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Decoding the Psychology Behind Rock-Paper-Scissors
Researchers from China have found that people fall into a specific pattern while playing rock-paper-scissors. Decoding the psychology behind the game could improve a sneaky player's chances of winning.
The popular game is not only used to settle bar tabs, but also to study competition phenomenon in society and even species diversity in biology.
Previously, it was believed that people follow "the Nash equilibrium" in selecting their options. Ideally, people would randomly pick one of the three options equally over time to keep their responses unpredictable.
However, the new study suggests that on a large scale, players use a pattern to choose their options. During the first round, people pick randomly. However, in the second round, losers switch their choices clockwise. Players use the "win-stay, lose-shift" strategy to maximize their chances of winning, according to MIT Technology Review.
The study was conducted by researchers at Zhejiang University. The team recruited 360 students and divided them into groups of six. Participants then played 300 rounds of the game in random pairings. The students won money each time they won a game. During the games, researchers noted how participants chose their options, arstechnica reported.
The team found that when people won a game, their chances of repeating the same action were higher during the second round. However, when people lost, they were more likely to switch their options- going from rock to paper to scissors to rock, Washington Post reported.
According to the researchers, the study shows that players use conditioned response to increase their chances of winning.Conditioned response is a learned behavior towards a specific stimulus.
"On a more biological side, whether conditional response is a basic decision-making mechanism of the human brain or just a consequence of more fundamental neural mechanisms is a challenging question for future studies," the Zhejiang researchers wrote in the study paper.
Read the full research paper, here.
Whether the strategy is applicable to a game of rock-paper-scissor-lizard and Spock is still a mystery!
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home » do your homework » english & language arts »
Share your writing, connect with other readers, and discover new stories and authors.
A destination for writers to improve their craft; a haven for readers to geek out about books; and a platform to kickstart
your writing goals.
November is National Novel Writing Month. Write an entire novel in one month, and receive writing tips and support all year long.
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Online tools for writers, grant opportunities, discussion forums, and more.
Last updated: Sep. 12, 2013
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“Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master.” - Christian Lous Lange
Imagine a world where email encryption or secure transfer systems, which seem to be invulnerable, can be hacked using quantum computing.
Quantum computing (QC) is a field that is developing quickly. For example, earlier this year, Google built the largest quantum computing chip, a 72-qubit processor.
But what is the main philosophy behind QC?
A Particle in the Quantum World
In the real world, an object can be in one of all the probable states, it can have different energies, or it can be moving at different speeds.
But in the quantum world, there is the concept of superposition, where a particle can exist across all the possible states of position, speed or energy at the same time. So, the results are uncertain and have to be calculated in terms of probability.
Quantum mechanics (QM) is a confusing subject for many. According to QM, a particle can be in two or more places at once, and this is called its quantum state. Every quantum state can be represented as a sum of two or more other distinct states.
To understand this better, take an example from the quantum information processing field. In this sector, there are qubits, instead of classical bits. The qubit “lives” in a state of superposition, a possible combination of the basic states, |0> and |1>.
Contrary to a classical bit, which can only be in the state corresponding to 0 or the state corresponding to 1, a qubit can be in a superposition of both states. This means that the probabilities of measuring 0 or 1 for a qubit are, in general, neither 0% nor 100%, but something between them. Therefore, multiple measurements made in qubits, in identical states, would not always give the same result.
Another paradox referred to the chronological order in which two or more events happen. We have two events: "A happens before B" and "B happens before A," and as per QM, it is possible to prove that both the events can happen first in a probabilistic way.
A thought experiment conducted by Erwin Schrödinger to explain quantum mechanics, using everyday objects. (Source: Wikimedia Commons)
Richard Feynman, an important contributor to the quantum theory, said, “Nature is quantum, goddamn it! So, if we want to simulate it, we need a quantum computer.”
This brings us to the question -- can quantum mechanics actually affect our futures?
Cryptography and Blockchain Technology
For secure communication or for private storage of data, organizations or individuals need to make their data unreadable and inaccessible to other users. This has led to the concept of cryptography being considered the main technology for the purpose.
Cryptography is a process which transforms data into an encoded message, that hides the original message, and then allows the receiver to convert the message back to the initial sender. This technique can be traced back to the ancients, with the first documented use dating to 1900 BC in ancient Egypt, with substituted hieroglyphics. Following this, many innovations and discoveries have been made, until now, where intelligent machines are used to produce higher levels of data encryption.
Quantum computing can be used as a threat to cryptography and cybersecurity, in general, and with this technology, information can be processed many times faster too. But what worries scientists the most is the codebreaking and encryption cracking involved.
By design, blockchain is a decentralized technology, a database, which is visible to everyone. A global network of computers uses blockchain technology, and this has an impact on our lives. It is an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently, in a verifiable and permanent way. For use as a distributed ledger, blockchain is typically managed by a peer-to-peer network, collectively adhering to a protocol for inter-node communication and validating new blocks.
Blockchain was invented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008, the identity of whom is one of the biggest mysteries in the technology world. The pseudonymous creator is estimated to own 980,000 bitcoins, amassed from mining the cryptocurrency in its early days.
Many leading cybersecurity companies use blockchain technology to prevent data tampering. Also, US healthcare companies are beginning to explore this technology for relevant issues. These technologies are threatened by QC, and the types of encryption that companies depend on are no longer considered secure because of the algorithms for codebreaking on quantum computers.
A graphic explaining an interesting concept called quantum cryptography that can potentially solve the problem of compromise of information involved in technologies such as blockchain. (Source: OpenMind)
Public key cryptography is considered is one of the most vulnerable to cracking by a QC, thus putting bitcoin investments at a high risk.
As the director of IBM Research, Arvind Krishna, mentioned, “Quantum computers will be able to instantly break the encryption of sensitive data protected by today's strongest security.” He also warned, "Anyone that wants to make sure that their data is protected for longer than 10 years should move to alternate forms of encryption now."
However, this could, very well, take more than five years because of the advances in quantum computing technologies as well.
In the end, every coin has two sides. If we assess the potential risks through extensive research, then our technologies and people can be protected.
Quantum computers are a technological revolution and can take our communication to a higher level. It is up to us if we evolve the science in a direction that will bring benefits and notable innovations in the future.
Top Image: The role of quantum computers in cryptography. (Image Source: makeuseof.com)
1. Jonas DeMuro, 2018. What is cryptography [Online] Available at: https://www.techradar.com/news/what-is-cryptography
2. Sarah Rothrie, 2018. How cryptographic algorithms and hashing keep blockchain secure [Online] Available at: https://jaxenter.com/cryptographic-hashing-secure-blockchain-149464.html
3. Brian Curran, 2018. What are Cryptographic Signatures? Complete Beginner’s Guide [Online] Available at: https://blockonomi.com/cryptographic-signatures/
4. Garry Hilson, 2018. Quantum Computing Is Mathematically Better, But Not Always [Online] Available at: https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1333900
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Actually, fiber is for a lot of things. That title was just to get your attention.
Of all the changes we have wreaked on traditional diets over the last hundred years, our drastic reduction in fiber intake might very well be the most significant. Not only have we turned away from fiber-rich plant foods, but the plant foods we do eat are often “refined” to remove their natural fiber, leaving us with bland, malleable white bread, white rice, and white pasta. We even refine our vegetables, removing the nutritious peels from carrots and cucumbers, and foregoing fresh tomatoes for bottled tomato sauce (made without tomato skins and seeds) ladled over white pasta.
What is fiber anyways? And why is it so important? Simply put, fiber is the stuff in plant food we can’t digest. Since it isn’t digested, it isn’t absorbed. Instead, it acts as a broom, sweeping out the intestines; feeds the “friendly,” probiotic bacteria in the gut; and helps regulate how we absorb nutrients. All that might sound relatively abstract. To put it in clearer terms, fiber lowers the risk of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease; helps keeps us regular; supports the immune system; and yes, plays a major role in weight loss as well.
Fiber in Food: Vegetables, whole grains, legumes, fruits, and mushrooms are all good sources of fiber. I’m not going to catalog exactly which foods are rich in exactly how much fiber because that would take up too much space. Besides, reading labels should tell you all you need to know.
One thing to note when you’re reading labels, however, is that fiber contributes to a food’s official calorie count – even though we don’t absorb those calories. To get a better sense of the useable calories in a food, take the number of grams of fiber and multiply by four. That’s the number of calories you can subtract from the calorie count on the label.
Types of Fiber: There are two major types of fiber: soluble, which dissolves in water to form a gel; and insoluble, which does not dissolve. Most fiber-rich foods contain both soluble and insoluble fiber, although in varying proportions. Vegetables, fruit skins, seeds, and whole wheat are all relatively high in insoluble fiber. Fruits, legumes, and oats are all good sources of soluble fiber.
While all fiber is beneficial, soluble fiber generally has more to offer, especially as a supplement. First, it has that ability dissolve in water, forming that thick, viscous gel. This gel can then bind to toxins – and by “toxins” here, I mean anything the body is trying to get rid of, including excess hormones and cholesterol – to help escort them out of the body. The gel also slows the rate at which foods leave the stomach, hit the small intestine, and are absorbed into the bloodstream. This ultimately affects our blood sugar, our appetite, and how fattening a meal is.
Beyond all this, soluble fiber feeds the beneficial, probiotic bacteria that live in the large intestine. And while it’s beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the 101 things the friendly bacteria do for us, suffice it to say they lower our cancer risk, keep the immune system up and running, help normalize digestion, and many, many other things.
Glucomannan: A Special Kind of Fiber. Taking fiber pills is no substitute for seeking out fiber-rich foods. That being said, if you are looking to pills, Glucomannan, from the Konjac plant, truly is a special kind of fiber. Glucomannan absorbs more water, gram for gram, than other kinds of soluble fiber, and it forms a thicker, more viscous gel. In other words, you need less Glucomannan to get the same effect. This makes Glucomannan more practical to take as a supplement, in a few easy-to-swallow capsules, compared to other kinds of fiber you’d have to take by the spoonful.
Glucomannan: Regulating Blood Sugar. While fiber helps keep things moving along in the lower GI, it slows things down in the upper GI, especially in terms of how long it takes food to move out of the stomach and into the small intestine. The longer it takes food to leave the stomach and get into the small intestine, the more gradually it raises our blood sugar.
There’s some research here to support these claims. There’s also our nurse, Grace, and her experience with Glucomannan. Grace is diabetic, and is always monitoring her blood sugar. She uses a Glucomannan-based combo called WellBetX before meals. “If I take it before my meal,” she says, “I can have a 40-50 count difference in my blood sugar.”
Glucomannan: Cholesterol and Elevated Blood Lipids: A lot of people come in asking me what to do about high cholesterol, and fiber is always one of the first things I mention. It’s not that there aren’t other, more powerful options for getting your numbers down. There are. But I like to recommend fiber because it not only lowers cholesterol, but has all sorts of side benefits as well.
Once again, Glucomannan is an especially good type of fiber here, and especially when taken before starchy or sugary meals.
Glucomannan: Weight Loss/Weight Management: The research on fiber and weight management really is impressive, with dozens if not hundreds of studies linking increased dietary fiber with better weight control. Not only do we have all sorts of epidemiological data, but there have also been quite a few double-blind clinical trials as well, showing that fiber supplements, as part of a healthy diet-and-exercise program, consistently help people lose weight, and keep the weight off.
When it comes to supplements, Glucomannan really shines. In the research I’ve seen, people taking Glucomannan average 2-4 pounds a month more weight loss versus those taking a placebo. Glucomannan is definitely one of the most effective supplements to help people control weight, as part of a complete program including diet and exercise.
What really impressed me, however, were the trials I saw when people took Glucomannan and then were not given any instructions to diet or exercise. Even here, the people taking the fiber supplements averaged 2-4 pounds weight loss per month, compared to a placebo group that generally didn’t lose any weight, or occasionally even gained some. To put it another way, the people taking Glucomannan lost those pounds without even trying. Other research has shown that, when people try to diet, Glucomannan helps them stick to it. Neat stuff!
Dosing: A lot of different dosing regimens were used in the dozens of clinical trials. I believe that a good dose is one gram (usually two capsules) taken before each meal, with a large glass of water.
… Adam Stark
Of course this is all a matter of opinion, but I think that removing the fiber from our diets has done more to hurt us than pesticide residues, partially hydrogenated oils, and livestock fed on industrial diets. Of course the environmental consequences of pesticide use may well outstrip the dietary ones…
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Narrator: This is Science Today. A survey of restaurants in New York found that nearly a quarter of the fish listed on menus were mislabeled. So, scientists are working on a genetic sequence technique called fish barcoding that can positively identify fish species.
Burton: To make sure that labeling is in fact indicative of what the species composition is in a market.
Narrator: Marine biologist Ron Burton of the University of California, San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography says it's important for the public to make sure they're getting what they think they're getting.
Burton: And the reason for this is, in some cases species in a market like red snapper, we can be seeing red snapper at many fish markets and that would lead somebody to believe that the fish is very common, when in fact what's being sold is a diversity of species - some of which are common, some of which aren't. And so it can lead to a false impression about the abundance of species to the public.
Narrator: For Science Today, I'm Larissa Branin.
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Intro by Miles (Chip) Boothe
Over 600 vessels have been escorted by the Neah Bay tug since it first started operating in 1999; 6 involved throwing lines to a vessel in distress. This afternoon the legislature is looking at a new measure to fund the tug permanently (beyond the 1 year that Governor Gregoire recently promised) and transfer the burden of cost to the maritime shipping industry.
See Fred Felleman’s guest column in the Seattle Pi (Feb 4, 2009) [~40% of tankers calling on WA are single-hulled; WA has 5 refiners that process 9 billion gallons crude/yr;
Dan Doty: Slick Fixes for the Salish Sea – Restoring Natural Resources after Oil Spills
Prevention is important, but what happens if a spill occurs? Three types of responses:
- Restoration is handled by Natural Resouce Damage Assessment (NRDA; guided by State and Federal law).
- Oil spill response (incident command system)
Most spills are small. NRDA is WA compensation schedule ($1-100/Gal damages go into a fund that is used for restoration)
Bigger spills involve planning and preparation:
- NRDA guidance and team organization, early assessment plans (EDCPs), training, science, monitoring
- Initial chaos, logistical issues, though there is a pre-organized oil spill response system
- Recommendations for conducting cooperative natural resource damage assessment (April 07 West Coast Joint Assessment Team)
- Collection of data through ephemeral data collection plans and sampling “go kits” and caches (e.g. with Makah Tribe, Navy)
- Key issue is staffing, training, drilling: field crews need Hazwoper Training, scientifically and legally defensible (chain of custody) data must be collected through specialized resource teams. We’re incorporating a worst case drill into training of NRDA team.
- One of the first tasks is to identify key resources at risk, focus injury assessments on highest priorities, look for baseline data to assess impacts. So, baseline data is being collected and maintained (e.g. at Padilla Bay GIS).
- Oil spills have sub-lethal and long-term effects on aquatic ecosystems (e.g. PAHs affect herring eggs)
Restoration is the goal of this whole process. We need to invest in preparation to do a good job when a spill happens.
Evaluating Capacity to Respond to Large-scale Oil Spills in Puget Sound and the Georgia Basin, Jacqui Brown-Miller
Later this week the Washington Oil Spill Advisory Council will publish “Assessment of capacity in WA State to respond to large-scale marine oil spills.” This is a synopsis of the assessment of what to do in the first 48 hours after a ~50k barrel spill. The results of the study will likely guide upcoming policy revisions.
- recover oil with skimmers
- sensitive shoreline protection with booms
- in-situ burning and chemical dispersent
- shoreline clean-up in urgent phase (to keep that oil from moving further)
- wildlife response (usually doesn’t start until after 48 hours)
- WA state has existing resources to recover only 9500-19500 barrels of a 50k barrel instantaneous release.
- Numeric estimations accounted for senarios with various spill behavior, response tactics, swath width, recovery system efficiency and storage capacity.
- Response capacity is highest near equipment caches; Port Angeles is highest; lowest are on outer coast.
- It looks like ~32k feet of boom is stored in Mackaye Bay (or somewhere near Lopez Island)
- 1400-1800 barrels may be dispersed; ~4k could be burned; we have optimistically 684 response personel; manual removal off beach would require 100s to 1000s of workers; mechanical removal should have an advance policy about when/where such “scraping off” could occur
- Working on a hazing plan to keep marine mammals away.
- Wave and wind limitations mean that mechanical recovery would be unimpaired 94% of the time in inland waters, but only ~25% of the time on outer coast.
- Main uncertainties: availabililty of people and equipment (day of week, can multiple gear be deployed simultaneously?)
- We need more on-water storage devices and earth-moving equipment and cleanup equipment (e.g. super-sacks).
Looking to the Future – Training, Drills, and Exercises, David Sawicki
Dept of Ecology has a Spill Drill checklist that is aligned with the Northwest Area Contingency Plan and designed to test the functionality of the Incident Command System. Federally, there is National Preparedness for Response Plan document.
The present state: Incident Command System is probably best in the world
Future state: Increased focus on field activities (not incident command post where we are excellent)
- shoreline cleanup
- wildlife rescue/rehabilitation
- dispersant approval / application process
- volunteer management
- staging area management
We need to do this through workshops and coordinated training (leveraging proximal refineries and response organizations). We need to move past repetitive checklist 3-year cycle approach. “Many of us are ready for graduate school.” We also need to develop more realistic goals (only a mag 9 earthquake would cause some of the scenarios we train for…)
Kathy Fletcher: Prevention is the most important thing we can do. Right now we have a 5cent/barrel tax that funds our prevention and response activities, but the revenue is unpredictable because if oil is shipped out of WA the tax is refunded. The Oil Spill Advisory Council needs to advise the legislature on ways to stabilize the revenue (though the Governor has suggested abolishing the Council itself). This March 24th will mark the 20th anniversary of the Exxon spill where lack of vigilance was the main reason the damage was so grave.
Richard Wright: Runs largest private, non-profit Marine Spill Response Company (4M barrel clean-up capacity, nationally??). WA State is very well prepared and we have an MOA with Burrard, a Canadian counterpart. A single phone call will access their full resources.
Linda Pilkey-Jarvis: possible big spills are from 10k barrels to ~3M barrels. We have gained rules in latest regulatory framework that make review of plans optimal, e.g. standards for skimmer efficiency equipment. We’ve pushed equipment caches to outer coast areas and San Juan Islands. Some companies are close to compliance, but many have a ways to go as we begin this 3 year process. Before plans are approved, we go into field to verify procedures and resources.
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Genetics Of Patterning The Cerebral Cortex Discoverd by Salk Institute for Biological Studies Scientists
10/14/2009 7:47:37 AM
Physorg -- The cerebral cortex, the largest and most complex component of the brain, is unique to mammals and alone has evolved human specializations. Although at first all stem cells in charge of building the cerebral cortex—the outermost layer of neurons commonly referred to as gray matter—are created equal, soon they irrevocably commit to forming specific cortical regions. But how the stem cells' destiny is determined has remained an open question.
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Cancer is the disease of the cells, which are the building blocks of a human being. Our cells are mostly controlled by our genes. All cancers begin because of problems with these genes.
Most of the time the human body can fix these gene problems by itself. But sometimes it cannot, meaning the cells can grow without stopping. This leads to a growth or swelling (a tumour).
It is important to remember that this is general information. There are many different types of cancer and, these days, lots of different treatments and drugs that work to cure or help slow the growth of cancers. Your doctors will use tests to find out exactly what type of cancer you have and then help you to decide the best way to treat it.
The word ‘cancer’ causes a lot of fear in many people. If you or someone you are close to has, or is suspected of having, cancer then it can help to get support to manage the fear. Many hospitals have professional counselors who can support you. Other networks, such as Counterpoint (previously called BreaCan) or the Victorian Cancer Council, can also help put you in touch with people to assist you.
The cervix forms the neck of your uterus (or womb) and sits at the top of your vagina. This cancer is not very common. Each year there are about 730 new cases of cervical cancer found in AustralianLearn more
The endometrium is the lining of the uterus or womb. Also known as uterine cancer, endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological cancer with 1900 Australian women diagnosed each year.Learn more
Fallopian tube cancer
The fallopian tubes are part of your reproductive system. When you ovulate an egg passes from your ovaries along your fallopian tubes to your uterus. Each year about 70 Australian women find out they have fallopian tube cancer.Learn more
The ovaries are small organs that make female hormones and eggs. Around 3 in 100 Australian women who have cancer have ovarian cancer. Each year, about 1300 Australian women find out they have ovarian cancer.Learn more
Vaginal cancer is rare. About one in every 200 Australian women with cancer have cancer of the vagina. Each year about 90 new cases of vaginal cancer are found in Australian women.Learn more
The vulva is the name of the genitals on the outside of a woman’s body. It includes the clitoris, the labia majora and labia minora. Vulvar cancer grows in the clitoris or labia.Learn more
The Women’s does not accept any liability to any person for the information or advice (or use of such information or advice) which is provided on the Website or incorporated into it by reference. The Women’s provide this information on the understanding that all persons accessing it take responsibility for assessing its relevance and accuracy. Women are encouraged to discuss their health needs with a health practitioner. If you have concerns about your health, you should seek advice from your health care provider or if you require urgent care you should go to the nearest Emergency Dept.
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Forecasting When Storms Will Start
Hi again! Guess what? Today I had the day off!
Each day, our goal is to set up the "Doppler on Wheels" or DOW near where storms are most likely to occur so that hopefully the storms will pass near the radar and we can collect data on them. To help us with that, there is a group of weather forecasters involved in the COPS project. Each morning they look at all kinds of data and output from weather models in order to predict what the weather is going to be. Then they issue a weather report. It's kind of like what you see on the news ("It'll be sunny this morning, but there is a chance of rain this afternoon, and the high will be 90 degrees.") except that these forecasts are specific to the things we are trying to study, primarily how storm clouds form. They call the first step of storm cloud formation "Convective Initiation" or CI for short. The picture above is a thunderstorm that developed out of some convection.
The forecasters try to predict if the conditions will be right for CI, and when and where it will happen.
This morning, they made their forecast and decided that the storms were going to develop overnight. We needed to set up the DOW starting at midnight and collect data until the following evening. That meant we had the day off! We spent the day at an amusement park near here called "EuropaPark" riding rollercoasters. I wasn't expecting to do that during my field work. What a bonus!!
Go to the next postcard
Postcards from the Field: COPS
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When talking about food most people immediately think calories. How many calories are in this? Is that too many calories? Can I afford to eat that many calories? Calories are even listed at the top of a nutrition label. While our society has decided that calories should hold a high honor when discussing nutrition they are not the end all be all. In fact, the types of nutrients we are consuming are more important than the calories.
So that must mean macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Protein and Fat? Not exactly, while these are important and we want to be well rounded when it comes to macronutrients, we often forget about micronutrients. While they are small and we need less of them in our diet, they are a mighty part of nutrition. When talking about micronutrients we are referring to vitamins and minerals such as: Vit A, B, C, D, E, K, calcium, iodine, iron, potassium, sodium and zinc.
A few functions: Vitamin A helps with our vision and building healthy skin. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells from damage. Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting and iodine is needed for normal thyroid function. This does not cover all of the functions of all micronutrients, but it gives you an idea of how important they are in our diet.
There is no need to memorize the function of every vitamin and mineral, but be aware of some simple ways to incorporate them into your diet. One tip is to choose foods over supplements. Adding variety to your diet will decrease the need for supplements. Start by eating a wide variety of food groups and incorporate varying colors. There is not one food out there that can provide all of the micronutrients we need and adding variety to our diet will help incorporate different micronutrients.
In addition to choosing foods over supplements try adding items that are either fresh or frozen since air, light and processing can decrease the vitamin availability. When cooking, boiling is the worst option as this process will breakdown the vitamins and minerals more than steaming, sautéing or roasting. Know how nutrients interact so that you can optimize your absorption. Vitamin C increases iron absorption. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are best absorbed with a healthy fat. Meat sources of iron are better absorbed than plant sources.
The take away: Eating a wide variety of foods and incorporating many different colors will provide a wider range of micro and macronutrients. Do not focus on individual components, but instead think about eating a healthy diet that is full of variety.
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In July 2010, the United Nations General Assembly created UN Women, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.
In doing so, UN Member States took an historic step in accelerating the Organization’s goals on gender equality and the empowerment of women.
The creation of UN Women came about as part of the UN reform agenda, bringing together resources and mandates for greater impact. It merges and builds on the important work of four previously distinct parts of the UN system, which focused exclusively on gender equality and women’s empowerment:
-Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW)
-International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW)
-Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI)
-United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
The main roles of UN Women are:
-To support inter-governmental bodies, such as the Commission on the Status of Women, in their formulation of policies, global standards and norms.
-To help Member States to implement these standards, standing ready to provide suitable technical and financial support to those countries that request it, and to forge effective partnerships with civil society.
-To hold the UN system accountable for its own commitments on gender equality, including regular monitoring of system-wide progress.
HOW WE WORK
UN Women acts on two fronts. It supports international political negotiations to formulate globally agreed standards for gender equality. And it helps UN Member States to implement those standards by providing expertise and financial support. UN Women also assists other parts of the UN system in their efforts to advance gender equality across a broad spectrum of issues related to human rights and human development.
Programme and Technical Assistance
Within countries that request its assistance, UN Women works with government and non-governmental partners to help them put in place the policies, laws, services and resources that women require to move towards equality. It draws on extensive knowledge and experience with which interventions work best in a given environment, and which do the most to unlock rapid national progress in attaining national and international commitments to women.
UN Women provides grants to fuel innovative, high-impact programmes by government agencies and civil society groups through two funds—the Fund for Gender Equality and the UN Trust Fund to End Violence against Women. A multi-donor initiative, the Fund for Gender Equality is dedicated to programmes that increase women’s economic opportunities and/or political participation at local and national levels. Managed by UN Women on behalf of the UN system, the UN Trust Fund works to stop all of the diverse forms of gender-based violence that undercut women’s rights around the world.
Commission on the Status of Women
A global policy-making body, the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) is a functional commission of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), dedicated exclusively to gender equality and the advancement of women. Every year, representatives of Member States gather at the United Nations Headquarters in New York to evaluate progress on gender equality, identify challenges, set global standards and formulate concrete policies to promote gender equality and advancement of women worldwide.
Other Intergovernmental Processes
Aside from the Commission on the Status of Women, UN Women offers regular information on women’s rights issues to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and the Security Council. It maintains the UN Secretary-General’s database on violence against women, which tracks measures to end violence taken by UN Member States and UN organizations.
Capacity Development and Training
UN Women shares its in-house expertise through a series of training programmes for national governments, often held in conjunction with other UN organizations. These strengthen national skills and capacities, including at women’s machineries, for actions to uphold women’s human rights, end violence against women, and integrate gender across national policies, programmes and budgets.
Expert Group Meetings
Expert group meetings help UN Women provide valuable inputs to the Commission on the Status of Women’s annual priority theme for discussions, and to flagship reports. Each group convenes leading experts to explore state-of-the-art research and analysis, identify good practices in achieving gender equality and develop independent policy recommendations.
UN System Coordination
UN Women leads and coordinates the overall efforts of the UN system to support the full realization of women’s rights and opportunities. It provides expertise on incorporating gender equality in the programmes of other UN organizations, and through regular monitoring helps the UN system stay on top of its internal commitments to women. As the chair of the UN Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality, UN Women helps orchestrate the efforts of 25 UN organizations to promote gender equality across the UN system.See more
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Rivers and lakes in northern Europe and North America that have turned brown are returning to a more natural, pre-industrialised state, a study says.
Water changing from blue to brown could be a good sign
A major reduction in acid rain since the 1970s has resulted in more dissolved organic carbon entering the regions' waters, researchers suggest.
Writing in Nature, they say soils are becoming less acidic, resulting in more carbon being washed away by rainfall.
The staining has previously been linked to global warming and land-use change.
"The solubility of organic carbon is pH-dependent, so the more acidic a soil gets, the less soluble a number of these organic compounds are," explained co-author Don Monteith, from University College London, UK.
Acid rain is caused by burning fossil fuels, especially coal. Sulphur and nitrogen emissions from large industrial sites, such as power stations, react with water in the atmosphere to fall to the ground as acid rain.
The problem reached its peak in Europe and North America in the 1970s, damaging forests, lakes and even buildings.
Since then, legislation has curbed the amount of the pollutants being pumped into the air.
As the problem subsided, soils became less acidic and more of the organic carbon content became susceptible to being washed away into rivers and lakes.
"This issue was identified about five years ago, and since then there have been a number of papers trying to explain what is going on," Mr Monteith told BBC News.
"A lot of these ideas would suggest that that there is this global process which is linked, in some way, to global warming.
"What we are demonstrating here is that the main driver is acid rain. It is unlikely that this process is occurring globally - it is going to be confined to these industrialised nations that are cleaning up their emissions."
Although the discolouration is a sign that waters are becoming less acidic, Mr Monteith, said many people would view it as a deterioration in water quality.
"The problem is that people have been living with the impact of acid rain for so long that no-one alive today really has an idea of what the waters were like before acid rain took hold," he said.
"A lot of the drinking water in the UK is drawn from upland catchments, where we do have the browner water.
"The public tend not to like any evidence of discolouration so the water industry has to spend quite a lot of money to treat the water to remove the colour."
However, he added that the increased release of dissolved organic carbon was not without problems.
"One impact is the distribution of sunlight in lakes. In some aquatic ecosystems, plants will not be able to grow as deeply as they did before, because light will be attenuated in the upper levels of the lake."
Another potential issue Mr Monteith pointed up was that some toxins, particularly industrial heavy metals such as mercury, copper and aluminium, bind very tightly with organic molecules.
"At the moment we do not know what the implications are for the cycling and transport of these toxic compounds now that the carbon is becoming more soluble."
He said that the team of researchers who worked on the paper hoped the findings would settle the debate about the cause of the brown water and help move things forward.
"We believe that there should be a lot more work going into the consequences of the potential changes in the [carbon] cycle - we don't have any real idea as to the fate of this (dissolved organic carbon)," he admitted.
"In theory, we should be seeing larger amounts of organic carbon reaching the oceans, but we don't really know what happens when it reaches the water and to what extent the carbon will end up in sediments or be lost to carbon dioxide."
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September 11, 2020
Greetings! Just taking a second to share a brief clip (below) of a recent rendition of the standard “Summertime.” Apart from offering this bit of music for your listening pleasure and as a way to share some current developments with regard to my skills and knowledge, I thought I might tie in a little cultural context from the era of this tune’s publication with current events. So often one takes a seemingly American classic such as “Summertime” for granted as a representative and wholesome example of popular culture, but this music’s history, as in many other cases, may just change the course of its performers.
I have alluded to this idea in the past (“My Man’s Gone Now”), though now it finds special relevance given a strengthened movement for real racial justice in BLM—strengthened by force and under outrageous duress, a critical and urgent civil-rights issue: George Gershwin’s “Porgy and Bess” (lyrics by DuBose Heyward) is an important reminder of how history has time and again witnessed Black and/or African music [Edited 10/20/2020 from “Black African music.” Thank you, Ayden Isam Bradley for your comments.] brought into a more mainstream and White space (related article from Smithsonian Magazine.) [The intentions behind the original phrasing Black African was to bring awareness to how native African musical stylings might be represented within a Black American musical context. For further reading see The Other Classical Musics: Fifteen Great Traditions, p. 201. Also, as I understand it, Dr. Anthony Brown wrote his dissertation on the transmission of native African drum stylings into Jazz music. I have not gained access to the text, but its author would be a great source for further inquiry.]
The at-times obscured Black and/or African centrality to American Folk Music as a general topic must be brought to the fore. Southern fiddle-tune stylings so often associated with the more politically dominant White cultures owe much to Black musicians. It has been proposed that so quintessentially American an instrument as the steel-string guitar is, at its roots, a cross between the Spanish guitar and the African banjo. Prevalent are the indelible and indispensable contributions of Black and/or African rhythmic sensibility to the regional musics of North and South America, particularly in the US and in Brazil. Should this and other non-Anglo traditions really be treated as such Others? How independent of non-Anglo traditions can American popular music really be, and which are the commonalities with regard to other phases in Western music?
One hopes the popularization (commodification?) of Black and/or African music has not in all cases been malevolent or otherwise an instance of plagiaristic opportunism. The potential inquiries into this topic are many and varied, though one thing is certain: today’s global moral climate invites a more prevalent awareness of the sociology behind Black and/or African music in so far as the latter has shaped the musical tastes of White-European America(s). [I invite you all to contribute discussion on the topic of sociological diversity in Music to the SF State Music Majors Facebook Group.]
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"Current methods for moving individual cells or tiny beads include such devices as optical tweezers, which require a lot of energy and could damage or even kill live cells," said Tony Jun Huang, assistant professor of engineering science and mechanics at the Penn State University. "Acoustic tweezers are much smaller than optical tweezers and use 500,000 times less energy."
While optical tweezers are large and expensive, acoustic tweezers are smaller than a dime, small enough to fabricate on a chip using standard chip manufacturing techniques. They can also manipulate live cells without damaging or killing them.
Acoustic tweezers differ from eyebrow tweezers in that they position many tiny objects simultaneously and place them equidistant from each other in either parallel lines or on a grid. The grid configuration is probably the most useful for biological applications where researchers can place stem cells on a grid for testing or skin cells on a grid to grow new skin. This allows investigators to see how any type of cell grows.
"Acoustic tweezers are not just useful in biology," said Huang. "They can be used in physics, chemistry and materials science to create patterns of nanoparticles for coatings or to etch surfaces."
Acoustic tweezers work by setting up a standing surface acoustic wave. If two sound sources are placed opposite each other and each emits the same wavelength of sound, there will be a location where the opposing sounds cancel each other. This location can be considered a trough. Because sound waves have pressure, they can push very small objects, so a cell or nanoparticle will move with the sound wave until it reaches the trough where there is no longer movement. The particle or cell will stop and "fall" into the trough.
The acoustic tweezers are manufactured by fabricating an interdigital transducer onto a piezoelectric chip surface. These transducers are the source of the sound. Next, using standard photolithography, microchannels are fabricated in which a small amount of liquid with the cells or particles can move around freely. These microchannels were bonded to the chip to create the area for particle movement.
COMPAMED.de; Source: Penn State University
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Recently, I stumbled upon a blogpost by Graham Hancock [external link]. I was looking for something completely different, i.e. the “fallout” of the rather unfortunate meteor theory proposed by two researchers from Edinburgh in April. What I found however sent me off in a completely different direction. As it is a prime example how false interpretations of images arise, and how they could have been prevented right from the start, I thought I should write a few words about that blog post here.
In his short text, Hancock explains that an independent researcher, while browsing the images in the online database of the ‘Cuneiform Digital Library’ [external link], found a depiction of the enclosures of Göbekli Tepe with their iconic T-shaped pillars. On a seal impression from Susa, dating to the Uruk V period. The settlement phase Uruk V constitutes together with Uruk IV the Late Uruk Period. The details of the absolute chronology of this period, which sees the invention of writing (i.e. proto-cuneiform script starting from Uruk IVa) and the cylinder seal, is still under debate, but a general date between 3500-3100 BC seems to be safe. Göbekli Tepe is currently dated between c. 9500-8000 BC. So, there is some chronological and regional distance between the sites (Susa lies in nowadays Iran). “Nice mystery here”, to cite Hancock. But let’s have a critical look at the evidence, which is always a good idea when doing science.
Hancock´s post refers to a fragment of a cylinder seal impression, for which the ‘Cuneiform Digital Library’ database gives a scanned black and white photo and some background information, like the material (clay), the collection (Louvre, Paris) and the primary publication (MDP 43, 676). It is also clear that the image is rotated – most likely accidentally – by 180° compared to the original publication (the number is upside down). And there they are, the two T-shaped pillars encircled by an oval, shown two times. A perfect abstract depiction of a round building from Göbekli Tepe´s older layer, as it seems. Alright, the pillars inside the perimeter wall are missing. But who cares? It could be an abstracted depiction of something a few millennia older but apparently still very well known.
The seal impression is fragmentary and highly damaged. It is obvious that the original image was more complex. If we turn the image correctly and look a little closer, in front of the left Ts, which now do not resemble Ts anymore, there is an indication of some more depictions that are hard to identify on the b&w photograph. That is why finds were and mostly still are drawn in archaeology, and in any case described extensively. And where to find a drawing and description of the find? In MDP 43 of course.
I perfectly understand that this is the point at which those with a general interest in archaeology and browsing through an online database might be lost. MDP refers to the series “Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Iran”. Why the “P”? Because the series was first called “Mémoires de la Délegation en Perse” and the abbreviation never changed. If we look the find up in volume 43 of this series, written by Pierre Amiet and dealing with “Glyptique Susienne”, the scene is described as “two figures sitting on the left, on curved seats, in front of apparatuses made up of two supports with square bases and an elongated oval element”. And the drawing of the sealing shows just that. The persons are touching this “oval element” with their hands. The publication has some more depictions of this kind on sealings, and at least some, such as MDP 43, nr. 673 or 674 are less fragmentary. It becomes immediately clear that we are not dealing with a depiction of T-shaped pillars, but of two supports with square feet at the bottom and a knob at the top, connected by an oval.
The depictions of people interacting with this “apparatus” are part of a group of sealings that shows people at work, and some of the images with the supports strongly hint in the direction of weaving (esp. nr. 673), the “oval” most probably being the depiction of a thread.
So, absolutely no “nice mystery here”. Just a misinterpretation of a highly fragmentary depiction. While dealing with prehistoric imagery things like that can happen quickly. Because the human brain interprets things in relation to former experiences and knowledge. In the case at hand, I have seen images of Göbekli Tepe´s round to oval enclosures with their iconic pair of monumental T-shaped pillars. Then I see two T-shapes on a scan of a b&w image of a highly-weathered fragment of a clay seal impression. And immediately make a connection between the two. Science starts when I challenge that superficial connection in the way described above with some simple questions that work not only in the case at hand:
- General chronological and cultural-historic reasoning: What is the cultural background of the artefact I am looking at and how old is it? How likely might it be that the people making it depict an object or a site millennia older and not something well-known to them?
- Iconographical reasoning: How was the way of depicting things in that particular period, may the shape I am looking at fit the way of representing certain devices / objects / things? What else might be depicted that perfectly fits the cultural background / everyday activities of the people making the artefact?
- Challenging the evidence / its documentation: Is the depiction fragmentary or hard to evaluate for other reasons? What kind of documentation is available to me? Does it allow me to fully comprehend what is depicted? Or do I need further information before I can make up my mind?
- Go to the sources. Archaeological artefacts, or artefacts similar to the one at hand are usually published somewhere, and these publications may hold further information and better images. It may be tricky to identify the available sources.
So, finally: Why not ask an archaeologist, some of us are nice people willing to help!
Pierre Amiet, Glyptique Susienne. Des origins à l´ époque des Perses Achéménides. Cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967. Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Iran XLIII (Paris 1972).
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RECENTLY, IT WAS PROVEN that the phase of signals in the microwave and millimeter-wave bands can be modulated by exploiting the physical response of liquid-crystal molecules to an applied electric field. Several prototype devices have emerged that are based on liquid-crystal substrates with tunable permittivity. For example, prototype reflectarray structures that operate at frequencies above 100 GHz have been designed by Wenfei Hu, Robert Cahill, Raymond Dickie, and Vincent Fusco from Ireland's Institute of Electronics, Communication, and Information Technology, Queen's University of Belfast. This work was performed in conjunction with Jos A. Encinar from the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Harold Gamble from the Northern Ireland Semiconductor Research Centre, and Norman Grant from the EADS Astrium Earth Observation Navigation and Science Directorate, Portsmouth, UK.
This computer model consisted of two arrays comprised of equally sized elements, which were constructed on a 15-m-thick tunable liquid-crystal layer. The arrays were designed to operate at center frequencies of 102 and 130 GHz. To fabricate the grounded periodic structures, the researchers employed micromachining processes based on the metallization of quartz/silicon wafers as well as an industry-compatible, liquid-crystal-display (LCD) packaging technique. By applying a low-frequency alternating-current (AC) bias voltage of 10 V, they were able to obtain a 165-deg. phase shift with a loss of 4.5 to 6.4 dB at 102 GHz. At 130 GHz, the researchers achieved a 130-deg. phase shift with a loss variation between 4.3 and 7 dB.
The loss and the phase of the reflected signals were measured using a quasi-optical testbench. The reflectarray was inserted at the beam waist of the imaged Gaussian beam, thereby eliminating some of the problems associated with traditional free-space characterization at these frequencies. The scattering parameters (S-parameters) were computed by modeling the structure as an infinite array of identical-size patch elements using a unit cell with appropriate boundary conditions. See "Design and Measurement of Reconfigurable Millimeter-Wave Reflectarray Cells with Nematic Liquid Crystal," IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, October 2008, p. 3112.
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Is statism generous?
The statist approach to aiding needy people has two main features…
- It uses taxes, which means some people were victims of extortion — pay or face violence.
- Tax-funded aid programs need not perform well, because they get funded whether they succeed or fail.
Is such an approach actually generous?
How you would feel if someone pointed a gun at you and demanded money? Would you consider yourself generous if you forked over the dough? Would you consider your neighbor generous if he robbed you and gave your money to the Red Cross? These examples drive home three key points…
Key Point #1: You aren’t being generous when you donate money you violently extorted from others. True generosity is giving your own resources
Key Point #2: Paying taxes isn’t generous, anymore than giving money to a mugger is generous. True generosity is thoughtful and voluntary.
Key Point #3: It’s greedy and uncaring to demand, on threat of violence, that others fund your preferred way of helping people.
In summary, please observe how statists…
- Praise their own violence-based approach as representing generosity
- Call people who don’t want to pay for their programs “selfish”*
- Use The State to take things from others
- Dictate not only the recipients of aid, but also the means of providing it
- Care nothing about the feelings of people who prefer more effective and peaceful methods of rendering aid
None of these attitudes are generous! They are ungenerous.
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Sexually transmitted disease can complicate pregnancy and will have serious consequences for both a woman and baby.
Bacterial vaginosis (BV)
- It is a polymicrobial clinical syndrome resulting from a change in the vaginal community of bacteria, a common cause of vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age.
- It has been linked to sexual activity although often not considered an STD .
- Women may have no symptoms or may have complained of a foul-smelling(fishy) and greenish vaginal discharge.
- This bacteria during pregnancy has been associated with serious pregnancy complications, including premature rupture of the membranes surrounding the baby in the uterus, preterm labor, premature birth, chorioamnionitis, as well as endometritis. Otherwise, there are no known direct effects of bacterial vaginosis on the newborn.
- Is the most common sexually-transmitted bacterium.
- Although the majority of chlamydial infections (including those in pregnant women) do not have symptoms, infected women may have abnormal vaginal discharge, bleeding after sex, or itching/burning with urination.
- Untreated chlamydial infection has been linked to problems during pregnancy, including preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, and low birth weight.
- The newborn may also become infected during delivery as the baby passes through the birth canal. Exposed newborns can develop eye and lung infections.
Hepatitis B virus
- It is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
- A mother can transmit the infection to her baby during pregnancy.
- While the risk of an infected mother passing HBV to her baby varies, depending on when she becomes infected, the greatest risk happens when mothers become infected close to the time of delivery. Infected newborns also have a high risk (up to 90%) of becoming chronic HBV carriers themselves.
- Infants who have a lifelong infection with HBV are at an increased risk for developing chronic liver disease or liver cancer later in life. Approximately 25% of infants who develop chronic HBV infection will eventually die from chronic liver disease.
Hepatitis C virus
- It is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and can be passed from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy.
- An infected mother will transmit the infection to her baby 10% of the time, but the chances are higher in certain subgroups, such as women who are also infected with HIV.
- In some studies, infants born to HCV-infected women have been shown to have an increased risk for being small for gestational age, premature, and having a low birth weight.
- Newborn infants with HCV infection usually do not have symptoms, and a majority will clear the infection without any medical help.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- Has two distinct virus types that can infect the human genital tract, HSV-1 and HSV-2.
- Infections of the newborn can be of either type, but most are caused by HSV-2.
- The symptoms of genital herpes are similar in pregnant and in nonpregnant women.
- Although transmission may occur during pregnancy and after delivery, the risk of transmission to the neonate from an infected mother is high among women who acquire genital herpes near the time of delivery and low among women with recurrent herpes or who acquire the infection during the first half of pregnancy.
- HSV infection can have very serious effects on newborns, especially if the mother’s first outbreak occurred during the third trimester.
- Cesarean section is recommended for all women in labor with active genital herpes lesions or early symptoms, such as vulvar pain and itching.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- It is the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS.
- HIV destroys specific blood cells that are crucial to helping the body fight diseases.
- The most common ways that HIV passed from mother to child are during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, or through breastfeeding.
- When HIV is diagnosed before or during pregnancy and appropriate steps are taken, the risk of mother-to-child transmission can be lowered to less than 2%.A mother who knows early in her pregnancy that she is HIV-positive has more time to consult with you—her healthcare provider—and decide on effective ways to protect her health and that of her unborn baby.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- Most commonly involve the lower genital tract, including the cervix, vagina, and external genitalia.
- Genital warts frequently increase in number and size during pregnancy.
- Genital warts often appear as small cauliflower-like clusters which may burn or itch.
- If a woman has genital warts during pregnancy, you may elect to delay treatment until after delivery.
- When large or spread out, genital warts can complicate a vaginal delivery. In cases where there are large genital warts that are blocking the birth canal, a cesarean section may be recommended.
- Infection of the mother may be linked to the development of laryngeal papillomatosis in the newborn—a rare, noncancerous growth in the larynx .
- It may be transmitted to a baby by an infected mother during pregnancy.
- Transmission of syphilis to a developing baby can lead to a serious multisystem infection, known as congenital syphilis.
- Syphilis has been linked to premature births, stillbirths, and, in some cases, death shortly after birth.
- Untreated infants that survive tend to develop problems in multiple organs, including the brain, eyes, ears, heart, skin, teeth, and bones.
- Vaginal infection due to the sexually-transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalisis very common.
- Although most people report no symptoms, others complain of itching, irritation, unusual odor, discharge, and pain during urination or sex.
- Infection in pregnancy has been linked to premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, and low birth weight infants.
- Rarely, the female newborn can acquire the infection when passing through the birth canal during delivery and have vaginal discharge after birth.
- Screening and prompt treatment are recommended at least annually for all HIV-infected women, based on the high prevalence of T. vaginalis infection, the increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) associated with this infection, and the ability of treatment to reduce genital tract viral load and vaginal HIV shedding.
- This includes HIV-infected women who are pregnant, as T. vaginalis infection is a risk factor for vertical transmission of HIV.
STDs, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis can all be treated and cured with antibiotics that are safe to take during pregnancy. Viral STDs, including genital herpes, hepatitis B, and HIV cannot be cured. However, in some cases these infections can be treated with antiviral medications or other preventive measures to reduce the risk of passing the infection to the baby.
The most reliable way to avoid transmission of STDs is to abstain from oral, vaginal, and anal sex or to be in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with a partner known to be uninfected. For those who are being treated for an STD other than HIV (or whose partners are undergoing treatment), counseling that encourages abstinence from sexual intercourse until completion of the entire course of medication is crucial. Latex male condoms, when used consistently and correctly, can reduce the risk of transmitting or acquiring STDs and HIV.
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Grove’s Vision for History
At Grove, we aim to give children an opportunity to learn about Britain’s past and how it relates to the wider world. Through our history topics, we hope to inspire children’s curiosity for the past.
The history curriculum gives children an experience of Britain’s past, as well as exploring the contributions of ancient societies throughout the world. We aim to do this by teaching children skills in various types of fieldwork as well as research and analysis of primary and secondary sources. Wherever possible, we will make visits to historical sites and museums.
History will be a driving force to inspire other lessons in a cross-curricular fashion. We will use technical vocabulary and allow historical concepts to seep through in our writing and maths topics, where appropriate.
Overview of the curriculum
Learning begins in the Foundation Stage where children are encouraged to gain a sense of understanding of where they have come from, and of changes and developments over time. In Key Stage One pupils are taught key historical skills in order to develop knowledge about the history of our local area and of important events of the past within living memory. They also study significant British individuals who have had a key influence on our history. In Key Stage Two this knowledge is widened to British history beyond living memory and then to World history. They are taught how to use and understand subject-specific vocabulary in relation to history and to develop skills to enhance their knowledge and understanding of the chronology of local, British and World history and of how another society’s history compares with ours. The children are also taught to develop historical skills through first-hand observations and trips where possible/ appropriate.
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Fascia massage? Craniosacral technique can not be considered exactly a massage.
Massage and Craniosacral technique are both a set of manual manipulations performed in various parts of the body. In a massage, manipulations can be kneading, pressing or rubbing with a certain rhythm and intensity, made directly on the skin with a sliding medium.
In Craniosacral technique the corporal work is done with clothes, being the manipulations a series of very soft palpations destined to locate the restrictions of the fascial system movement and to release them through very light pressures and stretches to relax the fascial tissue.
The manipulative force applied in the Craniosacral technique is 5-10 grams, relatively little compared with other techniques that use more strength.
The skull has a subtle movement that is transmitted to the whole body.
Sutherland, founder of the Craniosacral Technique, discovered that the skull bones are not fused, but they move and this movement has a significant physiological importance. He observed that there are membranes that join the bones of the skull and they are part of a joint system formed from the skull to the sacrum by the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
This structure has a subtle movement that is perceived with a frequency of 6 to 12 times per minute, and it is transmitted throughout the body through the spinal cord, and this in turn as a wave to all body structures through the fascia.
Craniosacral system includes this movement, called primary breathing, but also the relations of the fascial and visceral connective tissues of the human body.
What is fascia?
Fascia is a connective tissue that envelops all bodily structures. It is like a second skin and therefore the whole organism is interconnected through them. Almost all of us have seen a fascia. A fascia, for example, is the almost transparent cell that wraps the chicken behind the skin.
An intricate network
Fascias are characterized by their continuity from one area to another, reaching even all the cells of the organism in a complex but unified and unitary system. From the point of view of structural integration, fascia forms an intricate, coextensive frame with the body and basic for it, for our well-being and functioning.
Therefore, when fascial system is not in equilibrium, the optimal development of the body will be affected. Before a restricted fascial system we can find changes in the structure and function of an organ as well as repercussions on the body structure.
Benefits of this technique
Since it balances the functioning of the Autonomic Nervous System, Craniosacral Technique is very useful in conditions related to stress, such as gastritis and colitis, as well as in sleep disorders. It has also been used effectively in disorders of general health conditions since craniosacral system is closely related to the nervous, musculoskeletal, vascular, lymphatic, endocrine and respiratory systems.
It can influence, and at the same time be influenced by these systems.
If you want to know how the Craniosacral Technique contributes to dentistry you can click here:
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Overseas Phone Call from Morocco
TESOLPrint this Page
- Subject(s): Social Studies & Geography
- Region / Country: Africa / Kingdom of Morocco
- Grade Level(s): 3–5
- Related Publication: Podcast | Overseas Phone Call from Morocco
- Duration: 30–45 minutes
For many ESOL students, deciphering and extracting information without visual cues is a challenging task. With this directed listening activity, students will use "previewing" strategies to better comprehend and learn about the experience of Peace Corps Volunteer Jessica and the country of Morocco: types of animals, a typical school day, types of work and holidays. Students will also compare and contrast Morocco with the United States and locate Morocco and two major cities on a map.
For 50 years, the Peace Corps has helped communities around the world. Volunteer Voices is a collection of audio stories from just a few volunteers who have served since 1961. With cellphone and internet technology, Peace Corps Volunteers are able to talk with U.S. classrooms they've been communicating with through the Correspondence Match program. Jessica, a Peace Corps Volunteer who served in Morocco from 2006 to 2008, chats with students at Lakeview Elementary School in Solon, Iowa.
Morocco was among the first countries to invite the Peace Corps to assist in its development and manpower needs. A group of 53 surveyors, English teachers and irrigation foremen first arrived in Morocco in 1963 at the invitation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1963 to today, more than 3,500 Volunteers have served the Kingdom of Morocco. Currently, Volunteers serve in the following sectors: Environment, Health, Small Business Development, and Youth Development. (Source: peacecorps.gov )
- Podcast of Overseas Phone Call from Morocco with Jessica
- Transcript of Overseas Phone Call from Morocco with Jessica
- Handout for Overseas Phone Call from Morocco with Jessica
- The U.S. Department of State-Morocco
- Map of Africa
- Map of Morocco
- Facts about Morocco
- To listen for specific information without the help of visual cues and correctly answer questions
- To paraphrase information and form complete sentences
- To locate Morocco on a map of Africa and its two major cities: Casablanca and Rabat
- To formulate two or more questions concerning Moroccan culture, customs, geography and climate to deepen understanding
- To compare and contrast Moroccan culture and customs with those of the United States using a Venn Diagram
- Have students locate their state and Morocco on a world map. Have students estimate the distance between the two locations.
- Discuss with students some characteristics of Morocco: food, sports, language, geography, climate, etc. Have students form questions about other information they'd like to learn about Morocco.
- Distribute Overseas Phone Call from Morocco - handout. With students, preview the questions and have them predict answers. Ask students to explain their prediction/s.
- Listen to Overseas Phone Call from Morocco - podcast. Depending on language levels, either teacher strategically pauses or students raise their hand if they want to pause the recording, then answer handout questions. Play twice or more if necessary.
- In pairs or with whole class:
- Have students review answers: verbally, they summarize information learned, forming complete sentences. Additionally, students could write their summary sentences.
- Students discuss characteristics of Morocco and the United States (or their community/city/state), documenting them in a Venn diagram.
- Students share what the learned about Morocco.
- Have students locate on a map of Morocco two major cities: Casablanca and Rabat
- Students calculate the distance between a city in Morocco and their town.
- Students research which is geographically larger: their state or Morocco.
Social Studies/Language Arts
- Create a travel brochure or poster advertising Morocco.
- If students' questions about Morocco are not answered during the podcast, have students investigate.
- Create a podcast
- Each student researches a Peace Corps country using the Cultural Science handout.
- In pairs or small groups of 3-4 students, interviews are conducted where one student is the Volunteer and the others are ?students? asking questions.
- Students rotate interchanging roles and recording their interviews.
- Sign up for Correspondence Match and correspond with an actual Peace Corps Volunteer serving in Morocco.
- Sign up for Speakers Match and have a Returned Peace Corps Volunteer who served in Morocco share her/his experiences.
Framework and Standards
- Though distant places and cultures may seem very different on the surface, they share commonalities.
- What are the common components that make up
PreK-12 English Language Proficiency Standards
Standard 1: Communicate for social, intercultural, and instructional purposes within the school setting.
Standard 2: Communicate information, ideas, and concepts necessary for academic success in the area of social studies.
Common Core State Standards for Speaking and Listening
Comprehension and Collaboration
- Engage in discussions with diverse partners
- Evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats
- Evaluate a speaker's point of view
- Summarize the points a speaker makes
U.S. National Geography Standards
Essential Element I: The World in Spatial Terms
- Use maps and other geographic representations to acquire, process, and report information
Essential Element II: Places and Regions
- Physical and human characteristics of places
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You may not even realize it, but astronomy affects our daily lives in many ways. One of them is the number of discoveries that will make our lives easier and arose because of this science.
To talk about why astronomy is important, the 16th episode of the podcast “Du Tilt” got Patricia Spinelli, a doctor in astronomical physics and researcher at the Mast (Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences), and Diego Gonlovs, a doctor. Professor of Astrophysics, UFRJ and Communication Coordinator of the Brazilian Astronomical Society. They discussed the matter with reporter Gilherm Tagiroli சாய், In the 16th chapter of our science and technology podcast.
Listen to the entire episode in the player above.
In fact, did you know that GPS and digital photography came out due to astronomy? According to Diego Conewolves, these are two examples of mass consumption devices primarily created to serve science (hear from 19:24).
“The relative relativity with GPS satellites depends on the triangle of application and digital cameras were perfected by astronomers, precisely because we needed a tool that was sensitive to observe the most distant objects in the universe,” he explained.
According to Patricia Spinelli, society does not need to do science with this applied view, but, in the end, technological advances apply to everyone to the extent that astronomy does not seek immediate answers to mankind (ask from 11:50).
“We have enough evidence to show that even astronomy contributes to the well-being of people,” he said.
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Lovable Ruth was everyone's Babe
By Larry Schwartz
Special to ESPN.com
Babe Ruth's popularity and fame were so widespread that even America's enemies knew of him. Almost a decade after he had bashed his last home run, his presence still was felt.
During World War II, when Japanese soldiers charged American troops, they would sometimes scream, "To hell with Babe Ruth." Not "to hell with FDR" or "to hell with Douglas MacArthur," but "to hell with Babe Ruth."
What bigger compliment could an American receive?
Ruth was a man of mythic proportions. He became even more than the ultimate American sports celebrity. He was "a unique figure in the social history of the United States," wrote Robert Creamer in Babe: The Legend Comes to Life. "For more than any other man, Babe Ruth transcended sports, moved far beyond the artificial limits of baselines and outfield fences and sports pages."
The New York Times called Enrico Caruso "the Babe Ruth of operatic tenors" and Time magazine called Willie Sutton "the Babe Ruth of bank robbers." And even another sports icon was compared to him when Chicago Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf called Michael Jordan "the Babe Ruth of basketball."
Ruth belonged to the Golden Age of Sport. Of all the names that dominated the roaring twenties -- Red Grange, Jack Dempsey, Bobby Jones, Bill Tilden, Man o' War -- none was bigger than Babe. Known for devouring the most hot dogs to drinking the most beers to bedding the most women, he possessed an insatiable appetite for life.
The name "Babe Ruth" is synonymous with two other words, "home run." We hear his name and the numbers 60 and 714 instantly spring to mind. Prodigious homers are still described as Ruthian. What other athlete has ever had an adjective named for him?
Even his nicknames, such as "The Sultan of Swat" and "The Bambino," seem majestic. This is the man who truly made baseball the national pastime, the kid who started out looking like a Hall of Fame left-handed pitcher with the Boston Red Sox who became a Hall of Fame left-handed hitting outfielder with the New York Yankees.
The 6-foot-2, 215-pound Ruth revolutionized the game, changing it from a pitcher-dominated, scratch-out-a-run contest to a homer-hitting, dialing-long-distance event.
Babe was the first to reach 30 homers, 40, 50, 60. Twelve times he led the American League in homers, 11 times he hit more than 40, four times more than 50. From 1920-33, he slugged 637 homers, an average of 45.5 per season. From 1926-31, from ages 31 to 36 when he was supposedly past his prime after a subpar 1925, he averaged 50 homers, 155 RBI, 147 runs and a .354 batting average. How would you have liked to have him on your Rotisserie League team?
A lifetime .342 hitter, Ruth has fallen to second all-time behind Hank Aaron in homers (714) and RBI (2,211), but remains first in slugging percentage (.690) and walks (2,062).
With Ruth it's often difficult to separate truth from legend. Part of it is that we don't really seem to care. We want to believe that Ruth pointed towards the centerfield bleachers before homering in the 1932 World Series or that his "bellyache heard 'round the world," which caused him to undergo abdominal surgery in 1925, was the result of his eating too many hot dogs.
We want to believe that he promised a little sick kid in the hospital that he would hit a homer for him the next day and then he hit three.
He was born George Herman Ruth on Feb. 6, 1895 in Baltimore. He was not an orphan, as legend has it (his mother died when he was 16, his father when he was a major leaguer).
Growing up wild on the streets, he stole, skipped school, chewed tobacco and drank whiskey. In 1904, his parents placed him in St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys for his "incorrigible" behavior. Spending almost his entire youth there, he developed into a marvelous baseball player with the encouragement of Brother Matthias.
If it can be said that Ruth would eventually save baseball, the opposite might be equally true -- baseball saved Ruth from potential tragedy.
Though some have painted a picture of Ruth as a big blob, he was actually a remarkable physical specimen. As a boy and young man he was not fat, but graceful and fast. He could run, throw, field, hit and hit with power, although when he reached the majors in 1914, the Red Sox were more interested in his pitching than his hitting.
In 1915, his first full season, he went 18-8 with a 2.44 ERA. That was followed by seasons of 23-12 with a league-leading 1.75 ERA and nine shutouts and 24-13 with a 2.01 ERA (and 35 complete games in 38 starts). By then, though, because he had displayed such power in his limited plate appearances, the Red Sox were using him more as an outfielder than pitcher in 1918 and 1919.
He tied for the major-league lead in homers with 11 in 1918 and set a record with 29 in 1919. That winter, Boston owner Harry Frazee, needing money to finance his Broadway shows, sold him to the Yankees for four payments of $25,000 plus interest and a $300,000 loan. The Red Sox, who won the World Series in 1916 and 1918 behind Ruth's magnificent pitching, haven't won a Series since.
Did someone say curse of the Bambino?
Meanwhile, Ruth ignited the greatest dynasty in sport. The Yankees, who had never even won any title, captured seven pennants and four Series with Ruth. Their 1927 team often is considered the greatest in baseball history.
Ruth shattered his home-run record in 1920, belting 54 (no other player had more than 19). Only one team, the Philadelphia Phillies, hit more homers.
In the aftermath of the Black Sox scandal, Ruth set a homer record for the third consecutive season, blasting 59 in 1921. He also led the league with 171 RBI, 177 runs and an .846 slugging percentage.
Two years later, the Yankees were playing in their beautiful new ballpark after being kicked out of the Polo Grounds by John McGraw and the Giants. Officially, it was Yankee Stadium. Unofficially, it was "The House That Ruth Built."
In 1927, Ruth's legend grew when a September spree enabled him to boost his home-run total to the magical number of 60, a record that would last for 34 years, until Roger Maris hit 61. Ruth continued to lead the league in homers ever year through 1931. However, after managing just 22 in 1934, the Yankees let him go.
He had his last hurrah with the Boston Braves on May 25, 1935, when he walloped three homers in Pittsburgh. A week later, hitting .181, he said he was quitting at the same time the Braves announced he was released. He held 56 major-league records at the time. Ruth never had his dream fulfilled of managing the Yankees, or any other team. Jacob Ruppert, Yankees owner, supposedly told him, "Manage the Yankees? You can't even manage yourself!"
About Ruth's life after baseball, Creamer wrote, "He was like an ex-President, famous but useless, creating a stir whenever he appeared in public, but curiously neutered, no longer a factor. He played golf, he bowled, he hunted and he waited, but the call to manage never came."
He died on Aug. 16, 1948 at age 53 of throat cancer.
"Sometimes I still can't believe what I saw," said outfielder Harry Hooper, a Boston teammate of Ruth's. "This 19-year-old kid, crude, poorly educated, only lightly brushed by the social veneer we call civilization, gradually transformed into the idol of American youth and the symbol of baseball the world over -- a man loved by more people and with an intensity of feeling that perhaps has never been equaled before or since.
"I saw a man transformed into something pretty close to a god."
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Modern birds — especially species with big, majestic wingspans — are studies in aerodynamic efficiency, slicing through the air in ways our finest aircraft can't. But it wasn't always that way. Paleontologists in China have discovered that some long-forgotten ancestors of birds were endowed with a much more inefficient set-up: Four feathered limbs designed for flight.
By studying 11 fossils from the lower Cretaceous period 120 million years ago, scientists found clear evidence of hind wings on a few select species. "Modern birds generally work with two wings," says Amina Khan at the Los Angeles Times, "using small, clawed hind legs for ground travel."
A few, like the golden eagle, have fuzzy down on their back limbs, which is for insulating their appendages, not flying. Though researchers have unearthed evidence of downy limbs in feathered dinosaurs, little evidence existed that early birds were using those hind legs for flapping.
But 11 specimens from Liaoning in northeastern China, from several species show evidence of long, stiff feathers with curved shafts jutting out nearly perpendicular to the leg — a far cry from mere insulation. [Los Angeles Times]
According to the Chinese paleontologists, whose findings were published Thursday in the journal Science, the four-legged set-up "may have played an important role in the evolution of flight." These early bird ancestors — species like Microraptor and Sinornithosaurs — were probably in the midst of learning how to use their hind limbs on the ground. Over time, these back wings might have evolved into more functional legs, thus allowing modern hawks to snatch up prey or robins to hunt for worms in the grass.
Lead researcher Zheng Xiaoting of the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature wrote that the hind wings were "aerodynamic in function, providing lift, creating drag and/or enhancing maneuverability, and thus played a role in flight." The debate now, is exactly how these hind wings would have functioned.
In any case, this much is clear: These ancient, multi-winged creatures were probably more terrifying that we ever could have imagined.
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Found; a superbly informative book that explains in practical language how to care for and nurture your mitochondria. If nutritional biochemistry is not your bag, you may ask what are mitochondria, and why would I want to care for and nurture them?
The first part of the question is easy to answer for readers who vicariously make periodic visits to the planet Tatooine in a “galaxy far, far away.” There, “intelligent microscopic life forms called Midi-chlorians live symbiotically inside the cells of all living things.” In that far away galaxy, midi-chlorians are essential for life and provide communication with the pervasive energy field known as the Force. High amounts of midi-chlorians are possessed by the Jedi, warrior monks who serve as guardians of peace and justice in the galaxy that includes Tatooine. The higher the midi-chlorian content the greater the link to the Force. Readers who know of midi-chlorians will find that mitochondria are familiar creatures.
For less enlightened earth-bound humans, the answer is a bit more complex. Like midi-chlorians, mitochondria are believed to have once lived as independent single-cell organisms that now dwell in a symbiotic relationship within larger living cells. Like midi-chlorians, mitochondria still maintain some independence by holding on to a little of their own DNA. Without mitochondria, as without midi-chlorians, “life could not exist and we would have no knowledge of the Force.”
Mitochondria, which are appropriately partnered with the Force, are exquisitely small powerhouses that provide for the energy needs of living cells. There can be less than a few hundred or more than a few thousand mitochondria in a cell depending upon the cell’s energy needs. Heart, muscle, and brain cells contain the greatest number of mitochondria because of their high energy demands. However, providing energy is only one of many mitochondrial functions. As will be seen as this book unfolds, mitochondria play numerous and varied roles of significance in life process.
Part One: The Force
The first part of Life is titled The Force. It provides a thorough review of technical details that relate to cellular biology, mitochondrial structure, and energy production. This information requires clarification in order to communicate more effectively the basics of mitochondria and the requirements for their care and nurture presented later in the book. The subjects in the first part that are most valuable for refreshing professional memories will probably be the same as those that are most difficult for the lay reader. These subjects are oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. They describe mitochondria’s primary function, which is to convert energy contained in food to biochemical energy that can be used by cells for growth, maintenance, and repair.
The author recognizes that these are difficult subjects not easy to explain in lay language. A comprehensive glossary at the end of the book will benefit the patient reader, but if patience wanes, the reader would do well to heed the author’s suggestion: “If I lose you with the details, don’t get tied up in a knot; just try to understand the big picture.” Above all, do not give up. You will be rewarded greatly with useful and practical information in the remaining two parts.
The remainder of the first part continues the discussion of mitochondria including the role of mitochondria in regulation of cell death, the influence of mitochondria on life span, the mitochondrial theory of aging, and the fascinating story of mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria are the only organelles in a cell that possess their own DNA.
The mitochondrial DNA story tells that when the legendary mitochondrion of prehistory was engulfed by a much larger cell eons ago, a symbiotic relationship developed, and the status of the mitochondrion’s DNA slowly began to change. Some genes were lost, some were kept, some were changed, some were mutated, and some were transferred to the host’s nucleus. The genetic pattern of today’s mitochondria is the product of the sum of these evolutionary changes; overall, they have kept some genes and lost some genes. The DNA story ends with an interesting discussion of why mitochondria need genes at all.
The first part ends with an explanation of a little known function of great significance for mammals; the uncoupling of energy production. The result is the production of heat, which utilizes specialized adipose tissue known as brown fat (an excellent description of the manipulation of brown fat to increase expenditure of energy can be found in the section Massage and Hydrotherapy, Part Three).
The ability to release energy as heat when energy demand slows is not only protective of the integrity of mitochondria but it also prepared the way for the evolution of warm-bloodedness. Without mitochondria “…warm-bloodedness would never have evolved, and we’d likely all be enjoying a reptilian lifestyle, with all its limitations”
Part Two: The Dark Side of the Force
The second part of Life is titled the Dark Side of the Force, which refers to adverse health consequences associated with defective or compromised mitochondria. The diseases discussed are wide-ranging, affect essentially every tissue, organ, and/or system of the body, and stress the importance and central role mitochondria play in health and disease. In preparation for the discussion of specific health conditions, there is a brief reminder of the three fundamental requirements vital for mitochondrial health; ATP, food, and oxygen.
First, the primary role of mitochondria is to produce chemical energy in the form of ATP. The production of ATP begins with delivery of the products of digestion of food (primarily glucose and fatty acids) into the matrix of the mitochondria. Within the walls of the mitochondria, a complex series of highly structured biochemical reactions transfer electrons stepwise along an electron transfer chain assembly line from food to ATP. ATP is the acronym for adenosine triphosphate, a biochemical that stores and transports chemical energy used to support cellular life functions. ATP is the universal chemical energy source for all life forms from the simplest to most complex.
In order to produce ATP, the mitochondria require food and oxygen. The author’s words “As long as each cell is provided with two basic ingredients – electrons from food, and oxygen from the air we breathe – this cycle occurs unimpeded million of times per second in every cell of the body…if either of these two basic ingredients are in short supply relative to demand, cell function is compromised” underscore an extremely important message for scientists who are reluctant to accept the fact that unhealthful dietary patterns are a cause of chronic disease. Essentially all chronic inflammatory diseases are due to lack of sufficient quantity and/or quality of fuel and materials (macro-and micronutrients) required for the body to self-heal.
The discussion of diseases begins with those that are probably of greatest interest to most readers: cardiovascular diseases; nervous system, brain, and cognitive disorders; and type 2 diabetes. The interactions between mitochondria and disease states are difficult to categorize; the number of critical steps in mitochondrial function combined with differences among diseases in vulnerable sites for contact with mitochondria preclude simple classification. Nevertheless, the foregoing discussions provide priceless information not only for the reader but also for the healthcare provider and the physician. An interesting bit of information, which will probably surprise most readers, is that there is a disease known as mitochondrial diabetes!
The next section of the second part presents a table of medications known to cause mitochondrial damage and disease. The table includes just about every class of drug with names of individual drugs listed for each class. The mechanisms of damage are briefly discussed. This section gives tacit credence to the saying that there is no drug that will cure a nutritional disease.
In addition to mitochondrial diabetes, a fairly long and comprehensive discussion of all aspects of mitochondrial diseases follows next. These are diseases that are due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA. These diseases, essentially unknown before the complete sequencing of the mitochondrial genome in the early 1980s, are becoming more and more recognized as genetic testing becomes more readily available.
It is estimated that about 1 in 5000 people are born with a mitochondrial disease. Thus, this very important discussion should be studied by healthcare providers and physicians. It may contain explanations for unexpected, inconsistent, or lack of results that occur during standard treatment procedures for known disorders. A remedy that is unknown or unrecognized is a remedy that, for all practical purposes, is nonexistent.
The second part ends with the following brief reviews: age-related hearing loss; ageing skin and wrinkles; infertility; eye-related diseases; stem cells; cancer and ageing. It is difficult to believe that any reader, scientists included, would not find something of value in Part Two.
Part Three: Nurturing the Force
The third part of Life is titled Nurturing the Force. It discusses the nutrients needed to preserve the health of mitochondria and restore health to those that are compromised. It is the section that probably is the one of greatest interest to most readers. The average lay reader feels inadequate when trying to wade through unfamiliar scientific words and concepts. Thus, there seems to be more interest in writings that tell the reader what to do rather than explain the reason why. For all readers who are starting the book here in Part Three, you are doing yourself a great disservice. The time spent on reading the first two parts of the book will greatly enhance appreciation of the delicate and vital workings of mitochondria and how they can be protected.
Probably the most pressing problem faced by mitochondria is damaging free-radical leakage caused by electrons escaping from reactions along an electron transport chain. The difficulties of methods for reducing escaping electrons are reviewed with the conclusion that the only method currently available to prevent the problem is by calorie restriction, the mechanism of which is discussed in the later section Ketogenic Diet and Calorie Restriction.
In the interim, however, there are remedies that can be employed to support and/or enhance the health of mitochondria. The first nutrient mentioned, D-ribose, is given particular attention because of its special benefit for endurance athletes who experience athletic heart syndrome and patients with cardiac disease. D-ribose is a 5-carbon sugar that the body makes from glucose by a pathway known as the pentose phosphate shunt. D-ribose is known primarily as a major component of DNA and RNA molecules, but its importance for mitochondria is as a precursor of ATP. The large energy demand (ATP) by heart tissues often cannot be supplied rapidly enough by compromised mitochondria. The supply of ATP can be more rapidly restored by supplementing with d-ribose. It is effective in restoring energy efficiency in any cardiac condition.
The next nutrient discussed is PQQ, which stand for pyrroloquinoline quinone. PQQ is an exciting biochemical that is under consideration for status as a vitamin. It has recently been found not only to protect mitochondria from oxidative damage but also to stimulate growth of new mitochondria. PQQ is widely distributed in foods, a table of which is presented on pp133-134. More exciting is our surprise to find PQQ mentioned in Life. The discovery of PQQ’s importance was only made in 2010. Anyone familiar with book publishing will recognize that the latest information mentioned in any nonfiction book is usually a few years old.
After PQQ, there follows in order: Coenzyme Q10; L-Carnitine; Magnesium; Alpha-Lipoic Acid; Creatine; B Vitamins; Iron; and Resveratrol and Pterostilbene, each with information about relationship to mitochondria. The remainder of Part Three deals with practices that may benefit mitochondrial function. The first subject is ketogenic diets and calorie restriction, which are briefly described as showing some promise for slowing down the aging process, boosting cardiovascular and brain health, and delaying or perhaps even preventing some major chronic inflammatory diseases. The author warns that self-prescribing a keto or calorie restricted diet should not be undertaken without a lot more study of them in order to know what you are doing.
The final section is a very interesting treatise on exercise and physical activity that is a must for everyone to read. “Best for last? Exercise and physical activity is the last topic but probably the most important when it comes to mitochondrial health.” The balance of this section describes and explains the Exercise Paradox.
There probably will be cheers and jeers for the guidance suggested in this section. Diehard members of the fitness culture who live in gyms or exercise parlors and glory in their sculpted abs will vigorously dispute the conclusion that “strenuous, exhaustive exercise is not good.” Nevertheless, it is a reality that the greater the demand for energy, the greater the production of electrons, and consequently the greater the mitochondrial damage by free radicals. Therefore, although strenuous exercise may be harmful to mitochondria, being sedentary is no better and may be worse.
The question of benefit remains for moderate exercise, both aerobic and resistant kinds, because any exercise or activity increases the rate at which free-radicals are produced. Should all exercise and physical activity be discouraged? The emphatic “No” will elicit cheers from the balance of the fitness folk who are not so obsessive about exercise. The balance of this section spells out the numerous beneficial effects of moderate exercise and physical activity that far outweigh any troubles caused by free-radicals.
In pulling it all together, the author notes that study of mitochondria is a fascinating subject that is constantly and rapidly evolving. It has “…real life implications for countless health conditions, and indeed life and death itself.”
May the Force be with you.
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The Nabataeans maintained two ports that we know about. The first was Aila at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba. The Nabataeans also maintained a port on the Red Sea known as Leuce Come (meaning white village.) This harbor later served as a port of trade for European ships as well as the smaller Arab dhows that would come loaded with freight from Arabia. (Periplus 19) The Nabataeans/Romans maintained a customs office at Leuce Come as well as a centurion and a detachment of soldiers. The usual customs on luxury goods was 25%. This port may have been located at the modern village of Khuraybah. From Leuce Come a caravan route wound it’s way north to Petra. (Strabo 16.781)
To date, no one has established the exact location of Leuce Come. The Periplus describes briefly describes it, mentioning that there was a fort there where taxes were collected. It also mentions that small ships used this port. Perhaps this was due to coral reefs. Strabo mentions Leuce Come in his narration about the Roman attempt to take Arabia. He tells how the Romans had trouble navigating their ships through the coral reefs to land.. “After enduring great hardships and distress, he arrived on the fifteenth day at Leuce-Come, a large mart in the territory of the Nabataeans, with the loss of many of his vessels, some with all their crews, in consequence of the difficulty of the navigation, but by no opposition from an enemy. These misfortunes were occasioned by the perfidy of Syllaeus, who insisted that there was no road for an army by land to Leuce-Come, to which and from which place the camel traders travel with ease and in safety from Selah, and back to Selah, with so large a body of men and camels as to differ in no respect from an army.” XVI.iv.24
The fort and taxation center at Leuce-Come demonstrates to us that foreign caravans would frequent the place, and that they would be taxed. Nabataean caravans and boats were part of internal trade, and may not have been taxed in the same way. Interestingly enough, to date this is the only reference we have of the Nabataeans taxing goods passing through their land.
Several suggestions have been made about the location of Leuce Come. Check out Dan Gibson’s on the page: Trade On The Red Sea, in the section Travel and Trade
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Stress management is a term that refers to the amelioration of stress, with the objective of improving everyday functioning. It is essentially a process specifically designed to identify stress factors and learn skills to minimise the impact of stressors in today’s fast-paced world.
Stress management is a crucial step to take for those who have ascertained that they are facing stressful situations in life, regardless of the cause. While there are beneficial forms of stress that enable people to channel into something positive and productive, it is not good for the body. Chronic stress can have deleterious effects and is known to deteriorate health faster than other illnesses.
Stress is basically a feeling of physical or emotional strain triggered by people’s response to perceived pressures from the outside world. It is the wear and tear experienced by the body as it attempts to adjust with the constantly changing environment. Physical stress pertains to the body’s physical reaction to a wide range of triggers.
Emotional stress typically occurs in situations that people deem difficult or challenging. In most instances, physical stress leads to emotional stress, and emotional stress frequently manifests as physical stress. Stress management therefore involves the control as well as reduction of the tension during stressful situations by instituting the appropriate physical and emotional changes.
Stress management programs are characterized by instructions on handling challenging situations, rational thinking techniques, conflict resolution, time management, relaxation techniques, as well as discussions about balanced lifestyle, well-being, healthy diet, exercise, autogenic training, social support, and a renewed sense of optimism. Overall, stress management concentrates on attaining a healthier mind and body to help clients regain control of their lives by improving behavioural skills and overcoming emotional problems.
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A jog dial, typically found on portable electronic devices
s, is a simple, one fingered interface.
Usually, it's a small scroll wheel, identical to one you would find on a scroll wheel-equipped mouse, except it usually is seated on the side of the device. This lets you hold the device with one hand, and use a single finger on that hand to operate the wheel. You can scroll up, scroll down, or press in. There appear to be two types; one that can scroll all the way around, like a mouse wheel, or one with a protrusion on the tip, meaning it can only go up or down one increment at a time. Both have their advantages.
Cellular phones and PDAs commonly feature this, as it enables you to browse listings, address books, etc. without using two hands or a stylus or having to use two or three buttons. You scroll up or down, and usually press inwards to invoke an action like select or dial.
It's handy for phones, you can look up a number single-handedly. PDAs use it to look up information single-handedly, some even use it to control video and audio players.
An example of a jog dial is here: http://www.clieplaza.com/en/product/sl10/jogdial.html
DejaMorgana says Hey. I could be wrong, but it seems to me you've got the wrong definition for jog dial. A jog dial, AFAIK, is one that doesn't rotate completely. If it does, it's just a plain old dial.
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Biliteracy has undergone definitional changes over the last two decades. Many changes in the field of biliteracy are related to theoretical shifts in how researchers view bilingualism and bilinguals. In this article, the authors define biliteracy and trace various perspectives on the literacy development of bilinguals. In particular, they present early definitions of biliteracy, examine the impact of sociocultural shift on the definition, explore the redefinition of bilingualism and biliteracy, highlight how research in psychology and neuroscience is aligned with educational discussions on biliteracy, look at research in the classroom, and call for continued expansion of research on biliteracy.
What Is Biliteracy?
The term biliteracy represents a fundamental shift from thinking about literacy as an activity that takes place strictly within a given language. Biliteracy, in the way it is being used here, represents what...
- Abutalebi, J., Della Rosa, P. A., Green, D. W., Hernandez, M., Scifo, P., Keim, R.,…Costa, A. (2012). Bilingualism tunes the anterior cingulate cortex for conflict monitoring. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 2076–2086.Google Scholar
- Baker, C. (2011). Foundations of bilingual education. Tanowanda: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
- Bauer, E., & Colomer, S. E. (2015). Biliteracy development among African American and Latina/o emergent bilinguals in a two-way immersion classroom. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry, Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
- Bauer, E., Presiado, V., & Colomer, S. E. (in press). Writing through partnership: How emergent bilinguals foster translanguaging. Journal of Literacy Research.Google Scholar
- Blackledge, A., & Creese, A. (2010). Multilingualism. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
- Cummins, J. (1979). Cognitive/academic language proficiency, linguistic interdependence, the optimum age question, and some other matters. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 19, 121–129.Google Scholar
- Fortune, T., Tedick, D., & Walker, C. (2008). Integrated language and content teaching: Insights from the language immersion classroom. In T. Fortune & D. Tedick (Eds.), Pathways to multilingualism: Evolving perspectives on immersion education (pp. 71–96). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, Ltd.Google Scholar
- García, O. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
- Lindholm-Leary, K., & Howard, E. (2008). Language development and academic achievement in two-way immersion programs. In T. W. Fortune & D. J. Tedick (Eds.), Pathways to multilingualism: Evolving perspectives on immersion education (pp. 177–200). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, Ltd.Google Scholar
- Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
- Williams, C. (1996). Secondary education: Teaching in the bilingual situation. In C. Williams, G. Lewis, & C. Baker (Eds.), The language policy: Taking stock (pp. 193–211). Llangefni: CAI.Google Scholar
- Wolfersberger, M. (2003). L1 & L2 writing process and strategy transfer: A look at lower proficiency writers. TESL-EJ, 7(2). Retrieved from http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume7/ej26/ej26a6/
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The Importance of Snow
Posted: January 28, 2014
Depending on your perspective, the lack of snow cover can be a blessing or a disaster. Less snow reduces energy costs, eases travel and prolongs some outdoor recreation but is devastating to ski enthusiasts and the businesses that rely on them. The impact that a lack of snow cover can have on water supplies around the state is less obvious.
Unlike some western states where snow may account for more than 80% of the annual precipitation, snow typically makes up 10 to 25% of the annual precipitation in Pennsylvania. Although snow is less important than rainfall, the presence of a snow pack in spring can be a very important source of water in the forest. Melting snow forms temporary vernal ponds that serve as a critical habitat for many forest amphibians.
The snow pack that accumulates during an average winter also insulates the soil underneath it keeping the soil largely unfrozen and able to absorb water from melting snow. Since trees and other plants are dormant during early spring, most of the snowmelt water entering the soil infiltrates deep below the surface where it recharges ground water aquifers. When snow cover is lacking, not only is less water available but the soil may also freeze deeper preventing snowmelt or rain from recharging ground water until later in the spring.
Ground water aquifers that are recharged in the spring by melting snow provide water supply wells and streams with a steady source of cool ground water during the long, hot summer. Fish and other stream life have adapted to the increased stream flows in spring and the relatively cool ground water that is supplied to the stream throughout the summer. Without this spring recharge, stream levels may drop and stream temperatures may increase to dangerous levels during the summer. The effects of a lack of snow on water resources can be offset by frequent rainfall during the spring. However, once the growing season begins, the window of opportunity to recharge ground water is lost until the next dormant season.
The next time you are celebrating the warm, snow-free winter weather or cursing old man winter as you shovel snow, consider the important role that snow plays in ensuring water supplies and stream ecosystems throughout the state.
Water Resources Specialist
Renewable Natural Resources
Penn State Extension
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management
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The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit
The Story of A Fierce Bad Rabbit is a children’s book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in December 1906. The book tells of a bad little rabbit who is fired upon by a hunter and loses his tail and whiskers. The book was intended for babies and very young children and was originally published on a strip of paper that folded into a wallet and was tied with a ribbon. The format was unpopular with booksellers and eventually reprinted in the standard small book format of the Peter Rabbit library.
The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit Summary
Potter’s three panorama books of 1906 – The Story of A Fierce Bad Rabbit, The Story of Miss Moppet, and The Sly Old Cat – are vignettes rather than the typical tales she produced of causality, extended plot, and variety of character. Each story has a very limited cast of characters with one dominant character (the title character), and each is dependent upon an archetypal animosity: rabbit versus hunter and cat versus rodent. In their simplicity and unusual format, these stories were intended for babies and very young children, but Potter was never at her best when writing for a clearly defined audience. A Fierce Bad Rabbit fails for this reason, and for its overt moralizing and stiff illustrations. Most damaging to the book’s success are the two rabbits. Both lack the adorable cuteness of Peter Rabbit and his kin.
Details of The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit Pdf
Name Of the Novel: The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit
Author: Beatrix Potter
Illustrator: Beatrix Potter
Country United Kingdom
Genre: Children’s literature
Publisher: Frederick Warne & Co.
Publication date: December 1906
Media type: Print (hardcover)
Book Type: Pdf / ePub
Download The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit Book
We do respect all the works of Authors. But there are many students who cannot buy books for money. I am sharing the download link of The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit pdf for those students. If you are able then please buy The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit book from Amazon. Or you can download The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit pdf from the Button Below.
People who downloaded The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit full book pdf also downloaded the Books Below.
[Note: If you get the wrong file after downloading then please leave a comment. Also if you have DCMA related issue then please visit our DCMA Section
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When my wife became pregnant with our first child, I believed women were supposed to carry a baby for nine months before giving birth.
But I soon learned this was a myth.
No matter how you estimate the duration of a "typical" pregnancy — using the latest scientific data on pregnancies or converting months into weeks or days — nine months misses the mark.
Just 4% of pregnant women deliver a baby after 40 weeks, which is a number used interchangeably with nine months.
But even nine months does not equal 40 weeks, or 280 days — another number you'll hear from obstetricians, government agencies, and other sources of information you encounter during a pregnancy.
That's because months vary in days. Averaging 365 days over 12 months, your average month lasts 30 days and 10 hours. So 280 days is actually nine months plus nearly a week.
While this is a minor quibble, the core figure of 280 days is also suspect.
The number first appeared in a German manual for midwives published in 1836, and it's an estimate of when a woman ovulates to release an egg all the way through to birth. Because ovulation can be notoriously difficult to detect, however, researchers at the NIH in 2013 decided to check this number with the latest scientific tools.
The NIH researchers followed 125 women, starting with a sensitive chemical test for ovulation all the way through to the birth of one child. (Another mark against "nine months": A vast majority of twins and other multiples are born in the seventh or eighth month of pregnancy.)
The researchers discovered that the median pregnancy was not 280 days, but 268 days — and that was after excluding pre-term or post-term babies and accounting for a woman's weight, alcohol use, sex during pregnancy, and other factors.
This means a "typical" pregnancy likely lasts 38 weeks and 2 days — or 8 months, 24 days, and 16 hours.
The NIH study's real kicker, however, is how much the length of a traditional pregnancy can vary: by a whopping 37 days, or five weeks, spanning before and after the 268-day mark.
The reality is that every woman's pregnancy is different, as science writers Tara Haelle and Emily Willingham make abundantly clear in their meticulously researched book, "The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years".
And if you aren't convinced this actuarial nitpicking matters, consider the fact that some doctors can and do rush pregnant women into cesarean sections because of timing concerns, and the procedure — while typically very safe — not only costs thousands of dollars more than a vaginal birth, but also increases many kinds of risks to babies and their moms.
All of that said, the NIH researchers did not go so far as to make a clinical recommendation; after all, 125 women is a small sample size.
Yet it stands to reason that freely passing around a nice, round, and imprecise number could have some real and unfortunate consequences.
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|Here's what the kids came up with.|
LEGO bricks aren't solely for the mind, they can be a tool in the hands of God! Today we used a Primary activity we found at Sugar Doodle. We split the children into groups and had them choose one of 2 bags. One bag is labeled "bad choices" and one is labeled "good choices." The bad choices bag was filled with twigs and a glue stick, while the good choices bag was filled with LEGO pieces. We then asked the children to build a house with the materials provided. Needless to say, they much preferred building with the good choices bag.
What lessons have LEGO sets and other cool toys taught you?
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Selecting one of the three chronic diseases you used in your Week 6 assignment, you now have the opportunity to evaluate the outcome(s) of the intervention(s). Explain how you will measure the outcome(s) of the intervention(s) you selected. You will use the feedback loop (labeled B) to describe how you will measure the outcome(s).For example, under B in the model, it states that the uninsured rate drops in states embracing the law. How would you make that determination? This is the sort of process you will use to complete this assignment. This is not an easy task; it requires careful reading and thoughtful, innovative thinking. However, this is the sort of process you will want to use in your proposal or if you are embarking on a similar task within your organization.Length: 4-5 pages, not including title and reference pagesReferences: Include a minimum of 2 scholarly resource and 1 government websiteI am uploading my assignment 6 as well as information related to the subject. I thought obesity would be a good one to use. But if you can use one of the 3 I used in week 6.
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One in five Americans state that they don't belong to any religion. Around 30 percent of these self identify as atheists or agnostics. More details about the "nones" here.
Protests against the religious right is the main reason why people decline to associate themselves with religion, Claude Fischer states.
CLAUDE S. FISCHER
Claude Serge Fischer is an American sociologist and Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley.
Fischer and his books have received many awards and honors. The following are the awards and honors received by Fischer and his books.
- 1986 Distinguished Scholarship Award of the Pacific Sociological Association for To Dwell Among Friends (1982)
- 1995 Dexter Prize, Outstanding Book, from the Society for the History of Technology, for America Calling (1992)
- 1996 Robert and Helen Lynd Award, from the Community and Urban Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association, for distinguished lifetime contribution to urban and community studies
- Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth (1996) was awarded “Outstanding Book” on Human Rights, Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Human Rights in North America in 1998
- Century of Difference (2006) was a co-winner of the 2007 Otis Dudley Duncan Book Award, Population Section, American Sociological Association.
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA: The last decades, more and more Americans have started identifying themselves as having no religion when asked what religion they belong to. Historically, the share of «nones» has been stable at about seven to eight percent. But in 2000, 14 percent answered that they do not belong to any religion. Seven years later, in 2007, the number had risen to 15,3 percent. Five more years along, in 2012, the percentage had risen once again, to 19,6 percent.
That means one in five Americans citizens state that they do not belong to any religion when asked.
Does this imply that they’re all atheists or agnostics? No. Only 5,7 percent of the US population identified as such in 2012 (up two percentage points from 2007). That means atheists and agnostics make out around 30 percent of the «non-affiliated», something that fits well with another finding; 68 percent of the non-affiliated state that they believe in God.
Two thirds of the non-affiliated can thereby be said to be believers, despite the fact that they don’t feel attached to any religion.
What is the explanation for this?
Liberals protesting against conservatives
Claude Fischer is a professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2002, Fisher was one of two researchers responsible for identifying the strong growth of the «nones» in an article for American Sociological Review – an article he wrote with Michael Hout.
He doesn’t believe Americans have gotten less religious. He sees the growth of the «nones» as a significant social trend, but states that it is better interpreted as a political statement than a change in the real personal religious sentiments of the people.
«What has happened is that people who never felt strongly religious in the first place have started distancing themselves from religion as a concept. Earlier, they stated a belonging to the religion of their families, or the religion they were «born in to.» But now they have started to distance themselves from religion altogether,» Fischer says.
He interprets the move as a liberal political protest against reactionary and religious conservatism.
«When people with liberal political leanings distance themselves from the term «religion», it’s really conservative politics they refrain from associating themselves with. It’s a reaction against the growing tendency to link religion with a conservative political agenda. The un-affiliated are obviously less religious than average, but they have been like that all the time. The fact that they now are less inclined to declare a religion doesn’t mean that they are less religious than they used to be on a personal level,» he says.
Fischer recognizes the increase in the number of atheists and agnostics and that the share who «believe without doubt» has been reduced from 88% in 2002 to 80% in 2012. Even so, he thinks these are small movements compared to the growth of the «nones», or the un-affiliated.
«There have been some changes when it comes to personal religiosity. It’s possible to say that religion has become «kinder.» Faith in hell and condemnation are reduced. Jesus is no longer perceived to be a strict judge, but more of a forgiving character who represents love. But all of this is something that happens separately and independently from the rise of the «nones,» Fischer states.
He underlines that the US-population is still strongly religious compared to the rest of the western world (more about this later on), and he cannot find any clear tendencies that show that this is about to change.
«I disagree with those who claim that the US is experiencing a process of secularization. The changes we see are too weak to be labelled as such,» he says.
Atheism is not as provocative as atheists seem to believe
There’s a lot of reference in the American humanist and atheist movement to atheists being the most hated minority in the country. Claude Fischer doesn’t believe it’s as bad as the atheists portray it to be. He believes American’s attitudes toward atheism is mainly characterized by indifference.
«Most Americans feel it’s weird not to believe in God. Religious faith is so thoroughly entrenched in the American way of thinking that people struggle to take in the very concept of atheism. But they don’t get angered or provoked by it, like the atheists seem to believe. They just feel it’s weird», he says.
Fischer explains that for an average American, atheism might feel like having a neighbor who doesn’t have a Christmas tree. You might think it is weird, and maybe you get a little suspicious and wonder what kind of person this is. But basically you don’t care.
«Right now, there are no open atheist representatives in Congress. Do you think James Woods who runs for Congress in Arizona for the November election, and openly says he is an atheist, might have a chance?»
«It is hardly an advantage to run as an open atheist. People like to vote for representatives similar to themselves. That said, it all depends on the constituency. Here in liberal Berkeley, people will have shrugged their shoulders at such information about a candidate. In the countryside in Arkansas it might have been a different story. So it depends on the constituency. I would definitely not say that he has no chance just because he’s an atheist», Fischer replies.
«They enjoy being obnoxious»
When Fritanke.no asks what Claude Fischer thinks about the new atheists, we get a clear message in return.
«They enjoy being obnoxious. The look upon themselves as very smart, but in reality they portray a simplistic and misunderstood image of religion», he states.
«Is it the form or the content of what they’re saying that provokes you the most?»
«Both. They’re having a good time at annoying people, which of course is annoying, but also what they say is wrong. They attack a caricature of religion. They pretend that religion exclusively is about literal readings of the Bible and a stern belief that «God exists». In addition, they convey absurd claims about religion causing wars, suffering and bloodshed.
«So you don’t believe the religious are being provoked because their dogmas are being challenged by the irrefutable arguments of the atheists?»
«Definitely not! I don’t doubt that the atheists perceive it that way, but they’re wrong. Their arguments are irritating because they’re so simplistic. Nothing else. The new atheists believe they have discovered something new, but this is 150-year old news. The religious themselves have a far much more sophisticated understanding of the nature of religion, its role in society and its philosophical and theological basis, Fisher emphasizes.
He interprets new atheism as a response to the rise of the religious right in the US.
«This way, new atheism and the rise of the «nones» are related. They are both a reaction to the religious right», he states.
The religious market of the US is bottom-up
There are vast differences between the US and Europe when it comes to religion. Why does religion still stand so strong in the US, while Europe the last decades has experienced a substantial decline in religiosity?
Fischer, who has written an entire book about American mentality and culture, outlines some of the most common explanations.
The first deals with the fact that the USA has never been dominated by a large, state-aligned church, like most European countries.
«In the USA there has never been a religious authority closely linked to the state, like in many European countries. Because of this, religion has never been associated with state power in the US. In Europe, being critical of state authority and religion has been seen as two sides of the same coin. Not so in the US. Here, religion to a far greater extent stems from the people», Fischer explains.
Another point is that the USA historically has had a free religious market, where different religious communities have competed. This has resulted in a multitude of religious communities that have emerged from below and been shaped naturally by people’s religious preferences.
«Religious life in the USA is bottom-up, not top-down. Americans aren’t really concerned a lot with theology. It’s more important to find a congregation with an appealing message and where they find a community they fit into. This is the basis on which they choose where to belong. This so-called «church shopping» has resulted in a multifaceted religious life that stems directly from the people itself, without the large authoritarian and centralized church structures of Europe», Fischer says.
A third explanation Fischer points to, is that US culture has always valued the individual, and that the strong, historically-rooted communities of Europe have been more or less absent. In this situation, it has to a large extent been the role of religious communities to build binding communities. In this way, churches were central to building social life in America and they remain so today.
«These are of course secular, sociological explanations on the role of faith communities in US society, compared to Europe. The religious dimension is something else. When it comes to this, Europe is really the big exception. USA is more like the rest of the world, where religion still stands strong, Fischer underlines.
Translation from the Norwegian version: Even Gran
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Let’s go on an adventure into another world. This world is not entirely different to our own, but it might have some unexpected treasures - and pitfalls - to find. It’s an adventure into the mind of your reader. They live in our world, but they don’t always think like we do. And learning to think like a reader can be tricky!
Have you ever been really good at something, and tried to show someone else how to do it? It’s frustrating when they just don’t seem to get it, even though it seems easy to you. Science tells us that the more you know about a topic, the less you are able to imagine what it’s like to not know it. The technical name for this is the Curse of Knowledge, and it can make writing documentation hard.
Writers combat the Curse of Knowledge by putting themselves in the shoes of the reader. And while this guide won’t teach you to be a professional technical writer, it will definitely help you think about your reader, so that you can write better documentation.
Let’s dive into the world of the reader …
Don’t start yet!
When you’re excited about a new project, it’s super-tempting to just start writing the docs without thinking too hard about it.
DON’T DO THIS!
This guide is designed to get you thinking about your readers in such a way that you’ll end up knowing what docs you need to write. It won’t take very long for you to get through it, and it will save you time in the long run.
When you’re done, you should have a good idea of who your main readers are, the kinds of things they are using your docs for, and what kinds of docs they might be expecting. This will help you know which templates to use from the Good Docs Project, and give you the basics to start completing them.
If you want to do this using the interactive tool, go here instead: [Interactive IA Guide](don’t click here the link does not exist yet). The interactive version is the same as this static version, so you can use this version to check back on later on if you need to.
What are you writing about?
The first thing to do is think about what you’re writing about.
Are you writing about something pretty simple, that people can use without having any experience? Like a toaster?
Or are you writing about something a bit complicated, that people can start to use only after they’ve done a bit of reading, and might need to ask some questions as they go along? More like a car?
Or are you writing about something really tricky? Something that requires training, a whole lot of background knowledge, and possibly a friend to help them the whole way? Like a nuclear reactor?
Curse of Knowledge alert!!
Try to remember that not everyone knows the same stuff, or learns in the same way. What if your reader doesn’t speak the same language, or is a new migrant from a place with a totally different culture? What if they are nine years old? Or 99 years old? What if they have a physical or mental disability? When you are thinking about your readers, make sure you are thinking about everyone, not just people like you.
Writing about a toaster
Because the thing you are writing about is pretty simple and straightforward, you might think that you don’t need much documentation.
Just because you might not need a lot of docs, you will still need something, and working that out could be tricky. You’re going to need to think a little bit harder about who you’re writing for.
Writing about a car
There is a pretty good chance that you needed to learn how to do this thing yourself, and hopefully it wasn’t all that long ago, and you can fairly easily cast your mind back to those days when you didn’t know what this thing was, or how it worked. And hopefully there is also someone nearby who has had to learn as well, so go ask them questions!
Writing about a nuclear reactor
The first thing to work out if you are writing about a nuclear reactor is what reasonable assumptions can you make? There’s a fair chance that you can assume at least some kind of prior knowledge: a degree, some relevant experience, or perhaps using some other related tools or software.
Put these things right up front in your docs, so your readers can go away and learn something else first if they need to. And be prepared to be challenged: you might discover in time that your assumptions are incorrect, and if that happens, you’ll need to revisit your docs, too.
Who are you writing for?
Now that you know what you’re writing about, consider who you’re writing for. Remember that people come in all shapes and sizes, so let’s think up three different people, to try and make sure we’re covering all the options.
The way you categorize your three readers is up to you, but sometimes the best way to start is by thinking of a beginner, an intermediate reader, and an expert. Or, depending on the kind of product you have, you might think of an ordinary user, a system administrator, and a support person.
Your three readers should probably be interested in different parts of your product. They will be trying to do different tasks, and they will need different levels of help from your docs. Don’t be afraid to let them overlap a little bit, but try and make sure you’ve covered most of the options.
Let’s take a closer look at our readers, and work out why they read the docs.
I’m going to tell you a secret:
No one curls up at night with a warm drink and a great technical manual.
If that’s the case, why do people read docs? Generally speaking, it’s because they want to achieve something.
To put that in less abstract terms, you need to work out what problem your reader is trying to solve. If Dusty wants to put their degree up on the wall, they might want to consult some documentation about how to do it. The documentation Dusty needs to do this would probably not be called “How to Choose a Drill”. The documentation Dusty needs is “How to Hang a Picture”.
This is an important distinction, because if you get it wrong, your readers won’t know if the content is right for them or, worse, they won’t find your content at all.
So let’s think about what our readers are trying to achieve.
For each of your readers, start by thinking about how they might begin. What is the very first thing they might want to do? Let’s assume that they manage to complete that without any trouble. What would be the second thing that they would want to do? And now that they’ve managed to complete that what is the next thing?
When you’ve got tasks for all of your readers, let’s put it all together.
Writing for your readers
Now that you know who your readers are, and the kinds of things they might be using your documentation for, you can display them in a table like this:
|Tasks||Reader 1||Reader 2||Reader 3||Critical Path Score|
Now you just need to fill in the blank spaces. Consider how likely the reader is to use the documentation to complete each task. Score a 1 for a low likelihood, 2 for a medium likelihood, and 3 for a high likelihood.
Curse of Knowledge alert!!
Remember that this isn’t how likely the reader is to do the task. It’s how likely the reader is to use the documentation to do the task. A really experienced reader is not likely to need to the documentation for tasks like installation or setup, but they might need it for more advanced tasks.
When you have the numbers in, add up each row. The rows that score the highest are what writers like to call critical paths. The items with the highest critical path score is the content that is most important for you to write.
Identify the mess
It’s time to turn our attention to what you already have. If you have already made a start on the docs, that’s great! But even if you think you’re starting from scratch, there’s a reasonable chance you actually already have something.
Have a think about it:
- Have you written notes while you’ve been working? Even if they’re just scratches on a notebook on your desk, that’s documentation!
- Have you written any comments in your code? You really should have! They’re documentation, too.
- Have you put a README in your code repository? That’s also documentation!
- Have you given any talks or presentations about your project? Even if there isn’t a recording, any notes or slides you made is documentation too!
Get all of these things together and look at them with your critical paths in mind. Do you have content here that fits all those critical paths?
You will probably start to notice the gaps pretty quickly. It could be that you have a whole lot of content that describes how to do it, but not a lot that explains what it is. Or, you could have a lot of stuff aimed at beginners, and not a lot that works for experts. Sometimes, you might find that you have a lot of descriptions of things, but not a lot of step-by-step instructions.
Have a think about each of your critical paths, and identify what content you need to fulfil each one.
At this stage, it’s normal to be feeling a little overwhelmed. Now you can work out what you actually need, so you can cut some things from the list.
State your intent
If you wanted to build a house, you wouldn’t start laying bricks until you’d had a think about what kind of house you want to build. How big is it going to be? What materials are you going to use? What layout and design is it going to have?
You also need to think about what you intend for your documentation. Is it going to be comprehensive and detailed, or simple and sparse? Is it going to use simple language, designed for people who have never done this before, or more technical language, for people who know what they’re doing and just need the basics? Is it going to start from the very beginning, or are you going to assume that your readers already have some knowledge?
By now, you should have a good idea of what your ideal documentation looks like. It will be a shining beacon of docs goodness, hitting all the critical paths for all your readers, and people will talk about it for years to come!
It’s a grim reality that project documentation needs to be maintained. Have a think about how many writers your project might be able to access. Are you likely to have writers on the project over time? What skill level are they likely to have? Is there any content that already exists elsewhere that you can point to, rather than writing it yourself? Is there any way you can automate any part of the documentation, such as using code comments to generate API documentation?
Choose a direction
Now is when you really get to start making decisions. You’ve thought about your readers, and the kinds of things they might want to do. You’ve thought about the kind of content you already have, and what’s missing. Then you faced reality and realized that you might not be able to create perfect docs, but you can certainly improve what you already have.
So, which docs are you going to write?
Now you get to decide how to move forward.
Measure the distance
Don’t let your docs project be like your New Year resolutions, forgotten and lonely by the end of the year. The best way to make sure you stick to your docs goals, is to work out how much you can do, and set a deadline for each step in the process.
The templates will help you understand how much work is involved in each of the docs you want to write. Have a read through the information for each template you want to use, and work out how much time you are going to need to work on it.
Then you can split up docs work like this:
- Planning - 20%
- Drafting - 50%
- Reviewing and editing - 20%
- Production - 10%
So, if you want to write a How To, and you have five months to do it, you can work out how much time to spend on each task like this:
Three months = Around 100 working days, not counting weekends, and allowing for a few holidays. You can adjust this however you like, if you’re only working on weekends, for example, or if you have other projects to work on as well.
- Planning - 20 days (4 weeks)
- Drafting - 50 days (10 weeks)
- Review & edit - 20 days (4 weeks)
- Production - 10 days (2 weeks)
There’s just one more thing to do.
Prepare to adjust
The most important thing you need to do is to be flexible. Things don’t always work out, and that’s OK!
Perhaps you get a new job and end up with no time to work on things. If you’ve written down your plan, and spoken to others in your project about what you were going to do, others can pick up the work, and when you’re able to, you can come back to it.
Perhaps you get an injection of cash and can hire some writers. Go back to the critical paths, expand your scope, and hand that planning to them, so that they have somewhere to start, and understand your vision for the docs.
Or maybe things just don’t work out, and the project ends up being abandoned entirely. That’s sad, but it’s OK. At least you’ve finished up with some valuable knowledge, so you’ll be even better for your next idea.
So, are you ready to get started?
This document was largely based on the brilliant book by Abby Covert called How to Make Sense of Any Mess. It’s a quick read, and it doesn’t just apply to technical documentation, you can use the principles in that book to help you organize anything at all.
If you want to delve further into information architecture for technical documentation, the most important text you need is the O’Reilly book Information Architecture. It has everything you need to know, including answers to questions you didn’t know you needed to ask. It has a polar bear on the cover.
You’ve reached the end of the static Information Architecture Guide. If you’re ready to get started, go check out the templates
If you want to try the interactive version of this guide, visit the Interactive Information Architecture Guide.
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I am always amazed that the history of grammar, which is actually a metalanguage for literary English, is not really covered in schools at any point. As a result, modern theorists have been reinventing the wheel, and this is nowhere more apparent than the discipline of grammar itself. I thought I might offer here some notes on the early history of literary theory, along with some comment on the debt it owes to the Christian expansion. I’ll deal later with what this means for us as contemporary pagans.
The Advent of Christianity
During the fourth and fifth centuries, as the Western Roman Empire devolved into a series of locally governed kingdoms, the Christian church developed a governing structure roughly patterned on that of Rome. It was only natural that the church should adopt its language as well. One writer (Aurelius Prudentius Clemens, 348– ca. 412) even went so far as to claim that the political authority of Rome, realised in the Empire, was exchanged for a spiritual authority realised in the Church. Churchmen set an official or orthodox canon of texts that could be accepted as central to the Christian faith, and in the fourth century Eusebius Hieronymus, or St. Jerome as he is known now, produced the first full translation of them into the common language of the West: Latin. Originally written in either Hebrew or Greek, this collection of texts was published as ‘The Sacred Books in the Common Language’ or Biblia Sacra Vulgata, travelled together in manuscripts and formed the basis for what we call the Bible. Because the books of the Bible, or sacred scriptures, were central to the Christian faith, Latin began to be taught alongside Christianity from the fourth century onward. As a result, Latin went wherever the official or orthodox Church did.
Early Medieval Literary Theory
The significance of the tie between Latin and literature can hardly be overstated. Because Christianity relied on a collection of texts that were often difficult to understand, the need for a means of interpreting and expounding on the meaning of sacred scripture became increasingly apparent. Drawing first on late Roman educational practices, Churchmen quickly began developing methods of drawing meaning out of sacred scripture: a practice called exegesis. In order to make sure that these were in keeping with holy teaching (usually referred to as sacred doctrine), these exegetical methods were first agreed upon by Church councils called synods and then widely published. One of the first and most popular of these exegetical methods was written by Jerome, the first to translate all the books of the Bible into Latin. Its title was simply ‘On the Best Kind of Interpretation’ (De optime genere interpretandi) and started by saying that the intent of the reader was of utmost importance to the understanding of the text. It went on to outline four levels of meaning inherent in sacred scripture.
- Literal / Historical
- Allegorical / Metaphorical
- Pastoral / Spiritual
- Eschatological / Apocalyptic
Each of these kinds of interpretation rendered a meaning that was pertinent to the individual and the Church as a whole, but more importantly it implied that sacred scripture had multiple meanings hidden within the text itself. From this starting point, the orthodox Church began to develop increasingly rarefied and often complex systems of interpretation. In order to begin to gain access to these methods, however, one had to learn how to read Latin.
The need to teach Latin easily and quickly gave rise to a concomitant need to develop a method of talking about the language that was easy to understand. As was briefly mentioned above, a Roman teacher (or grammaticus) developed such a system in the fourth century. Aelius Donatus’ real achievement was not in devising a system of grammar, but in revising and simplifying the one that had already existed for some time. His system divided speech into eight categories of words according to their function in generating meaning. We still use these eight categories, or ‘parts of speech’ (partes orationum) as he called them, in our basic understanding of modern English grammar (though it is not taught as much as it used to be). Here are his parts with their modern English counterparts:
- Nomen / Noun
- Verbum / Verb
- Adverbum / Adverb
- Pronomen / Pronoun
- Præpositio / Preposition
- Coniunctio / Conjunction
- Participium / Participle (later Adiectiuum / Adjective)
- Interiectio / Interjection
If Jerome provided the foundation for literary interpretation, then Donatus provided the foundation for teaching language itself. The popularity and efficiency of his system continued unabated for more than thirteen hundred years and proved applicable to every language in Europe. Amongst the Gaelic literati, this kind of structured, quantifying method of analysing speech was adopted and elaborated into some of the most elaborate poetic traditions in Europe.
B. Literary Taxonomies (Genre)
Latin carried more with it than just sacred scripture and ways of talking about language. There was also an entire system of literary activity with its own categories of documents. Historiography had a uniquely Greco-Roman form and one borrowed by every vernacular writer across Europe. Heroic poetry by Homer and Virgil found Christian counterparts in medieval writers like Prudentius, previously mentioned, Alcuin at Charlemagne’s court school and arguably the (ostensibly) less divinely inspired Chivalric Romances. Vernacular imitations of Virgil’s Æneid and other such works provided the starting point for long-standing narrative traditions and even one parody of heroic poetry (Waltharius) that ends with three heroes delivering puns and jokes as they systematically amputate one another in true Monty-Python style. What was significant, of course, was not any one specific literary form, but the idea of categorising literature into genres. This literary taxonomy influenced all medieval literature, though with important distinctions in various areas. Thus the church would produce enormous bodies of literature organised into the lives of saints (hagiography), lists of feast-days (martyrologies), liturgical texts explaining how different rituals should be performed, sermons (homilies) scriptural exegesis and, of course, sacred scripture, there were also histories, didactic and exploratory treatises on philosophy, theology and any number of topics (Isidore’s final book in his Etymologies is on furniture).
The extent of this vast repertoire of literary activity, combined with certain ideas of the Renaissance-era concerning the supposed vacuity of non-Latinate culture, led to the profoundly misguided notion that culture died with the Western Empire. This in turn precipitated the idea of ‘The Dark Ages’ among those who were supposedly educated. Nothing could be further from the truth. For some idea of the extent to which the vernacular (or vulgaris in Latin) cultures undertook extensive literary projects, I will be posting to two companion sections here, Breithiúnas and Filíocht. The slavish adherence to the grossly prejudiced notions of education promulgated by early Latin culture has led us into a wholly new kind of dark age, but this is hardly the place for me to comment on that.
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(Natural News) A United States nuclear submarine hit an “unknown object” in the South China Sea, injuring at least 11 sailors. It remains unclear what the object was, but the submarine is still “fully operational.” Unnamed officials say that the collision happened in international waters amidst rising tensions in Southeast Asia.
The Navy says that it is still assessing the extent of the damage and that the submarine’s nuclear propulsion plant has not been affected. However, the statement fails to give details about where exactly the incident took place or the seriousness of the injuries.
According to the official report, the incident occurred while the submarine was conducting routine operations and that the Navy did not make the news public to maintain operational security.
However, officials say that the object the USS Connecticut collided with was not another submarine. It may have been a sunken vessel or container or another uncharted object.
Singapore-based defense and security expert Alexander Neill says that the number of injuries caused by the collision suggested the submarine probably hit something that is big and “going really fast.” While it is uncommon, such incident is not unheard of considering how the area is busy with military activities.
Show of force by vessels from the US and China
“The South China Sea has been increasingly saturated with naval vessels from a number of different countries. While there’s been a lot of show of force by surface vessels you don’t see the level of activity under the surface,” says Neill.
A spokesperson for the ministry of foreign affairs has said that China is “seriously concerned” about the incident, and is calling on the U.S. to provide further details, including the purpose of the mission. The submarine has later been reported to be heading to Guam.
The last known incident where a submerged U.S. submarine struck another underwater object was in 2005, when the USS San Francisco hit an underwater mountain at full speed near Guam, leading to the death of one sailor.
The U.S. Navy’s surface fleet has previously suffered accidents in the Western Pacific in recent years, including a back-to-back collision involving missile destroyers in 2017. Those incidents have prompted the dismissal of the fleet commander and extensive investigations into naval training, policies and equipment.
The USS Connecticut is one of the country’s Seawolf-class submarines, which the Navy describes as “exceptionally quiet, fast, well-armed and equipped with advanced sensors.” It can also hold eight torpedo tubes and can hold as many as 50 weapons per room.
A Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman says that the U.S. should release details of the collision, adding that the assertiveness of the administration in the region was ultimately to blame. “The U.S. side has been making waves in the South China Sea under the banner of freedom of navigation. This is the source of this accident,” says Zhao Lijian during a news briefing in Beijing.
The incident comes to light amidst high tensions between Beijing and Washington, and just weeks after the U.S. and Britain signed a deal to supply nuclear-powered submarines to Australia’s military. This has happened just days after China sent military planes into Taiwan’s air space, prompting concerns of Beijing launching a war against Taipei. (Related: Taiwan says it is preparing for war as China continues to provoke conflict with massive incursions of fighters, bombers.)
The U.S. has condemned China for installing weapons systems on a man-made reef in the South China Sea where both the body of water and the East China Sea just north of it is full of territorial disputes between China, other Asian nations and the West. The U.S. considers most of the south and east China Seas as international waters, but the communist country claims dominion over the region.
Read more updates regarding this story at NationalSecurity.news.
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(Phys.org)—Countless drawers containing hundreds of thousands of bee specimens lie in insect museums and private collections across North America, some dating back to the 1800's. These historical collections are a treasure trove of information for assessing the conservation status of species, according to a new study published in Biodiversity and Conservation.
Researchers with the Canadian Pollination Initiative (NSERC-CANPOLIN) mined numerous insect collections in Canada and the United States looking for information on the distribution and abundance of 21 eastern species of bumble bees. Working with their colleagues in the US, the team found that 11 of the Bombus species are in decline, while another eight species are stable or show an increase in abundance.
"It is really difficult to know if a species is in trouble unless you have good historical data for comparison. This is the first time data gathered from historical collections has been used to assess the current status of Nearctic bees across their entire native range," says Sheila Colla, a recent PhD graduate from York University who led the study.
The study was based on 44,797 bee specimens collected between 1864 and 2009. Researchers used both taxonomic and geographic data found in collection records to measure the persistence and relative abundance of each species across the full range of their distribution. Of the 11 species found to be in decline, four are deemed "vulnerable", six are considered "endangered" and one is "critically endangered".
The bees most at risk tend to share similar characteristics. The most severely endangered species is a cuckoo bee, Bombus variabilis, which lays its eggs in the nests of other bumble bees to be raised by the host. Three other bee species in decline were also cuckoo bees. Other bee species most at risk tend to be long-tongued species with queens that emerge late in the season. The researchers also noted that species with smaller historical ranges were less likely to persist.
"There is still a lot of work to be done to fully understand the threats to bee populations, and what makes a particular species vulnerable to decline. But in the meantime, protecting the habitat of high risk populations should be a top priority for conservation efforts," says Colla.
Explore further: Bee species outnumber mammals and birds combined
Colla, S.R., F. Gadallah, L. Richardson, D. Wagner and L. Gall. 2012. Assessing declines in North American bumble bees (Bombus spp.) using museum specimens. Biodiversity and Conservation Biology (published online: DOI 10.1007/s10531-012-0383-2 )
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Clarendon Press, - arguably the definitive edition and essential for any serious study of the Meditations. A virtuous person will always do the right thing and will never be surprised by their actions, nor will they do it the right thing with an ulterior motive.
Nor are they comparable to a theoretical treatise like the Elements of Ethics by the Stoic Hierocles, possibly a contemporary of Marcus. The passage of matter into form must be shown in its various stages in the world of nature.
Their legal status remained as it had been under Trajan reigned 98— and Hadrian: His determination seemed to be winning success when, inhe died at his military headquarters, having Aristotle and aurelius had time to commend Commodus to the chief advisers of the regime.
Further, to suppose that we know particular things better by adding on their general conceptions of their forms, is about as absurd as to imagine that we can count numbers better by multiplying them.
He does this by showing that their denial is suicidal. There are five special senses. The scale of being proceeds from animals to humans. As the stoicism wants people to better themselves within reasonable goals and change values into something that will bring upon an unconscious change so that they may make better decisions consciously.
But he did not deviate so far as to accept the comfort of any kind of survival after death. Marcus also makes reference to a number of Stoics by whom he was taught and, in particular, mentions Rusticus from whom he borrowed a copy of the works of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus Med.
Great public honours were bestowed upon her in life and in death, and in his Meditations Marcus spoke of her with love and admiration.
It grew out of a feeling of curiosity and wonder, to which religious myth gave only provisional satisfaction. Henceforth, it was in philosophy that Marcus was to find his chief intellectual interest as well as his spiritual nourishment.
To Aristotle, God is the first of all substances, the necessary first source of movement who is himself unmoved. Although the main society literary figure of the age, Fronto was a dreary pedant whose blood ran rhetoricbut he must have been less lifeless than he now appears, for there is genuine feeling and real communication in the letters between him and both of the young men.
Commodus as Hercules, marble bust; in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. God is a being with everlasting life, and perfect blessedness, engaged in never-ending contemplation. Teubner, ; 2nd edn - includes an invaluable word index. Motion is the passage of matter into form, and it is of four kinds: Calculative -- Intellectual Virtue.
Body and soul are unified in the same way that wax and an impression stamped on it are unified. It would also result in an indifference in conduct.
It is not enough for the philosopher to know how Nature works; he must train his desires in the light of that knowledge so that he only desires what is in harmony with Nature.
The organ in these senses never acts directlybut is affected by some medium such as air. It follows therefore that true happiness lies in the active life of a rational being or in a perfect realization and outworking of the true soul and self, continued throughout a lifetime.
However, the forms place knowledge outside of particular things.
References and Further Reading 1. At his own insistence, however, his adoptive brother was made coemperor with him and bore henceforth the name Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus. If there were no mind to count, there could be no time. Human beings do every single thing they do for a reason and that reason is to help towards an end goal.
After an initial education in rhetoric undertaken by Fronto, Marcus later abandoned it in favor of philosophy.
Its efficient cause is the sculptor, insofar has he forces the bronze into shape. Some big differences between Aristotle and Aurelius were there views on mortality or death. Aristotle expands his notion of happiness through an analysis of the human soul which structures and animates a living human organism.
Aelius Caesarand in that same year young Marcus was engaged to Ceionia Fabia, the daughter of Commodus. The first topos, concerning desire orexisis devoted to physics. But his personal nobility and dedication survive the most remorseless scrutiny; he counted the cost obsessively, but he did not shrink from paying it.Aristotle regards the slave as a piece of live property having no existence except in relation to his master.
Slavery is a natural institution because there is a ruling and a subject class among people related to each other as soul to body; however, we must distinguish between those who are slaves by nature, and those who have become.
Eudaimonia is a subject in which Aristotle and Aurelius were familiar with in their writings about philosophical life. Aristotle thought of eudaimonia as an activity done with virtue performed rationally and consciously.
The Modern Library Collection of Greek and Roman Philosophy 3-Book Bundle: Meditations; Selected Dialogues of Plato; The Basic Works of Aristotle - Kindle edition by Marcus Aurelius, Plato, Aristotle. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while 5/5(1).
Enjoy the best Marcus Aurelius Quotes at BrainyQuote. Quotations by Marcus Aurelius, Roman Soldier, Born Share with your friends. Marcus Aurelius: Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor (CE –), best known for his Meditations on Stoic philosophy.
He has symbolized for many generations in the West the Golden Age of the Roman Empire. Learn more about Marcus Aurelius’s life, including his rise to power, his reign, and his legacy.
The philosophy of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius can be found in a collection of personal writings known as the Meditations. These reflect the influence of Stoicism and, in particular, the philosophy of Epictetus, the Stoic. The Meditations may be read as a series of practical philosophical.Download
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Janet Lunn, a writer of historical fiction for young people and a strong advocate for the importance of children’s literature, ruefully claimed that it was not an esteemed occupation. But her description of the arduous, two-year process that went into her books establishes that she did not distinguish between texts for children and adults. When asked why she wrote for children she said that “my head is full of stories, and when I write them, they always turn out to be for kids.” Her books contains those necessary tugs between authenticity and accessibility, the familiar and the strange, that create the special brew that we expect when we pick up any historical novel. She follows the classic method of describing major historic events in North American history in terms of small communities and individual lives.
Born in Texas, she spent most of her childhood in New England and moved to Canada to attend Queen’s University. She spent the rest of her life there, much of it in an eighteenth-century house in Hillier, Prince Edward County, Ontario, where some of her writing is set. According to the obituary in the Globe and Mail, most of her working life was dedicated to children’s texts, as a writer, a book reviewer, and the first children’s book editor for Clarke, Irwin and Co. She was a founder of the Writers’ Union of Canada, which she led from 1984-1985, the first children’s writer to do so.
She writes that British children’s author Rosemary Sutcliff created myth through attention to both historical detail and the specific characteristics of place, a description that applies equally to herself . Her Hawthorn Bay trilogy, comprising The Hollow Tree (1997), Shadow in Hawthorn Bay (1988), and The Root Cellar (1981), follows the fortunes of a community initially torn apart by the American Revolutionary War, through the settlement of the Loyalists in southeastern Ontario, the arrival of Scottish immigrants, the American Civil War, into the present. The inclusion of A Rebel’s Daughter: The 1837 Rebellion Diary of Arabella Stevenson and the biography of Laura Secord, an iconic War of 1812 figure, creates a path through Canadian history’s formative events, from the American Revolution to within a few years of Confederation, comparable to Sutcliff’s novels about Roman and Saxon Britain.
The first two books, which are most relevant to The 18th-Century Common, are typical: she does not hide the conflicts of the past, create false heroes, or sugarcoat her characters. Maud’s House of Dreams: The Life of Lucy Maud Montgomery, describes the difficulties of the motherless girl’s childhood, her fraught relationship with her stepmother, an engagement that she realizes is a mistake, and her grandmother’s declining health: “She may have been in the early stages of senility or Alzheimer’s Disease…but all that Maud knew was that she was very difficult” (126).
The Hollow Tree is set in New England at the beginning of the Revolutionary War. The rupture in familial and social relationships caused by competing loyalties to the Crown and the nascent United States are depicted through the experiences of Phoebe Olcott, the daughter of a Patriot, who, after his death, goes to live with her Loyalist relatives, the Robinsons, in a small town in Vermont, where the Loyalists are in the minority. Deborah Williams, whose husband, John, is rumored to be fighting on the British side, and her four children are dragged from their house in the early hours of the morning, forced into their oxcart, and sent away with a few possessions; a prized family clock is stolen from the cart. When Deborah protests, “Where will we go? We’ll starve!” the ringleader replies, “Starve if you must…that ain’t no never mind of ourn” (22). Meanwhile, Phoebe learns that her beloved cousin, Gideon, is a spy for the British. The next morning, his body is found hanging from the “Liberty Tree”: “On his shirt a note was pinned. It read ‘Death to all Traitors and Spies’” (32). Her cousin Anne attacks her: “You did this. You and your father and his rebel friends!” (33). Bereft, she visits the place where she, Gideon, and Anne used to meet. Reaching into a hollow tree where they had left messages to each other, she finds a packet “addressed to Brigadier-General Watson Powell, at Fort Ticonderoga.” The packet is wrapped in a paper directing that, should Gideon be captured, it should be delivered to the Mohawk leader, Elias Brant (35-36). The text is in code, but it contains an uncoded request for safe passage for three New York families, the Collivers, the Andersons, and the Morrisays.
Thus begins Phoebe’s long and dangerous journey, which finally ends in Canada amongst the expatriate Loyalists. Along the way, she is befriended by Peter Sauk, a First Nations man, and his family; she exchanges her own clothing for his sister’s so that she can travel through the woods more easily. She is robbed by both rebel and British soldiers, and she concludes that the signature of war is that it causes good and decent people to do terrible things to each other. Nor does she absolve herself. When she first meets the Loyalists, who have left the town shortly after herself, Anne still holds her responsible for Gideon’s death. Thus she does not tell any of them of their mission. But when they are reunited and Anne wonders why Phoebe did not ask for her company on the mission, Phoebe realizes that “[i]n fact, … she had never considered Anne’s thoughts or feelings about anything” (196). The reconciliation of Patriot and Loyalist, and Phoebe’s marriage to Jem Morrisay, are the foundations for the new community in Upper Canada.
Shadow in Hawthorn Bay pulls together three of the dominant cultures in the settlement of Upper Canada: the First Nations, the Loyalists, and the Scottish immigrants. It takes place in 1815-1816, three years after the War of 1812. In her brief biography, Laura Secord: A Story of Courage, Lunn explains, “Neither the British nor the Americans won the war. The only people who really won were the Canadians. The boundary lines between British North America and the United States remained unchanged” (n.p.). One of the characters in Shadow in Hawthorn Bay, who arrived there as a child, describes it more personally: “Then, when we hadn’t more than just gotten ourselves settled into these backwoods—not quite thirty years later—didn’t those old Yankee neighbours come along and start another war! They thought they’d kick us out of here too. Well, I guess they got a surprise!” (105-106).
The protagonist, Mary Urquhart, from the Scottish Highlands, hears the call of her cousin Duncan Cameron through her “two sights,” and she sets out on a hazardous passage over the Atlantic to the settlement in what is now southeastern Ontario. When she arrives, she discovers that her relatives have just left, and Duncan is dead. She settles uncomfortably into the Loyalist community, which includes Phoebe and others from the previous book. They have no patience with her strange Highland ways and reject the idea of the second sight. When her prediction that there will be no summer comes true, some of them accuse her of causing those events and remove their children from the school where she teaches. They distrust her for being on good terms with the First Nations people, in whom she sees many of the characteristics of the Highlanders, especially their quiet speech and knowledge of the medicinal properties of local plants.
By incorporating Mary’s “two sights,” Lunn aligns with Walter Scott’s claim that the supernatural is appropriate when it represents the cultural norms of a novel’s setting. Lunn presents these visions as true for Mary and a cause of fear and skepticism in the community dominated by pragmatic English descendants. The story also presents the dark side of early settlement life: the whiskey-fueled rape of a young woman; the mother whose infants die of neglect while she retreats into alcoholism.
In the Quill and Quire review of The Hollow Tree, Sarah Ellis remarks that “In language and in her portrayal of attitudes, Lunn pays her material and her readers the respect of recreating a time that was genuinely different.” Lunn fulfills the purposes of both historical and young adult fiction, focusing on a young protagonist as she learns about herself and a world that is both recognizable and different from our own.
Lunn, Janet. Myth, Story and History. Helen E. Stubbs Memorial Lecture. Vol. 7. Toronto: Toronto Public Library, 1996.
Books by Janet Lunn referred to in this piece:
The Hollow Tree. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.
Laura Secord: A Story of Courage. Illus. Maxwell Newhouse. Toronto: Tundra Books, 2012.
Maud’s House of Dreams: The Life of Lucy Maud Montgomery. Toronto: Doubleday of Canada, 2002.
A Rebel’s Daughter: The 1837 Rebellion Diary of Arabella Stevenson, Toronto, Upper Canada, 1837. Dear Canada Series. Toronto: Scholastic Canada Ltd., 2006.
The Root Cellar. Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys Ltd., 1981.
Shadow in Hawthorn Bay. Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys Ltd., 1986.
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How to Make Cities More Livable
Economics, public safety, transportation, utilities, and green spaces are just a few of the many diverse factors that shape modern urban life.
What do urban planners do?
Planners are involved in about anything and everything that has a spatial dimension. On the private side, planners would be involved in laying out subdivisions, although there's not that much of that activity going on right now. [And] institutions -- whether it's a university or hospital -- you typically find that planners would be part of a team of people that would be looking at expansion opportunities.
On the public side, in local government, planners will typically be involved in preparing plans, helping to establish a vision for where a community might be going, and then involved in how you implement that. The visionary side is equally as important as the pragmatic side, and the number one implementation device is where you spend your money -- the capital budget.
It sounds like a planner's job is to look at projects from a macro, holistic level.
There's a comprehensive viewpoint that planners bring. They're not looking primarily at just the housing sector or transportation sector. I've always said that one of the primary functions of a planner in local government is to serve the intelligence function. The police chief has got his or her hands full on certain issues, [and] public works is dealing with streets and potholes. It's the planner who had better be there looking at the future of the community.
What makes a well-planned city?
One of the things that the great cities of the world share is that there's a legacy of wise decisions that have been made. If you look at Minneapolis and its Chain of Lakes -- 150 years or more ago, some very wise people said the land around these are always going to be forever public. And that is a singular accomplishment of Minneapolis. You look around most of the country and the world, you know, in the suburbs -- the lakes are all privatized. They're backyards. The areas of the country that are less successful are those that grew around the interstate highway and the sewer pipe, as opposed to the natural features that they began with.
And there are other cities where [they made] collective business decisions.
That's another way in which planning today is essential: it helps sort out among the many decisions that could be made within a community those that are going to be mutually reinforcing and often the ones that give you the best chance of greater success.
What are some examples of well-planned U.S. cities?
Certainly one that is a posterchild is
They recognized in Portland probably about 40 years ago that they were not really taking advantage of the assets that they had. So they did a lot of work to start reclaiming rivers and to have parkland along rivers. They were one of the first cities of that size to really focus on the issue of walkability -- not just driving from your bed to your desk. Civilizations, I like to say, throughout history have advanced in cities. There's no evidence that they've ever advanced in suburbs, because you don't get the same kind of intense exchange of information and ideas and sometimes even clashes of values from which innovations emerge.
Houston is another interesting one.
It's again one where some city leaders a long time ago, after hurricane after hurricane hit the
Are there any common problems or good features that many U.S. cities have in common?
People want different things out of their cities. [When I worked in Pittsburgh,] it was very critical that you, back in those days, had two newspapers. For some people it's important to have culture. For other people, it's important that you have hunting and fishing nearby. But you want local people who want to fight over the issues in the right kind of way. The last thing you want are people who are uncaring and disinterested; that's when you get true neighborhood decline.
How have you seen the planning field change in the years you've been in it?
I think that there are several things [that have changed]: the 1950s and into the 1960s were a period that looked at how you manage and guide suburban development. There's no doubt that what drove a lot people to the planning profession in the later 1960s [and] early 1970s was social equity [and] the civil rights movement. Moving beyond that, more recently, what has been driving people to planning in the '90s and 2000s, without a doubt, has been environmental issues. The current watchword, of course, has been "sustainability." It's looking at that issue of "What is this world that we're all going to be handing to our children, grandchildren, and generations beyond?"
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G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch (University of California, Santa Cruz), R. Bouwens (Leiden University), and the HUDF09 Team/NASA, ESA
First of two parts (read part 2)
Several decades ago, in a simpler time, a pollster quizzed members of the general public on their opinion of the Metallic Metals Act. Nearly 15 percent approved it as a federal measure, but 40 percent said that metal laws should be left to the states. About 30 percent had no opinion.
There was, of course, no such act. It was a fiction designed to demonstrate how Americans willingly expressed opinions on things they knew nothing about.
In truth, the poll itself may have been fictional — nobody seems to be able to verify that it was really conducted. Nevertheless, nobody doubts the basic conclusion. Rarely will people responding to a poll admit their ignorance. Especially in polls about science.
So it shouldn’t be a shock when people express a wrong opinion on a science topic they know nothing about. Such as the origin of the universe. A recent Associated Press poll, for instance, found that only 21 percent of the American adults questioned were “extremely” or “very” confident that “the universe began 13.8 billion years ago with a big bang.” Another 25 percent said that they were “somewhat confident.”
It wasn’t really news. The U.S. National Science Board has been compiling science-knowledge survey results for decades, with similar results about Big Bang beliefs. On a true-false question (“the universe began with a huge explosion”), correct responses have fluctuated between 30 and 40 percent since 1990, reaching 39 percent in 2012.
Similar poor performance shows up on some other science knowledge questions. Less than half of those polled didn’t know that lasers don’t focus sound waves. Barely more than half said it’s true that electrons are smaller than atoms. And in the favorite question for those lamenting the lack of scientific education in America, there’s still about 25 percent who say the sun goes around the Earth.
Most people (83 percent) do, however, agree that the continents move around on the Earth. Perhaps this represents a magnificent victory for professors of plate tectonics. Or it may be that most people would have said the same thing in 1960, when earth science experts believed otherwise.
In any event, the public’s failure to pass science quizzes typically leads to micro-tsunamis of lamentations on Twitter and vociferous demands for better science education. And there’s no doubt that science education itself deserves a grade of “needs to improve.” Yet some of these issues do not have much to do with science education but rather reflect unpleasant realities about the American population. Sad as it is, some people are just clueless about pretty much everything. Enhanced science education programs will never get everybody to understand that the Earth goes around the sun.
And on another level, some people may know full well what scientists think and still choose not to believe them. As the National Science Board’s latest report points out, framing a question in different ways can yield very different correct response rates.
Take the origin of the universe question. Asked if the universe began with a big explosion, 39 percent of Americans polled (in 2012) said yes. But if you said “according to astronomers, the universe began with a big explosion,” the correct response rate jumped to 60 percent.
It’s well-known, of course, that the phrasing of a question can greatly influence polling results, which is one of the reasons why all such surveys should be evaluated skeptically. So it might be a good idea to rethink the relationship between polling questions and the scientific knowledge that members of the public really ought to have. Is it really necessary for the ordinary citizen to understand cosmologists’ consensus on the universe’s origins, or how lasers work?
Well, maybe not. But pollsters point out that such questions are merely meant to be indicators of broader comprehension of science and its principles. Trumpeting concerns about ignorance on any specific question misses the point. It’s the more general understanding and appreciation of science and its methods that’s really important — and that really should be the emphasis of general science education.
In fact, I’d contend (and have contended) that the problem with science education is not that it fails to inculcate enough facts, but that it tries to inculcate too many. Science classes in high school and intro classes in college seem to be taught as though everyone needed preparation to pursue a Ph.D. Seriously, calculating solubility constants in high school chemistry classes is about as useful as teaching drivers’ ed students how to maneuver an F-16 fighter jet. Important general principles that could (and should) be retained for a lifetime are diluted to the point of homeopathic impotence by a flood of excessive technical detail.
I once wrote a column detailing the main things every educated person should know about science, which I will reprise with a new and improved version in Part 2. It was inspired by the physicist Richard Feynman’s famous remarks on the one sentence about science that would be most important to pass down to future generations.
Declared Feynman: “All things are made of atoms — little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another.”
Everybody should know that much about science. And a few other things. But not much more. The rest is all available somewhere online.
Follow me on Twitter: @tom_siegfried
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What are the ships called at the battle of Trafalgar?
Wooden sailing ships.
No British Ships were lost in the Battle of Trafalgar while 21 Franco-Spanish Ships were captured and one destroyed. The Battle of Trafalgar was quite possibly the single most decisive Naval Victory in the history of Maritime Warfare.
Nelson's fleet lost no ship at the battle of Trafalgar.
33 wooden ships.
Trafalgar Square didn't exist before the battle. It was built to commemorate Nelson's victory.
Trafalgar was a naval battle during theNapoleonicera along the strait of the same name. The Spanish built the largest ship with 65 guns on it. It was a combined force of Spanish and french ships versus the English ships under admiral Nelson. Nelson was killed but he won the battle.
Battle of Trafalgar fought by wooden ships in 1805; Battle of Tsushima fought by steel battleships in 1905.
Only one vessel was sunk. The rest were captured. In those days, sailors were paid by the ships captured (called prizes) and then sold at auction. Sinking them in battle was lost monies. When ships became steel instead of wood, they no longer could be captured and sold at auction for prize money; with the exception of the Battle of Tsushima in 1905; that was the last time in history in which a battleship FLEET… Read More
Order of battle at the Battle of Trafalgar happened in 1805.
The column for Lord Admiral Nelson was erected there in commemoration of his famous victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
Battle of Trafalgar On 21 October 1805.
Battle of Trafalgar happened on 1805-10-21.
The engagement took place of Cape Trafalgar (or in Spanish, Cabo Trafalgar) a headland in the province of Cadiz. The battle took place on October 21, 1805. This battle woul d have massive affects on France & the future of the British empire. British Admiral Nelson was the victor.
Wooden sailing ships of Great Britain engaged, defeated, and captured the wooden sailing ships of France and Spain off the southwest coast of Spain in 1805.
Nelson's ship at the Battle of Trafalgar was the Victory. It was the HMS Bristol.
Because he got stuck and strugled to get through admiral Nelson's crew of Ships. And soon he lost most of his ships and then he set off back home to France.
There was no French Army destroyed at Trafalgar, it was a naval battle.
No, the battle of Trafalgar was in 1805, 200 years after the last Tudor monarch.
1,700 British died in the battle of Trafalgar and maybe even more.
Nelson had 33 ships including 27 ships of the line.
The UK had 27 ships of the line engaged.
The Battle of Trafalgar - 1911 was released on: USA: 22 September 1911
No. 1815 was Waterloo; Trafalgar was 21 October 1805
After the Battle of Trafalgar, which took place in October of 1805, it is what did not happen that may be most significant. With the loss of his battle-fleet to the British off the Cape of Trafalgar, Napoleon did not (and could not) engage in any invasion of Great Britain, since British ships still controlled the seas. However that may be, the victory cemented the reputation of the British navy as foremost among modern nations… Read More
Battle of Trafalgar
Trafalgar Square is in London England and commemorates the naval victory over the French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
Trafalgar Square was built to celebrate Nelson's victory over Napoleon's fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805.
The Battle of Trafalgar.
No, but nelson won both
The Battle of Trafalgar.
Battle of Copenhagen Battle of Trafalgar Battle of the Nile
He was not personally at Trafalgar; but his navy lost the engagement on 21 October 1805.
A total of 2,700 were in service under Nelson at Trafalgar.
It's named after the battle of Trafalgar - a prominent event in UK history.
A British victory.
The age of sail.
he ... didn't?
Which among the battles was not fought by napoleon battle of Leipzig battle of Trafalgar battle of Jutland?
The Battle of Jutland
Lord Nelson's ship was called Bucentaure at the Battle of Trafalger during the time of the Napoleonic Wars on October twenty-first in the bloody year of 1805.
The British won the battle of Trafalgar thanks to the innovative tactic of fighting, which allowed the British men of war to break through the long battle line of the allied French and Spanish fleets, splitting them into two part and defeating them piecemeal. A pivotal role was also played by the employment of the "carronades", a type of gun particularly destructive at short distances of which only the British ships were equipped with.
The Battle of the Nile. The Battle of Trafalgar. The Battle of Waterloo.
The Battle of Trafalgar was fought on 21 October 1805.
He was an army commander, and was not present at the naval battle.
Prussia had a very good army, but no navy that I am aware of, at least none present at the Battle of Trafalgar. It was a sea battle between the warships of Great Britain and the warships of France and Spain.
Battle of Trafalgar. IMPROVEMENT At the battle of Trafalgar Lord Nelson didn't defeat Napoleon but the Allied French-Spanish Fleets under French Admiral Villeneuve.
Admiral Lord Nelson's victory over a Napoleonic fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson (born 1758 - died at Trafalgar, 1805).
The French Navy that supported him in Egypt was destroyed at Aboukir Bay in the Battle of the Nile during August of 1798. Two ships of the line and two frigates were destroyed and 9 ships of the line were captured. It took time, but the fleet was rebuilt and merged with the Spanish allied fleet. It was destroyed in 1805 in the Battle of Trafalgar.
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One of the most useful features of shell scripts is the lowly back quote character, usually called the backtick (`) in the Linux world. Be careful—this is not the normal single quotation mark character you are used to using for strings. Because it is not used very often outside of shell scripts, you may not even know where to find it on your keyboard. You should become familiar with it, because it’s a crucial component of many shell scripts.
Hint: On a U.S. keyboard, it is usually on the same key as the tilde symbol ( ∼ ).
The backtick allows you to assign the output of a shell command to a variable. While this doesn’t seem like much, it is a major building block in script programming. …..
Full article here:
Backtick (`) symbol in Linux Shell Scripting (NextStep4it)
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Presented by Horsens Museum
On the day before Christmas 1949, Carl August Lorentzen escaped from his prison cell by crawling through an 18m tunnel, which had taken him nearly a year to dig. In this exhibition, Horsens Museum presents a reconstruction of FÆNGSLET’s best known and most spectacular escape. Following the subterranean tunnel under the prison’s forecourt – from the southwesterly staircase tower in the main building to the front building – visitors can experience Lorentzen’s escape route first-hand.
He had spent several months planning and preparing for the escape, which he realised during the night of 23 December 1949. Behind a cupboard in the cell, Lorentzen had made a hole in the wall and dug a tunnel, which led down below the prison courtyard across to the prison governor’s potato cellar. From here, Lorentzen was able to walk out into the open air. He left a sign saying: “Where there’s a will, there’s a way!” Lorentzen spent 39 years of his life in prison. He died at Horsens State Penitentiary in 1958, 62 years old.
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Singing bowls also called the healing bowls, can be traced back Asia as early as 2000 B.C. They are made of an alloy of seven different metals, connected to seven astrological planets, which create a range of different sounds and overtones. Those seven metals are gold-as sun, Silver-as Moon, Mercury- as Mercury, Copper- as Venus, Iron-as Mars, Tin- as Jupiter, and Lead- as Saturn. Some singing bowls format, depth, color, girth and composition are variable.
We carry 4 categories of singing bowls. Cast singing bowls are often painted with Tibetan designs on both sides. Hand hammered bowls are plain and provide a more complex sound. Hand hammered and painted bowls are made by hand and later painted to make it more visually appealing. Lastly, inside crafted singing bowls are cast singing bowls with additional crafting on the inside.
How to play a singing bowl:
Singing bowls sit with the bottom surface resting. The sides and rim of singing bowls vibrate to produce sound characterized by a fundamental frequency (first harmonic) and usually two audible harmonic overtones (second and third harmonic).
1) Place bowl on palm of one of your hands or on a cushion.
2) Slide/rotate the striker firmly around rim of the bowl with an even pressure and uniform speed to produce vibration/sound.
3) Another method is "gonging" or "striking" the bowls. This is a simple method of producing vibrations by striking the bowl with a wood or padded striker.
The pure sounds is produced when the rim is rubbed by the mallet which is said to put the brain into a meditative state. The vibrations of the singing bowls have the same wavelength found in the brainwaves that produce feelings of relaxation.
How a singing bowl is made:
New singing bowls are made in two ways, the best sounding new singing bowls are made by hand hammering, which is the traditional method. The modern method is by sand casting and then machine lathing. Machine lathing can only be done with brass, so machine lathed singing bowls are made with modern techniques and modern brass alloy. Machined bowls do not produce a sound comparable to hand made singing bowls.
Singing bowls were historically made throughout Asia, especially Nepal, China and Japan. They are closely related to decorative bells made along the silk road from the Near East to Western Asia. Eventhough today they are still made in several countries such as Nepal, India, Japan, China and Korea, the hand hammered ones made in Nepal are the best.
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An antivirus app can help protect you against a variety of malicious computer activity that's generally referred to as "malware." A virus is a type of malware that can make copies of itself and transmitmore
An antivirus app can help protect you against a variety of malicious computer activity that's generally referred to as "malware." A virus is a type of malware that can make copies of itself and transmit those copies to other devices, usually in a stealthy manner. If you are shopping for an antivirus app, there are several features to look for.
It can be handy to have a variety of tools under in your bag. For example, some antivirus programs bundle a password manager, helpful for creating and organizing strong passwords. They may also come with a mobile version and include app locking and call blocking. Antivirus programs like Bitdefender let you manage and monitor all protected devices from a single screen, which is useful for families.
Paid antiviruses usually have multiple versions to choose from. Sometimes the products are distinguished by features, and sometimes you are limited to a specific number of devices that a single license can be used on. The cheapest subscription tier may be limited to a single device. Which each tier, the cost per user gets cheaper. For example, they may ask $20 a year for a 1-device license, and $30 a year for a 3-device license. Meanwhile, others like McAfee have no device limits. Lastly, you may be able to download a mobile version from the iOS App Store or Google Play Store separately from a paid desktop version.
The cost advantage of a free antivirus is hard to ignore, but it usually comes with a catch, like pop-up ads, giving the company your email address, and letting the company collect usage data. Malware detection and protection also may be more limited than paid products.
The best paid antiviruses almost all generate income from annual subscriptions, rather than a one-time fee. Some like Malwarebytes give you a discount if you buy a 2-year subscription instead of a 1-year ($39.95 instead of $49.90). In other cases, you can often renew a subscription with an activation code purchased from Amazon or another online retailer for substantially less than the price on the antivirus publisher's website. And retail stores sometimes offer large mail-in rebates if you qualify for an upgrade to a new version of the antivirus app.
It doesn't perform quite as well as Norton or McAfee, according to independent testing labs, but Germany-based Avira is a respectable competitor if you need to stretch your dollar. Unlike most other free antivirus software, it doesn't constantly push you to upgrade to the paid version, nor does its sales pitch overstate the amount of protection it gives you.
McAfee antivirus products may not have quite the same track record as Norton, but McAfee Total Protection does have one advantage that families will like: unlimited licenses. A single subscription covers all of the compatible devices that you have -- Windows, Mac, and Android. (iOS doesn't have many antivirus products because Apple doesn't let them get under the hood). You can expect to pay around $30 a year for this antivirus.
In past years, Norton security products had an arguably well-earned reputation for bogging down Windows and being difficult to fully remove. Norton completely overhauled its antivirus product line a few years ago, however, and it's now much lighter and also very good at identifying threats. It's not the cheapest solution out there, but it's reliable and trustworthy. Plans currently start at $40 a year.
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Although apparently a humble and practical man (the Greek word tekton which is applied to him can mean a worker in a number of trades other than just “carpentry”), Joseph was a descendant of King David (Matthew 1:20) and clearly a man of great integrity. When we are first introduced to him we are told “… Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant through the Holy Spirit. Because Joseph her husband was faithful to the law, and yet did not want to expose her to public disgrace, he had in mind to divorce her quietly” (Matthew 1:18-19). We see that although Joseph was a God-fearing man who was faithful to the observance of the Mosaic law (which in this situation would have punished Mary), he was also a man who was willing to follow first and foremost the law of love. Rather than reacting to Mary’s pregnancy with indignation – especially to protect his own reputation – Joseph’s desire to divorce Mary “quietly” is a clear indication of the degree of his compassion and decency.
When Joseph’s kindness was rewarded by a dream in which an angel explained the divine origin of Mary’s pregnancy, he accepted the role he had been given without hesitation (Matthew 1:24). We then hear nothing of him until the events surrounding the nativity of Jesus. Some time after Jesus’ birth, Joseph was again instructed by an angel in a dream – this time to flee with Mary and the infant Jesus. “So he got up, took the child and his mother during the night and left for Egypt, where he stayed until the death of Herod … After Herod died, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt and said, ‘Get up, take the child and his mother and go to the land of Israel, for those who were trying to take the child’s life are dead.’ So he got up, took the child and his mother and went to the land of Israel” (Matthew 2:13-15, 18-21).
Joseph clearly experienced more than the average new parents’ share of lost sleep due to the multiple dreams in which he was told to get up and do something – yet in every case we see him reacting obediently and at once. In each situation we see things being commanded of Joseph which were of potential danger or loss to him and his family, especially considering the difficulties of travel in that day, yet he responded quickly with faith in every instance.
We see Joseph only one further time in the Gospels, leading his family to the Passover festival in Jerusalem when Jesus was twelve. After that he disappears from the narratives, so it is usually presumed that he died at some time before Jesus began his ministry. Mary continues to be mentioned, of course, and it is due to these extra references, and those in earlier narratives, that we feel we know her better than Joseph. Yet Joseph must have had many excellent qualities to have been selected with ultimate care and knowledge, along with Mary, as the human parents of God’s Son. We can presume that Joseph was an excellent human father figure and male role model for the growing Jesus, and despite the lack of many details we certainly see him as a man of warmly accepting love and also of deep faith, who could be trusted to act firmly and without delay when his faith required it.
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9th grade science fair projects need to be more advanced than middle school projects. They will also need to be structured in a more professional manner. While middle school students can get away with not fully completing each step in the scientific method, freshmen in high school will not be so lucky. So my advice is to know every step of the scientific method or engineering design process. These 2 links will lead you to the details of each process. Don’t mess around because you will not fool anyone. High school is the time to get serious about your work, if you haven’t already.
There are many topics that excellent for 9th grade science fair projects. One of most interesting and important topics is to code your own robot. The 5 Programmable Mechanical Coding Robot Kit | Teach STEM Education for Kids and the II BBC Micro:bit Robot Kit | STEM Educational Toys for Kids are excellent engineering science fair project kits.
Freshmen that are interested in entering a science fair can start their topic search by browsing through their science text book. This will be either an earth science textbook or a biology textbook, in most cases. If the student cannot find something that interests them in these books then they can go to the library to browse through science journals.
The key to finding a winning science fair project is to look for a topic that is unique, interesting and that has some practical application to modern life. Science New for Kids is a great place to find items are for topics for freshmen level science fair projects. However, in order to win a science fair the student will need to create an angle that makes the topic even more useful, practical or interesting.
Once a topic and an angle have been selected then the student will need to conduct their background research. This will often help the student to refine their topic and angle and it will help them to define their project’s hypothesis. Finally, this research step will help the student to get ideas about how to set up their experiment.
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Animals are our earthly companions. They fly. They jump. They crawl. Their spirits inch their way into our hearts. In folklore animals speak and communicate mysteriously to humans, often offering lessons that guide humans on how to live. In Toler’s renditions of animals, they are posed as simple earthly beings with spiritual overtones. She relates these animals to interpretations in fairy tales and folk stories. Her colors soothe and invite the viewer to see animals in a different perspective—warm, friendly and with animal instinct. Toler’s animals often have human like faces. Toler’s original animal art reminds the viewer: all animals share in our origins, on our path in life and in our destiny.
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product description page
Little Book of Big History : The Story of the Universe, Human Civilization, and Everything in Between
about this item
The Little Book of Big History is an endeavor to encapsulate the entire story of the cosmos, from the Big Bang to the current day, into an engaging and comprehensive narrative. Combining methods from history, astronomy, physics, and biology to draw together the big story arcs of how the universe was created, why planets formed, and how life developed, the result is a unique perspective of mankind’s place in the universe.Excited by the alternative "framework for all knowledge" that is offered by this approach, Bill Gates is funding the Big History Project, which aims to bring this concept to a wider audience around the world.The Little Book of Big History breaks down the main themes of Big History into highly informative and accessible parts for all readers to enjoy. By giving a truly complete timeline of world events, this book shines a whole different light on science as we learned it and makes us think of our history—and our future—in a very different way.
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https://www.target.com/p/little-book-of-big-history-the-story-of-the-universe-human-civilization-and-everything-in-between/-/A-51839293
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According to Hansard, in the parliament of John Howard's first term of government the adjective "medieval" was used eight times. In the following term, however, it cropped up 46 times. What happened? Why did our members and senators suddenly need to describe things as medieval? What happened was 9/11. The spectacle of planes crashing into skyscrapers prompted myriad politicians, in Australia and elsewhere, to denounce the perpetrators as "medieval" What we have seen in recent weeks is medieval barbarism, perpetrated and spread with the most modern of technology. Abbott is not alone; it has become commonplace to describe Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS or ISIL) as a brutal throwback to a murky violent past called, interchangeably, the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages. Why the Middle Ages? Why now? Historians of the Middle Ages will tell you that al-Qaeda and IS bear little resemblance, in their words or deeds, to actual medieval people. The religious fundamentalism that characterises al-Qaeda and IS, for example, is a relatively recent phenomenon. Broadcasting choreographed violent spectacles as a means of creating shock and fear owes its strategy more to Hollywood and viral media than it does to the Middle Ages. .
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http://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/1695/
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In November 1964, when the Constitutional Commissioner Professor Stanley Alexander de Smith submitted his Report to the then colonial government, he expressed his concerns with regard to the question of communal representation as a guarantee to minorities. He warned that communalism stands for divided loyalties. It inhibits national consciousness.
After listening to the numerous proposals that were made by different socio-cultural groups and political parties on the appropriate electoral process for a newly independent Mauritius, he felt that we were going down a path that would heighten our existing communal differences, “inasmuch as communities are stirred to fuller self-consciousness and electoral campaigns are dominated by appeals to communal prejudices; and new communities discover themselves as further claims to separate representation are lodged”.
Professor de Smith had earlier made the same point in his book ‘The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions’ in relation to the representation of minority communities, when he wrote, at page 117, the following:
“The idea that minority communities should be guaranteed special representation as such in the legislature is seldom acceptable in Africa and Asia today. Communalism stands for divided loyalties; it inhibits the development of a national consciousness; it is identified with religious fanaticism or tribal separatism or economic and social privilege. In the United Kingdom, Jews, Roman Catholics and West Indians may suffer unofficial discrimination in various ways, but it is not thought necessary or desirable to give them distinct representation in the House of Commons. Why, then, should it be thought necessary to single out communal groups in new states for this form of preferential treatment? The outside observer who detects the accents of special pleading must remind himself that communal representation, in so far as it entails the reservation of seats for communal members elected only by members of their own communities, has a poor record.”
He felt strongly about the deleterious effect of communal representations within the electoral system and wrote in that Report:
“Some of the proponents of communal representation sought to show that this would discourage communalism and strengthen tendencies to vote along party lines; others conceded that it would encourage communalism but asserted that communalism was in any event an ineluctable fact of life in Mauritius. My own belief is that the immediate effect of the introduction of communal representation in any form would be to intensify communalism by endowing it with the accolade of legitimacy, that candidates in an electoral campaign would experience irresistible temptations to appeal to the narrower communal prejudices, that there would be increasing demands for communal representation in other walks of private life, and that the long-term effects would be deleterious both to the minorities which now think of it as a safeguard and to the general welfare of the island.”
Unfortunately the political class failed to pay heed to the wisdom of the Professor and today after 45 years of independence we are faced with the stark reality of deciding whether the Best Loser System is still necessary or has in effect has outlived its usefulness. It should have been clear to us that the Human Rights Committee set up under the Optional Protocol has its own way of couching its language. It should also have been clear to us that they are advising the abolition of the Best Loser System purely and simply.
The Committee also makes it clear that the right of vote is sacrosanct and so is the right to participate in an electoral process, and we would be acting in clear violation of our commitments under the Convention by debarring a candidate from standing on the grounds that he had failed to disclose his communal belonging.
Obviously Mauritius cannot behave like a rogue state and we should rejoice that Rezistans ek Alternativ has persevered in their convictions by seizing the Human Rights Committee. This pronouncement will no doubt have a strong persuasive effect on a future case raising similar issues before the Privy Council. By saying that the views expressed by the Committee are not binding or simply imposes a moral obligation on Government is merely postponing the issue.
It is a tragedy that once again the political class will ignore the warnings of Professor de smith. Listening to Rama Sithanen two days ago on radio, it was clear that the same communal assumption to the effect that communalism is an ineluctable fact of Mauritian life will be made. As a result, it is safer if we move from an explicit system of institutionalized communalism to that of an implicit system which has no constitutional entrenchment. Such confused thinking can be dangerous and harmful as Mauritians are being encouraged to think that the expressions of their right can only be asserted on communal basis.
Listen instead to the hearts of the youth of this country, the very ones who rejected the proposals of Rama Sithanen at the University of Mauritius. They speak the language of national consciousness; they can afford to do so, and they are not seeking desperately for communal votes.
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Journey Therapy is a guided technique designed to help individuals in treatment discover, access, and integrate lost or trapped memories or emotions. Proponents of this approach believe these suppressed memories can have a negative impact on physical and emotional well-being and thus may be responsible for any present-day concerns or issues a person is experiencing.
People seeking treatment for a wide range of mental health concerns and even physical issues may find Journey Therapy can help them resolve challenges connected to memories and unresolved emotional concerns and achieve a greater sense of well-being and an improved outlook.
Journey Therapy, also known as The Journey, is an approach to treatment founded by mind-body healing expert and author Brandon Bays. After being diagnosed with a large tumor in 1992, Bays elected to treat the tumor with a natural and holistic healing approach that integrated her knowledge of nutrition, kinesiology, meditation, herbology, and neuro-linguistic programming. Bays refused all other medical interventions such as drugs and surgery, and reportedly her own treatment regime led her tumor to completely heal after only six and a half weeks.
After her recovery, she continued to refine her personal experiences and discoveries into the approach now known as Journey Therapy, in order to help others address their own psychological and physical health concerns and conditions, such as emotional issues, relationship conflict, and depression, among others.
Find a Therapist
She used her personal experiences and discoveries to refine an approach to psychological and physical healing applicable to physical conditions, emotional turmoil, relationship conflict, and depression.
Founded on the concept that the mind and body are one entity, interconnected in such a way that one can influence the other, Journey Therapy attempts to reverse the suppression of memories and emotions through utilization of this connection, thus helping individuals to release negative emotions in order to facilitate a healing process that proponents of the approach believe can eradicate and prevent disease within the body.
Journey Therapy is not only influenced by alternative health interventions, but also by scientific understanding of the mind-body connection and is further guided by emerging research on emotion suppression that is believed to result in DNA mutation—specifically, the experience of depression, which has been shown to cause changes in cells.
When emotions and repressed memories are addressed, Journey Therapy practitioners suggest, people may be able to alter the course of their illness or concern and begin healing. According to Journey Therapy theory, harmful emotions are born when negative memories are created and stored. During the session, however, the emotion can be isolated and any obstacles or barriers to well-being that have developed as a result can often be addressed.
Unlike traditional therapy sessions, Journey Therapy sessions do not typically adhere to standard time constraints and may run for two or more hours. According to Bays and other leading practitioners, an atmosphere of complete relaxation and the skills of an experienced practitioner are needed for an ideal session, as many sessions are likely to result in powerful, intense emotions and memories. Trained practitioners are better able to help the person seeking treatment navigate these feelings as they guide the individual through a "journey" of their life in order to seek out and uncover the memory or memories contributing to their present concern.
Before beginning the Journey, practitioners first spend time discussing the presenting concern with the individual seeking treatment in order to help them develop a Journey process unique to their circumstances. The first step of the Journey process, called the drop-through, follows. This process involves an investigation and integration of emotions that have been suppressed. In the next step, eliciting a memory, Journey practitioners assist the individual in locating repressed memories or experiences. The following step, which is called campfire, involves free speech from the part of the body where the repressed emotion is felt, and forgiveness, both of the self and of others who played a part in the event. Reprogramming the memory, which is the next step, involves discovery of the resources and qualities that would have helped an individual in the past, and the utilization of these to create a new memory. The goal of the final step, future pace, is for the individual to experience the results of the integration of the Journey process.
After the session, it is generally recommended that the person being treated set aside some quiet time to absorb and consider the memories and emotions that have been revealed, as the release of suppressed emotions, according to Journey Therapy practitioners, allows the mind and body to re-integrate and dissolve the presenting issue. Once this is achieved, the behaviors associated with the memories can be identified and studied as the therapist and person in therapy work together to determine which patterns may be best altered in order to create positive change in the person’s life, health, and relationships.
Proponents of Journey Therapy recommend it to individuals experiencing any number of physical or emotional issues.
It can be used to address:
- Family or work issues
- General stress
- Lack of purpose or motivation
- Anxiety or fear
People also report improvement in physical issues such as allergies, pain, and sexual dysfunction as a result of Journey Therapy.
People of any age, gender, religion, or cultural background may obtain benefit from Journey Therapy, but individuals who experience serious mental health concerns may be better helped by pursuing a different approach to treatment, in addition to or independent of this approach. Journey Therapy proponents suggest that a person who is interested in and drawn to this approach will be more likely to benefit from it, but people may be less likely to experience success without an open mind and a determination to be free of pain.
Journey Therapy has been criticized as being simply a rebranding of well-established neuro-linguistic programming techniques, though with a more spiritual focus. This therapeutic approach is held up as broadly applicable to people experiencing any condition or difficulty, and as such has also been criticized as a non-specific, "one-size-fits-all" approach lacking in focus.
While anecdotal evidence praises Journey Therapy as an effective and beneficial approach to treatment, this method has not been widely researched, particularly in regard to its effectiveness in treating serious medical conditions.
- Bays, B. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved from http://www.thejourney.com/about-us
- Macdonald, F. (2015, April 29). Depression can physically change your DNA, study suggests. Science Alert. Retrieved from http://www.sciencealert.com/depression-can-physically-change-your-dna-study-suggests
- Shipley, D. (2008, February 20). Don't bite the hand that feeds the inner you. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/feb/20/dianeshipley
- Smith, J. (2005, March). Hijacking natural enlightenment - A critique of Brandon Bays' The Journey. EnergyGrid. Retrieved from http://www.energygrid.com/spirit/2005/03ap-brandonbays.html
- The Journey Therapists UK. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.journeytherapists.co.uk/search/label/Adults
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Brain Imaging Aids in Understanding Delusions
Delusions are strong false beliefs that persist despite evidence to the contrary. While delusions are associated with neurological or mental illness, they are not tied to any particular disease although they often aid in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, manic episodes of bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression.
New research finds that brain activity increases during delusional thinking, a finding that may allow new interventions and retraining for people with the disorder.
The study, found in the journal Biological Psychiatry, compared brain activity as statements were read to a group of individuals with schizophrenia and to a group without schizophrenia.
“We studied a type of delusion called a delusion of reference, which occurs when people feel that external stimuli such as newspaper articles or strangers’ overheard conversations are about them,” said researcher and neuropsychologist Dr. Mahesh Menon.
Delusions of reference occur in up to two-thirds of people with schizophrenia. “Then they come up with an explanation for this feeling to make sense of it or give it meaning,” Menon said.
Investigators called the study an initial attempt to prove that the overactive firing of dopamine neurons in specific brain regions is involved in converting neutral, external information into personally relevant information among people with schizophrenia.
The neuronal hyperactivity, they surmised, may lead to symptoms of delusions. “We wanted to see if we could find a way to ‘see’ these delusions during magnetic resonance imaging scanning,” said Menon.
A better understanding of the brain activity and thinking patterns leading to delusions could point the way to more focused treatment options, the researchers say.
Researchers studied 14 people with a schizophrenia diagnosis and 15 people in a control group. Sixty statements were read to the participants while they were in an MRI scanner. For each statement, participants were asked whether they felt it was about them.
Twenty statements were specific to each participant, and included details taken from initial screening interviews. The remaining 40 statements were generic, and evenly divided between statements that were neutral (“he collects CDs”) or that had an emotional connotation (“everybody hates her”).
People with schizophrenia and in the comparison group were just as likely to agree that personalized statements were about themselves. However, those with schizophrenia were significantly more likely to say that the generic statements also referred to them.
“The participants with schizophrenia had a harder time telling the difference between personally relevant and non-relevant statements,” said Menon.
Researchers studied brain activity when participants were read a statement. They found that when a statement was personal, specific brain areas “lit up” in the scanner, indicating activity in these areas.
Among those with schizophrenia, this brain activity occurred even when they said “no” to a statement that was not about them, suggesting that they had greater difficulty in distinguishing what was self-relevant to what was not.
The control group, which was more likely to respond “no” to irrelevant statements, showed little brain activity in response to generic statements.
Even when people with schizophrenia agreed a generic statement was not about them, they took longer to respond and the difference in certain brain activity levels was not as great as in the control group.
Additional research is indicated to explore these initial findings. For instance, patients in this study were all taking anti-psychotic medication. Other studies could look at people early in illness who are not on medication, and could also follow people over time, before and after they take medication.
Nauert PhD, R. (2015). Brain Imaging Aids in Understanding Delusions. Psych Central. Retrieved on October 24, 2016, from http://psychcentral.com/news/2012/01/11/brain-imaging-aids-in-understanding-delusions/33554.html
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Every production must meet the requirements of the customers.
The manufacturing company should abide by the requirements given to them by the clients.
To ensure that the customers get what they ordered, quality control parameters are applied.
These parameters are designed to ensure fiscally sound and dependable production of goods.
The overall goal of quality control is to meet the requirements for the product as described by the customer.
It is necessary to determine the quality of the products when getting products from China. Quality control is also responsible for branding. It also helps in producing quality goods that can have a competitive edge in the domain.
For the customers, it is essential to pre-list the checklist for quality control. This will allow the manufacturer to produce the goods according to the set parameters initially. The production is required to meet and exceed these parameters listed by the customers.
Apart from that, these parameters can also be assessed based on internal and external requirements. For example, if the customer requests for food products, the products should be evaluated on their sustainability. They should stay edible in both internal and external factors.
Furthermore, quality control parameters would also be focusing on ethical production standards. Note that quality control QC and quality assurance QA are two different things.
Quality control means a standard for production. Quality assurance means that implementing methods that can ensure parameters for QC. Quality control focuses on the initial evaluation of the production processes.
This is done so that the production is streamlined according to the requirements of the customers. Quality assurance is related to the ending parts of production. It minimizes the risk of imperfect products reaching the market. This is done by ensuring standards that were defined in QC.
Additionally, QC defines parameters that guarantee reliable, satisfactory and economically sound production. Whereas QA ensures that the production company meets QC standards in every way.
QC is more product-oriented whereas QA is more process-oriented. QC ensures that the results of production meet the expectations set before production. QA ensures that all necessary steps were taken to guarantee QC parameters.
There are several benefits that one can achieve with QC when importing from China, including:
Being quality conscious is very important, especially if you are the buyer. It means that you know what parameters are needed to ensure that the product will be successful in the market.
Moreover, if you’re quality conscious, you’ll be able to relay your requirements to the manufacturer seamlessly. .The manufacturer will also be abiding by the parameters defined and will provide you with quality products.
Satisfying the customer with your product is the primary concern for every seller. That is why ensuring quality is the primary goal for you.
When you are quality conscious, manufacturing is significantly improved. This will happen because you will provide the manufacturer with the parameters that will guarantee customer satisfaction.
Using quality control, you can minimize the need for additional resources. You will only be using resources that have been pre-defined during quality control methods.
This will also safeguard your production from excessive or inefficient use of resources during manufacturing.
Since quality assurance needs inspections to determine product quality, being quality conscious will also prevent excessive inspection costs.
Although inspections are still needed for quality assurance, your manufacturer will abide by QC standards if they know you will return the goods if the inspection fails.
The goal of the business is to satisfy the customers. Moreover, businesses must also grow in terms of goodwill and loyalty. Producing quality products will help achieve these goals for your business.
Being quality conscious will give you insight into the parameters that are needed for brand promotion. It will also help get microfinancing for your business.
With products manufactured with high quality, they can become a hot cake in the market.
Customers will be interested in buying your goods since they will expect quality products. Realizing what the customers need, and putting them in QC parameters will help streamline your production.
Even though quality control is an important part of the production, ensuring quality is one of the many parameters that need to be defined preemptively. There are four options that you can charge with ensuring QC in China:
One can rely on the manufacturer to ensure quality in the first place. It is beneficial since you will not need others to ensure quality. It will lessen the cost, and make the process more convenient.
However, many Chinese manufacturers pay more focus on their interests rather than on quality. Even when having a dedicated team of QC and QA inspectors, they still make their interests their priority.
In doing so, the manufacturer tries its best to produce and deliver is the product as soon as possible. They do so to save time and money needed for production. This minimizes the quality of the products delivered to you.
The manufacturing company can lack the tools and the equipment needed for QC. With this, you may receive a faulty report or no report at all. That is why you must sign a QC monitoring agreement with the company to verify that QC standards are being implemented.
Another option that you can choose if to visit the company yourself. You can ask your staff to be the representative as well. If you want a longstanding relationship with the manufacturing firm, it’s a good way too. You can make an initial trip to the firm to ensure that the company has all QC standards and parameters needed.
If you can, you can arrange the equipment as well as train the manufacturing staff. This will allow you to have quality made products even when you’re ordering at less frequent intervals.
Another option you can opt for, especially if you aren’t able to visit the firm, is to hire a sourcing partner. The sourcing agent will be responsible for finding you a company that ensures QC standards you need.
However, like manufacturing firms, sourcing agents also tend to work in their interests. They make commission standards from both buyers and production firms. In doing so, they provide faulty reports to the buyer and take their commission from the firm for minimizing their faults.
You cannot expect a neutral opinion from such a sourcing agent. This is because they would want to satisfy both the buyer and the seller. However, if you pay them enough, they might be able to work in your interests.
Similar to the second option, you can hire a QC inspection team or get your team. Your team will be working for your interests and will ensure competent results too. They will be easy to monitor as well. You can expect them to be efficient in terms of making professional QC assessments.
However, before you send a team, you need to make one. The team must be adequately equipped with the right tools and must be trained to make complete assessments without any faults. They should also be available for the initial trip to the manufacturing firm.
In this way, the team can assimilate parameters that must be evaluated for inspections. Moreover, it will help foster a lasting relationship with the supplier firm too. Apart from that, you can also set up their office in China. This will add the cost of renting an office, licensing, labor compliance, etc. However, it will make it convenient for your team to visit and ensure QC at the supplier firm.
You can also choose to hire third-party inspection teams. These teams can also be the quality control agencies that are working in China. One of the many perks of hiring these companies is that they provide a neutral relationship.
They don’t have ties with the manufacturing firms and work independently. It doesn’t matter in what city you’re importing from, they will ensure performance as needed. Even if you need an evaluation of multiple suppliers, the QC agency will ensure timely reporting in every way.
They minimize your cost of setting up your team and office in the supplier state. Since these agencies are working in the domain for years, there’s no need for training your employees for QC services.
In addition, these companies also work cheap, and you can also ask them to pick a firm that will provide competent production services. Their independent workability makes them useful for buyers. They also assist in setting standards for QC that can be implemented in the production firm.
However, it is necessary that you:
The China Quality Control process comprise the following steps.
This is the step that has to be taken before the production takes place. If you’ve located a supplier that you think can fulfill your requirements, you must evaluate them deeply.
This is done to ensure that the company can meet your demands. Parameters such as:
Are some that you need to ensure. Moreover, you can’t decide on hiring the supplier based on their website. The actual production scenario is quite different from the real-time production. That is why it is essential to make an initial visit to the company yourself.
This inspection is also necessary so that you may get to know what raw materials the production firm will be using. Some suppliers cut corners in the production by using poor quality materials. They do this to save money on their end. That is why most of the raw materials are purchased during the pre-production inspections.
The on-line inspections can also be called as during production inspections. These inspections are made during the production phases to ensure that the products manufactured are abiding by QC standards.
These inspections are usually made when the first batch of the products is manufactured. The first batch is evaluated for necessary changes. These changes are then implemented later in the production.
On-line inspections help to save time for corrections that are made later in the production. Using on-line inspections, you can save up critical time and additional resources that are needed for corrections.
Another rule of buying is to never make the payments until you inspect the product before delivery. Most buyers tend to ignore on-line inspections. Order payments are processed when the order is delivered.
If pre-shipment inspections are not made, it can result in processing payments for faulty products. These inspections ensure that the supplier is delivering correct and faultless batches.
Moreover, it also helps in minimizing the mixture of faulty products.
Most suppliers tend to mix faulty products with good ones. This increases the risk of faulty products reaching the market. In addition, all corrections found after the shipment will be at your end.
The supplier will not be viable to make amends or return money that has been processed. This inspection also ensures that the total number of products are fulfilled. The time delay and costs will be much less if the inspection is carried out in China.
Pre-shipment inspections must be done without any hassle. Since these inspections will ensure that whether the batch is ok or needs amends. The inspection team can even recommend the re-manufacturing of the batch if it doesn’t meet the standards.
Suggested reading:Best Pre Shipment Inspection Service Company In China
Although not done commonly in China it doesn’t mean that you should ignore it. The time and money that you’ve invested can go to waste if the containers aren’t loaded carefully.
You want to ensure that your containers are shipped to the right cargo hold with care.
That is why it is necessary to opt for loading supervision too. This will help minimize the risks during the loading phase as well as ensure that the containers are shipped to the right cargo.
For ensuring quality, you need to have a checklist for that. This checklist will ensure that the production meets the required measures.
Since every production needs to have some standards of production, the QC checklist will ensure that all these parameters are met.
In short, the QC checklist is a document that clarifies the parameters that are needed by the production company to produce your goods. These can include labels, packaging, color, bar codes, appearance, etc.
There are two primary reasons why you need a quality control checklist:
Chinese suppliers are not fluent in English. You don’t want your products ruined just because the suppliers couldn’t understand what you wrote. That is why you must keep your checklist in a bilingual form.
Another important element is to make the checklist clear. The clearer and elaborated the instructions, the better the supplier will be able to understand it. Moreover, it should be easy to use. It should address all elements for the production.
The next element is the product requirements. Your QC checklist should clearly elaborate on the requirement of the product. This should address
All these parameters should be clearly defined so that any confusion can be solved. You can also communicate with your supplier in terms of discussing any parameters.
Your products must have quality packaging that can be presented in the market.
In addition, the packaging is also to ensure that the products remain safe during shipping. Your packing should also address customer metrics. These metrics should provide the necessary outlook of the products.
The common elements for packaging include:
It is important to elaborate on packaging details since it will protect your products as well as protect your brand.
Suggested reading:International Package Shipping:The Ultimate Guide 2020
This is another important element for your production. On-site product testing is essential to make sure that the products manufactured are up to the market.
Equipment such as hi-pot tester, environmental chamber, etc. are necessary to test the products.
That is why pre-production testing is needed. It is to ensure that the company you’re hiring has all the tools for testing purposes. Your checklist is also needed to provide necessary inspection parameters for the testing of the products.
Even though the testing of the products will illuminate the defects, many suppliers don’t know how to sort them. That is why including defect classification parameters in your QC checklist is important.
These parameters will define how to deal with the defected products accordingly. They also help to communicate the tolerance level of the defects. You don’t want your products ending up defected one after another.
In doing so, you can hire a third party inspection company that will illuminate the defect ratio. This defect ratio will show the quality of the production. If the defect ratio is high, you may ask the supplier to re-manufacture the goods.
Keeping these parameters in your QC checklist will give you a higher chance of quality products. Moreover, it will also help in improving the quality of your supplier.
A quality control report conducted by an inspection company can have the following elements:
The inspector will assess the quality of the products according to the QC checklist given. He will also assess the number of products that have been manufactured.
The quantity should match the number required. In doing so, the inspector should not be biased. He should report the exact number of products produced.
These defects are found on the packaging or the products itself. The tolerance level defined in QC checklists will illuminate the minimum number for defects.
If the number exceeds, the inspection will deem the production as failed. The inspection report will also include pictures to show the number of defected products.
It means that the products are produced all according to the requirements. This is necessary since the manufacturing may cut corners due the production. For example, you’re hiring a supplier for blender production.
You give them the details that its electrical cord should be 1 meter. However, the defected products have cords that either exceeds the length or are below it.
Hence the inspector will continue adding these in the defected product lists. After the list is compiled, he will provide a final decision whether the supplier has conformed to the requirements or not.
These tests are necessary but base on the type of the goods needed. If you’re ordering appliances, then assembled batches must be tested for any flaws.
There are certain elements that you need to assess while choosing a QC company in China:
The company you’re hiring for quality control should be properly licensed and certified. For that, the ISO 9001 certification is necessary. You can also ask for a QASIQ license.
The company should be professional in their dealings, especially reporting. They should provide accurate and timely reports whenever request. In addition, they should also report any issues they are facing with your QC checklist.
A reliable company will provide a variety of quality control services, including:
Environmental and social auditing can also be added to the requirements.
The company you’re hiring for QC should be an expert in their workability. There’s no point in hiring someone that doesn’t have the expertise in the domain you want.
That is why it is essential to hire a company that has the expertise you want. In this way, they will be able to ensure viable operations necessary for QC at the production.
The QC company you’re hiring form China should have a clear understanding of what you need. They should provide consultation on what can be improved.
You don’t want to keep waiting for the QC company to free their schedule for you. That is why you need someone that can book your services. They should also make time to communicate accurately.
Upfront and affordable costs are other factors to see for in QC companies.
You need to make sure that while getting quality inspections, you also get budget-friendly estimates. The company you choose should be able to cater to your needs promptly within the quote given.
Keeping the above factors in mind, you need to ensure seamlessness in overall communication.
It is necessary to provide an elaborative and clear checklist to the agents regarding your needs. Moreover, you can also ensure that the company is well-reputed for its services.
Suggested reading:Best China Inspection Services For Your Quality Control Need
QIMA is a leading name for QC and China inspection services.
The company provides transparent pricing with fast turnaround time and flexible scheduling.
They also manage your supply chain while ensuring overall safety.
The company was established in 2007 as China Quality Focus. It was renamed to Asia Quality Focus in 2011 when it expanded to 13 more countries.
They provide numerous services for their quality control and inspections. Social audit, supplier qualification, extensive factory audit, etc. are some of their primary services.
It’s a US-based company that was established in 1990. It offers an extensive range of quality control services including supplier audits, product testing, etc. It also provides quality assurance with real-time testing.
The company is the leading testing and inspection company in China. It has been around for more than two centuries and offers quality booking platform services. Customers can book their services within minutes using their solutions.
The company focuses on outsourcing manufacturing. It helps with design improvements, coordinating shipping, etc. It also provides QC for large and medium based businesses.
LeelineSourcing is a name that you can trust for your quality control needs. The company offers:
LeelineSourcing provides quality control services in China. The company is certified with ISO 9000 compliance. It also has certified QC inspectors that have years of experience in the domain.
Moreover, the company ensures seamlessness in the supply chain. It helps minimize disruptions and protects your brand reputation through QC parameters.
LeelineSourcing helps in factory audits in China, including:
LeelineSourcing provides professional testing services and product inspections in China. The company gives:
We give our clients upfront costs for our services. Leelinesourcing is well reputed for its fast turnaround time (within 48 hours). In addition, we provide our clients with easy and flexible scheduling.
You can modify or cancel the order until 4 pm (China time). Our effective supply chain management allows customers to get detailed services.
We provide effective payment options too. Our company ensures safe production and comprehensive reporting.
Most companies are well-experienced in QC services. However, you need to assess them whether they are offering expertise in your required domain or not.
The standard China quality inspection price is $180 to $300 per inspection. This includes transportation and the creation of a checklist. Some companies also offer discounts.
You can pay similar to freight forwarding services. This can be done using PayPal, cheque, credit card or bank transfer.
Most of the companies don’t work in your interest. That is why to ensure quality, you must hire your own inspection company for QC.
Suggested reading:Best China Factory Audit Services For Importing From China
Finding a reliable supplier in China can be a hassle. It is better to get third party QC services even if you’re hiring a supplier that has worked in the domain.
Any China quality control company will keep an eye on the production. It will make sure that all the parameters are met. It will prevent you from working with an inefficient company.
It takes 48 hours to 2 weeks on average.
The duration depends on the company that conducts the inspections. It takes from a few hours to few days. An initial draft is made which is then reviewed and sent.
Quality control China manufacturing is an important part of your production.
You need to keep all necessary parameters in mind to ensure quality production. Your checklist should be clearly communicated with your supplier to ensure flawless manufacturing.
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Violent television affects children’s behavior, study says
Experts have long known that children imitate many of the deeds — good and bad — that they see on television. But it has rarely been shown that changing a young child’s viewing habits at home can lead to improved behavior.
In a study published Monday in the journal Pediatrics, researchers reported the results of a program designed to limit the exposure of preschool children to violence-laden videos and television shows and increase their time with educational programming that encourages empathy. They found that the experiment reduced the children’s aggression toward others, compared with a group of children who were allowed to watch whatever they wanted.
“Here we have an experiment that proposes a potential solution,” said Dr. Thomas N. Robinson, a professor of pediatrics at Stanford, who was not involved in the study. “Giving this intervention — exposing kids to less adult television, less aggression on television and more prosocial television — will have an effect on behavior.”
While the research showed “a small to moderate effect” on the preschoolers’ behavior, he added, the broader public health impact could be “very meaningful.”
The new study was a randomized trial, rare in research. The researchers, at Seattle Children’s Research Institute and the University of Washington, divided 565 parents of children ages 3 to 5 into two groups. Both were told to track their children’s media consumption in a diary that the researchers assessed for violent, didactic and prosocial content.
The control group was given advice only on better dietary habits for children. The second group of parents was sent program guides highlighting positive shows for young children and received newsletters encouraging them to watch television with their children and ask questions during the shows about the best ways to deal with conflict.
After six months, parents in the group receiving advice about television-watching said their children were somewhat less aggressive with others, compared with those in the control group. The children who watched less-violent shows also scored higher on measures of social competence, a difference that persisted after one year.
Low-income boys showed the most improvement, though the researchers could not say why. Total viewing time did not differ between the two groups.
“The take-home message for parents is, it’s not just about turning off the TV; it’s about changing the channel,” said Dr. Dimitri A. Christakis, the lead author of the study and a professor of pediatrics at the University of Washington.
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Pitch Grips and Changing Speeds
This week I will be discussing pitch grips. When I do private lessons for young pitchers their first question is almost always “How do you throw a curve ball?”. The fact of the matter is almost every pitcher grips his curve ball differently. Pitchers need to understand how to influence the velocity and movement of the ball by using different grips. This post will discuss the keys to changing speeds and creating movement without putting the arm in jeopardy.
The first thing every pitcher should learn and master is changing speeds. Timing is everything in hitting and the old saying that “a pitcher is only as good as their changeup” certainly holds a lot of value. The golden rule for a changeup is that you must throw it AS HARD AS POSSIBLE! The main error people make while throwing a changeup is that they slow down their arm. Slowing down your arm to adjust speed will tip the hitter off that something different is coming and allow him to make adjustments. The pitch also loses its movement and sharpness if the arm is slowed down. Instead, we want to allow our grip to influence the velocity.
We can influence a pitch’s velocity by how we hold it in our hand. The more fingers contacting the ball and the deeper the ball sits in our hand the slower it will be. A fast ball grip consists of holding the ball out in your first two fingers with the thumb underneath the ball. By adding more fingers and putting the ball deeper in your hand you can increase the amount of friction at release thus slowing the pitch and creating movement. By using grip to influence velocity a pitcher can maintain maximum effectiveness as he throws. This will result in more movement, sharper movement, and much more deception in the delivery. The effort used to throw a pitch as hard as possible will be noticeable during delivery. That effort combined with the change in speed and movement is what causes deception and disrupts the hitter’s timing.
Pitchers can manipulate movement in many ways. Adding or subtracting fingers to the ball and adjusting finger location can influence movement. Movement is primarily determined by the rotation of the baseball. A pitcher must experiment with his grips to determine how he can create maximum rotation. Breaking balls with a tighter/faster rotation will result in a sharper and larger amount of break.Quite simply, the faster the ball rotates the nastier the pitch will be.
In my opinion, there is no need for players to learn a breaking ball early on. Pitchers need to master the command and effectiveness of their fastball and changeup before moving on to a breaking ball. That doesn’t me their change up is usually where they want it and it usually moves, it means they have mastered the grip and it is as reliable or more than their fastball. Every pitcher, regardless of the level they play at, must be able to use their fastball and changeup to create outs. I consider a pitcher a master of their pitches when the can throw it effectively in the strike zone more than 85% of the time. Remember it is better to be a master of a few trades than a jack of all trades.
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January 25, 2010
Meet the presidents as three of Virginia’s native sons tell the story of the birth of a nation during CW's Presidents Day Weekend Feb. 13-14
Colonial Williamsburg’s Presidents Day Weekend Feb. 13-14 salutes three native Virginians – George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison – and their contributions to Williamsburg and the nation. Meet these great men and their contemporaries through public audiences. Recognize the role of chief executive and the people who have served in the office during a Fife and Drum salute. Enjoy a demonstration of soldiers on horseback. Toast the first president with music from his era.
Saturday, Feb. 13The Great Men in Williamsburg, 10-11:40 a.m., Capitol. How were Washington, Jefferson and Madison shaped by their experiences in Williamsburg? Gen. Washington talks about his tenure as a burgess from 1759-1774. Gov. Jefferson speaks of his early experiences as a lawyer in the General Court before the American Revolution and about his efforts to rewrite the laws of Virginia as he became governor. Madison discusses his role in the drafting of the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the successful adoption of Jefferson’s Statute for Religious Freedom. A Colonial Williamsburg admission pass gains entry into this program.
A Public Audience with the First President, George Washington, 1 p.m., Kimball Theatre. Washington reflects on his long career in public service and discusses his years in the House of Burgesses, the American Revolution, serving as commander-in-chief of American forces in the War for Independence and his leadership in drafting the Constitution that led to his election as first president of the United States. This program requires a free reservation with a Colonial Williamsburg admission pass.
From a Virginia Governor, 2-2:45 p.m., DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum. Retiring Gov. Patrick Henry discusses the friendships and political relations he has had over the years with Gen. Washington and Thomas Jefferson. A Colonial Williamsburg admission pass or museum ticket allows guests to enjoy this program.
To Washington’s Health, 7 and 8:30 p.m., Capitol. Using both British and American sources from George Washington’s lifetime, the Virginia Company performs a variety of popular music of the era, including period drinking songs, ballads, dance music and toasts to Washington’s health. This evening program requires a separate ticket of $12 for adults and children ages 6-17 and $6 for children under 6.
Sunday, Feb. 14Dragoons Demonstration, 1 p.m., Market Square. A detachment of the First Continental Light Dragoons is inspected by an officer of Gen. Washington’s staff. Watch as the dragoons demonstrate their horsemanship. No ticket is required for this program.
The Duties of the President’s Wife, 1:30 p.m., DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum. When Washington was elected president, no one gave thought to what Martha Washington would do while he served his country. Mrs. Washington has been called upon to define a role that has served as a model down through the centuries. Join Mrs. Washington in the spring of 1789 and discuss with the first First Lady her duties and help her decide what role she will play. A Colonial Williamsburg admission pass or museum ticket allows guests to enjoy this program.
Letters Between Friends, Governor’s Palace East Advance Building. Washington, Jefferson and Madison all had a role in the creation and ratification of the U.S. Constitution. They discuss their correspondence concerning the Constitution. Meet Washington at noon and 12:20 p.m., Jefferson at 12:40 and 1 p.m. and Madison at 1:20 and 1:40 p.m. This program requires a free reservation with a Colonial Williamsburg admission pass.
Salute to the Presidents, 4 p.m., behind the Courthouse. Colonial Williamsburg’s Founding Fathers, military programs staff and the Fifes and Drums celebrate the institution of the presidency and the citizens who have served in the office over the centuries. No ticket is required for this program.
An Evening with the Presidents, 7:30 p.m., Kimball Theatre. Join Presidents Washington, Jefferson and Madison in a discussion about the chief executive’s challenge in balancing the will of the people with the need to advance individual presidential policies. A separate ticket of $12 for adults and children ages 6-17 and $6 for children under 6 is required.
Palace Concert: From Coronation to Inauguration, 7:30 and 9 p.m., Governor’s Palace. Enjoy an elegant evening of music with firsthand accounts of the coronation of George III and the inauguration of George Washington performed by Governor’s Musick. A separate ticket of $12 for adults and children ages 6-17 and $6 for children under 6 is required.
Programs and exhibitions at The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum are supported by the DeWitt Wallace Endowment Fund.
Established in 1926, the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation is the not-for-profit educational institution that preserves and operates the restored 18th-century Revolutionary capital of Virginia as a town-sized living history museum, telling the inspirational stories of our nation’s founding men and women. Williamsburg is located in Virginia’s Tidewater region, 20 minutes from Newport News, within an hour’s drive of Richmond and Norfolk, and 150 miles south of Washington, D.C., off Interstate 64. For more information about Colonial Williamsburg, call 1-800-HISTORY or visit Colonial Williamsburg’s Web site at www.history.org.
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If we say that the company lost the case when it slipped on a banana peel of the jury, the metaphor conveys much. A fascinating series of articles in the J. Assoc. Legal Writing Directors, Fall 2010, argue for the pervasiveness and power of metaphors. Metaphorical writing serves a decorative function which enhances persuasiveness. Metaphors make abstract concepts more concrete. Metaphors resemble reasoning by analogy because they compare one concept with another; they unleash creative thought and are famously concise. Language fails without metaphors.
If a general counsel refers to the legal team as a family, the metaphor ripples in many directions (a deliberate metaphor). An in-house lawyer who refers to constructing a license agreement that is airtight and balanced like a seesaw invokes multiple evocative metaphors. Metaphors are lenses for perceiving multiple aspects of the situation simultaneously, such as if a litigator complains about the fog of trial. When we speak of layers of reports in a law department, the metaphor of layers draws in such concepts as hierarchy, levels, depth, power, and fixed structure. Or “the boundaries of law departments” suggests physical enclosure, solidity, collapse of walls, clarity, and more.
Whereas metaphors once mounted only a linguistic burro, more recently they ride the steeds of cognition (another deliberate metaphor). Metaphors appear to be fundamental to how we think. Effective metaphors map concepts across different domains and enrich how we view the world. When in-house counsel write and think, they should consciously relish and unleash the potency of metaphors.
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Because of global warming, ice sheets in Antarctica are melting and ancient creatures, which have been trapped there for hundreds of thousands of years, are being released into the world.
A well-worn premise for a sci-fi movie? No, actually - it's happening for real:
The frozen "bacteriasicles," as Louisiana State University microbiologist Brent Christner describes them, can emerge from the ice after hundreds of thousands of years poised to grow and divide when favorable conditions arise. Christner, an associate professor in the Department of Biological Sciences, has revived bacteria encased in 750,000-year-old ice.
"When we look in the oldest ice we can get our hands on, we still find there are cells living," he said.
It's a big deal, Christner added, because researchers don't understand how an organism can "sit for 750,000 years in some state of suspended animation like when Han Solo was put in carbonite."
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The National STEM Video Game Challenge announced today the winners of the fourth annual competition. The top original video games and game design concepts were selected in 13 categories from nearly 4,000 entries. The STEM Challenge, presented by the Smithsonian in partnership with E-Line Mediaand the Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop, aims to motivate interest in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) among students in grades 5-12 by tapping into their enthusiasm for playing and making video games.
Each winner receives a cash prize of $1,000, as well as game design and educational software. Each winner’s sponsoring organization receives a cash prize of $2,000.
The National STEM Video Game Challenge was inspired by President Obama’s “Educate to Innovate Campaign.” Previous winners have showcased their games at the White House Science Fair, the Smithsonian Institution and Games4Change Festival. Visit www.stemchallenge.org to learn more about the winners and game design resources.
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Many media streaming services will only allow certain content in specific countries. The most common way to enforce those restrictions is to examine the viewer’s IP address and attempt to geo-locate it to a region. VPNs are a common way to circumvent these geo-location tactics, but VPNs can slow down traffic. That’s fine for normal web use, but it makes streaming difficult. SmartDNS has another method of handling this.
What is a smart DNS proxy?
Smart DNS is a combination of Domain Name Server (DNS) servers and tactically located proxies. The DNS system resolves human-readable domain names to computer-readable Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Using Netflix as an example: your Netflix app makes a DNS query to find out the IP address of the Netflix server it should connect to. The app then uses that information to request content from that IP address. Under normal operations, this allows the Netflix server to see your real IP address. This is a necessary piece of information that the server needs in order to send the stream back to your app. If the Netflix server sees a Canadian IP requesting United States content, it will not allow that.
How does a smart DNS proxy work?
Smart DNS servers reply with different IP addresses for specific queries. For example, a device running a Netflix app starts by requesting the IP address for the Netfilx service from your DNS servers. When using smart DNS, the DNS servers will return the IP address of a smart proxy server rather than a Netflix IP. That smart DNS proxy IP will exist in the same country as the service you want to access; in my case – the United States, allowing access to the restricted content.
That means the flow of traffic is from my device -> to a smart DNS proxy that is allowed to access the Netflix content -> to the Netflix servers. The video stream comes back in reverse order; it is sent from Netflix -> to the smart DNS proxy -> to my device. Since the Netflix server can only see the proxy’s IP address, it doesn’t know to restrict the content. Note that only sites the smart DNS service is configured for use the proxies. For example, queries to a search engine like Google would cause the smart DNS servers to respond with Google’s real IP and your subsequent visit to Google would not go through the smart DNS proxies. I’ve tried to illustrate that concept in the diagram below.
Are smart dns proxies better than a VPN?
Security and anonymity have many layers. There is no silver bullet and different technologies address different problems. A VPN is not inherently better or worse than a proxy, it’s just different.
VPNs provide superior privacy over proxies because VPNs encrypt traffic and hide your real IP address. Proxies, on the other hand, allow for much higher speeds but the downside is that speed comes by sacrificing privacy. Your ISP will know that you’re streaming from a smart DNS proxy whereas it is much harder for your ISP to see what you’re doing inside an encrypted VPN tunnel.
How private is a smart DNS proxy service?
Once you switch to a smart DNS set of nameservers, all of your DNS queries will be sent to those DNS servers. Even when you’re not intending to stream and just carrying on with your day-to-day business, the smart DNS service can see all your DNS queries. Privacy conscious people will naturally need to trust services that have access to this much information about their browsing habits.
In order to use most smart DNS proxy services, your current IP address has to be registered in the system. This is how you are authorized to use its nameservers in lieu of the fact that DNS servers don’t support authentication.
You can infer from this that at least your current IP address is recorded in the system. Some smart DNS providers seem to keep previous IPs, at least for a while. When I changed my IP address in the SmartDNSProxy service, this message was displayed:
Please note: We have detected that you were previously using a VPN service/Data Center IP, please disconnect from the VPN/Data Center and use your own IP address to activate our services.
It does not explicitly say what my previous IP was, but it’s definitely tracking the fact that it changed. However, since your current IP address will be included in any DNS query to its system, there’s no obvious additional downside to this.
How to configure your DD-WRT router to use a smart DNS proxy
The advantage to configuring your router to use smart DNS is you will no longer need to configure each individual device on your internal network. As long as all those devices are connected to the same router, configuring it to send DNS queries to the smart DNS servers will cover you.
The first step is to get the IP address of the smart proxy DNS servers that you want to use. Each service provides DNS server IP addresses somewhere on their site, although you may have to be logged in to your account to see them. Some providers, like SmartDNSProxy, have DNS servers all around the world that can improve DNS query speeds. In general, you’ll want to choose a DNS server as close to your physical location as possible. My DD-WRT router supports up to three static DNS entries, but most smart DNS services provide only two DNS servers.
Access your DD-WRT administrator interface and log in. This is usually at http://192.168.0.1 but you may have changed that during setup. Navigate to the Setup -> Basic Setup tab.
Scroll down to find the Network Address Server Settings (DHCP) and enter your chosen smart DNS IP address(es) into the Static DNS 1/2/3 fields.
Click the Apply Settings button at the bottom of the page. At this point you should be using the new DNS servers. If you’re still blocked, you may find that you have to reboot the router. To do this, navigate to the Administration tab and click the Reboot Router button at the bottom of the page.
Test your new settings to ensure it is working
The definitive test would be to access the content that was previously unavailable. If it loads, then it’s working. If you’d like some hard data on it, you can use the Comparitech DNS leak test to check which nameservers your system is using. It should report the smart DNS servers.
Smart dns is an innovative service that makes use of DNS poisoning. Typically, DNS poisoning is an attack mechanism to reroute people from legitimate sites to malicious sites. But, in this case the same techniques are used to provide a service useful to many people.
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<urn:uuid:9f692664-6461-4f75-91cb-4f816bc9fe85>
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CC-MAIN-2019-18
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Modern computer algorithms have been able to 'see' the world for some time. Google's Chauffeur software in its self-driving cars uses a 64-beam laser to map the surrounding terrain and combine the data with a library of high-resolution maps.
Roomba robotic vacuum cleaners use IR and mechanical sensors to avoid obstacles in your home; Microsoft's Kinect sensor uses facial recognition to automatically identify users and activate their profiles.
But few visual recognition algorithms are capable of actively learning about the world around them or understanding the relationships between people, places and objects.
How, for example, does a computer know what a car looks like? We just know. We've built up that knowledge over time by observing lots of cars. Consequently, we know that not all cars look the same. We know that they come in different shapes, sizes and colours. But we can generally recognise a car because they have consistent and definable elements - wheels, tyres, an engine, windscreen and wing mirrors, they travel on roads, and so on.
Could a computer learn all this information in the same way? A team working at Carnegie Mellon University in the United States believes so. It has developed a system called NEIL (Never Ending Image Learner), an ambitious computer program that can decipher the content of photos and make visual connections between them without being taught. Just like a human would.
According to Xinlei Chen, a PHd student who works with NEIL, the software "uses a semi-supervised learning algorithm that jointly discovers common sense relationships - e.g 'Corolla is a kind of/looks similar to Car', 'Wheel is part of Car' - and labels instances of the given visual categories… The input is a large collection of images and the desired output is extracting significant or interesting patterns in visual data - e.g. car is detected frequently in raceways. These patterns help us to extract common sense relationships."
As the 'never ending' part of its name suggests, NEIL is being run continuously, and it works by plundering Google Image Search data to amass a library of objects, scenes and attributes. The current array of information includes everything from aircraft carriers to zebras, basilicas to hospitals, speckled textures to distinctive tartan patterns.
Starting with an image of a desktop computer, for example, NEIL will reference existing images of computers in its database plus any images that have been specified as belonging to a desktop computer, such as monitors, keyboards and mice.
Consequently, it can learn that 'Monitors is part of Desktop Computer' and 'Keyboard is part of Desktop Computer'. In fact, by analysing images in this way, NEIL can form four different types of visual relationship - object to object ('BMW 320 is a kind of Car'), object to attribute ('Sheep is/has White), scene to object ('Bus is found in Bus depot') and scene to attribute ('Ocean is blue'). You can see the ongoing results of NEIL's image cataloguing progress on the project's website.
For the first two and a half months of its operational life, the team at Carnegie Mellon let NEIL loose on 200 processing cores. Since July 15, it has analysed over five million images, labeled 500,000 images and formed over 3,000 common sense relationships. These include the following correct assumptions: 'Agra can have Taj_mahal', 'Mudflat can have Seagull', 'Sydney can be / can have Sunny_weather' and 'Tent_indoor can be / can have Cone_shape'.
Of course, NEIL's approach isn't perfect and, depending on the nature of the source images, it can often make incorrect statements. These have included: 'Windmill can have Helicopter' (the sails of a windmill do look like rotor blades...) and 'Radiator can be a part of Accordion' (the pleated bellows of an accordion can appear similar to the corrugated design of a typical radiator.) So the image learning process isn't entirely autonomous. There's a degree of corrective human moderation involved to purify the semantic data.
That said, NEIL's success rate is surprisingly good. In a random sample, 79 percent of the relationships formed by NEIL were deemed to be correct, while 98 percent of the visual data extracted from Google images was also correctly labelled.
What's the point of it all? There are already established visual databases such as ImageNet, which has over 14 million images. While Caltech's Visipedia project styles itself a crowdsourced 'visual encyclopaedia'.
According to Chen NEIL is "an attempt to develop the world's largest visual structured knowledge base with minimum human labelling effort - one that reflects the factual content of the images on the internet, and that would be useful to many computer vision and AI efforts."
The NEIL project joins the existing NELL (Never Ending Language Learner) research initiative at Carnegie Mellon. This attempts to develop a system that learns to 'read the web' and to extract a set of true, structured facts from the pages that it analyses.
NELL has been running since 2010 and has amassed a knowledge base of 2,069,313 things that it believes to be true. These include 'scrap_booking is form of visual art' and 'Gujarat is a state or province located in the country India'.
Scrap booking trivia and car parts might not sound like technological breakthroughs, but these advances in computer vision and machine learning (albeit human-assisted) will help research the smart search algorithms and artificial intelligences of the future.
Now why not read: Is artificial intelligence becoming a commodity?
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Do you know what the average age of a prosperous nation is? 200 Years.
Alexander Tyler was a Scottish history professor at the University of Edinburgh and made the following statement in 1887, about the fall of Athens.
“A democracy is always temporary in nature; it simply cannot exist as a permanent form of government. A democracy will continue to exist up until the time that voters discover that they can vote themselves generous gifts from the public treasury. From that moment on, the majority always votes for the candidates who promise the most benefits from the public treasury, with the result that every democracy will finally collapse over loose fiscal policy, (which is) always followed by a dictatorship.”
Sound chillingly familiar to our current circumstance?
Tyler pointed out that in the course of 200 years, the world’s greatest civilizations followed the same pattern.
Read the rest at Young Patriots
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Miguel Sena-Esteves, PhD, associate professor of neurology, was presented with the annual “See the Light” award from the Mathew Forbes Romer Foundation (MFRF) in recognition of his leadership in the fight against children’s genetic diseases of the brain.
A member of the UMass Medical School Gene Therapy Center, Dr. Sena-Esteves is investigating the potential of using gene therapy techniques to replace the faulty gene that causes Tay-Sachs disease, a devastating neurological disorder that causes deterioration of mental and physical abilities in children starting at six months old, usually resulting in death by the age of 5. He was a leading force behind the creation of the Tay-Sachs Gene Therapy Consortium, an international collaboration of scientists committed to translating current gene therapy results into a human clinical trials within the next three years.
“Research for many degenerative neurological diseases, such as Tay-Sachs, wouldn’t be possible without support from patient and family advocacy groups such as the Mathew Forbes Romer Foundation,” said Sena-Esteves. “Backing from the MFRF has been critical to the formation of the Tay-Sachs Gene Therapy Consortium and the success of our research. It is an honor to have them recognize our work with this award.”
Tay-Sachs is one of 40 rare, inherited metabolic disorders called lysosomal storage diseases where a missing enzyme results in the breakdown in a cell’s ability to remove or recycle waste products. The gradual build up of waste eventually results in cell death and causes the slow deterioration of motor and neurological function in patients.
Tay-Sachs is most common in Eastern European people of Jewish descent, also known as Ashkenazi Jews. People of Cajun, French-Canadian and Irish descent are also at higher risk for this devastating disease. It’s estimated that the occurrence of the recessive gene responsible for Tay-Sachs in the Ashkenazi community is 1 in 27 compared to 1 in 50 in people of Irish descent and 1 in 250 in the rest of the population. Patients with the disease must inherit the recessive form of the gene from both parents. Though genetic screening has greatly reduced deaths from Tay-Sachs, approximately 25 to 30 individuals die from the disease annually.
Sena-Esteves and his colleagues at the Tay-Sachs Gene Therapy Consortium are using a gene transfer therapy using recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to replace the faulty gene that produces the enzyme responsible for removing and recycling waste products in cells. Once introduced into brain, the functioning gene begins making the missing enzyme, turning parts of the brain into mini-factories. Capitalizing on the natural pathways of the brain, those enzymes are then distributed throughout the brain, allowing cells to resume their natural metabolic functions and remove waste products.
“As we learn how to do gene transfer effectively in the brain, we open up the possibility to a lot of other neurological diseases,” said Sena-Esteves. “In our minds, what ultimately matters is the ability to deliver a potential treatment to the children suffering from this horrible disease. Ultimately, that’s what drives us all.”
The Gene Therapy Center is part of the Advanced Therapeutics Cluster at UMMS. Established around the promise that lies within the application of the AAV, the Gene Therapy Center is performing translational research in cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, lysosomal storage diseases, Canavan Disease, retinal and macular degeneration and other genetic diseases.
The Mathew Forbes Romer Foundation was founded in 1998 by Kevin and Lisajane Romer in memory of their son Matthew Forbes Romer. The Foundation is dedicated to leading the fight for education, quality assurance and research of children’s genetic diseases of the brain. On May 20, 2002, Mathew Forbes Romer became the oldest living child with Tay-Sachs, but ultimately lost his battle with the disease at the age of 8 in 2003.
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Come research the planet at the Planetary Research Station, where science matters at Discovery Cube Los Angeles!
We are lovers of science in our house. When our family visits the Discovery Cube Los Angeles, I know that my child is going to get exciting, hands-on learning at a museum that's packed with fun exhibits. They kids can run around and touch everything, do experiments, watch informative videos and participate in really cool activities!
Today I'm going to focus on one exhibit in particular. Planetary Research Station is a great place to sit down, relax and learn a little something about how to help our planet. The display is a huge globe that is suspended in mid-air. This unique view of earth, is sure to catch your child's eye. Take a journey of our world at this interactive attraction, to learn about changing weather patterns, air quality, climate change, and what we can all do to make a difference.
Global warming is a real thing and it's important to talk to our kids about it. Not just that it's an issue, but how they can do their part to help out our world. If everyone around the world did a little bit extra to conserve resources and keep our air clean, it would add up to a giant effect. It's nice to know that the Discovery Cube is doing their part to educate the public, especially children on what they can do to help the earth.
There are many simple ways to encourage your family to make conservation a way of life.
Saving electricity - Turn the lights off when you leave the room.
Water conservation - Turn the water off when you are brushing your teeth and take shorter showers.
Recycling - Sort out your trash and recycle into bins labeled, plastic, paper and recycle.
Ride sharing - Carpool to school, the park or even to your next trip to The Cube. Take your bike when doing local errands around your community.
Get the conversation started in your home!
So make sure that next time you visit Discovery Cube, you stop in at the Planetary Research Station. Spark the curiosity within your children and turn them into crusaders for our planet! Our future earth will thank you!
Disclosure: This is a sponsored post. As a member of Discovery Cube Mom Ambassadors, my family and I get free admission to The Cube to review and attend events. The thoughts and opinions shared on this blog are 100% fresh and 100% mine.
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In the lead up to World Osteoporosis Day on October 20 2013, the National Osteoporosis Society
released the stark announcement that osteoporosis is the cause of a bone fracture every two minutes in the UK. Although the condition is more common in women over 50 – affecting one in two – osteoporosis also leads to bone fractures in one in five men over 50. That means 3 million people in the UK alone are living with this condition – globally it’s 200 million.
Dr Millicent Stone, Consultant Rheumatologist at The Physicians’ Clinic and at The London Bridge Hospital
, explains why we all need to be more aware of osteoporosis and its impact. A small number of those affected are young athletes – in our second article for World Osteoporosis day you can find out more about Dr Stone’s work with young athletes
, female and male, who are at risk of osteoporosis and stress fractures.
Osteoporosis is silent
This makes bones more brittle and liable to break – the most common fractures in people with osteoporosis are those of the wrist, hip or spine. Vertebrae can fracture without any obvious injury, leading to back pain and difficulty with movement.
As osteoporosis is silent, it is difficult to find out who is at risk. “Some risk factors are important - people over 50 who smoke, drink more than three units of alcohol a day, are female and post-menopausal, have an inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or who have a strong family history of osteoporosis are particularly at risk. These people may be offered a bone density scan - a DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan, to find out if they do have osteoporosis,” says Dr Stone. It is also possible to have an ultrasound scan of your heel to give an indication of your bone density. “The value of heel ultrasound is to detect those at higher risk of osteoporosis but it can’t be used to give a definitive diagnosis,” she adds.
“Once a diagnosis of osteoporosis is made, drugs called bisphosphonates can be prescribed to help reduce fracture risk by around 50%. Clinical trials have shown that several bisphosphonates – such as alendronate, risedronate and strontium ranelate – do prevent fractures when taken regularly over a long time period,” explains Dr Stone.
“Another treatment option is Denusomab, a monoclonal antibody therapy that is given as an injection every six months. For more severe cases, the drug teriparatide, which is part of the molecule that forms human parathyroid hormone. This is one of the few drugs available that increases bone density – it can be given daily by injection for two years,” she adds.
You can also do a lot to improve your bone health by making lifestyle changes. Dr Stone and the National Osteoporosis Society recommend:
- Cutting out smoking
- Reducing the amount of alcohol you drink
- Doing at least five lots of 30 minutes of exercise each week
- Eating a healthy diet with plenty of calcium-rich foods and foods that contain vitamin D (milk, soya milk, other dairy and soya products, green leafy vegetables). Both calcium and vitamin D help to increase bone regeneration.
- Don’t avoid sunlight completely – it acts on your skin to enable your body to make vitamin D. Dr Stone suggests 20 minutes unprotected sunshine – or at least daylight – exposure each day.
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January 19, 2011
Raking Hay at Rancho Santa Anita
This image presents is a lovely pastoral scene at Rancho Santa Anita probably in the late 1880s or early 1890s. A man on a hay rake is gathering freshly cut hay, probably mown a day or two earlier and allowed to dry to feed the Ranch's animals.
Closer examination reveals a number of other interesting aspects to this image.
The man in the picture is African American. We know from photographs and newspaper stories from the time when this photograph was taken, that the owner of Rancho Santa Anita ,Elias J. Baldwin, needed laborers and recruited African American workers in North Carolina offering to pay their train fare to the San Gabriel Valley as part of the recruitment. The man in the photograph is the descendant of slaves and may in fact have been born into slavery in the South prior to the Civil War.
Employees at the ranch went on to become the founders of the African American community in the San Gabriel Valley and some of their descendants still live in the area today.
This type of hay rake is a type known as a Sulky Hay Rake because it is a light two wheeled cart known as a Sulky which would be drawn by one horse or mule. It is also noteworthy that these animals were introduced to North America by Europeans as well as the grasses that are being mown to feed these introduced domesticated animals. These grasses and the horses prospered and proliferated changing the landscape and the culture of Native Americans who quickly learned to ride.
We can go further, the buildings on the right are undoubtedly built of wood imported from the Pacific Northwest and brought to the location by horse drawn wagon and train. It appears that the buildings were designed by Albert Austin Bennett, who also designed the Baldwin Hotel in San Francisco for Mr. Baldwin as well as the Coach Barn and Queen Anne Cottage still present on the Arboretum grounds.
In the center middle ground of the image we can also see young trees which are probably Eucalyptus trees brought from Australia. In all likelihood Eucalyptus globulus,which were introduced for timber and stove wood since they were fast growing and wood was scarce in Southern California and local sources were quickly exhausted. Some specimens of these trees survive today on the Arboretum's grounds. Practices of plant tending and controlled burning by Native Americans in the area had shaped the landscape of Southern California into one of oak woodland and meadows which encouraged game and edible plants. Irrigation was applied to soils that had built up over millions of years with remarkable agricultural results. The underground aquifer and Baldwin Lake, fed by artesian springs from the Raymond Hill fault as well as local streams provided the water.
After the Second World War, agriculture gave way to housing developments paving over some of the best agricultural land in the country as part of the urbanization of Los Angeles County. The water table sunk drying the springs feeding Baldwin Lake.
In this photograph we can see the story of a region, the African diaspora, the introduction of new exotic species of plants and animals to Southern California and the displacement of Native Americans as well as the drastic changes caused by the influx of Euro-Americans with their accompanying agricultural practices, technology and culture. A process which continues to impact Southern California today with results and consequences that remain to be seen. The Arboretum property survives as rare open space and a remnant of what was once widespread.
Mitchell Hearns Bishop
Curator, Historic Collections
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culture & justice"
Re-reading our own lives. In the steps of St Ignatius's Autobiography
St Ignatius dictated his autobiographical reminiscences to Fr Gonçalves da Câmara shortly before his death. This booklet aims to help us re-examine our own biographies in the light of Ignatius’s, not something purely anecdotal or chronological but one attending to force lines that are at work within. We may grow through the discovery that God has led our own lives too, ‘dealing with us in the same way as a schoolmaster deals with a child, teaching him’ [Au 27].
At each stage we will plot the historical context in which Ignatius’s life is set; his inner life, or what is happening to him inwardly as his external pilgrimage unfolds; and ways in which our own life journeys may unfold, providing an invitation to re-examine what the Spirit has been working in us.
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We often discover viruses on our PCs when they materialize as fake anti-spyware, where a pop-up says you’ve been infected and points you to a website which, for $49, will cure it. But these FakeAVs account for only about 20 percent of all viruses circulating. Most viruses are hidden, often in rootkits where they’re not detectable by conventional AV software.
Rootkits are hidden files in a directory structure. They’re difficult to detect when the OS has been compromised. AV software is helpless against them because it looks for viruses in plain sight. To see them, you need a clean version of Windows to scan the directory structure.
In May, Microsoft released a beta version of Standalone System Sweeper, which runs a PXE version of Windows. This stripped down version of the OS has better success scanning the directory for rootkits because it’s like attaching your PC to another machine’s AV. Standalone System Sweeper comes in 32 and 64 bit flavors, and boots from a CD, DVD or thumb drive.
In my test, the scan took about 40 minutes on a 32 bit version of Windows XP with Office 2003. It offered choices (like extensions to skip) and offered to download the latest signatures.
In the enterprise it’s common to reimage or replace a machine that’s infected, but this tool is effective for scanning the image itself for hidden viruses. All you need is a PC that can boot to a USB or static drive and an Internet connection. For home users or smaller companies, it’s best when used on a regular basis to check for and remove rootkits and viruses, saving a day’s worth of work of having to reinstall the OS, the applications and settings.
Photo: New York Public Library
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Korah was not content to become a ‘lay’ Levite. He wanted to become a priest, which was reserved for the family of Aaron. He argued that the whole community was holy, so why did Aaron and Moses set themselves apart from the rest of the Israelites? Korah, indeed, was set apart, although not for priesthood, but for going down to the land of the dead while he was still alive. Nobody went to Sheol while he or she was still alive. You died first before you went to the land below (literally, as the Israelites were buried after they died). But Korah went down when he was still alive, as the land below him opened up and swallowed him. He, in some sense, got what he wished for. He was set apart from everyone else.
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Read Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy by John Rawls Free Online
Book Title: Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy|
The author of the book: John Rawls
City - Country: No data
Loaded: 1540 times
Reader ratings: 4.9
Edition: Harvard University Press
Date of issue: November 15th 2000
ISBN 13: 9780674002968
Format files: PDF
The size of the: 769 KB
Read full description of the books:
The premier political philosopher of his day, John Rawls, in three decades of teaching at Harvard, has had a profound influence on the way philosophical ethics is approached and understood today. This book brings together the lectures that inspired a generation of students - and a regeneration of moral philosophy. It invites readers to learn from the most noted exemplars of modern and moral philosophy with the inspired guidance of one of contemporary philosophy's most noteworthy practitioners and teachers.
Download Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy ERUB
Download Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy DOC
Download Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy TXT
Read information about the authorJohn Bordley Rawls was an American philosopher and a leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard. His magnum opus A Theory of Justice (1971) is now regarded as "one of the primary texts in political philosophy." His work in political philosophy, dubbed Rawlsianism, takes as its starting point the argument that "most reasonable principles of justice are those everyone would accept and agree to from a fair position." Rawls employs a number of thought experiments—including the famous veil of ignorance—to determine what constitutes a fair agreement in which "everyone is impartially situated as equals," in order to determine principles of social justice.
Rawls received both the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in 1999, the latter presented by President Bill Clinton, in recognition of how Rawls's thought "helped a whole generation of learned Americans revive their faith in democracy itself."
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Download EBOOK Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy by John Rawls Online free
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Dinosaurs in California
Dinosaurs in California
Very few dinosaur fossils
have been found in California. Why?
Becuase during the time when dinosaurs lived, most of California was covered
by the ocean, and any sediments that accumulated in the areas that were dry
land have since eroded away. Why do we find dinosaur fossils in areas that
were ocean? They may have drowned in a river and been carried out to sea
by currents, as happens sometimes to large mammals today. We know that the
dinosaur skeletons were deposited in the ocean because we find shells of
marine animals where they grew on the dinosaur bones as well as in the
Dinosaur Bones : On the left, you can compare the size of a hadrosaur
femur (thigh bone) with the paleontologist who found it. On the right, a
Nodosaurus tibia (shin) that later became a home for oysters when the
bone was washed out to sea.
Hadrosaurs from California
(duck-billed dinosaurs) were common large herbivorous dinosaurs
that lived near the end of the Cretaceous, at the same time as
Triceratops and Tyrannosaurus. Most of the dinosaur fossils
found in California are isolated bones of hadrosaurs, which can be identified
by their distinctive arrangement of knobs and muscle attachment scars.
In 1987, part of the skeleton of a type of armored dinosaur called a
nodosaur was found in an excavation near Carlsbad. This was the first of
this type of dinosaur found west of the Rocky Mountains, and provided
important evidence about connections between the west coast and the interior
of the United States. The nodosaur is very similar to species known from
Wyoming and Kansas, which supports the idea that dinosaurs on the west coast
were part of a cosmopolitan fauna rather than a unique regional group.
Dinosaur Armor : On the left, a portion of the sacral (hip) armor
from a nodosaur found in the Pt. Loma Formation of California. On the
right is a single large platelike scute, also from a nodosaur's armor.
Oysters grew on dinosaur skeletons
This armored dinosaur skeleton found in Carlsbad, California, had shells of
oysters and rock scallops attached to the bones, in addition to many shells
of marine animals in the surrounding rock. (See the picture near
the top of this page.) Why were there shells on the bones?
Oysters need a solid surface to attach to and live on. On a soft, muddy
seafloor, hard surfaces are scarce, and large bones that stick up out of the
mud may be the only place for oysters to live. During the Cretaceous,
dinosaur bones on the seafloor provided a home for oysters and other animals
that needed a solid foundation to grow on.
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|home > national park|
'A cherished corner of the world where mountains and valleys compete with each other for room, where scale is almost beyond comprehension, rainfall is measured in metres and scenery encompasses the broadest width of emotions'.
This is how the author of the book "Mountains of Water - The Story of Fiordland National Park" described this stunning National Park.
Established in 1952, Fiordland National Park is now over 1.2 million hectares in size, and encompasses mountain, lake, fiord and rainforest environments. The National Park is administered by the Department of Conservation.
The variety of habitats in Fiordland support a diverse range of flora and fauna, with many developing in relative isolation leading to a high rate of endemism, or plants and animals that have evolved to be completely unique to this area.
Human activity within Fiordland has been limited. Early Maori hunted here, caught fish from the sea and gathered pounamu (New Zealand jade) from the rivers.
Much later, European sealers and whalers took shelter in the fiords and built small settlements in some locations, but overall the sheer steepness of the terrain, the incredible isolation, and the wettest climate in New Zealand deterred all but the hardiest from settlement in the region.
Fiordland became the scene of one of New Zealand's most significant conservation debates when in the 1960's it was proposed to raise the level of Lake Manapouri to assist hydro-electricity production at West Arm. The ensuing battle resulted in government ultimately bowing to the weight of petitions and passing a bill in the 1970's that gave the lake statutory protection.
For more detailed information about the Fiordland National Park visit the Department of Conservation's website http://www.doc.govt.nz
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In this article I will present a selection of roof finials adorning Neo-Romanian style houses in Bucharest. This attractive eye-catching architectural feature decorates many Neo-Romanian period buildings, being also an important value added architectural element that deserves full attention when undertaking a renovation or restoration project.
Definition: a FINIAL is the ornamental terminal feature at the top of a roof pinnacle, gable, etc. It is a conspicuous decorative element most peculiar to architectural styles that feature pointed roofs, cupolas or spires, such as the Romanesque and especially Gothic, but also Byzantine and Islamic. “Fleuron” is the French word for finial, which derives from “fleur” [French for “flower”], indicating the ornamental quintessence of this architectural feature.
Finials are highly visible artifacts marking the vertical limits of an edifice, their design, ornament and decoration encompassing in a small space the architectural spirit of that building. The Neo-Romanian style houses often feature finials, usually on the rooftop of their defining citadel-like central structure (see my previous article for a guide on the Neo-Romanian style and its features), an example being the following beautiful house that I photographed in the Cotroceni area of Bucharest.
There are a few type categories of Neo-Romanian roof finials, with the main one inspired from the Ottoman-Islamic art, with which this style is organically linked as a result of five centuries of Ottoman influence over the Orthodox high church architecture in this part of Europe. In the examples bellow the finials have geometrical motifs, strikingly similar with the Ottoman ones.
The geometrical Ottoman inspired motifs are also conspicuous in the following finials that remind the roof of a minaret
The following round examples are similar with finials encountered on Ottoman mosques and also Balkan Orthodox churches.
There is a wide variation of shapes and decorations, imprinting personality to apparently dull tiled roofs as in the examples bellow.
Rarer finial types are those inspired from the peasant everyday environment such as haystack abstractions or more spectacular shapes derived from medieval weapons, of which the mace as seen in the following example is most suitable for finial design. The mace finial signifies, within the Neo-Romanian architectural context and message, the resistance and identity of the Romanians during the Middle Ages against the raising power of the Ottomans.
The material used in making the finials adorning Neo-Romanian houses is in most cases, as I was able to see during my field obervations, zinc or lead and less often copper or brass.
The roof finials are very interesting ornamental architectural features that increase the artistic and financial value of a period property. For the Neo-Romanian style they represent important integrative elements that contribute to the coherence of this beautiful architectural order. Sadly today many Neo-Romanian period houses are in an advanced state of disrepair due to lack of resources or neglect by their owners and the authorities in charge with preserving the architectural heritage. Moreover, the roof finials being directly exposed to the elements suffer over the years to a much greater extent than other architectural features. The result is that after decades of neglect in Bucharest and elsewhere in Romania many finials have fallen down being now irretrievably lost or hang precariously from the rooftops constituting accident hazard, with apparent little interest from the locals to fix or restore them. (All Rights Reserved ©Valentin Mandache, www.viapontica.wordpress.com, email: email@example.com)
If you are interested in acquiring a period property in Romania or start a renovation project, I would be delighted to advice you in locating the property, specialist research, planning permissions, restoration project management, etc. To discuss your particular plan please see my contact details in the Contact page of this weblog.
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Study: Lose 25 pounds this year with a lighter lunch
Cornell University researchers suggest eating fewer calories at lunch could be a simple intervention for weight loss. Controlling food portion at lunchtime helped participants in a small study lose weight without feeling hungry.
Fewer lunch calories barely noticed by the body
The researchers say a small calorie reduction at lunch also keeps hunger at bay. The reason, they suspect , is because a small reduction in calorie intake isn’t noticed by the body.
Doctoral student Carly Pacanowski co-authored the study with David Levitsky, Cornell professor of nutritional sciences and of psychology.
According to Levitsky, “Over a year, such a regimen would result in losing at least 25 pounds."
For the research, study participants ate whatever they chose from a buffet for one week.
During the next two weeks, participants ate whatever they chose throughout the day, but one-half of the group limited their lunch calories to portion controlled meals, choosing one of six commercially prepared foods, such as soup.
In the final two weeks, the other half of the group cut back on lunch calories.
The result was 250 fewer calories a day just by eating a lighter lunch. At the end of the study period, the participants lost an average of 1.1 pounds.
The authors suggest eating fewer calories at lunch is an easy an inexpensive way to lose weight that doesn’t require expensive liquid protein meal replacements. If you want to boost weight loss even more, increase your exercise activity to burn 250 extra calories a day. According to the study results, lightening up on lunch portions won’t lead to hunger and increased snacking.
"Losing weight without dieting. Use of commercial foods as meal replacements for lunch produces an extended energy deficit"
David Levitsky, Carly Pakanowski
Updated January 12, 2014
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COVID-19 is most commonly spread through the air, updated CDC guidance says
In its latest guidance on how COVID-19 is spread, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says airborne transmission is most common.
In bold print, the CDC website says "the principal mode by which people are infected with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) is through exposure to respiratory fluids carrying infectious virus."
"Although how we understand transmission occurs has shifted, the ways to prevent infection with this virus have not," CDC officials wrote.
The CDC lists three main ways someone can become infected with COVID-19:
• Breathing in when close to an infected person who is exhaling small droplets and particles that contain the coronavirus;
• Having the droplets and particles that contain coronavirus land on the eyes, nose, or mouth — especially through splashes and sprays like a cough or sneeze.
• Touching eyes, nose, or mouth with hands that have the coronavirus on them.
To best protect yourself, the CDC suggests getting a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as you can, wearing a mask, staying 6 feet away from others, avoiding crowds and avoiding poorly ventilated indoor spaces.
In October, the CDC updated its guidance to say that airborne transmission of COVID-19 was possible, specifically in poorly ventilated indoor spaces.
The guidance change came after the CDC had initially posted about possible airborne transmission and then removed the information from its website.
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Washington has the Potomac, London the Thames, Paris the Seine, Berlin the Spree, Rome the Tiber, Budapest the Danube. Have you ever wondered what Brussels is missing? The Capital of Europe is the only European capital without a waterfront. It has not always been that way. As so often in the history of Belgium, King Leopold II (1835-1909) is to blame.
In the 1870s and ’80s, Brussels became the focus of the King’s urban and architectural attention. He wanted it to become the worthy centre of an Empire; not just a European capital but the European capital. The city had to be a propaganda showpiece. It had to give little Belgium the spirit and emanation of a great country. The King started by eradicating the Dutch character of Brussels. For centuries, the city had been part of the Netherlands, a pre-capitalist and proto-democratic society dominated by its burghers, the hard-working, productive and prosperous middle classes. The Dutch cities were remarkably alike, in the sense that their pride was their belfry or city tower, symbolising municipal autonomy, their guild halls along the main market square, and their burghers’ houses along the canals and the smaller market squares. In the middle of the 19th century Brussels resembled present-day Bruges or Amsterdam. It had many winding streets and market squares along the Zenne (Senne) River and its branches and canals.
In 1871 Leopold had the Zenne vaulted and the canals filled up. Brussels became the only European capital without river banks. With the exception of the immediate neighbourhood of the Grote Markt (the Great or Main Market, renamed in French as Grand Place) and the Zavel and Marollen district along Hoogstraat (High Street), all quarters of the old town were demolished and replaced by straight boulevards lined with buildings in the so-called Napoleon III style. “In Paris we find the examples we must copy to embellish Bruxelles,” Leopold said. He envied the French capital its grand avenues, palaces and arches. The demolished medieval quarters of Brussels were, according to Leopold’s collaborator Gustave Stinglhamber, “but a jungle of narrow little streets of no historic importance. The gem of the Grand Place only shines more brilliantly next to the modern style arteries.” The ancient Gothic cathedral suffered the same fate. Today it stands alone, as an abandoned jewel, surrounded by 19th and 20th century office buildings in a district that is dead after office hours.
With the new look came a new language. The new Francophone elite came to live along the new boulevards. The Dutch language disappeared together with the former inhabitants into the Marollen. Towering high above the latter, Leopold built the Palais de Justice, described by Neal Ascherson as “a black ziggurat approaching the size of Gibraltar which throws the whole city into its cruel shadow.” Actually the building is white but even Leopold’s man, Stinglhamber, referred to it as “Babylonian.” Started in 1865 and finished in 1883 at a cost to the Belgian taxpayers of 50 million francs, it is a truly colossal building complex, bigger than the Vatican’s St. Peter’s basilica, with a huge dome-covered tower. This Tower of Babel is the seat of the Cour de Cassation, the highest judicial authority in Belgium. It served as a warning to the Flemings living in the district below, signalling to them that their native tongue was no longer officially tolerated in Brussels. One of the locals dared to protest. He was Joseph Schoep, a Brussels baker, who did not understand French. Schoep was brought to court because he refused to have the birth of his son registered in French. A stubborn man, Schoep demanded a trial in Dutch. In May 1873, as an immediate result of this case, Cassation ruled that the use of Dutch at courts in Brussels was forbidden. Schoep, who did not understand the verdict, was fined 50 francs for “civil disobedience” and ordered to pay the full costs of the trial. Nine thousand people held a protest demonstration in support of Schoep, but the baker, his resistance broken, had his next child registered in French.
Another district that was totally destroyed was the Saint Rochus borough along the Hofberg, a steep slope covering the 40 metres between the town hall in the Zenne valley and the royal palace on Koudenberg Hill. It was a buzzing neighbourhood of small streets and 17th century houses. Leopold renamed the area the Mont des Arts and planned to redevelop it with museums and a national library among terraced gardens. The Mayor of Brussels, Charles (Karel) Buls, a Fleming who gained international renown as the author of the book Esthétique des villes (1894) in which he defended the idea that cities should grow organically instead of through constructivist planning, was an outspoken opponent of Leopold’s urban schemes. After his election as Mayor in 1881, Buls tried to stop the demolition of the old neighbourhoods. He quarrelled with the King for many years and was vehemently attacked by the newspapers under Leopold’s control. The fiercest was L’Indépendance Belge whose editorials about the Hofberg were occasionally written by the King himself.
Buls resigned in 1899. He was, he wrote in his diary, sick and tired “of the constant interference of the King to have us adopt in our public works plans of which I disapprove.” These plans, Buls said, were “disastrous for the city.” Nothing, however, could stop the King. During the demolition of the Hofberg he had a special box suspended from an adjacent building, from which he could get an overall view of the Saint Rochus neighbourhood being destroyed. He wanted to witness its destruction, just as the Romanian dictator Ceausescu was to witness the destruction of the old town of Bucharest in the 1970s. The Hofberg remained a desolate wasteland for decades. The Mont des Arts project, including the Belgian national library, the Albertina, was not finished until twenty years after the King’s death. The many conflicts between the King’s architects and Mayor Charles Buls left their mark in the local Brussels dialect. The word “architect” became a term of abuse, a “Charles” is a popular daredevil, and “it is buls” means that an effort will have no result.
A building project that was never finished because it was discontinued after Leopold’s death, was the construction of a national memorial on Koekelberg Hill to the north of Brussels. There Leopold planned to build an enormous Greco-Roman temple to commemorate Belgium’s national heroes. He called it the national “Walhalla,” referring to the after-world where in ancient Germanic mythology the heroes lived on after their deaths in battle.
Though he had no respect whatsoever for the historical record of Brussels, Leopold was all the more concerned about his own record in history. He believed that a statesman who wanted to be remembered by posterity had either to wage war or to construct monuments. Indeed, he believed monuments were even more important than war. “The glory of Athens and Rome has survived to this very day in their monuments,” he said, “while their power and their conquests are but history.” The King attached great importance to the impression that ruins would make on future generations. In this, too, he seemed to presage the totalitarian era. Adolf Hitler had his architect Albert Speer build a model to see what his new German capital would look like in ruins two thousand years later, before giving his approval to Speer’s plans for reshaping Berlin into the metropolis of “Germania.”
The Belgians paid the bill for the Babylonian Palais de Justice, but when the King proposed to erect a gigantic Triumphal Arch to commemorate the Cinquantenaire, the fiftieth anniversary of Belgium’s independence, the government refused to bear the costs. Consequently, Leopold built it on his own, paying the full price of 7.5 million francs with Congolese rubber money. The Arch was finished in 1905. The Cinquantenaire, situated amidst exhibition halls in the Jubilee Park in Brussels’ fashionable East End, is one of the marvels of Brussels. However, since it was financed by the slave labour of African natives, Belgium’s Jubilee Monument is actually a monument to the Congo genocide. As clearly as the judiciary’s Tower of Babel symbolises the oppression of the Flemings, the Jubilee Arch symbolises the oppression of the Congolese.
Not far from the Arch was the convent of Berlaymont. It was demolished in the 1950s to make room for the 230,000 square metres of the 13-storey Berlaymont building. The “Berlaymonster,” as it is known locally, is the headquarters of the European Commission. It is situated at the eastern end of the mile long Brussels Rue de la Loi. At the western end of the same street are Belgium’s Parliament, the offices of Belgian Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt and, just around the corner the PM’s residence, Lambermont House – the Lambermonster.
The name Brussels is etymologically derived from the old-Dutch Broeckzele: the dwelling in the swamp. Like the mythological Hydra, the multiheaded beast which lived in the swamps near the ancient Greek town of Lerna in Argolis, the “Lamber” and the “Berlay” ends of it are but two heads of the same Brussels monster. Belgium considers itself to be the prototype of the European Union as a multinational superstate.
The idea of writing a “European Constitution” originated not in the Berlaymonster, but in the Lambermonster during Belgium’s presidency of the European Council in the second half of 2001. Verhofstadt suggested it at the EU Summit in December 2001, which was held in Laken Palace to the north of Brussels. The idea subsequently made its way into the so-called “Declaration of Laken.” The symbolism of the place was not lost on the Belgians. Laken Palace is the official home of the Belgian King.
Belgium has long been aiming to reshape Europe in its own image. “Belgium is the laboratory of European unification,” Verhofstadt said in a 2003 interview, echoing a mantra that all Belgian Prime Ministers and Kings have been repeating for over a century. “Have we not been called the laboratory of Europe,” the Belgian ideologue Léon Hennebicq wrote in 1904: “Indeed, we are a nation under construction. The problem of economic expansion is duplicated perfectly here by the problem of constructing a nationality. […] The solution is economic expansion, which can make us stronger by uniting us.” Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman, whose statue stands in front of Leopold II’s Arch, said the same thing. Monnet and Schuman are the fathers of Europe, Leopold II the father of the European capital.
The major characteristic of artificially constructed states, however, is that they cannot respect democracy and the Rule of Law. Belgium’s 175 year history is replete with instances of blatant violation of democratic majority rights, while laws and even the Constitution are simply disregarded whenever the existence of the state is perceived to be in danger. In 1909, the Belgian lawyer Auguste Beernaert, Leopold II’s former PM, formally introduced the concept of the “theoretical violation of the letter of the Constitution,” as opposed to the (genuine) violation of the Constitution. The former, Beernaert said, was something “one had better smile about and forget,” while the latter never occurred. In Belgium the Constitution is not a charter guaranteeing the Rule of Law; it is merely a symbol of the state’s permanence. Belgium, as Professor Roger Lallemand of Brussels University wrote in 1998 is “a discontinuity perpetuating itself in a vague consensus and a permanent state of constitutional reform.”
When the ancient Greeks chopped off one of the Hydra’s heads the monster perpetuated itself in its permanent state of reform by growing two new heads. The Eurosceptic dragon slayers would do well to remember how Heracles finally succeeded in killing the hideous beast: he had to tear off all the heads and bury them deep in the ground. When that happens perhaps the spell that Leopold II cast over Brussels will be broken and the Zenne River will rise to the surface again, giving the city back its soul.
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Malaria remains one of the widely spread diseases around the world especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. According to World Health Organization there were 207 million cases of malaria in 2012 and more than 473,000 people died of it the same year.
However, in a new study by researchers at Harvard School of Public Health and the non-profit organization Innovations for Poverty Action it was proved that simple text messages reminders can help patients to get rid of malaria. These simple text messages reminders to take medication on time and to stick to their medication regime does allow the patients to survive.
The study claims that when patients don’t complete their full medication regime diseases can develop resistance to treatment and spread to others. Although there are major international efforts going on around the world, but malaria still remains primary cause of death globally. The new study was published in PLOS ONE and it focused on how patients can keep track of their medications and ensure that they complete their full medication regime to get rid of malaria. According to Julia Raifman, a Ph. D. candidate in the Harvard School of Public Health, ACTs are quite effective and easily available, but patients need to adhere to their medication regime in order to beat the disease.
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Your diet plays an integral role in the quality of your skin. Certain foods can nurture your skin, whilst others will cause havoc. Here are 10 foods that you should be eating more of:
Kale is often considered to be one the most nutritious foods on the planet, and for good reason – it is chock-full of vitamins and minerals.Free radicals occur naturally in our bodies as a by-product of metabolic processes and they can cause serious damage to your skin. Thankfully, vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that reduces free radical damage.Kale is one of the best sources of vitamin C that there is. When compared gram for gram, it has more than twice the amount of vitamin C that oranges do and a one cup serving provides you with 134% of your daily requirement.
Salmon is a great source of Omega-3 fatty acids and helps balance the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in your body. A high ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 is thought to cause inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis and acne.One study noticed that Inuit populations that eat a lot of salmon don’t suffer much from psoriasis. It is believed that Omega-3’s reduce inflammation, which helps treat symptoms of psoriasis. Other oily fish such as tuna, sardines and mackerel are also great sources of omega-3’s.
Zinc is a trace mineral and your body only needs a tiny dose of it everyday. Your skin contains a lot of zinc, especially in the top layer, and depends on it for healing. Many people who suffer from acne tend to be deficient in zinc. In some cases, increasing zinc intake via food and supplements has helped prevent and alleviate acne symptoms. A cup of Brazil nuts provides you with 36% of your daily requirement.
It’s true, carrots are the best food source of vitamin A that there is; a medium carrot provides you with more than 200% of your daily requirement. The only other food that comes close to having this amount is the sweet potato. To be precise, beta-carotene is the form of vitamin A that you get from plant foods, and carrots contain a lot of it. Beta-carotene is a powerful antioxidant that fights off free radicals and protects your skin against damage from ultra-violet rays.
Another vitamin that is essential for skin health is vitamin E, and almonds contain large amounts of it. A half cup serving provides you with almost 100% of your daily requirement. Like vitamin C and beta-carotene, vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant. But since your body can’t produce it, you have to get it from your diet. Vitamin E helps wounds heal and reduces inflammation.
Lycopene is a bright red pigment that is abundant in tomatoes. Like beta-carotene, lycopene is a carotenoid that is vital for skin health. Studies have shown that when skin lycopene content is high, it is less rough and eating lycopene rich foods helps increase the lycopene content of your skin. Lycopene reduces oxidative damage caused by environmental pollutants and exposure to the sun.
One of the best ways to keep your skin looking young is to drink plenty of pure water. Since your skin is made up of 64% water, it is important to stay well hydrated throughout the day. Dehydrated skin looks dull, because its pores are firm and rigid. You can also eat water rich foods to help keep you hydrated. Cucumbers are made up of 96% water, which is great news for your skin.
Not only are eggs very nutritious, they are also a complete protein source. This means they contain all 9 essential amino acids, the ones that your body cannot make on its own and needs to obtain via your diet. Your body uses amino acids to generate new proteins such as collagen, elastin and melanin, all of which are found in your skin. These proteins help keep your skin looking taut and give it its natural colour.
Garlic has been grown and eaten for thousands of years because of the amazing medicinal properties it provides. It helps boost immune system function, reduces blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels. It also contains a compound called allicin which has antibacterial and antiviral properties. Acne is caused by bacteria and blocked pores, so eating garlic could help reduce acne flare-ups.
The type of chocolate that you eat makes a big difference. You should stay away from white & milk chocolate and stick to dark chocolate with a high cocoa content. Dark chocolate contains flavonols, compounds that can improve blood flow to your skin and protect it from sun induce damage.
Note: All views expressed in this blog post are the personal opinions of the guest blogger. mySkin.com doesn’t favor any particular skincare brand or take advertising from any of them. Our scientific algorithm is entirely unbiased and based on your skin profile.
Author Bio: Veronica writes for Healthsomeness.com, a website dedicated to providing information on nutrition, weight loss, fitness and general wellbeing.
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A scientist who crossed the world to study shark populations in New Zealand waters made a slow-burning, alarming discovery.
Over two summers in 2007 and 2008, New York-based biologist Demien Chapman carried out aerial surveys of an area around Banks Peninsula on the South Island's east coast which was known to be a hotspot for basking sharks.
In at least 20 hours of flying, his team did not spot a single specimen.
"We were puzzled," said team member Clinton Duffy, from the Department of Conservation.
"In the early 90s, aerial surveys ... routinely recorded sightings, sometimes with schools of 50 to 100. But we didn't see any in two years, which was quite unusual."
Basking sharks, which are now protected by law, were believed to be killed by set nets and long-line tuna and hoki fisheries.
Some of them had their fins sliced off by New Zealand and foreign trawlers while their carcasses were disposed of. The fins were exported to Asia for use in a mostly tasteless, but popular broth.
This controversial finning practice is under increasing scrutiny in New Zealand, with more than 100 countries including the United States and the United Kingdom moving to, or considering, a "fins-naturally-attached" policy.
In the next few months, the Ministry for Primary Industries will release a National Plan of Action for the protection of sharks in New Zealand waters.
Conservationists say our lack of protection measures - sharks could be finned alive until four years ago - is a source of global embarrassment.
The fishing industry, and some marine experts, argue that the finning debate has been clouded by emotion and a policy change would not only be costly but also prohibitively complex.
In November, concern about shark finning led MPs from both sides of the House to make a rare show of political unity on Parliament's steps.
Labour, Greens, New Zealand First, Mana, the Maori Party, United Future and Act all signed a petition to end finning. National was the only party not to sign up.
The New Zealand Shark Alliance, which organised the petition, said that the cross-party support meant a policy change should be a certainty.
Rules around shark fishing are reviewed every four to five years because of the need to protect top-end predators, which help keep the marine ecosystem in balance.
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (Niwa) marine scientist Malcolm Francis said sharks at the top of the food chain such as great whites and makos had small population sizes and were much more vulnerable to overfishing.
"They're like the lions and tigers. If you have too many, they eat out all the wildebeest and prey and their own populations would collapse. The lower levels of the food chain are much more abundant than the top levels.
"The other thing about sharks is a lot of species have a very low reproductive rate and a low growth rate. They've evolved to be able to handle the levels of natural mortality they receive, but they're not very good at adapting to an additional fishing mortality. You've got to be very careful to get that balance right."
Measuring shark mortality rates and the influence of the shark-fin trade was notoriously complex.
Pelagic (deep-water) sharks had huge migration circles and were difficult to track, and most of their culled fins ended up in China, which had unreliable customs records.
"Nobody really knows how many sharks are killed for their fins," says fisheries scientist Shelley Clarke, one of the few experts on the global fin trade.
The American researcher, who has a temporary post at Niwa, said there were pros and cons to the finning debate.
"Anything that gets people to be concerned about shark conservation is a good thing, but what we specialists really need to do is look beyond finning and focus on how many sharks are being killed, not how they are killed."
Her research had found that finning bans overseas had not stemmed decline in shark populations because they were poorly enforced, and there was a growing market for shark meat. But despite this, she supported a "fins-naturally-attached" policy in New Zealand because it was more feasible than trying to regulate bycatch.
Stakeholders met with the ministry to make their cases for shark protection last week.
Forest and Bird marine advocate Katrina Subedar told officials that many sharks were caught alive and a ban would give fisheries an incentive to release them back into the wild. Her organisation also wanted far greater research on shark stocks which would help inform catch limits.
The Seafood Industry Council told the ministry that if finning was banned, trawlers would be forced to store the entire shark body, which was worth less than tuna and decayed quickly, spoiling other fish in the hold.
Spokesman Don Carson said sharks were rarely landed alive, and a ban would prompt fisheries to throw away the whole body, which was more wasteful than the status quo.
Mr Carson: "We are concerned that live finning and finning of dead sharks is equated. It is not the same. One is illegal, the other is perfectly legal. One is cruel, the other is not, and that is a vital distinction that sometimes gets fudged."
Dr Francis said it was a little-known fact in New Zealand that if a fishing vessel finned a shark and threw the rest away, the weight of the entire shark was recorded in the boat's quota.
"Whether the fisherman lands the whole shark or just the fins, or just the fillets, or the head, or the liver, that weight is always scaled up to the whole weight. Ten fins is counted as ten whole sharks."
But this rule was not a panacea to overfishing. Shark quotas were based on limited information, and some slow-growing, deep-water sharks were not covered by the quota management system.
The ministry treats finning as an animal welfare issue, not a sustainability issue. Deputy director Scott Gallacher said there was no evidence that finning in New Zealand waters had led to fewer sharks. The ministry was, however, concerned about overfishing of migratory sharks that ranged across oceans.
A policy change would shake up the fishing industry, which would have to work out how to stop catching sharks which it was not targeting in the first place.
Dr Francis proposed two initiatives for government and industry.
He said officials should find out more about the habitat and depth range of deep-water sharks, so fishing boats could avoid catching them.
And fisheries should introduce "bycatch mitigation devices", or trawl nets which have separating panels which can capture fish at lower depths while releasing sharks caught at higher depths. Trawlers which operated in sea-lion hotspots already used this technology.
Even if scientists did not demand it, New Zealand was likely to be pressured to change its finning rules as the practice falls out of favour globally.
The soaring popularity of shark-fin soup has died down, with the Chinese government last year deciding to ban the dish from official banquets.
Ms Subedar said New Zealand was increasingly an international outlier in the finning debate.
This could be informed by the perception of sharks as ruthless hunters - New Zealand has had more unprovoked shark attacks since 1850 than in all of Europe.
Ms Subedar: "I think sharks are feared or loved. People fear them because they don't understand them or have watched Jaws one too many times.
"But on the other hand, people get really excited about these magnificent, ancient creatures that have been around since the dinosaurs."
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Septoplasty or Repair of a Deviated Septum
A deviated septum is a condition that occurs when cartilage or bone causes an obstruction inside the nose and impairs breathing. The nasal septum is the wall dividing the nasal cavity into two halves. The ideal nasal septum is exactly in the middle, separating the left and right sides of the nose into equal passageways. The majority of all nasal septums are off-center, a condition that is generally not noticeable. A deviated septum occurs when the septum is severely shifted away from the middle, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. A septoplasty removes the portions of cartilage or bone that is causing the obstruction, and improves the patients ability to breathe. The incision is placed entirely inside the nose. Septoplasty can be performed alone or in conjunction with rhinoplasty to improve not only the function, but also the appearance of the nose. These procedures can also be combined with chin augmentation surgery in an effort to strengthen an otherwise “weak” profile. Septoplasty is not generally performed anyone younger than 15, because the cartilaginous septum grows until around that age. Above all, Dr. Aharonov strives for a natural and balanced effect that can dramatically enhance a patient's appearance.
A deviated septum can cause chronic sinusitis, or sinus infections, nasal congestion, blockage of one or both nostrils, frequent nose bleeds, facial pain, headaches, or post- nasal drip or snoring. A deviated septum can be something that you are born with, or it can be the result of nasal trauma, such as after a broken nose.
Dr. Aharonov is a leading Rhinoplasty Specialist, who is also a Board Certified Otolaryngologist. He has the knowledge, skill and experience to diagnose and correct various conditions causing difficult breathing.
Who Needs a Septoplasty or Repair of a Deviated Septum?
Dr. Aharonov may recommend surgery if your deviated septum is causing difficulty breathing, troublesome nosebleeds or recurrent sinus infections. During your consultation, Dr. Aharonov will inquire if you have ever had severe trauma to your nose such as a broken nose, or if you have had previous nasal surgery. Next, he will examine the general appearance of your nose, including the position of your nasal septum. He will inspect the inside surface of each nostril by using a bright light and a nasal speculum, which is a small instrument that gently spreads open your nostrils.
Septoplasty Surgery or Repair of a Deviated Septum
Septoplasty is a surgical procedure performed entirely through the nostrils. Therefore there is no bruising or outward signs of surgery, except perhaps some very mild swelling around the nose. The surgery may be combined with a Rhinoplasty, in which case the external appearance of the nose is altered and swelling or bruising of the face is evident. Septoplasty may also be combined with sinus surgery, if that is what you need.
The time required for the operation averages about 30 minutes, depending on the extent of the deviation. It is done on an outpatient basis in our surgery center. After the surgery, nasal packing is inserted to prevent excessive postoperative bleeding. During the surgery, badly deviated portions of the septum may be removed entirely, or they may be readjusted within the nose. If a deviated nasal septum is the sole cause for your chronic sinusitis, relief from this severe disorder will be achieved.
What Causes a Chronically Stuffy or Congested Nose?
Millions of Americans suffer the discomfort of persistent nasal stuffiness. The blockage may be related to structural abnormalities inside the nose or to swelling caused by allergies or viruses. There are numerous causes of nasal obstruction. A deviated septum can be the result of abnormal growth or traumatic injury. This can partially or completely close one or both nasal passages. Overgrowth of the turbinates is another cause of persistent nasal stuffiness. The turbinates are the tissues that line the inside of the nasal passages. Sometimes the turbinates need surgical treatment to make them smaller and open up the nasal passages. Treatments include injection, freezing, and partial removal. Allergies can also cause internal nasal swelling and congestion, and allergy evaluation and therapy may be necessary.
Aging is another common cause of nasal obstruction. This occurs when cartilage in the nose and its tip are weakened by aging. This weakness causes the nose to droop due to gravity, causing the sides of the nose to collapse inward, obstructing air flow. Mouth breathing or noisy and restricted breathing are common, especially during inhalation. In these cases, external adhesive nasal strips may improve breathing.
What Treatment Is Needed for a Broken Nose?
Bruises around the eyes or a slightly crooked nose following injury usually indicates a fractured nose. If the bones are pushed over or out to one side, immediate medical attention is best. Once soft tissue swelling distorts the shape of the nose, waiting 48-72 hours for a doctor's appointment may actually help the doctor in evaluating your injury as the swelling recedes. You should apply ice while waiting to see the doctor. What's most important is whether the nasal bones have been displaced, rather than just fractured or broken.
For markedly displaced bones, Dr. Aharonov will often attempt to return the nasal bones to a straighter position under anesthesia. This is usually done within seven to ten days after injury, so that the bones don't heal in a displaced position. Many fractures are irregular and the nasal bones often won't pop back into place, therefore the procedure is successful only half the time. Displacement due to traumatic injury often results in compromised breathing. Corrective nasal surgery, typically septorhinoplasty or a combination of a septoplasty and a rhinoplasty, may then be chosen. This procedure is typically done on an outpatient basis, and patients usually plan to avoid appearing in public for about a week due to swelling and bruising.
Chin Implant or Chin Augmentation Surgery
A “weak” or receding chin can exaggerate the size of a normal nose and make an already prominent nose seem even larger. Cosmetically, the chin appears most balanced when it projects as far as the lower lip. It can make the neck to appear “fleshy” and cause the corners of the mouth to turn downward in an “unhappy” frown. An under developed chin can have an unbalancing effect on the facial features, giving the appearance of a flabby neck and profile, and exaggerate the nose.
A chin implant or chin augmentation aims to restore balance and harmony to the structure of the face. It can enhance the definition of the jaw line, and achieve balance with the nose and other prominent features.
Dr. Aharonov enhances an underdeveloped chin by placing an implant under the pad of the chin through a hidden incision. The implants are solid, but flexible and come in a variety of shapes and sizes to suit the particular needs of the patient. Combining chin enhancement with cosmetic nose surgery (rhinoplasty) can offer a solution to improving one’s profile and achieving the proper proportion of these facial structures. For individuals with a naturally short neck, a chin implant can provide the illusion of a longer, slimmer neck, and eliminate the appearance of a double chin. Chin or Neck (submental) liposuction can further enhance the benefit of cosmetic Chin Implant surgery. Whether alone, or in conjunction with a rhinoplasty (nose job) or neck surgery, chin augmentation can dramatically improve a patient’s appearance and self confidence.
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According to a recent American Dietetic Association and ConAgra Foods Home Food Safety Survey, while most workplaces have an employee refrigerator, more than 20 percent of those surveyed said that their office fridge is rarely or never cleaned. Another 18 percent of those surveyed were totally clueless about the cleaning schedule of their office communal refrigerator. Talk about taking your appetite away……
Feel free to email this blog to your office manager, but please make sure that you “cc” yourself on it as a reminder to peek inside your kitchen fridge when you get home as it may not be any cleaner. A research study of over 2,000 individuals showed that over 50 percent of those surveyed had not cleaned the inside of their home refrigerator for at least one month prior to the survey and only 10 percent use a refrigerator thermometer. Without a thermometer placed inside the refrigerator, consumers can’t be sure that the temperature is safely at 40 degrees F or below. The nasty bacteria that cause foodborne illness, better known as food poisoning, grow rapidly at temperatures above 40 degrees F. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1 out of 6 Americans get food poisoning annually.
With this infrequent cleaning schedule and lack of thermometer usage, it shouldn’t be too surprising that another study found that over 70 percent of 147 home refrigerators tested had microbes growing behind these closed doors. (One can only imagine what the bacterial count of your office refrigerator may be.)
- Weekly, throw out perishable foods that have been in the refrigerator for too long. Download this handy, dandy Leftovers Calculator as a guide as to when it’s time to toss these foods.
- Wipe up spills immediately and clean the surfaces of the refrigerator with hot, soapy water regularly. Rinse with clean water.
- Place a refrigerator thermometer in the middle to the front of a shelf to make sure that the temperature is at 40 degrees F or below.
- Clean the outside of the refrigerator as well including the handle that gets touched countless times during the day. The front grill of the refrig should be dust- and lint-free to keep fresh air flowing to the condenser.
When was the last time your office refrigerator was cleaned out? Please post below.
The author is solely responsible for the content.
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|MEANING||"Woolungo" reptile (Aboriginal mythology)|
|CLASSIFICATION||Elasmosauridae, Plesiosauroidea, Plesiosauria|
|AGE||Early Cretaceous (Albian) 110 MYA|
|SIZE||8-10 metres (26-33 feet) long|
Woolungosaurus glendowerensis is known from an incomplete skeleton consisting of 46 vertebrae, ribs, fore-paddle and shoulder girdle bones, and partial hind-paddle remains found in Queensland. A further 12 vertebrae from South Australia have also been attributed to Woolungosaurus sp, as well as a crushed but fairly complete skull with associated vertebrae, also from Queensland.
Woolungosaurus is thought to have belonged to the Elasmosauridae family, which is characterised by large plesiosaurs with extremely long necks, often more than 50% of the total body length. The neck of Elasmosaurus platyurus contained 76 vertebrae, a number unsurpassed by any other creature. The skull that is referable to Woolungosaurus sp is typical of most elasmosaurs, with a long slender snout about 46 cm (18 inches) in total length containing around 36 curved teeth in both the upper and the lower jaw. Elasmosaur skulls are rare anywhere in the world, due to their fragile nature, and those that are known are usually badly crushed or distorted.
Elasmosaurs appear to be the most common variety of plesiosaur known from Australia. Elasmosaur-like material has been found in the Late Cretaceous of Western Australia, the Early Cretaceous of the Northern Territory (near Darwin), as well as the material from South Australia and Queensland attributed to Woolungosaurus. Elasmosaur material has also been recovered from Antarctica, bearing similarities to Mauisaurus from New Zealand.
Plesiosaurs in general were among the slowest of the Mesozoic marine reptiles, with their long necks creating a lot of drag which served to reduce their aquadynamic characteristics. The long, relatively inflexible necks of elasmosaurs would have made them slower still. Rather than rely on speed to chase down prey, as ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs seem to have done, they probably ambushed prey from below. In this way they could sneak up on prey by lurking in the darkness of deeper water, and then use their long necks to strike upwards quickly to take prey by surprise. This scenario is supported by the position of the eyes in the skull, which faced slightly upwards.
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Scripture shows use that they were not wealthy. When Jesus’ parents brought Him to the temple for purification after His circumcision, they offered a sacrifice of a two doves or pigeons. This was acceptable only for people who did not have the means to offer a lamb, which was the accepted sacrifice (Leviticus 12:6-8; Luke 2:22-24).
We also know from the Scriptures that Jesus had brothers and sisters. “Is this not the carpenter’s son? Is not his mother called Mary? Are not his brothers James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? And are not all his sisters with us?” (Matthew 13:55-56)
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Read these 12 Homeschool Language Arts Tips tips to make your life smarter, better, faster and wiser. Each tip is approved by our Editors and created by expert writers so great we call them Gurus. LifeTips is the place to go when you need to know about Home School tips and hundreds of other topics.
Many homeschool programs spend a great deal of time preparing their students to become independent and responsible learners. Planning a language arts curriculum is often done in a manner that provides real life skills to be applied in real life situations. For many homeschool parents the homeschool language arts curriculum is a combination of learning to read signs, newspapers, food labels, rules and directions which provide a great starting place for young learners as they become accustomed to the world around them. For many children, learning to adjust, follow guidelines and rules is often an extensive lesson in social behaviors. In this case, a homeschool language arts program that identifies and helps to facilitate understanding in a young mind is a valuable and realistic academic goal.
As the child matures, the homeschool language arts program could extend into business documents, contracts, writing personal checks, reading bank statements, monthly bills and other daily documents that are dealt with in a responsible adult's life. This type of homeschool language arts curriculum is beneficial as it helps children and young adults to realize that language arts is not something studied within a textbook or reader but is actually all around us everywhere we go. As you provided the guided lessons for your child, it will be important to have established a method of assessment for comprehension accuracy. If you have a variety of different lessons and curriculum already planned for your language arts program, slipping these ideas in as independent points of interest will still benefit the awareness of the learner. For example, during a nutrition unit, you could have a language arts lesson on how to read a food label accurately. This extension will satisfy necessary learning in the nutrition unit and extends the homeschool language arts curriculum into the real life applications that will become so important in adulthood
As you begin to seek out a homeschool language arts program, finding one that promotes family closeness and discussion is a benefit that will extend into many different areas outside the realm of the language arts curriculum. It is a proven fact that children who are talked to, really talked to by their parents, will continue to “talk” through the middle and high school years. Children raised in a home that expresses respect, kindness and a sincere interest in their thoughts and ideas will grow up to feel secure in sharing and discussing a variety of different topics. Sonlight Curriculum® is a Christian based homeschool curriculum that uses a language arts curriculum complete with literacy choices that are enjoyed by the whole family. As you begin to use the different language arts readers in your homeschool classroom, you will enjoy a family closeness through the literacy discussions and activities that extend the learning and comprehension for the whole family unit. Through your child's academic and social development, the open discussion you share at the start of their life will continually to positively influence your relationship through the years. This open door of communication will become one of the most valuable assets you develop within your homeschool program. The strong relationship you will share with your teens as they begin the middle and high school homeschool programs will provide a solid foundation and a special closeness as they continue to grow into adulthood. The special time you shared over storybooks and conversation in childhood will become a relationship built on open communication in adulthood.
If you would like your children to be challenged at spelling you can purchase spelling games which they can play on the computer. If you are looking for free spelling games on the Internet go to funbrain.com. At Fun Brain you can set your child's "difficulty level" so the spelling poses a challenge. Children love to play on the computer, so use it to your advantage. They are a great supplement to homeschool language arts. Watch as your children's spelling skills improve while they have fun in the process!
Here are the ten steps to spelling that we use. After we pretest to our 10 words for the week, I sit down with each child and go over each of the ten steps... once for each word.
1. Say (pronounce it aloud).
2. Look (look carefully. Ask yourself questions such as, "Can I spell it the way it looks? How many syllables are there? Are there any double letters? Silent letters? What are the vowels in each syllable? Anything peculiar about this word? How many letters are in the word? Are there any odd syllables? Any parts of the word spelled unlike they sound? Anything unusual about the word? Any difficult combinations? Is the word a noun verb, etc.")
3. Say (say the letters while looking at the word)
4. Close (close eyes and visualize the word and spell it)
5. Check (check that you got it right)
6. Trace (trace the word on your desk, in a sand tray, on sand paper, on a fabric board, using large arm motions)
7. Write (without looking)
8. Check (was it right?)
9. Repeat (steps 1-8, if it was not right)
10. Sentence (write the word in a sentence
Are you content with your nightly reading to your child? He or she will benefit more from the reading, and probably enjoy it as well, if you discuss the reading afterwards.
Here are some typical questions or conversation starter's teachers' use to prompt their students after completing a reading that you might use with your child:
• Tell me all that you remember about the passage, in your own words
• Wasn't it funny when ____! What else do you remember?
• What do you think about __________?
• Explain how ________.
• Did you learn anything new?
• What are five things you learned about _____?
• Tell me all you know about (a particular character). (Analyzing Character)
• How did Character A behave differently than Character B? (Parallel Characters)
• Why did you learn about (a particular character) in this chapter? (Analyzing Character)
• Why did (a particular character) do ____? (Character Point of View)
• Tell me all you know about ____ (location)
• Tell me all you know about ___ (occurrence)
• How did (a particular character) feel? (Analyzing mood)
• What makes this story "pretend"? (Fantasy vs. Reality)
• What clues told you that ___was about to happen? (Making inferences)
• Why do you think ___happened? (Drawing conclusions)
• Tell me exactly what happened in order. (Sequencing)
• What do you think of ___? (Making judgments)
• Describe the person telling the story. (Narrator's point of view)
• Tell the most interest thing about ___. (Fact vs. Opinion)
• Describe what happened because of ___. (Cause and Effect)
• Tell me all the ways ___and ____ were different/same. (Compare & Contrast)
• Is the ending/chapter good or bad and why? (Making judgments)
• Compare the actions of (two characters). (Compare and Contrast)
• Compare this book with another of similar style. (Compare and Contrast)
• Compare this book with another by the same author.
• Why did the author write the story this way? (Author's Point of View)
• How did the author know about these kinds of things? (Author's Point of View)
• What was the author saying about _____? (Author's Point of View)
Homeschool language arts can be a daunting subject for children, especially when it comes to reading. The key is to get them excited about reading. Nothing turns a child off to reading more than having to read books that they have no interest in reading. Instead of picking and choosing all of your children's reading books you should let them choose books which interest them on occasion. For instance, if you have a sports minded child, let him or her choose books which are sports related -- such as biographies of famous athletes or a book about trading cards. Not only will you tap into the child's interest but you are showing that reading can be fun and interesting.
Kids aren't able to write well until they have developed good fine-motor skills. These skills improve easily with lots of practice, so it's important to encourage your child partake in activities that tax their fine-motor skill.
The following activities can help your young child develop the precision, balance, and hand-eye coordination that are needed to perform the fine-motor skills used in handwriting, so they can subsequently have success in home school language arts:
* Give your child clay or play-dough to play with to strengthen the major muscles used in handwriting
* Encourage her to play with Legos, miniature cars, small blocks, action figures, and other small toys
* Do puzzles with your child
* Provide creative art projects that involve using crayons, marking pens, scissors, and finger paints, as well as tearing paper
* Play games with your child that involve the handling of cards and small game pieces
* Ask your child to sort collections of loose coins into stacks of pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters
When you are searching for a homeschool language arts program for kindergarten children you should search for ones that teach consonants and short vowel sounds. First grade language arts programs should review short vowel sounds and consonants then progress to blends and long vowel sounds. A second grade language arts program should cover all vowels, consonants and blends. The great thing about core curriculums is you can add electives subjects to it (such as music or art) to personalize the curriculum to suit your child's interests. Core curriculums come with work schedules already laid out so there is minimal planning on your part.
Go over assignments with your children and help them understand directions and complex questions. Have them read, re-read and read again until they are certain of what they are being asked to do. Help them pick out important words or phrases in the directions or questions and clarify any confusion they may have.
Purchasing curriculum can be hard on a family's budget. If you want to show support to the homeschoolers in your extended family why not purchase them a curriculum gift certificate for the holidays? They can be purchased at most homeschooling websites. Purchasing a gift certificate is a lot easier than trying to pick out a homeschool language arts or math curriculum that matches the homeschooling style of your extended family.
Having trouble getting your child to enjoy reading and your homeschool language arts curriculum? Setting up a fun reading environment that appeals to your childs interest and imagination will make the act of reading more appealing to him or her. Reading on the kitchen table isn't even fun for you, so why should it be for your child?
For example, one of the best things we have done to encourage reading was to build a time machine! We covered a refrigerator box with aluminum foil, and added all sorts of knobs. We even found some very "time machine looking" things at a thrift store, to make it look even better. After putting a bean bag chair and small bookshelf in there, we were finally set to travel in time with our reading.
Make reading fun.
If your child is an auditory learner, you may want to go with a homeschool language arts program that is literature based. Not only will your child have access to learning phonics, but they will be enchanted with the stories that you read. Using literature based programs are a great way to teach your child about history, vocabulary and phonics while instilling a love for reading inside of them.
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The terms strategy, strategic and the opposite tactical are often used in technology projects and the wider business world without a clear and consistent understanding of what they mean. That’s not surprising, as the definitions are muddled, and not particularly illuminating. For example, a strategy (noun) might be described as a, ‘plan of action to achieve a long-term aim’ (OED), whereas a tactic is an, ‘an action or strategy carefully planned to achieve a specific end.’ (ibid). Oops, you see the problem, in programming this sort of circular argument would be called recursion, which is not normally a good thing.
(Ed. I don’t think talking about tactics and analogies with sport and war help much here, other than to generate more unhelpful Jargon.)
In simple terms, strategy represents the aims and objectives of some endeavour, normally over a significant timeframe, typically months or years. It would be incorrect to refer to “this week’s strategy” – other than in a sarcastic way! Strategies provide a direction and a framework to meet medium- to long-term desires. Short-term actions – often as projects – will be planned and carried out (executed) to provide clear progress or incremental steps towards realising the strategic aims. Projects and Strategies are essentially transformations, taking the organisation from the current situation, or some intermediate point, to the desired end-state. The outcome represents some noticeable change to your business processes, IT systems, your staffing, your product portfolio, market position, capitalisation (value) etc.
Strategies should be linked to an organisation’s reason for existing, possibly enshrined as values, a vision, a mission statement or manifesto, and not every-day policies or protocols. Commercial and not-for-profit companies, government agencies and charities of all types have to justify expending resources (including time and money) in whatever market they operate in. A strategy will provide the rationale for doing the things you want to do, alongside the things you have to do, i.e. keeping the lights on.
There are many variations on this pyramid theme, but the key idea is to think about Strategy seriously, understand why you are doing it, and where it fits in your organisation’s ecosystem.
Strategies come in all shapes and sizes, and are by definition unique. Here are just a few possible generic examples:
- Launching a new product or product line,
- Merging-with or acquiring new interests (or de-merging/divesting your portfolio); possibly as part of a growth plan, consolidation, or entering new operating markets or regions,
- Implementing new or improved business and IT systems, although this would normally be a means-to-an-end, say, to cut costs, or enable new sales activity (as above),
- Improving processes or making other operational efficiencies. Again the bottom-line normally comes down to money; saving it, spending less of it, spending more of it, making more of it! This is not as cynical as it may sound. Think about your favourite charity and the decisions it has to make to survive and thrive doing the good works that you want it to do?
Because there will always be constraints, such as limited time, money and people, good Strategies may talk a long time to develop, they may have to survive competition with other favoured or even conflicting ideas, so they must be supported by the right stakeholders, and be rigorous and robust.
Here are a few challenges that you might face, outside of the rarefied atmosphere of the management away-day and the closed-door strategizing event (really!)
Strategy ‘scope creep’
The following are not normally strategic undertakings:
- Carrying normal day-to-day activities, Business as usual (BAU),
- Reacting to unplanned internal or external forces or events (I mean ‘tactical’ but am avoiding that word for the reasons stated above!) For example, responding to changing market conditions, government legislation or a natural disaster, (Ed. unless being responsive is your strategy?)
- Regular monitoring and maintenance of IT and business systems, sales and distribution channels, as mentioned, the things you need to do to meet regulations, preserve Customer data, and keep all the computers, telephones, software, plant and equipment working. Although upgrades, procurement and maintenance activities are often managed using Projects, they are not necessarily strategic.
What about the people?
Of course people are important, both as part of the strategic planning exercise, implementing the business transformation, and less obviously as Customers, beneficiaries or those who are disadvantaged by the new situation. Strategies, and change generally, can be painful and disruptive. By definition strategies are changing the status quo, and if nothing is changing there is no strategy!
Help, our strategy is unclear, unformed and changeable!
The first two attributes are problems. If a strategy – in the sense of the future state – cannot be visualised or articulated (written down or somehow illustrated), then your organisation may suffer from a lack of direction and confusion. If there is no destination or roadmap how do know if you have reached where you wanted to be?
If a coherent strategy is still illusive with a lot of creativity, soul-searching and analysis, for example because of a number of viable options or external factors (variables that can’t be controlled), it is possible to set off in a particular direction and test the water. To continue with the nautical metaphor, by constantly tacking it is possible to maintain a course. The Agile approach advocates something like this, by regularly revisiting needs (requirements), assumptions and results, but there is still a notional direction of travel and a destination, if not a detailed plan to get there.
A more realistic proposition – if doing nothing is not an option – is to try something, maybe as a pilot, a feasibility study or market research and then revisit the strategy. A number of models are based on this try-test-refine approach.
“I do know my own mind,” protested Anne. “The trouble is, my mind changes and then I have to get acquainted with it all over again.”
Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of the Island
Change is inevitable and does not invalidate a Strategy. It is an important part of strategic planning to both set the organisation on the intended path and regularly check on progress. Revisiting goals, timescales and short-term priorities is a healthy and beneficial part of any significant programme of work. Big high-profile failures, of which there are many in technology and computer projects, are often caused by an inflexible, ‘I’ve started so I’ll finish’, mentality.
It’s imperative to have a Strategy, but always be prepared to throw it away in favour of a tactical change of direction or withdrawal from the battlefield!
(c) 2015 Antony Lawrence CBA Ltd.
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Instead of continuing to talk about ways to reduce the number of single mothers in the United States, maybe it’s time to think of ways we can make their lives a little easier.
Because so far as prevention goes, it’s starting to feel like that ship has sailed for now. This month brings us yet another reminder that, for young Americans, having children outside of marriage is very much “the new normal,” as the New York Times once put it. In a study tracking the first wave of millennials to become parents, a team from Johns Hopkins University recently found that 64 percent of mothers gave birth at least once out of wedlock. Almost one-half had all of their children without ever exchanging vows.
The findings echo a separate study from 2012, which found that, among women under 30, more than one-half of all births happened outside of marriage. This new paper analyzes results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which began interviewing thousands of young Americans annually starting in 1997. Using data from 2011, when the subjects were between the ages of 26 and 31, it reveals a by-now familiar story about how, when it comes to raising family, America is really two separate countries divided by education. Four-year college graduates waited until later in their 20s to have children, and were typically married by the time they did; less than one-third gave birth out of wedlock. Women without a bachelor’s degree had children earlier, and were typically unmarried—74 percent gave birth at least once without a husband.
Not all of those mothers were single: Many were living with partners. Among high school graduates, depicted in the chart below, for instance, 28 percent of children were born to cohabiting couples. Combine that with the 41 percent of children born to married couples, then most babies were born into two-parent households. The problem is that cohabiting couples don’t always last. Their relationships fare better than parents who aren’t living together at all, but frequently the mother ends up raising a child alone.
There are a multitude of reasons why women without a college education choose to have children outside of marriage, which Olga Khazan summed up wonderfully at the Atlantic. Whereas marriage used to be the first step of adulthood, many millennials see it as one of the last, a milestone you reach after financial stability. And while low-income men don’t necessarily make attractive or reliable mates (mass incarceration doesn’t help on this front), poorer women do often see raising a child as something meaningful to which they can devote themselves, especially if they don’t have great career prospects. Those social forces won’t disappear anytime soon, even amid the wrenchingly high rates of poverty that many single mothers face.
The conservative response to this web of issues is to say we need to encourage more marriages. But evidence suggests that single mothers who later wed usually end up divorced and worse off financially than before. And as I’ve written, even if marriage promotion is a generally worthwhile goal, the government still has no real idea how to achieve it. So far, federally funded programs designed to encourage matrimony have delivered weak results, and even where they’ve had a positive impact, the change hasn’t been nearly enough to make a significant dent in poverty. Meanwhile, cutting back on welfare for single mothers doesn’t shrink their numbers.
There is, however, a more straightforward option: We act like the rich country we are, and grow the safety net so that families headed by single mothers aren’t doomed to a life of impoverishment. As progressive blogger Matt Bruenig has written, single-mother households suffer far more poverty in the U.S. than in other developed nations. Why? As one study based on data from around the year 2000 concluded, it’s largely down to our stingy welfare state. Before taxes and transfer programs, lone mothers and their children are more likely to be in poverty in Australia and Britain than in the U.S.—but after the government lends a helping hand, they’re less likely. Compared to us at least, Nordic countries have virtually wiped away poverty among single mothers altogether. In short, there is no law of nature that says these families must be deprived of a decent living standard. To quote Bruenig, it’s just “a policy choice.”*
In the U.S., an enormous generation of children is being born out of wedlock. There’s no changing that in the immediate future, and while we can talk about reviving marriage, it’s at best a hypothetical. In the meantime, we know we can do more to help the women raising those kids. The rest of the world has already proved it.
*These findings are based on “relative poverty” measures, which track how many single-mother households earn less than 50 percent of the median income for a somewhat similar family. Researchers tend to rely on relative poverty for international comparisons, because it’s virtually impossible to set a single poverty line that is appropriate across countries. In the end, we’re talking about the fraction of families that reach a standard of living that’s considered reasonable based on the country they live in. (Return.)
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ON THIS PAGE
Exoplanet – Any planet beyond our solar system
The planet-hunting space telescope was still getting its bearings, just a few months after launch, when the floodgates burst open.
As NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope science team was wrapping up a 10-day trial run, they saw something that bordered on the unbelievable: the telescope's first detection of a rocky, Earth-sized world outside our solar system.
The planet, a hot, heavy world dubbed Kepler-10b, would be among the early nuggets in a coming gold rush of exoplanet discovery—taking us from a handful of planets confirmed to be in orbit around other stars to thousands today, all in the space of two decades. Thousands more candidate planets found by Kepler await confirmation.
“In that trial run we saw, already, the signal of what could be a small planet orbiting a star about 540 light years away,” Natalie Batalha, an astrophysicist and member of the Kepler team, told a public radio host about the discovery, announced in 2011. “This was our first indication—‘Oh my god! We’re going to find lots of these things. We’re going to find lots of Earth-size planets.’”
Since the first confirmation of an exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star in 1995, and with only a few, narrow slices of our Milky Way galaxy so far surveyed, we’ve already struck many rich veins. A recent statistical estimate places, on average, at least one planet around every star in the galaxy. That means there's something on the order of a trillion planets in our galaxy alone, many of them in Earth’s size range.
“Right now we know, for the first time, that small planets are very common,” said Sara Seager, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an exoplanet research pioneer. “It’s phenomenal. We had no way to know that before Kepler. We’ll just say, colloquially: They’re everywhere.”
Hot Jupiters and wobbling suns
The planet discovered in 1995 was a hot, star-hugging gas giant believed to be about half the size of Jupiter. It tugged so hard on its parent star as it raced around in a four-day orbit that the star’s wobbling was obvious to earthly telescopes—once astronomers knew what to look for.
Finding this fast-moving giant, known as 51 Pegasi b, kicked off what might be called the “classical” period of planet hunting. The early technique of tracking wobbling stars revealed one planet after another, many of them large “hot Jupiters” with tight, blistering orbits.
The wobble method measures changes in a star’s “radial velocity.” The wavelengths of starlight are alternately squeezed and stretched as a star moves slightly closer, then slightly farther away from us. Those gyrations are caused by gravitational tugs, this way and that, from orbiting planets.
The European team of Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announced their discovery of 51 Peg using this method in 1995, and the race was on to find others.
The others came—first by the dozens, then by the hundreds.
After confirming the existence of 51 Peg, a science team led by Paul Butler and Geoff Marcy, then of San Francisco State University, took a second look at data from their own radial velocity observations. They and the rest of the astronomical community hadn’t anticipated large planets orbiting so closely and rapidly around their parent stars. Sure enough, big, star-hugging planets began popping out of their data.
They announced two somewhat more plausible exoplanets, 70 Virginis and 47 Ursae Majoris, in 1996. The first had a 116-day orbit, the second an orbit of 2.5 years, helping overcome skepticism among their fellow astronomers; these distant solar systems looked a lot more like ours.
The Butler and Marcy team went on to discover at least 70 of the first 100 exoplanets in the decade that followed, attaining celebrity status. Scores of other ground-based research projects also joined the hunt, sending the tally of known exoplanets into the low hundreds.
Then a new space telescope, and a new planet-hunting method, stole the show.
Staring into space
Enter NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope, launched in 2009 to inaugurate what we could call the “modern” era of planet hunting. Kepler settled into an Earth-trailing orbit, then fixed its gaze on a small patch of sky. It stared at that patch for four years.
Within that small patch were some 150,000 stars. Kepler was waiting to catch tiny dips in the amount of light coming from individual stars, caused by planets crossing in front of them. The result: more than 2,000 confirmed exoplanets were sifted from the data, the bulk of the more than 3,300 confirmed so far, with more than 2,400 planetary candidates as scientists continue to mine Kepler’s observations.
The Kepler mission faced its own skeptical audience in the 1990s. Four times, NASA rejected the designs proposed by William Borucki of the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffet Field, California. Borucki, now retired, finally won approval in 2001.
His idea was proven right; Kepler’s four years of data are still revealing new planets. But failure of two reaction wheels on the spacecraft ended its primary mission in 2013.
Still, it’s hard to keep a good spacecraft down. The Kepler science team devised a clever fix: using the pressure of sunlight to stabilize one axis of the telescope. The instrument was rechristened "K2" and continues to discover planets, though at shorter observation times than its original four-year stare.
Other instruments, on the ground and in space, continue to round out the tally of exoplanets bagged so far. The European CoRoT satellite preceded Kepler, and also used the transit method to find numerous planets during its functional period from 2006 to 2012.
The Hubble Space Telescope not only has discovered a variety of transiting exoplanets, but has characterized the atmospheres of some of them. As a planet makes its transit across the face of its star, a sliver of starlight shines through the planet’s atmosphere. Gases and chemicals in the atmosphere absorb different wavelengths of the light as it passes through. By looking for these missing slices of the star’s light spectrum, scientists can tell which constituents are present in that alien atmosphere.
Another skywatcher, NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope, observes transiting exoplanets in infrared wavelengths, and has helped to chart and characterize many, including puzzling out details of planetary atmospheres.
Spitzer often works in conjunction with ground-based telescopes, including OGLE’s Warsaw Telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. In 2015, a collaboration between Spitzer and Italy’s 3.6 meter Galileo National Telescope in the Canary Islands revealed the closest known rocky planet: HD 219134b, only 21 light-years away from Earth. Disappointingly, however, the planet orbits its star too closely to make it suitable for life.
All but a handful of the thousands of exoplanets observed so far have been detected via indirect methods, such as watching for transits or measuring star wobbles. We’ve only just begun to enter a new era of planet hunting: direct imaging.
Hey exoplanets: Say 'cheese!'
Astronomers say the future of exoplanet exploration is all about direct observation. Missions like the James Webb Space Telescope, now under construction, and the planned WFIRST (Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope) will expand and sharpen our ability to capture actual images of distant planets.
New technology under development will boost these capabilities, allowing us to snap portraits of smaller and smaller exoplanets. The WFIRST mission, for example, will use an internal instrument called a coronagraph to selectively block and process incoming starlight to reveal the planets hidden in the glare.
Something similar could be done outside the telescope by a device called the starshade, being developed at JPL. The starshade would deploy in deep space like a sunflower the size of a baseball diamond. Tens of thousands of miles away, a space telescope would point toward it; the starshade would block unwanted starlight, allowing the space telescope to capture images of the planets around the target star.
In coming decades, as space telescopes grow larger and more refined, perhaps we’ll finally capture the iconic image of another Earth—a faraway world of continents, clouds and oceans.
But what, exactly, makes a planet Earth-like? Where should we look to find a habitable twin? To find out, read on to the next topic:
Human beings dream of alien life; NASA's looking for planets that have it.
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Are you a writer or blogger? Email firstname.lastname@example.org to share your content with over 200,000 FabWoman readers
It’s no secret that excessive intake of sugar in foods and beverages can cause a handful of effects. But still, we actively participate in indulging it.
Although sugar in itself is not harmful, excessive intake of sugar in our diet can have a negative impact on our body such as:
Believe it or not, sugary things are problematic and excessive consumption of sugar play a role in acne development. Sugary foods and drinks increases blood sugar and insulin levels, which leads to increased androgen secretion, oil production and inflammation. It can also increase the production of AGEs, which can accelerate skin aging and wrinkle formation.
2. Increased Risk Of Depression
Research shows that blood sugar swings, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and inflammation may be reasons for sugar’s detrimental impact on mental health. This is because of excessive intake and overconsumption of sugar trigger imbalances in certain brain chemicals. This imbalance can increase the risk of mental health disorders such as depression.
3. Tooth Cavities
People who frequently eat sugary foods are more likely to develop tooth decay. Certain bacteria live in the mouth. When they come in contact with sugar, they create acid. This harmful acid consumes the tooth enamel, leading to holes or cavities in the teeth.
4. Increased Risk Of Cancer
Too much sugar can lead to inflammation, obesity and insulin resistance, all of which are risk factors for cancer. Also, excessive consumption of sugar may cause insulin resistance, thereby increases cancer risk.
5. Weight Gain
Excessive consumption of added sugar, especially from sugary beverages, foods, and drinks, increases your risk of weight gain and can lead to visceral fat accumulation. Sugary foods contain Fructose and less glucose. consuming fructose leads to an increased need for food.
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National Bureau of Standards Test Confirm Energy Conserving “Thermal Mass Effect” for Heavy (Log) Walls in Residential Construction
Summary of Test Findings
A study was conducted by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) for the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Department of Energy (DOE) to determine the effects of thermal mass (the bulk of solid wood log walls, or brick and block walls) on a building’s energy consumption. For the test, six 20’x20′ test buildings were built on the grounds of the National Bureau of Standards, 20 miles north of Washington, DC, in the fall of 1980. Each structure was identical except for construction of its exterior walls. The buildings were maintained at the same temperature levels throughout the 28 week test period between 1981 and 1982. Energy consumption of each structure was precisely recorded by NBS technicians during this entire period.
During the three week spring heating period, the log building used 46% less heating energy than the insulated wood frame building. During the eleven week summer cooling period, the log building used 24% less cooling energy than the insulated wood frame building.
During the fourteen week winter heating period, the log building and the insulated wood frame building used virtually the same amounts of heating energy. The National Bureau of Standards technicians conducting the test calculated the R-value of the log building, which was constructed with a 7″ solid square log, at a nominal R-10. It rates the insulated wood frame building, with its 2’x4′ wall and 3-1/2″ of fiberglass insulation, at a nominal R-12, thus giving the wood frame structure a 17% higher R-value. Yet during the entire 28 week, three season test cycle, both buildings used virtually identical amounts of energy. This led the National Bureau of Standards to conclude that the thermal mass of log walls is an energy conserving feature in residential construction.
NBS Tests Confirm Energy-Conserving “Thermal Mass Effect” of Log Walls Full Report
In the first extensive field testing of its kind, researchers at the Commerce Department’s National Bureau of Standards (NBS) have confirmed that walls of heavyweight construction (such as those built with solid wood logs, concrete block or brick) exhibit an energy conserving “mass effect” in residential buildings during the summer and the intermediate heating season representative of fall or spring in a moderate climate. However, no mass effect was observed during the winter heating season.
According to NBS researchers, these extensive field tests should help resolve a controversy over whether residences having heavyweight walls consume less energy for space heating and cooling than buildings having lightweight walls of equivalent thermal resistance.
The National Bureau of Standards research team found that the heavyweight walls (including building number 5, the log structure) “did exhibit a thermal mass effect and thus save significant amounts of energy both in the summer cooling season and the intermediate heating season representative of fall or spring in this (Washington, DC) area.”
The Use of R-Values
Most state and local building codes require specific “R-Values,” or thermal resistance values, for the walls, ceilings, and floors of houses. The R-Values in these codes vary with geographical location and climate considerations. The Building Systems Councils’ technical staff and other industry professionals have often challenged the exclusive reliance on R-Values alone to rate the energy efficiency of a wall’s building materials while ignoring the thermal mass effect inherent in heavyweight (log) walls. R-Values are recognized by most professionals to be a reliable indication of the thermal performance of a material–under conditions of constant interior and exterior temperatures. The Building Systems Councils’ technical staff argues that these are not the conditions that exist in the “real world,” where outdoor temperatures vary widely during a typical day-night cycle. To obtain a true rating of building’s thermal efficiency in these conditions, building codes must also consider the “mass effect” of heavyweight (log) walls.
What Is “Mass Effect”?
According to NBS researchers, “the mass effect relates to the phenomenon in which heat transfer through the walls of a building is delayed by the high heat (retention) capacity of the wall mass. Consequently, the demand for heating or cooling energy to maintain indoor temperature may, under some circumstances, be pushed back until a time when wall heat transfer and equipment operating conditions are most favorable.” This heat retention phenomenon is also referred to as “thermal capacitance” or time lag–the resistance of a material (such as solid wood walls) over time to allow a change in temperature to go from one side to the other.
How Mass Saves Energy
NBS researchers explained the energy saving effect of mass during the summer cooling season this way: “In an insulated wood frame building, which is considered to have low mass, the maximum wall heat gain rate during this season is operating most often and working the hardest. In a heavy walled building (such as the log building), however, the heat transfer lag means the maximum wall heat gain rate general during the cool night period when the cooling plant is operating least often or not at all. Consequently, the cooling energy requirement is reduced.. .”
The NBS test showed that the log structure performed better than the insulated wood building in the intermediate heating season and the summer cooling season; however, there was no appreciable difference during the winter heating season. During the winter heating season, no effect of mass was noted since all insulated buildings and the log building required comparable amounts of heating energy each hour to maintain their predetermined indoor temperatures.
As with all such test procedures, these test have their own limitations, according to NBS, and therefore these factors should be considered in using the results. The structures had no partition walls or furniture, items which would tend to give the wood frame structures some of the mass effect. Also, the buildings were closed at all times, and the buildings were constructed to maximize the mass effect attributable to the walls.
Also, the results are very climate dependent, and results relate to the moderate climate found in the Washington, DC, area.
Future tests to be carried out on the six buildings will address some of these limitations by installing partition walls and opening windows when appropriate. moreover, a recently developed NBS computer model that predicts the energy consumption for multi-room structures will be validated and subsequently used to extend the NBS test results to other locations and climates around the country.
The Building Systems Councils is gratified that its long struggle to gain recognition for the importance of “thermal-mass” has been confirmed by these tests and that the energy efficiency of log homes has been proven. The Council is presently participating in a similar testing program being conducted by the Oak Ridge National Testing Laboratory in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and hopes to add the results of those tests to this material in an effort to gain acceptance of “thermal mass effect” in building codes throughout the country. We further await the results of future tests to be performed by the NBS at this test site and the results of the NBS computer modeling program.
Description of Test Buildings
Six 20′ wide and 20′ long one room test buildings with a 7-1/2″ high ceiling were constructed outdoors at the National Bureau of Standards facility located in Gaithersburg, Maryland (20 miles north of Washington, DC).
Construction Details of Walls
An insulated wood frame home, nominal R-12 (without mass) with 5/8″ exterior wood siding, 2×4″ stud wall, 3-1/2″ fiberglass insulation, plastic vapor barrier, and 1/2″ gypsum drywall.
An un-insulated wood frame home, nominal R-4 (without mass) with same detail as above, but without the fiberglass insulation.
An insulated masonry home, nominal R-14 (with exterior mass) with 4″ brick, 4″ block, 2″ polystyrene insulation, plastic vapor barrier, furring strips and 1/2″ gypsum drywall.
An un-insulated masonry home, nominal R-5 (with exterior mass) with 8″ block, furring strips, vapor barrier, 1/2″ gypsum drywall, and no polystyrene insulation.
A log home, nominal R-10 (with inherent mass) with 7″ solid square wood logs with tongue and groove mating system, no additional insulation, no vapor barrier, and no interior drywall.
An insulated masonry home, nominal R-12 (with interior mass) with 4″ brick, 3-1/2″ loose fill perlite insulation, 8″ block and 1/2″ interior plaster walls.
Interior surfaces were painted off-white. Exterior surfaces of buildings 1,2 and 4 were painted approximately the same color as the exterior face brick of buildings 3 and 6.
Four double-hung, insulating glass (double pane) windows, with exterior storm windows, two in south facing wall, two in north facing wall. Total window area was 43.8 sq. ft. or 11% floor area.
One insulated metal door on east wall. Total door area was 19.5 sq. ft.
Ceiling & Roof System
Each test building contained a pitched roof with an attic space ventilated with soffit and gable vents. The ventilation opening was consistent with the HUD Minimum Property Standards. Eleven inches of fiberglass blanket insulation (R-34) was installed over the ceiling of each test building.
The edges of the Concrete slab-on-grade floors were insulated with 1″ thick polystyrene insulation at both the inner and outer surfaces of the footing.
Each test building was equipped with a centrally located 4.1 kW electric forced air heating plant equipped with a 13,000 Btu/h split vapor-compression air conditioning system.
Technical Report Available
A complete technical presentation of this study was prepared by D.M. Burch, W.E. Remmert, D.F. Krintz, and C.S. Barnes of the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, in June, 1982, and is entitled “A Field Study of the Effect on Wall Mass on the Heating and Cooling Loads of Residential Buildings.” This study was presented before the “Thermal Mass Effects in Buildings” seminar held in Knoxville, Tennessee, on June 2-3, 1982, Oakridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, Tennessee.
Copies of this report and other studies are available by writing to: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Center for Building Technology, Building 226, Room B114, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
The log building used by the National Bureau of Standards for this energy conservation study was donated and erected by members of the Log Home Council. Since the inception of the Log Homes Council in 1977, well over a quarter of a million dollars have been spent on research and testing projects related to the log home industry.
Members of the Council have voluntarily contributed tens of thousands of hours of their time to accomplish these tasks for the benefit of the industry and the builders and owners of log homes. On January 1, 1982, the Log Homes Council affiliated with the National Association of Home Builders as part of the Building Systems Councils. In July, 1985, the Council membership expanded due to a merger with the North American Log Builders Association. All members of the Council are also individual members of the National Association of Home Builders and through their dues support the many worthwhile activities of the NAHB. The Log Homes Council is a non-profit, voluntary membership organization representing some sixty manufacturers of log homes.
A research report published by the Log Homes Council of the National Association of Home Builders, 1201 15th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 — (800) 368-5242 ext. 576 Barbara K. Martin, Executive Director
Log Homes and Energy Efficiency
From the: Consumer Energy Information Briefs at EREN. – Residential Building
Log homes may be hand-made on-site or pre-cut in a factory for delivery to the site. Pre-cut log home kits have been produced since 1923. Log home manufacturers can also customize their designs. Wall thickness’ range from 6-16 inches (152-406 millimeters [mm]). The log industry enthusiastically promotes the energy efficiency of log buildings. While there is general agreement on the aesthetic value of log homes, their energy efficiency is disputed.
The conventional measure of a structure’s energy efficiency is the R-value of the building material. An R-value (ft2h °F/Btu) is the rating of a material’s resistance to heat flow. The R-values for logs differ according to the type of wood, ranging from about 1.41 per inch (25.4 mm) for some softwoods to 0.71 for certain hardwoods. For example, a 6-inch (152.4 mm) diameter log would rate R-8 or R-9 at best. Using conventional analysis, a wood stud wall with 3+ inches (88.9 mm) of fiberglass insulation and sheathing, siding, and wallboard rates about R-14 or R-15. On the basis of the R-value, log walls do not satisfy most building code energy standards.
The R-value rating, however, does not take into account a log’s heat storage capability. Logs act as thermal mass, storing heat during the day and gradually releasing it at night. A 1982 study conducted by the National Bureau of Standards found that, in certain climates, this thermal mass effect compensated for low R-values. The thermal mass effect is most significant in milder, sunnier climates, such as the sunbelt region, where the outdoor temperature frequently moves above and below the thermostat setpoint. Some states, such as California, compute thermal mass effect and R-value together to determine building code compliance.
Several states, including Pennsylvania, Maine, and South Carolina, have exempted log-walled homes from normal energy compliance regulations. Others, such as Washington state, have approved “prescriptive packages” for various sizes of logs. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.2 standard contains a thermal mass provision that may make it easier to get approval in other states that base their codes on this standard. Computer simulations using thermal mass measurements and regional weather data have demonstrated compliance in states such as New York. To find out the log building code standards for your state, contact your local city or county building code officials. If your local officials are unfamiliar with log home standards, contact your state energy office. You can also contact the U. S. Department of Energy’s Building Standards Hotline: (800) 270-CODE (2633)
As with any structure, passive solar design methods may also boost a log home’s energy efficiency. Factors to consider include:
the type and placement of windows;
orientation of the building;
airtightness of the structure;
size and type of logs used;
heat storage mass inside the building; and
the local climate.
Consulting a passive solar architect or designer may be wise, since the proper sizing of the south-facing glass is crucial to the efficient performance of a log house. (If you live in the southern hemisphere, the glazing will face north.) A concrete floor or some other heat storage material absorbs solar energy. Some designers suggest placing a masonry wall, known as a Trombe wall, directly behind the glass to increase the thermal mass effect. Adding a Trombe wall requires extensive remodeling, unless their house already has a thick, un-insulated south-facing wall. Many log home manufacturers offer solar log homes, or are able to custom-build them.
A potential problem with log homes is cold air and moisture infiltration through gaps between the logs. Manufacturers claim that kiln drying the logs prior to finish shaping and installation reduces or eliminates these gaps. They also recommend using plastic gaskets and caulking compounds to seal the walls. These seals may fail if the logs warp, shrink, or rot. The best woods to use to avoid this problem, in order of effectiveness, are cedar, spruce, pine, fir, and larch. The logs should also be seasoned for at least six months.
The Energy Efficiency of Log Homes
by Bill Kolida
Bill Kolida is a North American log home regulatory specialist. In 1995, he represented the log home industry in Canada on the National Energy Code. He has been responsible for developing the insulation performance standard for two provincial building codes in Canada. He has also written a paper for the National Assn. of Home Builders – Log Homes Council on log home energy efficiency issues. In the past, he has worked for BC Hydro both as a program manager and consultant on new home energy efficiency issues. He is also a certified heating and ventilation system design specialist in Canada. Currently, he sits on a standards development committee in Canada.
Over the years through my involvement in home building, there are two truths I have come to learn:
1. People who own log homes love them, and do not complain about energy efficiency problems.
2. People who live in conventional frame housing wished they owned a log home.
With this discussion, I wish to put to rest the many myths about energy problems in log homes.
Comparing Heating Performance between Conventional Frame and Log Homes
The big question asked by log home consumers is “How Energy Efficient are Log Homes?” In 1991, the Research Centre at the North American Home Builders’ Association, conducted a study on the energy efficiency of log homes entitled Evaluation of Log Homes ‘ Heating Performance in Northern Climates. For their study, they examined the heating performance of conventional frame homes with R-19 batts in New York State, to homes with 4-inch western red cedar walls in the same region.
The study showed that the two wall systems provided the same benefits of energy efficiency. A number of companies have built similar western red cedar homes in Northern British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Alaska with similar results.
R-factor is not the only issue.
The amount of energy used to heat any home involves more than just the R-value of the wall system. It also involves:
the tightness of fit and dryness of insulation in the wall cavity.
the ability of the wall to block air transfer from inside to out.
the ability of the wall system to store heat and radiate it back later.
Log Walls are Tight Insulators
Wood is an insulator. In each log wall, there are millions of tiny air pockets which insulate home owners from the elements. As an insulation system, log walls can be far more effective at blocking heat transfer for the following reasons:
The effectiveness of insulation depends on how well it fits the cavity. Batt insulation will sag over time, creating cold air paths for heat transfer. Insulation can also be damaged by interior condensation penetrating ineffective or damaged vapour barriers, or by failure of external water screens. In either case, the effective R-value of the wall cavity will diminish over time. These problems do not occur in log walls. Air barriers play an important role in keeping heated air inside the house. If constructed properly, log wall systems are more effective air barriers than the polyethylene sheeting found in conventional housing. Air tightness tests on Canadian rectangular-milled log homes have out-performed conventional housing for years. All solid objects have the ability to retain heat and radiate it at a later time. This thermal mass property will reduce utility bills, and is one of the reasons why many log home owners have experienced lower heating bills with their new home. For log home energy efficiency, your best choice is western red cedar. Based on thermal efficiency standards listed in ASHRAE handbooks, it has the highest R-value per inch.
Thicker Wall Systems Are Not Worth Their Investment
As part of developing a national energy code for Canada in 1995, the Canada Codes Centre of the National Research Council sponsored a study on log home energy efficiency entitled: Construction Report for Solid Wood Walls in Houses – Final Report. This study reviewed the cost of building a variety of round and profiled log wall systems in every Canadian province. The results of this study showed that for the coldest Canadian region and the most expensive heating fuel, a four-inch thick wall system was the most energy efficient log wall system. There is no energy pay back in going to a thicker wall system.
In 1996, I studied this issue for the North American Home Builders’ Log Homes Council. For an average 1,600 square-foot home with pine logs, it would cost about $4,700 to go from 6-inch to 8-inch thick logs. (Note: In 1999 dollars, no less than $US 6500.) If you built with western red cedar or oak, the cost would be higher. No matter where you built this home in North America, you would not save enough energy to get your money back—even if you owned this home for 30 years!
As a homeowner, you have to make a very serious decision about how to spend money wisely. It is not wise to spend $6500 on something with no payback. You would be better off to take the money and spend it on maintenance-free materials (metal roof, metal clad windows, tile floor upgrade in high traffic areas, etc), or on features that will enhance the market value of your house (more or bigger windows, Jacuzzis, higher quality kitchen cabinets, landscaping, etc.)
If you choose a thicker wall, do so because you like the look. Not because it’s a wise investment in energy.
Are You Worried About Freezing to Death In Your Log Home?
Ironically, most people in the U. S. are more concerned about heating and cooling problems than folks in Canada. Hard to understand why? The bigger problems should occur in northern climates where the heating needs of a structure will be the greatest. But they don’t – not even with a western red cedar wall system.
Below is a table showing a variety of heating degree day (HDD) readings across North America. HDD readings are used by weather services to determine how often you will heat your home. The higher the HDD, the more often you will have to turn on the heat to keep warm.
Ft. Nelson, B. C. is the home of the lodge for Stone Mountain Safaris. An 8700 square foot hunting lodge heated primarily by two wood stoves and a backup propane furnace. The tight lock between logs and the thermal mass of wood keep people warm even on the coldest days.
Heating Problems in Log Homes
If there are heating problems in log homes, they are no different than the problems found in conventional housing. These problems have nothing to do with the wall system, but with the design or installation of the heating system. If the heating system is undersized, improperly installed, or the thermostat is not effective, there will be heating problems and potentially high heating bills. Many heating contractors have not been formally trained to do their work. The heating system in any new home should be designed and installed by certified contractors (ACCA contractors in the U. S. – HRAI contractors in Canada).
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Spring crop planning for the school garden: Part I
There is a lot of fun and educational mileage in creating a garden plan.
Spring is imminent and everybody is excited to get out in the garden. One of the best activities you can do with your students at this time is to make a plan of which crops you are going to grow and where to locate them in the bed. This is a great activity that can teach many transferable skills like measurement, calculation of area and long range planning. A distinct advantage to mapping a plan on paper is that it becomes a record of past activities and becomes a resource for future garden planning.
Another advantage is to help you in your lesson planning. For example, if you and your students decide to see how a layer of mulch affects the growth rate of beans in the spring, you can allocate the appropriate space for that experiment
First and foremost, you and the students need to decide what crops you will plant. It helps to know whether you will be planting cool weather crops or warm weather crops, if you want to harvest before school is done in June, or if the garden will be maintained over the summer. For example, we do not have summer maintenance in the school garden where I participate, so, we only plant cool weather crops that we will be able to harvest in June just before the summer break.
An early spring garden with cool weather crops is often an educational experience for all. Many people are only familiar with the summer favorite crops that flourish during the warm summer months such as corn, peppers, tomatoes and beans. Growing cool weather crops exposes students to different crops that grow better in our cooler spring temperatures such as spinach, peas and leafy greens. And research shows that if students grow vegetables, they are much more likely to try them.
This article was published by Michigan State University Extension and the staff in the Community Food Systems workgroup who support farm to school activities including school gardens. For more information, visit http://www.msue.msu.edu. To have a digest of information delivered straight to your email inbox, visit http://www.msue.msu.edu/newsletters. To contact an expert in your area, visit http://expert.msue.msu.edu, or call 888-MSUE4MI (888-678-3464).
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In the early 1950s, an American, Paul Fisher, noticed that although there were many types of ballpoint pen available on the market, each pen required a different type of cartridge. In 1953, Fisher invented the universal refill which could be used in most pens. It sold well, as stationers were able to reduce their stocks of assorted refills.
Research and Development
In the mid-'50s Fisher established the Fisher Space Pen Company, based in California, USA. Currently, its headquarters are in Boulder City, Nevada. In July 1958, using practical experiments, Fisher undertook the development of the ballpoint pen. Ballpoints rely on gravity to feed the ink and have an opening in the top of the ink cartridge to allow air to replace the ink as it is used. Fisher developed the pen so that there was no hole in it. This eliminated the problems of wasted and evaporated ink. In addition, it prevented ink leaking from the rear of the ink reservoir.
Initially, the cartridge was pressurised with nitrogen to a level of 50 pounds per square inch (about 350kPa). This means that gravity is not needed for the pen to work, as ink is continuously fed to the tungsten carbide ball. The original design was manufactured in aluminium.
A further development was to use thixotropic ink. The ink has a consistency similar to thick, rubber cement. It is held in a semi-solid gelatinous state, until the shearing action of the rolling ball in its socket liquefies the ink. Thus, the ink only flows when needed, allowing the pen to write smoothly and dependably on most surfaces.
Results from tests indicated that the shelf-life of a space pen is an estimated 100 years. This compares very favourably with standard ballpoint pens, which have an estimated life span of two years.
The pen can perform in a variety of temperatures from -25°C to 120°C. It can write on wet surfaces, so it can be used in the rain, snow and even underwater. It can write on coated plastic, carbonless paper and through images of fingerprints. It is not affected by dirt or grease. It can write on latex gloves, without the gloves tearing. It can write on wet timber, sheet metal duct work and camera film. Users can write at any angle, even upside down.
The Space Missions
Fisher soon realised that a major advantage to the design was that standard ballpoint pens are unable to perform in zero gravity conditions and patented his design as the Anti-gravity Pen in 1965.
Having completed two years of testing, NASA selected the pen for use on all the Apollo missions, as it proved extremely accurate. Beginning with the Apollo 7 mission in 1968, astronauts used the Fisher AG-7 Space Pen and cartridge. Currently, the pen is used for all manned space flights, both American and Russian.
Due to its unique design and reputation for writing in extreme conditions, the pen has been chosen for use by the United States Air Force, undersea explorers, ski teams and mountain climbers. In 1997, the pen was used during the Everest North Face Ski Expedition. In 1998, it was used on the Russian Space Station Mir. The pen was used to write the letters of a shopping TV channel, and became the first product sold in space.
The Modern Space Pen
Fisher's original pen, designed in 1948 was the No 400 Chrome Bullet Pen. Cited as an outstanding example of industrial art, it is exhibited in the New York Museum of Modern Art. It was designed to take standard refills but coupled with the new cartridge is still a one of the most popular of the Fisher pen designs.
Fisher developed the pen further, so that currently the pen is available in a range of styles, colours and materials. The pens can be purchased with a rubber lower barrel, which gives additional grip.
The cheapest space pen costs around $10. All Space pens are supplied in a gift box and each contains a black ink refill. The inks can be supplied in a range of colours including gold and silver. Customised pens can be engraved.
Speciality pens were designed. One design of pen includes the Triple Action Space Pen. It has the advantage of being able to use black ink, red ink or a 0.7mm mechanical pencil. All of these are contained in the one pen. The Alan Shepard Golf Space Pen features a unique telescopic pull action mechanism, which exposes the ink cartridge, forming the design into a full-length writing instrument. This design can be fitted into the top pocket of a shirt, and has the advantage in that the user does not have to remove a cap. In 1985, the range developed to include the Stowaway Pen. It is manufactured in gold, taken from the treasure recovered from the 1622 Spanish Galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha.
The disadvantage to the design is that refill ink cartridges are needed, and can only be supplied through the Fisher organisation, which is ironic, given Fisher's initial concept.
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how to get rid of moles
Myelin damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure
Bron 1: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25205214?dopt=Abstract .
sept. 2014 en
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2014;17(5):247-58. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2014.923356.
Could myelin damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure help explain the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity? A review of the evidence.
Redmayne M1, Johansson O.
1a Centre for Research Excellence on Health Effects of Electromagnetic Energy, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.
Myelin provides the electrical insulation for the central and peripheral nervous system and develops rapidly in the first years of life, but continues into mid-life or later. Myelin integrity is vital to healthy nervous system development and functioning. This review outlines the development of myelin through life, and then considers the evidence for an association between myelin integrity and exposure to low-intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) typical in the modern world. In RF-EMF peer-reviewed literature examining relevant impacts such as myelin sheath, multiple sclerosis, and other myelin-related diseases, cellular examination was included. There are surprisingly little data available in each area, but considered together a picture begins to emerge in RF-EMF-exposed cases: (1) significant morphological lesions in the myelin sheath of rats; (2) a greater risk of multiple sclerosis in a study subgroup; (3) effects in proteins related to myelin production; and (4) physical symptoms in individuals with functional impairment electrohypersensitivity, many of which are the same as if myelin were affected by RF-EMF exposure, giving rise to symptoms of demyelination. In the latter, there are exceptions; headache is common only in electrohypersensitivity, while ataxia is typical of demyelination but infrequently found in the former group. Overall, evidence from in vivo and in vitro and epidemiological studies suggests an association between RF-EMF exposure and either myelin deterioration or a direct impact on neuronal conduction, which may account for many electrohypersensitivity symptoms. The most vulnerable are likely to be those in utero through to at least mid-teen years, as well as ill and elderly individuals.
Bron 2: www.scribd.com/doc/239973205/Myelin-Electrohypersensitivty-Press-Release .
18 sept. 2014
COULD MYELIN DAMAGE FROM RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE HELP EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT ELECTROHYPERSENSITIVITY? A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE
One of the most compelling modern scientific debates concerns the potential health risks from our ever increasing exposure to the pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from cell phones, cordless phones, Wifi, cell towers etc. This invisible technology has been classified a Class 2B Carcinogen by the WHO’s International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) in 2011.
For many people around the world who suffer from electrohypersensitivity, exposure levels and duration of exposure can be very limited before a variety of symptoms manifest. These include headaches, lethargy, dizziness, lack of concentration, pain, insomnia, depression and more.
- In Sweden electrohypersensitivity is an officially fully recognized functional impairment with an estimated 2.6 -3.2% of the population suffering from it. -In Austria an estimated 3.5% of the population. -In California the prevalence of self-reported sensitivity was 3.2%.
With similar figures in other countries, there is a significant number of the population that has adverse physical reactions to even small amounts of exposure to low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). The question of how some people could have such an adverse reaction to these fields is the subject of this paper. Olle Johansson PhD and Mary Redmayne PhD hypothesise that these fields may have a serious impact on the myelin which surrounds nerves.
The human nervous system works by generating electrical signals and chemicals. But, as with household wiring, the human electrical system needs insulating. This fatty insulation is called myelin. Its importance lies in the fact that it allows the nervous system to send messages within the brain and around the body quickly. It develops as a spiral wrap around nerves, growing thicker and more effective with age. If there is a deterioration or demyelination around the nerves a variety of symptoms are experienced. Many of which are very similar to those suffered by persons with the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity.
This review examines whether there may be a connection between symptoms reported after exposure to RF-EMF (chronic and acute non-thermal exposure) and compromised myelin integrity. Is there any evidence to suggest it, and is the hypothesis reasonable? These are important questions because lack of myelin is critical in many diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Johansson and Redmayne firstly review the normal course of myelin’s development over the life span. They then review animal studies examining effects of RF-EMF on myelin sheathing, and epidemiological research examining multiple sclerosis with relation to RF-EMF exposure. A comparison of reported electrohypersensitivity symptoms and those of demyelination follow, along with a discussion and conclusions.
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President Abraham Lincoln established the Freedman’s Bank on March 3, 1865 as part of the Freedman’s Bureau. As the Civil War drew to a close, the United States Congress and President Lincoln recognized the need to aid newly freed black men and women in their transition to freedom. To support the land grants and other elements of the Freedman’s Bureau Act, a Freedman’s Bank was established to help newly freed Americans navigate their financial lives. Call it the financial literacy program of its day.
During it’s existence, The Freedman’s Bank maintained some 37 offices in 17 states, including the District of Columbia. At it’s height, the Bank had over $57 million in deposits (adjusted for inflation) and 70,000 depositors.
Five weeks after the creation of the Freedman’s Bank, President Lincoln was assassinated.
Seven years later, In June of 1872, the U.S. Congress voted to permanently close the Freedman’s Bureau. The Bank however remained operational and in 1874 Frederick Douglass was asked to run the Freedman’s Bank as its D.C. branch relocated to a new home across from the U.S. Department of Treasury, in a grand building which cost $260,000 to construct.
THE HALF HAD NOT BEEN TOLD
When Frederick Douglass arrived at the Bank’s new location in Washington D.C. he wrote:
“The whole thing was beautiful. I had read of this bank when I lived in Rochester, and had indeed been solicited to become one of its trustees, and had reluctantly consented to do so: but when I came to Washington and saw its magnificent brown stone front, its towering height, its perfect appointments, and the fine display it made in the transaction of its business, I felt like the Queen of Sheba when she saw the riches of Solomon, that ‘half had not been told me’.”
When Douglass came on as the Bank’s director however, he found rampant corruption within the Bank and risky investments across industries being made with depositor’s savings. In a desperate attempt to stabilize the Bank, Douglass invested $10,000 of his personal funds, but sadly, later that year, in June of 1874 the Bank failed against the backdrop of the political forces that undermined Reconstruction.
Freedman’s Savings Bank Fact Recap
USD In Deposits
Before it failed, the Freedman’s Savings Bank had 37 branches operating in 17 states and the District of Columbia and lost a total of 3 million dollars. In the District alone over 3,000 depositors—both individuals and cultural institutions—lost their savings. While the failure of the Freedman’s Bank was tragic and left many African Americans with feelings of distrust of the American banking system, the records created by the bank are a rich source of documentation for black family research for the period immediately following the American Civil War. The records of twenty-nine branches of the Freedman’s Savings Bank, including those of the Washington D.C. office, still survive today and are searchable at the National Archives.
What make these records so important are the thousands of signature cards that contain personal data about the individual depositors. In addition to the names and ages of depositors, the files can contain their places of birth, residence, and occupations; names of parents, spouses, children, brothers, and sisters; and in some cases, the names of former slave owners. These records of the individuals, who lived through the transition from slavery to freedom, are the keys that allow their descendants to unlock the mysteries of their largely undocumented family histories.
Within these records are stories that reveal struggle, sacrifice, courage and determination; stories that must be told to our children and left for future generations.
On January 7, 2016, at the urging of Operation HOPE’s Founder & CEO, Secretary Lew publicly renamed the Treasury Annex Building, The Freedman’s Bank Building, in honor of the site where the Freedman’s Saving Bank once stood. Former Mayor of Atlanta and Senior Advisor to Martin Luther King Jr, Andrew Young gave opening remarks and positioned the historic ceremony within a broader history. The Secretary of the Department of Treasury, Jack Lew, then gave remarks and honored the historic legacy of the Freedman’s Bank as well as the work of those who had helped to bring the history to light.
FULFILLING ITS CHARTER
Operation HOPE is fulfilling the unfinished charter of The Freedman’s Bank. Approximately 50 million, or 1 in 6 Americans are not a part of the financial system and are what the FDIC would call “unbanked” or “underbanked.” These individuals rely on payday lenders, check cashers, and do not hold traditional checking or savings accounts. Operation HOPE helps bank the “unbanked and underbanked” and also provides financial counseling to those who are banked, so that they can better manage financial decisions. We offer this financial education and counseling to youth and adults nationwide and are excited to shed light on the history of the Freedman’s Bank as we continue that legacy.
In order to unearth the important history of the Freedman’s Bank, Operation HOPE, the National Archives, and the U.S. Department of Treasury have come together to shed new light on the involvement of black Americans in the highest ranks of the U.S. Financial System. Here you can find rare photos taken from the U.S. Department of Treasury which show that history.
What They're Saying
“The 18th Congressional District of Houston, Texas has a long historic Freedman’s legacy and I am proud to see that the U.S. Treasury Annex will be renamed the Freedman’s Building. This is a historic decision by President Obama and his Administration and I support this monumental act to preserve American history. None of this would have been possible without the leadership and persistence of John Hope Bryant and Operation HOPE whose mission continues the objective of the historic Freedman’s Bank – to provide financial freedom and access to capital for everyone.”Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee
“The U.S. Treasury Department has taken an important step forward by deciding to rename the Treasury Annex building to acknowledge the truth of America’s history. By changing the name to Freedman’s Bank Building the department is recognizing the importance of historical attempts to address the great economic divide and wealth inequality gaps of African-Americans following emancipation in 1865. At this time of deepening wealth and income inequality gaps in America, this is a critical time to recognize the truth of the legacy of slavery and the systemic institutional inequality that still exists and must be addressed today.”Marian Wright Edelman
“We applaud the decision to rename the Treasury Annex as the Freedman’s Bank Building, as it will serve as a reminder of the progress in our industry and an encouragement to continue the practice of inclusion,”Bill Rogers
“The Freedmen’s Bank served as an important part of the Reconstruction effort, as Lincoln’s vision included the need for newly freed slaves to learn about money. Today, as the Treasury Department renames the Treasury Annex Building the Freedmen’s Bank Building, we must acknowledge that money, banking and credit, and access to it on fair terms , are integral to today’s civil rights agenda. The National Urban League, as the civil rights community’s economic empowerment champion, congratulates Treasury Secretary Lew on this important step.”Marc Morial
“In 1992, following the Los Angeles Riots, I, alongside other private sector leaders, led an effort called Rebuild L.A. During this period it became clear to me the effects that lack of access to basic services, like mainstream banking, can have on an individual, and the potentially devastating effects when access is lacking for an entire community. The Freedman’s Bank stands for equal access, and furthermore, represents a commitment by those in leadership to not only provide the access, but to also provide the education and opportunity for those who are under-served to become full participants in America’s democratic and capitalist society. Operation HOPE, founded by John Hope Bryant at the same time I engaged with Rebuild L.A., continues to pursue the dream of economic equality and I am proud to call myself a friend and supporter of John and Operation HOPE, and extend my appreciation for HOPE’s role in the renaming of The Freedman’s Bank building.”Peter Ueberroth
“South Africa and the United States may be continents apart, but we share the same God inspired desire for all people to be free, to be who they want to be. Freedom of expression, ability, and aspirations too. We did not have a (President) Lincoln in South Africa, but we did have a Mandela, and we successfully re-imagined a new country, and a new Constitution here, which sought to set the best in all people free — to be. This is the essence of what it appears Lincoln desired too, when he dreamed up the Freedman’s Bank, in 1865. The same essence that inspired the great Abolitionist Frederick Douglass to run the bank after Lincoln’s untimely death.
In times like these, it is good to see leaders doing good, for no other reason than it is so. Good for all of the people. For this reason I take time to highly commend the US Treasury Department and Treasury Secretary Jack Lew, for taking this important step of renaming their Treasury Annex Building, directly across from the White House and the main Treasury building in Washington, DC, to the Freedman’s Bank Building. This simple but important historical gesture, has the potential to give dignity and context to countless children — that will now hear this story as their story, as they are told the story of America itself.
There is untold power, in being told — in knowing — that we are all ONE. We all have the same worth, and the same value. Commendations all. Arch.”Archbishop Desmond Tutu
“As a former Treasury official, I’m delighted to see Sec. Lew recognize the historical significance of the Freedman’s Savings and Trust by renaming the Treasury Annex building in its honor. When visiting Washington, Americans will now be reminded of this extraordinary financial institution and its important role in 1865 of helping African Americans become part of the American dream. This principle of including all Americans in our country’s financial system is as important today as it was 150 years
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Other editions - View all
ABCD altitude axis base bisects called centre chord circle circumference circumscribed coincide common cone constant construct contain Corollary cylinder Definition denote describe diagonals diameter diedral angle difference distance divided draw drawn edges equal equivalent expressed extremities faces figure fixed follows formed four given circles given plane given point given straight line greater hence homologous indefinitely inscribed intersection joining lateral less limit locus mean measure meet middle point one-half opposite sides parallel parallelogram pass perimeter perpendicular plane plane MN polar pole polyedron polygon preceding prism problem proportional PROPOSITION prove pyramid quadrilateral quantities radii radius ratio rectangle respectively right angles Scholium secant segment sides similar sphere spherical square suppose surface symmetrical taken tangent tetraedron theorem third triangle ABC unit vertex vertices volume
Page 245 - It will be shown that every section of a sphere made by a plane is a circle...
Page 216 - The areas of two triangles which have an angle of the one equal to an angle of the other are to each other as the products of the sides including the equal angles.
Page 129 - The area of a parallelogram is equal to the product of its base and its height: A = bx h.
Page 219 - THEOREM. 611. -A truncated triangular prism is equivalent to the sum of three pyramids whose common base is the base of the prism, and whose vertices are the three vertices of the inclined section.
Page 44 - Every point in the bisector of an angle is equally distant from the. sides of the angle ; and every point not in the bisector, but within the angle, is unequally distant from the sides of the angle.
Page 117 - The sum of the squares of the sides of any quadrilateral is equal to the sum of the squares of the diagonals plus four times the square of the line joining the middle points of the diagonals.
Page 263 - The sum of the angles of a spherical triangle is greater than two and less than six right angles ; that is, greater than 180° and less than 540°. (gr). If A'B'C' is the polar triangle of ABC...
Page 107 - If two polygons are composed of the same number of triangles, similar each to each and similarly placed, the polygons are similar.
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A good project manager plays the most important role in the successful completion of a project. The productivity of a project depends on the efficiency of the managers and team members involved. A clear scope, good communications, technical competence, a suitable organizational structure, and appropriate management strategies often bring success within a project. On the other hand, too optimistic estimates, incomplete scope, incomplete risk assessment, and poor management lead to the downfall.
Project managers are the individuals who use their skills and expertise to guide the project team through the project’s success. Therefore, project managers should have some skills in order to manage their project’s team members, baseline budget, risks, scope, schedule, and goals. In this article, we will review the Technical, Leadership, Communication, Negotiation, Strategy, Planning and Organization skills needed for project managers.
Skills Needed For Project Managers
Technical skills are the abilities and knowledge required to perform the activities. A project manager must have enough technical skills and knowledge related to his industry. Technical skills and knowledge is used for decision making and choosing the most efficient methods of production.
A project manager must have leadership skills in order to influence his project management team and stakeholders towards the achievement of project goals. Stakeholders must accept him as a leader and the project manager must behave like a leader.
A project manager spends most of his time with meetings. He conveys his ideas, objectives, and vision by establishing good communication channels with the stakeholders. A project manager must have verbal communication skills as well as written communication skills.
While performing tasks, a project manager negotiates everything. He negotiates the use of budget, resources, scope creep, and other important issues with the stakeholders in order to solve problems. He also negotiates payment issues with vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers. A good project manager must be a good negotiator.
Strategy can be defined as the art of planning and directing the project to achieve the project’s goals. A project manager must be a good strategist. He must choose the best path to complete the project on time and on budget. While establishing his execution strategy, he must consider the long term and short term benefits.
All the processes begin with planning within a project. Budget planning, strategic planning, resource planning, scheduling are the key processes. Effective planning gives the right direction to the organization. A project manager must have excellent planning skills for the success of his project.
Organization is the act of organizing people, team members, machinery, production, accounting to achieve the project’s objectives. Effective organization skills are helpful for keeping things in proper order. A project manager with good organization skills eliminates wastes and reduces stress within the project.
In this article, we reviewed the top 7 skills needed for project managers. However, there are additional skills such as scheduling, cost control, risk management, contract management, critical thinking, etc. A project manager with more skills is one step ahead of his counterparts.
External ReferencesCommunication Negotiation Organization Planning Skills Needed For Project Managers Strategy
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Optical Properties of the Woodburytype: CFPR paper published in The Journal of Physics Communications
Damien Leech, Walter Guy and Susanne Klein recently had a paper published in The Journal of Physics Communications: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2399-6528/ab6ed4
The optical properties of the Woodburytype—an alternative printing technique based on a gelatine/pigment matrix.
Standard printed images, such as those produced by inkjet and screen printing techniques, use halftoning to achieve the illusion of a continuously changing tone – this means that the smallest change possible is directly linked to the size and pattern of the dot used. The Woodburytype is a 19th century printing technique that can achieve true continuous tone, by linking the tone directly to the print height, and can produce highly detailed photo-realistic representations of an image.
We use simple optical measurements to determine exactly how the light moves through the semi-transparent film that the ink produces and interacts with the substrate it is printed on. In addition, we use this knowledge to formulate ink recipes that allow for the greatest possible range of contrast and maximise the lightest and darkest regions of the print.
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