such as clicking or popping when bending the knee. This is typically not a concern unless there is pain associated with the noise.
As a health and exercise professional, don’t be scared off by potential clients who have undergone total joint replacement surgeries; instead, take the time to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to address the challenges these clients may face. By understanding the rehabilitative process and communicating with therapists, you can help these clients achieve an even higher level of health, function and fitness through proper exercise programming and supervision. | <urn:uuid:d44c1288-60cd-4ced-8711-51ec6fa5cb70> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.acefitness.org/education-and-resources/professional/expert-articles/7117/exercise-limitations-after-knee-and-other-joint-replacements/?authorScope=111 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488262046.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621025359-20210621055359-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.957629 | 1,159 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Aung San, father of Aung San Suu Kyi, is our father
or the Founding Father of Burma/Myanmar
General Bogyoke Aung San (Burmese: ; MLCTS: buil hkyup aung hcan:; IPA: [bòʊdʒoʊʔ àʊn sʰán]); February 13, 1915 – July 19, 1947) was a Burmese revolutionary, nationalist, and founder of the modern Burmese army, the Tatmadaw.
He was instrumental in bringing about Burma’s independence from British colonial rule, but was assassinated six months before its final achievement. He is recognized as the leading architect of independence, and the founder of the Union of Burma. Affectionately known as “Bogyoke” (General), Aung San is still widely admired by the Burmese people, and his name is still invoked in Burmese politics to this day.
Aung San is the father of Nobel Peace laureate and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi who has been under house arrest for the past 18 years. She began her 19th year on May 17, 2009.
Aung San was born to U Pha, a lawyer, and his wife Daw Suu in Natmauk, Magwe district, in central Burma in 1915. His family was already well known in the Burmese resistance movement; his great uncle Bo Min Yaung fought against the British annexation of Burma in 1886.
Aung San received his primary education at a Buddhist monastic school in Natmauk, and secondary education at Yenangyaung High School. He went to Rangoon University and received a B.A. degree in English Literature, Modern History, and Political Science in 1938.
Names of Aung San
- Name at birth: Htain Lin
- As student leader and a thakin: Aung San
- Nom de guerre: Bo Tayza
- Japanese Name: Omoda Monchi
- Chinese Name: Tan Lu Sho
- Resistance period code name: U Naung Cho
- Contact code name with General Ne Win: Ko Set Pe.
Struggle for independence
After Aung San entered Rangoon University in 1933, he quickly became a student leader. He was elected to the executive committee of the Rangoon University Students’ Union (RUSU). He then became editor of their magazine Oway (Peacock’s Call).
In February 1936, he was threatened with expulsion from the university, along with U Nu, for refusing to reveal the name of the author of the article Hell Hound At Large, which criticized a senior University official. This led to the Second University Students’ Strike, and the university authorities subsequently retracted their expulsion orders. In 1938, Aung San was elected president of both the RUSU and the All-Burma Students Union (ABSU) formed after the strike spread to Mandalay. In the same year, the government appointed him as a student representative on the Rangoon University Act Amendment Committee.
In October 1938, Aung San left his law classes and entered national politics. At this point, he was anti-British, and staunchly anti-imperialist. He became a Thakin (lord or master — a politically motivated title that proclaimed that the Burmese people were the true masters of their country, not the colonial rulers who had usurped the title for their exclusive use) when he joined the Dobama Asiayone (Our Burma Union), and acted as their general secretary until August 1940. While in this role, he helped organize a series of countrywide strikes that became known as Htaung thoun ya byei ayeidawbon (the ‘1300 Revolution’, named after the Burmese calendar year).
He also helped found another nationalist organization, Bama-htwet-yat Gaing (the Freedom Bloc), by forming an alliance between the Dobama, the ABSU, politically active monks and Dr Ba Maw’s Sinyètha (Poor Man’s) Party, and became its general secretary. What remains relatively unknown is the fact that he also became a founder member and first secretary-general of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) in August 1939. Shortly afterwards he co-founded the People’s Revolutionary Party, renamed the Socialist Party after the Second World War. In March 1940, he attended the Indian National Congress Assembly in Ramgarh, India. However, the government issued a warrant for his arrest due to Thakin attempts to organize a revolt against the British, and he had to flee Burma. He went first to China, seeking assistance from the communist Chinese(China was still under nationalist government during WWII), but he was intercepted by the Japanese military occupiers in Amoy, and was convinced by them to go to Japan instead.
World War II period
Whilst in Japan, the Blue Print for a Free Burma was drafted which has been widely, but mistakenly, attributed to Aung San. In February 1941, Aung San returned to Burma, with an offer of arms and financial support from the Fumimaro Konoe government. He returned briefly to Japan to receive more military training, along with the first batch of young revolutionaries who came to be known as the Thirty Comrades. On 26 December, 1941, with the help of the Minami Kikan, a secret intelligence unit formed to close the Burma Road and to support a national uprising and headed by Colonel Suzuki, he founded the Burma Independence Army (BIA) in Bangkok, Thailand (under Japanese occupation at the time).
The capital of Burma, Rangoon, fell to the Japanese in March 1942 (as part of the Burma Campaign in World War II). The BIA formed an administration for the country under Thakin Tun Oke that operated in parallel with the Japanese military administration until the Japanese disbanded it. In July, the disbanded BIA was re-formed as the Burma Defense Army (BDA). Aung San was made a colonel and put in charge of the force. He was later invited to Japan, and was presented with the Order of the Rising Sun by the Emperor.
On August 1, 1943, the Japanese declared Burma to be an independent nation. Aung San was appointed War Minister, and the army was again renamed, this time as the Burma National Army (BNA). Aung San became skeptical of their promises of true independence and their ability to win the war. He made plans to organize an uprising in Burma and made contact with the British authorities in India, in cooperation with Communist leaders Thakin Than Tun and Thakin Soe. On March 27, 1945, he led the BNA in a revolt against the Japanese occupiers and helped the Allies defeat the Japanese. March 27 came to be commemorated as ‘Resistance Day’ until the military regime later renamed it ‘Tatmadaw (Armed Forces) Day’.
Post-World War II
After the return of the British who had established a military administration, the Anti-Fascist Organisation (AFO), formed in August 1944, was transformed into a united front, comprising the BNA, the Communists and the Socialists, and renamed the Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL). The Burma National Army was renamed the Patriotic Burmese Forces (PBF), and then gradually disarmed by the British as the Japanese were driven out of various parts of the country. The Patriotic Burmese Forces, while disbanded, were offered positions in the Burma Army under British command according to the Kandy conference agreement with Lord Mountbatten in Ceylon in September 1945. Aung San was offered the rank of Deputy Inspector General of the Burma Army, but he declined it in favor of becoming a civilian political leader and the military leader of the Pyithu yèbaw tat (People’s Volunteer Organisation or PVO).
In January 1946, Aung San became the President of the AFPFL following the return of civil government to Burma the previous October. In September, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Burma by the new British Governor Sir Hubert Rance, and was made responsible for defence and external affairs. Rance and Mountbatten took a very different view from the former British Governor Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, and also Winston Churchill who had called Aung San a ‘traitor rebel leader’. A rift had already developed inside the AFPFL between the Communists and Aung San leading the nationalists and Socialists, which came to a head when Aung San and others accepted seats on the Executive Council, culminating in the expulsion of Thakin Than Tun and the CPB from the AFPFL.
Aung San was to all intents and purposes Prime Minister, although he was still subject to a British veto. On January 27, 1947, Aung San and the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee signed an agreement in London guaranteeing Burma’s independence within a year – he had been responsible for its negotiation. During the stopover in Delhi at a press conference, he stated that the Burmese wanted ‘complete independence’ not dominion status and that they had ‘no inhibitions of any kind’ about ‘contemplating a violent or non-violent struggle or both’ in order to achieve this, and concluded that he hoped for the best but he was prepared for the worst. He is also believed to have been responsible, in part, for the persecution of the Karen people on account of their loyalty to the British and having fought the Japanese and the BIA. Dorman-Smith had in fact rejected a request for an AFPFL delegation to visit London and tried to bring Aung San to trial for his role in the murder of a village headman in 1942.
Two weeks later, on February 12, 1947, Aung San signed an agreement at the Panglong Conference, with leaders from other national groups, expressing solidarity and support for a united Burma. In April, the AFPFL won 196 out of 202 seats in the election for a Constituent Assembly. In July, Aung San convened a series of conferences at Sorrenta Villa in Rangoon to discuss the rehabilitation of Burma.
On 19 July, 1947, around 10:37 AM, a gang of armed paramilitaries broke into the Secretariat Building in downtown Yangon during a meeting of the Executive Council (the shadow government established by the British in preparation for the transfer of power) and assassinated Aung San and six of his cabinet ministers, including his older brother Ba Win, father of Sein Win who is leader of the government-in-exile, the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB). A cabinet secretary and a bodyguard were also killed. The assassination was supposedly carried out on the orders of U Saw, a rival politician and former prime minister, who was subsequently tried and hanged.
However there are aspects of U Saw’s trial that give rise to doubt.
While he was War Minister in 1942, Aung San met and married Khin Kyi, and around the same time her sister met and married Thakin Than Tun, the Communist leader. Aung San and Khin Kyi had three children. Their youngest daughter, Aung San Suu Kyi, is a Nobel Peace Prize laureate and leader of the Burmese Opposition, the National League for Democracy (NLD), and held under house arrest by the military regime. Their second son, Aung San Lin, died at age eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake in the grounds of the house. The eldest, Aung San Oo, is an engineer working in the United States and has disagreed with his sister’s political activities. Daw Khin Kyi died on December 27, 1988.
Aung San’s name had been invoked by successive Burmese governments since independence until the military regime in the 1990s tried to eradicate all traces of Aung San’s memory. Nevertheless, several statues of him adorn the former capital Yangon, and his portrait still has pride of place in many homes and offices throughout the country. Scott Market, Yangon’s most famous, was renamed Bogyoke Market in his memory, and Commissioner Road was retitled Bogyoke Aung San Road after independence. These names have been retained. Many towns and cities in Burma have thoroughfares and parks named after him. His portrait was held up everywhere during the 8888 Uprising and used as a rallying point. Following the 1988 Uprising, the government redesigned the national currency, the kyat, removing his picture and replacing it with scenes of Burmese life. He was only 32 when he died. A martyrs’ mausoleum was built at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda, and 19 July was designated Martyr’s Day (Azani nei), a public holiday. His place in history as the Father of Burmese Independence and a national hero is assured both from his own legacy and due to the activities of his daughter.
His literary work entitled “Burma’s Challenge” was a hit among other publications.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | <urn:uuid:397b33cc-2f3c-4730-993b-3e865ce63999> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://sanooaung.wordpress.com/2009/06/21/aung-san-father-of-aung-san-suu-kyi-is-our-father-or-the-founding-father-of-burmamyanmar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917127681.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031207-00330-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980399 | 2,758 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Bidi smoking and delivery of tobacco derived toxins
Wallace Pickworth, PhD and Jennifer Malson, M.S. Battelle CPHRE, 6115 Falls Rd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21209
Bidis are hand-rolled cigarettes produced in India. Although the rural population of India for generations has smoked bidis, highly flavored varieties have been recently exported to the United States. Epidemiological data from adolescent samples in the USA suggests that bidi use is growing especially among urban teens. US teens regard bidi smoking safer than conventional cigarettes, they are also attracted to their flavor, trendy look and low cost. In spite of their use prevalence, relatively little is known about the delivery of nicotine, carbon monoxide (CO) and other components of smoke from bidis. In this presentation the results of two small-sample within subject laboratory experiments are presented. In each study paid research volunteers smoked bidi cigarettes and conventional cigarettes. Bidis took longer to smoke (355 sec) and required more puffs (14 puffs) than conventional cigarettes (298 sec, 10 puffs). Furthermore, they delivered equal or greater amounts of nicotine than conventional cigarettes. Inhalation of the smoke from bidi caused substantial increases in exhaled carbon monoxide and immediately increased heart rate. These data indicate that despite their small size and attractive flavoring bidis have the potential to deliver significant and harmful concentrations of nicotine and other smoke-borne toxins. The plasma nicotine level from bidi smoking is more than ample to initiate and/or sustain tobacco dependence. Contrary to the beliefs of their teenage consumers, bidis are not a safe alternative to conventional cigarettes. | <urn:uuid:6e2e1429-003e-41a8-809d-d81815876091> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://2006.confex.com/uicc/wctoh/techprogram/P5422.HTM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802766292.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075246-00164-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925866 | 333 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The personal computer industry suffers from several factors that have combined to keep profits low. Firstly, PC manufacturers are continuously locked with one another in a series of price wars. Consumer demand is high and, in order to meet this increased demand, firms have saturated the market. Such saturation coupled with the reduction of prices on a regular basis has created an elastic product demand whereby price cuts on one model will force rival makers to make similar cuts before major profits can be made.
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Dell is an example of an organization that has successfully propelled their business forward by modifying their business to suit the industry within which they operate. An analysis of Porter’s Five Forces model reveals that the PC industry is highly competitive, as characterized by low barriers to entry, high availability of substitutes and high buyer and supplier power.
Dell, however, have managed to retain competitive within this industry and have successfully gained market share from a number of their competitors. An analysis of Dell’s performance within the four forces that contribute to the competitiveness of a market; threat of substitutes, buyer power, supplier power and potential threat of new entrants, can provide an insight into how they have gained such market share within the midst of such competitive forces and proves that Dell’s business strategies have been successfully in meeting the demands of the industry.
Supplier power is determined by how concentrated the supplier industry is and how many customers are available within the market to whom they sell. Supplier power within the IT industry is high; there are few suppliers of some of the key components yet the buyer base is perse. Suppliers thus have the power to influence prices. Dell have successfully dealt with this in a number of ways. Perhaps the most significant area within which Dell have gained competitive advantage has been through their ability to maintain power within their relationship with their suppliers through selecting a strategic partners and developing very close working relationships with them.
Such relationships have allowed them to develop a value chain that aligns their operating strategy, resources and manufacturing capabilities with the customer needs and expectations. Dell’s relationships with their suppliers have allowed them to be on an inside track with technological developments. They are a preferred buyer for many suppliers as they have the ability to get technological developments to the marketplace faster than their competitors because of the supply chain process they have developed.
Although substitute products compete with less intensity than primary competitors they are relevant as they can influence the profitability of a market. The availability of substitutes within the PC market has been dependent upon three main factors; prices, comparable or better products and the cost of switching. One of the ways in which Dell have a significant competitive advantage in this area is through their direct to consumer model. By selling direct they have eradicated the need for retailers, agents and distributors.
Each of these functions traditionally increases the cost of the final product to the customer. By removing the requirement for “middle men” Dell have gained a reduction in channel costs from 15% to 2.5% thus enabling them to offer their products at a lower price than their competitors whilst still retaining a profit themselves. Dealing direct with their customer base has also allowed Dell to customize their product and thus produces products that are tailored to customer needs in a way that is not available elsewhere on the market.
The potential threat of new competitors considers how likely new manufacturers and suppliers are likely to enter a market and thus considers the likely competitive intensity and profitability in the future. Potential entry of new competitors within the PC industry has been of significance with regards to technological developments and available innovations. Advances in PC technology have been introduced with an exponentially growing regularity. A particular PC with “top-of-the-line” components does not remain state of the art for very long and will subsequently decreases in price.
Furthermore, PC manufacturers suffer from the dominance of “partners” who manufacture important components of PCs. Firms such as Microsoft and Intel operate virtual monopolies in the areas of operating systems and microprocessors respectively. Without real competition in these areas, firms were able to keep prices of these components relatively high; due the aforementioned competition, the PC makers aren’t really able to pass on the costs to the consumer and this cut deep into margins. Again Dell’s cost advantage has allowed them to be successful within this area.
Through adopting a built-to-order mechanism they have been able to respond quickly to market changes and to new entrants onto the market. With low inventories of raw materials, Dell is able to adjust prices inline with the market extremely quickly and can therefore sustain levels of profitability. They can also match the value offerings of their competitors at an extremely quick rate.
Buyer power measures the level at which the buyers can force prices down or demand more services. The buyer power within the IT industry is high. Buyers have a number of sources from which to choose their products and they are therefore highly price sensitive. In addition to the cost and price advantages that have already been described within this paper Dell have developed a sophisticated customer segmentation strategy that groups customers according to their needs and then mirrors this structure within their own organization. The segmentation adopted allows them to meet customer requirements more efficiently and target sales activities appropriately, thus boosting revenue and profitability.
Within the customer segmentation Dell places heavy emphasis on large customers and attempts, where possible, to implement long term contracts and agreements this removes the buyer power as a threat in a medium basis. In addition to this Dell operates a highly effective sales force that is responsible for both the acquisition and retention of the customer base. By focusing on customer loyalty as well as making a sale, the personnel in these departments are more likely to ensure they made the right sale; if the customers are happy with the product and it meets their needs they will come back for more!
Not only does this increased in sales positively impact profitability it also lowers acquisition costs and, this too, has a positive impact on the bottom line. Beyond the sales process, Dell operates an effective after sales service that was, at the time of the Harvard case, ranked 1st for overall service support (exhibit 8) with 90% of customer problems being resolved over the telephone. This has a positive impact on profits through the retention of customers and increased repeat purchases.
Through analyzing the force forces that contribute to competitive rivalry within the PC industry we can see that Dell have created a value proposition that provides them with a number of competitive advantages. These advantages have created an organization structure and operation that would be costly to imitate and one that has allowed them to stay on top of the PC market for the last few years.
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- Porter, Jan W. RivkinMichael E. “Matching Dell.” Harvard Business Review - Ideas and Advice for Leaders
- Tinnacher, Bastian. Case Study: Matching Dell. Place of Publication Not Identified, Grin Verlag, 2013. | <urn:uuid:364192a9-37b7-4b3c-96bf-5aa904d45e30> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://essaylab.com/blog/matching_dell_a_five_force_analysis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986666959.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016090425-20191016113925-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.969153 | 1,424 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Imagine that you are pregnant and you do not want to be.
The Hyde Amendment blocks people from using Medicaid to pay for abortions, making access to care inaccessible. People affected by Hyde have to overcome enormous barriers to obtain abortions. For someone living in poverty, the cost of an abortion can be insurmountable, and they may put off paying bills, sell belongings, and even put themselves in dangerous situations to come up with the money. No one should be denied access to health care just because they're poor.
We have a chance to shift the narrative. We can talk about the barriers to abortion access, and we can also talk about the people who are pushing through those barriers everyday. The birds were designed to honor their experiences and resistance.
Learn more about the history of the Hyde Amendment by visiting the National Network of Abortion Funds. | <urn:uuid:be9291d6-355a-44eb-a2b8-476f8ff01993> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.repealhydeartproject.org/hyde-amendment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590199.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718135047-20180718155047-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.973243 | 169 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Translation of Optical Measurements into particle Content, Aggregation & Transfer
Sinking particles transport organic carbon to the deep sea, where they form the base of life. The magnitude of particle export and the rate at which particles are consumed determine carbon sequestration in the oceans, and directly influence atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and global climate. Traditionally, sinking particles have been collected using sediment traps. However, the limited spatial and temporal coverage of sediment traps have led to new technologies that focus on optical measurements to allow the collection of large data sets describing both frequencies and types of sinking particles. These can be used from ships or installed on remote platforms, promising greater spatial and temporal coverage. Yet, whilst technologies to image particles have advanced greatly during the last two decades, techniques to analyze the often immense data sets have not. One short-coming is the translation of optical particle properties (e.g. the image) into particle characteristics such as carbon content and sinking speed. Moreover, different devices often measure different optical properties, leading to difficulties in comparing results. This working group aims to bring together experts in observation, experimentation, theoretical modelling, and data analyses to systematically improve the process of converting in-situ particle measurements to global export estimates. Final outcomes will include publications detailing intermediate steps and a framework outlining the most efficient way of converting large volumes of particle measurements into export estimates. The output of this working group should have high impact on future ocean research by enabling efficient use of the rapidly developing field of optical sensors.
Terms of reference
The working group will focus on the use of optical instruments to size and otherwise characterize particles, thereby facilitating their use to characterize organism concentrations and distributions, particle flux and export, and the interactions between particle and organisms. It aims specifically to
- Review current devices that optically measure particles, and document the capabilities and limitations of each device.
- Make vocabularies more transparent and interoperable using international standards.
- Define key parameters for interpretation of optical information, and recommend which optical measurements are useful for characterizing particle type, interactions and export.
- Evaluate various techniques and algorithms for the conversion of optical observation into particle type, size, concentration, mass, composition, and fluxes, and recommend ways of improving our understanding of the relationships between these properties.
- Promote sharing of software examples and codes, placed on a public repository.
- Improve the visibility and usage of data by hosting an inventory of published datasets.
We are funded by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research.
Sari Giering (Researcher at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK)
Sari is a marine biogeochemist with research focus in carbon export, zooplankton ecology and particle dynamics. She uses a combination of field measurements, models and data synthesis to better constrain the ocean carbon cycle. She is the chair of TOMCAT, so please feel free to get in touch about TOMCAT!
Klas Ove Möller (Researcher at HZG, Institute of Coastal Research / Operational systems, Germany)
Klas’ expertise is in optical sampling methods and underwater technologies (e.g. Video Plankton Recorder, Remotely operated vehicles, TRIAXUS) and automatic image classification. He is interested in biological and physical forcing on plankton and particle distribution patterns from small- to meso-scale and carbon flux from shelf to ocean basins. Get in touch.
Catarina Marcolin (Assistant Professor at the Federal University of the South of Bahia, Brazil)
Catarina uses optical systems such as the LOPC and ZooScan to automatically detect and measure plankton and particles size distributions in situ and ex situ. She is currently interested in how to provide realistic estimates of particle fluxes from LOPC data.
Get in touch.
Morten Iversen (Head of Helmholtz Young Investigator Group SeaPump at the Alfred Wegner Institute, Germany)
Morten’s research focuses on understanding how food web composition influences particle export dynamics, specifically how particle size and composition determine sinking speed and particle remineralization. His group is developing several new camera systems and new in situ methods to determine particle sizes, abundance, sinking velocities, and to collect intact marine particles.
Sandy Thomalla (Principal Scientist at Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory (SOCCO), CSIR, South Africa)
Sandy’s research focuses on linking optical measurements (scattering, absorption, attenuation) with phytoplankton community characteristics (biomass, species composition, carbon content and size structure). An optical characterization of the plankton community contributes towards the development of improved ocean colour algorithms that provide new insight into Southern Ocean ecosystem function and export potential. She further uses bio-optics sensors on floats with upward facing transmissometers to estimates particle flux.
George A Jackson (Professor of Oceanography Emeritus, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M )
George has in developed models of particle aggregation and disaggregation to predict particle size distributions and fluxes in the ocean. He has also worked with multiple particle measurement systems to test the models. As part of this effort, he compared observations made by different particle sizing techniques. Most recently, he has been working with Dave Checkley of Scripps to interpret hourly profiles of particle size distributions at 2 m depth resolution made with the SOLOPC system.
Sünnje Basedow (Researcher at UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway)
Sünnje’s research focuses on how biological-physical interactions shape spatial patterns of zooplankton and energy flow within marine pelagic food webs. She uses the laser optical plankton counter (LOPC) for enhanced spatial resolution in sampling, and to analyse ecological processes based on size spectrum theories. She has compared the LOPC to the VPR and Multinet for intercalibration of instruments.
Lionel Guidi (Researcher at Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche sur Mer, France)
Lionel’s expertise is optical sampling measurements (especially the Underwater Vision Profiler, UVP), automatic particle recognition, large data compilation and analysis, and conversion of imaging data into flux estimates. Recent efforts included a global synthesis of particle size distribution and related estimate flux profiles as calculated from the UVP.
Tom Trull (Professor of Marine Biogeochemistry, Australia)
Tom Trull leads the Australian Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre Carbon Program and the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) set of autonomous moorings for climate and carbon cycle research. He has expertise in isotope geochemistry, marine biogeochemistry, and chemical oceanography. His work on quantifying the marine biological carbon pump includes bio-optical measurements from profiling floats and towed bodies, deployment of moored and free-drifting sediment traps, imaging of particles collected in gel-filled traps, and determination of in-situ particle sinking rates using indented rotating sphere sediment traps operated as settling tubes.
Nathan Briggs (Postdoctoral Fellow at Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, France)
Nathan uses simple optical measurements (scattering, fluorescence, absorption) aboard autonomous platforms to study the dynamics of particles in the ocean and their effects on ocean biogeochemistry. His current focus is extracting particle size information from high-frequency variability in these optical measurements in order to identify particle aggregation and the sinking flux of large particles through the mesopelagic.
Emma Cavan (Postdoc at University of Tasmania)
Emma collects particles from in situ for ship-board experiments to study what controls and influences the efficiency of the biological carbon pump. This involves using images of particles and more recently the FlowCAM to measure particles sinking rates. This method also gives high quality, high magnification images of particles to infer particle type and compare to sinking rates. Get in touch.
Dhugal Lindsay (Senior staff scientist at Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology)
Dhugal uses optical systems such as the VPR, ZooScan, ROV video cameras (to 8K), still cameras, light field cameras, a DPI plankton imager (an in situ schlieren system) etc for in situ research on gelatinous zooplankton, for taxonomy, and for marine snow studies.
Andrew McDonnell (Assistant Professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA)
Andrew’s research focuses on assessing the distributions and dynamics of marine particles throughout the oceans. He uses a wide range of field based methods including in situ imaging, sediment traps, and in situ particle incubations to investigate particle size distributions, sinking fluxes, sinking velocities, remineralization, flux attenuation, and lateral transport. | <urn:uuid:2afee507-04be-48ae-94a8-4102b14f6114> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://tomcat-scor.org/about/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987823061.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022182744-20191022210244-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.87193 | 1,843 | 2.75 | 3 |
California, northwest Nevada and south Oregon
Moist meadows, wet, rocky places; from 5,200 to 12,000 feet
Basal, fleshy, short-stalked, obovate to elliptic, up to 1.7 inches long, finely toothed
Micranthes aprica occurs all along the Sierra Nevada, and in other mountains of northern California, extending a little way into neighboring Oregon and Nevada. The hairless or sparsely hairy leaves grow only at the base; they are tapered at the lower end, to the short, flattened petiole, and lined by a few small, well-separated teeth along the upper margin. Stems and leaf margins are often reddish. Stems have a sparse covering of purplish, glandular hairs.
Flowers are arranged in a compact, dense, terminal cluster, sometimes accompanied by one or two smaller groups a little way below. Pedicels are usually hairless, and slightly glandular. Flowers have five light green sepals, angled upwards, and five similarly-sized white petals. These surround ten stamens, with white filaments and orange anthers, and two larger pistils, initially yellowish-green, often becoming red as the fruiting stage approaches. | <urn:uuid:c3775269-4eb6-475a-b104-097245ea4e4f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.americansouthwest.net/plants/wildflowers/micranthes-aprica.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.923493 | 263 | 3.015625 | 3 |
One of the biggest mistakes that many feline guardians make is assuming that because most cats are kept indoors away from contact with other animals and/or infectious diseases, that they still do not need regular exams and check-ups. While immunizations are important, especially when cats are younger, it is equally important to take cats for veterinary exams to detect early disease signs.
Cats often mask disease very well, and often do not show their guardians any signs of illness until the disease process is very advanced. Because of their solitary and serene nature, cats may not express signs of illness as readily as do canines or human guardians do. With regular veterinary exams, veterinarians may detect early problems including heart disease or periodontal disease. By mid age, most cats have some degree of periodontal disease, which may lead to not only oral infections and discomfort, but also problems in other organs of the body, including the heart, liver and kidneys. Guardians are often amazed how much more energized and healthier cats become after receiving appropriate dental treatment from their veterinarian.
In addition, preventative blood and/or urine testing may also pick up early kidney or urinary tract disease, liver disease, diabetes, thyroid problems, and even cancer. Subtle signs feline guardians may look for at home which may prompt a veterinary visit include changes in weight or appetite, increases in thirst or urination, as well as changes in breathing or any tendency to chronic vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. The good news is, with early detection and diagnosis, many feline diseases are readily treatable, which can allow our feline companions to be as healthy as possible for years to come. | <urn:uuid:f8d87b6c-18c3-4399-bce6-2529aa26465f> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://news.petmeds.com/news/pet-health/is-it-important-to-take-your-cat-to-the-vet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864940.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623035301-20180623055301-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.963641 | 335 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Everyone knows that North Korea is a totalitarian, decaying country, and South Korea is a thriving democracy. In North Korea it’s sad, people live in poverty, do not have the normal rights and freedoms, and to all of this, their brains purged of Communist ideology. In South Korea, the opposite is true: people live with dignity, and sometimes rich, they have rights and are free and their brains as if no one scores different ideologies, like Communist.
Of course, it’s all ivamy. driven hard in the head for an ordinary person, so he didn’t have any issues, which may not give quite the expected, and therefore very undesirable responses. Of course, North Korea is not a Paradise for a flourishing life, but also in South Korea, is not so great as it seems at first glance.
For example, you know that the average South Korean works per year, more than any other citizen of industrialized countries — 2 090 hours? For comparison, the average German works 1 413 hours, and the average Russian works for 1 981 hours per year (OECD data for 2011). Real average vacation duration in South Korea is 3–4 days (the maximum legally allowed in ten days). According to official statistics, 33% of workers Continue reading
Orient has always attracted people with its mystery, rich culture, interesting traditions and remarkable architecture. Every year a large number of fans of tourism stretches East to enjoy the sights of the rising sun and just to diversify their leisure.
Special also popular among tourists is a small island nation-Japan. This country has many centuries of formation of their culture. The peculiarity of Japanese culture is the combination of their traditions with some elements of the cultural heritage of China and Korea that makes the country even more. Currently Japan is a country of “high technologies” with huge skyscrapers, the developed infrastructure of entertainments and leisure. The Japanese honor the traditions of their ancestors, which is reflected in the architecture and conduct of festivals.
Japan cannot be attributed to country resorts. Going on vacation to this country, you will visit the sights, to get acquainted with the culture of the country can visit on the conduct of the Japanese holidays, that are distinguished by their brightness, and just can walk around Tokyo or other cities.
In Japan there are two main cities for tourism are Tokyo and Kyoto. In both cities there is a huge number of monuments of architecture, museums of various themes and entertainment Continue reading
The population of South Korea is over 48 million people.
other Nations (Chinese, Filipinos, Thais, Vietnamese, Americans).
Koreans believe that they are descendents of Altaic or proto-Altaic tribes: they compare themselves with Turks, Mongols and Tungus. Their confidence is based on archaeological data, according to which the Korean Peninsula really migrated tribes from southern and Central Siberia during the Neolithic and bronze age.
1 sq km is home to 480 people, but the most densely populated district is Seoul yangcheon-GU (population density of over 27,000 people per 1 sq km) and least populated County Inje-gun (Gangwon province): here on 1 square km is home to 20 people.
The official language is Korean, but a wide spread in the country got more and English.
Major cities: Seoul, Daejeon, Busan, Ichon, Daegu, Gwangju, Ulsan, Suwon,
Half of South Koreans (51%) Buddhist, and the others are Protestantism, Catholicism, Confucianism, shamanism.
The female population on average live to 80, and the male – to 73 years. Despite fairly high rates, South Korea pays for health care not so much money (2000$ a year for 1 person). | <urn:uuid:ee1c026c-5637-4e94-8934-59cff9d148de> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://cnjfestival.info/list/average | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513384.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020184612-20181020210112-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.946804 | 781 | 2.625 | 3 |
The knowledge of parents in the military regarding child sexual abuse
The prevalence of child sexual abuse in South Africa is alarmingly high. Child protection officials’ task is challenging due to the fact that most cases of child sexual abuse are never reported as a result of the stigma attached to child sexual abuse. This article explains the vulnerable position of the children of uniform members of the military due to the fact that one or both parents are absent from the family due to fragmentation. Two main reasons are causing fragmentation. The first reason that can be mentioned is the fact that the soldier him–/herself has decided not to relocate the family to his/her workplace. Cultural beliefs, housing crisis or other practical challenges might play a role in the parent’s decision. The second reason for fragmentation is the fact that soldiers are obliged to attend military courses or to represent their country during a peace operation on the African continent. These military obligations cause physical and emotional absence of the parental figure, which might leave the child in a vulnerable position to fall victim to child sexual abuse. Fragmentation impacts negatively on the parental relationship as well as on the safety of the child. The deployed parent often is left with no choice but to unwittingly leave the child with a harmful caretaker. The aim of the study was to establish the knowledge of parents in the military regarding child sexual abuse. The objectives of the study were: · To investigate parents in the military's basic knowledge of child sexual abuse in preventing their children from falling victim to sexual perpetrators. · To provide guidelines to military parents for preventing and recognising child sexual abuse. Data collection took place by means of interviews with ten South African National Defence Force members. A self–developed interview schedule was used to establish the parent's knowledge regarding child sexual abuse. The results indicated the limited knowledge of parents in the military regarding child sexual abuse. Many parents viewed sexuality as a taboo topic. Some parents presented with an attitude that someone else is responsible for their child's sexual education. Still, the parents indicated that they would like to improve their communication with their children in order to empower and protect the child against sexual perpetrators.
- ETD@PUK | <urn:uuid:07c5c5a4-724f-4670-9e52-3b5fca232252> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/4807 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257830066.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071030-00309-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95657 | 433 | 2.78125 | 3 |
I know that MD5 is the most vulnerable hashing algorithm
Well technically (we are technical around here) there are worse algorithms than MD5.
and particularly vulnerable to Collisions
Yes, folks can create a desired hash with a different plaintext. This is not likely to happen randomly, but could occur maliciously.
But the collision vulnerability is not very risky and somebody might use that as an advantage, but that's with sheer luck.
Not sheer luck. There are techniques to find a plaintext that produces a desired MD5. That's a good subject for a different question.
OK, let's say I store passwords using MD5.
Ouch. The main reason you shouldn't use MD5 is because it is a General Purpose (Fast) Hash.
You should be using a (Slow) Password Hash such as
- BCrypt is commonly recommended, but be sure to run a quick SHA-2 hash on the input data, so super-long passwords will not be truncated by BCrypt
- PBKDF2 but that is less GPU-resistant because it has lower Memory requirements.
- SCrypt is better than BCrypt if you have a high enough work factor. Otherwise it is worse against GPUs. (again, because of higher or lower Memory requirements)
- The winner of the Password Hashing Competition may be even better than the aforementioned, but has not yet stood the test of time, so don't use it just yet. It's called Argon2, and has separate Work Factor settings for CPU time and Memory load. (nice!)
- Repetitive SHA-2 can be used instead of PBKDF2 (still not GPU resistant), but this is more tricky to implement the repetition efficiently (i.e. to be brute-force resistant) because SHA-2 is actually a General Purpose (Fast) Hash.
Most of these options generate random Salt by default, but you should verify whether this is the case!
It is best to include some Pepper (~72 bits of entropy) before the Password prior to hashing. The Pepper can be the same for all your users, but should be stored in a file outside of the database so that component cannot be found via SQL Injection.
Make sure your Work Factor requires about 100ms (with appropriate DoS protection) on your target hardware (knowing that attackers will use faster hardware for Brute force)
Of course no amount of hashing will protect weak
passwords, so include password strength requirements.
collision vulnerability ... is there any way that the attacker can use this as an advantage?
In the context of password hash storage this probably will not help the attacker. | <urn:uuid:f4af8035-bb8b-4a57-afd0-7320faf4204a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/138363/why-is-md5-considered-a-vulnerable-algorithm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315681.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820221802-20190821003802-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.928371 | 545 | 3.015625 | 3 |
- Open Access
Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutritionvolume 14, Article number: 36 (2017)
With the growth of social media as a platform to share information, veganism is becoming more visible, and could be becoming more accepted in sports and in the health and fitness industry. However, to date, there appears to be a lack of literature that discusses how to manage vegan diets for athletic purposes. This article attempted to review literature in order to provide recommendations for how to construct a vegan diet for athletes and exercisers. While little data could be found in the sports nutrition literature specifically, it was revealed elsewhere that veganism creates challenges that need to be accounted for when designing a nutritious diet. This included the sufficiency of energy and protein; the adequacy of vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine and vitamin D; and the lack of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in most plant-based sources. However, via the strategic management of food and appropriate supplementation, it is the contention of this article that a nutritive vegan diet can be designed to achieve the dietary needs of most athletes satisfactorily. Further, it was suggested here that creatine and β-alanine supplementation might be of particular use to vegan athletes, owing to vegetarian diets promoting lower muscle creatine and lower muscle carnosine levels in consumers. Empirical research is needed to examine the effects of vegan diets in athletic populations however, especially if this movement grows in popularity, to ensure that the health and performance of athletic vegans is optimised in accordance with developments in sports nutrition knowledge.
Vegan diets might be becoming more visible, owing to the proliferation of social media as a means to share information, experiences and discuss opinions . Promoted by some for alleged health benefits such as reduced risk of heart disease, lower LDL, blood pressure, type II diabetes and cancer [2, 3], veganism is a form of vegetarianism that prohibits the consumption of animal products . Several high-profile athletes, such as former world heavyweight champion boxer David Haye and ladies tennis champion Venus Williams, have reportedly adopted vegan diets in recent times. Quite often, veganism is the product of strong ethical beliefs concerning animal welfare, and vegan activists have been subject to stigma , stereotyping and negative attitudes , due in part to their vocal denigration of animal consumerism. The increased visibility of high-profile vegan competitors might suggest that veganism could be becoming more appealing for some, especially if more successful athletes adopt and publicize their vegan lifestyles.
Poorly constructed vegan diets however might predispose individuals to macronutrient (protein, n-3) and micronutrient (vitamin B12 and vitamin D; iron, zinc, calcium, iodine) deficiencies [2, 3, 8, 9]. This is of particular concern if little attention is paid to accommodating for the nutrients that are excluded due to the elimination of animal products from the diet . Some have alleged that a vegan diet could offer potential performance benefits due to the antioxidant (polyphenols), micronutrient (vitamin C, E) and carbohydrate-rich foods typical of plant-based diets assisting training and enhancing recovery [10, 11]. However, empirical research validating this claim is either equivocal or missing . Indeed, there appears to be a lack of research into veganism in sport in general, despite interest in literature elsewhere . In order to ensure that vegan diets meet both health and performance needs, basic dietary requirements have to be met and sport-specific diet-related objectives need to be achieved [9, 14]. The aim of this article is to address this point, and to provide practical recommendations for sports dieticians, coaches and trainers who might work with vegan athletes. Particular attention will be paid to the achievement of macro and micronutrient requirements for athletic and health-related purposes in this article, as well as a discussion of supplements and ergogenic aids that might be of use to performers who adopt this lifestyle choice.
The information in this narrative has been extrapolated from a broad range of academic disciplines, such as the epidemiological and health sciences, in addition to sports nutrition literature. This is due to little information being available that discusses or investigates veganism in sport and health and fitness-related contexts. Therefore, in some instances, recommendations provided herein have yet to be fully authenticated via scientific investigation, and serve as illustrative concepts until further validation can be undertaken.
For most athletes, a well-constructed diet (omnivorous or otherwise) should provide sufficient energy in order to achieve energy balance . However, data suggests that a negative energy balance is common in endurance athletes and athletes participating in weight-making and aesthetic sports (such as combat sports, gymnastics, skating and dancing, etc.) . Very large athletes might also find it difficult to achieve energy balance, particularly during high-volume training phases [16, 17]. Of particular concern in sports that require low body mass, some female athletes might be at risk of developing low bone-mineral density . This is likely to be exacerbated by a poorly-constructed hypocaloric diet . Additionally, high intensity training can reduce appetite , and hectic travel schedules, poor food availability (whilst abroad or away from home) and gastrointestinal discomfort might mean that some athletes find it difficult to meet their energy requirements due to various factors [17, 20].
The consequences of insufficient energy are important. Immunity might become compromised, leading to illnesses and time off from training and competition [15, 21]. Weight loss can ensue, and can lead to the loss of muscle mass, reduced strength, lower work capacity and a lack of satisfactory training adaptation . Managing energy balance is thus important for all athletes, but this issue is likely to be compounded further when a habitual diet promotes early satiation and reduced appetite, such as a vegan diet [3, 4, 8,9,10,11]. Well-accepted methods of calculating energy intake include estimates such as the Cunningham or Harris-Benedict eqs. , Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) and/or other literature-based guidelines can all be used to determine nutrient needs and design diets . The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) recommends that energy requirements should be scaled to activity level, body-mass and mode of exercise , to ensure that individual-specific needs are met . Such recommendations are prudent in light of the preceding discussion, as well as the likelihood that athletes possess individual-specific energy and nutrient requirements which differ on the basis of sport, training and competition characteristics [15,16,17].
Data indicates that vegans consume less energy than omnivores , and research suggests that vegetarian diets generally appear to be lower in protein, fat, vitamin B12, Riboflavin, vitamin D, calcium, iron and zinc when compared to an omnivorous diet [8, 14, 23, 24]. Table 1 details vegetarian diets as described in the literature, and highlights how the diets differ based on the extent of their restrictions. Some vegan diets promote the consumption of raw foods only, and data suggests that these diets might lead to poor macronutrient absorption and weight loss when consumed ad libitum . Vegetarian and vegan diets can also lead to very high fibre consumption [14, 24, 25], and plant-based foods therefore tend to have low energy density and promote early satiety . While these factors might be helpful for weight-loss purposes , these factors might lead to problems when trying to achieve a high Calorie diet. Where a high Calorie diet is needed, increasing feeding frequency and increasing consumption of energy dense foods such as nuts, seeds and oils might be helpful to ensure that Calorie goals are met. Monitoring and adjusting the diet on the basis of unwanted body mass fluctuations in such cases would also allow for diets to be tailored to individuals’ energy and nutrient requirements .
The role of protein in the athlete’s diet has garnered much attention over the years, and there has been ongoing debate about whether athletes require greater amounts of protein than non-athletic populations [31,32,33]. The consensus appears to be that athletes require more protein than the lay population [33, 34]. Data also indicates that protein requirements should be tailored to reflect sport-specific and training-goal requirements [35,36,37]. Typical recommendations therefore include 1.6–1.7 g ∙ kg−1 ∙ day−1 for strength and power athletes and 1.2–1.4 g ∙ kg−1 ∙ day−1 for endurance-sport athletes—values notably larger than the 0.8 g ∙ kg−1 ∙ day−1 recommended for most non-active adults [36, 37]. Values as high as 4.4 g ∙ kg−1 ∙ day−1 have also been investigated in the literature recently, with favourable body-composition effects noted as a results of its composition .
The role of protein in the athlete’s diet is multifaceted. Protein serves as a substrate for exercise performance and a catalyst for exercise adaptation . The balance between Muscle Protein Breakdown (MPB) and Muscle Protein Synthesis (MPS) is known as Net Protein Balance (NPB). Achieving a positive NPB via elevated MPS promotes exercise recovery, adaptation and anabolism [32, 38, 39]. During negative energy balance adaptive mechanisms preserve Fat Free Mass (FFM) under hypocaloric conditions [33, 40]. Despite this, dieting athletes and bodybuilders might still require elevated protein intakes due to the need to preserve lean mass and promote satiety [33, 39]. Concurrent resistance and endurance training might also compound the need for extra protein during a hypocaloric diet [33, 39]. Athletes involved in weight-categorised and aesthetic sports need to be cognisant of optimizing protein intakes, where the preservation of FFM and optimization of relative strength is likely to be advantageous to performance. The ISSN provides a broad protein recommendation of 1.4–2.0 g ∙ kg ∙ day−1, which is likely to be appropriate for most athletic contexts . However, for athletes in need of losing body-mass, recommendations of up to 1.8–2.7 g ∙ kg ∙ day−1 have been provided in literature [33, 39], and values as high as 2.3–3.2 g ∙ kg ∙ FFM ∙ day−1 have been suggested for bodybuilders aiming to achieve competition-level leanness .
Vegan athletes however appear to consume less protein than their omnivorous and vegetarian counterparts . The optimisation of protein intakes for vegan athlete requires that attention is paid to the quantity and quality of protein consumed . Plant-based protein sources are often incomplete, missing important essential amino acids, and typically contain less Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) than their animal-based equivalents [34, 35]. Leucine appears to be a primary trigger of MPS, and plays an important role in promoting recovery and adaptation from exercise [32, 34, 41]. Interestingly, evidence suggests that milk-based proteins might be superior to other protein sources at promoting MPS, mediated in part by the richness of its BCAA content [42, 43]. Similarly, the habitual consumption of milk as part of a diet and resistance-training programme might lead to better muscle hypertrophy when compared to a soy-protein-supplemented equivalent [44, 45]. This is might be due to milk’s superior amino acid composition . Indeed, plant-based proteins often lack essential amino acids , and animal-based proteins therefore possess a greater biological value due to the presence of all essential amino acids in the food . Common examples of the limiting amino acids in plant-based proteins include lysine, methionine, isoleucine, threonine and tryptophan. Of these, lysine appears to be to be most commonly absent, particularly from cereal grains . Foods such as beans and legumes are rich sources of lysine however, and leucine can be obtained from soy beans and lentils. Other BCAAs can be found in seeds, tree nuts and chickpeas, meaning that these amino acids can be obtained by consuming a variety of protein-rich, plant-based foods [14, 46]. Indeed, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) have recommended that a range of plant-based proteins should be consumed by vegetarians in order to meet their protein and amino acid requirements . Further, the once-popular recommendation of combining protein sources to achieve a complete essential amino acid profile in each feeding is no longer considered necessary . Foods such as grains, legumes, nuts and seeds should be included in the vegan diet to ensure that all EAAs are present, and that adequate BCAA are consumed to support recovery and adaptation from training. Examples of high-protein vegan-friendly foods can be found in Table 2.
Plant-based protein supplements that feature in the literature and are commercially available include soy (and soy isolate), pea, rice, hemp and composite/blended protein products [45,46,47,48]. Supplemental protein might be of interest to vegan athletes, particularly if achieving sufficient protein via wholefoods is either difficult or inconvenient. Emerging data is beginning to support the efficacy of plant-based-protein powders at improving recovery from training and fostering muscle hypertrophy as part of a resistance training program . Recent evidence also suggests like-for-like responses when comparing supplemental plant and dairy proteins on body composition and exercise performance as part of a training programme , contrasting previously-reported data . In comparison to dairy-based protein supplements however, plant-based supplements appear to be much less researched at this time, and further research is needed to understand the effects of individual (rice, pea, hemp, etc.) and blended products on postprandial MPS .
The digestibility of plant-based protein appears to be markedly less than that of animal products, which might need to be accounted for when designing a vegan diet . The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) are metrics that rate the quality of proteins based on their digestibility . The PDCAAS has been criticised for disregarding anti-nutrient factors that affect protein absorption, and for truncating protein sources that score in excess of its 1.0 ceiling . The DIAAS does neither, and is perhaps a superior system for rating protein digestibility [41, 51]. Both systems however indicate that animal-derived proteins score higher than plant-based sources . Interestingly, soy protein possesses a PDCAAS of 1.0 and appears to be comparable to whey protein isolate. However, when factoring in anti-nutrient factors such as phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors, which limit the absorption of nutrients, whey protein isolate appears to be superior to soy protein when using the DIAAS (1.09 vs. 0.91) . Other important plant-based protein sources such as rice, peas and hemp all score markedly lower than animal-based sources such as eggs, chicken and beef using either system [41, 51, 52]. Indeed, it has been suggested that vegetarians might need to consume more protein than meat eaters to compensate for the poorer digestibility of plant-based sources . Values of up to 1.0 g ∙ kg−1 ∙ day−1 (vs. the RDA’s 0.8 g ∙ kg−1 ∙ day−1) have been suggested for a non-athletic, vegetarian population, who might consume eggs and dairy products in addition to plant-based proteins . Due to the absence of all animal proteins in the diet, it might be prudent for vegan athletes to aim for protein intakes towards the higher end of the ISSN’s protein recommendation of 1.4 to 2.0 g ∙ kg ∙ day−1, whilst in an energy-neutral or energy-positive state. In some instances, values of up to 1.8 g ∙ kg−1 to 2.7 g ∙ kg ∙ day−1 might be appropriate during weight loss phases, to compensate for the reduced digestibility and low biological value of plant-based sources [33, 39].
Vegan diets tend to be higher in carbohydrates, fibre, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants and phytochemicals than omnivorous diets . The consumption of micronutrient and phytochemical-rich foods is an important benefit of any plant-based diet [3, 9]. This might help to mitigate the effects of excess inflammation and promote recovery from training, although this has yet to be confirmed empirically [10, 12]. It has been suggested that some endurance athletes might intentionally adopt a vegan diet in order to meet their carbohydrate needs, or to assist weight management goals [10, 11, 54]. Carbohydrate requirements in sport has been the focus of literature debate for some time , and athletic diets generally require carbohydrate intakes of 4 to 12 g ∙ kg−1 to support high training volumes, depending on the mode of exercise, the athlete’s gender and goal of the athlete’s diet .
Achieving an adequate carbohydrate intake via a vegan diet is relatively straightforward, and grains, legumes, beans, tubers, root vegetables and fruits can all be consumed to meet carbohydrate requirements satisfactorily. In order to achieve sufficient protein via the consumption of whole foods as recommended in this article, it is recommended that vegans consume beans, pulses, lentils and grains daily—foods that are also abundant in carbohydrate. However, recall that these foodstuffs are rich sources of fibre. Fibrous, non-digestible carbohydrates and lignin provide volume and bulk, are resistant to digestion and absorption, and promote early satiation and enhance prolonged satiety signalling [47, 56, 57]. For athletes requiring higher energy intakes, the consumption of fibre-rich foods to achieve protein and carbohydrate adequacy might prove to be difficult for some. Due to the lectins in foods such as beans, grains, nuts and potatoes , as well as the fermentation of resistant starch and indigestible carbohydrates (found in oats, peas, beans, fruits, and in certain vegetables and lentils), a high-fibre diet can also promote gastric distress in some cases [38, 59, 60]. In order to achieve sufficient carbohydrate for the athletes involved in high-volume training phases it might be appropriate (in some contexts) to choose some lower-fibre foods when developing high-carbohydrate meals, as long as sufficient micronutrient status (particularly B vitamins) can be ensured. Foods such as rice, pasta, noodles and buckwheat contain less fibre than oats, lentils, beans and wholegrain breads, and removing the skin from tubers and root vegetables reduces the fibre contents of these foods whilst maintaining decent carbohydrate levels.
Carbohydrate timing and supplementation
The optimisation of carbohydrate consumption with respect to training and competition has been debated in the literature . Conventional wisdom suggests that maintaining high muscle glycogen stores (achieved via a carbohydrate-rich diet), consuming carbohydrates before and during exercise (scaled to absolute intensity and mode of exercise), consuming multiple-transportable carbohydrates (such as a glucose-fructose mixture), and carbohydrate mouth rinsing (to delay fatigue) might enhance performance during middle-distance and endurance events [37, 62]. The effects of carbohydrate consumption before and during short-duration high-intensity sports are equivocal , however carbohydrate feedings 0–60 min prior to exercise have been indicated for events lasting >30 mins [37, 62]. Carbohydrate doses during activity can be scaled based on the event, where more/less carbohydrate is consumed with respect to the time and intensity of sport/exercise performance [37, 62]. In most cases, carbohydrate supplements appear to be vegan-friendly, and so their consumption is feasible for most vegan athletes. Consuming calcium-fortified fruit juices as a liquid carbohydrate might serve dual purposes however, and enable vegans to meet both carbohydrate and calcium needs whilst concomitantly offering possible ergogenic advantages if used as indicated in the literature .
Vegan diets are typically lower in total and saturated fat and higher in n-6 fats than omnivorous and vegetarian diets [8, 13, 63]. This trend appears to be associated with reductions in heart disease, hypertension, type II diabetes, cholesterol and cancer , and is a purported health benefit of veganism. However, the role of fat in the diet is an area of much discussion, and deleterious effects of fat consumption are not universally accepted [64,65,66]. Indeed, in some cases, high-fat diets have even been promoted . Interestingly, research has indicated that low-fat dieting might negatively influence testosterone levels in males . This might be of interest to athletes needing to maximise anabolism and adaptation to resistance training. However, despite reporting lower total and saturated fat intakes, evidence has also suggested that vegan males do not have statistically lower androgen levels than omnivores . Relationships between fat consumption, hormones and sport performance might require additional investigation. In many instances, it appears that the health implications of a dietary fat might reflect its fatty acid composition [64, 69], meaning that attention should be paid to the quantity and quality of fat consumed. Achieving recommended values of 0.5–1.5 g ∙ kg ∙ day−1 (or 30% of daily caloric intake) is feasible for vegan athletes given adequate consumption of oils, avocados, nuts and seeds.
ALA, EPA and DHA
Due to an absence of marine-sourced fats, vegans appear to consume fewer n-3 fatty acids and possess lower serum n-3 fatty acid levels than omnivores and other vegetarians [8, 13, 63, 70]. This might have important health and performance implications. The n-3 fatty acids are important for normal growth and development, and appear to play an important role in cardiovascular health , in inflammatory and chronic disease , and might improve exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and immunity . Of interest to athletes, n-3 fats might also increase nitric oxide production [71, 74], and improve heart-rate variability . Both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are parent fatty acids for eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes), and n-3 fatty acids appear to possess anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic; hypolipidemic, vasodilatory and antiproliferative properties [71, 72]. Both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids are essential, however the long chain n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are considered to be under-consumed in the modern western diet in general , and in vegans in particular [47, 70].
There is ongoing debate about the quantity and/or ratio of n-3 to n-6 needed to manipulate the synthesis of pro and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids in order to impact health and performance favourably [76,77,78]. In the UK, an upper limit of 10% of energy from pro-inflammatory n-6 fatty acids has been recommended by the Department of Health to reduce negative effects of overconsumption . Elsewhere, Sanders and Philips recommend that vegetarian diets limit linoleic acid consumption (an n-6 fatty acid), found in sunflower, corn and safflower oils, for similar purposes. The n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an important constituent of cellular membrane and is converted to EPA at ~8% efficiency in humans, which appears to be both age and gender-specific in magnitude . Roughly 0.5% of ALA is converted to DHA, highlighting humans’ poor ability to enzymatically convert ALA to this fatty acid . While humans do convert a small amount of ALA to DHA, the primary source of this in the diet is cold water fish and seafood. EPA and DHA exert many of the reported health and performance benefits of n-3 fatty acid consumption and is now a popular supplement . Supplemental ALA has been shown to increase blood EPA levels but does not appear to affect DHA status . Microalgae oil is rich in DHA (and EPA) and might be a useful supplement for vegans and vegetarians. Microalgae-oil supplements have been shown to raise both blood EPA and DHA levels . However, recommendations for vegan-friendly DHA supplements do not appear in the literature at this time . Recommendations do appear for other food sources of the n-3 ALA, such as flax seeds, walnuts, and chia seeds [9, 14]. Interestingly, flax/linseeds are also rich in lignan precursors, which might offer broader health-related benefits , and chia is also a complete protein . Combining whole-food sources of ALA as indicated in this article with supplemental DHA derived from microalgae oil might optimise a vegan’s n-3 fatty acid intake, and improve health concurrently with any health and performance-enhancing effect that augmented n-3 diets might offer athletes [76, 77]. Research detailing how to optimise n-3 consumption for vegans is missing at the time of writing; however, recommendations of 1–2 g ∙ day−1 of combined EPA and DHA at a ratio of 2:1 have been suggested for athletes elsewhere . To achieve a DHA dose of 500 - 1000 mg ∙ day−1, this would equate to 1–2 g of microalgae oil, or 2–4 capsules in most commercial products.
Achieving micronutrient sufficiency is an important concern for all athletes. The AND have indicated that attention should be paid to achieving adequacy in vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine and vitamin D intakes when designing a vegan diet in particular . Poorly designed diets might predispose individuals to deficiency regardless of predilection, which could have detrimental health and performance implications [2, 9, 12]. This needs to be understood by those seeking to adopt veganism, and strategies to mitigate the risks of under-consuming these nutrients need to be present if a vegan diet is to optimize health and performance. Table 3 compares the nutritional implications of several diets (omnivorous, pesco-vegetarian, vegetarian and vegan), and provides recommendations for athletes and practitioners. The following section will identify and elaborate upon concerns highlighted in the literature, based upon research indicating what micronutrients might be under-consumed in a vegan diet [2,3,4, 8, 14, 47, 63, 70, 87].
Due to an absence of animal and dairy products, vegans are at an increased risk of developing Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency . Cobalamin is synthesised from anaerobic microorganisms, in the rumen of cattle and sheep, and humans typically consume pre-formed cobalamin from animal products, which are the main source of B12 in the diet . Plant-based sources of cobalamin are unusual, unless the plant has been contaminated by manure or from animal waste [47, 88]. Cobalamin is essential for normal nervous system function, homocysteine metabolism and DNA synthesis . Insufficient cobalamin can lead to morphological changes to the blood cells and the development of haematological and neurological symptoms, such as megaloblastic anaemia and neuropathy . Long-term cobalamin deficiency can lead to irreversible neurological damage, and data indicates that veganism can lead to deficiency if cobalamin is not supplemented . Data from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study in the UK indicated that ~50% of vegan participants were vitamin B12 deficient . An additional 21% of the vegans were also classified as having very low levels. Interestingly, despite 20% of participants consuming a B12 supplement, blood-vitamin levels between those that did vs. those that did not take supplements were no different, suggesting that the supplementation practices of the cohort were inadequate to achieve B12 sufficiency. Sources of vitamin B12 suitable for a vegan diet include B12-fortified breakfast cereals and nutritional yeast, as well as dietary supplements. Supplemental vitamin B12 products typically contain cyanocobalamin, although other forms such as methylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin are available—the latter by prescription only. The body appears to have a limited capacity to absorb vitamin B12 supplements orally [88, 89], which is limited by the presence of intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the stomach’s parietal cells that combines with B12 prior to absorption in the distal ileum via receptor-mediated endocytosis . For an ingested 500 μg oral supplement, only an approximated 10 μg might be absorbed . Because of this poor bioavailability, sublingual drops, lozenges and transdermal products have been developed and marketed under the pretence that they offer better absorption, however research supporting these claims could not be found when writing this article. The requirement for vegans to supplement with vitamin B12 is important, and vegans are advised to consume fortified foods and/or take a daily supplement to ensure an adequate intake of the vitamin [9, 14]. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for vitamin B12 is 2.4 μg ∙ day−1 for adults of both sexes , and vegans have been advised to consume up to 6 μg ∙ day− 1 of supplemental B12 by some authors . Where adequate B12 status cannot be achieved via oral supplementation and fortified food products alone, vegans might need to have serum levels monitored by a medical practitioner if deficiency is suspected ; subcutaneous or intramuscular injections might even be indicated in some contexts ; monitoring B12 status carefully might be necessary for some vegan athletes.
The iron status of vegetarians and vegans has received attention in the literature [92,93,94], and it appears that owing to a diet rich in whole-grains and legumes, both vegetarians and vegans consume similar amounts of iron as omnivores [9, 63]. However, issues with the bioavailability of plant-based iron might mean that vegans need to pay attention to ensuring that sufficiency is prioritized [92, 93]. The main source of iron in the vegan diet is found in the non-haem form, which is less bioavailable than the haem iron found in animal products . Vegan diets also commonly contain dietary inhibitors such as the polyphenols tannin (found in coffee, tea, and cocoa) and phytates (found in whole grains and legumes), which reduce the amount of iron absorbed from the diet. Research into the iron status of vegans has found that female vegans appear to have lower iron stores than omnivores, and are more prone to iron-deficiency anaemia [63, 94, 95]. Male vegans appear to have a similar iron status as non-vegans and are less impacted by iron status . Iron-deficiency anaemia is caused by insufficient consumption of iron (or insufficient absorption of iron) and is a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) or haemoglobin, leading to symptoms such as tiredness and fatigue; weakness, shortness of breath and reduced exercise tolerance . Iron deficiency without anaemia has also been shown to reduce endurance capacity, increase energy expenditure and impair adaptation to endurance exercise in females experiencing tissue depletion . Supplementation has been shown to correct such problems and might be warranted if adequacy cannot be achieved via the diet (97). Indeed, achieving an iron-sufficient diet appears to be rudimentary for all female athletes [95,96,97].
Interestingly, however, it has been suggested that the body can regulate iron absorption based upon blood concentrations of the mineral . Low iron status can lead to intestinal adaptations that increase absorption and reduce secretion in order to maintain equilibrium —an effect that appears to be present with other important micronutrients discussed in this article [3, 97]. It appears that humans can adapt to a wide range of iron statuses and intakes, and vegetarians and vegans generally do not appear to suffer adverse health effects because of reduced iron absorption . Hunt , however, recommends that iron intakes for vegetarians be increased by 80%, so that adult males and females achieve a recommended intake of 14 mg ∙ day−1 and 33 mg ∙ day−1 (vs. the Recommended Daily Allowance’s 8 mg ∙ day−1 and 18 mg ∙ day−1), due to the aforementioned bioavailability issues. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) concur, and suggest that iron requirements for vegetarians are 1.8 times greater than omnivores . Elevated intakes of iron for vegetarians and vegans have been refuted however on the basis that high iron intakes might increase susceptibility to heart disease and cancer , and that supplemental iron might affect the bioavailability of other minerals and copper . Indeed, it has also been suggested that such recommendations have exaggerated requirements by basing recommendations off of acute feeding studies, where the effects of iron inhibitors and enhancers might have been artificially pronounced [3, 92, 100]. Non-haem iron absorption can be enhanced (as well as inhibited), and consuming non-haem iron-rich foods in conjunction with vitamin C appears to increase absorption [9, 92]. Vegan athletes should therefore look to achieve iron sufficiency by choosing wholefood iron sources, reducing their consumption of inhibitor-containing foodstuffs such as tea, coffee and cocoa (when eating iron-rich meals), consume vitamin C containing foods concurrently to enhance absorption, and incorporate soaked, sprouted and/or fermented foods in their diets, if palatable. In cases of where individuals might be prone to iron deficiency, i.e. females with large menstrual blood losses, monitoring iron status and considering supplementation might be necessary. A list of food sources for iron and other nutrients discussed in this article can be found in Table 4.
Zinc is a constituent of enzymes involved in metabolic processes that relate to DNA stabilisation and gene expression, and is important in cell growth, repair and protein metabolism . Similar to iron, zinc is widely available in plant-based foods but is also not readily absorbed . Similarly as well, the body appears to adapt to lower intakes of zinc by reducing losses and increasing absorption in order to maintain equilibrium [3, 97]. It has been suggested therefore that vegetarians do not need to pay special attention to consuming this mineral . However, the IOM have suggested that vegetarians might need to consume up to 50% more zinc than non-vegetarians owing to its poor bioavailability . Indeed, common vegan sources of zinc include beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds (Table 4)—foods that also contain phytate . However, processing foods can reduce phytate too. Leavening bread activates phytase, breaking down phytic acid, and soaking, fermenting and sprouting nuts and grains can all reduce phytate levels and increase nutrient bioavailability . Based on the IOM’s suggestion, it has been recommended that male vegans consume up to 16.5 mg ∙ day−1 of zinc (vs. the RDA of 11 mg ∙ day−1) and females up to 12 mg ∙ day−1 (vs. 8 mg ∙ day−1) . Zinc bioavailability appears to be enhanced by dietary protein and inhibited by supplemental folic acid, iron, calcium, copper and magnesium, but might not be affected by the whole-food sources of these nutrients . In order to achieve the above recommendations, vegans should look to consume zinc-rich foods such as hemp and pumpkin seeds, and other grains, nuts and beans (Table 4), and look to adopt processing methods that improve mineral absorption, such as soaking and fermenting, as suggested earlier. If this is not achievable, a supplement should be considered. Owing to issues concerning bioavailability, zinc supplements should not be consumed at the same time as supplemental forms of the aforementioned minerals. Multivitamin/mineral formulas might be inadequate if to ensure nutrient adequacy in this instance.
Calcium is abundant in a wide range of foodstuffs, most notably dairy products. Data indicates that vegans consume less calcium than omnivores and other vegetarians . Indeed, Canadian vegans have been shown to consume only 578 mg ∙ day−1 compared with the 950 mg ∙ day−1 and 875 mg ∙ day−1 of omnivores and ovo-lacto vegetarians . Vegans have been shown to be at a higher risk of fracture due to lower calcium intakes . Low intakes of calcium are particularly problematic for children and teenagers, where higher calcium requirements are required for bone development [78, 104]. As with other minerals, the body appears to be able to regulate calcium status during periods of low consumption. When habitual calcium intakes are low, and when sufficient vitamin D is present, an increased proportion of calcium is absorbed from food . It has been suggested that lower protein intakes typical of a vegan diet might contribute to greater calcium retention due to high-protein diets promoting calcium excretion in the urine [104, 105]. However, evidence demonstrates that protein-rich diets have no effect on calcium retention , and in some instances work synergistically with calcium to improve calcium retention and bone metabolism [34, 105]. It is widely recommended that adequate calcium is necessary for blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle stimulation, vitamin D metabolism and maintaining bone structure . Indeed, the importance of calcium for the vegan athlete reflects its role in the maintenance of skeletal health during weight-bearing exercise, and increased calcium losses experienced during heavy perspiration . Calcium requirements might also be exacerbated during phases of calorie restriction, amenorrhea and in some instances of the female athlete triad . However, it is also proposed that the RDA for calcium (1000 mg ∙ day−1) is sufficient to meet the requirements of athletic populations in most contexts, and so despite the aforesaid factors, it has been suggested that athletes do not have an elevated requirement for the nutrient in general .
In order to meet the above requirement, vegan athletes should consume plant-based sources of calcium such as beans, pulses and green vegetables in sufficient quantities to achieve the 1000 mg ∙ day−1 recommendation . Broccoli, bok choy and kale are particularly high in calcium; green vegetables such as spinach and arugula contain oxalate however, which impedes calcium absorption . Vegans therefore should choose plant sources that contain low oxalate levels when designing calcium-rich meals. Calcium-fortified foods are also widely available, and examples such as calcium-fortified soy, nut milks and fruit juices are all vegan-friendly and provide readily absorbable forms of the nutrient (Table 4). Vegans can also consume calcium-set tofu, which is also rich in protein, to help achieve their requirements if palatable. If a vegan diet cannot achieve sufficient calcium levels, then a supplement might also be required .
Iodine is an essential trace element needed for physical and mental growth and development, and plays in an important role in thyroid function and metabolism . Excessively high or low intakes of iodine can lead to thyroid dysfunction, and vegans have been shown to consume both excessively high and low intakes depending on their dietary choices [108, 109]. To highlight, a study by Krajcovicova-Kudlackova and colleagues found that 80% of Slovakian vegans were iodine deficient. Lightowler and Davies however found that some vegans consumed excess iodine (from seaweed) in their study. Common iodine sources include fish and dairy products, and the DRI for Iodine has been set at 150 μg ∙ day−1 for adults . Iodine content in foods vary according to the soil-iodine content (when growing produce), the farming methods used during production, the season it is grown in, and the species of fish (if non vegan) . Goitrogens, found in cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower and rutabaga decrease iodine utilisation and might affect adversely thyroid function if consumed in large amounts . However, cooking such foods appears to destroy many of the goitrogenic compounds present, making this effect unlikely. Raw-food vegans should look to limit the consumption of raw, goitrogenic foods where possible.
Seaweed and sea vegetables are a concentrated source of iodine that are vegan-friendly. Excessively high iodine intakes have been reported in vegans who regularly consume seaweed however [109, 112], and in some cases have led to elevated Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels [113, 114]. Elevated TSH might reflect iodine-induced hyperthyroidism or iodine-induced hypothyroidism . However, iodine intakes above 150 μg ∙ day−1 appear to be well tolerated, unless clinical susceptibilities to thyroid issues are present . Iodine concentrations in seaweed can vary markedly , and the British Dietetic Association suggests that seaweed might not be a reliable iodine source . Iodized table salt has however been indicated for vegans looking to achieve sufficient intakes , and iodine can be also found in foods such as potatoes, breads (in some countries) and cranberries (Table 4). Examples of how to achieve sufficient iodine levels (and for other nutrients discussed in this article) can be seen in Tables 5 and 6, which provide menus based on a 2500 and 3500 Calorie requirement. Where iodine sufficiency cannot be achieved through food alone, a supplement that meets the 150 μg ∙ day−1 recommendation might be advisable.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin produced in the skin, is essential for calcium absorption and bone health, and plays an important role in many physiological processes . While humans synthesize vitamin D from exposure to sunlight, vitamin D can also be found in animal products and fortified foods . Dietary intakes of vitamin D appear to be low in vegans who do not achieve sufficient sun exposure . Cholecalciferol (D3) is an animal-derived version of vitamin D that is now widely available as a supplement . Ergocalciferol [D2] is a vegan-friendly version of vitamin D but appears to be less bioavailable than cholecalciferol [119, 120]. Recently, however, vegan-friendly versions of cholecalciferol derived from lichen, a composite fungal-algae organism, have become commercially available, offering vegans a more bioavailable supplemental option. These supplements appear to be dosed similarly to animal-derived products, with dosages of 200–1000 IU per serving being common, and can be used as a like-for-like equivalent for animal-based counterparts.
In the USA, the IOM recommend an RDA of 600 I.U ∙ day−1 for vitamin D. In the UK the Department of Health recommend 10 μg ∙ day−1 (400 I.U) is supplemented by individuals who do not achieve adequate sun exposure . Of interest to athletes, Cannell et al. suggest that optimising vitamin D status might improve athletic performance, if deficiency is present. Indeed, Moran et al. highlight that poor vitamin D status negatively affects muscle strength and oxygen consumption, and suggest that supplementation might protect against overuse injury via its role in calcium metabolism and skeletal muscle function. Optimising vitamin D status is perhaps an important consideration for all athletes, regardless of dietary choice .
Effective vitamin D dosing might necessitate that supplementation is optimized via bespoke treatment strategies , based on individuals’ existing blood levels. In order to determine vitamin D status, plasma 25OHD levels can be sampled. Values <20 ng ∙ ml−1 are considered to be clinically deficient . Optimal values might fall between 40 and 70 ng ∙ ml−1 [126, 127]. Recommendations for supplementation provided by Dalqhuist and colleagues suggest that athletes should aim to achieve plasma 25OHD levels in the range of 30–40 ng ∙ ml−1. Dalqhuist and team also suggest that supplemental doses of up to 4–5000 IU ∙ day−1 coupled with 50–100 μg ∙ day−1 of vitamin K1 and K2 could improve exercise recovery, allowing athletes to train more frequently. Data concerning performance-enhancing effects and toxicity at higher dosages of vitamin D have yet to be demonstrated, however a tolerable upper intake of 4000 IU ∙ day−1 has been established by the IOM . Blood 25OHD values >150 ng ∙ ml−1 (plus hypercalcemia) are generally thought to signify toxicity . Further research is warranted to determine optimal vitamin D doses for athletes.
Supplements and ergogenic aids
Research indicates that vegetarian and vegan diets reduce muscle creatine stores [129,130,131]. Creatine is a nitrogeneous, organic acid synthesized endogenously from arginine, glycine and methionine . Foods such as meat, fish and poultry are rich sources of creatine but are excluded from a vegan diet. Creatine’s performance-enhancing effects have been well studied, and it appears that supplementation can improve short-term high-intensity exercise performance, muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength [132, 133]. Creatine supplementation might also lead to increased plasma volume, improved glycogen storage, improved ventilatory threshold, and reduce oxygen consumption during submaximal exercise . Interestingly, data indicates that creatine supplementation might be most beneficial for athletes with low pre-existing muscle creatine stores. To highlight, Burke et al. found that supplemental creatine attenuated low muscle creatine stores in vegetarians, who experienced greater improvements in FFM, maximal strength and type II muscle fibre area compared to omnivores. Creatine supplementation might therefore be an important ergogenic aid for vegan athletes to consider, and compensate for reduced muscle creatine stores experienced as a result of their lifestyle choices.
Dosing creatine effectively requires the achievement of muscle creatine saturation, and regimens of 20 g ∙ day−1 for 3–7 days to load creatine followed by maintenance doses of 3–5 g ∙ day−1 are common . However, a smaller dose of 3–5 g ∙ day−1 taken over a 4-week period will achieve creatine saturation over the long term similarly . Other protocols, such as 1 g ∙ 30 min−1 over 20 intakes per day, have also been suggested as means to achieve maximal saturation . The co-ingestion of creatine with protein and carbohydrate might increase creatine retention by way of insulin-mediated storage, but appears not to have any noticeable performance-enhancing effects beyond stand-alone ingestion . For vegan athletes who decide to supplement, powder forms of synthetic creatine are vegan-friendly (capsulated products might contain bovine gelatine), and the co-ingestion of creatine with whole food and/or a protein and carbohydrate mixture might be an optimal way of achieving creatine storage.
Similar to muscle creatine levels, evidence also indicates that vegetarians have lower levels of muscle carnosine compared to omnivores [136, 137]. Carnosine, an intracellular proton buffer and antioxidant, is a cytoplasmic dipeptide (β-alanyl-l-histidine) found in skeletal muscle and the central nervous system, and is synthesised in situ from its rate-limiting precursor β-alanine . Meat and poultry are the main sources of β-alanine in the diet, and β-alanine supplementation has been shown to increase muscle carnosine concentrations, leading to improvements in high-intensity exercise performance by way of buffering excess protons, scavenging free radicals, chelating transition metals and reducing fatigue [138, 139]. Achieving muscle carnosine saturation appears to be an important factor in effective β-alanine dosing, and research validates the efficacy of loading β-alanine in divided doses of 4–6 g ∙ day−1 for 2–4 weeks . The efficacy of β-alanine supplementation has been confirmed in exercise >60 s duration, in aerobic exercise, and in attenuating muscle fatigue and improving time-trial performance in high-intensity exercise . The effect of supplementation in exercise lasting <60 s is unclear however. Owing to muscle carnosine levels being lower in vegetarians than omnivores , it is feasible that the efficacy of β-alanine supplementation might also be augmented in vegans. Further research is necessary to validate this hypothesis however.
Taurine and β-alanine share transport mechanisms, meaning that supplemental β-alanine might theoretically inhibit taurine uptake in skeletal muscle [139, 140]. Taurine is a sulphur-containing amino acid that appears to play a role in many important physiological processes in humans, including bile acid conjugation, cardiovascular function, neurotransmission and euglycemia, and is obtained from seafood, meat and dairy products [140, 141]. Vegans have been shown to consume negligible amounts of taurine , which is conditionally essential in some clinical contexts . It has been suggested that vegans might benefit from taurine supplements owing to its absence in the vegan diet . However, further support for this recommendation could not be found in the literature located for this article. If indeed supplemental β-alanine does lead to reductions in taurine in humans, then vegans might be at greater risk of experiencing taurine depletion due to its absence from the diet. However, it must be noted that β-alanine has not been shown to reduce taurine levels in humans to date, and is considered to be safe when used within the parameters of recommended dosing .
The primary limitation of this review is the lack of research into veganism in sport. To mitigate this issue, information was gathered for this review from multiple sources, and inferences were made from the available data and via reasoned judgements. As such, many of the recommendations in this article require authentication, and so this article should serve as a catalyst for future research as well as a guidance document for athletes and practitioners. The main strength of this review is its comprehensiveness.
In general, vegan diets tend to be lower in Calories, protein, fat, vitamin B12, n-3 fats, calcium and iodine than omnivorous diets, whilst concurrently being higher in carbohydrates, fibre, micronutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidants. Achieving a high energy intake is difficult in some instances, owing to plant-based foods promoting satiety. Issues with the digestibility and absorption of nutrients such as protein, calcium, iron and zinc might be an issue too, meaning that athletes might need to consume higher amounts of these foods compared to omnivores and other vegetarians. However, through the strategic selection and management of food choices, and with special attention being paid to the achievement of energy, macro and micronutrient recommendations, along with appropriate supplementation, a vegan diet can achieve the needs of most athletes satisfactorily. Supplementation with creatine and β-alanine might offer augmented performance-enhancing effects in vegans, who experience low pre-existing levels of these substances, and further research is needed to investigate the performance-enhancing effects of these substances in vegan populations. For some, a vegan diet is the manifestation of important ethical beliefs, and requires diligence to sustain [5,6,7]. It is a central tenet of this article that similar conscientiousness needs be paid to achieving dietary sufficiency, otherwise health and performance could suffer over the long term if an individual’s nutrition is not managed appropriately.
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Branched Chain Amino Acid
Digestible Indispensible Amino Acid Score
Dietary Reference Intake
Fat Free Mass
Institute of Medicine
International Society of Sports Nutrition
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
Recommended Daily Allowance
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Gilsing AM, Crowe FL, Lloyd-Wright Z, Sanders TA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Key TJ. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(9):933–9.
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This article was not funded.
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DR is a senior lecturer at Sheffield Hallam University, UK, possesses a Doctorate of Professional studies and is a registered Nutritionist with the Association for Nutrition.
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Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. | <urn:uuid:f37d212d-5e56-4809-86f1-15c41c07deee> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-017-0192-9?sf114327445=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318243.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823083811-20190823105811-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.883815 | 17,618 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What were the ancient Greeks’ favorite specialities? How has the diet in the region changed since Byzantine times?
These are among the many questions that will be addressed at a symposium on “Ancient Greek and Byzantine Gastronomy,” which is taking place on Saturday and Sunday at the new Lazaridi Estate Wine Museum in Kapandriti, eastern Attica.
Participants include food historians, critics and writers from Greece and elsewhere, who will deliver lectures, while there will also be ancient Greek and Byzantine recipe tastings, accompanied by live music.
Historians specializing in the dietary habits of ancient cultures have drawn their conclusions from finds at excavations and written sources, which, however, are rare, as well as from local lore passed down from one generation to the next.
As Johannes Koder, a professor of Byzantine Studies at the Austrian Academy, told Kathimerini, “writing down recipes or dietary rituals would only have made sense if the majority of the population was literate; which was not the case. Written sources from ancient Greece -- mostly regarding medical journals and directions for fasting -- are only partly reliable.”
Despite the shortage of tangible evidence, however, the subject does not fail to hold a certain fascination for a lot of people, as it illustrates daily rituals and a way of life that we can relate to more closely today. For example, it is known that in the Byzantine period what people ate differed greatly between the rich and the poor. The poor fared on bad-quality bread and onion soup with only a tiny bit of olive oil, while the rich were treated to a rich soup of cabbage, egg, cheese, cream and plenty of olive oil, which they would accompany with a dish of fish, meat or fresh vegetables and wine. The poor, according to Koder, were mocked because they couldn’t even afford the cheapest caviar on the market.
With the passage of time, dietary habits in the Greek region changed as a result of climate change and external influences. Spinach, for example, first made its appearance in the 12th century, when it was brought by the Turks from Persia and Mesopotamia.
Some flavors, however, remain unchanged, according to experts, such as fried dough and honey, or “kollyva,” a dish of grains, nuts, raisins and sugar that used to be eaten frequently as a dessert during antiquity and which today is part of the Greek Orthodox funeral ritual. | <urn:uuid:a95711a7-f235-4e09-bbbf-01fc4caf8e07> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://preservetraditionalproducts.blogspot.com/2011/12/what-did-ancients-eat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937113.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420022906-20180420042906-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.974661 | 506 | 3.078125 | 3 |
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Montana Expansion, Labor, Transportation and Citizens
Posted By Dennis On In Montana | No Comments
The progress of Montana in mining, as indicated in the previous chapter, had received a partial check from about 1870 to 1880. The reason of this was that surface mining had declined, the placers being exhausted, and deep mining had not yet been sufficiently developed to give equal returns. There were other causes operating at the same time, such as the great cost of transportation of machinery, and the financial crisis resultant upon the suspension of Jay Cooke & Co., with the consequent embarrassments of the Northern Pacific railroad company, to whose advent in the territory all eyes had been turned in hope.
Neither had agriculture advanced materially; for no other market than the mines could be reached by wagons, the only means of transporting farm products to consumers. Besides, a few years were needed in which to build more comfortable houses, erect saw and grist mills, fence farms, lay out roads, start schools and churches, and set in motion all the wheels within wheels which move the complicated machinery of society. Perhaps from having so long observed the processes of state building, I have come to render more willingly than others the need of praise to these men of sturdy frames, intelligent brains, and deft hands who robbed the secret treasury of nature to spread over the mountains and plains thriving cities and happy homes. In hew little have they failed! Great is an army with banners, but greater is a hest with ploughs and picks. One destroys, while the other creates.
Time enough had elapsed between 1870 and 1880 to establish the comparative capabilities of the several counties1 when the railroad era dawned, which solved the transportation problem for Montana. The Utah Northern branch of the Union Pacific railroad reached Helena, then the principal commercial city of the territory, in 1881, and the Northern Pacific reached it from east and west in 1883. The completion of this road was celebrated with imposing ceremonies on September 8th at Independence Creek, on the north bank of Deer Lodge River, sixty miles west of Helena, the place being named Gold Spike Station, in commemoration of the joining of the last rails by a spike of the chief Montana product. The event of the opening of the Northern Pacific was of greater interest than simply a commercial one, because it carried out the original Jeffersonian idea of a highway to the mouth of the Columbia, and thence to China. No other route or road was ever the theme of so much argument, eloquence, and poetry. 2
The advent in the territory of the Union Pacific and Northern Pacific gave a wonderful impetus to every branch of industry, and encouraged the construction of other lines. In 1889 there are three transcontinental railroads within its boundaries, each doing a profitable business. Numerous short branches or feeders have been extended to mining centers or agricultural valleys, and several local roads are rapidly being constructed by home companies.3 The third of those was the St Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba railroad, running from St Paul, Minnesota, to Great Falls, Montana, with the intention of extending its line to the lower or northern end of Puget Sound. So true is it railroads create the business they thrive upon that each of all these in Montana were earning good receipts. The imports into Montana by the Northern Pacific in 1888 were 132,696 tons; the exports, 100,181 tons. The business of the Union Pacific was 55,833 tons imports, and 47,990 tons exports, the local business of handling ores, coal, lumber, and merchandise not being included in the tonnage, but which far exceeds the through freight in amount. The value of the exports from Montana in 1888 were reported by the governor, “at a very conservative estimate,” as being $45,750,000. These consisted of gold, silver, copper, lead, beef cattle, horses, sheep, wool, hides, pelts, etc.
One of the latest developed resources of Montana is coal, which until the advent of railroads could not be profitably mined. It is now known that along the eastern bases of the Rocky Mountains coal of excellent quality exists in practically inexhaustible quantity. The mines on Rocky Fork, in Park County, in 1888 produced 500 tons per day; these of Sand Coulee, in Cascade County, 500 tons; and these of Timberline, in Park County, 200 tons daily. Choteau, Beaver Head, and Gallatin Counties are also rich in coal. The output during the year ending June 30, 889, was 118,000 tons, and this amount was expected to be doubled in 1890.
The most serious drawback to the general prosperity of the last decade was the great loss of cattle in the extraordinarily severe winter of 1886-7. The previous season had been one of unusual drought, in which large areas of forest were burned over, destroying timber to a large amount, and adding by heat and smoke to the discomfort of men and animals. This was followed by terrible winter storms, high winds, deep snows, and extreme cold, prevailing for a period long enough to destroy cattle valued at several million dollars. The loss resulted, as such losses usually do, in better provision for the support and safety of herds during these occasional inclement seasons. The increase of stock on the ranges since 1886-7 has not yet brought the number up to the previous amount, judging from the assessor’s returns, although it is probable that with so many railroads carrying stock out of the territory fewer remain upon the ranges than heretofore.
Mining continues to be the leading industry of the Montana people. Notwithstanding the low price of silver, copper, and lead, an ever increasing amount of capital has sought investment in mines, giving them a remarkable development from 1886 to 1889. In 1883 a table prepared from official returns gave the mount of gold and silver produced in the United States at more than two billions of dollars. It placed California first, with an accredited product of over one billion. Montana came third in the list, with a trifle more than $468,000,000, as a total of the production of its mines for twenty years, an average of $23,400,000 annually. The output of 1887 was bout $30,000,000, and that of 1888-9, $41,000,000, which makes Montana the leading mining state of the union. The single camp or mining town of Butte, in Silver Bow County, where are located silver and copper mines, and which produced $1,000,000 in 1880, increased its product to $23,000,000 in 1888. Owing to a fall in the price of copper, the output of this district in 1889 will not be valued at over $18,000,000, but the mines seem inexhaustible.
Butte, which fifteen years ago was a small placer mining village on a mountain side, is today the leading town of Montana in population, having 30,000 inhabitants, and is the first mining camp in the world, with handsome business houses and elegant residences. To the workmen in its mines and smelters is paid $500,000 per month in wages, its more than a hundred smoke-stacks, ever pouring, sending out day and night great volumes of dense smoke which testify to the ceaseless industry of the place.
The Anaconda, which was at first worked for silver, is now the most celebrated copper mine on the American continent, and with the other mines in this district, and one or two others, furnishes one third of the dividends paid on mining property in ten states and territories having dividend-paying mines.4 The Anaconda was visited by a fire, which broke out November 23, 1889, in the adjacent St Lawrence mine, and was communicated by a cross cut to the Anaconda on the 500-foot level, cutting off from escape a body of miners on the 800-foot level, who perished miserably, as did four others who attempted their rescue. The mines were closed to extinguish the fire, but in January 1890 they were still burning. The destruction of the timbers in the several levels will occasion serious caving-in of the walls, and a very large loss to the owners. The city of Butte sustained a loss of $350,000 by fire in September 1889, adding another to the curiously coincident conflagrations of this year in the northwest.5
Phillipsburg, in Deer Lodge County, is another great mining camp. The Hope silver mine is the oldest in Montana, having been opened in 1866, and successfully worked, the ore being of the free-milling kind, the greater operations of getting silver out of base and refractory ores having to wait for the advent of railroads. The original Hope mill of ten stamps is still pounding out the precious metal, and paying regular dividends in the midst of its over-shadowing rivals. The corporation owning it is the St Louis and Montana Company, the stock in which is held principally in St Louis. The most important group of mines, although not the oldest, is the Granite Mountain group, discovered in 1872, but not profitably developed until about 1884. The principal mine is the Granite Mountain, now producing more silver than any in the world. It is stocked for $10,000,000, and also owned in St Louis. Although so recently developed, it had paid in dividends to its stockholders, 1 November 1889, $7,600,000, or ten dollars per share on 400,000 shares of a par value of $25.6
Next in importance to this group of mines is the West Granite group, opened in 1886, and owned by a Montana company, of which J. K. Pardee was in 1887 general manager.7 Money for the first development of the mine was raised by the sale of 30,000 shares at a dollar a share. A number of other companies, St Louis and Philadelphia corporations, own lines in this district.8 The town of Phillipsburg was named for Phillip Deidesheimer, famous for his connection with mining on the Comstock. The camp has bout 300 population.
Other towns in this county depending upon mining re in the full tide of prosperity in 1889. Anaconda,9 Deer Lodge, and Drummond may be mentioned. Deer Lodge is less important as a mining town at present than as the seat of the United States penitentiary, the only federal building, except the assay office, in Montana. It is, however, in the midst of mining districts, and derives support from them.10 A private institution of learning called the Montana College11 is located at Deer Lodge. The population is about 1,000.
The Helena mining district is the third in importance in Montana, containing several dividend-paying mines, of which the Drum Lummond is the most prominent, and dividing $100,00012 quarterly among its share-holders. The Drum Lummond is a gold mine, and is situated at Marysville, twenty miles in a northwest direction from Helena. The Helena and Northern Railroad, a remarkable piece of engineering, connects it with the capital. This road for ten miles scales the sides of a steep mountain, and is built almost a third of the distance on trestles. The Drum Lummond has but recently been sufficiently developed to display its qualities as the first gold producer of the world, but has greatly increased the expectations of his district. A movement is on foot to organize a company to purchase the old Whitlatch-Union property at Unionville, near Helena, and resume operations. It is believed this mine would still produce gold in paying quantities.
The city of Helena, which is now inferior in population to Butte, is still the chief commercial city, with 5,000 inhabitants, and the improvements for 1888 cost $3,055,000. It has a number of handsome public buildings. The Lewis and Clarke county courthouse cost $200,000, and contains the legislative halls of the territory. The high school, graded, and ward schools are constructed of brick, and supplied with every modern convenience. The city has a good water supply, a well-organized fire department, gas, electric lights, and well-equipped street railways. Its rail-bed facilities are excellent. It has five banks of deposit, whose capital stock, surplus, and undivided profits amount to $8,322,699, more than can be found in any city of equal size in the world. The name of Heleena City is not an inappropriate one.13
Great Falls, in the new county of Cascade, established in 1887, is rapidly growing in reputation. It is situated upon a sloping site at the junction of Missouri and Sun Rivers, commanding a view of four mountain ranges. Here are the great cataracts of the Missouri, having a total fall of 512 feet. The first, or Black Eagle fall, has a sheer descent of 28½ feet, and an available fall of 54 feet, which will be utilized the present year (1889). The Rainbow fall has a perpendicular descent of 49 feet; Colter’s fall, 14 feet; Horseshoe fall, 20 feet; and the Great fall, 100 feet, with rapids between – the whole constituting a waterpower unequalled. Coal, iron, and limestone abound within a few miles of the new town of Great Falls. The advantages of the place have been recognized, and a million dollar smelter has been erected, with a capacity for reduction of 250 tons of ore daily; although the works are only one fourth their proposed size, as it is intended to make this the largest smelter for the reduction of silver-lead ores in the world. The population of Great Falls is 2,500, and its improvements, exclusive of the Manitoba and Montana Central Railroad properties, are valued at $2,500,000. There is a branch railroad line to the Sand Coulee coalmines, where 350 persons are employed, and will be extended to the silver, copper, and Galena mines in the Belt range. A stone and iron wagon bridge 1,000 feet long spans the Missouri at Great Falls. The town is a shipping-point for stock and wool. About 29,000 sheep, 10,000 cattle, and 1,000,000 pounds of wool were shipped from there in 1888. It has been incorporated as a city, has water-works in progress, has a large saw and planing mill, the largest flour-mill in Montana, two agricultural implement houses, three churches, and a $20,000 school building. Such is the vigor of Montana’s population.14
Benton has 1,000 inhabitants, and is a well-built, thriving town. A substantial iron bridge 875 feet long spans the Missouri at this place, at a cost of $65,000. The town has electric-light and water-works systems, a fire department, board of trade, a public-school building costing $33,000, a court-house costing $60,000, two fine hotels, one costing $50,000, and a First National bank building costing $20,000, besides private banks, handsome mercantile houses, several churches, a hospital, and other evidences of the intelligence and prosperity of its citizens. Benton is in the wool-growing district of Montana, and the town is supplied with wool compressors and warehouses for the convenience of shippers. But although the counties of Cascade and Choteau have been regarded as grazing districts, good crops of cereals are raised upon the bench-lands, as well as in the rich soil of the valleys bordering upon streams, and the quality of the upland grain is superior, while thirty bushels to the acre is garnered from land that has not been irrigated. It is but recently that the value of these northern plateau for farming purposes has impressed itself upon the consciousness of a people chiefly interested in mining and grazing – in gold and grasses – to which should now be added grain. The opening of the great reservation extending from the Missouri River to the boundary of British Columbia has added 18,000,000 acres of government land which is open to settlement, embracing the Milk River valley, traversed by the St Paul and Manitoba railroad. With all these fertile acres, and a transcontinental railway, northern Montana has a grand future, by no means very distant, in which Benton will have its share.15
The northeastern and eastern portion of Montana remains a great stock range, of which Miles City, in Custer County, is a shipping centre, and the third town in population in the state. A board of stock commissioners, with a member in each county, looks after the administration of the written and unwritten laws concerning the sole industry which rivals mining in Montana,16 and to which a very large amount of its money capital is due.17 It is contended by these capitalists that the government is unnecessarily jealous of their aggressiveness, for the territory occupied by them is too broken for agriculture. Opinions change with circumstances, and expediency will determine the limit of indulgence, which the future shall discover.
I have here gathered together some evidences of the material prosperity of Montana. It was once wittily said that mining-towns consisted of ophir-holes, gopher-holes, and loafer-holes. All that has been changed as far as Montana is concerned, if we except the ophir-holes, which are as much as ever sought after. Merchants are no longer compelled to store their goods in caves in the earth to protect them from fire or plunder; the rude first dwellings have been replaced by elegant, or at the least tasteful and comfortable, homes; the fashions of good society prevail in place of unseemly revelry; education and religion are fostered,18 as in the older commonwealths.
Education, being a matter of public polity, and not of private conscience, received more attention from the beginning, schools being formed under a school law in 1866. In 1867 there were two public-school teachers in Madison County, and three in Edgerton (Lewis and Clarke) County. The amount raised for their support and for schoolhouses was $7,709. The number of persons between four and twenty-one years of age in Montana was 1,920, of whom 222 attended school.19 Since that period the standard of education has advanced within the last ten or twelve years, until it is upon the same plane with the school systems of the older states. Children are admitted from four to twenty-one years of age; and fourteen years’ tuition is required to be graduated from the high school, where one exists. Teachers’ institutes are required by law, to aid in promoting the best methods of instruction.
The school lands not being salable until the territory became a state, the people were compelled to support the schools by taxation. The amounts raised the several counties varied from $9,207, in Yellowstone County, to $33,766.91, in Choteau County, and aggregated, in 1884, $231,229.42, making an average $17,786 of school money furnished for every county, The school fund collected in 1888 averaged twenty dollars annually for each child in Montana, of which amount $317,442.37 was from county tax. There are 316 schoolhouses, valued at $646,679; and the number of children of school age was 27,600; while e teachers were 442. Several of the counties having the largest school funds elected women for supertendents. 20
Of the literature of Montana there is little to be said. Newspapers abound, there being, before 1885, one in every county except Jefferson, which was supplied from Helena. The leading journals were of usual merit and interest, for interior newspapers.21
The dramatic taste of the people was not early developed by the theatre. There has been too much real life among them to leave a craving for mimic life. The towns, also were too small to support good companies. In 1866 Virginia City had a theatre, which was well patronized by its crowds of flush miners now passed away. Helena had then occasional seasons of the opera and drama. It has now a handsome open house. Miles City early supported a theatre, and a the principal towns had halls which served for musical and dramatic entertainments. When it is remembered that twenty-six years ago the first step was taken toward subduing the wilderness to the uses of civilized men, who could withheld the judgment, we done, hardy and energetic sons of America!
Taking 1883 as a point in time when the railroad era was fairly begun in Montana, twenty years after the discovery of Alder gulch, we have the country producing, aside from its minerals, 745,500 bushels of wheat, 1,614,000 bushels of oats, besides large crops of barley, potatoes, and garden vegetables; and owning 74,500 horses, 5,254 mules, 21,000 milch cows, 378,813 stock cattle, 524,440 sheep from which 2.037,000 pounds of wool were shipped. Of these, 50,000 cattle and 10,000 sheep were sent to market. The value of the stock on the ranges was $16,807,972. The sales aggregated between two and two and a half million dollars, besides these consumed at home. The value of the stock raised brought the income of Montana from livestock alone up to $3,000,000. Montana Husbandman; Portland West Shore, March 1884. The increase from this kind of property being rapid, the total value in the autumn of 1885 is put down at $30,000,000. With her bread and meat raised entirely within her own borders, with the question of cheap and quick transportation settled, and with millions coming in for beef, mutton, wool, butter, lead, silver, and gold, nothing was lacking but an honest and careful administration of county and territorial affairs to place Montana in a position to be admitted to the union, and to take rank at once as a wealthy state. Although still too soon to look for manufactures of importance, there was every facility for their maintenance in the water, forests, salt, iron, copper, wool, lime, coal, marble, hides, and other materials. Helena turned out Concord coaches and excellent farm-wagons. The annual report of the auditor of Montana for 1880 gives 18 gristmills, manufacturing 147,000 sacks, or 588,000 pounds, of flour; 57 sawmills, cutting 20,952,000 feet of lumber; 3 foundries, making 284 tons of castings; 11 wagon- factories, manufacturing 23 carriages, 20 of which were made at Helena; 42 carpenters’ shops, and 16 saddlers’ shops; with an aggregate of all amounting to $45,500. Lime works, tanneries, furniture shops, dairies, etc., are not enumerated. Population, which was first of all needful, was quoted in 1880 at 39, 157, but soon rapidly returning to the 60,000 of the flush mining times of 1865-6.
In 1880 the territorial auditor, J. P. Woolman, reported 4,115,457 acres of land under improvement in Montana, valued at $9,898,470; and 33,954 town lots improved, valued at 8,997,460; or $18,895,930 as the value of real estate, not including mining ground. In the thirteen counties there were 127,748 horses, valued at $4,333,595; 603,710 cattle, valued at $13,347.815; 968,298 sheep, valued at $1, 952,728; 2,121 mules and asses, valued at $116,145; and 18,837 hogs, valued at $75,713; or stock worth $19,825,999. The capital invested in manufactures was $290,700; in merchandise, $3,493,970. The value of personal property in the territory was $6,615,405.82. Altogether, the real and personal property of the territory, as assessed in 1886, was $55,076,871.53, an increase since 1883 of $10,378,410.25. There were 16 flourmills and 91 sawmills in the territory; 158 blacksmith shops, 5 foundries, 21 silversmiths’ shops, and 43 reduction furnaces. The flour manufactured was 141,500 sacks; the number of feet of lumber sawed was 94,777; castings made at the foundries, 2,605; value of saddlers’ work in 27 shops, $221,000; the bullion produced in the furnaces was 21,481,015 pounds, valued at $18,542.,498.85. The coal produced in the territory from 10 mines was 1,563,350 bushels.
It will be noticed that the production of flour, lumber, and coal in 1886 was insignificant in proportion to other sources of wealth. Although lumber and coal production has increased, the same disproportion has continued to the present date, the railroads importing these commodities, and exporting such as are more abundantly produced in the territory. From the report of Gov. White made in 1889 and acknowledged to be imperfect, it appears that there were in 1888 4,882 farms in Montana, and that on 26,155 acres were raised 770,200 bushels of wheat, or between 28 and 29 bushels to the acre. On 84,978 acres were raised 3,026,572 bushels of oats, or between 35 and 36 bushels to the acre. Over half the total amount of grain raised was produced in the two valleys of Bitterroot and Gallatin. This was not alone because of the greater fertility and better facilities for irrigation, but because these valleys he contiguous to mining centers which furnish markets for farm productions.
Owing to heavy losses in cattle and other stock sustained in the severe winter, of 1887, the increase, except in sheep, has been slight, the showing in 1888 being 142,040 horses, an increase of only 14,256 in two years; while in cattle there was still a loss of 175,249; but in sheep there had been a gain of 185,473. The wool clip of 1888 reached ten million pounds, and sold for about $1,600,000. The same year Montana exported and consumed beef, mutton, livestock, hides, pelts, lumber, coal, and farm products of the value of $30,000.000. Add to this $40,487,000 in gold, silver, lead, and copper produced in 1888, and we have over $70,000,000, which, divided per capita among her population of 140,000, would give every inhabitant the sum of $500, which is a higher standard of wealth than that attained by the majority of commonwealths.
This abundance does not come, as we have seen, from the agricultural resources of the state, which are still undeveloped, but from its mines. The principal mineral lodes as at present developed are in Silver Bow, Deer Lodge, Lewis and Clarke, Beaver Head, and Madison counties, although minerals exist in almost every part except the most eastern. There are in operation in 1889, 10 gold-mills, 18 silver-mills, 7 lead-smelters, 8 copper-smelters, and 25 concentrators, the combined capacity of which is 5,000 tons per. diem, and as soon as the Anaconda new smelter is completed, 7,000 tons. The number of men directly employed in mining is estimated at 10,000, and number of persons indirectly supported by mining and its cognate industries, 75,000. The dividends paid by mining companies in 1889 amounted to $4,000,000.
The production of lumber from 98 mills for 1888 was 67,474,575 feet, and for 1889, 150,000,000 feet, all of which was consumed in the territory, a proof of rapid building and other improvements. The value of this product at $15 per thousand was $22,500,000. The area of timbered lands in Montana is variously estimated at from 34,000 to 40,000 square miles. The increasing use of wire fencing, of coal and coke instead of charcoal in smelting- furnaces, and of coal by the railroads, will enable the state to preserve its timber supply for a much longer period than it otherwise would. The forests, however, have suffered heavy losses by fires during the dry summer weather, when Indians, hunters, tourists, teamsters, and prospectors, by carelessness in leaving campfires, cause the destruction of more timber than would supply the whole population for a generation.
Wages in Montana were high, even at this period, bricklayers receiving from $5 to $6 per day; stonemasons, $5; plasterers, $6; carpenters. $3.50 to $5; miners, $1150; and tradesmen generally from $3.50 to $5. Teamsters were paid $75 by the month; male cooks, from $50 to $100 per month, and all domestic service proportionately high; prescription clerks, $100 per month; dry-goods clerks, $65 to $125; bank clerks, $100 to $125; stenographers and type-writers, $100; male school-teachers and principals, $75 to $150; female teachers, $50 to $75; printers, 45c and 50c per M; bookkeepers, $75 to $150.
‘The laws of Montana,’ says Gov. White, ‘are especially in the interests of wage workers. They give them preference, and make their wages a hen for all sums earned sixty days prior to any assignments to the extent of $200.’ The same preference is given to claims for wages against the estate of deceased persons, coming first after funeral expenses, expenses of administration, and legal allowance to the widow and minor children; also in case of execution, attachments, and writs of a similar nature issued against persons or corporations. The constitution adopted in 1889 also has an article in the interest of labor, as follows: ‘The legislative assembly may provide for a bureau of agriculture, labor, and industry, to be located at the capital, under the control of a commissioner appointed by the governor, subject to the approval of the senate It shall be unlawful for the warden or other officer of any state penitentiary or reformatory institution in the state of Montana, or for any state officer, to let by contract to any person or persons or corporation the labor of any convict within said institutions. ↩
The general government has done very little for Montana in the matter of roads and routes. In 1884 congress made a small appropriation, and sent an expedition from Sioux City by the way of the Niobrara and the Black Hills to Montana, under the charge of Capt. Sawyer, who that year escorted a considerable train of immigrants to the gold mines. He came into the old immigrant road near Red Buttes, and left it near the head of Big Horn River, traveling to Virginia City by the route afterwards known as the Bozeman road, which the Indians finally caused to be closed. The money appropriated for improving the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers in more recent years has been almost wholly expended beyond the counties of Montana. Some money was used in improving the lower Yellowstone, and also Dauphin’s and Drowned Man’s rapids of the Missouri, 200 or 300 miles below Fort Benton. A small amount was expended in 1882 by Capt. Edward Maguire, U. S. Engineers, above the Falls of Missouri, but to little effect, owing to meagerness of the appropriation. The Missouri Navigation Company, formed in 1879 with the design of navigating the river above the fall, never carried out its plans, although a steamboat was placed upon that portion of the river in 1883. The Benton Transportation Company’s line plies on the Upper Missouri between Bismarck, Dakota, and Fort Benton, and for many years has been the only form of steam transit in the Upper Missouri country. It has a remarkable record, never having had a passenger lost or maimed on its boats. In 1887, up to the middle of August,38 up trips had been made, and 16,750,000 pounds of freight carried, valued at $1,500,000. The down freight of 800,000 pounds was valued at $800,000. Number of passengers carried, 700. The same company does business between Bismarck and Sioux City. The Yellowstone is sometimes navigated as far west as Billings, but navigation is impracticable upon it except during the months of June and July. Competition with the N. P. K. R., which runs for several hundred miles along the river, would be unprofitable, and no boats are built exclusively for this river. The tonnage of the Missouri River in 1888 amounted to 4,000 tons, 1,000 of which was in exports of wool, hides, and furs. ↩
The home companies which completed their roads before 1889 were the Montana Central and Montana Union. The Montana Central Company was organized by C. A. Broadwater, backed financially by the St Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Company. The Montana Union is a later enterprise. The former connects with the St P. M. & M. Co.’s road at Great Falls, and runs to Helena and Butte, with a branch from Silver City to Marysville, in Lewis and Clarke County. The Montana Union runs from Garrison, on the N. P. R. R., to Butte, with a branch from Silver Bow to Anaconda. The roads under construction in 1888 were the Niehart branch of the Montana Central, 50 miles; the Northern Pacific and Montana, from Gallatin to Butte, 70 miles; Elkhorn branch of N. P. R. R., 20 miles; from Missoula to Idaho, N. P. R. R., 110 miles; Sappington to Red Bluff, 20 miles; Harrison to Poney, 10 miles; Helena to Granite Quarry, 2 miles; total, 283.5 miles. The roads surveyed, but not commenced, were the Manitoba Extension from Great Falls to Missoula, 125 miles; Oregon Railway and Navigation Co., from Idaho boundary to Missoula, 115 miles; N. P. R. R. branches, from Billings to Fort Benton, 200 miles; branch to Castle Mountain, 65 miles; Big Horn and Southern, 1 15 miles; Billings and Clarke’s Fork, 60 miles; Garrison to Missoula, 80 miles; Missoula to Idaho boundary, 110 miles; total, 870 miles. ↩
The total amount of dividends paid in 1887 by the ten mining states and territories was $5,111,894, of which Montana furnished one fourth. Report of Helena Board of Trade, 1887, p. 14. ↩
Much credit is due to Charles Clark, former superintendent of the Hope mine, and now one of the principal owners of Granite Mountain, for persistence in developing this mine. He was succeeded in the management by rank L. Perkins, and more recently by John W. Plummer. ↩
The officers were A. M. Holter, prest, Thomas Cruse, vice-prest, C. K. Tells, sec, J. K. Pardee, general manager. Trustees, S. T. Hauser, Samuel Word, H. M. Parchen, T. J. Lowrey, Thomas Cruse, J. K. Pardee, A. M. Holter, A. A. McDonald, and Ed. I. Zimmerman. The property is capitalized at $10,000,000. ↩
The Granite Belle is a St Louis corporation. The Speckled Trout group dates back to 1874, and was opened by the Northwest Mining Company, a Philadelphia concern, in which Charlemagne Tower and Gen. A. B. Nettleton ere largely interested. The Speckled Trout mine was not worked for some time, and is now under lease to the Algonquin Company, managed by J. K. Pardee. ↩
W. L. Hege was born in Illinois in 1846, and removed with his father to Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1857. He was educated in the schools of that city and on graduating entered a bank to learn the business. In 1875 he went to Salt Lake City, where he was teller in a bank until 1882, when he organized the banking-house of Hoge, Brownlee, & Company, of Butte. The following year he removed to Anaconda and organized the banking-house of Hoge, Daly, & Company, which was changed to the 1st National bank in 1889. He was the first mayor of Anaconda. ↩
E. L. Bonner, a native of N. Y., and educated there, was born in 1834, and in 1857 came to the Pacific coast, settling in Oregon. In 1866 he brought a stock of goods to Missoula, Montana, since which time he has been in business in this territory. In 1872 he established the mercantile house of K L. Bonner & Co. in Deer Lodge, and in 1874 the Bonner Mercantile Company of Butte. His home, however, is at Deer Lodge, where he gives personal attention to his business. ↩
D. J. McMillan was born in Tennessee in 1846, removing with his father to Carlinville, Illinois, in 1854, where he was educated. In 1862 he entered the union army, and served three years, after which he was engaged in teaching in Illinois until 1873, when he went to Utah and organized and conducted a number of mission schools for a period of 10 years. In 1883 he wai elected the first president of Montana College, in which office he remains. In 1889 he took part in politics on the republican side, during the movement for statehood. As a speaker he is logical, forcible, and witty. ↩
For the month of September 1889, this mine, with a 50-stamp mill, crushed 3,238 tons, yielding $64,500; a 10-stamp mill crushed 537 tons, yielding $26,800; a 20-stamp-mill crushed 2,800 tons, yielding $20,000-total, $111.300. The working expenses were $53,000. At this rate the dividends should be about doubled. I might mention here the names of dividend-paying mines as quoted in 1887, at which period $8,134,902 had been paid since 1880. They were the Alice, $750,000; Amy and Silversmith, $331,851; Boston ani Montana, $520,000; Elkhorn, $180,000; Empire, $33,000; Granite Mountain, $2,600,000; Helena M. & R., $192,310; Hecla Consolidated, $l,062,500; Hope, $158,241; Lexington, $565,000; Montana Limited, $1,254,000; Moulton, $350,000; Original, $120,000; Parrot, $18,000. ↩
A little personal and territorial history will not be out of place here. About 1881, Paris Gibson, a pioneer of Minneapolis, and who understood the part the water-power of the Mississippi River at the falls of St Anthony had played in the building up of that city, first conceived the idea of founding a city at the Great Falls of the Missouri. His knowledge of this water-power and the surrounding country was chiefly obtained from J. K. Caster of Belt, and late in the above-mentioned year, in company with J. A. Whitmore and H. P. Rolfe, with James Burns as driver for the party, he set out from Benton to personally inspect the described locality. There were no roads, the party experienced difficulty in finding the several falls in order to compare their power, but decided the Great Falls impracticable, and a snow-storm corning on, they returned to Ft Benton. In the spring of 1882, Gibson made several visits to the falls, and in August, with Gov. Edgerton, Charles Gibson, and H. P. Rolfe, selected the present site, and made a preliminary survey of the town preparatory to placing scrip thereon. Soon after, Gibson formed a partnership with James J. Hill, the railway magnate. During the winter, additional land was filed on, and when all was secure, in 1883 a final survey of the town was made, Paris Gibson and Jerry Collins, with Rolfe, marking out the position of the principal business street, which was called Central Avenue, and was made 90 feet wide, all the other streets and avenues being 80 feet in width. In the autumn of 1883, John Woods erected the first log-house, on Tenth Ave. South. In the following April, Rolfe built the first frame-house, and George E. Huey the second, after which the town company’s secretary, H. O. Chowen, commenced erecting an office, and Walker & Carter a restaurant, partly of boards, and partly of canvas. Liberal advertising was restored to. In the mean time the coal mines at Sand Coulee were being opened, and quite a village was growing up there. In the mean time, also, James J. Hill was maturing his plans for bringing the Manitoba railroad to Great Falls by 1888, 700 miles across the great Indian reservation north of the Missouri. During the summer, Col Dodge of Helena visited the Falls and quietly selected the route of the Montana Central. The firm of Murphy, Maclay, & Co. opened a store at Great Falls, with W. P. Wren in charge. This was followed by Bcachley Bros & Hickory’s store. E. B. Largent had a store on the opposite side of the river, and William Wamer opened a restaurant, which served for the hotel of Great Falls for some time. In 1885 Will Hanks, who had been publishing the Rising Sun at Sun River, moved his plant to the new town, and on the 14th of May began the issuance of the Weekly Tribune. A school district was organized this year, a schoolhouse built, and Gibson, Rolfe, and Lee were the first trustees of the district, Rev. J. M. Largent being teacher. A sawmill was erected by McClay & Myers, and they, with Helter & Co., furnished lumber for the improvements of the town. Its growth was slow until, in the winter of 1885-6, word came that engineers were surveying a railroad line through Prickly Pear canon, revealing the purpose of the Montana Central Company. From this time the growth was more rapid and assured. In 1866 the town had 600 inhabitants. By great exertion, the Manitoba railroad was completed to Great Falls in October 1887, when a great celebration testified the satisfaction of the people. In November the road to Helena was opened. Truly the ways of the 19th century town-builders resemble not the ways of their ancestors of even one century ago. Some opposition was offered in the legislature to the organization of the county of Cascade, but the measure was carried through in 1887, and the county officials were sworn in on the 21st of Dec. The first board of commissioners consisted of Charles Wegner, J. A. Harris, and E. R. Clingon; sheriff, C. P. Downing; county treasurer, A. E. Diekerman; probate judge, H. P. Rolfe; clerk and recorder, J. W. Matkin; assessor, R. T. Gurham; attorney, George W. Taylor; supt of schools, Miss Bessie Ford.
The events of 1888 were the completion of the wagon-road and railroad bridges, the establishment of great reduction works, the holding of two terms of court, which cleared the moral atmosphere to a considerable extent, the building of a jail and two churches, the completion of the Sand Coulee railroad, the creation of a board of trade, and the erection of a large number of business buildings, the public school edifice, and two hotels, one of which is among the best in Montana. Another newspaper, the Leader, was established June 16, 1888. In October the city was incorporated, and Paris Gibson chosen mayor. A hundred years from now, when Great Falls is a great city, these details of its origin will not be without interest or value, but quite the reverse.
Prominent in that district, which was formerly in Choteau co., but in that portion which is now Fergus County, at Fort Maginnis, on the east flank of the Judith mountains, is Granville Stuart, president of the board of stock commissioners. Stuart has been frequently mentioned in the early part of this history. It was through a letter from Mr Stuart to a brother in Colorado describing the placer mines in the Rocky Mountains that the sudden immigration from Colorado to Montana took place in 1862. He was for many years a member of the Montana legislature, and school trustee since 1864. He was one of the first to prove that this was a superior cattle-raising region, and is himself identified with the cattle interests of the state. Mr Stuart was born in Virginia in 1834, and educated in Iowa. In the spring of 1852 he went to California, “where he mined until 1857, when he, returning east, was, through circumstances already mentioned, detained in Montana, and becoming interested in the affairs of a new territory, made it his home. ↩
Joseph Scott, of Miles City, is a representative cattle-raiser of his district. He was born in Tyrone County, in the north of Ireland, in 1844, and educated there and in Philadelphia, U. S. In 1867 he went to Idaho, mining at War Eagle Mountain for 2 years. In 1809 he went to Utah, purchased some cattle and drove them to White Pine, Nevada, where he remained until 1871, after which for 2 years he travelled about through Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah prospecting, and finally locating in Idaho in the track of the Indian war of 1878, by which he lost a good deal of property in stock. He then went to Elko County, Nevada, and tried cattle raising, but found the ranges over stocked. In 1880 he came to Custer County, Montana, where he follows stock raising, still retaining an interest in Idaho and Nevada. ↩
In 1863-4, Smith and Price, two Presbyterian ministers, and the first protestant preachers to settle in Montana, held services for a time in Virginia City, but it was not until 1872 that a Presbyterian Church was organized in that place, although other protestant churches had been, namely, the Methodist Church south, and an Episcopal and Catholic society. The last-named was under the charge of Father Giorda, the Methodist Church under that of A. M. Hough, and the Episcopal Church was cared fur by H. H. Prout.
Daniel S. Tuttle, of Otsego, New York, was the first missionary bishop of the Episcopal Church in Montana, appointed in 1866 to superintend Utah, Idaho, and Montana. He was a scholarly man, young and energetic, and labored efficiently in his field. At first a union church edifice was occupied by the protestant societies alternately, but it was ultimately sold for secular purposes. The Methodists erected a church in Virginia City in the autumn of 1867, the corner stone of which was laid on the 12th of September. As in most new countries, they organized in advance of other denominations, but in Montana they were divided by politics long after the cause, which separated them, was a lost cause. Helena was, on account of its importance, the next field sought, the Catholics being first on the ground, and completing the first building for purely religious services in Montana. Two young women, Sallie Raymond and Margaret Irvine, solicited contributions for the first church-bell in Helena, in the spring of 1867. Although religious exercises were held in the various towns and settlements, it required a few years for society to become sufficiently homogeneous to unite upon religious principles and decide to erect temples for their favorite practices. Accordingly most of the churches have been built since 1872. The Methodist Church at Missoula was dedicated that year. The Presbyterians did not begin seriously to organize until that year, when societies were formed at Deer Lodge, Helena, Gallatin City, Bozeman, and Virginia City, by Sheldon Jackson, J. R. Russell, and W. S. Frackelton. The Presbyterian edifice at Deer Lodge was opened for services February 21, 1875, Russell being first pastor of the society. The Catholics erected a new church at Helena in 1876. The Protestant Episcopal society of St Peter of Helena opened their church in October 1879, M. N. Gilbert pastor. ↩
The first public school of Helena was opened Dec. 3, 1867, and taught by William I. Marshal and Mrs R. M. Farley. Rept of Superintendent of Schools, in Virginia Post, Dec. 14, 1867. ↩
Teachers are the least publicly honored of all the public’s servants; superintendents have all been experienced teachers. Therefore, let me record here, for the honor of some of Montana’s most deserving, the names of her county superintendents of 1884: Beaverhead, John Gannon; Choteau, Miss E. Johnston; Custer, A. C. Logan; Dawson, J. H. Ray; Deer Lodge, T. Catlin; Gallatin, Adda M. Hamilton; Jefferson, E. L Fletcher; Lewis & Clarke, Helen P. Clarke; Meagher, Alice M. Darcy; Madison, J. C. Malny; Missoula, J. A. T. Ryman; Silver Bow, T. J. Booher; Yellowstone, F. Shuart. Sixth Annual Rept. of Supt of Public Instruction, by Cornelius Hodges, who has filled the office of territorial superintendent for many years, alternating with C. Wright and W. Egbert Smith. ↩
As one of these who have done’ much to foster the educational interests Montana should be mentioned Cornelius Hedges, a resident of Helena, who in 1872 was appointed superintendent of public instruction, and after serving for five years was reappointed in 1883, in which year he was also elected secretary of the Territorial Historical Society. A native of Westfield Massachusetts and educated first at the Westfield Academy, then at Yale, and finally the Harvard law school, he began the practice of his profession at Independence, Iowa, where in 1864 he published the Independent Civilian. During that year he came to Montana, and in 1865 to Helena, where he again practice law, and was appointed U. S. Attorney and Probate Judge. To him is due the credit of first suggesting that the National Park be set aside for the present purposes, and in 1870 he was one of a party of ten by whom its site was explored and surveyed. He is also secretary of the Pioneer Association, an has long been connected with the Helena Herald, on whose staff he is recognized as a most able journalist, and as a ripe and accomplished scholar. ↩
Article printed from Access Genealogy: http://www.accessgenealogy.com
URL to article: http://www.accessgenealogy.com/montana/montana-expansion-labor-transportation-and-citizens.htm
Copyright © 2013 Access Genealogy (http://www.accessgenealogy.com/). All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:24a327ee-b573-492c-8589-ace75e48a03b> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.accessgenealogy.com/montana/montana-expansion-labor-transportation-and-citizens.htm/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802778085.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075258-00050-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973246 | 10,889 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Stinking mayweed is an annual that grows up to 40cm high and flowers from December to March. Flowers are white and yellow and 15-30mm across. Leaves are feathery and dark green, grow up to 8cm long and are divided three times into awl shaped segments. The very distinct smell obtained from rubbing the foliage makes mayweed easy to identify.
Mayweed is common throughout the North Island and the northern half of the South Island. It appears in farmyards, holding paddocks, roadsides, disturbed ground, waste places and pasture. Mayweed germinates strongly when pasture is cultivated for either a crop or renovation in the autumn or when pugging has occurred during the winter.
Stock will actively avoid the plant and nearby pasture. | <urn:uuid:9e03f03f-3be0-46df-b543-830b46c2c48d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://agrobaseapp.com/ireland/weed/stinking-mayweed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499695.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128220716-20230129010716-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.965369 | 160 | 2.953125 | 3 |
My Tooth Hurts!! What should I do?
“MY TOOTH HURTS!!”
A tooth may hurt for many reasons. Relieving a hurting tooth or finding tooth pain relief as soon as possible is both desirable and a smart plan of action. Some common causes of a hurting tooth include:
- An area of decay (commonly referred to as a “cavity“)
- A recently filled tooth in which the filling is hitting too hard or interfering with the normal bite
- A temporary or permanent crown that is “too tall” and not allowing the teeth to come together comfortably
- A sinus infection that pushes the upper molar teeth slightly out of their normal position and are tender when biting or chewing
- Crunching ice or biting down unexpectedly on a seed or eating utensil and overloading the ligaments that hold a tooth within a tooth socket
- Cracking or breaking a tooth or cracking or losing a filling
- A wisdom tooth is trying to come in and may be blocked from moving into position
Contacting your dentist as soon as you notice “My tooth hurts” so that an appointment can be scheduled to determine what needs to be done to make your tooth feel more comfortable and provide tooth pain relief. The sooner a professional assessment can be made for your situation the quicker and more economically treatment can be accomplished.
If you are not able to get in to your dentist quickly, there are some things that you can do to minimize your discomfort and find tooth pain relief from a hurting tooth:
- If you notice a hole or concavity that has suddenly appeared in your tooth, try to place something in the hole temporarily. A damp piece of cotton or a bit of sugarless gum securely compressed into the hole may insulate the nerve of the tooth so that air or temperature extremes are less painful.
- Avoiding extremely hot or extremely cold foods or beverages will minimize discomfort until your dentist can provide more permanent treatment.
- Chewing on the opposite side of your mouth from the one in which the hurting tooth is located and selecting softer foods will cause fewer traumas to a hurting tooth.
- A mouth guard, retainer or bleach tray, if you have one, may allow protection for a hurting tooth until you are able to see your dentist.
- Over the counter pain medications can also provide some relief: aspirin, Motrin or Advil (ibuprofen) or Tylenol (acetominophen) depending on which works best for you.
- If a newly placed filling or crown is hitting too hard your dentist may just need to reduce the height of the newly placed restoration to provide almost immediate relief. Unfortunately, the crown or filling will not wear down on its own without some assistance from the dentist.
- A sinus infection may require antibiotics to treat the infection so the congested sinuses can shrink to normal dimensions and allow the teeth to settle back into a more normal position.
- A tooth that has received trauma from biting on something too hard may just need a few days for the ligaments to calm down and allow a hurting tooth to quiet down.
- If a tooth has developed a cavity, lost a filling, or broken your dentist needs to examine the tooth and make the recommendation for the treatment that is best suited for each situation.
- An un-erupted or partially erupted wisdom tooth can cause a lot of discomfort. Trying gently to clean the gum around the erupting tooth and keeping it as clean as possible will help until more definitive treatment can be accomplished. Rinsing with salt water or peroxide and water may also provide some relief.
Contact your dentist as soon as you realize “My tooth hurts” so that you can start feeling better as soon as possible … we want to help you find tooth pain relief as fast as possible!!
At Thomas L. Anderson and Associates, we offer patients tooth pain relief!! We look forward to working with you and your family to offer quality, affordable dental care. It is important to our dental team that we help you maintain your dental health and wellbeing! Please contact one of our three offices today to schedule an appointment today. | <urn:uuid:eab27ae9-b01c-4dcd-8c54-ac9a0219c94c> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://theperfectsmilekc.com/my-tooth-hurts-what-should-i-do/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178366969.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303134756-20210303164756-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.951622 | 856 | 2.65625 | 3 |
When rays are focused correctly on the retina of a relaxed eye, the eye is said to be emmetropic. Emmetropia is the medical term for 20/20 vision, vision that needs no corrective lenses, contact lenses, or reading glasses. It occurs because the optical power of the eye can perfectly focus an image to the retina, giving it “perfect” vision.
The opposite of emmetropia is ametropia. With ametropia, the focal point of the eye is some distance in front of or behind the retina. The following vision conditions are types of ametropia. | <urn:uuid:0c32bdd1-5916-4c7a-b829-0bd43f8aa9d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.eyesonj.com/eye-health/vision-conditions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141184123.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125183823-20201125213823-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.909617 | 128 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A textbook used to instruct law
students in a particular area of law. The text consists of a collection
of edited court opinions, and notes by the author.
These are canned briefs such as
Legalines and Casenote Legal Briefs. We do not recommend that you use
canned briefs. They are not always accurate, and they prevent you from
practicing the important skills of extracting issues, rules and holdings
from the cases yourself.
The two main series are
by Gilberts and Emanuel. Commercial outlines are intended to summarize
an entire law school course. They often follow the organization of
specific casebooks. They provide a general overview of a topic and can
serve as a roadmap for preparing your own course outline. A commercial
outline should never be a substitute for preparing your own course
outline. Emanuel also publishes a Crunchtime series that contains a
shorter version of its outlines. (Do not buy this is you already have
the more comprehensive Emanuel's outline-it contains everything that is
in the Crunchtime series plus much more, for only a few dollars more).
Can be helpful in preparing for
closed book exams where rule memorization is important. The Law in
Flash cards for civil procedure has been very popular in the past. These
can contain mistakes, so check anything that doesn't seem correct to
you. Making your own flash cards is a great study strategy!
Hornbook or treatise:
A book providing a
comprehensive overview of one topic, such as contracts or property.
Treatises explain the law, setting out rules, policies and examples.
Treatises may be one volume or multiple volumes. A hornbook generally
refers to a one volume treatise. Hornbooks are generally useful as a
reference tool for difficult areas of a course, but do not lend
themselves to cover to cover reading. The law library has hornbooks for
all 1L courses. The ASP office has some as well. Hornbooks are expensive
to buy, so take advantage of the ones in the library or ASP office.
A scholarly periodical edited by
students at a law school. Articles in law reviews are written by law
professors, practicing lawyers and law students. The articles describe
the current state of the law, but also explore underlying policies and
critique current rules. The articles tend to deal with the finer points
of law, rather than providing an overview of a topic. Most law review
articles will not be helpful to first year law students. Occasionally a
professor will recommend an article because it provides an excellent
overview of a topic covered in class. In that case, you should read it!
Restatements attempt to unify
the existing common case law in certain areas. They are written in the
form of rules with explanations and examples. They are not binding as
Primer and other textual study aids:
are a group of books in between commercial outlines and hornbooks. They
cover one topic in text form, but are not as comprehensive as a
hornbook. They can provide an excellent overview of a subject. Some
examples are the Concepts and Insights series by Foundation Press, the
Understanding series by Lexis Publishing, and the Examples and
Explanations series by Aspen Publishing. West also publishes a Nutshell
series, which provides a shorter, less comprehensive analysis of a
subject, but may give a useful overview. For recommendations for
specific courses, see the academic support office.
Questions and Answers:
There are several
publications that contain sample questions that you can use to practice
for law school exams, and these contain answers as well so you can
verify that you are on track with you studying. The Siegel's series by
Aspen contains both essay and multiple choice questions. Lexis publishes
a Q & A series of multiple choice and short answer questions. There
is also an Exam Pro series published by West that has objective
questions and answers. Many commercial outlines and textual study aids
discussed above contain come practice essay and objective questions as | <urn:uuid:2b1270bb-5a5b-40a7-b86f-15818a5acfaa> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://law.depaul.edu/student-resources/academic-advising/academic-support-program/Pages/study-aids.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662400.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00256-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932865 | 857 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Many people in slave-owning areas like the American antebellum South feared slave uprisings and rebellions. Incidents like the New York Conspiracy in 1741, Gabriel's Conspiracy in Virginia in 1800, and Nat Turner's Rebellion in 1831 made slaveholders and other members of white society even more nervous. They therefore created a series of slave codes and other laws designed to keep slaves firmly in their place and prevent further rebellions.
Slave codes varied from place to place, but they contained some common elements. Slaves, for instance, could not travel away from their owners' homes without permission and a pass to indicate that permission. They could not gather together unless there was a white person with them. They could not learn how to read and write (and it was illegal to teach them). They could not bear arms. Those who did not live on a plantation were subject to strict curfews.
Further, slaves could not own property or buy and sell in their own names. They could not marry in any way that was legally recognized. They could not testify in court or serve on juries. Most of the time, they did not even receive a trial for an alleged crime. What's more, slave patrols were created to enforce all these codes, and the Fugitive Slave Act required the capture and return of runaway slaves.
We can see, then, how the fear of uprisings led to much greater restrictions on slaves in order to prevent them from gaining any sort of independence, power, or cooperation among each other. The restrictions continued to grow over time in many cases in order to try to make sure that the threat of rebellion was kept to a minimum. | <urn:uuid:04af89d9-72e5-46b0-ad21-f4b363544ae1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-did-slave-rebellions-in-the-us-and-beyond-2845408 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711151.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207085208-20221207115208-00809.warc.gz | en | 0.979774 | 341 | 4.78125 | 5 |
The concept of “critical periods” in the emotional development of the dog is a well documented one. Dogs that are denied human contact until they are over 12 weeks of age seldom make good companions. Somewhere in that time span is the “critical period” during which dogs can be socialized to another species, us. Research into critical periods in the development of the dog’s mind has been carried out since the early 1960’s. In 1961, the magazine Science published the results of the most elaborate and definitive experiment that had been carried out to that date, a report that concluded that socialization in dogs, the ability to learn to live compatibly with dogs and with us ends at 12 weeks of age and that the most critical period was 6 to 8 weeks of age.
Later on, in 1967, Science published again on the subject. The magazine reported Scott and Fuller’s work which showed that pups raised in completed isolation to 7 weeks of age could still recover completely and become socially normal. They also reported that outside contacts as infrequent as twice a week and for only twenty minutes each time were enough to ensure normal development as long as these outside contacts occurred in the critical period between 4 and 12 weeks.
Out of this and other research came the concept of the first critical period, this lasts from birth to 12 weeks of age, in the development of the dog’s mind. It was divided up this way:
1. Neonatal period: 0 to 2 weeks
2. Transitional period: 2 to 4 weeks
3. Socialization period :- to dogs 4 to 6 weeks
– to humans 4 to 12 weeks
Neonatal period: The pup is almost wholly under the care of the mother and the way she behaves with her pups will influence their behavior in later life. Remember, these first weeks of the pup’s life are its most important, that the earliest experiences it has will have a tremendous impact on the mind of the pup. There are no apparent maternal behavior centres in the brain and it seems that both genes and learning are involved. There are, however, variations in the quality of mothering and these will affect the behavior of her pups. Because the pup’s brain is still in such a formative state, the experiences it undergoes now will have a tremendous impact on the development of his or her mind. This is why the first 12 weeks of age are such a “critical period” in the pup’s life. Early handling – stressing – at this age is actually good for the emotional development of the dog and probably makes him better able to cope with stressors later on in life. Mild stresses early in life influence the adrenal-pituitary system, fine tuning it to respond in a sensitive and graded manner later on in life rather than in an all or nothing fashion. The question remains as to exactly what is the optimum amount of stress that a young pup should receive because it is also known that too much stress at an early age leads to subsequent retarded development. Mild stresses will accelerate body growth, reduce emotionality and possibly increase resistance to certain diseases.
Transitional period: This is when most of the pup’s sensory abilities come on stream. The pup’s world opens up and suddenly his littermates and the rest of his environment have a dramatic effect on his developing mind. First comes vision than hearing and balance and finally touch and pain. The transition period from 2 to 4 weeks of age is the beginning of the most important period in the young dog’s life. For the first time his senses are being stimulated and he will be forever influenced by the images that now form in his mind. How a dog behaves at any time in his life is a result to a constant and fluid interplay between his genetic potential and his environment. It is during the transition stage that many of the building blocks of the dog’s future behavior are laid down. What he experiences now will affect him for the rest of his life. No one knows exactly how it happens but as the pup leaves the transition period; he enters what will be the most important 8 weeks of his life, the time during which he learns to live with both his own kind and with us.
Socialization period: Any type of social relationship that a pup eventually develops begins as a problem and ends as a habit. These relationships are always adaptable and it is during the next 2 months that they are most malleable. During this time the severity that the mother uses in altering her relationship with her pups has a direct bearing on how the pups will ultimately behave with people. How a pup treats and is treated by his littermates during the next few weeks of his life is just as important for us too. During this time play becomes a big factor in the development of the dogs mind. Playful activity has a number of functions socially speaking there are three: play stimulates communal behavior; play affects and moulds adult social behavior; and play predicts the future dominance relationship within the pack. Play develops the pup’s mind because it leads him into different situations where he has to innovate a solution. During the socialization period, play is carried out for more than its own sake. It is a source of skill, information about littermates and it deflects natural aggression. It can also be used to advance the social status of a pup. Dogs that are isolated form other dogs during this period in their lives are often hyper aggressive towards other dogs. They haven’t learned how to inhibit this behavior. Pups that are denied play activity up to 12 weeks of age can develop bizarre behaviors including self-mutilation in order to reduce tension. They are poorer learners, have a greater fear of people, animals and noises, and are shyer and more antisocial. They will avoid stimuli and are reluctant to explore. In short they are canine misfits. Between 3 and 8 weeks of age, pups should be exposed to potentially fearful stimuli in the environment, kids, aerosol sprays, vacuum cleaners, vets, postmen, cats, street noises, and this sensitization should continue throughout the socialization period up to 12 weeks of and on into the juvenile period. Remember, this is the most sensitive period of a pup’s life. Dogs that don’t meet people until after the socialization period are antisocial, difficult to train and dingo like in their fight, flight and freeze behavior. Dogs that don’t meet other dogs during the socialization period are fearful, make poor mothers and are inhibited or over reactive when they meet other dogs.
From a veterinary viewpoint, a major conflict arises from this information for, as all dog owners know, standard medical advice dictates that pups should not meet other pups until at least 2 weeks after the final puppy vaccination which is given at 12 weeks of age. Some vaccine manufactures suggest as late as 20 weeks of age to finalize the parvovirus inoculation. But what happens to the pup’s developing mind if he is isolated for so long? The answer to this conundrum depends on what role you want your dog to play in your life. For dogs that will be forever human oriented, this medical advice can be safely followed. The consequence will be a human oriented and human attached dog, one that should be responsive to command and readily obedient to you but possible fearful or aggressive with other dogs. If you want your pet to be a dog oriented dog however, the standard medical advice is dangerous to follow.
The degree or intensity of play at this stage is also a portent of the future. Pups that are too playful aggressive during the socialization stage make difficult pets in the future. If there is any one rule to follow at this stage of a pup’s life, it is a simple one. Never, ever play fight, especially during the socialization period, with potentially aggressive and dominant dogs. Do not role on the ground and simulate fighting and do not play tug in an aggressive means. If you do you will be creating dramatic problems for the future. | <urn:uuid:3a33d6ba-40ac-4553-bb7a-c54a64bc8299> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://angeldogstraining.net/2012/02/the-dogs-early-learning-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387219.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525032636-20200525062636-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.975807 | 1,654 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Report on Whakaari/White Island (New Zealand) — March 1994
Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, vol. 19, no. 3 (March 1994)
Managing Editor: Richard Wunderman.
Whakaari/White Island (New Zealand) Small ash eruptions and steam plumes
Please cite this report as:
Global Volcanism Program, 1994. Report on Whakaari/White Island (New Zealand) (Wunderman, R., ed.). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 19:3. Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199403-241040.
37.52°S, 177.18°E; summit elev. 294 m
All times are local (unless otherwise noted)
The lake in Wade Crater was first observed in March 1993. Following an ash-bearing phreatic eruption on 19 October 1993, the crater lake temperature decreased from ~45 to 22°C. By the end of November, lake temperature had again risen to >50°C, the water color was green-yellow, and there was strong bubbling and geyser-like activity near the W shore.
Fieldwork on 14 January 1994 revealed that the lake in Wade Crater had shrunk to a small pond of bubbling gray water at its former W end. Noise from the fumarole in the NW corner of Royce Crater, where a lake was present in early December, was loud enough to cause discomfort without ear protection. The next day, this fumarole emitted brown ash that formed a plume to 200 m above the main crater floor. Ballistic blocks up to 50 cm in diameter were thrown as high as 30 m above the vent. Noise levels were variable, but generally lower in intensity than on the day before. Maximum temperature of the pond, as measured by infrared pyrometer, dropped to 40°C on 15 January from 87°C on the 14th.
By 19 January, a thin layer of khaki-colored ash covered the Main Crater floor near the 1978/90 Crater Complex, and extended as far as peg E, ~380 m SE of the vent (figure 21). The pond in Wade Crater had disappeared, and a blocky tuff cone stood near the former active vent in the NW part of the crater. There was no sign of impact craters, even adjacent to the cone. The primary activity during the visit was geysering from a sludgy pool in the NW corner of Wade Crater. Bright white steam frequently burst through the surface of the pool immediately before upwelling commenced. Based on a strand line, the former lake had only been 2-5 m deep. The divide between Princess and TV1 craters had collapsed further, allowing clear views of the floor of Princess Crater.
|Figure 21. Sketch map of the main crater area of White Island showing crater and peg locations as of 19 January 1994. Contour elevations are in meters. Courtesy of IGNS.|
A deformation survey on 19 January suggested that local cooling, withdrawal of underlying brine fluids, and subterranean collapse were still operating beneath the Donald Mound area. Since 2 December 1993 an area centered W of Donald Mound-Donald Duck subsided at a rate similar to December 1992-December 1993 (4-5 mm/month). Possible deflation of ~3 mm SE of Donald Mound since last December, where inflation over the past year had averaged 1.7 mm/month, indicated that recent inferred heating in that area had stopped.
Lakes had reappeared in Wade and Royce craters by 29 January. A very sharp boundary could be seen within the Wade Crater lake. It was gray and steaming on the W side with a maximum temperature of 65°C, but the E side was greenish-yellow with a maximum temperature of 49°C. Steam discharges continued from the large vent at the W end of the crater, but noise levels were lower than on 15 January. A vigorously discharging superheated fumarole was observed on the N crater wall above the lake, but it was too small for a temperature measurement. Heavy rains on 4-5 February caused flash-flooding that stripped a large amount of ash from the surface and caused several landslides. A helicopter pilot noted that the lake level appeared 3-5 m higher, and that there was geysering and vigorous overturning in the lake.
A small eruption on 23 February was observed at about 1012, while scientists were in transit to the island. By 1018, the white, apparently ash-free steam plume had reached an altitude of 2 km (determined by an on-board altimeter), at which point the top of the plume was still vigorously convecting and ascending. Considering the temperature and ebullient nature of the crater lake, and because this was essentially a steam eruption, the vent in the crater lake was considered the most likely source for the eruption. A pulse of orange-brown ash was emitted from the 1978/90 Crater Complex at about 1155, followed by lesser amounts of pale gray ash for the rest of the afternoon. Because the vent area was almost totally obscured by steam, the source vent could not be determined.
The lake in Wade Crater again exhibited the two-tone coloration and similar temperatures as observed on 29 January, although the level was considerably higher. The turbid gray water in the W half of the lake appeared to descend beneath the comparatively suspension-free green water to the E. At least two sources of upwelling were apparent in the hotter gray water. Primary steam sources from the crater included the main fumarolic discharge from the NW part of Royce Crater, and increased discharges from fumaroles on the N wall immediately above the lake. Comments from a helicopter pilot indicated that this change in activity occurred after torrential rains about two weeks earlier. Combined noise levels from the fumaroles were moderate.
A small eruption near the location of a previous fumarole on Donald Mound had formed an elongate crater approximately 1 x 3 m in size and 50 cm deep. Two distinct low-temperature (98°C) discharges issued from this crater, one under high pressure. Preliminary analysis revealed fairly dry output gases with a high N2/Ar ratio of ~1,300. Temperatures at Noisy Nellie fumarole ... were in the 201-208°C range in January and February. Other fumaroles ranged from 98 to 109°C during the same period.
Geologic Background. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty about 50 km offshore of North Island. The island consists of two overlapping andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcanoes. The SE side of the crater is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the shore close to the rear crater wall. Volckner Rocks, sea stacks that are remnants of a lava dome, lie 5 km NW. Descriptions of volcanism since 1826 have included intermittent moderate phreatic, phreatomagmatic, and Strombolian eruptions; activity there also forms a prominent part of Maori legends. The formation of many new vents during the 19th and 20th centuries caused rapid changes in crater floor topography. Collapse of the crater wall in 1914 produced a debris avalanche that buried buildings and workers at a sulfur-mining project. Explosive activity in December 2019 took place while tourists were present, resulting in many fatalities. The official government name Whakaari/White Island is a combination of the full Maori name of Te Puia o Whakaari ("The Dramatic Volcano") and White Island (referencing the constant steam plume) given by Captain James Cook in 1769.
Information Contacts: B. Christenson and B. Scott, IGNS, Wairakei. | <urn:uuid:a1efab13-5181-4806-aaa1-0d29cdc97d0e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199403-241040 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.966195 | 1,664 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Shortly after fertilization the hormone progesterone increases and is maintained at high levels in the mother's bloodstream. The high levels of progesterone prevent the uterus from contracting. The progesterone prepares the
lining of the uterus (the endonestrium) for its supporting role in nurturing the developing fetus, and helps form the placenta. Maternal progesterone levels begin to drop during the last weeks of gestation, while the levels of estrogen begin to rise. When progesterone levels drop to very low levels and estrogen levels are high, the uterus begins to contract.
Science EncyclopediaScience & Philosophy: Bilateral symmetry to Boolean algebraBirth - Viviparous Animals, Maternal Progesterone, Oxytocin, History Of Childbirth, Types Of Childbirth Preparation, Types Of Anesthesia - How does birth begin?, Fetal endocrine control, Birth in humans | <urn:uuid:5a7bbfbf-786e-44a6-9055-ae04cb655640> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://science.jrank.org/pages/928/Birth-Maternal-progesterone.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647639.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601074606-20230601104606-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.813394 | 192 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Commanding prima ballerina of Native American descent who dazzled audiences and inspired the choreographer George Balanchine
Maria Tallchief was one of America’s first ballerinas. At a time when ballet was largely perceived as a foreign — especially Russian — art-form, she had a pure-blood Osage father and belonged to a small but prominent band of part-Native American dancers.
The first and oldest of these, Rosella Hightower, achieved her greatest fame in Europe, as did Marjorie Tallchief, Maria’s younger sister. But Maria was, during her best years, considered America’s most technically accomplished ballerina. As George Balanchine’s muse for almost a decade, she appeared in most of his ballets and was New York City Ballet’s first star. Her style, refined | <urn:uuid:4ecd618b-15d8-4e80-97e8-aa0a449fbbfe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/obituaries/article3741001.ece | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965156 | 179 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Dry eye syndrome occurs when there is a decreased production of tears that moisten, protect and cleanse the eyes. Dry eye syndrome is one of the most common eye problems, and it becomes more common as people age because tear production can diminish as part of the aging process. More women are affected than men, and the syndrome is more likely to flare up at times of hormonal change such as after menopause or during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Birth control pills can trigger dry eye syndrome, and so can many other medications, including antidepressants, antihistamines, decongestants, antianxiety agents and diuretics or other blood pressure pills. Some medicines that are used in the eye also can cause dry eyes as an allergic reaction.
Several autoimmune disorders also can affect the body's ability to produce tears, including Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and myasthenia gravis, as well as other conditions such as Bell's palsy and thyroid dysfunction.
To continue reading this article, you must login
Subscribe to Harvard Health Online for immediate access to health news and information from Harvard Medical School. | <urn:uuid:dfa189e5-e717-4485-ba30-ecb36929f269> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/dry-eye-syndrome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662321.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00225-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950347 | 229 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Convex Hull Node
The Convex Hull node outputs a convex mesh that is enclosing all points in the input geometry.
When the node is used on a geometry with instances, the algorithm will run once per instance, resulting in many convex hull meshes in the instance geometries. The Realize Instances node can be used to get a convex hull of an entire geometry.
Volumes are not supported by this node, and attributes are not automatically transferred to the result.
Standard geometry inputs.
This node has not properties.
- Convex Hull
Mesh that encloses all points in the input. | <urn:uuid:0ca6754f-3b62-4df5-92d6-7985bd4cec99> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://projects.blender.org/blender/blender-manual/src/branch/main/manual/modeling/geometry_nodes/geometry/operations/convex_hull.rst | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100112.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129141108-20231129171108-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.805776 | 131 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Relationships are a critical part of our lives and can have either a positive or negative impact on our mental and physical health. Having a healthy, long-term relationship can make you feel better in many ways, from improved sleep to lower stress levels.
Having a relationship can also help you find out what is important to you. In fact, it can help you discover your true self and become a more confident person.
A healthy relationship also gives you the opportunity to learn how to communicate effectively with your partner. This can be difficult, but it is worth the effort because it will allow you to solve problems in your relationship and set boundaries.
It can also help you understand each other’s nonverbal cues, which will help you understand how they feel when they are communicating with you. This is crucial for a healthy relationship and can save you from hurt feelings or an uncomfortable situation.
Intimacy in a relationship can have a significant effect on your mood and mental health. Studies have shown that people who experience intimacy in a relationship feel less anxious, happier and more motivated to do things they enjoy.
Finding ways to nurture your relationship is a great way to keep it healthy, according to research from the University of California at Berkeley. The study looked at over 7,000 couples and found that those that did not break up after two years were more likely to have a strong love connection than those who split up. | <urn:uuid:02ee7fc7-e3c7-46c3-9f29-06651fb7f35a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://rtail.org/2023/02/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.971506 | 286 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Skip to comments.The Pinta, Santa Maria And A Chinese Junk? (More)
Posted on 02/03/2003 3:18:04 PM PST by blam
from the January 29, 2003 edition
The Pinta, Santa Maria, and a Chinese junk?
A new book claims the Chinese discovered America in 1421, but historians refute thesis.
By Amanda Paulson | Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
To the Norsemen, the Japanese, and the Carthaginians; to the Irish, the Africans, and a long list of others who, it is claimed, crossed the oceans to America long before 1492, add one more: the Chinese. They toured up and down both coasts of the Americas, established colonies, made maps, and left behind chickens. That, at least, is the theory posed by former British naval officer and amateur historian Gavin Menzies.
REWRITING HISTORY: British historian Gavin Menzies claims that it was the Chinese, not the Italians, who first discovered America.
What is surprising is not so much the claims themselves but the buzz they've created in popular culture both here and in Britain - especially given that few professionals in the field find his case convincing.
Mr. Menzies's book, "1421: The Year China Discovered America," has sold more than 75,000 copies since it hit British shelves in October. It debuted in the US at No. 8 on the New York Times bestseller list earlier this month. Mr. Menzies, who reportedly received an $800,000 advance from Bantam, has appeared on TV and radio. He's been profiled in the New York Times magazine. A PBS documentary is close behind.
"He's come up with a story people want to believe in," marvels Gillian Hutchinson, curator of cartography at London's National Maritime Museum who heard Menzies give a lecture last spring at the Royal Geographic Society. "There was almost a religious fervor in the audience."
This isn't the first time a tale of preColumbian discovery has captured the popular imagination. Thor Heyerdahl's 1950 book "Kon-Tiki" claimed that ancient Peruvians crossed the Pacific by raft - and documented his own attempt to emulate them. Then there was Harvard marine biologist Barry Fell, who translated scratches on rocks as ogham script, claiming evidence of Asian, African, and Celtic exploration. And many an Irishman insists the first person to reach America was none other than Brendan the Navigator, a 6th-century Irish monk.
Before Christopher Columbus was born
But Menzies's tale, which looks at a well-documented voyage by a Ming Dynasty fleet in 1421, is more specific in its assertions than most theories. In his version, a fleet led by admiral Zheng He rounded the Cape of Good Hope and then split up. One group explored South America, Antarctica, and Australia, while other ships toured Central and North America, circled Greenland, learned to measure longitude, and established settlements. Menzies says all records of the voyages were later destroyed.
For evidence of his theory, Menzies casts a broad net, citing shipwrecks, anchor stones, language, and maps that he says helped guide Columbus and Magellan. The historian points to a map the Portuguese had by 1428 that suggested some Caribbean islands long before any European was known to have traveled there. Menzies believes the chart was derived from Chinese explorations.
The book is more detective novel than history, with Menzies as the Hercule Poirot who pieces together the clues, helped by his navigation experience. "If I have found information that escaped [eminent historians]," he writes, "it is only because I knew how to interpret the extraordinary maps."
There's just one problem: Mainstream historians consider the book hogwash.
"It's absolutely preposterous," laughs Donald Blakeslee, an archeologist at Wichita State University in Kansas, referring to one of the book's claims: that ships with "gilded sterns" had sailed up the Mississippi River and into the Missouri. "A seagoing vessel couldn't have gotten close to that area."
Dennis Reinhartz, who teaches the history of cartography at the University of Texas at Arlington and is a past president of the Society for the History of Discoveries, agrees. "There's a whole genre of this stuff," he says with a laugh. "People are forever saying this line [on a map] represents this or that ... but it's still shaping a square peg to fit a round hole." Much of the evidence Menzies points to - a mysterious tower in Newport, R.I., for instance, and several 15th-century maps - has been used to support other theories.
None of this, however, takes away from the charm of the author or his story. Read it, or better yet, listen to Menzies for a few minutes, and it's hard to resist his enthusiasm. Charismatic, with a delightful British accent, he sounds like a kid who's just worked out the solution to a particularly tricky riddle.
"There's a flood of new evidence," he exclaims, ticking off a list of clues of Chinese settlements in America.
"So, for New York, the first person who got there was Giovanni de Verrazzano, and in trying to find the Northwest Passage he met people he described as Chinese! In Florida, Pedro Menendez de Aviles found wrecks of Chinese junks in the Atlantic. In Peru, Friar Antonio de la Calancha found pictures people had painted of the Chinese cavalry...." He keeps going, enthusiasm unabated.
That exuberance may account for some of the book's popularity. "It's a delightful read," says Nancy Yaw Davis, an independent scholar in Anchorage, Alaska. Dr. Davis understands what it's like to have academics attack a pet theory. Most dismissed her book, "The Zuni Enigma,"(Good book) which described the influence of 13th-century Japanese explorers on Zuni Indians. Though disappointed in some of his evidence, Davis admires Menzies.
"He was gutsy," she says, adding, "I was a wee tad envious. I had hoped my book would generate that kind of recognition."
What is it about discovery theories that can so capture the imagination? "It's about rewriting history," says John Steele, an executive producer of the upcoming PBS documentary, "1421: The Year China Discovered the World." Menzies upends Captain Cook's claim to Australia and Magellan's claim to the first circumnavigation, he notes. "But the thing that really gets everyone is discovering America before Columbus."
The Italian-American community, perhaps the fiercest defender of Columbus's legacy, is used to such challenges. "Every nationality claims to have a Columbus," says Adolfo Caso, author and founder of the Internet-based Dante University. "Regardless of who may have been here before or after, the Europeans met the Indians because of Columbus," he says firmly.
If Menzies is correct - what to do about that well-known rhyme? A visitor to his website, www.1421.tv, offers one suggestion:
"In fourteen hundred twenty-one
China sailed there before anyone."
Just don't look for fifth-graders to be memorizing the couplet anytime soon.
Anthropologists have found remains of one modern narrow-headed population, the Pericus, that lived in Baja California, until going extinct in the 18th century. Discover Magazine
By Jeordan Legon CNN
Wednesday, December 4, 2002 Posted: 7:56 AM EST (1256 GMT)
The "Peñon Woman III" skull was found near Mexico City International Airport.
(CNN) -- Researchers said it may be the oldest skull ever found in the Americas: an elongated-faced woman who died about 13,000 years ago.
But perhaps more significant than the age, researchers said, is that the skull and other bones were found while a well was being dug near Mexico City International Airport. Because the remains were discovered outside the United States, scientists will be able to study the DNA and structure of the skeleton without the objection of Native American groups, who can claim and rebury ancestral remains under a 1990 U.S. law.
"Here Mexico is providing the opportunity to see what clues these bones can yield about man's arrival in the American continent," Mexican anthropologist Jose Concepcion Jimenez Lopez said.
The oldest skull up to now, believed to be that of "Buhl Woman," was found in 1989 at a gravel quarry in Idaho. Scientists said it dates back 10,500 to 11,000 years. But researchers scarcely studied those bones before the Shoshone-Bannock tribe claimed and reburied them.
The "Peñon Woman III" -- which scientists believe is now the oldest skull from the New World -- has been sitting in Mexico City's National Museum of Anthropology since 1959.
At the insistence of geologist Silvia Gonzalez, who had a hunch that the bones were older than previously thought, the remains were taken to Oxford University to be carbon-dated. And indeed, tests proved Gonzalez's assertion.
Scientists said they believe that the Peñon Woman died anywhere from 12,700 to 13,000 years ago at the age of 27.
Did humans arrive in the Americas by boat?
Emboldened by her finding, Gonzalez will try to prove her theory that the bones of the Peñon Woman belong not to Native Americans, but to descendants of the Ainu people of Japan.
She said she bases her hypothesis on the elongated, narrow shape of the Peñon Woman's skull. Native Americans, she said, are round-faced with broad cheeks. "Quite different from Peñon Woman," she said.
She said she believes descendants of the Ainu people made their way to the New World by island hoping on boats.
"If this proves right, it's going to be quite contentious," said Gonzalez, who teaches at John Moores University in England and received a grant last week from the British government to conduct her research. "We're going to say to Native Americans, 'Maybe there were some people in the Americas before you, who are not related to you.' "
Gonzalez's theory is controversial but gaining credence in scientific circles, where up to now many believed hardy mammoth hunters were first to arrive in the Americas 14,000 to 16,000 years ago by crossing into Alaska from Siberia.
Gonzalez and other scientists said they believe people may have arrived in America as much as 25,000 years ago. She points to evidence of camps -- man-made tools, a human footprint and huts dating back 25,000 years -- that have been found in Chile as evidence of man's imprint on the Americas long before mammoth hunters.
Searching for answers to coastal migration
Gonzalez will embark on a three-year journey to prove her theory. As part of that journey, she will travel to Baja California to study the Pericue (Pericus) people, who shared the same elongated faces of the Peñon Woman. She said she believes that the Pericue, who for unknown reasons went extinct in the 18th century, may hold the answers to coastal migration of man from Asia to America.
The bones of the Peñon Woman will have DNA extracted to compare it with genetic matter of the Pericue, she said. Scientists also said they hope to study clothes fibers found near the skeleton and try to piece together how the woman died. Gonzalez said the skeleton does not show any wounds or obvious injuries.
"We still have a long way to go," she said. "But we have a good start."
shesh! one thing we learnt from 1984: If you destroy the records it never happened.
At least the Irish and Norse were bright enough to keep a note of what they did.
BZZZTTT! Sorry. Wrong answer! You don't "learn to measure longitiude." To measure and plot rough longitude you need a timepiece accurate to within several minutes after a journey of months (or, when I was a Navy nav in the 70s, to within ten seconds). No such watch or clock existed in 1421, and certainly not in the Chinese Navy. The Brits finally built such a clock in the Eighteenth Century.
So sorry dear heart, but they were 421 years too late to be the first for sure. One things this does show is that our ancestors moved around a lot more then we think.
The Vikings would have stayed if the little ice age hadnt hit but the rest just stopped by for a visit before going on their merry way. As for Cristobol Colon, timing is every thing.
American Indians' pitiful scramble to keep evidence away from scientists is just a delaying tactic. We'll know in the next few years just who got to the Americas first.
Please FREEPMAIL me if you want on, off, or alter the "Gods, Graves, Glyphs" PING list --
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The GGG Digest -- Gods, Graves, Glyphs (alpha order)
Please FREEPMAIL me if you want on or off the
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One thing is sure: Columbus did discover the western hemisphere and is the only one who established his claim. Maybe the Chinese were before him; maybe the Portuguese were, and surely the Vikings were, BUT, the continous link between east and west begins in 1492. Given the ingenuity of men as sailors, it is quite possible that small expeditions reached the west from both Asia and Europe as long ago as the Ice Age. BUT We don't know, for sure, who or exactly when or where they landed. We have forgotten more history than we remember.
Just updating the GGG info, not sending a general distribution.
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Using a sextant, tables, and a chronometer is merely the easiest way to do it ... and to train people to do it who are not rocket surgeons einsteins.
This is in accordance with the earlier discovery of America by a Latvian drinking team in 1098, but all records were destroyed, unfortunately, when upon the return trip home the boat capsized with the loss of all hands and 34 kegs of beer.
"Native Americans" are fighting a losing battle to perpetuate the now disproved fable that their ancestors were first in America. Their desperate denying scientists the chance to discover ever older remains in order to hide these remains' ancestry is pitiful and contemptible.
The Azores were discovered by the Portuguese in 1421. At least that's the date given, it's likely they were using the Azores as a intermediary point on their fishing forays to & from the fishing area (now known as the Grand Banks) off Newfoundland ... much earlier.
Columbus had no concerns about sailing off the edge of the earth ...
Huh? Just how would that be done?
Sorry. This is bullshit. Navigation 2,300 miles precisely by "looking at the sky"? Not a chance. If they were off heading by just 2 degrees, they would miss their target island by hundreds of miles and never see it. "Other signs?" "Passed verbally?" LOL!
by taking sights on the moons of Jupiter (which are actually visible to the naked eye at sea on clear nights)
I was a navigator for the USAF/ANG — did a lot of tricks with a sextant. But never saw the moons of Jupiter without a telescope and never heard of any navigation tricks using the moons of Jupiter.
(Nothing like a 10 year old thread on which to reach an agreement.)
well ya see, Jupiter has nine moons, and depending upon how many of them you spot on a starry might, and who is in first place in the Eastern Division of the National league on August 15th, you subtract the sales tax, add the square root of your belt size, and turn left?
HHTH would I know this, Pabs? I am a trained sextant-and-tables-man. However, I know from my assiduous reading that certain highly skilled 18thC type navigator guys could do this. I also know from my own acute observations that you can actually see these little moon things flitting about Jupiter (and other planets) when you are out at sea and it's clear. Besides, everyone I sail with nowadays has GPS. I am usually good to 2 miles. They are good to 2 feet!
I also know that the Bumstead solar compass works ... just don't ask me how, OK? BTW, my admiration for old-time navigators increases all the time ... how these fellows actually got where they were going with their equipment is truly pretty darned amazing.
Seems you sort of use Jupiters Moons as your clock. Try this at home, just not at sea with me aboard.
But they are plain as day on a clear night. BTW, in my day lots of USAF people seemed to be lost, so I must take the word of a USAF Navigator cum grano salis, economy size.
Good one. I, too, am an old periscope sextant and DR guy (P-2s, early P-3s) before nav was overtaken by INS, Omega, Doppler-airmass, and LORAN. PQS nav instructor, etc. When I started in the baseline P-3B the only thing that worked was the sextant, your DR plot, and an occasional stray LORAN LOP. By the time I retired it was all black box, track the different electronic solutions and yawn stuff. I'm dating myself. There was real pride in going from NAS WHIDBEY to MCAS IWAKUNI as the only NFO on board, just you and your sextant, and hitting the ADIZ point smack on top and on time. I remember my first such trip, sitting on the ramp at IWAKUNI on an early Japanese morning, marveling how I'd been a fat college slug less than two years before and now I was navigating across oceans with a plane load of crewmates. Where else would a 23-year-old exercise such responsibility? No civilian can ever understand the sense of accomplishment.
Old dogs, new tricks ....
Galileo’s proposal Jovian moons
In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter’s four brightest satellites (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto), Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, which would make possible the determination of longitude. He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life.
To be successful, this method required the observation of the moons from the deck of a moving ship. To this end, Galileo proposed the celatone, a device in the form of a helmet with a telescope mounted so as to accommodate the motion of the observer on the ship. This was later replaced with the idea of a pair of nested hemispheric shells separated by a bath of oil. This would provide a platform that would allow the observer to remain stationary as the ship rolled beneath him, in the manner of a gimballed platform. To provide for the determination of time from the observed moons’ positions, a Jovilabe was offered this was an analogue computer that calculated time from the positions and that got its name from its similarities to an astrolabe. The practical problems were severe and the method was never used at sea. However, it was used for longitude determination on land.
But I was never lost with my sextant, a good compass, and a good time hack.
Never mind all this, my LORAN is not working!
When he did his PowerPoint for the Portuguese, they of course immediately picked up on this error. After all, the Portuguese knew that Eratosthenes had figured it at 25,000 miles in the 3rd CBC and that Chris had made a basic "units" error in his calculations. Not good.
The other thing was that he was a foreigner and the Portuguese also figured he could be a spy for the Genoese traders who wanted to sent the Portuguese on a wild goose chase based on this screwy data, so they could corner the pepper market or something like that.
In Spain, he was able to sell his wrong idea better because, instead of having to explain it all in Latin, he could present it in his native Genoese dialect, which of course is Catalan, and thus easily understandable to Ferdinand and Isabella. Also they were not as technologically hip as the Portuguese anyway. (The Portuguese tell "Polish" jokes about Spaniards to this day.)
"The rest," as Sherman used to say, "is history."
What about the Cocain found in Egyptian Mummies? How did it get to Egypt? My bet—Carthage sailed the Atlantic and traded for it. kept it hidden least others get a piece of this rich trade (a very Cartaginian concept ) the practiced human sacrifice like the Peoples of the new world.
At sea, on a clear night the moons of Jupiter can actually be seen with the naked eye. The fix apparently involved timing their passage across the face of the planet, checking the time, how many of the nine were visible, angles to other stars, and the clincher, going below and checking one's results against GPS (made in China and I made that up.)
BTW, Chinese sailing vessels may look and smell like junk, but those odd-looking things that I certainly wouldn't want to see tied up at my YC could evidently rapidly sail rings around the first Western ships to encounter them. Their sails look more like your Aunt Fanny's porch shades, but they do have the effect of being fully battened, very easily reefed, and are very aerodynamic. To give those oriental chaps their long overdue, they also invented the compass (reportedly), the centerboard, the lifting keel, water-tight compartments, and the transom-mounted or center-line rudder. Gave us round-eyed devils a whole new slant on sailing.
There is little doubt that the Chinese once explored the whole Pacific. However, this glimpse of the outside world apparently frightened their eunuch mandarin bureaucrats and the emperor, and all further exploration was stopped. That pretty much puts paid to the notion that the Incas were having their suits made in Hong Kong or the Aztecs sending their laundry to Shanghai.
Maybe those Italian yachtsmen were definitely NOT the first to see our continents, but they certainly put North, Central, and South America on the map, one of them modestly enough, naming the place after himself, or at least not correcting the mapmaker who did.
Your Honor, my client knows absolutely nothing about that, has never been to Egypt, is a pillar of this community and not a flight risk."
Nonsense. We know that the Goa’uld settled the Americas in 10,000 BC.
Measuring longitude requires accurate ship-going timepieces not available until the 18th century. At that time China had just discovered the water clock. | <urn:uuid:466cac46-0099-41b4-a496-00916bb0383b> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/835226/posts?page=12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983019893.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201019-00121-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971119 | 4,988 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Dorothy Stopford Price (1890–1954) was born in Dublin, on September 9th 1890. She was the daughter of Jemmett Stopford, who worked for the British-run civil service in Dublin, and Constance Stopford, whose father, Evory Kennedy, was master of the Rotunda Lying-In (maternity) Hospital from 1833-1840.
The Stopford family had a long history in the Church of Ireland. Jemmett had worked as an accountant to the Irish Land Commission, part of the British civil service in Ireland. His father Edward Adderley Stopford was Rector of Kells and Archdeacon of Meath, and his grandfather was Edward Stopford, the Church of Ireland Bishop of Meath. The 1901 Census shows Jemmet, Constance and their children Alice, Edith, Dorothy and Robert living in the townland of Terenure, Dublin. Jemmett Stopford died from typhoid fever in 1902 and the family subsequently moved to London. Dorothy went to St Paul’s Girls’ School there, and in 1915 returned to Dublin to study medicine at Trinity College. She spent the Easter holidays in 1916 at the Under-Secretary’s Lodge at the Phoenix Park, home of Sir Matthew Nathan, one of the key figures in the British administration of Ireland. Although she did not seem to be a regular diarist, the tumultuous events of Easter Week impelled her to record what was happening around her. She clearly had sympathy for Sir Matthew, but she also became increasingly sympathetic to the 1916 Rebellion against British rule.
There are a great many accounts of the actions and counter-actions of the Irish Volunteers, the Irish Citizen Army, Cumann na mBan; and the British army. To briefly summarise the events, we could say that most of the action centred on Dublin with the Rebels seizing, amongst others, six key locations in Dublin: The Four Courts, the centre of Ireland’s judiciary; the General Post Office, where the rebels set up their headquarters; Liberty Hall, which was one of the first buildings to be occupied, and where British forces erroneously believed the headquarter to be; Jacobs Biscuit Factory; Boland’s Mill; and St Stephen’s Green. All of these locations were of tactical importance. The only action outside of Dublin that was considered to be both successful and significant occurred in Ashbourne, County Meath, of which Dorothy gives a brief sketch in her journal.
Dorothy’s diary provides a unique insight into how the 1916 Easter Rising was viewed from the perspective of a highly educated Protestant woman: a woman who happened to be staying as a house guest of Sir Matthew Nathan, the Under-Secretary to Ireland, at his home in the Under Secretary’s Lodge in the Phoenix Park, now Áras an Uachtaráin, the home of the President of Ireland.
The diary begins on Good Friday, 21 April 1916. Price records the most mundane of events: playing in the garden with Nathan’s nieces and reading a novel aloud of the evening. By Saturday, however, there are ominous tones. Although Easter Sunday was taken up with visits to friends, Nathan was preoccupied and went into Dublin Castle several times, the last time at 10.00 at night, while Price and Nathan’s sister-in-law, Estelle, waited up for his return.
Dorothy’s nationalist views were strongly influenced by her aunt Alice Stopford-Green, who had set up the Africa Society in London, to campaign against colonial abuses. Stopford-Green had met Irish patriot Roger Casement and Sir Matthew through this society and was closely involved in the Howth gun-running which brought arms into the North Dublin port in 1914 to be used by the rebels in 1916. Her house at 90 St Stephen’s Green became an intellectual centre for Irish nationalists. She supported the pro-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War and was among the first nominees to the newly formed Seanad Éireann in 1922, where she served as an independent member until her death in 1929.
After graduating as a doctor in 1921, Dorothy Stopford worked at the Kilbrittain dispensary in Cork, where she became medical officer to the local IRA brigade, and lectured on first aid to the women’s republican society, Cumann na mBan. She resigned from the post in 1923, and two years later married Liam Price, a barrister, district justice and local historian from Wicklow. They lived in Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin, and had no children.
Stopford Price worked for the rest of her life in St Ultan’s Hospital for Infants and in Baggot St Hospital, both in Dublin. She studied the TB vaccination (BCG) on the continent and pioneered its use in St Ultan’s in 1937, making it the first hospital in Ireland or Britain to use the BCG. She may have been motivated to pursue the idea of immunisation by the death of her father from typhoid fever, which by 1911 was also being combatted by vaccination. She was nominated for the World Health Organisation Leon Bernard prize for her contribution to social medicine, and was chairman of the National BCG Centre, set up at St Ultan’s in 1949. She was also consulting physician to the Royal National Hospital for Consumptives in Ireland. Her workload may have contributed to an attack of muscular rheumatism in 1939, and a stroke in the late 1940s. She died of a second stroke on January 30th 1954. | <urn:uuid:f0c307a1-92c6-490c-87b2-f5adf9e8b943> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://womensmuseumofireland.ie/articles/dorothy-stopford-price | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918234431-20190919020431-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.977541 | 1,157 | 2.796875 | 3 |
If your garden flooded during the rainfall last week, your produce may not be safe to eat!
After flooding has occurred, the best way to ensure that your produce is safe is to not consume any of it. However, it can be very difficult to throw away a lot of produce that still looks okay.
- If your garden was flooded by rainwater that just didn’t soak in as fast due to the amount of rain, most of the produce is probably safe, if you are sure there were no likely contaminants in the area (fecal matter, industrial chemicals, etc).
- If your garden was flooded by water coming out of ditches, rivers, ponds, or other sources, you should assume that the produce is contaminated. All ripe produce should be harvested and discarded, especially anything normally consumed raw.
- For complete details on safety of produce after flooding, please refer to this fact sheet: Safely Using Produce from Flooded Gardens | <urn:uuid:62528e97-148d-438d-aed1-dd407cb59eb1> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://thedemogarden.org/2016/09/12/flooded-gardens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711360.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208183130-20221208213130-00629.warc.gz | en | 0.973495 | 200 | 2.78125 | 3 |
endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of cells
arranged in groups, called islands (islets) of
The islands (islets) of Langerhans
contain three types of endocrine cells: alpha, beta, and
delta. The alpha cells secrete the hormone glucagon.
Glucagon causes a temporary rise in blood sugar
levels. The beta cells secrete insulin, which is essential
for carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin lowers blood
sugar levels by increasing tissue utilization of glucose
and stimulating the formation and storage of glycogen
in the liver. Together, glucagon and insulin act to
regulate sugar metabolism in the body. Delta cells
produce the hormone somatostatin. Somatostatin
helps regulate carbohydrates by inhibiting the
secretion of glucagon.
When the islet cells are destroyed or stop
functioning, the sugar absorbed from the intestine
remains in the blood and excess sugar is excreted by
the kidneys into the urine. This condition is called
diabetes mellitus, or sugar diabetes. Insulin, a
synthetic hormone, is given to patients having this
disease as part of their ongoing treatment.
GONADS (TESTES AND OVARIES)
The term gonads refers to the primary sex organs
of the reproductive system (male and female).
The male gonad is the testis (pl. testes), and the
existence of the testes is the primary male sex
characteristic (fig. 1-47). The testes produce and
secrete the male hormone testosterone, which
influences the development and maintenance of the
male accessory sex organs and the secondary sex
characteristics of the male. The male accessory sex
organs include two groups of organs: the internal sex
organs and the external sex organs. See section titled
Male Reproductive System for more information on
the male accessory sex organs.
Male Secondary Sex Characteristics
Male secondary sex characteristics influenced by
the hormone testosterone are as follows:
Increased growth of hair, particularly in the areas
of the face, chest, axilla, and pubic region.
Enlargement of the larynx (Adam's apple) and
thickening of the vocal cords, which produces a
Thickening of the skin.
Increased muscle growth, broadening of the
shoulder and narrowing of the waist.
Thickening and strengthening of the bones.
The female gonads, the ovaries, produce the
hormones estrogen and progesterone (fig. 1-47).
E s t r o g e n i n f l u e n c e s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d
maintenance of the female accessory sex organs
a n d t h e s e c o n d a r y s e x c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a n d
promotes changes in the mucous lining of the uterus
( e n d o m e t r i u m ) d u r i n g t h e m e n s t r u a l c y c l e .
Progesterone prepares the uterus for the reception
and development of the fertilized ovum and
maintains the lining during pregnancy.
Today, progesterone and estrogen hormones
(naturally derived) are incorporated into oral
contraceptives or birth control pills. The combination
of hormones released through this monthly series of
pills fools the body into not preparing (building-up of
uterine lining) for implantation of an embryo. Because
the uterus has not prepared for implantation,
pregnancy cannot occur.
Female accessory sex organs are also divided into
internal and external accessory sex organs. See section
titled Female Reproductive System for more
information on the female accessory sex organs.
Female Secondary Sex Characteristics
Female secondary sex characteristics influenced
by the hormone estrogen are listed below.
Development of the breasts and the ductile
system of the mammary glands within the
Increased quantities of fatty (or adipose) tissue
in the subcutaneous layer, especially in the
breasts, thighs, and buttocks.
Increased vascularization of the skin. | <urn:uuid:084eabbb-e215-4b46-bfb2-fddd439b364a> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://medical.tpub.com/14295/css/Gonads-Testes-And-Ovaries-54.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743105.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116152954-20181116174954-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.803739 | 907 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Before solving certain problem you first need to acknowledge it and this is something that has been only partially done with environmental problems. Why? Because world leaders are reluctant to acknowledge the seriousness of global environmental condition as they are constantly postponing actions for „better future times“.
Climate change, huge biodiversity loss, the destruction of tropical rainforets, the depletion of natural resources and excessive levels of environmental pollution are all major problems and we sadly don't have the luxury to wait for better times as world leaders think we have.
Our current lifestyle will have to change if we want to stop further environmental destruction. We must find solutions that would enable maintenance of our current lifestyle without further destruction of our environment, and the key for this lies in sustainability.
Sustainability, however, requires completely different way of thinking and installment of new values into our society in order to encourage people to improve the environmental conditions in their communities.
People from different countries need to work together because many environmental problems have global character and can be solved only by an adequate international action (such as climate change).
We need to better utilize science and technology in order to make our industry greener. This means finding economically viable and efficient solutions to replace „dirty technologies“ that are being used in many industries (such as coal power plants).
Education is also one of the keys in solving environmental issues. Better education and improved literacy rates should be a main foundation to create the adequate level of environmental conscience in many countries of the developing world.
World also needs to find a way to alleviate poverty because poor people think only how to survive. To more than one billion hungry people in the world environmental issues mean very little and we must show more care for this people.
This world is still a rather selfish place where money and material goods rank well above humanity and social responsibility. As already said before this can only be achieved with the completely different way of thinking and adopting adequate sustainable behavior and policy.
It's time to get our act together and do something that will save our planet from global environmental disaster. Saving our environment from environmental issues means ensuring wellbeing for our future generations and giving them chance to enjoy in many beauties this planet has to offer instead of crying at the broking legacy that was left to them by their irresponsible and selfish ancestors. | <urn:uuid:e17ce989-107b-4486-980e-5218fd92de95> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://ecological-problems.blogspot.com/2012/06/how-to-solve-environmental-problems.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657104119.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011144-00266-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954169 | 467 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In this second of our two-part blog series on MPLS Traffic Engineering, we introduce Segment Routing for Traffic Engineering (SR-TE) and examine its advantages over RSVP-TE.
As we outlined in part one, many of today’s MPLS networks are built with Traffic Engineering (TE) capabilities. With TE, a network operator can optimize and make better use of its IP/MPLS network infrastructure. TE helps in congestion avoidance, provides Fast Reroute (FRR) in case of link failure, and allows a head-end router to re-optimize an existing TE tunnel path by using newly available resources. All of this helps enhance the performance of an MPLS label switched path (LSP).
Currently, the go-to technology for network operators to build traffic engineered MPLS networks is RSVP-TE. But today, we are seeing the adoption of another protocol that not only helps enable traffic engineering but can also be used by software-defined networking (SDN) applications to automatically provision new paths. It’s time to look at Segment Routing.
What is Segment Routing?
Segment Routing (SR) is not a new technology but only recently has it been embraced by all the major network equipment vendors. It is a packet forwarding technology where the source node defines the path for traffic, which is then sent through specific nodes and forwarding paths called segments. An SR path is not dependent on hop-by-hop signaling, Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) or RSVP. Instead, it uses segments for forwarding.
SR, like MPLS, uses label switching to forward packets, but in SR terminology the labels are called segments. There are two types of segments. A node segment identifies the shortest path to a destination node (e.g., R1 to R3 in the diagram). The node segment is advertised throughout the network, and all remote nodes install the segment in their respective MPLS data planes. The other type is an adjacency segment, which represents a link between two nodes that are adjacent (e.g., R2 to R5).
Each node in an SR domain is also given a globally unique identifier known as segment identifier (SID) by the network operator. The SR node then allocates a local SID for each of its adjacency segments, which are stored only by that specific node in its data plane.
When a Segment Routing tunnel is created it either contains a single segment that represents a path to a destination or a segment list, which is a set of segments that the tunnel will encode to reach its destination. In the below SR domain, traffic from node A to Z traverses a node segment that carries traffic to C, adjacency segment CO that represents the link from node C to O, and then again uses a node segment that carries traffic from O to Z.
By using segments, SR can ignore the shortest or lowest cost path preference of IGP, which may be congested as we discussed in part one, and encode any path in the MPLS network to route traffic to destination. This gives the operator the ability to steer traffic over different paths based on the requirements of the traffic and the state of the network. For example, an operator can send voice traffic over a low latency path and bulk data over a high latency path using SR.
For detailed information on configuring Segment Routing on Cisco IOS XE, check out:
For information on enabling segment routing capabilities with OpenDaylight, IOS-XR 6.0.0, and the Packet Design SDN Platform, check out:
RSVP-TE is not dead. But long live Segment Routing.
Network operators running IP/MPLS networks need the ability to optimize their existing network infrastructure. This means an operator needs more control over its network routes and granular control over the traffic data. Segment Routing can provide this. SR supports Class of Service-based TE (CoS) where one can define per-flow CoS policies and encode a segment to fulfill the CoS demands. RSVP-TE has failed to provide this level of granular control due to scalability issues.
Another factor is that SR removes the needs for protocols such as LDP or RSVP and uses fewer numbers of labels compared to an LDP or RSVP-TE deployment. SR also does not use signaling, allowing it to scale significantly better than RSVP-TE while simplifying the network.
SR comes with automated and native FRR capabilities and provides a convergence time of sub 50-msec FRR in any topology.
SR can also work with Path Computation Element (PCE) to enable an agile WAN-SDN. SR with our SDN Platform can be used to provision TE tunnels automatically and provide value-added services such as bandwidth management, bandwidth calendaring, and bandwidth on-demand.
These capabilities of SR provide a major advantage to enable seamless MPLS networks while continuing to provide all the TE functions that RSVP-TE does.
PCE Tunnels with ONOS Goldeneye
A Case for Segment Routing and YANG Data Models: Keeping the WAN SDN Underlay Simple
Hopefully, you are now ready to explore more of Segment Routing for Traffic Engineering in your MPLS network. | <urn:uuid:cb22577a-5bdb-4c0c-859b-8b33300fe831> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.gnomemeeting.org/mpls-traffic-engineering-segment-routing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585561.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023033857-20211023063857-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.921389 | 1,100 | 3.15625 | 3 |
After long-term operation of the heat exchanger, scale, rust and corrosion problems will occur. The cooling of the heat exchanger and the frozen water are extremely corrosive without treatment. If ordinary steel sheets or iron nails are put into the water, rust will appear after a few days. The longer the storage time, the more severe the rust. The inner wall of the equipment often causes the rust and slag to fall off due to corrosion, which reduces the heat exchange effect. At the same time, the existence of corrosion shortens the service life of the equipment. Precautions for use and maintenance of heat exchangers.
1.Daily maintenance of heat exchanger
Special care should be taken in daily operations to prevent temperature and pressure fluctuations. The pressure should be stable, and overpressure operation is never allowed. Add corrosion inhibitor and scale inhibitor to avoid metal rust and prevent precipitation of calcium and magnesium ions.
2.Cleaning of heat exchanger
After the heat exchanger has been running for a long time, due to the corrosion, erosion, fouling, and coking of the medium, the inner and outer surfaces of the tube will have different degrees of fouling or even block.Therefore, thorough cleaning must be performed during shutdown and maintenance. Common cleaning (sweep) methods include air sweep, water wash, steam sweep, chemical cleaningand mechanical cleaning.Cleaning can remove sludge, keep pipelines clear and water quality clear. Descaling and antiscaling improve the thermal efficiency of the condenser and evaporator. Therefore, the phenomenon of high pressure operation and overpressure shutdown is avoided, the chilled water flow is improved, the cooling effect is improved, and the system operates safely and efficiently. | <urn:uuid:050caeed-b914-48dd-9fcd-3aed09a1d48d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://m.heatexchangersgasket.com/news/heat-exchangers-equipment-maintenance-30745473.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875149238.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229114448-20200229144448-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.917677 | 348 | 2.703125 | 3 |
If your organization is facing tough economic times, take heart: Some of the best things in life aren't just free; they can even save you money. One such example is the air we breathe. Not only does it have laudable health benefits; outside air can be used to cool datacenters for a fraction of the cost of power-guzzling CRAC units -- and perhaps with fewer drawbacks than you might imagine.
Intel has released a report detailing a recent, impressive experiment in "free cooling" using air-side economization. An air-side economizer can draw on outside air to cool the inside a datacenter, then push the hot air that exits the machines back outdoors.
In conducting its proof-of-concept experiment, Intel sought not only to test the limits of air-side economization by allowing machines to be cooled by air temperatures as high as 90 degrees Fahrenheit; the company also aimed to challenge the perceptions that using outside air can be harmful to servers in that it subjects them to excessive humidity and contaminants.
Can this approach save money over using traditional chillers? Intel says yes: By using air economizers 91 percent of the time (accounting for times when outside air might not be adequate), the company says it could enjoy an estimated 67 percent in power savings at a 10MW datacenter, which would total a very cool $2.87 million.
As explained by Intel's report on the proof of concept test, "We designed the system to use only the economizer until the supply air exceeded the 90 degree maximum, at which point we began using the chiller to cool the air to 90 degrees . If the temperature dropped below 65 degrees , we warmed the supply air by mixing it with hot return air from the servers."
Ninety degrees is an unusually high temperature for a server room. Intel says in the report that it traditionally sets its chiller temperature to 68 degrees in its datacenters. Conventional wisdom dictates that air-side economization is better for mild, temperate climates, not regions where temperatures can hit the 80s, 90s, and beyond. There was method to Intel's seeming madness, however: "We reasoned that this might be feasible because server manufacturers specify that their products can operate in temperatures as high as 98 degrees."
Not content with simply pushing the temperature boundaries, Intel wanted to gauge how resilient the machines could be to humidity and air contaminants. To that end, Intel used no humidity controls whatsoever and installed just a standard household air filter "that removed only large particles from the incoming air but permitted fine dust to pass through."
Intel didn't go easy on its machines as it conducted this experiment. The chipmaker says that the servers were working at 90 percent utilization during the testing, crunching large production batch silicon design workloads.
As for the type of servers, Intel says they were standard, single-core, dual-socket, Intel-based machines that were roughly two years old. In other words, Intel didn't enlist specially hardened or ruggedized equipment but instead used the same type of machines found in the company's other datacenters.
During the 10-month test, Intel found that the machines cooled by outside air experienced humidity variations from four percent to more than 90 percent, and that it changed rapidly at times. Moreover, "the servers and the interior of the compartment became covered in a layer of dust."
Once the experiment was complete, Intel calculated that the air-economized trailer required 74 percent fewer KWh to keep cool then the air-conditioned trailer. Based on the testing, Intel concluded that in this particular region, at least, it could rely on air-side economizers 91 percent of the time and save $2.87 million on cooling at 10MW datacenter.
Cost savings aside, the other big question, of course, is how well did the server weather the unusually harsh conditions? After all, a datacenter full of fried or dust-clogged machines is pretty much worthless, no matter how inexpensive it is to cool. The answer: surprisingly well. "Despite the dust and variation in humidity and temperature, there was only a minimal difference between the 4.46 percent failure rate in the economizer compartment and the 3.83 percent failure rate in our main datacenter over the same period," Intel reports. "The failure rate in the trailer compartment with DX cooling was 2.45 percent, actually lower than in the main datacenter."
These results may be cause for some concern among anyone worried about server uptime: As you can see, the failure rates are relatively low across the board -- but the servers in the air-side economization trailer failed nearly twice as much as those in the room where traditional cooling was employed. On the other hand, it's notable that Intel made the conditions in the "free cooling" section unusually harsh.
Intel is certainly not dismissing the potential ill-effects of outside air on the machines entirely. "We plan to further test for possible hardware degradation using a server-aging analysis that compares systems used in the economizer compartment, in the air-conditioned compartment, and in our main datacenter," Intel reports.
One remedy to the problems posed by humidity and contaminants could be ruggedized chasses, such as the IBM BladeCenter T and HT. As described by Big Blue, these chasses comply with both NEBS (Network Equipment-Building System) Level 3 and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) standards and are "ideal harsh environments and running applications under the most demanding conditions." The hardened design "enables performance across broader range of temperatures and humidity," according to Alex Yost, VP for IBM BladeCenter at IBM, and "enables airborne contaminant filtration" to boot.
One of these chasses, loaded, would run around $5,000 more than a standard chassis, according to Yost. Still, it amounts to a smart investment if you're contemplating exposing your machines to free outside air under harsher-than-normal conditions. | <urn:uuid:b2597f74-6c88-4ce8-bd9b-dc160c238004> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.infoworld.com/article/2640516/green-it/intel-pushes-the-limits-of-free-cooling-to-90-degrees.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00483-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952797 | 1,231 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Europe Ignoring Swine Flu?
Some estimate over 100,000 cases of swine flu in North America, and Japan’s cases, by some counts, tip swine flu into pandemic. So say the New Scientist editors. European health officials however are balking, claiming there is no evidence of sustained H1N1 transmission in Europe. Those same editors go on to say, “That’s hardly surprising, as Europe isn’t doing the relevant tests.”
Most health departments in Europe are suffering from swine flu test equipment shortages. In the UK, officials are only testing potential swine flu cases if they meet the following criteria. Fever above 38 Celcius or history of fever AND two or more flu-like symptions (cough, sore throat, etc.) AND contact with a confirmed swine flu case OR have been in Mexico or the US in the past week.
If that seems convoluted and backwards you’re more perceptive than UK health officials. Swine flu is spreading in Japan, usually when those falling ill have had no contact with US/Mexico travelers.
Before you dismiss these public health administration lapses because you think swine flu is overhyped, we encourage you to read other articles on swine flu tracker. Specifically take note of the typical wave-like pattern of past flu pandemics. The virus can mutate in the southern hemisphere during the northern hemisphere’s summer months and return stronger.
European nations are familiar with both the power of pathogens and the consequences of inept policies thereof. (foot and mouth/hoof and mouth anyone?) If you happen to be or know a prominent health officer in Europe, consider telling them that evidence has debunked the old head in the sand technique for dealing with swine flu.
Current US swine flu cases
The table to the right displays current swine flu cases in the US by state.
For international human cases of swine flu infection
please visit the World Health Organization web site.
NOTE: Because of daily reporting deadlines, the state totals reported by CDC may not always be consistent with those reported by state health departments. If there is a discrepancy between these two counts, data from the state health departments should be used as the most accurate number. | <urn:uuid:4ab0b89a-1bc9-4971-bf59-844e5bdc0805> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.swineflutracker.net/2009/05/30/europe-ignoring-swine-flu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929256.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00205-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942187 | 465 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Potent turmeric extract helps protect brain from chemical exposure — study
A powerful turmeric extract may help protect the brain against a range of neurodegenerative diseases, including aluminium-induced neurotoxicity caused from daily exposure to chemicals in some cookware, cosmetics and medicines, a new study shows.
The study by Indian and Saudia Arabian scientists and published in the Hindawi BioMed Research International Journal, tested the neuroprotective effect of BCM-95 — a combination of turmeric extract called curcumanoids and purified turmeric essential oil.
The study found that over a 45-day period the nutraceutical solution (BCM-95) was more effective than standard turmeric extracts in mitigating the toxic effects of aluminium build-up in the brain by helping reduce oxidative stress, increasing antioxidants in the brain tissue and improving glutathione levels.
Neuroprotective benefits included 14-times higher plasma and brain curcumin levels from BCM-95 compared with standard curcumin extracts. Chronic exposure to aluminium may cause a neuroinflammatory response, contributing to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
“Aluminium is unfortunately a prevalent toxin and contact with it is unavoidable in everyday life,” notes Dr Benny Antony, inventor of BCM-95 which is found in highly bioavailable Bio-Curcumin.
“Curcumin is known for its ability to bind to metals such as aluminium and thus could offer neuroprotection…,” explains lead researcher Dr David Banji. “But poor absorption and low blood levels of free curcumin after oral intake pose a major limitation for delivering its full clinical benefits.”
Health expert, Vanessa Ascencao said studies show that long term aluminium exposure may trigger autoimmune diseases and affect immunity.
“Educate yourself to reduce exposure to aluminium, exercise regularly, follow a healthy diet of organic vegetables and fruit, avoid processed foods and baked goods and try high-quality supplements like Bio-Curcumin, a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant,” said Ascencao. | <urn:uuid:6539642e-16f3-4e3a-9dcc-37c5d8c5f855> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.leapcommunications.co.za/2021/03/25/potent-turmeric-extract-helps-protect-brain-from-chemical-exposure-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302355.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120160411-20220120190411-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.905318 | 430 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Germany has lowered VAT – this has perks for you too! All products have already been reduced in price.
Coolant for water-cooled engines
Most modern motorcycles have engines with liquid cooling. Engines cooled with coolant or water operate more quietly and are more powerful, but require a certain amount of maintenance.
Here's how the cooling circuit works
An engine's cooling system is divided into a small and a large circuit. The small cooling circuit is thermostat-controlled and bypasses the radiator (large circuit) so that the engine reaches operating temperature more quickly. Once the coolant temperature reaches approx. 85°C, the thermostat opens and the coolant flows through the radiator, which is positioned in the airstream. If the coolant is so hot that the radiator is unable to cool it down sufficiently on its own, a temperature-controlled electric fan is activated. An engine-driven coolant pump (water pump) pumps the coolant through the system. An external container with a water level indicator serves as an expansion tank and reservoir. The coolant comprises a prescribed mixture of water and antifreeze. It is preferable to use deionised, distilled water, as this prevents scale build-up in the engine. The antifreeze added to the water contains alcohol and glycol, and also anti-corrosive additives. You should replace the coolant every two years. If you're draining the coolant for any other reason, like carrying out a general engine overhaul, it should not be re-used.
To check how safe your coolant is from Jack Frost, you can use an antifreeze tester which gives a reading in °C. Always bear in mind that an unheated garage may protect your bike from snow, but not against frost. Without adequate antifreeze, your coolant will freeze and build up so much pressure that the cooling hoses and radiator may burst, and – worst case scenario – the engine may be damaged.
Replacing the coolant
Draining the coolant circuit
The engine must be cold when you change the antifreeze (max. 35°C), because otherwise, the system is under pressure and there is a risk you will scald yourself. Depending on your motorcycle model, you will first need to remove the fairing, tank, seat and side cover. The majority of engines have a drain plug near the coolant pump (check the owner's manual, if you can't locate it). Before removing the drain plug, make sure you place a container underneath (such as a multipurpose bowl). Once you have removed the drain plug, slowly open the filler cap – this gives you a degree of control over the draining. In the case of engines without a drain plug, simply remove the bottom hose from the radiator – do not re-use any clamps. Depending on your radiator system, you may also need to remove and empty the expansion reservoir. When working with coolants, always ensure you follow the proper disposal procedure. If you splash coolant onto paintwork wash it off with plenty of water.
Preparing for refilling
Tighten drain plug with torque wrench
Once you've drained the entire system, fit the drain plug with a new seal and screw it back in. Always use a torque wrench (check your bike manual for the correct torque), as it's very easy to strip the the aluminium thread in the engine block.
There are different types of antifreeze: Pre-diluted antifreeze is read to use, and provides protection down to approx. -37°C. Concentrated antifreeze, on the other hand, needs to be diluted with deionised water before use. If you are using concentrated antifreeze, you will need to check the bottle for the right amount of water to add. It is also essential to check that it is suitable for aluminium engines. Only mix and top up with distilled water. And remember, antifreeze is also a must in summer because it contains special additives to protect your engine from corrosion and oxidation. Slowly pour the coolant into the filler until the level no longer sinks.
Filling with coolant
Top up with coolant
Now start up the engine. If your bike is fitted with a bleed screw, leave this open and run the engine until all the air has escaped and you only see coolant flowing out. The level may drop sharply when the thermostat opens. This is completely normal because the water is now flowing through the radiator (large circuit). You simply need to add more coolant and close the filler cap.
Also fill the expansion reservoir
Depending on the cooling system, you may also need to top up the expansion reservoir until it is between the "Min.-Max." marking. Leave the engine running until the electric fan starts up, all the while keeping an eye on the coolant level and the engine temperature. Because the heat causes the water to expand, you will need to check the level of the coolant once again after the engine has cooled down (make sure the bike is upright). If the coolant level is now too high when cold, you will need to suction off the excess.
Cleaning and checking the radiator
Straighten cooling fins
Finally, give your radiator a thorough clean on the outside. Insects and other deposits are pretty easy to shift using an insect remover and spraying gently with water. Do not use a steam cleaner or a strong water jet. Use a small screwdriver to carefully straighten any bent fins.
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The Louis Technical Centre
Problems getting spare parts? Or maybe you've got a technical question about your motorcycle or an accessory The Louis Technical Centre can help! Remember to quote all the necessary details of your vehicle – better still, send us a copy of your registration document.
We will get back to you as quickly as possible!
So: send us your technical problem!
- by e-mail to email@example.com
- or by letter to Louis Technical Centre, 21027 Hamburg
These tips for DIY mechanics contain general recommendations that may not apply to all vehicles or all individual components. As local conditions may vary considerably, we are unable to guarantee the correctness of information in these tips for DIY mechanics.
Thank you for your understanding.
Louis DIY Mechanic Manual
The printed version
The big Louis DIY mechanic manual available in a printed version: in color and practical A4 format at cost price. | <urn:uuid:dbca1d20-1391-4049-bd97-ba8b0ece045e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://m.louis.ie/rund-ums-motorrad/schraubertipps/kuehlmittel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655912255.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710210528-20200711000528-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.917739 | 1,353 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The first of the displaced people to return to their homes in Curvarado, north Colombia found the forests they had known cut down, the rivers and streams diverted and the native wildlife long gone. It was a desert, they say – not of sand but of African-palm and cattle ranches.
Standing in the shadows behind the palm businesses and ranchers that had taken over the region were the same paramilitaries that had forced them from their homes several years before.
But still the people came. They built new communities known as “Humanitarian Zones,” which are now legally recognized as neutral zones where all armed actors, legal and illegal are prohibited from entering. They also began the process of reclaiming the land exhausted by the agri-business onslaught, dividing recovered territory into “Biodiversity Zones.”
However, over 15 years after they were first displaced, the Humanitarian Zone communities still live with the ever-present threat of violence, while the Biodiversity Zones have become a target for interests looking to force them from their lands again.
The predominantly Afro-Colombian communities of Curvarado were first displaced in the mid-nineties when the Colombian military launched a joint operation with their paramilitary death squads allies, who later would go on to form the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) – the paramilitary umbrella group that terrorized Colombia for nearly a decade.
Enrique Petro was one of the first to return to the region in 2002. “I said ‘I’m going there – to my land – maybe they will kill me, but I’m going’,” he said. As more returnees joined Petro, in 2005 they took their first step towards reclaiming their stolen lands by defying the businesses, the paramilitaries, the army, and the police and staging a public cutting down of the African-palms that covered the land. “They told me ‘for every tree you cut down we’re going cut off a head’,” said Petro. “So I said to them, ‘You have a lot of trees, I’ve just got the one head.”
Petro donated part of the recovered land to be used to build the first Humanitarian Zone, which inspired other displaced families to return. As the new communities grew and proliferated they developed the Biodiversity Zones as a strategy to reclaim their territories as their own.
Much of Curvarado, including the lands where the Humanitarian Zones are located, are constitutionally recognized as collectively titled territories belonging to the region’s Afro-Colombian communities. As a result, the Biodiversity Zones are not individually owned but divided into self-organized family groups. However, the communities have agreed on five principals that guide the use of the lands. According to the agreement, zones should be analyzed and divided into sectors for agriculture, recuperation, conservation, housing and sustainable use. “All of this is a proposal of collective construction” said Jorge Forero, from the Inter-ecclesiastical Commission for Justice and Peace – a human rights NGO that has accompanied the communities since they returned to the zone. “It is the experience of how people have lived and also a form of organizing in the face of the conflict.”
Agriculture in the zones not only feeds the communities, it is also their economic lifeblood as surplus produce can be sold on. Crops are grown using traditional Afro-Colombian sustainable agriculture methods – which stand in stark contrast to the agri-businesses that the zones have replaced. “We don’t share [methods] with the mega-businesses,” said “Isabel”, a Humanitarian Zone resident, “because what they do is they take the land and they destroy everything in the territory … When they leave, the land produces nothing, it has become infertile.”
The Biodiversity Zones are also intended to allow the lands to begin the slow process of recuperation from the agri-business invasion. “There was enough water, there were enough fish, enough animals,” said Uriel Tuberquia, another resident. “Now, with all the exploitation, what we have to do is start again.”
The process includes reforestation and land recovery projects to encourage the return of the native wildlife, which also fled the para-business assault that destroyed their habitat. “The animals are also alive and they have rights,” said Isabel. For the communities, this plays a central role in creating the environment they want to live in. “Nature is an offering, an offering that we feel here,” she said. “It fills you with joy to live in contact with nature.”
While the Biodiversity Zones have played a practical role in enabling people to return to the region, their social function runs deeper. “It is possible that these communities have their own food source but it is also the possible that they continue resisting, that they don’t have to stay outside of the communities,” said Forero.
Although establishing the Humanitarian and Biodiversity Zones was the first step in returning to Curvarado, it was just the beginning of the struggle for the returnees. Their claims to the land are being fought at every turn by the businesses and by the paramilitaries – who now operate under different names following the demobilization of the AUC but utilize the same methods of violence and terror.
Most of the palm companies they faced in the first confrontations have left the region. Sixteen palm businessmen are currently in prison for their role in displacing the population of Curvarado, while 11 more are fugitives and 22 have been called to trial. Most of their crops were killed off by a mysterious fungal plague that stained the leaves of the plants red. “This was the blood of those they killed here,” said Petro. “It was God himself that sent [the plague].”
However, as the palm companies have retreated, another sector with a long history of paramilitary ties has moved in – banana companies. Several Biodiversity Zones have been occupied by people from outside the region, who have destroyed the crops and reforestation projects of the communities and replaced them with plantain and other monocrops. “Nature was returning but the invaders took over and destroyed everything and it looked like desert once again,” said Isabel.
According to reports from the Lower Councils of Curvarado and the Humanitarian Zones, the “invaders,” as they are known in the region, are landless and displaced people from elsewhere in Colombia who say they answered advertisements promising land, start-up money and equipment, and a guarantee from the banana companies to buy their crops.
“The objective is to repopulate the territory, to fill it with people who will wage war against us,” said Andres, who lives in a zone whose lands have been taken over by invaders. “They do it so the community will be scared, and decide to be displaced again.”
The invaders claim the backing of the paramilitaries in the region, and according to reports complied by Justice and Peace, paramilitaries organize and supervise the occupiers’ work, and threaten those that have denounced them.
The most prominent company allegedly working with the invaders is Banacol – a Colombia based multinational. In a written statement Banacol said it had provided start-up equipment, technical expertise and access to international markets for Afro-Colombian families “from the communities [and] with roots in the zone” as part of a project to “generate work opportunities and development” for the region’s Afro-Colombian population.
However, it did not comment on the legal restrictions placed on commercial development projects in the region put in place by the Constitutional Court, which state that until the restitution process is completed, “such transactions are presumed to be illegal.” Banacol also did not respond to the accusations that paramilitaries are overseeing the farms.
The cattle ranchers remain in the region, even though many of them have been designated as “bad faith occupiers” by local authorities, who discovered that thousands of acres used for ranching had been acquired through fraudulent and illegal land purchases. The ranchers dispute the communities’ claims to the land and, according to residents, have also been targeting the Biodiversity Zones in efforts to force them to leave their lands again.
One of the ranchers’ main tactics is to cut the wire fences marking the Biodiversity Zones and let their cows run loose, eating and trampling the crops the communities have planted. “Their strategy is that we have to get tired of this and sell them the land, or leave the area and leave the land there for them,” said Cristian, whose family has been involved in a long running confrontation with ranchers after reclaiming the farm they abandoned at the height of the paramilitary violence.
Enrique’s family has consistently complained to the authorities, taking police to their zones and showing them the cut wire and the damage caused by the cattle. Despite promises to take action, the police do nothing, he said. “So the question is – what are the security forces in this country, in this region?” he said. “How do they work? What are they for?”
Residents claim the ranchers also have close ties to the paramilitaries and those involved in the land disputes have been heavily threatened. “They are [the ranchers’] private army, their armed support, they are there to kill people,” said Cristian.
In other parts of the region, the Biodiversity Zones have been victim of another paramilitary business interest – drugs. According to residents, some of the more remote zones have been taken over and planted with coca crops. They also believe the rudimentary labs used to process coca leaves into cocaine paste are present in the region, as trucks carrying large quantities of the precursor substances required can be seen heading deep into the zone.
“The cultivation is on a grand scale and it is open,” said Forero. “We’re talking about a monocrop.” According to Forero, the military denies the existence of the plantations, even though there are crops just minutes away from army roadblocks. Residents claim trucks carrying pre-cursor chemicals pass through the roadblocks and into the zone while those carrying drugs pass out unhindered. At the time of publication, the military had not responded to Toward Freedom’s questions about coca cultivation in the region.
While struggling to hold back the invaders, the ranchers and drug cultivation, the communities are also pushing for the Biodiversity Zones to be awarded the type of legal status that protects the Humanitarian Zones. At the same time, a census is currently in progress to determine who can legally lay claim to lands in the collective territories.
With the census now reaching its final stages, the paramilitaries and the businesses have been increasing the pressure on the communities and threats and violence have been on the rise. Last year, Manuel Ruiz, a member of the census committee who had also been involved in a personal land struggler with rancher Victor Rios, was kidnapped, tortured and murdered along with his teenage son, Samir. The names of members of the Humanitarian Zones communities interviewed for this article have all appeared on widely circulated death lists and there have been attempts on the lives of both Enrique Petro and Cristian.
The communities though, remain committed to their right to return. At the heart of that struggle is the communities’ right to their lands and to determine their use, which has found expression in the Biodiversity Zones. “This process has been very hard for us,” said Tuberquia. “But we know that it is a process of life, not a process of death. We are struggling for life here and defending life is defending the land; if we don’t defend the land we are dead.”
The names of some of the people interview for this article have been changed to protect their identities. | <urn:uuid:7041eafd-2d02-46c2-821f-f162c4062a97> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://zcommunications.org/znetarticle/colombian-communities-reclaim-land-and-life-from-the-paramilitary-business-alliance-by-james-bargent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988840.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00049-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97255 | 2,580 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Women who gain more than 40 pounds (18 kg) during pregnancy have nearly twice the risk of delivering a heavy baby as those who gain less, U.S. researchers said on Friday.
The study of more than 40,000 U.S. women and their babies found as many as one in five women gains too much weight during pregnancy, doubling the chances her baby will weigh 9 pounds (4 kg) or more.
And they found women who gain more than 40 pounds (18 kg) during pregnancy are more likely to have a heavy baby even if they do not have gestational diabetes, a short-term form of diabetes linked with pregnancy that is known to increase the risk of having a big baby.
“Because there are so many women who are gaining more than 40 pounds during pregnancy, it’s an important health message for most women to avoid excessive weight during pregnancy,” Dr. Teresa Hillier of Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research in Portland, Oregon, whose study appears in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology, said in a telephone interview.
Hillier said gaining extra weight during pregnancy increases the risk for having heavy babies, and studies suggest these babies are programmed to become overweight or obese later in life.
According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, babies who weigh more than 9 pounds (4 kg) at birth are considered heavy.
A large baby can pose risks for a difficult delivery - increasing the chances of vaginal tearing, bleeding, and Caesarian-sections for the mother and the risk of stuck shoulders and broken collar bones for the baby.
In the study, Hillier and colleagues examined the medical records of 41,540 women who gave birth in Washington, Oregon and Hawaii from 1995-2003. All had been tested for gestational diabetes and 5.4 percent were treated for it with a program of diet, exercise and insulin, if needed, to control blood sugar.
Overall, 20 percent of the women in the study who gained more than 40 pounds - the upper limit of pregnancy weight gain recommendations in the United States - gave birth to heavy babies.
Fewer than 12 percent of women in the study with normal weight gain delivered heavy babies, she said.
The group at greatest risk were those who gained more than 40 pounds and had gestational diabetes. Nearly 30 percent of these women had heavy babies, compared with 13.5 percent of women with gestational diabetes who had normal weight gains during pregnancy.
The researchers said the findings suggest all women should avoid excessive weight gain during pregnancy. And women who are being treated for gestational diabetes should also strive to keep weight gain below 40 pounds.
“You can’t treat the glucose and ignore the weight gain issue,” Hillier said.
Weight gain during pregnancy has been rising over the past two decades, and some researchers suspect this may be fueling an epidemic of childhood obesity.
By Julie Steenhuysen
CHICAGO (Reuters Life!) | <urn:uuid:be621298-8a4e-40be-b55d-b3573f926f08> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.health.am/pregnancy/more/too-much-weight-in-pregnancy-can-make-baby-fat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735867.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804073038-20200804103038-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.968901 | 614 | 2.984375 | 3 |
© William P. Reinhardt.
Bohr's classical orbits astonishingly allowed him to predict the actual energy levels, and spectra, of the electron in the one-electron hydrogen atom, but what happens when there are two electrons? In 1921, Irving Langmuir found periodic orbits of two electrons moving with respect to a fixed nucleus (which is not drawn to scale here). In these periodic orbits, the repelling electrons bounce back and forth along the black paths shown above. However, this orbit is completely unstable. If one of the electrons is slightly disturbed, the electrons immediately follow chaotic trajectories such as the ones shown by the green and purple lines. One electron is ejected from the atom, and the other remains in a stable orbit around the nucleus. As helium atoms are the most stable atoms known, and by no means self-ionize, this indicates that classical motion of the electrons is only a good starting point for understanding the nature of atomic structure and spectra for one-electron atoms and ions. In fact, we actually need quantum mechanics to fully understand the hydrogen atom, and most definitely to understand even the most basic properties of the helium atom. (Unit: 6) | <urn:uuid:0b042c0a-5d47-464f-9977-0537debd027a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.learner.org/courses/physics/visual/visual.html?shortname=bohr_orbitals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021872753/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121752-00054-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923693 | 242 | 4.1875 | 4 |
A widely acclaimed poet of the 20th century, Yehuda Amichai was born in pre-World War II Germany in 1924 and grew up in an Orthodox Jewish home. He emigrated to Palestine with his family in the mid-1930s and took up poetry after his volunteer service in the British Army. He changed his family name from “Pfeuffer” to “Amichai,” a Hebrew name that means “My people lives.”
While he foreswore his Orthodox upbringing, he uses a conversational Hebrew dotted with metaphors that often play ironically on Biblical and other Jewish references. He won numerous awards both in Israel and abroad, and was a frequent contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature. His work has been translated into more than 30 languages.
Yehuda Amichai often gave readings and interviews in the U.S. and around the world. In one interview with The Paris Review in 1992, he commented on the extremism that he had encountered throughout his life and how it had affected his outlook on life.
“I’ve often said that I consider myself a “post cynical humanist,” Amichai said. “Maybe now after so much horror, so many shattered ideals, we can start anew—now that we’re well armored for disappointment. I think my sense of history and God, even if I am against history and God, is very Jewish. I think this is why my poems are sometimes taught in religious schools. It’s an ancient Jewish idea to fight with God, to scream out against God.” | <urn:uuid:8a20d30d-5d42-4396-a2cc-e15102b2cc72> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.amichaiwindows.com/about-yehuda-amichai/yehuda-amichai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886118195.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823094122-20170823114122-00235.warc.gz | en | 0.989647 | 332 | 2.828125 | 3 |
December 8, 2020
As if COVID-19 wasn’t enough to deal with, Dec. 6 marked the first day of National Influenza Week. Influenza (commonly known as the flu) is a highly contagious respiratory disease that infects millions of people each year. With all the different information present, it can be challenging to determine how to best minimize infection risks to yourself and others. While there isn’t a way to completely guarantee safety, there are several steps and strategies to prevent the spread of influenza and keep you and those around you safe.
It might not be 100% effective, but getting a yearly flu shot is the best and most reliable flu prevention method for anyone over six months old. (But we’re assuming any reader has reached that age requirement.)
You can schedule your flu shot at a local pharmacy, health center, or even a drug store, depending on the location. Some of those administration sites might require an appointment, so check your specific location for details and specifics.
Depending on your situation, there are also specialized versions of the flu shot, such as a high-dose vaccine for those over 65 and nasal sprays for people between the ages of 2 and 50. (Here’s a full list from the CDC of those who should avoid the nasal spray method.) Make sure to research potential alternatives and other forms to ensure you are getting the best possible form of protection for yourself!
It might not always be possible, but avoiding large gatherings of people is a great way to minimize exposure to the flu. Someone with the flu could be anywhere, such as:
If you have to go to a location that you know will place you close to others, make sure to practice good health habits. Here are some measures you can take:
Your hands come into contact with a ton of different things! The world is a germy place, and as you interact with the world, you risk the chance of exposing yourself to viruses such as the flu. Because your hands are most likely the part of your body to interact with passageways into your body (such as your eyes, nose, and mouth), you have a greater chance to place yourself at risk if you don’t regularly wash your hands. Washing your hands frequently and with the CDC’s advised method is a great way to minimize your potential risk.
Just because you’re practicing flu prevention strategies doesn’t mean the rest of your household is! It’s virtually impossible for people, especially children, to keep all of these guidelines in mind as they go throughout the day. We advise you to disinfect high-touch surfaces in your house regularly. For example, food preparation surfaces, toys, faucets, and door handles.
Even with practicing flu prevention strategies to the best of your ability, there is always a chance you become infected with the flu. If you think you might have been exposed, look for the following symptoms:
It is important to note that flu symptoms can overlap with other respiratory infections, including COVID-19. If you experience these symptoms, make sure to self-isolate yourself, get tested, and continue practicing good hygiene while waiting for your test results. We recommend looking at official releases from the CDC for more information about potential risks involved with the flu.
Between distancing yourself from others, receiving a flu vaccine, and maintaining good hygiene and sanitation practices, you’ll have a much better chance of avoiding the flu. If you’re looking for a supplier of those sanitary products like masks, wipes, gloves, or other products, check out Global PPE’s store catalog to stock up. Stay safe! | <urn:uuid:3d90ce3c-c7b3-4d8d-b6c2-d9121f88b903> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://global-ppe.com/blog/four-tips-to-manage-flu-season/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703547333.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124044618-20210124074618-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.950333 | 754 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Why don’t you try it?
Add two cups of sugar to one cup of water in a saucepan and stir while heating slightly. You’ll see that all the sugar will dissolve.
One of the reasons is very simple: Sugar molecules can squeeze into empty spaces between the water molecules, so they are not really taking up much new space.
When you get right down to the submicroscopic level, water isn’t a densely packed pile of molecules. It’s a somewhat open latticework, with the molecules connected to one another in tangled strings. The holes in this latticework can accommodate a surprising number of dissolved particles.
This is especially true of sugar, because sugar molecules are built in such a way that they just love to associate with (Techspeak: hydrogen-bond to) water molecules, and that makes sugar very mixable with water. As a matter of fact, with heating, you can coax more than two pounds (5 cups!) of sugar to dissolve in a single cup of water.
Of course, by the time you get that far, it’s not clear whether you’re dealing with a boiling solution of sugar in water or with bubbling melted sugar containing a little water.
And that’s how candy was born.
Yet another reason is that two cups of sugar is considerably less sugar than it seems. Sugar molecules are both heavier and bulkier than water molecules, so there won’t be as many of them in a pound or in a cup.
Also, the sugar is in granulated form, rather than in the form of a liquid, and the grains don’t settle down into the cup as tightly as you might think. The surprising result is that a cup of sugar contains only about one twenty-fifth as many molecules as there are in a cup of water.
That means that in your two-cups-of-sugar-in-one-cup-of-water solution, there is only one molecule of sugar for every twelve molecules of water.
Not such a big deal, after all. | <urn:uuid:984d5164-599e-4186-8a19-e171109df76d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://superbeefy.com/how-does-two-cups-of-sugar-dissolve-in-one-cup-of-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686034.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919202211-20170919222211-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.961299 | 437 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Date: Saturday, February 27, 2016 - 3:30pm to 5:00pm
Speaker: James Lightner
Free and open to public (seating limited)
Anza-Borrego Desert State Park Visitor Center (Discovery Lab)
In September 1849 an expedition of nearly 100 U.S. government surveyors, soldiers, cavalry and support staff left San Diego and crossed the Anza-Borrego Desert to the Colorado River, and they returned three months later. The "Whipple Expedition" was named for the head surveyor, Lt. Amiel W. Whipple, and included the leader of an Army escort, Lt. Cave J. Couts, and the famous botanical collector Dr. Charles C. Parry (see photo).
The presentation by Mr. Lightner will describe the expedition and highlight new information from Dr. Parry’s recently published Notebooks, including details about the natural resources, plants and agriculture. It will also examine historical events surrounding the expedition such as the end of the Mexican-American War, the drawing of the boundary and the emergence of the Southern Emigrant Trail.
This informative talk is presented by James Lightner, who is the author of three books: San Diego County Native Plants (5th edition), Parry's California Notebooks 1849-51, and San Diego Native Plants in the 1830s. | <urn:uuid:baee820e-2db4-4101-8204-ac76cca4fbb2> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://theabf.org/node/598 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509326.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015142752-20181015164252-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.943951 | 287 | 2.6875 | 3 |
This content was provided by Gowrie NSW, a Playgroup NSW partner.
Learning through play is one of the most important ways children learn and develop.
When children play it helps develop literacy and numeracy skills as they need to think, interact, use their natural curiosity and exploration skills.
Discovery why learning through play is so important to children…and to the educators and families at Gowrie NSW.
Learning through play is one of the most important ways children learn and develop!
Friedrich Froebel was a German educator who created the concept of the ‘kindergarten’. Froebel believed that “play is the highest expression of human development in childhood, for it alone is the free expression of what is in a child’s soul.”
Chances are, if you have a child at an Early Education Centre, Preschool or Long Day Care such as Gowrie, you may have been told that they use a ‘play based’ approach for children’s learning and development. But what does this mean exactly?
Here at Gowrie NSW, we recognise the life-long benefits of intentional play-based learning, which is why it is one of our core Program Foundations.
Children learn through Play
Play provides opportunities for discovery, curiosity and exploration. When children play, they explore naturally, ignite their imagination and use their decision-making skills. The type of play children engages in and its purposes change over the course of childhood from infancy to adolescence. The beauty of play is that you don’t have to incentivise it. You don’t need to ‘make’ your children play. Children have a natural urge to play, and playing brings children joy, meaning it can be maintained for periods of time without any external rewards.
How does play support your child’s development and learning?
Physical development – when children use large and small muscles such as climbing, running, ball games, digging, jumping, and dancing it enhances overall health and sense of wellbeing and physical growth.
Social and emotional development – when children use dramatic and imaginative play (including dressing up and role play) they can develop positive social and emotional skills and values. This provides opportunities for children to:
- practise working with other children, negotiating thoughts and ideas, making choices and decisions develop self-confidence by experiencing success and challenges
- learn to control their emotions, reduce impulsive behaviour and reduce stress as they act out feelings and events that might be worrying them
- develop empathy and fairness as they learn to play with other children.
Cognitive development – skills such as thinking, remembering, learning, and paying attention are all being developed when your child is engaging in play. Children develop these cognitive skills through play:
- imagination and creativity
- concepts (shapes, colours, measurement, counting and letter recognition)
- concentration, persistence and resilience.
Literacy and numeracy development - When children play it helps develop literacy and numeracy skills as they need to think, interact, use their natural curiosity and exploration skills. Play helps children develop skills and understandings including:
- an increased understanding of words and their use
- listening and speaking skills
- writing skills through scribbling, painting and drawing
- learning how stories work (plot, characters, structure, purpose and format of words on a page)
- learning that objects can stand for something else (a block can be a symbol for a telephone) which is foundation learning for formal reading, spelling and numeracy because letters, words or numerals are part of symbol systems
- learning that letters, words, symbols, numerals and signs have a purpose and are meaningful to others.
What does an intentional play-based approach to learning look like?
Rather than using structured lessons, educators at Gowrie NSW, and other early childhood education and care services use a wide range of play-based experiences for children’s learning and development. Educators set up games indoors and outdoors that are age appropriate, and can be played safely and enjoyably by every child.
Educators encourage children’s learning through play by:
- providing resources that stimulate and support play - and reflect children’s ages, interests, knowledge, strengths, abilities, and culture. These resources allow open ended use of items like blocks or cardboards boxes foster creativity and the ability to manipulate concepts mentally as children. For example, turn a box into a car.
- planning play experiences based on each child’s individual differences, interests, developmental needs and ability. For example, as a child learns to hold a pencil to draw and write, educators will give children different sized objects to grasp, and to build strength in the child’s fingers.
- observing children as they play so that they can understand how they play with other children, what skills and understanding they demonstrate in play and what activities can strengthen their skills in play.
- joining in children’s play to extend the child’s learning and to model skills such as reasoning, appropriate language, and positive behaviours.
- providing unhurried and uninterrupted time for play allowing children’s ideas and games to develop.
How can you help your child learn through play?
Children’s success as learners depends on strong foundations developed from birth. Intentional play based learning cultivates critical thinking skills and an understanding that is essential for lifelong learning and wellbeing. You can encourage your child’s learning through by:
• sharing information about your child’s interests and abilities with their educators so that they can plan play experiences for your child based on their interests and abilities
• playing with your child
• discussing your child’s program with the educators at your child’s service, and the activities your child enjoys playing and taking part in
• advocating for safe and interesting play spaces in your local community.
About Gowrie NSW
Gowrie NSW has a long tradition of providing education and care that considers the whole child in the context of their family and community. Gowrie NSW programs are built on the strong foundations of respectful relationships, intentional play-based teaching, and empowerment!
For more than 80 years they have provided high quality play-based education and care for children and their families and are proud to be trusted leaders in early childhood education.
Discover why learning through play is so important to children...and to educators and families at Gowrie NSW
Get in touch with your local centre here
You can also connect with Gowrie via Facebook or Instagram to find out more! | <urn:uuid:8d671752-bd63-4596-a2d8-b57dce394edb> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.playgroupnsw.org.au/ParentResources/EarlyChildhoodDevelopment/TheImportanceofPlayinChildrensLearningDevelopment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036077.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625160220-20220625190220-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.956014 | 1,358 | 4.09375 | 4 |
The World Health Company defines wellness as “the state of complete health, without condition as well as infirmity.” There have actually been lots of various other interpretations of health and wellness over the centuries. The Globe Financial institution has a comparable interpretation. Different various other companies have their own meanings, yet the underlying concept of healthiness is similar. The World Institute of Mental as well as Physical Wellness defines health as “a state of optimum physical and also psychological functioning.” In other words, the word “wellness” means “health”.
The Globe Health Organization defines health as a person’s physical, psychological, social, as well as environmental sources. In this context, physical wellness refers to the body’s capacity to attain as well as preserve homeostasis as well as to recuperate from unfavorable events, while psychological and emotional wellness refers to an individual’s capability to take care of stress and also get abilities. The 3rd interpretation of wellness entails dealing with exactly how individuals value the high quality of their lives, including their social relationships, physical activity, and diet.
Regardless of the growing popularity of this definition, it has actually been difficult to establish its significance. It concentrates on a person’s ability to maintain an equilibrium of mental and physical sources and also the chance of a future illness or disability. For this reason, the idea of “health” has multiple degrees: it can be psychological, social, and also physical. It emphasizes the social, mental, as well as emotional elements of life. While physical health is very important, psychological as well as emotional health and wellness are just as important.
The Ottawa Charter of Civil rights stresses the significance of a health life. A healthy and balanced person can living a full life, whether in a rural area or in an urbane city. A well-functioning person has a better capacity to handle tension as well as is more probable to take part in culture. However, health and wellness is not constantly a physical state. The objective of good health is the growth of social resources and also an improved quality of life.
The World Wellness Organization specifies wellness as a state of complete wellness. It includes physical, social, as well as emotional capacities. It can be advertised by increasing healthy activities, lowering undesirable ones, as well as avoiding unhealthy scenarios. On top of that, a person’s wellness relies on a range of aspects, a few of which are greatly genetic. It is not uncommon to experience chronic disease or even to experience persistent pain. The good news is, a healthy life can be a durable one.
Health is specified by different definitions. For instance, one meaning is that health and wellness is the lack of condition. To put it simply, wellness is the absence of illness. Therefore, promoting a healthy life means minimizing disease as well as making certain that people have healthiness. For a healthy and balanced way of life, the capability to function correctly as well as be productive are 2 other consider health. A good life is one that is happy as well as has a solid feeling of self-worth.
The World Health And Wellness Organization (THAT) defines health and wellness as an “organization that consists of a hospital and also a team of physicians”. Its interpretation is rather broad and includes community-based medical professionals and various other kinds of medical care facilities. A health and wellness system is thought about a system when it employs both community-based doctors and also medical professionals from various other areas. To put it simply, health and wellness is a method to live life and to improve the lifestyle. It is likewise defined by an individual’s ability to work properly.
According to the Globe Health Organization, wellness is a state of total physical, psychological, and social well-being. It is a person’s capacity to prevent and also treat illness, as well as it is important to remain in health. This is just one of the reasons that the WorldHealth Organization has actually defined health and wellness as a “resource” of every day life. It is an individual’s capacity to sustain and also recuperate from stress as well as physical and mental illness. It also consists of the capability to develop and keep connections as well as to learn brand-new abilities.
The Globe Wellness Organization specifies wellness as a state of total physical, psychological, as well as social health. The interpretation of health can be specified in a different way, yet many commonly, the basic meaning is the same: it is a source that is required for day-to-day living. Additionally, it is an indispensable part of day-to-day life. For instance, an individual with healthiness can function effectively, hang out with friends and family, and also be effective. A person with good health is likewise a productive member of culture.
The World Health and wellness Company defines health as a state of total well-being that is without condition or infirmity. Nonetheless, numerous definitions of wellness have been made use of throughout history for different purposes. Below are some of one of the most usual ones. Below’s a look at the main differences between them. The WorldHealthOrganization’s interpretation is one of the most frequently used today. If you’re trying to find a details interpretation, you can find it below.
First, recognize that people are born with numerous sorts of genes, and that particular genetic patterns can result in less-than-optimal wellness. As an example, a person may acquire genetics from one moms and dad that placed them in jeopardy for a certain condition. Along with the genes, other elements impact a person’s wellness. Ecological triggers such as toxins as well as bacteria can lead to disease, even if you are born with a high genetic threat.
The Globe Health And Wellness Company (THAT) explains wellness as a basic human right. The that’s constitution states that everybody can delight in the greatest feasible degree of health, without regard to race, faith, political beliefs, or economic or social condition. To advertise wellness, country states can promote activities that advertise a healthy way of life, restriction unsafe habits, and also make provisions for determinants of healthiness. The WHA’s interpretation of wellness is a “living, dynamic system” as well as concentrates on the person. the best CBD oil UK
According to the World Health and wellness Organization, health and wellness is an important source that supports the larger culture. It is important to live a healthy way of life that gives implying to life. Researchers in The Lancet journal have actually defined health as the capacity of a specific or team to adapt to changes in their environment as well as to brand-new hazards. This definition additionally takes into consideration the progression of contemporary science in the field of illness understanding. And also a healthy and balanced life is a much better quality of life. | <urn:uuid:fc5a5626-fd4b-4592-a3d4-5e35841bf8b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://buyessayonline.biz/2021/12/07/wellness-tips-you-need-to-find-out-currently/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305277.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127163150-20220127193150-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.971527 | 1,421 | 3.25 | 3 |
Guest Post by Willis Eschenbach
There’s a new study out called Increase in mercury in Pacific yellowfin tuna by Paul E. Drevnick, Carl H. Lamborg, and Martin J. Horgan. It claims that:
By compiling and re-analyzing published reports on yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) caught near Hawaii (USA) over the past half century, the authors found that the concentration of mercury in these fish currently is increasing at a rate of at least 3.8% per year.
That seemed a bit too neat for me, so I took a deeper look. To their credit, they posted the data as used along with the study. As usual, I started by taking a look at all of the data. There were three samples of tuna studied, which were caught in 1971, 1998, and 2008. Here is a boxplot of the raw data.
Figure 1. Boxplot of the tuna mercury data by year of collection. Width of the box is proportional to the number of data points. Boxes show where half of the data is located. Heavy black line is the median of the data. Notches are the error intervals on the median. Units are parts per million (ppm)
OK, so far, so good. Next, they removed both the big fish and the small fish. They also removed two outliers, which had mercury values of 1.32 and 0.015 ppm. Once those are removed, the result is shown in Figure 2.
Note that because of the greatly reduced numbers in the 2008 data, the uncertainty notch has become much wider, and the width of the box is smaller.
Finally, they adjust the mercury content for the weight of the fish. This is important because as the fish gains weight, it bioaccumulates mercury. Figure 3 shows what happens to the reduced dataset once the mercury content has been adjusted (either upwards or downwards) depending on the weight of the individual fish.
This has made some obvious changes to the results. First, the outliers have been greatly reduced, as has the range of the data. This is because the outliers were heavy fish with lots of mercury, so when they were adjusted their mercury levels came down. And curiously, while there is not a lot of change in the median and spread of the 1971 and 1998 data, the 2008 data has risen significantly. Finally, while the adjustment process reduced the error of the median in 1971 and 1998 data, it actually increased the error of the median in the 2008 data.
Now, these are the results that they claim show that mercury in these tuna is “increasing at a rate of at least 3.8% per year.” I’m sorry, but I’m not seeing that. For starters, if anything the mercury levels fell during the period where we have good data, from 1971 to 1998. That means that the entirety of the purported increase occurred over 10 years, after being stable for nearly thirty years? I’m not buying that claim at all.
So why did the results in 2008 move up so much due to the adjustment by weight? The problem is in the weight distribution of the fish in the three groups. Figure 4 shows the same three groups, but this time it shows the weights of the fish instead of the mercury levels.
As you can see, while the distribution of the weights of the fish caught in 1971 and 1998 are quite similar, the 2008 sample are predominantly small fish. In theory, then, the mercury levels in these fish should be increased to bring them in line with the larger fish.
However, there are a couple of problems with that. First, the mercury/weight relationship gets flat down at the lower end. As the authors say:
It was necessary to remove the fish of less than 22 kg from the analysis, because these fish did not adhere to the assumption of linearity. Mercury concentrations in young tuna tend to be low but highly variable . A diet shift occurs in young tuna when a critical body mass is developed that enables endothermic capability to allow access to prey in deeper, colder water . At a certain size (depending on species), likely because of this ontogenetic diet shift, the relationship of mercury concentration versus size conforms to expectations (i.e., a linear relationship).
But here’s the problem with that theory … ugly data. Figure 5 shows the scatterplot of mercury levels versus fish weight.
A couple of points stand out here. First, their 22 kg cutoff seems way too low. According to their own data, there is little difference between mercury levels in tuna up to about 40 kg. This means that there will be errors in the adjusted mercury for fish less than 40 kg or so. Second, most of the blue 2008 data is low-weight fish (blue dots) … and as a result, the adjusted mercury levels of the 2008 data will be overestimated. Finally, this preponderance of light weight fish in 2008 is also the reason that the mercury adjustment, rather than reducing the spread of the 2008 data, actually increased the spread of the data.
So to summarize. The 1971 mercury data is statistically indistinguishable from the 1998 data, and the fish have about the same weight distribution. Together, these two groups comprise 94% of the data. They show no change in mercury levels over that twenty-seven year period.
They’ve built their entire claim of an increase in mercury on a mere 14 fish, 6% of the data, which are significantly lighter in weight than the other 94% of the sample. And as Figure 5 shows, it is likely that their adjusted mercury content is overestimated. Fourteen small-fry fish are all they have to hold up their claims? Really? This is almost to the level of the One Yamal Tree farrago.
And in any case, the idea that there would be absolutely no increase in mercury levels for nearly thirty years and then the mercury would jump significantly over the next ten years doesn’t pass the laugh test.
Best to all,
PS-if you disagree with someone, please QUOTE THEIR EXACT WORDS that you disagree with, so that we can all understand the exact nature of your objection.
Folks not familiar with them might be interested in my other posts on mercury, viz:
In the process of writing my piece about Lisa Jackson and the EPA, I got to reading about the EPA passing new mercury regulations. Their regulations are supposed to save the lives of some 11,000 people per year. So I figured I should learn something about mercury. It turned out…
I’ve been puzzling for a while about why the areas with the most power plants aren’t the areas with the worst levels of mercury pollution. Why aren’t the areas downwind from the power plants heavily polluted? I keep running across curious statements like “There was no obvious relationship between large-mouth bass or yellow perch fish… | <urn:uuid:d407a4bf-3224-4048-962a-5d60d515d1ad> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://wattsupwiththat.com/2015/02/05/something-fishy-about-mercury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879305.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419080654-20210419110654-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.957767 | 1,434 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Orangutan as fashionista
"Do you have these pants in black?" a question generally heard from the changing rooms of clothing retailers. However over the coming months more of the queries that you'll hear echoing in boutiques and malls will be, "Is this shirt made from Orangutan or Caribou habitat?" Canopy, an environmental not-for-profit organization dedicated to protecting the world's forests, species and climate recently launched a campaign to ensure endangered forests do not end up in clothing. Rayon, viscose and modal fabrics are made from pulped trees. Canopy is raising awareness that much of today's fast fashion and haute couture comes at a cost to the forests we love.
Fashionistas are watching to see which designers and apparel brands join EILEEN FISHER, Quiksilver, lululemon athletica and the other CanopyStyle early champions that have committed to eliminate endangered forests from their fabrics.
In addition to phasing out controversial forest-fibre, these companies are looking to shift to alternatives like recycled rayon, organic and socially sustainable cottons and, where tree fibre is used, eco-certified Forest Stewardship Council forests. They've got class.
In the national language of Indonesia, "orang" means person, "human" means forest. One of humanity's closest relatives, Orangutans are literally "the people of the forest".
These beautiful orange creatures with soulful eyes share 97 percent of their DNA with humans. They spend their lives in the forest canopy, traveling through the tree tops, nurturing their young and sleeping in the embrace of the branches.
They are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as critically endangered and may be the first of the great apes to go extinct within our lifetimes. And one of the major causes of their demise is likely hanging in your closet ...
Follow the Thread Back to the Forest
Canopy has been following the fashion thread from boutiques and retailers across the UK and North America, to the factories of South East Asia, the pulp mills in China and Canada that crank out cellulosic fibre, all the way back to the forests of origin. What our research has uncovered is shocking.
From the expanse of our Boreal Forests of Canada to the vanishing tropical rainforests of Indonesia and the towering 1,000 year-old cedars of North America's Coastal Temperate Rainforest, the world's forests are being mowed down at an alarming rate to produce fabric.
As many as 100 million trees a year are going into the manufacture of pulp for fabric and that number is on the rise. Put end to end, those trees would circle the equator 10 times. | <urn:uuid:6e33587c-9b21-403d-8651-5a5c03352801> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/46750 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657102753.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011142-00017-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93854 | 560 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The revolutionary re-chargeable batteries could for more than a decade
Current “flow batteries” store energy in a liquid and wear out rapidly when used regularly.
But researchers in the US have been able to modify molecules in electrolytes, key groups of atoms in battery chemicals and make them stable, water soluble and longer lasting.
- TECH BREAKTHROUGH: Scientists see location of 23,000 atoms in huge …
- TECH WARNING: Search engines and smartphones are DESTROYING our mem…
They designed a system in which energy is stored in organic molecules dissolved in water.
The battery designed by Harvard University loses only one per cent of its capacity for every 1,000 times it is re-charged.
The energy is stored in organic molecules
A standard lithium-ion battery lasts only around 1,000 recharges in its lifetime.
Lithium ion batteries don’t even survive 1,000 complete charge-discharge cycles
Professor Michael Aziz
Officials in the US believe the technology could be harnessed to boost the electricity grid.
Professor Michael Aziz said: “Lithium ion batteries don’t even survive 1,000 complete charge-discharge cycles.
“Because we were able to dissolve the electrolytes in neutral water, this is a longlasting battery that you could put in your basement.
“If it spilled on the floor, it wouldn’t eat the concrete and, since the medium is noncorrosive, you can use cheaper materials to build the components.”
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Imre Gyuk of the US Department of Energy said: “This work on aqueous soluble organic electrolytes is of high significance in pointing the way towards future batteries with vastly improved cycle life and considerably lower cost.” | <urn:uuid:d832a721-3139-4edc-b223-1dcdcb317e12> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://newsexplored.co.uk/scientists-create-organic-batteries-that-last-more-than-decade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812405.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219052241-20180219072241-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.909974 | 376 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Pledges are voluntary commitments to carry out measurable actions and activities in support of Conference themes and implementation of the resolutions. They aim to enhance cooperation between Conference members on a number of Conference issues. The pledges are a powerful humanitarian diplomacy tool and can be used to initiate or advance dialogue and discussions with public authorities on the humanitarian agenda.
Pledges reflect the individual commitments of the Conference participants, tailored to their particular national or regional contexts and going beyond the consensus resolutions. They should reflect the Conference’s overarching theme, the three aspirations or be linked to the resolutions.
Pledges aim to enhance cooperation between the Conference participants on the range of topics addressed by the Conference. They are a powerful tool of humanitarian diplomacy and can be used to initiate or advance dialogue and discussions with public authorities on the humanitarian agenda before, during and after the Conference.
- For Movement components (National Societies, the International Federation and ICRC) The development and follow up of pledges can provide a useful platform for discussions with Governments on the successes and challenges of implementing specific activities.
- For Governments Through pledges, governments can plan specific activities they will undertake to implement the Conference resolutions. Pledges provide a way to demonstrate a government’s priorities and active engagement on specific topics.
- For Movement components and governments together Joint pledges between a National Society and government (or groups of National Societies and governments) provide a mechanism set out joint plans and commitments, through which they also demonstrate their special relationship.
Where a National Society and Government wish to develop a pledge together, it is recommended that they begin discussions well in advance of the Conference to identify topics of mutual interest and concern and agreed the specific commitment they will jointly undertake. Engaging in such a dialogue before the Conference can serve to highlight the practical benefits of co-operation. This dialogue continues during the Conference and beyond as the National Society and Government work together to implement, monitor and review progress on the implementation of the pledge(s). The entire process facilitates increased cooperation and builds the existing relationship between the National Society and its public authorities.
There are two kinds of pledges:
- Specific pledges can be initiated by any member and observer of the Conference. These pledges should include commitments to concrete action tailored to the national/regional context. The pledge can be submitted individually or jointly between a National Society and their respective government or other organization that is an observer to the Conference. The implementation of these pledges is the responsibility of the signatory/signatories.
- Open pledges can be developed by any member of the Conference and have the character of a petition. These pledges cannot be modified individually. The initiator of an open pledge is responsible for monitoring its implementation.
- Model/example pledges texts on the Conference topics will be available on the pledge database. These examples are provided as a basis for specific pledges and are intended to be modified according to the contexts, interests and capacities of pledge signatories.
All Conference participants (members and observers) can submit individual or jointly prepared “specific” pledges and sign “open” pledges.
All pledges – specific and open – should be submitted and registered on the database by the participants. More details on the database and instructions are provided in the user guide.
- For specific pledges Conference participants should submit their pledges online in any of the official working languages of the Conference (English, French, Spanish, Arabic). Model/example pledges on the Conference topics are available on the pledge database in all four languages.
- For open pledges Petition-style open pledges should be initiated through the pledge database, where the initiator will indicate that the pledge is open for signature by any other Conference participant. All open pledges ‘available’ for signature are visible to all Conference participants on the pledge database, where they can also sign on.
For all inquiries on pledges, please contact email@example.com.
Once submitted and validated, all pledges are publicly visible and searchable via the pledge database.
As in previous years, all Conference participants are asked to report on steps they have taken to implement the Conference resolutions and any pledges they have signed. To facilitate this reporting within the database, a contact person is requested for each pledge registered.
The pledge database will also include a reporting section – please note that this section will be restricted and information entered there will be published in the public section of the database only with the agreement of the reporting organisation/government. | <urn:uuid:1b836e3e-cdf5-477a-af50-96948228fac9> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://preprod.rcrcconference.org/international-conference/pledges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864940.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623035301-20180623055301-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.922646 | 902 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Even if you’re not connected in any way with large scale hydro around the world, this major report issued last week is significant. Imagine the boost to distributed generation and renewables if world opinion rallies against big dams.
The Commission has an extensive website of its own which has more than you’ll ever want to know, including the complete report available to download. http://www.dams.org/
The site has links to dozens of press accounts of the announcement last week. (I first heard about it in this week’s Economist.) Here is a good overview which arrived here today in an email newsletter. At least it could take your mind off Florida for a few minutes.
World Commission Takes Tough Stance on Dams
LONDON, England – Dams have made an important and significant contribution to human development but, in too many cases, the social and environmental costs have been unacceptable and often unnecessary, according to the final report of the World Commission on Dams (WCD).
Dams deliver significant development services in 140 countries and generate 19 percent of the world’s electricity, the WCD says in ‘Dams And Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making.’ The report was released today in London, with former South African President Nelson Mandela as the group’s spokesman.
Dams account for 12 to 16 percent of global food production, and 12 percent of large dams supply domestic and industrial water, as well as provide flood control services in 70 countries. However, they have also demonstrated a marked tendency towards schedule delays and cost overruns, and have led to the loss of forests and wildlife habitat and the loss of aquatic biodiversity of upstream and downstream fisheries, the report notes.
“Large dams display a high degree of variability in delivering predicted water and electricity services and related social benefits – with a considerable portion falling short of physical and economic targets,” while others continue to generate benefits after 40 years. The WCD also found that efforts to counter the ecosystem impact of large dams have met with limited success, and the “negative social impacts reflect a pervasive and systematic failure to assess and account for the range of potential negative impacts on displaced and resettled people as well as downstream communities.”
Some estimates suggest that as many as 80 million people have been displaced by dams around the world, while the livelihoods of many more who live downstream have been affected. Mitigation, compensation and resettlement programs are often inadequate, it notes.
The report authors claim the final document provides the most comprehensive and independent review of dams, and examines the technical and economic performance of dams, as well as their environmental and social performance, and assesses the potential alternatives to dams to offer insights into “one of the most of the controversial development debates of our time.” A number of environmentally and economically viable supply options are emerging, including wind and solar energy, but “obstacles such as market, institutional, intellectual and financial barriers limit the adoption rate” of other renewable energy alternatives, it explains.
The final report seeks to turn costly controversies into clear and productive consensus, and the WCD claims that it has brought together, for the first time, all parties in the increasingly confrontational debate about the role that 45,000 large dams have played in development around the world. The report is the result of two years of consultation in an “unprecedented global public policy process” that was signed unanimously.
“It is one thing to find fault with an existing system,” says Mandela. “It is another thing altogether, a more difficult task, to replace it with an approach that is better.”
The report proposes a framework for decision-making that moves beyond the simple tradeoffs of costs and benefits, to include a ‘rights and risks approach’ that recognises all legitimate stakeholders in the negotiation of choices. It proposes a set of core values, strategic priorities, and practical criteria and guidelines to govern future water and energy resources development, and challenges governments and other parties to change the way they view energy and water resources development.
“It means nothing to build billion-dollar dams if your monuments alienate the weak,” says WCD chairman Kader Asmal. “It means nothing to stop all dams if your protests only entrench poverty. But show me a clear and sustainable way to provide food, energy, stability and running water for those who most need it — that means something. And that we have done.”
The WCD conducted detailed reviews of large dams in the United States, Turkey, Norway, Zambia, Thailand, Pakistan, Brazil and South Africa, and surveyed 125 large dams and reviews on environmental and economic issues. It recommends 26 guidelines for review and approval of dam projects at five key stages.
“The WCD urges governments, NGOs, businesses, professional associations, aid agencies, utilities and affected peoples to practice what we preach because we preach only what we have practised ourselves,” concludes Asmal. “We listened to all sides. We reviewed alternatives. We balanced ideal against possible and made our decision to sign this report with confidence. We exclude only one development option: inaction. The cost of conflict is too high.”
“Dams offer huge benefits but sometimes at a large cost,” says James Wolfensohn, president of the World Bank, which funds less than 1 percent of dam projects in the world. “Our involvement in large dams has been decreasing and is focusing more on financing dam rehabilitation and safety and much less on financing new dams.”
Until 1985, the World Bank financed 3 percent of new dams. There are 800,000 dams around the world, of which approximately 45,000 are categorized as large or higher than 15 m. The industry is estimated to be worth $42 billion. | <urn:uuid:517c410c-43ec-40cd-bf0e-d88682884a00> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.cleantech.org/2000/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360107.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228024418-20210228054418-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.956147 | 1,201 | 3.25 | 3 |
Climate Action Task Forces
On March 25, 2008, University of Connecticut President Hogan signed the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC or PCC for short), committing the university to developing a Climate Action Plan (CAP) to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
An ad hoc student group was also formed to provide advice during the formation of the Climate Action Plan.
To provide oversight for the process, an eight-member Climate Action Task Force (CATF) was appointed following the PCC signing. The Task Force coordinated the efforts of the five related workgroups:
Prior to the creation of the CATFs, Recycling and Waste Reduction and Environmental Literacy had been Environmental Policy Advisory Councils (EPACs), which means that they were groups of staff and faculty members that advised the University on environmental initiatives. Now that the CAP is completed, the CATFs have become EPACs.
The workgroups consisted primarily of ad hoc members, including UConn staff, faculty and students, who have been invited to participate based on their interest in the topics covered by the subcommittee. The workgroups were open to anyone who wished to be involved, however, including residents of the surrounding communities.
In 2011, a new CATF was created to write a new section to the CAP. This new CATF is the Climate Change Adaptation Task Force. The new section is being created so that it can be included in the CAP when President Susan Herbst reaffirms the University's position with the PCC. | <urn:uuid:f2be2f2e-9524-49ab-a5a5-f581509af983> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://ecohusky.uconn.edu/climate/catf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119649048.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030049-00270-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97201 | 308 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In 1996, a new federal law was enacted to help protect the confidential medical information of citizens. Dubbed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, the law mandated strict disclosure policies for health care providers and associated parties when it comes to sharing information about patients.
The requirements of HIPAA are relatively straightforward, but thanks to the byzantine world of government and federal law, it can be easy to get lost when it comes to defining what HIPAA does and does not do. Take a look at some common questions regarding the law and how it helps keep privileged information about a person’s medical history private.
What is HIPAA?
HIPAA is not by itself an actual policy. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 was passed to require national standards to be implemented that protected private medical information from being disclosed without a patient’s knowledge or consent. To fulfill this requirement, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) created the HIPAA Privacy Rule, which was enforced beginning in 2003. It’s this rule that restricts health care providers from sharing patient information without permission.
What does HIPAA do?
HIPAA and the resulting HIPAA Privacy Rule protect patient confidentiality by requiring health care providers to obtain consent before disclosing a person’s medical history to another entity. (They can, however, share information with other providers in the course of treatment without authorization.)
Who does HIPAA apply to?
In addition to physicians, the HIPAA Privacy Rule applies to any entity that processes health care data for reasons relating to billing, coding, claims processing, referrals, and other transactions related to health insurance.
Who does HIPAA not apply to?
A covered entity may disclose medical information if it’s needed in the course of obtaining treatment, payment, or needed for health care operations. For example, a health insurance company may disclose information to another health insurance company for the purpose of coordinating patient care. Or, a doctor may tell a receptionist to schedule a patient because follow-up is needed for a specific medical condition.
Health information may also be disclosed if it’s deemed to be in the public interest. Medical data may be shared without permission if there’s a public health issue; if the patient is a victim of abuse; if it pertains to law enforcement; organ donations; or workers' compensation, among other exceptions.
Additionally, HIPAA does not cover disclosure of basic medical information requested by parties like members of the clergy or media telephoning hospitals and requesting information. The patient would have to voice an objection. Not does it cover “de-identified” health information. A doctor, for example, might tell a spouse they have a patient with a broken leg. Providing the patient’s name is not used, that would not be a HIPAA violation.
Does HIPAA preclude someone inquiring about a health issue?
HIPAA does not attempt to structure whether an individual is able to inquire about someone’s health history. If a co-worker asks if you have a cold, this is not a HIPAA violation. If a co-worker phones your doctor about your cold and the doctor responds, that would be a HIPAA violation.
What is a HIPAA violation?
A HIPAA violation can take on countless forms, but it generally boils down to a medical provider or medical industry professional disclosing patient information without consent. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, one case example involved a medical office leaving a telephone message for a patient at a home number when the patient requested they be phoned at work. The message contained confidential medical information.
Another example involved a provider who discussed treatment plans for a communicable disease in a waiting room and within earshot of others.
What is the HIPAA Security Rule?
The HIPAA Security Rule is related to the HIPAA Privacy Rule. It instructs providers to use appropriate measures to protect patient information that’s being handled electronically. That might mean being aware of cybersecurity threats and training employees on how to securely transmit information.
Does HIPAA apply to employers?
Yes and no. HIPAA covers medical providers, not employers. It would not prevent an employer from disclosing your work history if it involved health-related information—that you were late one day because you were ill, for example. Your employer can also ask for medical information when it’s related to sick leave, workers’ compensation, or health insurance. Your health care provider could not disclose that information, however, without your consent.
Does HIPAA prevent employers from inquiring about vaccination status?
No. HIPAA applies to medical providers, not employers. An employer would be asking the employee to share that information directly. It would be up to the employee to decide whether to share their status or not. It would be up to the employer to determine whether the absence of information about an employee’s vaccination status influences workplace safety policies, a thorny issue that could require legal consultation.
Is Zoom HIPAA compliant?
When teleconferencing with medical providers, patients may wonder if their information is secure or whether the software being used, like Zoom or Skype, might be able to access that data. In short, these services are not typically HIPAA-compliant unless they expressly state as much. Zoom for Healthcare is a specific Zoom conferencing software that abides by HIPAA. So does Skype for Business. But standard versions of these applications do not.
How can you report a HIPAA violation?
If you suspect your medical information has been shared by a health care provider or related entity without authorization and without being covered under the permissible exceptions, you can file a complaint with the Office of Civil Rights within the Department of Health and Human Services.
If the party is found to be in violation, they’ll typically agree to take corrective action to revise their disclosure procedures. A monetary settlement may also be required.
As you’d expect with any law, HIPAA has several nuances, and this is not intended to be a comprehensive overview of its policies. Not is it intended to offer legal advice. You can find out more at the HHS website. | <urn:uuid:764699ac-fa9a-479b-aca2-ec7f5739ff90> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/649105/how-hipaa-works-explained | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711108.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206124909-20221206154909-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.931531 | 1,281 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Virtualenv is the ruby equialent of ruby’s rbm.
To start using Virtualenv, you need to run the following as the root user:
$ yum install python-pip $ pip install virtualenv $ pip install virtualenvwrapper # optional but provides the workon
From this point forward you can run all other commands as the normal user.
By convention, we create the following folder which will house all our virtual environments, then cd into it:
$ mkdir .virtualenvs $ cd .virtualenvs
Next we create the environment with the name ‘testenv’:
$ virtualenv testenv
This will create the folder in the cwd with the same name.
Next we activate our new python virtualenv environment which we do like this:
$ . /testenv/bin/activate
This will end up changing your command prompt to indicate you are running in an isolated environment. To confirm this, run:
$ which python
From this point forward, any ‘pip install’ commands you run will install inside our testenv folder.
to return to system level python, run:
Note, when writing python code, you should do it outside of the .virtualenv folder. .virtualenv folder is mainly for internal use.
To switch between environments, you do:
$ workon envname
Note: this needs extra config to get workon command working, including updating your .profile file | <urn:uuid:edaf1801-86d4-4cf5-8629-6455f793cee0> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://codingbee.net/tutorials/python/python-virtualenv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481122.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216210606-20190216232606-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.729505 | 305 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Walking my dogs this morning, I was surprised to see a light dusting of frost on neighborhood rooftops. As all gardeners must do, I made a mental note to adjust my garden tasks as the risk of frost increases.
Farmers and gardeners in the NE and the Midwest don’t even try to grow the more delicate natured plants in the winter, but we Californians have the luxury of at least trying. We can protect our crops by using the USDA Hardiness Map to determine your planting zone (I’m in 9b) and learning when to expect frost to occur. According to the Cornell Cooperative Extension office, “Cool, clear nights with low humidity, often following a cold front, are signs of an impending frost.”
UC Davis provides a helpful table that estimates when various areas of California can expect frost in the fall. Keep in mind that these are only educated guesses and that Mother Nature tends to kick our butts whenever we get careless or complacent. If you live outside of California, you can check with your local Cooperative Extension office or Master Gardener office for your first and last frost dates. Armed with this valuable information, you can determine which plants will need protection. You can also follow these helpful tips to reduce the negative impact of lower temperatures:
How do you prepare your garden for winter?
You can grow a surprising amount of food in your own yard. Ask me how! | <urn:uuid:b23368d2-05eb-4e65-80af-2dc56f22c8a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.thedailygarden.us/garden-word-of-the-day/frost-dates | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.921927 | 293 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Are First Nation members involved in developing a Land Code?
Yes. The contents of the Land Code are developed by the membership of the First Nation. Typically, a lands committee is formed to be responsible for developing the draft Land Code for the First Nation. The committee has officers of the First Nation knowledgeable about lands and other members of the community.
The lands committee holds community meetings with the members to develop the policy upon which the Land Code is based. Once the draft Land Code begins to take shape, drafts are circulated in the community for comment. Door to door meetings with members are also arranged to allow the lands committee and members an opportunity for more in depth discussion of the draft Land Code.
As a fundamental principle, the development of a Land Code is an exercise in community selfgovernment at a “grass-roots” level.
Does the Land Code need community approval?
Yes. In order for the First Nation to assume control over its lands, the Land Code and the Individual Agreement must be ratified by the members of the First Nation.
The procedure for the community ratification process is developed by the community in accordance with the Framework Agreement. This process will be set out in a document that will contain all the details of the process. The ratification procedure involves a thorough process to locate all eligible voting members and provide them with the opportunity to vote in person or by mail.
Are off-reserve members involved?
Yes. All members of the First Nation who are at least 18 years of age, whether living off-reserve or on-reserve, have the right to vote on the Land Code and the Individual Transfer Agreement.
Is there a verification process?
Yes. An independent person selected jointly by the First Nation and Canada, called a Verifier, will monitor and confirm that the community ratification process and Land Code are consistent with the Framework Agreement. Once that is confirmed, the process of monitoring the ratification is conducted by the Verifier in accordance with the community ratification process.
- Framework Agreement
- Aboriginal and Treaty Rights
- Community Participation and Approvals
- Dispute Resolution
- Federal Legislation
- Federal Responsibility
- First Nation Powers
- First Nations Involved
- Gender Equality
- Land Development
- Lands Advisory Board and Resource Centre
- Protection of First Nation Land
- Provincial Relations
- Taking Responsibility for Land Management
- Third Party Interests
- What are the Major Benefits of the Framework Agreement to First Nations? | <urn:uuid:f95fae30-ee35-41c6-b4c3-9243e0a89f7c> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://labrc.com/faqs/community-participation-and-approvals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645069.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317120247-20180317140247-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.93554 | 499 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King (A Life of Buddha)
by Samuel Beal | 1883 | 108,941 words
Summary: This book is called “A Life of Buddha” by Asvaghosha Bodhisattva, in Chinese known as the “Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King”. It was translated from Sanskrit into Chinese by Dharmaraksha (or Dharmakshara) A.D. 420.
The most reliable of the lives of Buddha known in China is that translated in the present volume, the Buddhacarita-kavya. It was no doubt written by the Bodhisattva Asvaghosha, who was the twelfth Buddhist patriarch, and a contemporary of Kanishka.
Contents of this online book ( + / - )
The full text of the The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King (A Life of Buddha) in English is available here and publically accesible (free to read online). Of course, I would always recommend buying the book so you get the latest edition. You can see all this book’s content by visiting the pages in the below index: | <urn:uuid:be2fe2df-9649-42e1-9327-8efe2221fe71> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-fo-sho-hing-tsan-king | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203125921-20231203155921-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.927883 | 260 | 2.515625 | 3 |
keywordRelated searchesType your search term & press enterTo exit search function, press esc
Building information modeling (BIM) is a powerful process used in today’s construction. Modern hardware and software give us the opportunity to review drawings from offices, construction sites and even airports. The information in a BIM model facilitates understanding the intent of the design team and communication with the contractor and specialty trades.
Designing and building is a complex process that requires a tremendous amount of collaboration, dedication and hard work. Using the BIM process of gathering the right data at the right time and giving it to the right people can be very challenging. These days, accessing information is so easy that there is always the possibility of having too much information. There is the misconception that you “just push a button” and the model will give you the answers you need. In reality, it’s much more complicated. We need to maintain certain controls during the process. We also need team members with excellent problem-solving skills and the ability to think two-dimensionally on paper, then three-dimensionally in the BIM model and, finally, into the real world of a building under construction.
Read more: What BIM Means to the Construction Process | <urn:uuid:02d14af7-7d2a-44f2-ad43-a7548068e2f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.hksinc.com/insight/notes-from-the-field-what-bim-means-to-the-construction-process/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320539.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625152316-20170625172316-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.931922 | 256 | 3 | 3 |
How we teach Phonics at St Chad's
At St Chad's we want every child to be successful. We know that the sooner children learn to read, the greater their success at school. We use a phonics programme called Letters and Sounds. This is a high quality phonics resource published by the Department for Education (DfE) in 2007. It aims to build children's speaking and listening skills in their own right as well as to prepare children for learning to read by developing their phonic knowledge and skills. It sets out a detailed and systematic programme for teaching phonic skills for children starting by the age of five, with the aim of them becoming fluent readers by age seven.
We start teaching phonics in Nursery, Reception, Year 1 and Year 2. Some children in Year 3 and 4 may continue to be taught phonics if this is needed.
Our phonic sessions are typically for 30 minutes. During this time, we group children by their reading progress and re-assess children every half-term so we can place them in the group where they’ll make the most progress. We provide extra booster sessions or after school clubs for children who need a bit of a boost to keep up.
How do we make phonics easy for children to learn?
Letters and Sounds Phonics depends upon children learning to read and write sounds effortlessly, so we make it simple and fun. The phonic knowledge is split into two parts.
First we teach them one way to read and write the 40+ sounds in English. We use pictures to help, for example we make ‘a’ into the shape of an apple, ‘f’ into the shape of a flower. These pictures help all children, especially slower-starters, to read the sounds easily.
Children learn to read words by sound-blending using a frog called Fred. Fred says the sounds and children help him blend the sounds to read each word.
Then we teach children the different spellings of the same sounds, for example, they learn that the sound ‘ay’ is written ay, a-e and ai; the sound ‘ee’ is written ee, e and ea. We use phrases to help them remember each sound for example, ay, may I play, a-e – make a cake?
We teach them that there are ‘tricky’ words that do not follow a regular pattern and need to be recalled visually by sight.
What Are Phonics Phases?
Phases are the way the Letters and Sounds Programme is broken down to teach sounds in a certain order.
At the same time whole words that cannot be broken down easily, (we call “tricky words”) are taught to the children.
Phonic Knowledge and Skills
Activities are divided into seven aspects, including environmental sounds, instrumental sounds, body sounds, rhythm and rhyme, alliteration, voice sounds and finally oral blending and segmenting.
(Reception) up to 6 weeks
Learning 19 letters of the alphabet and one sound for each. Blending sounds together to make words. Segmenting words into their separate sounds. Beginning to read simple captions.
Phase Three(Reception) up to 12 weeks
The remaining 7 letters of the alphabet, one sound for each. Graphemes such as ch, oo, th representing the remaining phonemes not covered by single letters.Readingcaptions, sentences and questions. On completion of this phase, children will have learnt the "simple code", i.e. one grapheme for each phoneme in the English language.
(Reception) 4 to 6 weeks
No new grapheme-phoneme correspondences are taught in this phase. Children learn to blend and segment longer words with adjacent consonants, e.g. swim, clap, jump.
(Throughout Year 1)
Now we move on to the "complex code". Children learn more graphemes for the phonemes which they already know, plus different ways of pronouncing the graphemes they already know.
(Throughout Year 2 and beyond)
Working on spelling, including prefixes and suffixes, doubling and dropping letters etc.
What are “Tricky words”?
Tricky words are words that cannot be ‘sounded-out’ but need to be learned by heart. They don’t fit into the usual spelling patterns. In order to read simple sentences, it is necessary for children to know some words that have unusual or untaught spellings. It should be noted that, when teaching these words, it is important to always start with sounds already known in the word, then focus on the 'tricky' part.
What are High Frequency words?
High frequency (common) are words that recur frequently in much of the written material young children read and that they need when they write.
What do the Phonics terms mean?
Phoneme: The smallest unit of sound in a word, e.g. c/a/t, sh/o/p, t/ea/ch/er.
Grapheme: A letter or group of letter representing one sound, e.g. sh, igh, t.
Clip Phonemes: when teaching sounds ,always clip them short ‘mmmm’ not ‘muh’
Digraph: Two letters which together make one sound, e.g. sh, ch, ee, ph, oa.
Split digraph: Two letters, which work as a pair, split, to represent one sound, e.g. a-e as in cake, or i-e as in kite.
Trigraph: three letters which together make one sound but cannot be separated into smaller phonemes, e.g. igh as in light, ear as in heard, tch as in watch.
Segmentation: means hearing the individual phonemes within a word – for instance the word ‘crash’ consists of four phonemes: ‘c – r – a – sh’. In order to spell this word, a child must segment it into its component phonemes and choose a grapheme to represent each phoneme.
Blending: means merging the individual phonemes together to pronounce a word. In order to read an unfamiliar word, a child must recognise (‘sound out’) each grapheme, not each letter (e.g. ‘th-i-n’ not ‘t-h-i-n’), and then mergethe phonemes together to make the word.
Mnemonics: a device for memorising and recalling something, such as a hand action of a drill to remember the phoneme /d/.
Adjacent consonants: two or three letters with discrete sounds, which are blended together e.g. str, cr, tr, gr. (previously consonant clusters).
Comprehension: understanding of language whether it is spoken or written.
How do we ensure children can read every book?
During KS1 children are heard read individually daily. During their reading sessions we give children books we know they can read using their sound blending skills. Before they read the story, they sound out the names of characters and new words, practice reading any of the ‘tricky’ words, and tell them a thought-provoking introduction to get them excited about the story.
Then, the children read the story two to three times: first to focus on reading the words carefully; then to read fluently with comprehension and understanding. We talk about the story together for example, how characters might be feeling and why. By the time your child reads the story to you at home, they will be able to read it confidently with expression.
How do we teach children to spell confidently?
We teach children to spell using ‘Phonic Fingers’: we say a word and then children pinch the sounds onto their fingers and write the word, sound by sound. Children are encouraged to see spelling patterns in words; play, may, day, say, ray. They also practice writing a target word in a dictated sentence.
How parents can help their children learn to read at home?
Read a bedtime story to your child.
Share books with your child. We recommend that you visit the local library in South Norwood to choose books together. Talk about the pictures and the content of these stories. There is some really good advice about how to make bedtime story-time fun on http://www.ruthmiskin.com/ parents
Listen to your child read the storybooks we send home.
Your child will bring home a reading book they have just finished reading in their group. They will be able to read this book confidently because they have already read it two or three times. Please do not say “This book is too easy!” Praise your child for how well they read it – celebrate what a great reader they are. They’ll sometimes bring home previous stories they have read too. Re-reading stories develops their fluency on every reading. There’s more good advice on how to listen to your child read on; www.ruthmiskin.com/parents
Please attend any phonics workshops that you are invited to.
We run these for Reception and Year 1 parents. There are also short film clips for parents to enable you to support your child to use phonic skills when reading; www.ruthmiskin.com/parents
This video has been created to outline sounds used when teaching Phonics. To watch this video, please click on the play button below. | <urn:uuid:e5c27563-97e2-409f-8d7a-98aa513ee47c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.stchadsprimaryschool.com/page/?title=Phonics&pid=129 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496669.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330054217-20200330084217-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.943031 | 2,031 | 3.859375 | 4 |
By Rebecca Keller
My son is growing up, and the other day I realized that he’ll be 14 very soon. Bringing a kid up in this connected world can be pretty scary stuff! For example, the majority of kids, teens and tweens, computer use and social networking are a part of everyday life.
As parents, my husband and I worry our son and his activity online. Luckily there are ways to protect your children from posting dangerous information online.
Here are five tips to help kids make smart, safe decisions when using the Internet…
1. Screen and help your teen edit their profile for safety
My theory is that if you’re concerned about your child’s internet usage and want to find out about what they are doing online, ask them. Ask to view their social network profiles and tell them you just want to make sure they are surfing and networking safely. Don’t just demand to see their profile and expect them to show you (especially teens). Instead, give them adequate time to clean up their profile before you take a boo—believe me, just the idea of you seeing their profile will probably be enough incentive for them to remove any private information or incriminating pictures they’ve anyway. Then take a look at the profile with them to ensure they’re not giving away any private information (i.e., full name, addresses, contact information, school, etc.) or anything that a predator could use to track them down.
2. Discuss how to safely spend time online
As a writer I understand that a little context yields a lot of understanding. So knowing the reason why your child is online will help you keep them safe. For instance, if you know they just want to use the family computer to social network with friends on
Facebook, you know that they are familiar with all of their contacts and you can just use privacy settings to protect them from predators.
3. Talk to your teen about smart exposure
My rule with my own kids is don’t post anything publicly that you wouldn’t want me (as their parent to see). I’ve even got my son as my Facebook friend, which keeps us both on the up and up. I’ve also had a frank conversation with them about how employers use the Internet as a reference—so they need to be careful about what they post online for the safety of their future reputations. Remember, what goes on the net; stays on the net!
4. Make use of privacy settings
I’ve also asked that my son use the most restrictive privacy settings available on his social networking sites of choice. This way, when he uses Facebook, the personal information on his profile restricted to friends only. I’ve also asked that he make sure all contacts are actually friends that he knows well.
5. Check in every once in a while
Having my son on my own friends’ list means that I can check up on him every once in a while to ensure his online behavior is safe and smart. If I’m unsure about a new friend he’s added, I follow the cyber breadcrumbs to their profile to make sure their not dangerous. If I’m still not sure, I ask him directly who this person is. My son knows there are consequences to unsafe internet behavior. For instance, posting private status updates equals revoking of computer privileges; whereas responsible online behavior means he can buy his own computer with the Lenovo coupon I just got in the mail!
Rebecca Keller is a graduate of the Arts and Technology program at the University of Texas. An admitted tech-junkie, freelance writing about Android devices for AndGeeks.com offers the perfect outlet for a tech geek like Rebecca. When she’s offline, which isn’t very often, Rebecca enjoys volunteering for her local animal shelter and off road mountain biking. | <urn:uuid:9cd31d5e-0009-4cab-a5e4-a488f0810016> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://womenconnectonline.com/5-tips-to-help-kids-make-smart-safe-online-decisions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345772826/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054932-00028-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952449 | 802 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Why do we do the things we do? It's a question psychologists have been asking for centuries. For the most part, the connection between the body and the mind has remained a mystery to us. How we perceive the world and learn new things still fascinates and confounds us. Are we born with certain qualities, or are we the product of our experiences and upbringing? How do we form an idea, gather information and learn to adapt?
Since there's no simple way to see what goes on in our minds, scientists use one of the major branches of psychology to attempt to make sense of it: theoretical psychology. Just like theoretical physics, this type of psychology allows us to hypothesize about something we can't quite visualize. That, of course, doesn't stop people from arguing about each other's ideas, but at least theoretical psychology tries to move things forward.
When scientists want to see actual numbers and data that back up those ideas and principles, however, they turn to applied psychology. Because we can't conduct psychological tests or studies on ourselves, we can perform tests on individuals or groups in order to make sense of our actions and understand the processes of the mind. Psychological testing gives us tangible data, or psychometrics, to work with, helping us to grasp the more intangible aspects of the psyche. Its uses are broad: People use psychological testing in areas like education, the workplace, counseling and health.
Psychologists look to study the behavior of people in certain situations in the hopes of understanding, predicting and even controlling human thought processes and emotions. To do so, they use a wide range of tools, commonly known as psychotechnology, to reach various conclusions regarding the mind. What are these tools? What specifically are they used for? Are there any negative aspects or misuses of such technology? To learn how psychologists dive into our minds, read on. | <urn:uuid:4e1f7116-6c1f-4ae4-bd6b-8e2e1c2b4df2> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/high-tech-gadgets/psychotechnology.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507448218.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005728-00023-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944803 | 377 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Small changes can sometimes have dramatic outcomes, a phenomenon known as a tipping point. For oceans, changes in water temperature or the introduction of a nonnative species, for example, could have devastating consequences that affect both ecosystems and people – from dying coral reefs to collapsed fisheries.
The Ocean Tipping Points project was a multi-year study to synthesize everything known about this phenomenon, especially amid an increasing and alarming prevalence of them. When, where, and how do these shifts occur? How can ocean managers better anticipate, avoid, and respond to them?
The project brought together ecologists, lawyers, social scientists, and ocean managers to approach this challenge from research to implementation, with case studies in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia and Hawaii. Their collective goal was to turn the expanding scientific knowledge of ocean tipping points into management solutions.
A major product of the project is the Ocean Tipping Points Portal, a collection of resources to guide the management of our changing oceans.
We are grateful to conduct this work with the following partners: Stanford’s Center for Ocean Solutions, the Environmental Defense Fund, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Parks Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Council of the Haida Nation, and the State of Hawaii.
This work is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the State of California. Its original title was "Ecosystem thresholds and indicators for marine spatial planning." | <urn:uuid:0c3d4303-0630-4f3f-b438-40d552564bff> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/ocean-tipping-points | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989914.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516201947-20210516231947-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.911759 | 332 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The Tragedy of the Commons Game
Introducing externalities and the problem of common-pool resources
Players jointly own a renewable resource and must make harvesting decisions over a number of periods. This is the classic experiment created by Denise Hazlett ("A Common Property Experiment with a Renewable Resource." Economic Inquiry, 35, October 1997, pp. 858-861), also described in the great site, games economists play (game #75).
Rules as explained to players:
You are responsible for managing a fishery. You jointly own a common pool with many other players, and must make harvesting decisions over a number of periods.
At the beginning of the first period the number of fish in the pool equals 10 times the number of players in the experiment. This amount is the maximum number of fish that can be in the pool, there can never be more than this!
In each period, each of you enter the number that you desire to harvest (max 20 by period). If the "total desired harvest is less than or equal to the number of fish in the pool, then each person takes their desired harvest. If the total desired harvest exceeds the number of fish in the pool, then each of you gets a prorated share of the total harvest.
The fish left after harvest will reproduce, provided a viable population remains. This limit is taken to be equal to one fish by player in the pool, in order to allow for experiments with few players, or even only one player (in the original experiment, this limit was 8). If a viable population remains, then each fish has one offspring, so that the total number of fish will double (if possible, remember there can never be more fish than at the beginning of the experiment). After reproduction, another period begins. If the number of remaining fish after the harvest is less than the viable population limit, the population crashes, and the experiment ends. Otherwise, the experiment continues for a predetermined (though unknown to you) number of periods.
In fact, you will play two of these games at the same time, with random players from your class. The same players will remain in the same universes until the end.
Your overall payoffs are compared to those of everyone else in the class. Your goal is to maximize your payoff, not just to be better than the players you are faced with.
Each player will take part to 2 experiments simultaneously.
Choose the number of players and the number of different universes: If there are 32 players and you choose 3 universes, the students will be randomly spread across 3 universes (two with 11 students and one with ten) for the first experiment and across 3 other universes for the second experiment.
Having several universes ensures that players really have incentives to pay more attention to payoffs and less attention to their ranking inside their experiments. Indeed, a player who is the first in an extremely competitive experiment might end up with a bad overall ranking.
You can also run several experiments with different numbers of universes to stress the impact of the number of players on overfishing. If you take as many universes as there are players, each player will be the only one to harvest fish in its pools. | <urn:uuid:ebfb2fbc-df52-4b0d-b716-cd7c67dc205b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://economics-games.com/tragedy-commons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704839214.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128071759-20210128101759-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.953608 | 648 | 3.640625 | 4 |
COPENHAGEN, Jan 12 (AFP) Jan 12, 2009
The earth's climate has been significantly affected by the planet's magnetic field, according to a Danish study published Monday that could challenge the notion that human emissions are responsible for global warming.
"Our results show a strong correlation between the strength of the earth's magnetic field and the amount of precipitation in the tropics," one of the two Danish geophysicists behind the study, Mads Faurschou Knudsen of the geology department at Aarhus University in western Denmark, told the Videnskab journal.
He and his colleague Peter Riisager, of the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), compared a reconstruction of the prehistoric magnetic field 5,000 years ago based on data drawn from stalagmites and stalactites found in China and Oman.
The results of the study, which has also been published in US scientific journal Geology, lend support to a controversial theory published a decade ago by Danish astrophysicist Henrik Svensmark, who claimed the climate was highly influenced by galactic cosmic ray (GCR) particles penetrating the earth's atmosphere.
Svensmark's theory, which pitted him against today's mainstream theorists who claim carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for global warming, involved a link between the earth's magnetic field and climate, since that field helps regulate the number of GCR particles that reach the earth's atmosphere.
"The only way we can explain the (geomagnetic-climate) connection is through the exact same physical mechanisms that were present in Henrik Svensmark's theory," Knudsen said.
"If changes in the magnetic field, which occur independently of the earth's climate, can be linked to changes in precipitation, then it can only be explained through the magnetic field's blocking of the cosmetic rays," he said.
The two scientists acknowledged that CO2 plays an important role in the changing climate, "but the climate is an incredibly complex system, and it is unlikely we have a full overview over which factors play a part and how important each is in a given circumstance," Riisager told Videnskab.
All rights reserved. © 2005 Agence France-Presse. Sections of the information displayed on this page (dispatches, photographs, logos) are protected by intellectual property rights owned by Agence France-Presse. As a consequence, you may not copy, reproduce, modify, transmit, publish, display or in any way commercially exploit any of the content of this section without the prior written consent of Agence France-Presse. | <urn:uuid:29f53ce4-d72e-4eda-a35d-a9e4ea992225> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.spacedaily.com/2006/090112183735.ojdq7esu.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123560.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00082-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938173 | 538 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Early exposure to pollution linked to childhood obesity
New research by the University of Southern California finds that exposure to air pollution at a young age increases the risk of childhood obesity.
High levels of nitrogen dioxide from diesel vehicles in the first year of a child’s life led to significantly faster weight gain. Lead researcher Jennifer Kim said: “We would urge parents to be mindful where their young children spend their time, especially considering if those areas are near major roads.”
The World Health Organization (WHO) last week reported that 90% of children around the world are breathing unsafe air. Concerns are rising over the impact this will have on both their physical and mental health.
The University’s research investigated the impact of air pollution from busy roads in the first year of life on 2,318 children and found that by the age of 10, those experiencing higher levels of exposure at an earlier age were almost 1kg heavier on average than their peers who were not exposed to the same high level pollution.
The researchers accounted for other variables including gender, ethnicity, and parental education and believe it is unlikely that variations in diet could be the reason behind the strong link found. They believe that the reason for weight gain following early exposure to pollution is: “inflammation of body systems like the lungs which may spill over into the entire body—the brain which regulates appetite and changes in fat metabolism.”
IZA author, Susan L. Averett writes about the hidden private cost of obesity in her article Obesity and labor market outcomes. “Rising obesity is not only a pressing global public health problem. There is also substantial evidence that obese people, particularly women, are less likely to be employed and, when employed, are likely to earn lower wages,” argues Averett. If obese children grow up to be overweight adults, this can therefore have serious consequences on their participation in the labor market.
Read more articles on health and well-being. | <urn:uuid:6275a10b-d6af-444f-aea8-a8b7ae79bda7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://wol.iza.org/news/early-exposure-to-pollution-linked-to-childhood-obesity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247488490.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218220415-20190219002415-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.961465 | 399 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Git is a distributed revision control and source code management system with an emphasis on speed. Git was initially designed and developed by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development. Git is a free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.
This tutorial explains how to use Git for project version control in a distributed environment while working on web-based and non web-based applications development.
This tutorial will help beginners learn the basic functionality of Git version control system. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in using Git version control system from where you can take yourself to the next levels.
We assume that you are going to use Git to handle all levels of Java and Non-Java projects. So it will be good if you have some amount of exposure to software development life cycle and working knowledge of developing web-based and non web-based applications. | <urn:uuid:a5e6eed3-0f2a-4d93-9cd2-a0d1a2030f11> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.tutorialspoint.com/git/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162385.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925202648-20180925223048-00062.warc.gz | en | 0.900478 | 186 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Inadequate sanitation costs India US$ 53.8 billion, which is equivalent to 6.4 percent of India’s GDP in 2006, according to a new report from the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP).
The study analyzed the evidence on the adverse economic impacts of inadequate sanitation, which include costs associated with death and disease, accessing and treating water, and losses in education, productivity, time, and tourism. The findings are based on 2006 figures, although a similar magnitude of losses is likely in later years.
The report indicates that premature mortality and other health-related impacts of inadequate sanitation, were the most costly at US$ 38.5 billion, 71.6 percent of total impacts, followed by productive time lost to access sanitation facilities or sites for defecation at US$ 10.7 billion, 20 percent, and drinking water-related impacts at US$ 4.2 billion, 7.8 percent.
“The cost is more than I expected,” UNICEF’s water, sanitation and hygiene chief Clarissa Brocklehurst said in an interview with news site Bloomberg. “Yet, if you know the scale of open defecation in India, it’s not all that surprising.”
Posted in Economic Benefits, Hygiene Promotion, Publications, Research, Sanitation and Health, South Asia
Tagged changing behaviour, child health, diarrhoeal diseases, economic impacts, finance, health impacts, India, tourism, Water and Sanitation Program
Expert reports indicate that countries worldwide are failing to invest in sanitation, a sector that yields $9 worth of benefits for every $1 spent. 2008 is the UN’s international year of sanitation, did you know that? Well here are some statistics!
Meeting the global sanitation goal which is to halve the number of people without access to a toilet by 2015 would cost a whopping $39 billion, but yield $347 billion worth of benefits.
n 2006, tourism generated approximately US$ 6,477 billion of economic activity, accounting for 10.3% of global Gross Domestic Product and 234 million jobs worldwide (8.7 % of total employment).
This high revenue is closely linked to good sanitation levels. Health, safety and comfort standards as well as aesthetic considerations heavily influence the choice of a holiday destination. This is according to information from the Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), Switzerland.
Read More – allAfrica | <urn:uuid:e9a0124c-6f76-4ece-875a-cf327d083f4b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/tag/tourism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936468546.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074108-00048-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937843 | 505 | 2.859375 | 3 |
How can an empty can of onions help someone in need? You might be surprised! Noah’s Bible story today was about the widow who put just two small coins into the temple treasury. Jesus told his followers that she gave more than all the other rich folks who made such a show of giving large amounts because she had given all that she had. We talked with Noah about how important it is to share what we have to help other people, just like the widow gave all she had to God so that He could use it to do His work. Our craft for the day was to make a “bank” set apart for money to help others. When he puts money into his regular piggy bank, he can also put some in this special bank and from time to time, we’ll make sure that it goes to an organization that will put it to good use. Noah said he especially wanted to help other children, so we may use it for the local pregnancy center, St. Jude’s, or other children’s foundations.
STEP 6: Insert money! | <urn:uuid:4f997db5-42ee-41b5-8c0f-b12029177313> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://amylattacreations.com/2011/04/the-bank-of-noah.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593142.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722080925-20180722100925-00638.warc.gz | en | 0.987557 | 222 | 2.875 | 3 |
Heather Juergensen was raised in an all-black neighborhood in Brooklyn. Growing up her first boyfriend was black, her best friend was black. When her 4-year-old daughter, Sophie, declared one day that she didn’t like a TV character because he was “brown,” she was horrified.
Juergensen had never talked about issues of race or difference with Sophie. Her first reaction was that Sophie was making a “purely aesthetic” statement because she was surely too young to understand the complexities of race. “She likes pink better than blue” says Juergensen in her Studio City home, “and she’s white,” so Juergensen assumed Sophie was just displaying an in-group preference.
One year later, when Sophie was five, Juergensen says she pointed to a black person in a book and said “I don’t like this one, he’s too dark.” At this point Juergensen, mortified, sat her daughter down for a conversation about not judging others based on skin color.
“And that was the first I realized that children develop ideas about race beyond what you as a parent say about race or do about race,” she said.
What happened to Juergensen is common, said Ashley Merryman, who explored the phenomenon of why white parents don’t talk about race with their small children for the book Nurture Shock.
“What I hear from a bunch of parents is that they didn’t think it was an issue until suddenly their child burst out with what they thought was a completely socially inappropriate remark, and they hurt the other person’s feeling, and huge drama ensues,” she said.
Merryman posits that parents are “afraid of saying the wrong thing."
The trouble with that approach is that it leaves very young children to figure it out for themselves said veteran educator Louise Derman Sparks.
"The reality, which is backed up by many years of research, is that babies, even in their first year of life are noticing differences," she said. "That’s how children learn.”
Sparks, who is white and adopted black sons, said it's imperative for famlies to have conversations about race when children are very young. A retired college professor, she has written volumes of "anti-bias" curriculum for preschoolers. She said it's “normal and fine” for kids to notice difference but that adults must help them understand that differences don’t make some people better than others. Those teachings help children learn “say no to prejudice,” according to Sparks.
She said children pick up on messages, such as Thanksgiving greeting cards with stereotypes of Native Americans. They also notice when the race of those in positions of power, like a preschool director or pediatrician, is different from that of the school custodian. Children become sensitive to status as young as four, she said.
Infant Mental Health specialist Barbara Stroud says parents should be careful how they talk to their children about comments they make about race. When children are scolded by adults for saying something they might not know is wrong, “there is an emotional response of embarrassment or disappointment or sometimes shame,” she said. As a result, they will not have the capacity to understand what they said or did was wrong.
According to Sparks, a conversation or play-activity can help children use the moment of the hurtful comment or action to learn why it was wrong.
“We need to give honest answers in simple language," she said. "If it makes us uncomfortable to answer those questions we need to work out being uncomfortable becuse when we’re uncomfortable, even if we say the right words, we’re also communicating to our children that there’s something wrong.”
Sparks advises that parents have to seek out opportunities to teach kids about how we are the same and different and equal. She advises parents to counter stereotypes and cues given off by a segregated environment that subtly reinforces that “white-is-best.”
Trista Schroeder actively talks to her adopted Ethiopian daughter Luli about race. Luli is three and a half. Once in ballet class, two white girls refused to hold her hand because she's black. The mother of one of girls was mortified and told Schroeder she had never talked about race with her daughter. In the radio feature, Schroeder explains how she navigated this difficult situation.
Social science research has found that while white parents rarely talk about race with children, parents of color and mixed families often do. In a survey conducted by the Journal of Marriage and Family white parents of kindergartners reported overwhelmingly that they had never talked to their kids about race, while the vast majority the minorities had, according to Merryman.
A very unscientific poll of parents belonging to the popular L.A. listserv Booby Brigade confirmed the experts' point of view. White parents still feel uncomfortable talking about race while parents of color said they routinely talk about issues of race and have books with diverse characters and plenty of dolls of color. Families of mixed race said they also routinely talk about issues of race because they are constantly confronted with it. | <urn:uuid:594aa272-619c-49db-b1a1-cc511f1a9cae> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.scpr.org/programs/take-two/2012/12/12/29648/talking-to-your-kids-about-race/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701165378.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193925-00238-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98204 | 1,103 | 2.84375 | 3 |
by Mary Ellen Eagan
I had an “NPR moment” the other day, but it was not the kind they advertise on pledge drives. This story about Why Nails on a Chalkboard Drive Us Crazy had me sticking my fingers in my ears in a way I hadn’t since high school. Not good when you’re driving (so I’ll caution you, too, before you click through to be sure you have hands free).
The team of German and Austrian researchers, Michael Öhler of the Macromedia University for Media and Communication in Cologne and Christoph Reuter from the University of Vienna, first picked out two sounds they determined were the most annoying to people: scratching fingernails on a chalkboard and squealing chalk on a slate. They then played the sounds to a group of volunteers, half of whom were told their real origin and the other half who believed they came from contemporary music. The researchers found that people who believed the sounds were art rated them as less grating than those who knew where they really came from, suggesting a psychological component to people’s annoyance.
But they also found that the research subjects had clear physiological reactions to the noises, such as increased heart rate, sweating and blood pressure regardless of their beliefs of the sounds’ origin. This is apparently the consequence of the frequency of the sounds, between 2,000 and 4,000 hertz, which hits the frequency range over which the human ear is considered to be most sensitive because of the anatomy of the ear canal, the scientists said.
I’m blogging about it because it makes two points that are relevant to human reaction to transportation noise: frequency and attitude.
- First, transportation noise also happens to have most of its acoustic energy in the same mid-frequency range (also babies crying – see my previous post on that issue).
- Second, attitude plays a significant role in our response (annoyance) to sound (noise). The chalkboard research showed that when subjects were told before listening to it that the recording was “modern music”, they were much more tolerant than when they were told they’d be hearing nails on a chalkboard. We often joke about people being much more tolerant of “the sound of Freedom” near military bases, but there is good reason. Sandy Fidell has written extensively that a significant portion of the variance in annoyance dose-response curves (comparing aircraft noise exposure doses to levels of high annoyance) can be attributed to attitude toward the noise source. Airports that take this to heart, and make concerted efforts at public outreach, can attest to the difference that attitude makes.
Fortunately, in the case of both chalkboards and aircraft noise, technology has evolved significantly in the last 30 years, so that the need to stick our fingers in our ears is much less. | <urn:uuid:890eb8a4-e0f1-4a59-b265-8bcc78f77476> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.hmmh.com/blog/?p=964 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646242843.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033042-00305-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978661 | 587 | 3.125 | 3 |
Unlike breast and ovarian cancers, which can run in some families, there is little evidence that this is the case for uterine cancer. There is no known way to prevent the disease, but several known factors increase your risk of developing uterine cancer:
- Age: You are at higher risk if you are post-menopausal and are over age 50.
- Obesity: Estrogen and progesterone are stored in the fat tissues of your body. Women who are obese have higher estrogen levels. Women who are 50 pounds above ideal body weight have a 10-fold higher chance of getting uterine cancer. Women 30 pounds above ideal body weight have a three-fold increased chance. Women who weigh more than 200 pounds have a seven-fold higher chance of getting uterine cancer than women weighing less than 125 pounds.
- Irregular menstrual periods: Obese women may not ovulate regularly during the reproductive years. This can upset the delicate balance between estrogen that encourages the development of cancer and the progestogen that protects against cancer.
- Hypertension: High blood pressure has been associated with uterine cancer, but not as strongly as some of the risk factors mentioned earlier. The relationship between hypertension and uterine cancer may be due to the fact that many women with hypertension are also obese, which is a very strong risk factor for uterine cancer.
- Diabetes: Women with diabetes have twice the risk of uterine cancer as women who do not have diabetes. As is the case with hypertension, however, many women with diabetes are also obese. It is not entirely clear how much of the increased risk in women with diabetes is due to the diabetic condition as opposed to being overweight.
- Estrogen replacement therapy: Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been prescribed after menopause for a variety of reasons, including prevention of hot flashes and relieving other menopausal symptoms, as well as preventing osteoporosis (a bone-thinning disease associated with estrogen depletion after menopause). However, recent major studies indicate that the health risks of using ERT, with or without progestin, clearly outweigh any health benefits, including the prevention of osteoporosis. ERT is typically prescribed only to women who no longer have a uterus because of its known risk of stimulating growth of the uterine lining — a risk factor for uterine cancer; the addition of progestin to the hormone therapy — a combination known as hormone replacement therapy, or HRT, prevents this risk for women who have not had their uterus removed. | <urn:uuid:cf923788-2acf-4f1b-a253-c92cf1baa954> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/cancer/uterine/uterine-cancer-prevention.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665767.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112202920-20191112230920-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.967958 | 514 | 2.96875 | 3 |
As a result of gaping holes in what is known about the actual incidence of concussions in young athletes and the effects of these traumatic brain injuries, the Institute of Medicine and National Research Council are calling for a national system to track sports-related concussions in children and adolescents aged 19 years and younger.
In a report called “Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture,” the researchers say that although it is unclear how many children and teenagers suffer concussions, largely because many go undiagnosed, nearly 250,000 young people aged 19 years and younger were treated in emergency departments for concussions and other sports-related brain injuries in 2009, which is up from 150,000 in 2001.
Girls may be at particularly high risk. The report finds that young women and girls have a higher rate of concussions than boys in the sports they both play, including soccer and basketball. Although the rate of concussions in cheerleading remains low compared with that in other sports, it is increasing faster than the rate for any other sport played by young women at the high school or college level—at a rate of 26% each year over the decade from 1998 to 2008.
For boys and young men in high school and college, rates of concussion are highest for football, followed by ice hockey, lacrosse, and wrestling. For girls and young women, rates are highest for soccer, lacrosse, and then basketball. However, at the college level, women’s ice hockey has one of the highest reported rates of concussion.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recently issued a clinical report about why it may be necessary for students recovering from concussion to take a break from, or to make alterations in, the learning environment, and that pediatricians may be integral in requesting such changes. For example, children may have difficulty learning new tasks or remembering previously learned ones. Bright lights, screens, and noisy hallways or cafeterias may pose problems. These students may require a shortened school day, a reduced workload, or more time to complete tasks or tests. | <urn:uuid:19a11b05-563c-400c-8756-afbc1d1c3a46> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.greenriverpeds.com/tag/concussions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526508.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720111631-20190720133631-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.960888 | 424 | 3.640625 | 4 |
New evidence of the potentially neuro-protective effects of açai was unveiled this week in a study on mouse brain cells suggesting pulp from the Amazonian fruit could “combat some of the inflammatory and oxidative mediators of aging at the cellular level”.
In the study, published online ahead of print in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, researchers pre-treated mouse BV-2 microglial cells (a type of immune cell in the brain that protects neurons from oxidative stress and inflammation) with açai pulp fractions.
Under a highly activated state caused by stressors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), said the authors, “these cells produce inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, superoxide, and nitric oxide, ultimately leading to a cascade of pro-inflammatory proteins, in turn leading to the death of neurons.”
Pre-treatment of microglial cells with açai pulp had significant effect on pro-inflammatory markers
But pre-treatment with the açai pulp fractions “significantly attenuated” the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of these inflammatory molecules, they found.
“The results from the current study suggest that pretreatment of BV-2 microglial cells with the individual açai pulp fractions was protective against LPS-induced NO release, iNOS production, COX-2 expression, NF-κB phosphorylation, TNFα release, and p38-MAPK activation.”
They added: “Pretreatment of microglial cells with acai pulp significantly attenuated the production of reactive nitrogen species as well as expression of proinflammatory mediator proteins.”
The results suggest that consumption of açai pulp “may contribute to ‘health span’ in aging, as it is able to combat some of the inflammatory and oxidative mediators of aging at the cellular level”, they concluded.
However, in order to determine if açai fruit is able to reverse or allay age-related motor or cognitive deficits, experiments were being planned to feed aged rats açai-supplemented diets.
In the study, which was supported by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Intramural grants and contract research organization AIBMR Life Sciences, the researchers used pasteurized, freeze-dried açai pulp. Polyphenols from the pulp were then fractionated with solvents.
BV-2 murine microglial cells, which were plated on 12-well plates for immunohistochemical analysis, were then pre-treated with either açai extract diluted in media or control media for four hours and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 100ng/mL overnight.
With the appearance of a purple grape and taste of a tropical berry, Açai berries (pronounced ah-sigh-ee) have been shown to have powerful antioxidant properties thanks to a high level of anthocyanins, pigments that are also present in red wine.
In vitro studies have showed that açai extracts, as well as individual flavonoids of açai, exhibit potent anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, and certain neuro-protective properties.
Human studies have also suggested the fruit can increase cellular protection from reactive oxygen species and address joint pain perception
However, this is the first time their effect on brain cells and the signaling mechanisms involved in inter-neuronal communications has been examined.
Source: Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 2012 Jan 5, published online ahead of print
‘Anthocyanin-rich açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) fruit pulp fractions attenuate inflammatory stress signaling in mouse brain BV-2 microglial cells.’
Authors: Poulose SM, Fisher DR, Larson JA, Bielinski DF, Rimando AM, Carey AN, Schauss AG, Shukitt-Hale B. | <urn:uuid:80fef082-8826-46c0-bbc8-0ee4ca2262c8> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Research/Acai-pulp-demonstrates-neuroprotective-effects-in-new-mouse-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657118950.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011158-00186-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932874 | 835 | 2.875 | 3 |
Food poisoning, also called foodborne illness, is illness caused by eating contaminated food. Infectious organisms — including bacteria, viruses and parasites — or their toxins are the most common causes of food poisoning.
Infectious organisms or their toxins can contaminate food at any point of processing or production. Contamination can also occur at home if food is incorrectly handled or cooked.
Food poisoning symptoms, which can start within hours of eating contaminated food, often include nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. Most often, food poisoning is mild and resolves without treatment. But some people need to go to the hospital.
Typical symptoms of food poisoning include:
In severe cases, you can have:
The symptoms of food poisoning usually appear two to six hours after initial exposure. Symptoms typically don’t last longer than two days. Food poisoning can occur in anyone, but it is most common in babies, young children, and the elderly.
Most forms of food poisoning aren’t lethal. One form called botulism can even be fatal if individuals aren’t treated properly. A strain of bacteria called Clostridium botulinum causes botulism. It produces toxins that impact the nervous system. Botulism can cause blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, and other symptoms. See your doctor if you suspect you have botulism. Botulism is extremely rare in the United States.
Each year, millions of people in the United States get sick from contaminated food. Symptoms of food poisoning include upset stomach, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and dehydration. Symptoms may range from mild to severe.
Bacteria and Viruses
Bacteria and viruses are the most common cause of food poisoning. The symptoms and severity of food poisoning vary, depending on which bacteria or virus has contaminated the food.
Parasites are organisms that derive nourishment and protection from other living organisms known as hosts. In the United States, the most common foodborne parasites are protozoa, roundworms, and tapeworms.
Mold, Toxins, and Contaminants
Most food poisoning is caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites rather than toxic substances in the food. But, some cases of food poisoning can be linked to either natural toxins or chemical toxins.
Food allergy is an abnormal response to a food triggered by your body's immune system. Some foods, such as nuts, milk, eggs, or seafood, can cause allergic reactions in people with food allergies.
Most times, the diagnosis of food poisoning is made by history and physical examination. Often, the patient volunteers the diagnosis when they come for medical care. For example, "I got sick after eating potato salad at a picnic," or, "I drank a raw egg protein shake."
The health-careprofessional may ask questions about the symptoms, when they started, and how long they have lasted. A review of systems may help give direction as to what type of infection is present. For example, a patient with numbness of their feet and weakness may be asked about whether they have opened any home canned food recently.
Travel history may be helpful to see if the patient had been camping near a stream or lake and the potential for drinking contaminated water, or if they have travelled out of the country recently and have eaten different foods than they normally do, such as raw eggs or wild game.
Physical examination begins with taking the vital signs of the patient (blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature). Clinical signs of dehydration include dry, tenting skin, sunken eyes, dry mouth, and lack of sweat in the armpits and groin. In infants, in addition to the above, subtle signs of dehydration may include poor muscle tone, poor suckling, and sunken fontanelle.
Routine blood tests are not usually ordered unless there is concern about something more than the vomiting and diarrhea. In patients with significant dehydration, the health-careprofessional may want to check electrolyte levels in the blood as well as kidney function. If there is concern about hemolytic uremic syndrome, a complete blood count (hemogram, CBC) to check the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet count may be ordered. If there is concern about hepatitis, liver function tests may be ordered.
Stool samples may be useful especially if there is concern about infections caused by Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter, the common non traveler's diarrhea. This is especially true when the patient presents with bloody diarrhea, thought to be due to infection. If there is concern about a parasite infection, stool samples can be examined also for the presence of parasites. Some parasites may be very difficult to see under the microscope, including Cyclospora, because it is so tiny.
Depending on the suspected cause of the food poisoning, there are some immunological tests (for example, detection of Shiga toxins) that the CDC recommends. Cyclospora DNA may be detected in the stool using molecular testing called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Other methods may be used (for example, detection of prions in tissue samples).
For thousands of years, ginger has been used for the treatment of innumerable ailments due to its powerful therapeutic and preventive effects. Ginger improves absorption and assimilation of essential nutrients and aids in digestion. Hence, it works as a quick remedy for nausea and vomiting, thereby giving you instant relief.
To use this remedy, make some Ginger Tea by boiling one teaspoon grated ginger with a cup of water for a few minutes, add a little sugar or honey to it for sweetness.
Another option is to add a few drops of ginger juice to one teaspoon of honey and swallow it several times a day to reduce inflammation and pain.
Apple Cider Vinegar
Though acidic in nature, apple cider vinegar has an alkaline effect due to the way it is metabolized in the body. Thus, it can alleviate various food poisoning symptoms. It can soothe the gastrointestinal lining and kill the bacteria, giving you instant relief. For this quick fix, just mix two tablespoons of apple cider vinegar in a cup of hot water and drink it before eating your food. Alternatively, you can drink two to three teaspoons of undiluted apple cider vinegar.
The anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial properties in lemons can give you much relief. The acid in lemons helps kill bacteria that cause food poisoning. Just add a pinch of sugar to one teaspoon of lemon juice and drink it two to three times a day. You can also sip on warm water with lemon juice to clean out your system.
Basil is an excellent herb to soothe the abdominal discomfort caused by food poisoning. It also has antimicrobial properties that help fight micro-organisms. You can get the benefits from basil in several ways:
Drink basil juice extracted from a few basil leaves with one tablespoon of honey several times a day. You can also add some fresh coriander juice to it.
Put a few drops of basil oil in four cups of drinking water. Drink it slowly throughout the day to kill bacteria causing stomach pain and other problems. Add basil leaves, some sea salt, and a pinch black pepper to three tablespoons of plain yogurt. Eat this three to four times a day, until your symptoms are gone.
Garlic is also very effective in fighting food poisoning due to its strong antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties. It also relieves symptoms such as diarrhoea and abdominal pain.
Eat one fresh garlic clove, swallowing it with water. If you can tolerate the smell of garlic, you can also try garlic juice. Alternatively, you can make a mixture of garlic oil and soybean oil and rub it on your stomach after eating.
Cumin seeds, also called Jeera, can ease abdominal discomfort and stomach inflammation due to food poisoning. For instant relief try this: boil one teaspoon of cumin seeds in one cup of water. Add one teaspoon of coriander juice extracted fresh coriander leaves and a little salt. Drink it twice a day for a few days.
You can also make an herbal drink from cumin seeds, salt, and asafoetida. Drink it two to three times a day. This will cleanse the system and relieve your symptoms.
Honey has both antifungal and antibacterial properties that can be effective for treating indigestion and other food poisoning symptoms. Honey as a natural remedy can be taken in its pure form or added to tea.
A teaspoon of honey three times a day can do wonders to heal an upset stomach. It also controls the formation of excess acid in the stomach.
Fenugreek Seeds and Yogurt
Yogurt has antibacterial and antimicrobial properties that help fight the bacteria causing food poisoning. Plus, fenugreek seeds help treat abdominal discomfort.
You can take one teaspoon fenugreek seeds along with a tablespoon of yogurt. You just need to swallow the seeds and need not chew them. The combining effect of fenugreek seeds and yogurt will give you an immediate relief from stomach pain as well as vomiting. | <urn:uuid:9b4bd6d2-3ae5-4185-9c9f-5725a63a3e0e> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.alale.co/en/a/Foodpoisoning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583680452.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119180834-20190119202834-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.940321 | 1,875 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Third grade is a huge transitional year in elementary school. Third grade writers have learned foundational concepts and skills and have had time to practice. Now they are developing more complex skills as they dig deeper, learn to make connections, and analyze the topics they write about. Here are 50 third grade writing prompts to help your students master and refine their writing skills.
If you’d like even more upper elementary writing prompts, we publish new ones twice a week on our kid-friendly site: the Daily Classroom Hub. Make sure to bookmark the link!
(Want this entire set in one easy document? Get your free PowerPoint bundle by submitting your email here, so you’ll always have the prompts available!)
1. Tell about a special event in your life.
2. What are you best at?
3. What do you want to learn more about?
4. I could never live without______.
5. If you could go anyplace in the world, where would you go and why?
6. Interview one of your parents or grandparents and ask them to tell you a story from their childhood. Share their story here.
7. Describe one of your favorite book characters. Tell three things about their personality.
8. Do you think third graders should have to do chores at home? Why or why not?
9. What is something you would change about school if you could?
10. Tell about a time you helped somebody.
11. Tell about a time somebody helped you.
12. Tell about a memorable “first” in your life. For example, the first time you ate a particular kind of food, the first time you met your teacher, etc.
13. Describe step by step how to make a pizza.
14. What does it mean to be a hero?
15. I am afraid of _______ because_______.
16. What is the difference between being polite and rude? Give three examples.
17. What is the most important rule in the classroom?
18. What are the three most important qualities you look for in a friend?
19. Do you think kids should be assigned homework? Why or why not?
20. Nature gives us many beautiful things—plants, animals, water, weather, stars and planets, etc. What is one of your favorite things in nature and why?
21. If I were a spider, I’d _______.
22. Three things that make me happy are ______.
23. What is your favorite holiday and why?
24. Tell about one of your family’s unique traditions.
25. If you could have a pet, what would you choose? How would you take care of it?
26. Write about a dream you recently had.
27. Tell about a person that inspires you and why.
28. Name five things you are thankful for and why you are thankful for them.
29. What are ways you can be a good citizen?
30. When you and a friend disagree, how do you work it out?
31. What do you think the world will be like in one hundred years?
32. What is your favorite type of weather? Why?
33. What superpower do you wish you had? Why?
34. What famous person would you like to meet? Why?
35. In your opinion, which animal makes the best pet? Give three reasons for your answer.
36. If someone gave you $100, how would you spend it?
37. Should third graders have cell phones? Why or why not?
38. If you could be an Olympic athlete, what sport would you participate in?
39. Write about your “getting ready for school” routine.
40. Write about your “getting ready for bed” routine.
41. If you could travel through time like Jack and Annie in the Magic Tree House, where would you go?
42. In your opinion, what does a perfect weekend look like?
43. Write about the last time you felt really angry. What happened and how did it all work out?
44. Pretend there was a special zoo where animals could talk. Which animal would you talk to and what are three questions you would ask?
45. What is your favorite thing with wheels? Why?
46. Tell the story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears from the point of view of Baby Bear.
47. What do you think would grow if you planted a magic bean?
48. Which would you rather be able to do—fly or read people’s minds? Why?
49. Tell about an adult in your life that you admire.
50. If you were traveling for a week and could only bring a backpack, what would you pack?
Love these third grade writing prompts? Make sure to check out our third grade jokes to start the day ! | <urn:uuid:ac5f21dc-f844-4328-b14b-9e9d359a1ccc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.weareteachers.com/third-grade-writing-prompts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100135.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129173017-20231129203017-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.961765 | 1,025 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Ce plan de leçon a été créé par les membres de la communauté des enseignants d'Historica Canada. Historica Canada n'est pas responsable de l'exactitude ou de la disponibilité des liens partagés, et les opinions se reflétant dans ces outils d'apprentissage ne sont pas nécessairement celles d'Historica Canada. Nous accueillons les opinions concernant le contenu ajouté au travers de liens externes ou directement dans ces outils d'apprentissage. Écrivez-nous à l'adresse education@HistoricaCanada.ca.
The purpose of this lesson is to help students understand the importance of culture and language in order to explore the question of French-English relations in modern Canadian history. Through a simulation that mirrors the French-English conflicts in the late twentieth century, students can explore the issues without being affected by their personal biases. This lesson was developed to teach French-English relations in Western Canada where students tend to have difficulty understanding and identifying with the complexities and struggles of French Canadians within Canada.
It is expected that students will:
• Compare and contrast forces that have united and divided Canadians during the twentieth Century, including Quebec separatism.
• Describe the role of cultural pluralism in shaping Canadian identity.
• Demonstrate skills associated with active citizenship, including the ability to collaborate and consult with others.
• Respect and promote respect for the contributions of other team members.
• Interact confidently.
• Develop and express appropriate responses to issues or problems.
• Develop, express, and defend a position on an issue, and explain how to put the ideas into action.
The initial stages of this lesson require no background. It is best to have students work through it 'cold,' with no preparation so that they look at it with an open mind and do not connect it to any particular issues.
After the debate, students will require some background on the French-English issues in Canada including but not limited to: Quebec Act, Official Languages Act, Bill 101, Patriation of the Constitution, Meech Lake Accord, Charlottetown Accord etc.
Time Allowance: 2 hours
1. Divide the class in half. An equal mix of boys and girls on each side will work best. Assign ½ of the students to be Altas and the other ½ to be Tankas.
2. Read through the introduction of Handout #1 with the students to set up the background to the assignment.
3. Have students devise a plan for how they will organize themselves to answer the required questions. For example, who will lead and organize the group, who will record information, and how will decisions be made?
4. Once this has been decided, give each group member a copy of Handout #1.
5. Have each group work collaboratively to answer questions 1 - 3 on Handout #1 and prepare to debate their argument according to the following debate format.
6. Bring the two groups back together and have each group present their ideas in the following format:
• Each side should present its concerns.
• The Tankas should present their proposed solution to the problem.
• The Altas then have the opportunity to agree or disagree to each of the Tankas proposals and to present a counter offer.
7. This format should be allowed to continue until some sort of solution has been reached between the two sides. The teacher must act as a mediator here to keep students focused and on task.
8. When a conclusion has been reached, discuss how students from each side felt during the negotiation process. Was the conclusion acceptable to each side?
9. Introduce the idea that the lesson was designed to develop historical empathy for individuals on both sides of the French-English debates in Canada in the twentieth Century.
10. Have student groups research the French-English Question in the twentieth Century and write a proposal of how the nation could solve the French-English conflict. Have them present their proposals to the class. This could be done as a formal or informal presentation or could be presented as a power point presentation in order to integrate the use of technology into the classroom.
Documents d’accompagnement pour cet outil d’apprentissage
|Type de fichier||Taille du fichier||Action|
|Handout #1, Hyberia A Simulation||1,8 ko||Télécharger| | <urn:uuid:d089f0f0-e301-4b93-acc8-0dd8ed4e23aa> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://education.historicacanada.ca/fr-ca/tools/187 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027318986.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823192831-20190823214831-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.842493 | 966 | 4.21875 | 4 |
|Researched by||Dr Heidi Tillin & Dr Harvey Tyler-Walters||Refereed by||This information is not refereed.|
|EUNIS Code||A1.122||EUNIS Name||Corallina officinalis on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock|
|EUNIS 2008||A1.122||Corallina officinalis on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock|
|EUNIS 2006||A1.122||Corallina officinalis on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock|
|JNCC 2004||LR.HLR.FR.Coff||Corallina officinalis on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock|
|1997 Biotope||LR.ELR.FR.Coff||Corallina officinalis on very exposed lower eulittoral rock|
Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed Corallina officinalis, often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds including Lomentaria articulata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata and Osmundea pinnatifida. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack Himanthalia elongata, Laminaria digitata while the brown seaweed Leathesia difformis can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris are present as well. A number of invertebrates are present on the bedrock underneath the coralline turf, including the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the mussel Mytilus edulis, the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve, the anemone Actinia equina and the limpets Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella vulgata. The brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata and the barnacle Balanus perforatus may occur in the extreme south-west. Two variants have been described: C. officinalis and kelp (Coff.Coff) and Corallina officinalis, Himanthalia elongata and the limpet Patella ulyssiponensis (Coff.Puly) ().
Choat & Kingett (1982) reported that the abundance of amphipods in a New Zealand coralline turf habitat peaked in summer and declined to a low in winter, while polychaetes showed a peak of abundance in winter decreasing in summer. But ostracods showed a relatively low abundance throughout the sampling period (Choat & Kingett, 1982). Bamber (1993) examined coralline turf dominated runoffs in the Bristol Channel, and noted that the amphipod Melita palmata and the brittlestar Amphipholis squamata recruited after the summer growth of the coralline turf reaching a peak abundance in autumn. But the small isopod Jaera albifrons recruited to the turf in late winter and the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii showed an erratic pattern of abundance (Bamber & Irving, 1993). However, Bamber & Irving (1983) noted considerable variation in seasonal abundance between sites (runoffs) on the same shore.
Secondary productivity of the invertebrate fauna may be high and coralline turf may support high abundances of invertebrates. For example, Choat & Kingett (1982) recorded the following numbers of epiphytic fauna: amphipods 1038 / 0.01m²; ostracods 219 /0.01m², and polychaetes 134 /0.01m².
The propagules of most macroalgae tend to settle near the parent plant (Schiel & Foster, 1986; Norton, 1992; Holt et al., 1997). For example, the propagules of fucales are large and sink readily and red algal spores and gametes and immotile. Norton (1992) noted that algal spore dispersal is probably determined by currents and turbulent deposition (zygotes or spores being thrown against the substratum). For example, spores of Ulva sp. (as Ulva) have been reported to travel 35km, Phycodrys rubens 5km and Sargassum muticum up to 1km, although most Sargassum muticum spores settle within 2m. The reach of the furthest propagule and useful dispersal range are not the same thing and recruitment usually occurs on a local scale, typically within 10m of the parent plant (Norton, 1992). In clearance studies in the subtidal Kain (1975) noted that on a single block cleared every two months, most biomass belonged to Rhodophyceae in winter, Phaeophyceae in spring and Chlorophyceae in late summer, and concluded that recruitment was dependant on spore availability. For example, spore production in Mastocarpus stellatus is maximum between September to December (Dixon & Irvine, 1977), spores of Osmundea pinnatifida are present in October and December to June (Maggs & Hommersand, 1993), while the spores of Lomentaria articulata are available all year round with a peak in summer (Irvine, 1983).
Recruitment of Patella vulgata fluctuates from year to year and from place to place (Bowman, 1981). Fertilization is external and the larvae are pelagic for up to two weeks before settling on rock at a shell length of about 0.2mm. Winter breeding occurs only in southern England, in the north of Scotland it breeds in August and in north-east England in September. Reproduction is probably similar in Patella ulyssiponensis, except that it may be a protandrous hermaphrodite, spawning in October in south-west Ireland (Fish & Fish, 1996). The larvae of the blue-rayed limpet Helcion pellucidum settle on encrusting corallines and migrate to Mastocarpus stellatus as they grow and finally to Laminaria spp. via Himanthalia elongata (McGrath, 1992; see MarLIN review).
Barnacle recruitment can be very variable because it is dependent on a suite of environmental and biological factors, such as wind direction and success depends on settlement being followed by a period of favourable weather. Long term surveys have produced clear evidence of barnacle populations responding to climatic changes. During warm periods Chthamalus spp. predominate, whilst Semibalanus balanoides does better during colder spells (Hawkins et al., 1994). Release of Semibalanus balanoides larvae takes place between February and April with peak settlement between April and June.
Many species of mobile epifauna, such as polychaetes have long lived pelagic larvae and/or are highly motile as adults. Gammarid amphipods brood their embryos and offspring but are highly mobile as adults and probably capable of colonizing new habitats from the surrounding area (e.g. see Hyale prevosti review). Similarly, isopods such as Idotea species and Jaera species brood their young. Idotea species are mobile and active swimmers and probably capable to recruiting to new habitats from the surrounding area by adult migration. Jaera albifrons, however, is small and may take longer to move between habitats, and Carvalho (1989) suggested that under normal circumstances movement was probably limited to an area of less than 2m. Hicks (1985) noted that epiphytic harpacticoid copepods lack planktonic dispersive larval stages but are active swimmers, which is therefore the primary mechanism for dispersal and colonization of available habitats. Some species of harpacticoids are capable to moving between low and mid-water levels on the shore with the tide, while in other colonization rates decrease with increasing distance form resident population. Overall immigration and in situ reproduction were thought to maintain equilibrium populations exposed to local extinction, although there may be local spatial variation in abundance (see Hicks, 1985).
The small littorinids Littorina saxatilis and Littorina neglecta are ovoviviparous, releasing miniature adults. Therefore, local recruitment is probably good, whereas long distance recruitment is probably poor. The interstitial bivalve Lasaea adansoni also broods its eggs, releasing miniature adults. However, Martel & Chia (1991b) reported bysso-pelagic or mucus rafting in small bivalves and gastropods in the intertidal, and suggested that drifting may be an effective mean of dispersal at the local scale, even for species that produce miniature adult offspring. The gastropod Rissoa parva lays eggs capsules, from which hatch veliger larvae with a prolonged pelagic life and potentially good dispersal capability (Fish & Fish, 1996).
|Recorded distribution in Britain and Ireland||Recorded in various locations around Britain, although no records were found for Ireland.|
|Depth Range||Lower shore, Mid shore|
|Water clarity preferences|
|Limiting Nutrients||No information found|
|Salinity||Full (30-40 psu)|
|Biological Zone||Lower eulittoral|
|Tidal||Moderately Strong 1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.), Very Weak (negligible), Weak < 1 knot (<0.5 m/sec.)|
|Wave||Exposed, Moderately exposed, Very exposed|
|Other preferences||Wave exposed conditions|
The biotope description and information on characterizing species are taken from Connor et al. (2004). Corallina officinalis is the dominant characterizing species within the two variant sub-biotopes LR.HLR.FR.Coff.Coff and LR.HLR.FR.Coff.Puly, forming a dense turf that provides substratum and refuges for a diverse epifauna. As the biotope characterization and many of the associated species are dependent on the presence of Corallina officinalis the sensitivity assessments specifically considers this species as both a key structuring and characterizing species. Other turf forming algae such as Lomentaria articulata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata and Osmundea pinnatifida occur in low abundances. The green seaweeds Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Cladophora rupestris are present as well and assessments describe the sensitivity of the red and green species in general terms. Himanthalia elongata also occurs but in lower abundances that the LR.HLR.FR.Him biotope, this species is considered specifically within the assessment where its sensitivity differs so that it may come to dominate the biotope. Gastropods Littorina littorea, Patella vulgata and Patella ulyssiponensis are significant grazers in the eulittoral zone and by preferentially grazing on foliose red and green algae structure the biotope allowing Corralina sp. to dominate, they are therefore included as important structural species. Patella ulyssiponensis characterizes the variant biotope description and supports differentiation of the biotope from the very similar variant LR.HLR.FR.Coff.Coff. The sensitivity of this species to pressures is therefore highlighted. A number of invertebrates are present on the bedrock underneath the coralline turf, including the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the mussel Mytilus edulis, the sponges Halichondria panicea and Hymeniacidon perleve, the anemone Actinia equina. These common rocky shore species while contributing to species diversity and ecological function within the biotope are not considered to be key to the biotope and are therefore only generally referred to within the assessments. Epiphytic grazers, such as amphipods, isopods small gastropods probably keep the turf free of epiphytic algae and are important structural species. Due to lack of evidence the sensitivity of this group is considered only generally where the pressures may impact on this group. Temporal variation of the characterizing species abundances within this biotope may lead to biotope reversion between LR.HLR.FR.Coff.Coff, LR.HLR.FR.Coff.Puly and LR.HLR.FR.Him as these contain broadly similar species and occur in similar conditions (Connor et al., 2004). The biotope assessments are largely considered applicable to the infralittoral biotope in the EUNIS classification A3.118
Where this biotope is impacted by pressures, recovery of the key structuring and characterizing species Corallina officinalis will require either regrowth from surviving holdfast or basal crusts or recolonization by propagules. The crustose holdfast or base is perennial and grows apically (continuous growth at tips), similar to encrusting corallines such as Lithothamnia sp. The basal crust may grow continuously until stimulated to produce fronds (Littler & Kauker 1984; Colhart & Johanssen 1973). Littler & Kauker (1984) suggest that the crustose bases are an adaptation to resist grazing and desiccation whereas the fronds are adapted for higher primary productivity and reproduction. The basal crusts are tougher than the upright fronds (requiring a pressure of 94 g/mm2 to penetrate, compared to 43 g/mm2 respectively). Regeneration of the basal crusts provides a more rapid route to recovery than recolonization. Experiments in the intertidal in southern California found that areas scraped back to crusts recovered four times more rapidly than sterilised plots where the crusts were removed (Littler & Kauker, 1994).
In culture Corallina officinalis fronds exhibited an average growth rate of 2.2 mm/month at 12 and 18 oC. Growth rate was only 0.2 mm/month at 6 oC and no growth was observed at 25 oC (Colhart & Johanssen 1973). Similarly Blake & Maggs (2003) observed much higher growth rates of 2 mm/month over 6 months starting from September in Corralina officinalis grown in Strangford Lough (Northern Ireland) at 5 and 10m depth, these rates are similar to those observed by Andrake & Johansen, (1980) in winter in New Hampshire. The evidence for growth rate suggests that to achieve a height of 10 cm the turf would be at least 4 years old (probably older as higher temperatures appear to slow growth. A lower level turf of, for example 5 cm, could theoretically be achieved within 2 years.
Where the bases are removed, recovery will depend on recolonization. Areas that are cleared during the reproductive period have the potential to be rapidly colonized. Corallina officinalis was shown to settle on artificial substances within 1 week of their placement in the intertidal in New England summer (Harlin & Lindbergh, 1977). However, settlement plates laid out in the autumn were not recolonized until the next spring. In the lower rocky intertidal in southern California dominated by Corallina officinalis with foliose overstorey algae present, Littler & Kauker (1984) experimentally cleared plots and followed the recovery for 12 months. Some areas were scraped allowing the basal crusts to remain whereas others were completely sterilised (removal of all material and surfaces then scorched with a blow torch to remove bases). In scraped plots up to 15% cover of Corallina officinalis fronds returned within 3 months after removal of fronds and all other epiflora/fauna (Littler & Kauker, 1984) while in sterilized plots (all basal crusts removed) appearance of articulated fronds occurred 6 months following clearance. At the end of the 12 month observation period Corallina officinalis cover had increased to approximately 18% in plots where basal crusts remained and to approximately 10% in sterilised plots. Similarly Bamber & Irving (1993) reported that new plants grew back in scraped transects within 12 months, although the resistant crustose bases were probably not removed.
Once established turfs of Corallina spp. can persist for a long time, surveys of rocky intertidal ledges at Hinkley point, Somerset in England have found that the patches mapped in the 1980s (Bamer & Irving, 1993) had not changed position when resurveyed 18 years later (Burdon et al., 2009). It has been speculated but not definitively demonstrated that turf-forming algae and canopy forming algae may represent alternate stable states on temperate rocky shores and a shift in balance to the alternate state may prevent recovery. Some potential mechanisms for inhibition of canopy forming species are space pre-emption by turfs that prevent recruitment of taller algae (Perkol-Finkel & Airoldi, 2010, Kennelly, 1987) due to the coverage of suitable rock surfaces and the presence of sediments within the turf (Airoldi, 2003). Clearance experiments on rocky, intertidal shores in Southern California (Sousa, 1979) found that Ulva species which have a longer reproductive season could colonize cleared areas preventing the establishment of perennial red algae. However grazing by crabs removed the green algae (Sousa, 1979), highlighting the potential importance of grazers, particularly littorinids, to the re-establishment of this biotope.
Resilience assessment. No direct evidence was found for age of individual Corallina crusts, longevity of turfs or the time to recover from basal crusts or sterilised plots to a full dense cover. New crustose bases may recruit and develop quickly but the formation of new fronds from these bases and recovery of original cover may take longer. Once a coralline turf has developed it will probably be colonized by epiphytic invertebrates such as harpacticoids, amphipods and isopods relatively quickly from the surrounding area. Therefore, the biotope would be recognizable once the coralline turf has regrown, which is likely to be quite rapid if the resistant crustose bases remain. The clearance experiments by Littler & Kauker (1984) suggest that recovery of a dense turf cover whether basal crusts remained or were totally removed would require more than 2 years. Presumably, as crusts can grow in all directions percentage cover is not a linear function and that gap closure would speed up with greater cover.
Recruitment of associated species of red algae is probably equally rapid, and once the algal turf has developed most of the epiphytic invertebrates would colonize quickly. The ephemeral green algae associated with the biotope are opportunist colonizers of gaps and would be expected to recover within a year. Limpets and littorinds could recover through migration but where populations are removed over a larger area recolonization by larvae would be required. Recruitment through larvae may be episodic and recovery to former population structure may require > 2 years. More detailed information on recovery of associated species can be found in the information for biotopes where these are the key characterizing species. Resilience of the biotope is assessed as ‘High’ where resistance is ‘High’ (no significant impact) or ‘Medium’ (where <25 % of Corallina officinalis fronds are removed and bases remain) based on regrowth from the basal crusts and vegetative growth from surrounding turfs and repair, migration or recolonization of associated species. Where resistance is ‘Low’ or ‘None’ then resilience is assessed as ‘Medium’, between 2 -10 years but towards the lower end of that range for Corallina officinalis and the associated species. Where perturbations have a large spatial footprint with widespread removal of crusts over a large area then the development of an alternate state emerging with dominance by canopy forming algae is a possibility. In such an instance recovery could take much longer and depend on active management or further perturbations. No evidence was found however to determine when such shifts might occur.
NB: The resilience and the ability to recover from human induced pressures is a combination of the environmental conditions of the site, the frequency (repeated disturbances versus a one off event) and the intensity of the disturbance. Recovery of impacted populations will always be mediated by stochastic events and processes acting over different scales including, but not limited to, local habitat conditions, further impacts and processes such as larval-supply and recruitment between populations. Full recovery is defined as the return to the state of the habitat that existed prior to impact. This does not necessarily mean that every component species has returned to its prior condition, abundance or extent but that the relevant functional components are present and the habitat is structurally and functionally recognisable as the initial habitat of interest. It should be noted that the recovery rates are only indicative of the recovery potential.
Species found in the intertidal are exposed to extremes of high and low air temperatures during periods of emersion. They must also be able to cope with sharp temperature fluctuations over a short period of time during the tidal cycle. In winter, air temperatures are colder than the sea, conversely in summer air temperatures are much warmer than the sea. Species that occur in this intertidal biotope are therefore generally adapted to tolerate a range of temperatures, although the timing of site-specific factors such as low tides will influence local acclimation. For intertidal species increased temperatures may also result in desiccation when exposed (see changes in emergence pressure).
The key characterizing species, Corallina officinalis has a cosmopolitan distribution (Guiry & Guiry, 2015) and throughout its range experiences wide variation in temperatures (although local populations may be acclimated to the prevailing thermal regime).
Littler & Kauker (1984) suggested that the crustose bases of Corallina officinalis are more resistant of desiccation or heating than fronds. Severe damage was noted in Corallina officinalis fronds as a result of desiccation during unusually hot and sunny weather in summer 1983. An abrupt increase in temperature of 10 °C caused by the hot, dry 'Santa Anna' winds (between January -and February) in Santa Cruz, California resulted in die back of several species of algae exposed at low tide (Seapy & Littler, 1982). Lüning (1990) reported that Corallina officinalis from Helgoland survived one week exposure to temperatures between 0 °C and 28 °C.
In an exceptionally hot summer (1983, with an increase of between 4.8 and 8.5 °C) Hawkins & Hartnoll (1985) observed no temperature bleaching of adult Himanthalia elongata (although some buttons were bleached) or other canopy forming species. However, understorey red algae showed more signs of damage with bleached Corallina officinalis and ‘lithothamnia’ observed around the edges of pools due to dessication. Occasional damaged specimens of Palmaria palmata, Osmundea pinnatifida and Mastocarpus stellatus were observed.
Latham (2008) investigated the effects of temperature stress on Corallina officinalis through laboratory tests on samples collected in the Autumn in Devon, England from rock pools. Samples were kept at 15 oC for three days and then exposed to temperatures of 5 oC, 15 oC, 20 oC, 25 oC and 30 oC (the normal range of temperature experienced was suggested to be between 5 and 15 oC). At 35 oC the Corallina was completely bleached after 3 days with a sample kept at 30 oC beginning to bleach. After 7 days (the end of the experiment) the sample kept at 30 oC was partially bleached. Samples kept at 5, 15, 20 and 25 oC showed little change in chemicals produced in reaction to thermal stress and no bleaching suggesting the temperatures in that range had not induced stress reactions.
Most of the other species within the biotope are distributed to the north and south of Britain and Ireland and unlikely to be adversely affected by a chronic long-term temperature change. Ulva spp. are characteristic of upper shore rock pools, where water and air temperatures are greatly elevated on hot days. Empirical evidence for thermal tolerance to anthropogenic increases in temperature is provided by the effects of heated effluents on rocky shore communities in Maine, USA. Ascophyllum and Fucus were eliminated from a rocky shore heated to 27-30 °C by a power station whilst Ulva intestinalis (as Enteromorpha intestinalis) increased significantly near the outfall (Vadas et al., 1976). Barnacles, Semibalanus balanoides, limpets, Patella vulgata and littorinids also occur within this biotope. Laboratory studies suggest that adults of these species can tolerate temperature increases. The median upper lethal temperature limit in laboratory tests on Littorina littorea, Littorina saxatilis and Semibalanus balanoides was approximately 35 o (Davenport & Davenport, 2005). Patella vulgata can also tolerate high temperatures. The body temperature of Patella vulgata can exceed 36 oC in the field, (Davies, 1970); adults become non-responsive at 37-38 oC and die at temperatures of 42 oC (Evans, 1948). The smaller species associated with the Corallina officinalis may be protected within fronds and accumulated sediments from changes in temperature although no direct evidence was found to assess sensitivity of these to increased temperatures. Hiscock et al., (2004), suggest that a 1-2 oC increase in temperature could increase reproductive success of Patella ulyssiponensis potentially resulting in a northward expanaion of the range.
Sensitivity assessment. Based on the global distribution of Corallina officinalis and the experiments by Latham (2008) which approximate to the pressure benchmark more than the observations of extreme events (Seapy & Littler, 1982, Hawkins & Hartnoll, 1985) it is suggested that Corallina officinalis would not be sensitive to either an acute or chronic increase in temperature at the pressure benchmark. Littler & Littler, (1984) suggest that the basal crustose stage is adaptive as resisters of sand scour and wave shearing as well as physiological stressors such as desiccation and heating. Where these survive any increases in temperature above the pressure benchmark they would provide a mechanism for biotope recovery. The sensitivity of the biotope is based on the key characterizing Corallina turf but it should be noted that many of the associated species are considered to have ‘High’ resistance to changes in temperature at the pressure benchmark. It should be noted that the timing of acute increases would alter the degree of impact and hence sensitivity. An acute change occurring on the hottest day of the year and exceeding thermal tolerances would lead to mortality. Sensitivity of Patella vulgata and Semibalanus balanoides to longer-term, broad-scale perturbations would potentially be greater due to effects on reproduction but these changes may lead to species replacements (by Patella depressa or Patella ulyssiponensis and Chthamalus spp.) and are not considered to significantly affect the character of the biotope. An increase in Patella ulyssiponensis may lead to the conversion of some biotopes within this group to the sub-biotope variant characterized by this species.
Many intertidal species are tolerant of freezing conditions as they are exposed to extremes of low air temperatures during periods of emersion. They must also be able to cope with sharp temperature fluctuations over a short period of time during the tidal cycle. In winter air temperatures are colder than the sea, conversely in summer air temperatures are much warmer than the sea. Species that occur in the intertidal are therefore generally adapted to tolerate a range of temperatures, with the width of the thermal niche positively correlated with the height of the shore (Davenport & Davenport, 2005).
Under extremely low temperatures, components of the community demonstrate tolerance. Lüning (1990) reported that Corallina officinalis from Helgoland survived 0 °C when exposed for one week. New Zealand specimens were found to tolerate -4 °C (Frazer et al., 1988). Lüning (1990) suggested that most littoral algal species were tolerant of cold and freezing. For example, the photosynthetic rate of Chondrus crispus recovered after 3hrs at -20 °C but not after 6 hrs (Dudgeon et al., 1990). The photosynthetic rate of Mastocarpus stellatus higher on the shore fully recovered from 24 hrs at -20 °C.
The associated species are also likely to be tolerant of a decrease in temperature at the pressure benchmark. Mytilus edulis and Ulva spp. are eurytopic, found in a wide temperature range and in areas which frequently experience freezing conditions and are vulnerable to ice scour (Seed & Suchanek 1992). The tolerance of Semibalanus balanoides collected in the winter (and thus acclimated to lower temperatures) to low temperatures was tested in the laboratory. The median lower lethal temperature tolerance was -14.6 oC (Davenport & Davenport, 2005). A decrease in temperature at the pressure benchmark is therefore unlikely to negatively affect this species. The same series of experiments indicated that median lower lethal temperature tolerances for Littorina saxatilis and Littorina littorea were -16.4 and -13 oC respectively. Adults of Patella vulgata are also largely unaffected by short periods of extreme cold. Ekaratne & Crisp (1984) found adult limpets continuing to grow over winter when temperatures fell to -6 °C, and stopped only by still more severe weather. However, loss of adhesion after exposure to -13 °C has been observed with limpets falling off rocks and therefore becoming easy prey to crabs or birds (Fretter & Graham, 1994). However, in the very cold winter of 1962-3 when temperatures repeatedly fell below 0 °C over a period of 2 months large numbers of Patella vulgata were found dead (Crisp, 1964). Periods of frost may also kill juvenile Patella vulgata, resulting in recruitment failures in some years (Bowman & Lewis, 1977). In colder conditions an active migration by mobile species may occur down the shore to a zone where exposure time to the air (and hence time in freezing temperatures) is less. Patella ulyssiponensis may be sensitive to long-term decreases in temperature (Hiscock et al., 2004)
Sensitivity assessment. Based on the characterising and associated species, this biotope is considered to have ‘High’ resistance and ‘High resilience (by default) to this pressure and is therefore considered to be ‘Not sensitive’. The timing of changes and seasonal weather could result in greater impacts on species. An acute decrease in temperature coinciding with unusually low winter temperatures may exceed thermal tolerances and lead to mortalities of the associated species although this would not alter the character of the biotope. A long-term decrease in temperature may lead to conversion of biotopes characterized by Patella ulyssiponensis to a similar sub-biotope.
Local populations may be acclimated to the prevailing salinity regime and may therefore exhibit different tolerances to other populations subject to different salinity conditions and therefore caution should be used when inferring tolerances from populations in different regions. This biotope is found in full (30-35 ppt) salinity (Connor et al., 2004). Biotopes found in the intertidal will naturally experience fluctuations in salinity where evaporation increases salinity and inputs of rainwater expose individuals to fresh water. Species found in the intertidal are therefore likely to have some form of behavioural or physiological adaptations to changes in salinity. The characterizing species Corallina officinalis and Patella ulyssiponensis are found in tide pools where salinities may fluctuate markedly during exposure to the air. Kinne (1971) cites maximal growth rates for Corallina officinalis between 33 and 38 psu in Texan lagoons.
The associated species are typically found in a range of salinities. Ulva species can survive hypersaline conditions in supralittoral rockpools subjected to evaporation and is considered to be a very euryhaline species, tolerant of extreme salinities ranging from 0 psu to 136 psu (Reed & Russell, 1979). In the laboratory, Semibalanus balanoides was found to tolerate salinities between 12 and 50 psu (Foster, 1970). Young Littorina littorea inhabit rock pools where salinity may increase above 35psu. Thus, the associated species may be able to tolerate some increase in salinity. Mytilus edulis is found in a wide range of salinities from variable salinity areas and mussels in rock pools are likely to experience hypersaline conditions on hot days. Newell (1979) recorded salinities as high as 42psu in intertidal rock pools, suggesting that Mytilus edulis can tolerate high salinities.
Sensitivity assessment. No direct evidence was found to assess sensitivity to this pressure. Although some increases in salinity may be tolerated by the associated specie present these are generally short-term and mitigated during tidal inundation. This biotope is considered, based on distribution of Corallina officinalis on the mid to lower shore to be sensitive to a persistent increase in salinity to > 40 ppt. Resistance is therefore assessed as ‘Low’ and recovery as ‘Medium’ (following restoration of usual salinity). Sensitivity is therefore assessed as ‘Medium’.
Biotopes found in the intertidal will naturally experience fluctuations in salinity where evaporation increases salinity and inputs of rainwater expose individuals to fresh water. Species found in the intertidal are therefore likely to have some form of behavioural or physiological adaptations to changes in salinity. As this biotope is present in full salinity, the assessed change at the pressure benchmark is a reduction in salinity to a variable regime (18-35 ppt) or reduced regime (18-30 ppt).
In the Baltic, Corallina officinalis is confined to deeper waters as surface salinity decreases (Kinne, 1971) suggesting that full salinity is required in the long term although short-term fluctuations may be tolerated (although the thresholds of this tolerance are not clear). Kinne (1971) cites maximal growth rates for Corallina officinalis between 33 and 38 psu in Texan lagoons, so that a decrease in salinity at the pressure benchmark would be predicted to lead to reduced growth.
Based on occurrence in estuaries it is clear that some of the species associated with this biotope have a high tolerance for this pressure. However, it should be noted that local populations may be acclimated to the prevailing salinity regime and may therefore exhibit different tolerances to other populations subject to different salinity conditions so that caution should be used when inferring tolerances from populations in different regions. Ulva species are considered to be a very euryhaline species, tolerant of extreme salinities ranging from 0 psu to 136 psu (Reed & Russell, 1979). although some variation in salinity tolerance between populations of Ulva intestinalis have been found indicating that plants have some adaptation to the local salinity regime (Reed & Russell, 1979). Littorina littorea is found in waters of full, variable and reduced salinities (Connor et al., 2004) and so populations are considered tolerant of decreases in salinity at the pressure benchmark. Mytilus edulis is found in a wide range of salinities from variable salinity areas (18-35ppt) such as estuaries and intertidal areas, to areas of more constant salinity (Connor et al., 2004). Mytilus edulis was recorded to grow in a dwarf form in the Baltic sea where the average salinity was 6.5psu (Riisgård et al., 1993).
Prolonged reduction in salinity, e.g. from full to reduced (18-30 ppt), is likely to reduce the species richness of the biotope due to loss of some intolerant invertebrates from the assemblage associated with the Corallina officinalis turf.
Sensitivity assessment. Although some daily changes in salinity may be experienced these will be mitigated during tidal inundation. This biotope is considered, based on Corallina officinalis distribution and the evidence from Kinne, (1971), to be sensitive to a decrease in salinity at the pressure benchmark. Resistance is therefore assessed as ‘Low’ and recovery as ‘Medium’ (following restoration of usual salinity). Sensitivity is therefore assessed as ‘Medium’.
The biotope is found in a range of flow rates from 'moderately strong' (0.5-1.5 m/s) to very 'weak' negligible) (Connor et al., 2004, Dommasnes, 1969). Moderate water movement is beneficial to seaweeds as it carries a supply of nutrients and gases to the plants and removes waste products. However, if flow becomes too strong, plants may become displaced. Additionally, an increase to stronger flows may inhibit settlement of spores and remove adults or germlings. However, Corallina officinalis have a compact, turf forming growth which reduce water flow through turbulence and friction and are probably resistant to displacement by an increase in water flow. Changes in water flow at the pressure benchmark may result in increased or decreased sediment deposition, these are not considered to alter the character of the biotope but may alter species richness of the small invertebrates associated with the turf.
Sensitivity assessment. The biotope is found across a range of flow rates, mid-range populations are considered to have 'High' resistance to a change in water flow at the pressure benchmark (although see sediment supply caveats). Resilience is assessed as ‘High’, by default, and the biotope is considered ‘Not sensitive’.
Emergence regime is a key factor structuring this (and other) intertidal biotopes although it should be noted that Corallina officinalis may occur at a range of shore heights depending on local conditions such as the degree of wave action (Dommasnes, 1969), shore topography, run-off and degree of shelter from canopy forming macroalgae. Increased emergence may reduce habitat suitability for characterizing and associated species through greater exposure to desiccation and reduced feeding opportunities for the barnacles, anemones, sponges and Mytilus edulis which feed when immersed. Changes in emergence may therefore lead to species replacement and the development of a biotope, more typical of the changed shore level may develop.
This biotope is considered sensitive to increased emergence as the key characterizing Corallina officinalis are sensitive to desiccation (Dommasnes, 1969) and are generally not found on open rock unless protected by algal canopies or where the surfaces are damp or wet. At Hinkley Point (Somerset, England), for example, sea water run-off from deep pools high in the intertidal supports dense turfs of Corallina spp. lower on the shore (Bamber & Irving, 1993). Fronds are highly intolerant of desiccation and do not recover from a 15 % water loss, which might occur within 40-45 minutes during a spring tide in summer (Wiedemann, 1994). Bleached corallines were observed 15 months after the 1964 Alaska earthquake which elevated areas in Prince William Sound by 10 m. Similarly, increased exposure to air caused by upward movement of 15 cm due to nuclear tests at Armchitka Island, Alaska adversely affected Corallina pilulifera (Johansen, 1974). During an unusually hot summer, Hawkins & Hartnoll (1985) observed damaged Corallina officinalis and other red algae. Littler & Littler, (1984) suggest that the basal crustose stage is adaptive, allowing individuals to survive periods of physical stress as well as physiological stress such as desiccation and heating. The basal crust stage may persist for extended periods with frond regrowth occurring when conditions are favourable.
Mobile epifauna are likely to relocate to more suitable habitats. Species such as Patella vulgata and Littorina littorea that are found throughout the intertidal zone are adapted to tolerate desiccation to some extent. For example. littorinids can seal the shell using the operculum while limpets clamped tightly to rock will reduce water loss. Patella ulyssiponensis is a key characterising species for the variant biotope coff.puly and is generally restricted to the lower shore although it may inhabit tide pools on the upper shore (Delaney et al., 1998). The green algae are also resistant to this pressure (although may be bleached at higher shore levels during periods of high temperature) and are found throughout the intertidal including the high shore levels which may not be inundated every day. A significant, long-term, increase in emergence is therefore likely to lead to replacement of this biotope with one more typical of the changed conditions dominated by limpets, barnacles and mussels or green algae for example.
Corallina officinalis and many of the associated species are found subtidally. Decreased emergence is likely to lead to the habitat the biotope is found in becoming more suitable for the lower shore species generally found below the biotope, leading to replacement by, for example, a kelp dominated biotope with red algae and Corallina officinalis surviving under the canopy.
Sensitivity assessment. Emergence is a key factor structuring the distribution of on the shore, resistance to increased emergence is assessed as ‘Low’ as Corallina officinalis and associated red algae are intolerant of desiccation but basal crusts may allow individuals to persist in conditions that are unfavourable to frond development until the emergence regime is re-established. Recovery is assessed as ‘Medium’ and sensitivity is therefore assessed as ‘Medium’. Pre-emption of space by Corallina officinalis and other red algae may reduce the establishment of lower shore species including kelps, resistance is therefore assessed as ‘Medium’ to decreased emergence and recovery as ‘Medium’ so that sensitivity is assessed as ‘Medium’. The more precautionary assessment for increased emergence is presented in the table.
This biotope is recorded from locations that are judged to range from very exposed, moderately exposed or exposed (Connor et al., 2004), while Dommasnes, (1969) recorded turfs from very wave sheltered areas in Norway. The degree of wave exposure influences wave height, as in more exposed areas with a longer fetch waves would be predicted to be higher. As this biotope occurs across a range of exposures, this was therefore considered to indicate, by proxy, that biotopes in the middle of the wave exposure range would tolerate either an increase or decrease in significant wave height at the pressure benchmark. it should be noted that amounts of sediment accumulated within the turf and the associated fauna are influenced by the prevailing conditions but the biotope is still recognisable as a Coralline turf.
Sensitivity assessment. The biotope is found across a range of wave exposures, mid-range populations are considered to have 'High' resistance to a change in significant wave height at the pressure benchmark. Resilience is assessed as ‘High’, by default, and the biotope is considered ‘Not sensitive’.
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not sensitive|
Not sensitive at the pressure benchmark that assumes compliance with all relevant environmental protection standards.
Contamination by non-synthetic chemicals, at levels greater than the pressure benchmark may adversely impact the biotope. Little information was found concerning the effects of heavy metals on turf forming and encrusting coralline algae. However, Bryan (1984) suggested that the general order for heavy metal toxicity in seaweeds is: organic Hg> inorganic Hg > Cu > Ag > Zn> Cd>Pb. Most of the information available suggests that the associated adult gastropod molluscs are rather tolerant of heavy-metal toxicity (Bryan, 1984). Winkles may absorb metals from the surrounding water by absorption across the gills or from their diet, and evidence from experimental studies on Littorina littorea suggest that diet is the most important source (Bryan et al., 1983). The species has been suggested as a suitable bioindicator species for some heavy metals in the marine environment. Bryan et al. (1983) suggested that the species is a reasonable indicator for Ag, Cd, Pb and perhaps As. In the Fal estuary Patella vulgata occurs at, or just outside, Restronguet Point, at the end of the creek where metal concentrations are in the order: Zinc (Zn) 100-2000 µg/l, copper (Cu) 10-100µg/l and cadmium (Cd) 0.25-5µg/l (Bryan & Gibbs, 1983). However, in the laboratory Patella vulgata was found to be intolerant of small changes in environmental concentrations of Cd and Zn by Davies (1992). At concentrations of 10µg/l pedal mucus production and levels of activity were both reduced, indicating a physiological response to metal concentrations. Exposure to Cu at a concentration of 100 µg/l for one week resulted in progressive brachycardia (slowing of the heart beat) and the death of limpets. Zn at a concentration of 5500 µg/l produced the same effect (Marchan et al., 1999).
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not sensitive|
Not sensitive at the pressure benchmark that assumes compliance with all relevant environmental protection standards.
Contamination by non-synthetic chemicals, at levels greater than the pressure benchmark may adversely impact the biotope. Where exposed to direct contact with fresh hydrocarbons, encrusting coralline algae appear to have a high intolerance. Crump et al. (1999) described "dramatic and extensive bleaching" of 'Lithothamnia' following the Sea Empress oil spill. Observations following the Don Marika oil spill (K. Hiscock, pers. comm.) were of rockpools with completely bleached coralline algae. However, Chamberlain (1996) observed that although Lithophyllum incrustans was affected in a short period of time by oil during the Sea Empress spill, recovery occurred within about a year. The oil was found to have destroyed about one third of the thallus thickness but regeneration occurred from thallus filaments below the damaged area.
Following the Torrey Canyon oil spill in 1967, oil and detergent dispersants affected high shore specimens of Corallina officinalis more than low shore specimens. Plants in deep pools were afforded some initial protection, although probably later affected by contaminated runoff. In areas of heavy spraying, however, Corallina officinalis was killed. (Smith 1968).
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not sensitive|
Not sensitive at the pressure benchmark that assumes compliance with all relevant environmental protection standards.
Contamination by synthetic chemicals, at levels greater than the pressure benchmark may adversely impact the biotope. Smith (1968) reported that oil and detergent dispersants from the Torrey Canyon spill affected high water plans of Corallina officinalis more than low shore plants and some plants were protected in deep pools. In areas of heavy spraying, however, Corallina officinalis was killed (Smith, 1968). Regrowth of fronds had begun within two months after spraying ceased (Smith, 1968). O'Brien & Dixon (1976) suggested that red algae were the most sensitive group of algae to oil or dispersant contamination, possibly due to the susceptibility of phycoerythrins to destruction. They also reported that red algae are effective indicators of detergent damage since they undergo colour changes when exposed to relatively low concentration of detergent. However, Smith (1968) reported that red algae such as Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus and Laurencia pinnatifida were amongst the algae least affected by detergents. Laboratory studies by Grandy (1984) on the effects of oil and dispersants on several red algal species concluded that they were all sensitive to oil/dispersant mixtures, with little difference between adults, sporelings, diploid or haploid life stages.
Cole et al. (1999) suggested that herbicides were (not surprisingly) very toxic to algae and macrophytes. Hoare & Hiscock (1974) noted that with the exception of Phyllophora species, all red algae including encrusting coralline forms, were excluded from the vicinity of an acidified halogenated effluent discharge in Amlwch Bay, Anglesey and that intertidal populations of Corallina officinalis occurred in significant amounts only 600m east of the effluent. Chamberlain (1996) observed that although Lithophyllum incrustans was quickly affected by oil during the Sea Empress spill, recovery occurred within about a year. The oil was found to have destroyed about one third of the thallus thickness but regeneration occurred from thallus filaments below the damaged area.
Most pesticides and herbicides were suggested to be very toxic for invertebrates, especially crustaceans (amphipods isopods, mysids, shrimp and crabs) and fish (Cole et al., 1999).
No evidence was found to assess this pressure at the benchmark. Algae bioaccumulate radionuclides (with extent depending on the radionuclide and the algae species). Adverse effects have not been reported at low levels and hence resistance is assessed as ‘High’ and resilience as ‘High’ (by default) so that the biotope is considered to be ‘Not sensitive’ at the pressure benchmark.
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not sensitive|
This biotope would only be exposed to low oxygen in the water column intermittently during periods of tidal immersion. In addition, in areas of wave exposure and moderately strong current flow low oxygen levels in the water are unlikely to persist for very long as oxygen levels will be recharged by the incorporation of oxygen in the air into the water column or flushing with oxygenated waters.
No evidence was found to assess this pressure for the Corallina turfs.However, the associated species are unlikely to be impacted by this pressure, at the benchmark. Experiments have shown that thallus discs of Ulva lactuca plants can survive prolonged exposure to anoxia and hypoxia (Vermaat & Sand-Jensen, 1987; Corradi et al., 2006). Following resumption of normal oxygen conditions gametes were produced. The associated invertebrate species also show high tolerances for reduced oxygen at levels that exceed the pressure benchmark. Littorina littorea can easily survive 3-6 days of anoxia (Storey et al., 2013). Semibalanus balanoides can respire anaerobically, so they can tolerate some reduction in oxygen concentration (Newell, 1979). When placed in wet nitrogen, where oxygen stress is maximal and desiccation stress is low, Semibalanus balanoides have a mean survival time of 5 days (Barnes et al., 1963). Limpets can also survive for a short time in anoxic seawater; Grenon & Walker, (1981) found that in oxygen free water limpets could survive up to 36 hours, although Marshall & McQuaid (1989) found a lower tolerance for Patella granularis, which survived up to 11 hours in anoxic water. Patella vulgata and Littorina littorea are able to respire in air, mitigating the effects of this pressure during the tidal cycle..
Sensitivity assessment. No direct evidence for the effects of hypoxia on Corallina turfs was found. As the biotope will only be exposed to this pressure when emersed and respiration will occur in air, biotope resistance was assessed as ‘High’ and resilience as ‘High’ (no effect to recover from), resulting in a sensitivity of 'Not sensitive'.
The key characterizing Corallina officinalis and the associated green algae species have been identified worldwide as species that occur in areas subject to increased nutrient input within the vicinity of sewage outfalls and at intermediately polluted sites (Belgrove et al., 2010; Littler & Murray, 1975; May, 1985; Brown et al., 1990; Belgrove et al., 1997. For example Kindig & Littler (1980) demonstrated that Corallina officinalis var. chilensis in South California showed equivalent or enhanced health indices, highest productivity and lowest moralities (amongst the species examined) when exposed to primary or secondary sewage effluent. Grazers in the biotope may benefit from increased availability of food resources, due to enhanced growth.
Atalah & Crowe (2010) added nutrients to rockpools occupied by a range of algae including encrusting corallines, turfs of Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus and Corallina officinalis and green and red filamentous algae. The invertebrates present were mostly Patella ulyssiponensis, the winkle Littorina littorea and the flat top shell Gibbula umbilicalis. Nitrogen and phosphorous enhancement was via the addition of fertilisers, as either 40 g/litre or 20 g/litre. The treatments were applied for seven month and experimental conditions were maintained every two weeks. The experimental treatments do not directly relate to the pressure benchmark but indicate some general trends in sensitivity. Nutrients had no significant effect on the cover of Corallina officinalis. The cover of green filamentous algae was significantly increased both by reduced grazing and increased nutrients, although the effect size was synergistically magnified by the combined effect of grazer removal and nutrients Nutrient enrichment caused an absolute increase in the average cover of green filamentous algae of 19% (±3.9 S.E.) respect to the control treatments while the cover of red turfing algae was not affected by nutrient addition (Atalah & Crowe, 2010)
Sensitivity assessment. The pressure benchmark is relatively protective and may represent a reduced level of nutrient enrichment in previously polluted areas. Due to the tolerance of high levels of nutrient input demonstrated generally e.g. Belgrove et al., (2010) and Atalah & Crowe, (2010), resistance to this pressure is assessed as ‘High’ and resilience as ‘High’ so that the biotope is assessed as ‘Not sensitive’. Where Corallina dominated biotopes have replaced canopy forming species in enriched areas it is not clear whether a change to the benchmark would lead to a shift in biotope type. Once established the presence of Corallina spp. and other turf forming species may limit recruitment by taller species (Belgrove et al., 2010). No evidence was found to support an assessment of this indirect effect and it is not presented within the table.
No direct evidence was found to assess this pressure. Organic enrichment may lead to eutrophication with adverse environmental effects including deoxygenation, algal blooms and changes in community structure (see nutrient enrichment and de-oxygenation). Where the biotopes occur in tide swept or wave exposed areas (Connor et al., 2004) water movements will disperse organic matter reducing the level of exposure. The key characterizing species Corallina officinalis has been noted to increase in abundance and may form extensive turfs within the vicinity of sewage outfalls and at intermediately polluted sites (Belgrove et al., 2010; Littler & Murray, 1975; May, 1985; Brown et al., 1990). As turf forming algae Corallina spp. trap large amounts of sediment and are therefore not considered sensitive to sedimentation. The turfs host a variety of associated species and deposit feeders amongst these would be able to consume inputs of organic matter.
Cabral-Oliveira et al., (2014), found higher abundances of juvenile Patella sp. and lower abundances of adults closer to sewage inputs, Cabral-Oliveira et al., (2014) suggested the structure of these populations was due to increased competition closer to the sewage outfalls.
Sensitivity assessment. Based on resistance to sedimentation, exposure to wave action, the presence of detrital consumers and the persistence of turfs in areas subject to sewage inputs resistance is assessed as ‘High’ and resilience as ‘High’ (by default). The biotope is therefore considered to be ‘Not sensitive’ to this pressure at the benchmark.
All marine habitats and benthic species are considered to have a resistance of ‘None’ to this pressure and to be unable to recover from a permanent loss of habitat (resilience is ‘Very Low’). Sensitivity within the direct spatial footprint of this pressure is therefore ‘High’. Although no specific evidence is described confidence in this assessment is ‘High’, due to the incontrovertible nature of this pressure.
This biotope is characterized by the hard rock substratum to which the characterizing Coralline turf and associated species such as red and green algae, barnacles limpets and anemones can firmly attach. A change to a sedimentary substratum would significantly alter the character of the biotope and would lead to the development of a biological assemblage more typical of the changed conditions. A change to an artificial substratum could also impact the development of this biotope as species may have settlement preferences for particular surface textures. Artifiical hard substratum may also differ in other characteristics from natural hard substratum, so that replacement of natural surfaces with artificial may lead to changes in the biotope through changes in species composition, richness and diversity (Green et al., 2012; Firth et al., 2014) or the presence of non-native species (Bulleri & Airoldi, 2005). Corallina officinalis shows optimal settlement on finely rough artificial substrata (0.5 - 1mm surface particle diameter). Although spores will settle and develop as crustose bases on smooth surfaces, fronds were only initiated on rough surfaces. Corallina officinalis settled on artificial substrata within one week in the field in summer months in New England (Harlin & Lindbergh 1977). However, in the laboratory fronds can grow from bases attached to smooth surfaces (Wiedeman pers comm. Previous MarLIN review) Similarly, tests with stone panels fixed to the sublittoral, mid-tide and high-tide levels of varying roughness found that Enteromorpha species settle preferentially on smother, fine grained substratum (chalk, mottled sandstone) and Porphyra purpurea on rougher, granulated substratum (limestone, granite, basaltic larvae) (Luther, 1976).
Changes in substratum type can also lead to indirect effects. For example, Shanks & Wright (1986) observed that limpet mortalities were much higher at sites where the supply of loose cobbles and pebbles were greater, leading to increased abrasion through wave action 'throwing' rocks onto surfaces. Littorinids are found on a variety of shores, including sedimentary so a change in type may not significantly affect this species and some of the invertebrate species such as nematodes, amphipods and oligochaetes and polychaetes associated with sediments trapped in the Corallina turf are also found in sedimentary habitats
Sensitivity assessment. A change to a soft sedimentary habitat would remove the habitat for this biotope, resistance is assessed as ‘None’ and resilience as ‘Very Low’ as the change is considered to be permanent. Sensitivity is therefore assessed as 'High'.
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)|
Not relevant to biotopes occurring on bedrock.
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)|
The species characterizing this biotope are epifauna or epiflora occurring on rock and would be sensitive to the removal of the habitat. However, extraction of rock substratum is considered unlikely and this pressure is considered to be ‘Not relevant’ to hard substratum habitats.
The species characterizing this biotope occur on the rock and therefore have no shelter from abrasion at the surface. Littler & Littler, 1984) suggest that the basal crustose stage of Corallina officinalis is adaptive to resist sand scour and wave shearing (as well as physiological stressors such as desiccation and heating). The base is much tougher than the fronds shown by experiments that demonstrate that the base has nearly twice the mechanical resistance (measured by penetration) of fronds (Littler & Kauker, 1984).
In general, studies show that Corallina and other turf forming algae appear to be relatively resistant to single events and low levels of trampling. Brosnan & Crumrine (1994), for example, found that in experimentally trampled plots the cover of foliose and canopy forming species declined while turf forming algae were relatively resistant. Similarly, a comparison of rocky intertidal ledges that received different amounts of visitors in Dorset, England, found that Corallina officinalis were present on both heavily visited and less visited ledges suggesting that this species has some resistance to trampling (Pinn & Rodgers, 2005). Povey & Keough (1991) in Mornington Peninsula, Australia investigated the effects of sustained trampling on intertidal coralline algal mats where upright branching Corallina spp. formed a turf with other red algae with sand and encrusting coralline algae between turfs. The experimental strips were 2 m long and 0.5 m wide. The percentage cover of upright Corallina spp. was significantly affected by 25 passages of a strip per day after 12 and 33 days. The algae appeared flattened and were shorter (1-2 cm high) compared with the low intensity and control plots (3-4 cm high). However low intensity trampling within a strip (2 passages/ day) did not significantly affect the coralline turf.
Brown & Taylor (1999) also found that higher intensities of trampling damaged turfs. Moderate (50 steps per 0.09 sq. metres) or more trampling on intertidal articulated coralline algal turf in New Zealand reduced turf height by up to 50%, and weight of sand trapped within turf to about one third of controls. This resulted in declines in densities of the meiofaunal community within two days of trampling. Although the community returned to normal levels within 3 months of trampling events, it was suggested that the turf would take longer to recover its previous cover (Brown & Taylor 1999). Similarly, Schiel & Taylor (1999) noted that trampling had a direct detrimental effect on coralline turf species on the New Zealand rocky shore. At one site coralline bases were seen to peel from the rocks (Schiel & Taylor 1999), however, this was probably due to increased desiccation caused by loss of the algal canopy.
Species associated with the coralline turf may be more sensitive. Soft bodied species such as anemones are likely to be damaged or removed by abrasion, although anemones and sponges may repair and fragments may regrow. No evidence was found for the sensitivity of the small invertebrates associated with the coralline turf but abrasion could displace and damage these. The barnacles, limpets and littorinds that occur in low densities in this biotope, have some protection from hard shells or plates but abrasion may damage and kill individuals or detach these. All removed barnacles would be expected to die as there is no mechanism for these to reattach. Removal of limpets and barnacles may result in these being displaced to a less favourable habitat and injuries to foot muscles in limpets may prevent reattachment. Although limpets and littorinds may be able to repair shell damage, broken shells while healing will expose the individual to more risk of desiccation and predation. Evidence for the effects of abrasion are provided by a number of experimental studies on trampling (a source of abrasion) and on abrasion by wave thrown rocks and pebbles.
The effects of trampling on barnacles appears to be variable with some studies not detecting significant differences between trampled and controlled areas (Tyler-Walters & Arnold, 2008). However, this variability may be related to differences in trampling intensities and abundance of populations studied. The worst case incidence was reported by Brosnan & Crumrine (1994) who found that a trampling pressure of 250 steps in a 20x20 cm plot one day a month for a period of a year significantly reduced barnacle cover (Semibalanus glandula and Chthamalus dalli) at two study sites. Barnacle cover reduced from 6 6% to 7 % cover in 4 months at one site and from 21 % to 5 % within 6 months at the second site. Overall barnacles were crushed and removed by trampling. Barnacle cover remained low until recruitment the following spring. Long et al. (2011) also found that heavy trampling (70 humans /km/hrs) led to reductions in barnacle cover. Single step experiments provide a clearer, quantitative indication of sensitivity to single events of direct abrasion. Povey & Keough (1991) in experiments on shores in Mornington peninsula, Victoria, Australia, found that in single step experiments 10 out of 67 barnacles, (Chthamlus antennatus about 3mm long), were crushed. However, on the same shore, the authors found that limpets may be relatively more resistant to abrasion from trampling. Following step and kicking experiments, few individuals of the limpet Cellana trasomerica, (similar size to Patella vulgata) suffered damage or relocated (Povey & Keough, 1991). One kicked limpet (out of 80) was broken and 2 (out of 80) limpets that were stepped on could not be relocated the following day (Povey & Keough, 1991). On the same shore less than 5% of littorinids were crushed in single step experiments (Povey & Keough, 1991).
Shanks & Wright (1986), found that even small pebbles (<6 cm) that were thrown by wave action in Southern California shores could create patches in aggregations of the barnacle, Chthamalus fissus, and could smash owl limpets (Lottia gigantea). Average, estimated survivorship of limpets at a wave exposed site, with many loose cobbles and pebbles allowing greater levels of abrasion was 40% lower than at a sheltered site. Severe storms were observed to lead to almost total destruction of local populations of limpets through abrasion by large rocks and boulders. In sites with mobile cobbles and boulders increased scour results in lower densities of Littorina spp. compared with other, local sites with stable substratum (Carlson et al., 2006).
Ulva spp. fronds are very thin and could be torn and damaged and individuals may be removed from the substratum, altering the biotope through changes in abundance and biomass. Ulva spp. cannot repair damage or reattach but torn fronds could still photosynthesise and produce gametes. Tearing and cutting of the fronds has been shown to stimulate gamete production and damaged plants would still be able to grow and reproduce. Cladophora spp. have a relatively tough thallus (Dodds & Gudder, 1992) but no direct evidence was found for resistance to abrasion. In Kimmeridge Bay in Southern England, Pinn & Rodgers (2005) found that the abundance of Cladophora rupestris was lower at a more heavily visited and trampled site.
Sensitivity assessment. The impact of surface abrasion will depend on the footprint, duration and magnitude of the pressure. Based on evidence from the step experiments and the relative robustness of the Corallina officinalis turf and associated species, resistance, to a single abrasion event is assessed as ‘Medium’ and recovery as ‘High’, so that sensitivity is assessed as ‘Low’. Resistance and resilience will be lower (and hence sensitivity greater) to abrasion events that exert a greater crushing force and remove the bases than the trampling examples the assessment is based on).
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)|
The species characterising this biotope group are epifauna and epiflora occurring on rock which is resistant to subsurface penetration. The assessment for abrasion at the surface only is therefore considered to equally represent sensitivity to this pressure.
Intertidal biotopes will only be exposed to this pressure when submerged during the tidal cycle and thus have limited exposure. Siltation, which may be associated with increased suspended solids and the subsequent deposition of these is assessed separately (see siltation pressures). In general, increased suspended particles reduce light penetration and increase scour and deposition. They may enhance food supply to filter or deposit feeders (where the particles are organic in origin) or decrease feeding efficiency (where the particles are inorganic and require greater filtration efforts).
Increases in the cover of sediment trapping, turf forming algae at the expense of canopy forming species has been observed worldwide in temperate systems and has been linked to increased suspended solids linked to human activities worldwide (Airoldi, 2003). Corallina species accumulate more sediment than any other alga (Hicks, 1985). Hence an increase in suspended sediment is likely to accumulate in the coralline turf. A significant increase may result in smothering (see above). An accumulation of sediment within the turf may attract more sediment dwelling interstitial invertebrates such as nematodes, harpacticoids and polychaetes, although in more wave exposed locations accumulation of sediment is likely to be minimal. Increased suspended sediment may also result in increased scour, which may adversely affect foliose red algae, and interfere with settling spores and recruitment if the factor is coincident with their major reproductive period. However, coralline algae, especially the crustose forms are thought to be resistant of sediment scour (Littler & Kauker, 1984), and will probably not be adversely affected at the benchmark level.
This community is unlikely to be dependent on suspended sediment. Although accumulated sediment within coralline turf habitats is likely to increase the species diversity of the epiphytic fauna, in very wave exposed locations, accumulated sediment in the habitat is likely to be minimal. A reduction in suspended sediment will probably reduce the risk of scour, and reduce food availability for the few suspension feeding species in the biotope (e.g. barnacles and spirorbids present), although effects are not likely to be lethal.
The biotope occurs in shallow waters where light attenuation due to increases in turbidity is probably low. Red algae and coralline algae especially are known to be shade tolerant and are common components of the understorey on seaweed dominated shores. Experiments have shown that Ulva is a shade tolerant genus and can compensate for reduced irradiance by increasing chlorophyll concentration and light absorption at low light levels. Ulva spp. were able to survive over two months in darkness and to begin photosynthesising immediately when returned to the light (Vermaat & Sand-Jensen, 1987). Limited shading from suspended sediments is therefore not considered to negatively affect this genus. Therefore, a decrease in light intensity is unlikely to adversely affect the biotope. An increase in light intensity is unlikely to adversely affect the biotope as plants can acclimate to different light levels.
Sensitivity assessment. The exposure of biotope to suspended sediments in the water column will be limited to immersion periods, and wave action will reduce accumulation. The biotope is considered to be ‘Not sensitive’ to a reduction in suspended solids, although this may reduce food supply to the barnacles and other filter and deposit feeders that occur in this biotope. An increase in suspended solids may lead to some sub-lethal abrasion of fronds however, evidence globally indicates that increase suspended solids favour the turf-forming algae that characterize this biotope (Airoldi, 2003). Resistance is therefore assessed as ‘High’ and resilience as ‘High’ (by default) so that the biotope is considered to be ‘Not sensitive’. An increase in suspended solids above the pressure benchmark may result in a change in species composition with an increase in species seen in very turbid, silty environments e.g. Ahnfeltia plicata, Rhodothamniella floridula, Polyides rotundus and Furcellaria lumbricalis.
Increased abundance of algal turfs worldwide has been linked to sediment perturbations although not all the pathways and mechanisms of these effects are clear (see review by Airoldi, 2003). However, even the most tolerant of organisms would eventually suffer from inhibition and mortality following smothering although the thresholds for these effects have has not been identified (Airoldi, 2003).
Corallina officinalis and others within the genus (e.g. Corallina pinnatifolia and Corallina vancouveriensis) are found on shores subject to high rates of sedimentation that are periodically disturbed by sand burial and scour (Stewart, 1989). Coralline turfs also trap sediments within the turf. The amount of sediment present and the associated fauna varies naturally depending on local conditions such as wave exposure (Dommasnes, 1969). On intertidal shores in southern California the amount of sediment trapped within turfs of Corallina spp. varied seasonally from < 5mm to >4.5 cm and was closely related to species composition and the structure of the turf. Airoldi (2003) identified a number of morphological, physiological and life history traits that conferred high levels of tolerance to sedimentation. Those shared by Corallina spp are the regeneration of upright fronds from a perennial basal crust resistant to burial and scour, calcified thalli, apical meristems, large reproductive ouptuts, lateral vegetative growth and slow growth rates (Airoldi, 2003). Experimental deposition of sand on coralline turfs and maintained at 3cm or 6 cm for one month via daily top-ups did not remove the turfs but did lead to rapid (within 1 hours changes in the invertebrate species as highly mobile species moved away from the turf with later colonisation by sand adapted species (Huff & Jarett, 2007). The community had recovered one month after sand deposition ceased (Huff & Jarett, 2007).
Atalah & Crowe (2010) added sediment and nutrients to rockpools. The rockpools were occupied by a range of algae including encrusting corallines, turfs of Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus and Corallina officinalis and green and red filamentous algae. The invertebrates present were mostly Patella ulyssiponensis, the winkle Littorina littorea and the flat top shell Gibbula umbilicalis. Sediment treatment involved the addition of a mixture of coarse and fine sand of either 300 mg/cm2/month or 600 mg/cm2 every 15 days. The treatments were applied for seven months and experimental conditions were maintained every two weeks. The experimental treatments do not directly relate to the pressure benchmark but indicate some general trends in sensitivity. In the pools the chronic addition of both levels of sediment led to a significant increase in the cover of Corallina officinalis. Sedimentation had no significant effect on the cover of green filamentous algae (Ulva sp.) but led to an increase in the mean cover of red turfing algae (Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus and Corallina officinalis) from 11.7% (±1.0 S.E.) in controls to 26.1% (±4.7 S.E.), but there were no differences between the two levels of sedimentation. The abundance of the limpet Patella ulyssiponensis was significantly reduced by sedimentation. The average abundance of limpets in pools with high levels of sediment added was significantly lower (P< 0.05, mean 1.4 ind/144 cm2±0.2S.E.) than in pools with ambient sediment loading (mean 2.7 ind/144 cm2±0.3 S.E.) (Atalah & Crowe, 2010).
Observations and experiments indicate that Ulva spp. have relatively high tolerances for the stresses induced by burial (darkness, hypoxia and exposure to sulphides) Vermaat & Sand-Jensen, 1987; Corradi et al., (2006; Kamermans et al., (1998). Ulva lactuca is a dominant species on sand-affected rocky shores in New Hampshire (Daly & Mathieson, 1977) although Littler et al., (1983) suggest that Ulva sp., are present in areas periodically subject to sand deposition not because they are able to withstand burial but because they are able to rapidly colonise sand-scoured areas. Ulva spp. have, however, been reported to form turfs that trap sediments (Airoldi, 2003, references therein) suggesting that resistance to chronic rather than acute siltation events may be higher.
The associated species, Patella vulgata and Littorina spp. are likely to be negatively affected by siltation (Airoldi & Hawkins, 2007; Chandrasekara & Frid,1998;Albrecht & Reise 1994). Experiments have shown that the addition of even thin layers of sediment (approximately 4 mm) inhibit grazing and result in loss of attachment and death after a few days Airoldi & Hawkins (2007). The laboratory experiments are supported by observations on exposed and sheltered shores with patches of sediment around Plymouth in the south west of England as Patella vulgata abundances were higher where deposits were absent (Airoldi & Hawkins (2007). Littler et al., (1983) found that the another limpet species, Lottia gigantea on southern Californian shores was restricted to refuges from sand burial on shores subject to periodic inundation by sands.
In general, propagules, early post-settlement stages and juveniles suffer severe stress and mortality from sediments (Vadas et al., 1992; Airoldi, 2003). Moss et al., (1973), for example, found that growth of zygotes of Himanthalia elongata were inhibited by a layer of silt 1-2 mm thick and that attachment on silt was insecure.
Sensitivity assessment. The sensitivity assessment is based on the Corallina officinalis turf that characterises this biotope. Resistance to siltation at the pressure benchmark is assessed as ‘High’, based on Airoldi (2003). Resilience is assessed as ‘High’ and the biotope is therefore considered to be ‘Not sensitive’. Associated species within the biotope have higher sensitivities, the loss of grazing species would reduce species richness and may allow some growth of ephemeral red and green algae but this is not considered to significantly alter the biotope due to space occupation by the Coralline turf. However the different siltation resistances of the red turf-forming algae and Patella ulyssiponensis (Atalah & Crowe, 2010) suggest that siltation events could alter the biotope classification between the two variants and that the variant characterized by Patella ulyssiponensis is more sensitive to this pressure.
No evidence was found to assess this pressure at the benchmark. A deposit at the pressure benchmark would cover all species with a thick layer of fine materials. Species associated with this biotope such as limpets and littorinids would not be able to escape and would likely suffer mortality. The tolerance of Corallina officinalis would be mediated by the length of time the deposit remained in place. The coralline turf and the red and green algae would be covered with sediment. Removal of the sediments by wave action and tidal currents would result in considerable scour.
Field observations and laboratory experiments have highlighted the sensitivity of limpets to sediment deposition (Airoldi & Hawkins (2007) tested the effects of different grain sizes and deposit thickness in laboratory experiments using Patella vulgata. Sediments were added as a ‘fine’ rain to achieve deposit thicknesses of approximately 1mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm in controlled experiments and grazing and mortality observed over 8-12 days. Limpets were more sensitive to sediments with a higher faction of fines (67% silt) than coarse (58% sand). Coarse sediments of thicknesses approximately 1, 2 and 4 mm decreased grazing activity by 35, 45 and 50 % respectively. At 1 and 2 mm thicknesses, fine sediments decreased grazing by 40 and 77 %. The addition of approximately 4 mm of fine sediment completely inhibited grazing. Limpets tried to escape the sediment but lost attachment and died after a few days (Airoldi & Hawkins, 2007). Observations on exposed and sheltered shores with patches of sediment around Plymouth in the south west of England , found that Patella vulgata abundances were higher where deposits were absent. The limpets were locally absent in plots with 50-65% sediment cover (Airoldi & Hawkins, 2007). Littler et al., (1983) found that another limpet species, Lottia gigantea on southern Californian shores was restricted to refuges from sand burial on shores subject to periodic inundation by sands.
Sensitivity assessment. Sensitivity to this pressure will be mediated by site-specific hydrodynamic conditions and the footprint of the impact. Where a large area is covered sediments may be shifted by wave and tides rather than removed. However, mortality will depend on the duration of smothering, where wave action rapidly mobilises and removes fine sediments, survival may be much greater. Even small deposits of sediments are likely to result in local removal of limpets. Resistance is assessed as ‘Low’ as the impact is likely to be significant and would almost certainly result in the loss of grazers and a high proportion of the encrusting corallines and associated algae. Resilience is assessed as ‘Medium’ and sensitivity is assessed as ‘Medium’.
|Not Assessed (NA)||Not Assessed (NA)||Not assessed (NA)|
|No evidence (NEv)||No Evidence (NEv)||Not exposed (NEx)|
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)|
Corallina officinalis are shade tolerant algae, often occurring under a macralgal canopy that reduces light penetration. In areas of higher light levels, the fronds may be lighter in colour due to bleaching (Colhart & Johansen, 1973). Other red algae in the biotope are flexible with regard to light levels. Canopy removal experiments in a rocky sub tidal habitat in Nova Scotia, Canada by Schmidt & Scheibling (2007) did not find a shift in understorey macraoalgal turfs (dominated by Corallina officinalis, Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus) to more light-adapted species over 18 months. Corallina officinalis may be overgrown by epiphytes, especially during summer.
Sensitivity assessment. As the key structuring and characterising species colonize a broad range of light environments from intertidal to deeper sub tidal and shaded understorey habitats the biotope is considered to have ‘High’ resistance and, by default, ‘High’ resilience and therefore is ‘Not sensitive’ to this pressure.
Barriers that reduce the degree of tidal excursion may alter larval supply to suitable habitats from source populations. Conversely the presence of barriers may enhance local population supply by preventing the loss of larvae from enclosed habitats. Barriers and changes in tidal excursion are not considered relevant to the characterizing Corallina officinalis as species dispersal is limited by the rapid rate of settlement and vegetative growth from bases rather than reliance on recruitment from outside of populations. Other species associated with the biotope are widely distributed and produce large numbers of larvae capable of long distance transport and survival, resistance to this pressure is assessed as 'High' and resilience as 'High' by default. This biotope is therefore considered to be 'Not sensitive'.
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)|
Not relevant’ to seabed habitats. NB. Collision by grounding vessels is addressed under ‘surface abrasion.
|Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)||Not relevant (NR)|
|No evidence (NEv)||No Evidence (NEv)||No evidence (NEv)|
The characterising species and other common rocky shores species within the biotope, with the exception of Mytilus edulis which occurs in low densities, are not subject to translocation or cultivation. Commercial cultivation of Mytilus edulis involves the collection of juvenile mussel ‘seed’ or spat (newly settled juveniles ca 1-2 cm in length) from wild populations, with subsequent transportation around the UK for re-laying in suitable habitats. As the seed is harvested from wild populations from various locations the gene pool will not necessarily be decreased by translocations. Movement of mussel seed has the potential to transport pathogens and non-native species (see sensitivity assessments for Mytilus edulis bed biotopes). A review by Svåsand et al. (2007) concluded that there was a lack of evidence distinguishing between different Mytilus edulis populations to accurately assess the impacts of hybridisation with the congener Mytilus galloprovincialis and in particular how the gene flow may be affected by aquaculture. Therefore, it cannot be confirmed whether farming will have an impact on the genetics of wild sindividuals beyond a potential for increased hybridisation.
Sensitivity assessment. No direct evidence was found regarding the potential for negative impacts of translocated mussel seed on wild Mytilus edulis populations. While it is possible that translocation of mussel seed could lead to genetic flow between cultivated beds and local wild populations, there is currently no evidence to assess the impact (Svåsand et al., 2007).
The non-native wireweed Sargassum muticum may occur extensively in examples of this biotope. But the biotope persists, probably because of the small area of basal attachment of Sargassum.
The Australasian barnacle Austrominius (previously Elminius) modestus was introduced to British waters on ships during the second world war. However, its overall effect on the dynamics of rocky shores has been small as Austrominius modestus has simply replaced some individuals of a group of co-occurring barnacles (Raffaelli & Hawkins, 1999). Although present, monitoring indicates it has not outnumbered native barnacles in the Isle of Cumbrae (Gallagher et al., 2015) it may dominate in estuaries where it is more tolerant of lower salinities than Semibalanus balanoides (Gomes-Filho, et al., 2010). The degree of wave exposure experienced by his biotope will limit colonisation by Austrominius modestus which tends to be present in more sheltered biotopes.
Beneath a canopy of the invasive Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides on subtidal rocky shores in nova Scotia, Corallina officinalis was the dominant species comprising 78-80% of the turf biomass, while Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus comprised 18% (Schmidt & Scheibling, 2007). The biomass of Corallina officinalis was similar to those under a canopy of the native Laminaria species on the same shore (Laminaria longicruris and Laminaria digitata), suggesting little negative effect.
Sensitivity assessment. Overall, there is little evidence of this biotope being adversely affected by non-native species, resistance is therefore assessed as 'High', and resilience as 'High' (by default), and the biotope is considered to be 'Not sensitive'.
Several coralline and non-coralline species are epiphytic on Corallina officinalis. Irvine & Chamberlain (1994) cite tissue destruction caused by Titanoderma corallinae. However, no information on pathogenic organisms in the UK was found. In Rhodophycota, viruses have been identified by means of electron microscopy (Lee, 1971) and they are probably widespread. However, nothing is known of their effects on growth or reproduction in red algae and experimental transfer from an infected to an uninfected specimen has not been achieved (Dixon & Irvine, 1977). Corallina officinalis, like many other algal species has been demonstrated to produce antibacterial substances (Taskin et al., 2007). Other species associated with this biotope such as littorinids, patellid limpets and other algae also experience low levels of infestation by pathogens but mass-mortalities have not been recorded. For example, parasitism by trematodes may cause sterility in Littorina littorea. Littorina littorea are also parasitized by the boring polychaete, Polydora ciliata and Cliona sp, which weakens the shell and increases crab predation. Outbreaks of the shellfish pathogen Martelia spp. may cause widespread mortality of Mytilus edulis (Mainwaring et al., 2014) but populations within the UK have not been significantly impacted.
Sensitivity assessment. Based on the available evidence this biotope is considered to have ‘High’ resistance and hence ‘High’ resilience and is classed as ‘Not sensitive’ at the pressure benchmark.
Direct, physical impacts from harvesting are assessed through the abrasion and penetration of the seabed pressures. The sensitivity assessment for this pressure considers any biological/ecological effects resulting from the removal of target species on this biotope. The key characterizing and structuring species Corallina officinalis is collected for medical purposes; the fronds are dried and converted to hydroxyapatite and used as bone forming material (Ewers et al. 1987). It is also sold as a powder for use in the cosmetic industry. Some species present in the biotope may also be targeted. The blue mussel Mytilus edulis is too small and patchy in this biotope to be targeted for commercial harvesting. However, some, unregulated recreational hand-gathering of this species and limpets, Patella spp., may occur. Littorina littorea may be targeted by commercial or recreational harvesters. Red and green algae may also be collected, Mastocarpus stellatus, for example is harvested to produce carrageen.
Littorinids are one of the most commonly harvested species of the rocky shore. Large scale removal of Littorina littorea may allow a proliferation of opportunistic green algae, such as Ulva, on which it preferentially feeds. Experiments designed to test the effects of harvesting by removing individuals at Strangford Lough found that there was no effect of experimental treatments (either harvesting or simulated disturbance) on Littorina littorea abundance or body size over a 12 week period (Crossthwaite et al. 2012). This suggests that these animals are generally abundant and highly mobile; thus, animals that were removed were quickly replaced by dispersal from surrounding, un-harvested areas. However, long-term exploitation, as inferred by background levels of harvest intensity, did significantly influence population abundance and age structure (Crossthwaite et al. 2012). A broadscale study of harvesting in Ireland using field studies and interviews with wholesalers and pickers did suggest that some areas were over harvested but the lack of background data and quantitative records make this assertion difficult to test (Cummins et al., 2002).
Sensitivity assessment. Collection of the key characterizing species would significantly alter the character and structure of the biotope and result in the loss of species inhabiting the turf. Collection of the associated limpet and littorind grazers may allow red and green algae to increase in abundance and density. However, these algae may also be subject to harvesting limiting their dominance. The resistance of this biotope to targeted harvesting of characterizing and associated species is ‘Low’ as the species are all relatively large, conspicuous and easily collected. Resilience is assessed ‘Medium’ and sensitivity is assessed as ‘Medium’.
Incidental removal of the key characterising species and associated species would alter the character of the biotope. The biotope is characterized by dense turfs of Corallina officinalis, these provide habitat and attachment surfaces for epiphytis species and where these trap sediments also provide a habitat for associated species. The loss of the turf due to incidenal removal as by-catch would therefore alter the character of the habitat and result in the loss of species richness. The ecological services such as primary and secondary production provided by these species would also be lost.
Sensitivity assessment. Removal of a large percentage of the characterising species resulting in bare rock would alter the character of the biotope, species richness and ecosystem function. Resistance is therefore assessed as ‘Low’ and recovery as ‘Medium’, so that sensitivity is assessed as 'Medium'.
|Habitats Directive Annex 1||Reefs|
Cummins, V., Coughlan, S., McClean, O., Connolly, N., Mercer, J. & Burnell, G., 2002. An assessment of the potential for the sustainable development of the edible periwinkle, Littorina littorea, industry in Ireland.Report by the Coastal and Marine Resources Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork.
Fish, J.D. & Fish, S., 1996. A student's guide to the seashore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2015. AlgaeBase [Online], National University of Ireland, Galway [cited 30/6/2015]. Available from: http://www.algaebase.org/
Hiscock, K., Southward, A., Tittley, I. & Hawkins, S., 2004. Effects of changing temperature on benthic marine life in Britain and Ireland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 14 (4), 333-362.
Hoare, R. & Hiscock, K., 1974. An ecological survey of the rocky coast adjacent to the effluent of a bromine extraction plant. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 2 (4), 329-348.
Kain, J.M., 1975a. Algal recolonization of some cleared subtidal areas. Journal of Ecology, 63, 739-765.
Kinne, O. (ed.), 1971a. Marine Ecology: A Comprehensive, Integrated Treatise on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters. Vol. 1 Environmental Factors, Part 2. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Lüning, K., 1990. Seaweeds: their environment, biogeography, and ecophysiology: John Wiley & Sons.
Littler, M. & Murray, S., 1975. Impact of sewage on the distribution, abundance and community structure of rocky intertidal macro-organisms. Marine Biology, 30 (4), 277-291.
Svåsand, T., Crosetti, D., García-Vázquez, E. & Verspoor, E., 2007. Genetic impact of aquaculture activities on native populations. Genimpact final scientific report (EU contract n. RICA-CT-2005-022802).
Taskin, E., Ozturk, M. & Kurt, O., 2007. Antibacterial activities of some marine algae from the Aegean Sea (Turkey). African Journal of Biotechnology, 6 (24), 2746-2751.
This review can be cited as:
Last Updated: 10/10/2015 | <urn:uuid:ebc74ed3-8a8b-4e65-acfe-475a0ed7a64c> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.marlin.ac.uk/habitats/detail/130 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049273946.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002113-00012-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928859 | 20,751 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Toxaemia Of Renal Disease shows itself not only in the development of uraemia, but also by other manifestations, as, for instance, the well known gastro-enteritis that is so frequently present in these diseases. There is some evidence to show that where the excretory efficiency of the kidney is impaired, excretion of some of the urinary constituents, as, for example, urea, may take place from the gastric and intestinal mucosa and be-associated with symptoms of severe vomiting and diarrhoea.
The presence of toxaemia as the result of renal disease must necessarily be a factor of considerable importance in regulating dietetic treatment.
Malnutrition, shown by wasting, anaemia, and frequently the development of a regular cachexia, is the frequent accompaniment of the more serious, and especially the chronic, forms of renal disease. This malnutrition is doubtless in part dependent on mere loss of appetite and on the gastric and intestinal complications that are so often present. But great wasting may be seen as the result of chronic renal disease, and especially, perhaps, as the result of certain forms of chronic nephritis and granular kidney, without the presence of marked vomiting or other gastro-intestinal symptoms. This malnutrition, together with such a phenomenon as pigmentation, which is also not uncommon in chronic renal disease, would also seem to show that these maladies produce in some ill-understood manner grave disturbances of the nutritive processes of the body. The importance of considering these factors in the treatment of the disease, and especially in the dietetic treatment, cannot be overestimated. There is often a tendency to regulate the treatment by considerations based largely, and sometimes entirely, on the state of the urine. Thus the diet may be cut down, owing to a high degree of albuminuria present, and this notwithstanding the fact that the patient's aspect and body weight may show grave impairment of nutrition. Very often much better results are obtained by not concentrating the attention solely on the state of the urine, but rather by directing the treatment, and especially the diet, to remedying if possible the malnutrition.
Albuminuria in greater or less degree is usually present in renal disease, and in some renal lesions the quantity of albumin lost daily is very considerable, and may amount to as much as 40 grms. per diem. In most diseases, however, the loss is much less than this, but still, inasmuch as many of these maladies are of very prolonged duration, there is a considerable wastage of the proteins of the body. That this is the case is shown by the low percentage of protein matter present in the blood of patients suffering from chronic renal disease, even where dropsy is absent, and there is no fallacy owing to the presence of hydraemic plethora.
The large amount of albumin present in the urine has often led to attempts being made to restrict the loss by diet and by medicine. In some instances dietetic treatment, and especially perhaps the administration of a milk diet, is followed by an apparent great diminution in the daily loss. In some instances this diminution is more apparent than real, and is really dependent on an increased flow of urine due to the liquid diet and large quantity of fluid ingested causing a percentage diminution, but the total quantity lost in the twenty-four hours may remain much the same as with a drier and more solid diet. | <urn:uuid:f66412a2-d54a-4d2c-b371-a3e74aacb216> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://chestofbooks.com/health/nutrition/Diet-Dietetics/The-Toxaemia-Of-Renal-Disease.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665985.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113035916-20191113063916-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.961872 | 694 | 2.734375 | 3 |
|Written by Mike James|
|Thursday, 02 February 2017|
Page 2 of 2
This looks like a very easy and very efficient way of creating an m bit hash needing only m ands and m shifts.
The problem is that there is still the parity function to write.
As this needs to examine each bit to effectively count the number of ones in the data this seems to need m operations. In fact the job can be done in a number of operations that equals the number of bits set.
This algorithm is attributed Brian Kernigan but its based on a technique well worth knowing.
How do you zero the least significant set bit?
At first it seems impossibly difficult to do without using shifts and tests to find the first bit set. However if you start out with a value and subtract 1 then this always zeros the least significant bit that was set - think about it...
and so on. At this point you might think that no progress has been made because while you have zeroed the least significant set bit you have set other lower order bits. Of course the trick is that the original data already had these bits zeroed. So if you And the new value with the original then the result will have all of those bits zeroed in addition to the least significant set bit.
Thus to zero the least significant set bit in x all you have to do is:
If you keep doing this then eventually you will zero all of the bits and x will be zero.
Now you can put this to use in a parity function that only iterates the number of set bits times:
Once again this can be written more compactly as:
With a fast parity function the method described above can return a hash in m*b operations where b is the number of bits set in the intermediate result - say m^2/2 on average.
The second method can be more efficient but it makes use of the columns in the matrices rather than the rows. So in this case we need to generate m bit values to represent the columns - but why bother? It costs the same to generate to generate 32 bit positive values.
We can simply truncate the result at the end to m bits and get the same result as if we had truncated the columns to m bits before the calculation.
To avoid interacting with the previous code we can change the constructor to create a second random matrix in column order:
Now the elements of the array, or at least the first m bits are regarded as the columns of the matrix.
Now to work out the hash we select the columns that correspond to the bits set in the data and exclusive or them together:
At the end we truncate the result to m bits by right shifting the result down to leave only m bits.
With this in place you can now try out the alternative method of calculation.
Notice that you get a different result because they are using two different matrices.
Can these routines be improved?
The answer is yes but how exactly depends on the language and architecture you are working with.
The most obvious improvement is to unroll any fixed sized loop to eliminate the loop structure. A more complex optimization would be to use a very long binary word representation or to use a GPU to parallelize the algorithms. Notice that either algorithm lends itself to being implemented in hardware quite easily.
If you need a universal family of hash functions to try out another algorithm then either of the two methods works well.
You can download the code for both the Windows Forms version and the WPF version in a single ZIP file from the CodeBin (note you have to register first).
Hashing solves one of the basic problems of computing - finding something that you have stored somewhere.
Extensible hashing and perfect hashing are ideas that are worth exploring.
A look at a way of creating a set of hash functions.
or email your comment to: firstname.lastname@example.org
|Last Updated ( Thursday, 02 February 2017 )| | <urn:uuid:84b40c66-036b-46b3-a174-91c8e7f1933d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.i-programmer.info/programming/theory/2664-universal-hashing.html?start=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524270.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121070324-20210121100324-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.925865 | 819 | 2.609375 | 3 |
To demonstrate the feasibility of rapidly progressing towards our energy and climate objectives at a local level while proving to citizens that their quality of life and local economies can be improved through investments in energy efficiency and reduction of carbon emissions. This Initiative will foster the dissemination throughout Europe of the most efficient models and strategies to progress towards a low carbon future.
This Initiative will support cities and regions in taking ambitious and pioneering measures to progress by 2020 towards a 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable use and production of energy. This will require systemic approaches and organisational innovation, encompassing energy efficiency, low carbon technologies and the smart management of supply and demand. In particular, measures on buildings, local energy networks and transport would be the main components of the Initiative.
The Initiative builds on existing EU and national policies and programmes, such as CIVITAS, CONCERTO and Intelligent Energy Europe. It will draw upon the other SET-Plan Industrial Initiatives, in particular the Solar and Electricity Grid, as well as on the EU public-private partnership for Buildings and Green Cars established under the European Economic Plan for Recovery. The local authorities involved in the Covenant of Mayors (more than 500 cities) will be mobilised around this initiative to multiply its Impact.
- To trigger a sufficient take-up (reaching 5% of the EU population) of energy efficient and low carbon technologies to unlock the market.
- To reduce by 40% the greenhouse gas (reference year 1990) emissions by 2020, that will demonstrate not only environmental and energy security benefits but also to provide socio-economic advantages in terms of quality of life, local employment and businesses, and citizen empowerment.
- To effectively spread across Europe best practices of sustainable energy concepts at local level, for instance through the Covenant of Majors.
- In moving towards these objectives, local authorities will propose and implement holistic problem-solving approaches, integrating the most appropriate technologies and policy measures. This would involve ambitious and pioneer measures in buildings, energy networks and transport. | <urn:uuid:3428d3c4-c977-4999-8da9-7c690dc38e6e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://smartcitycenter.com/2013/05/15/report-european-initiative-on-smart-cities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039594341.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422160833-20210422190833-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.909238 | 404 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Chords and Scales of G Major
Chords and scales are related. Almost all chords are derived from scales. A "G" major scale is:
G - A - B - C - D - E - F# - G
To get a G major chord from a G major scale you start at G and skip every other tone.
This produces a G Major triad chord:
G - B - D
If you start on "A" the second note of a G major scale and skip every other note, you get an A minor chord:
A - C - E
Starting on each G major scale tone, a family of eight "diatonic" chords are produced. These chords are either major, minor or dominant.
Likewise, if you play eight notes of a G major scale starting on every tone, (G to G, A to A, B to B, etc.) eight matching scales are produced. The eight chords and scales of a major scale are the definition of a key or tonal center. The G in the eighth position of a G major scale is a G one octave higher and is fretted in the standard G major chord position at the fifth fret.
Here is the tablature of the exercise shown in the video. More detailed information on chord and scale relationships can be found in the Mel Bay book "Straight Ahead Jazz For Banjo." | <urn:uuid:7cdb6963-0ec2-4b2b-afb4-0fe9281b9898> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://patcloud.com/?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=109&fontstyle=f-smaller | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115863825.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161103-00062-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90646 | 287 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Tooth eruption is a normal physiologic process although the mechanism for directive force has not been established or completely understood. Despite being a natural process a range of symptoms (increased salivation, irritability, loss of appetite and increasing body temperature) are reported.
The aim of this systematic review was to answer to question; In children aged 0 up to 36 months, are there local or systemic signs and symptoms during the eruption of the primary teeth?
Searches were conducted in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS), PubMed, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Observational studies assessing local and systemic signs and symptoms during the spontaneous eruption of primary teeth in healthy children aged between 0 and 36 months, by means of either clinical examination or a questionnaire directed to the parents or health care professionals were are considered.
Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies and abstracted data. The two reviewers also independently assessed methodological quality using the Quality in Prognosis Studies Tool(QUIPS). The QUIPS tool uses study participation, study attrition, prognostic factors measurement, outcome measurement, study confounding and statistical analysis and reporting to guide ratings of high, moderate, or low risk of bias. Studies were clustered into overall prevalence of signs and symptoms and separately prevalence for each individual sign or symptom. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted.
16 studies were included.
Sample sizes ranged from 16-1165.
7 studies were considered to be at high risk of bias, 4 moderate and 5 low.
Meta-analysis revealed that the overall prevalence of signs and symptoms associated with primary tooth eruption in children between 0 and 36 months was 70.5% (95%CI; 54.1-84.6).
Gingival irritation, irritability, and drooling were the most frequent with 86.81%, 68.19%, and 55.72%, respectively.
The authors concluded: –
Based on the current limited evidence, there are signs and symptoms during primary tooth eruption. Gingival irritation, irritability, and drooling were the most common. For body temperature analyses, it was possible to evaluate that eruption of primary teeth is associated with a rise in temperature, but it was not characterized as fever.
The authors have searched a wide range of databases for relevant studies although the last search for this review was conducted in May 2015 so relevant studies may have been published in the interim. While a majority (9) of the included studies were considered to be prospective the authors highlighted problems with the recall bias enough of study designs. Variations in the stage of eruption considered to represent the day of eruption was noted as was the variation in general symptoms considered between studies. Most studies did not provide clear definitions of their diagnostic methods and the studies with the largest sample sizes were found to have the highest risk of bias with some studies not providing information on confounding factors.
Massignan C, Cardoso M, Porporatti AL, Aydinoz S, Canto Gde L, Mezzomo LA, Bolan M. Signs and Symptoms of Primary Tooth Eruption: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2016 Mar;137(3):e20153501. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-3501. Epub 2016 Feb 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 26908659.
Original review protocol on PROSPERO
Dental Elf – 10th May 2012 | <urn:uuid:44408aca-78c5-43b4-b525-b7e179f41740> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.nationalelfservice.net/dentistry/oral-health-other-health-conditions/teething-signs-symptoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178356232.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226060147-20210226090147-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.957114 | 706 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Stained glass is typically thought of as only being in churches. There are world-famous stained glass pieces all over the world, and while some are in churches, many had their start in estates and museums. No matter where they are from or where they reside, they are all beautiful works of art. Below are three of the most famous stained glass pieces!
Frank Lloyd Wright Window
This window was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1907 for an estate in Illinois. The primary colors contrast sharply against the unstained glass, and the sharp lines and dark squares offer a unique geometric amalgamation. It is said that the piece was inspired by a parade, with the circles in the window reminiscent of balloons, whereas the squares are meant to be confetti and flags. This piece is currently in the MET Museum in New York City.
Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision
Upon first glance, the most striking aspect of this building’s appearance is its vibrant stained glass. However, upon closer inspection, the stained glass tells a story. There are famous moments in Dutch television etched into the glass, so passersby may need to squint and view from certain angles to see them. This museum is located in Hilversum, Netherlands.
Stained Glass of Chartres Cathedral
The Chartres Cathedral was made into a designated World Heritage site in 1979, and for good reason. Built between 1190-1220, the Cathedral is adorned with 167 stained glass windows, ranging in depictions of Biblical stories, to stories of nobles and knights. These pieces are the most complete group of surviving stained glass. This Cathedral is located in Chartres, France.
Don’t hesitate to make your home or business your own private work of art. At Cumberland Stained Glass, we pride ourselves on creating thoughtful, ornate, stained glass pieces. To get started on your stained glass service, or to inquire about restoring stained glass, please call us at 717-691-8290. | <urn:uuid:5b069949-391b-4746-82f1-c5cbdf0454d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cumberlandstainedglass.com/three-of-the-most-famous-stained-glass-pieces/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573145.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818003501-20220818033501-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.969452 | 402 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Children find it difficult to express their needs and feelings. Younger children find it tough to communicate through words as their speech and thought-processes are not fully developed. Older children do not communicate their needs when they feel scared, unaccepted and judged. As parents, we need to create an atmosphere of acceptance, without any judgments, at home. This is possible only if we include our children in decision-making processes at home and give them the freedom of expression.
Sometimes, in spite of all our efforts, children tend to bottle up their desires and emotions. However, even in those situations, children give away many cues and it is our duty to decipher these clues and understand the needs of our children. Let us see some of these cues and what they could mean:
1) Persistent crying
Babies cry for hunger, thirst and sleep but as they grow, the episodes of crying reduce. Younger children cry whenever they want attention. Some amount of crying can be attributed to sibling rivalry too. However, if your child cries persistently, the problem may be deeper than you can perceive. Poor health, physical or sexual abuse, bullying, sudden changes in the environment, divorce of parents, fear of monsters/thieves, etc. could also be factors that could depress your child.
2) Not wanting to go to school/classes
Some amount of separation anxiety is usual in pre-primary toddlers. Speaking about school positively, making sure you reach on time to pick them up from school and reassuring them that you will be waiting for them when they get back from school can ease their anxieties to a large extent. However, if your toddler has tremendous anxiety about school or if your older child suddenly develops an aversion to attending school, you need to investigate the probable reasons for the same. Usually, a bullying classmate, a fight with a good friend or a lack of friends at school could be the issue. Sometimes, a harsh teacher or academic pressure could also make children hate school.
3) Poor academic performance
Poor academic performance of children can be depressing and we tend to show our anger and frustration at those times. It would be better if we can explore the reasons behind it instead of exploding about it. If this is an unusual occurrence, find out whether your child requires extra help in any of the subjects or topics. Help your child plan his day, time and activities so that homework and studies do not get affected. In case, your child is repeatedly performing poorly in school, check whether your child has any learning disabilities. Calling in an expert can solve academic issues easily and comfortably.
4) Disobedience/ Testing your patience
A child usually tests his parent’s patience in three situations – (1) when he is undergoing some change, (2) when he is scared and (3) when he wants attention. Show empathy and support to your child whenever there are changes in his life. Reassure your child when he is frightened. A child who is ignored will crave for attention. Even negative attention, in the form of a slap or a scolding, would be alright to them. So, instead of doing that, provide a disobeying naughty child with lot of positive attention. This can be in the form of hugs, kisses or playing a game with them. When you do this consistently, you can see the behavioral change in the child soon. No longer does he need to misbehave to catch your attention.
Whenever you find it difficult to understand your child’s needs and emotions but you feel she is trying to convey something to you, have a personal talk with her. If that fails to help, enroll the support of a psychologist or child counsellor. These experts are not just for children with severe mental health problems but they can also help deal with everyday parenting challenges.
Image courtesy : blogdafabee.com.br/2015/03/e9fxdsfs4h3zn8zhxgydjiunw.jpg | <urn:uuid:530c8a72-07f2-47e1-9cb9-b82e4755bba8> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.indianyouth.net/how-to-understand-the-needs-of-your-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170875.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00410-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965657 | 811 | 3.234375 | 3 |
In what may be the first study to use brain imaging to look at the neural circuits involved in emotional control in patients with depression, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have found that brains of people with clinical depression react very differently than those of healthy people when trying to cope with negative situations.
The study appears in the August 15 issue of the Journal of Neuroscience.
AdvertisementAccording to the World Health Organization, clinical depression is one of the leading causes of disability and lost productivity in the world. Understanding the root cause of depression, however, has proved difficult.
"It's normal for people to have negative emotions in certain circumstances," says lead study author Tom Johnstone. "One of the features of major depression is not that people have negative reactions to negative situations, it's that they can't pull themselves out of those negative emotional moods. They seem to have a deficit in their ability to be able to regulate their emotions... to come back down to baseline after a negative experience."
To evaluate the role of emotional regulation in depression, psychology and psychiatry researchers from the UW-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health and Waisman Center monitored the brain responses of healthy or depressed individuals to a series of images designed to provoke strong negative emotional responses - images such as car accidents and threatening-looking animals.
Participants were asked to consciously work to decrease their emotional responses to some of the negative images, using techniques such as envisioning a more positive outcome than the one implied or by imagining the situation was acted out rather than real.
"We ask them to reframe the content of what they're seeing," rather than divert their attention or distract themselves with unrelated thoughts, Johnstone says. "We hope to engage cognitive areas in re-interpreting the emotional content of a stimulus... to either increase or decrease its impact."
In both healthy and depressed individuals, they found that such efforts increased brain activity in prefrontal cortical areas known to help regulate the emotional centers of the brain, as they expected.
The big difference was seen in the reactions of the emotional centers themselves, including a small almond-shaped structure called the amygdala located deep in the brain.
In nondepressed individuals, high levels of regulatory activity correlated with low activity in the emotional response centers - in effect, the healthy subjects' efforts successfully quelled their emotional responses. In depressed patients, however, high levels of activity in the amygdala and other emotional centers persisted despite intense activity in the regulatory regions.
This finding suggests that healthy people are able to effectively regulate their negative emotions through conscious effort, but that the necessary neural circuits are dysfunctional in many patients with depression, the researchers say.
The difference becomes even more pronounced the harder the patients try.
"Those [healthy] individuals putting more cognitive effort into it are getting a bigger payoff in terms of decreasing activation in these emotional centers," Johnstone explains. "In the depressed individuals, you find the exact opposite relationship - it seems the more effort they put in, the more activation there is in the amygdala."
Though the researchers don't yet know exactly where the differences lie, Johnstone suggests multiple factors may be at work. One possibility is that depressed individuals have a broken link between the brain regions, such that regulatory centers fail to send any dampening signals to emotional centers.
Alternately, he says, depressed patients may fall prey to rumination on negative thoughts. Maybe, he says, "When they try to engage in this regulation they just think more about the emotional content of the images. Perhaps it's quite maladaptive for them... instead of turning down their emotional responses possibly they turn up their emotional responses."
The results of this study may help identify appropriate treatment methods for people with depression, who represent a diverse patient population, says senior study author Richard Davidson.
Common psychological therapies use mental strategies similar to those used in this study, he says, and although psychotherapy might benefit patients who found conscious efforts effective in the scenarios provided in this study, it could be counterproductive for those patients whose mental efforts increased their emotional responses.
"Our results suggest that there is a subgroup of patients with depression for whom traditional cognitive therapy may be contraindicated," Davidson says. "Other therapeutic interventions may benefit this subgroup more than cognitive therapy, though this remains to be studied in future research."
Identifying the involvement of emotional brain circuits may also help focus the development of new treatment strategies for depression and other psychiatric disorders. "Emotional regulation underlies many psychiatric disorders, not only depression," Johnstone says.
Long term, he says, "If we understand where the brain circuits are that are important and how they are involved in regulating emotion, then we can target them with different types of therapies."
Other authors on the study include Carien van Reekum, Heather Urry, and Ned Kalin. The work was funded by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health and Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceuticals.
Source: UW-Madison News
PSA Deputy Health Ministerís Sacking - Condemned Widely Indian Government Moves In To Tackle Child Abuse M
You May Also Like | <urn:uuid:98ed190f-d5d7-46e8-b842-d88d798dc4ce> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.medindia.net/news/Brains-of-Clinically-Depressed-Persons-React-Differently-Than-of-Normal-People-25085-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717783.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00068-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956411 | 1,038 | 3.3125 | 3 |
What was the largest tumor ever removed from a human?
One of the largest tumors ever taken out of a human was a 303-pound ovarian tumor removed at Stanford Hospital in 1991, according to a 1994 report. In the newly reported case, physicians removed the 132-pound tumor as well as 6 pounds of abdominal wall tissue and excess skin that had been stretched by the tumor.
How big was the world’s largest tumor?
The largest tumour ever removed intact was a multicystic mass of the right ovary weighing 138.7 kg (306 lb). The growth had a diameter of 1 m (3 ft) and was removed in its entirety in October 1991 from the abdomen of an unnamed 34-year-old woman.
What is the largest brain tumor?
Doctors in India say Pal’s brain tumor grew so big that it weighed nearly four pounds and measured nearly 8-by-12-by-12 inches, according to local news reports. It may have been the largest brain tumor in the world.
How fast can an ovarian tumor grow?
Ovarian cancer grows quickly and can progress from early stages to advanced within a year. With the most common form, malignant epithelial carcinoma, the cancer cells can grow out of control quickly and spread in weeks or months.
What is a tumor made of?
Tumors are made up of extra cells. Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as your body needs them. When cells grow old, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes, this process goes wrong.
How are large tumors removed?
Removing a tumor is a common type of cancer surgery. This may also be called a “resection” or “excision.” Your doctor usually takes out the tumor and some of the healthy tissue near it. The tissue around the tumor is called the margin. Tumor removal generally requires a larger incision, or cut, than a biopsy.
Which person has the biggest brain?
The volume of the human brain has increased as humans have evolved (see Homininae), starting from about 600 cm3 in Homo habilis up to 1680 cm3 in Homo neanderthalensis, which was the hominid with the biggest brain size….Variation and evolution.
|Name||Brain size (cm3)|
What are the reason of brain tumor?
Doctors are not sure what causes most brain tumors. Mutations (changes) or defects in genes may cause cells in the brain to grow uncontrollably, causing a tumor. The only known environmental cause of brain tumors is having exposure to large amounts of radiation from X-rays or previous cancer treatment.
How long does it take a tumor to grow?
Scientists have found that for most breast and bowel cancers, the tumours begin to grow around ten years before they’re detected. And for prostate cancer, tumours can be many decades old. “They’ve estimated that one tumour was 40 years old. Sometimes the growth can be really slow,” says Graham.
Do ovarian tumors hurt?
The more the cancer spreads, the more intense and consistent the pain can become. In women with stage 3 and stage 4 ovarian cancers, pain often is the main symptom. Sometimes pain is a result of treatments meant to stop the cancer’s spread, such as chemotherapy, surgery, or radiation.
Can you get tumors from stress?
No, being stressed doesn’t directly increase the risk of cancer. The best quality studies have followed up many people for several years. They have found no evidence that those who are more stressed are more likely to get cancer.
Are tumors hard or soft?
In fact, tumors may feel hard from the outside, but research has shown that individual cells within the tissue aren’t uniformly rigid, and can even vary in softness across the tumor. However, cancer researchers didn’t understand how a tumor could be both rigid and soft at the same time, until now. | <urn:uuid:a204c81f-57eb-42b0-8aaf-984695f62549> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://indielullabies.com/what-was-the-largest-tumor-ever-removed-from-a-human/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510300.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927135227-20230927165227-00859.warc.gz | en | 0.966869 | 854 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Sample Type / Medical Specialty: ENT - Otolaryngology
Sample Name: Tonsillectomy & Adenoidectomy - 5
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Chronic adenotonsillitis. The patient is a 9-year-old Caucasian male with history of recurrent episodes of adenotonsillitis that has been refractory to outpatient antibiotic therapy.
(Medical Transcription Sample Report)
Chronic adenotonsillitis.PROCEDURE PERFORMED:
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.ANESTHESIA:
General endotracheal tube.ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS:
Minimum, less than 5 cc.SPECIMENS:
Right and left tonsils 2+, adenoid pad 1+. There was no adenoid specimen.COMPLICATIONS:
The patient is a 9-year-old Caucasian male with history of recurrent episodes of adenotonsillitis that has been refractory to outpatient antibiotic therapy. The patient has had approximately four to five episodes of adenotonsillitis per year for the last three to four years.PROCEDURE:
Informed consent was properly obtained from the patient's parents and the patient was taken to the operating room #3 and was placed in a supine position. He was placed under general endotracheal tube anesthesia by the Department of Anesthesia. The bed was then rolled away from Department of Anesthesia. A shoulder roll was then placed beneath the shoulder blades and a blue towel was then fashioned as a turban wrap. The McIvor mouth gag was carefully positioned into the patient's mouth with attention to avoid the teeth.
The retractor was then opened and the oropharynx was visualized. The adenoid pad was then visualized with a laryngeal mirror. The adenoids appeared to be 1+ and non-obstructing. There was no evidence of submucosal cleft palate palpable. There was no evidence of bifid uvula. A curved Allis clamp was then used to grasp the superior pole of the right tonsil. The tonsil was then retracted inferiorly and medially. Bovie cautery was used to make an incision on the mucosa of the right anterior tonsillar pillar to find the appropriate plane of dissection. The tonsil was then dissected out within this plane using a Bovie. Tonsillar sponge was re-applied to the tonsillar fossa. Suction cautery was then used to adequately obtain hemostasis with the tonsillar fossa. Attention was then directed to the left tonsil. The curved Allis was used to grasp the superior pole of the left tonsil and it was retracted inferiorly and medially. Bovie cautery was used to make an incision in the mucosa of the left anterior tonsillar pillar and define the appropriate plane of dissection. The tonsil was then dissected out within this plane using the Bovie. Next, complete hemostasis was achieved within the tonsillar fossae using suction cautery. After adequate hemostasis was obtained, attention was directed towards the adenoid pad. The adenoid pad was again visualized and appeared 1+ and was non-obstructing. Decision was made to use suction cautery to cauterize the adenoids. Using a laryngeal mirror under direct visualization, the adenoid pad was then cauterized with care to avoid the eustachian tube orifices as well as the soft palate and inferior turbinates. After cauterization was complete, the nasopharynx was again visualized and tonsillar sponge was applied. Adequate hemostasis was achieved. The tonsillar fossae were again visualized and no evidence of bleeding was evident. The throat pack was removed from the oropharynx and the oropharynx was suctioned. There was no evidence of any further bleeding. A flexible suction catheter was then used to suction out the nasopharynx to the oropharynx. The suction catheter was also used to suction up the stomach. Final look revealed no evidence of further bleeding and 10 mg of Decadron was given intraoperatively.DISPOSITION:
The patient tolerated the procedure well and the patient was transported to the recovery room in stable condition.
ent - otolaryngology, chronic adenotonsillitis, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, adenoid, tonsils, tonsillar fossa, tonsillar fossae, suction cautery, adenotonsillitis, oropharynx, hemostasis, cautery, suction, tonsillar,
transcribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users and
are for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.
These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;
this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have been
changed (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date or
place or anything else to real world is purely incidental. | <urn:uuid:93448c06-aa25-4f53-921b-dbf8df27b370> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://mtsamples.com/site/pages/sample.asp?type=100-ENT%20-%20Otolaryngology&sample=2685-Tonsillectomy%20&%20Adenoidectomy%20-%205 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186780.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00448-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952584 | 1,103 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Kites harness the force of the wind.
They express our intent,
But they cannot change the wind.
A person with a kite can make it dip, turn, and flutter at will. An expert can even use a fighting kite and engage another’s until one is cut loose. It’s fun flying a kite, feeling the gigantic tug on the end of your line. Sometimes the wind is so strong that it will nearly lift you off the ground. When you harness the forces of nature, you harness something quite powerful.
This is an example of the proper utilization of Tao. It is taking advantage of natural forces. It means accepting the way they work, and then finding a way to borrow their power. It does not mean trying to change or circumscribe things. If the wind is not blowing our kite the way we want, we cannot change it. We can only borrow its energy. When initiative and natural forces are combined, there is true harmony. | <urn:uuid:765a3c90-8ccf-4c48-8a6b-531a32d72a04> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://mymostlyunfabulouslife.com/2014/02/04/daily-tao-35-utilization/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337473.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004023206-20221004053206-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.932094 | 204 | 2.53125 | 3 |
ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSFLASH NO.537c VISIBLE – THEN INVISIBLE – ART
The invisible pictures – do you know about them?
Yes – ancient pictures that actually become visible,
But first, I must share with you something that
happened when my wife Josephine and I went to a
Across from the beach a whole lot of folk had set
up stalls, selling clothing, pot plants, crafts,
food, souvenirs, and what have you.
Next door was an art gallery… so we strolled in
– and were greeted by an amazing sight…
A GENIUS BEGINS WORK
It revolved around an amazing Maori man named
Rei was an artist that used only dots.
Rei was recovering from a crippling farm accident
which left him almost paralysed.
In 1965, with a family to feed and bills to pay,
Rei and his wife Maia prayed for a solution.
Upon rising from his knees Rei picked up a
ballpoint pen and pad that had been left behind by
his youngest daughter and began to draw –
something he hadn’t done since his early days in
It was an inspired beginning.
With much practice he developed a unique and
unorthodox style called Pointillism, a drawing
made up of millions of tiny dots.
That’s right. Just black dots… nothing more.
Feeling a little embarrassed with his first
works, Rei cautiously hid them from view.
But his wife Maia, found them and showed them
to a local photographer.And he took them to
the director of an art gallery.
After that, Rei developed the control and
discipline to capture in superb detail the New
Zealand forest, from the giant Kauri tree to the
tiny Manuka flower.
Today his art is found throughout the world in
galleries and private collections.
But you’ve seen nothing. Just listen to this…
ANCIENT FACES CHANGE GENDER
What about the faces that change gender? are these
Yes, these were dug up in Germany and belong to
what you might term the “pre-glacial” period.
These are actually giant stones resembling human
They were dug out of the ground in Hamburg, by
an excavator under the direction of engineer
Professor Walther Matthes, a German archaeologist,
Some figures had two faces, and when they were
turned 125 degrees, a man’s face turned into a
This astonishing discovery was reported in the
Russian review Technique and Youth, November 6,
An isolated find? Not really.
Sophisticated ancient art may be more common than
you think – all over the world, in fact.
For an amazing sight,just go to the Plateau of
Marcahuasi, in Peru. And what is to be found
INVISIBLE, THEN VISIBLE ART
Four-dimensional art, no less. And what is that?
Okay, let me put you in the picture.
Here you will find outdoor carvings. According to
the angle of vision, these have several faces— but
you have to move into the right spot to distinguish
each of them.
As you move, they disappear or change into other
Many become visible, then invisible again, seen
only at noon, or twilight, or certain other hours,
or at one of the solstices—and at no other time.
Visible, then invisible ancient sculpture has also
been found elsewhere in South America, as well as
in England (at both Stonehenge and Avebury) and in
France (southern Brittany).
OLD MAN BECOMES A YOUTH
Among other sculptures on the Marcuahasi Plateau
of Peru is a figure of an old man, that when
photographed, changes into the carved face of a
But this happens ONLY WHEN PHOTOGRAPHED. Can you
think of any reason why this would happen? How can
we explain this sculptural mystery, which is
revealed only in the photograph?
Between you and me, it is hard to see how an artist
could achieve this effect even with the benefits of
Primitive ancient artists? No way!
The artists needed incomparable skill to make the
shapes appear only from certain angles and under
certain specific conditions of sunlight.
These examples I have shared weith you belong to
a vast complex of monuments and sculptures covering
a square mile, and using whole cliffs.
Interestingly, here you will also discover images
of all the main human races and of animals from
other parts of the world.
Yes, these are ancient. So what does that suggest
For one thing, that global travel must have been
going on – and that different races were in contact
with each other.
But getting back to the art techniques – just think
Every type of sculptural technique was used:
bas-relief, engraving, and play of light and shade.
The sculptors scientifically utilized the laws of
perspective and optics.
Would you like to know more? And not just about art,
but about other secrets of our past?
MORE ASTONISHING SECRETS
Okay, here is something I don’t do very often. I’ve
decided to toss five of my most revealing books into
one big package and let you have them at great
savings. With a free bonus as well!
My accountant will say I’m crazy. But I want YOU to
know how I value you as a customer.
I so much want you to enjoy this surprise-packed
quintet, that for the next week you can have all 5
e-books worth (70.00) for only 39.95 – if you’re
So here , is your master package. I’ve
called this special 5 in 1 set, “MYSTERIES OF A
Would you like to see what’s in it?
Book 1: 64 SECRETS AHEAD OF US
Step by step, I’ll walk you through sixty-four amazing ways
in which an earlier, forgotten science and technology was
superior to ours today.
You will learn of secret formulas that could
revolutionise modern aviation, construction and medicine –
advanced secrets our world has forgotten.
And art techniques we cannot copy… micro technology…
sub-ocean tunnelling… time viewing devices… lamps that
burn forever… You might well ask, WHAT NEXT???
Book 2: THE BIZARRE ORIGIN OF EGYPT’S
Isis… Horus… Osiris… Crocodile gods… Cat gods…
The golden calf… How did these begin? Why did civilized
people worship such things?
You’ll explore with me a mysterious complex deep under
Egypt’s hot desert sands.
And uncover the most daring hoax in history. As well as a
4,000 year old scandal that affects our society today.
Would you like to know why the most popular man on earth
was executed? How a beautiful woman impersonated
someone else, so she could be queen?
And the advanced technology used by ancient Egyptians to
make a “dead” man come “alive”!
Book 3: THE LOST WORLD OF GIANTS
Have you ever wondered? Were there really humans 12 to
15 feet tall?
* Have any tools, artefacts or houses of ancient
giants been found?
* Do historical records say anything about ancient
I am excited about this , because nearly 100
GIANT discoveries are documented here. With some pictures!
I think you’ll enjoy it.
Book 4: IN A COFFIN IN EGYPT
And I’ve packed in MORE surprises from wonderful Egypt,
land of romance and mystery:
Come and explore with me the secret tunnels of Sakkara…
Also deep under Egypt’s ancient desert sands, a mysterious
tomb… Learn of a surprise oasis in the desert, where
Joseph’s Canal is pointed out by the locals… And amazing
100 foot deep grain pits for a 7 year famine…
Then I’ll share with you the incredible story of a vanishing
mummy… as well as prophecies to make Nostradamus look
pale. You’ll discover some startling information in all this.
Book 5: INTO THE UNKNOWN
And finally, , I’m throwing in for your enjoyment
some true wild adventure: my very first hair-raising
expedition into the unmapped Amazon headwaters… where
savages shrink human heads.
I stayed among primitives whose ancestors once lived in cities!
Just look at these chapters:
* Midnight Drama in a Frontier Village
* In the Hands of Two Murderers
* An Offer Too Dangerous to Accept
* The Witch’s Curse
* How to Shrink a Head
* Weird Sounds in the Dark
* The Fire-god Sacrifice
, these red-hot blockbusters are valued at 70.00
But this next week all 5 books are yours, if you want them,
for only 39.95… You save 43%!
I’m not making this offer to the general public. It’s
specially reserved for you as one of my select customers.
Just go to http://www.beforeus.com/mlw.php
to order your special copy right now.
Please tell your friends
International explorer, archaeologist and author
Jonathan Gray has traveled the world to gather
data on ancient mysteries. He has penetrated
some largely unexplored areas, including parts
of the Amazon headwaters. The author has also
led expeditions to the bottom of the sea and to
remote mountain and desert regions of the world.
He lectures internationally. | <urn:uuid:a38e4730-a81d-49ad-95d6-ecdf3c2396ee> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://b-c-ing-u.com/art/archaeology-newsflash-no-537c-visible-invisible-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737645.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808110257-20200808140257-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.913125 | 2,093 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Behind the buzz and beyond the hype:
Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles
Posted: Sep 14, 2010
The supersensitive detection of explosives by nanowire nano-nose arrays
(Nanowerk Spotlight) The availability of raw materials for the preparation of explosives, together with the growing access to information on preparing these explosives, allows for almost anyone with sufficient will and internet access to prepare a bomb. The vast number of people passing through borders, public places, airports etc. poses a huge challenge for current day security screening technologies. The ultimate goal is of course to be able to rapidly and effectively screen every passing person, without the need to delay the traffic of people, and without human contact if possible.
Another important issue is that explosives, especially concealed ones, have a very low vapor pressure or 'signature' in the surrounding air, which makes their detection (without physically searching the person of course) extremely difficult. To achieve the goal of reliable online and real-time monitoring of large areas there is a need to develop sensors that are cheap, small, and simple, with ultra high sensitivities and with low power consumption to allow for continuous operation. These could be deployed in large numbers to cover the desired area and to prevent false positive/negative alerts.
Semiconducting nanowires are known to be extremely sensitive to chemical species adsorbed on their surfaces. For a nanowire device, the binding of a charged analyte to the surface of the nanowire leads to a conductance change, or a change in current flowing through these tinny wires. Their 1D (one dimensional) nanoscale morphology and their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio make this conductance change to be much greater for nanowire-based sensors versus planar FETs (field-effect transistors), increasing the sensitivity to a point that single molecule detection is possible. In the last decade, it has been demonstrated that these new nanostructures can be used for the detection of multiple biomolecular species of medical diagnostic relevance, such as DNA and proteins.
In our work "Super-sensitive sensing of explosives with silicon nanowire arrays", published recently in the September 10 issue of Angewandte Chemie International Edition, we used the ultrasensitive recognition properties of semiconducting silicon nanowires to demonstrate the most sensitive ever published sensing of explosives reported so far.
To achieve this goal, we chemically modified the nanowire devices with a monolayer of an amine-functionalized silane derivative, namely 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTES). TNT molecules can strongly bind to the surface of the nanowires through an acid–base pairing interaction between TNT and amino ligands on the sensor surface. The exceptional performance of the SiNW devices enables the detection of TNT with unprecedented sensitivities reaching sub-femtomolar (10-15 M) concentrations in the liquid phase or ∼10 fg/liter (10-15 gram) in the gas phase.
Schematic representation of TNT sensing. Explosives can be detected with unprecedented sensitivity by using arrays of silicon nanowire field-effect transistors modified with an electron-rich aminosilane monolayer, which form complexes with the analytes. These "NanoNoses" can be used to sense the presence of TNT at concentrations as low as 1x10-6 ppt, which is superior to that of sniffer dogs or any other known explosive detection method. (Reprinted with permission from Wiley-VCH Verlag)
In existing methods, pre-concentration of air or liquid samples is usually required for a measurable signal to be recorded by the sensor. These procedures are timely, and delay the operation of a sensor. Due to the extremely high sensitivities displayed by our "NanoNose" sensor, we do not have the requirement to perform such operations before detecting ultra low concentrations of TNT. Besides being extremely sensitive, this sensor can be rapidly 'regenerated' by a simple wash with water containing a minimal amount of organic solvent, so it can be used again and again for many cycles. Another important point worth mentioning is the fact that the entire volume of the sensing chamber in our device is ~10 µl. This means that very little sample is needed to perform analysis.
The target is to sense not only TNT but also other nitro aromatic containing explosives. This is where the "nose" concept comes into play. Our array has the potential to contain hundreds of silicon nanowire elements on a single chip (1 square millimeter area in total for this array).
Groups of nanowires are modified with different molecules, which have different chemical interactions with different explosive molecules resulting in a unique response pattern obtained for each of the explosives. In preliminary experiments we could indeed observe the different pattern response as expected. The large number of recognition elements provides not only the ability for pattern recognition, but also greatly reduces problems such as false positive (Phantom recognition) or false negative (missed recognition) alarms.
Pattern recognition is a known technique and has been used before, also for the sensing of different explosives, but signal processing is usually complex, since the signal is usually optical. With silicon nanowires, processing is very simple since we simply measure the currents passing through the wires, and the results are immediately transferred to a computer without any need for complex optical readers for signal transformation.
To achieve commercialization of sensing devices based on large arrays of silicon nanowires, precise assembly of the nanowire elements in predefined places on the device chip is required. Although several methods such as "fluidic alignment ", "electric field-directed assembly and "dry transfer" assembly have been developed, none has yet provided complete control over the density and interwire spacing on the chip.
Recently a new method developed in our lab was used to create large-scale ordered nanowire arrays with high yield by the so called "knocking-down" approach, based on the controlled in-place planarization of nanowire elements. Further development of this method or others is needed to successfully produce commercial devices based on silicon nanowire arrays. Another important issue is the selective modification of nanowires with different chemical functionalities for the detection of different materials within a single array.
Current work in our lab is focused in controlling the exact location of the nanowire elements and on their selective chemical modification to obtain an array that can differentiate between different explosives, and on using the ultrasensitive properties of silicon nanowires to develop new platforms for the detection of other interesting and relevant substances such as chemical warfare agents, e.g. toxins. These nanosensors, based on existing CMOS technology could be cheaply produced in large numbers and deployed in strategic locations such as airports, government buildings and public places to provide real-time and online monitoring of hazardous substances. | <urn:uuid:77d835a8-2785-4450-a20a-01aceaacb661> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=18013.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657125488.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011205-00285-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926177 | 1,413 | 2.609375 | 3 |
• Bad leadership was our greatest weakness after Independence and it remains the case today.
• The right president must be a nationalist whose primary purpose will be not only to develop but also unite the country as a prerequisite for economic progress.
Without the right President, Kenya will go nowhere.
Bad leadership was our greatest weakness after Independence and it remains the case today. Without leadership, the country is like a vehicle without headlights at night. It is bound to make accidents and kill people.
So where are we in matters leadership?
We are not just a vehicle without headlights but are also a suicidal vehicle headed for the precipice sure to kill everybody on board.
How then shall we get a president who is neither blind nor suicidal? What kind of a leader do we need to survive, unite and develop ourselves from the wilderness?
First, we must have a leader who is not tribal, to unite us as the late President Julius Nyerere brought Tanzanians together.
Second, the right president must be a nationalist whose primary purpose will be, not only to develop but also unite the country as a prerequisite for economic progress.
Third, he or she needs to be a nationalist who will declare war against negative ethnicity, the ideology of our politics as an ethnically divided nation.
Fourth, the right head of state does not just need to reject negative ethnicity. He needs to embrace nationalism that will forbid ethnic alliances and coalitions, which have plunged us into our current political crisis.
Fifth, he or she must not reach out to communities by incorporating tribal leaders into national leadership, in the name of inclusivity, but by championing proportional representation across the board.
Sixth, the person should distribute public resources to every Kenyan and to every corner of the country, not by privilege but by right.
Seventh, we need an individual who will not foist himself upon his people as God, forcing them to bow, genuflect and worship him to get development and state jobs.
Eighth, the right president must not govern through terror, impoverishment, fear and silence — or be ruined and destroyed.
Ninth, a good president must define leadership to mean service to the people, especially the poorest in society, and not an opportunity for self-enrichment and ownership of the country, government and business.
Tenth, the right president should not allow his subjects and citizens to worship him or any other person who wields power. While there must be respect for all offices, that should not mean human worship that we associate with many monarchies.
Eleventh, he shall not strive to own country, government, taxes and slaves, as some presidents in the past have done to the detriment of democracy, good leadership, society and development of the country.
Twelfth, Kenya needs a leader who will embrace democracy and be a democrat, who will criticise people and accept citizens’ criticism of him. No good president shall make people fear to criticise him. A president who refuses to accept criticism by the people in good faith is a dictator.
Thirteenth: a good president shall not acquire wealth through corruption, giving people a bad example to follow. Indeed, the right leader should not do business while in office to avoid using power and influence to enrich themselves.
Fourteenth, a preferred leader will be the one who resigns when he perpetrates or fails to stop corruption, negative ethnicity, unemployment and poverty. Failure to do that, he will indeed be a dictator who will be unwilling to resign even when there is obvious evidence of failure.
Fifteenth and finally, no right president shall take his country to heaven without a good team of advisers, who will advise him to work not for himself and a few friends, but the whole country.
Sixteenth, the right president shall be the one who resigns when he perpetrates or fails to stop corruption, negative ethnicity, unemployment and poverty. He will indeed be a dictator who will be unwilling to resign even when there is obvious evidence of failure.
Finally, a good president shall resign when those he has appointed fail at work, perpetuate corruption or propagate negative ethnicity. | <urn:uuid:aaf2cc9e-a0b4-4b5c-a9e3-b46a7b1819bc> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.the-star.co.ke/siasa/2019-05-18-the-ideal-president-noble-practical-generous/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523476.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607013327-20200607043327-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.960019 | 845 | 2.640625 | 3 |
About a century ago, the Smithsonian collected artifacts from Georgia’s Etowah Indian Mounds. Since then, they’ve been sitting in storage; most haven’t been studied or displayed publicly. Now those artifacts are coming back to Georgia, to go on display for the first time.
To choose pieces for this show, curators from Tellus Science Museum in Cartersville made a few trips to the Smithsonian.
“It turns out they had tens of thousands of pieces there in cabinets. We kept opening cabinets and kept marveling at things,” said Jose Santamaria, executive director of Tellus.
That’s tens of thousands of pieces from the Etowah Indian Mounds, which are nearby. A thousand years ago, the mounds were part of a city in the Mississippian culture, home to thousands of people. Now, they’re part of a state park, popular for school field trips.
The exhibit pulled together a selection of pieces from the Smithsonian. There are intricate items, like a shell with a carving of a snake, and an embossed copper image known as a “birdman.”
Read the full article here: http://news.wabe.org/post/etowah-artifacts-come-back-georgia-after-century-storage | <urn:uuid:0f8c98d4-f622-4ea0-88d9-c417c52a5e53> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://lostworlds.org/etowah-artifacts-georgia-century-storage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103620968.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629024217-20220629054217-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.935337 | 280 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The country of Tibet lies on the northern side of the vast Himalayan mountain range. Tibet is one of the highest inhabited areas on earth and has the nickname “roof of the earth” due to its towering peaks, which include the infamous Mt. Everest. It is also one of the most secluded regions on earth, with the average mountain in Tibet standing above 20,000 ft. and making the area difficult to access. The area holds the third-largest store of water and ice, after only the Arctic and Antarctic.
Eastern beliefs like Buddhism — one of Tibet’s most prominent belief systems — hold animals in high reverence, and Buddhist monks throughout the centuries have played a key role in developing and preserving Tibet’s most iconic dog breeds.
This small isolated country is home to some of the world’s most beautiful dog breeds, including one of the world’s most expensive. We put together a list of the unique breeds originating in the region, along with a few popular hybrids, to help you get to know these beautiful dogs a little better.
1. Lhasa Apso
The small, loyal, and devoted Lhasa Apso is well over a thousand years old and spent most of their history as a dedicated companion in monasteries high up in the Himalayas. The defining characteristic of these tiny pooches is their floor-length coat, which parts in the center of their back and flows downward to the floor. The breed has long been associated with the Dalai Lama and owes its existence in the United States to the 14th Dalai Lama, who often gave them as gifts. Lhasa puppies are far slower to mature than most breeds, and they typically are only ready for their new home at 10 weeks old.
2. Tibetan Kyi Apso
The Tibetan Kyi Apso is native to the Mt. Kailash region of the Tibetan Plateau and is a highly rare animal — so rare, in fact, that very few or none of these dogs exist outside of Tibet. The breed was originally kept to protect livestock and as a guardian of their owners’ homes, and their coat has traditionally been kept and weaved into small carpets. The breed was unknown in the West until 1937, when a photograph emerged showing the 13th Dalai Lama and what appeared to be a Tibetan Kyi Apso.
3. Tibetan Mastiff
The ancient and giant Tibetan Mastiff was originally bred as a guard dog for livestock but is more commonly found today as a loyal companion animal. These dogs are patient, calm, and loving animals, and their centuries of working closely with people show in their adaptable character. Their massive size makes them a wonderful guard dog but also a handful to look after. One of the most expensive dogs ever sold was a Tibetan Mastiff, fetching $1.9 million in 2014, leading to a subsequent surge in breeding.
4. Tibetan Spaniel
The small and self-confidant Tibetan Spaniel was bred centuries ago for sentinel work in Tibetan monasteries. They are known for their silky coat and the distinctive “lion’s mane” that wraps around their neck. They are highly alert and active little pooches that crave human attention and companionship — these dogs don’t enjoy being left alone and will act out in mischievous ways if not given sufficient attention. Their high intellect and eagerness to please makes them easy to train and ideal family companions.
5. Tibetan Terrier
Also known as the “Holy dog of Tibet,” the Tibetan Terrier is a loyal, affectionate, and highly sensitive pooch with a long association with Tibetan Buddhism. They have a distinctive long, straight, and silky coat and large “snowshoe” paws that are adapted to navigate the harsh and snowy terrain of the Himalayas. The “Terrier” part of their name is a misnomer — they are not true Terriers by nature, but the name given to them by Westerners stuck. They are native to the “Lost Valley of Tibet,” where they were highly valued companions and said to have brought luck to whoever owned them.
6. Shih Tzu
The Shih Tzu is a pint-sized toy dog breed with a big heart, and their name literally means “little lion.” These dogs were bred solely as companions, though, and there is actually not much lion-like about them! They have distinctive long locks that cover their entire body, with a topknot typically tied on their head to allow them to see. These good-natured dogs are ideal for novice owners because they have no prey drive, are intelligent and easy to train, and are friendly with just about everybody. The only difficulty in owning one of these unique pooches is the constant grooming to maintain their elegant coats.
Popular Tibetan Mixed Breeds
7. Shih Poo
A cross between the Shih Tzu and Toy Poodle, the Shih Poo is about as adorable as they come. These dogs are the quintessential lapdog — adaptable, loving, gentle, and patient — and they make the perfect companion for almost any situation. They have a moderate energy level and will enjoy playing and walking with their owners as much as a snooze in their owner’s lap.
The Kobetan is a rare breed, a mix between a Tibetan Terrier and Cocker Spaniel. While these dogs are rare and relatively unknown, their popularity is on the rise due to their gentle and kind nature. They have a ton of energy, though, and require a great deal of daily exercise to stay happy. They are adaptable animals that are well-suited to apartment living provided that they get adequate exercise, and their even-temperament and gentle nature make them great family pets.
9. Tibetan Spaltese
A mix between a Maltese and Tibetan Spaniel, these little dogs are full of energy and personality. They are great with small children and other pets and are social animals that love to be around their family. These dogs are highly intelligent and easy to train, making them the ideal choice for families and novice dog owners.
The affectionate and energetic Ttoodle is a mix between the Standard Poodle and Tibetan Terrier. These dogs are highly intelligent and have a great deal of energy that requires daily exercise to keep them out of mischief. Although somewhat wary of strangers, they are great with children, and their gentle nature makes them exceptional family animals.
A cross between the Tibetan Terrier and Coton de Tulear, the sprightly Tibecot is a great companion animal and makes an excellent family dog. They are extremely social dogs that are prone to separation anxiety when left alone for extended periods and may act out by barking, digging, and chewing. While they are usually fine with other dogs, albeit a little bossy at times, they may chase smaller animals and cats due to their Coton heritage.
12. Tibepillon Terrier
The Tibepillon Terrier is a cross between the Papillon and Tibetan Terrier, these dogs are highly active and affectionate and likely to be vocal at times. With early socialization, these dogs are great with other dogs and pets and are gentle, patient, and playful with small children. They are adaptable pooches that do well in apartments, although they tend to bark frequently if not sufficiently trained.
Featured Image Credit: Vladimir Zhoga, Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:fed8ede5-9fb3-48cb-90dc-c407d1962a14> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://doggiedesigner.com/tibetan-dog-breeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038069133.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412175257-20210412205257-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.971086 | 1,547 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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