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HETERONORMATIVITY AND CISNORMATIVITY: TOTALLY PROBLEMATIC
Why is it that only LGBTQ+ people are expected to “come out”? The answer: heteronormativity and cisnormativity.
In our society, being heterosexual or “straight” and cisgender or “cis” has historically been the default sexual orientation and gender identity. Keep in mind, sexual orientation and gender identity are two different things. And while they may overlap, the identities within each category all have unique experiences.
Heteronormativity implies that heterosexuality (being “straight”) is the default, “normal” sexual orientation. Cisnormativity is the assumption that being cis (when your sex assigned at birth matches your gender identity) is the default, “normal” gender identity.
Heteronormativity and Cisnormativity Are Subtle But Harmful
The idea that there’s only one normal sexual orientation and gender identity is problematic. A lot of the time, heteronormativity and cisnormativity are expressed through microaggressions. Microaggressions are subtle, intentional or unintentional behaviors that imply some sort of bias and often communicate hostile, derogatory or negative attitudes toward marginalized groups. Microaggressions reinforce heteronormativity and cisnormativity by insisting that everyone “should be” straight and cis.
Let’s say you open an account on a dating app, select your gender as “woman,” and the app automatically sets your preferences to seeking men. Or maybe, while you’re setting up the account, the only options for gender are “man” or “woman.” While those categories may work for some people, they don’t work for everyone. It can be hard not to assume the biases most of us are taught about sexual orientation and gender identity are the way things are supposed to be. Sometimes, society’s erasing of LGBTQ+ identities causes us to hide and be ashamed of our identities. But with so many people who don’t fit into the labels of straight and cis, there’s a huge need to normalize queer identities.
Affirm a Range of Sexual Orientations and Gender Identities
For starters, stand up for the people who are most impacted by stereotypes about sexual orientation and gender identity. Have conversations with family and friends about LGBTQ+ identities and step in if you ever witness a microaggression. If you’re figuring out your own sexual orientation or gender identity, surround yourself with people that affirm your identity. If you’re in an environment that isn’t supportive, set boundaries with people who reinforce heteronormativity or cisnormativity.
It may not be safe or comfortable to be public about your identity, but know that you’re still valid in who you are. If it is safe for you to be out, proudly presenting your identity and sharing your experience may help other LGBTQ+ people who are in the same boat. Representation matters. Having someone you can see yourself in makes a difference. And feeling like you can be that person for someone else is empowering. By normalizing LGBTQ+ identities and experiences, we can create a more equitable and affirming world for queer people.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Maura Freeland (she/they) is studying political science and women’s and gender studies at Rutgers University. She’s passionate about social justice and intersectional feminism. In the wild, Maura can be spotted registering voters, attempting to learn TikTok dances and raving about philosophical theory to anyone who will listen.
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What is Safeguarding?
It’s hard to believe but unfortunately every child can be hurt, put at risk of harm or abused, regardless of their age, gender, religion or ethnicity. Safeguarding is a means of protecting vulnerable adults or children from abuse or neglect.
Safeguarding is a term which is broader than ‘child protection’ and relates to the action the commission take to promote the welfare of children and protect them from harm. Safeguarding is everyone’s responsibility.
Safeguarding is defined in Working together to safeguard children 2013 as:
protecting children from maltreatment
preventing impairment of children’s health and development
ensuring that children grow up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care and
taking action to enable all children to have the best outcomes
Succeed has a statutory and moral duty to ensure that the company functions with a view to safeguard and promote the welfare of young people receiving education and training at Succeed. It recognises its role, along with other local services, in facilitating the well-being of children.
The company is committed to ensuring that it:
Provides a safe learning environment for our students
Identifies children and young people or those that may be vulnerable who are suffering, or likely to suffer significant harm, and
Takes appropriate action to help ensure that these individuals are kept safe, both at home and at Succeed.
It is the responsibility of all staff to ensure our learners are safeguarded and highlight any issues to the designated staff members. All staff have basic Safeguarding training as part of their induction process. All staff at Succeed provide a DBS form upon employment as per our Safeguarding policy.
All learners have been informed of staff available for Safeguarding issues via Student Handbook and Succeed information board/TV.
Names of Safeguarding Staff
External Safeguarding Links
Safeguarding Advice - http://www.nspcc.org.uk/
Safeguarding Advice and Online Tools - http://www.safenetwork.org.uk
Safeguarding Resources - https://www.gov.uk/schools-colleges-childrens-services/safeguarding-children
Birmingham Safeguarding Children Board - http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/safeguarding
eSafety - http://www.xtlearn.net/L/2114/3/M
General safeguarding enquires:
Children at risk: 0121 303 1888
Adults at risk: 0121 303 1234
You can contact:
NSPCC Tel: 0800 800 5000
Police Tel: 0845 113 5000
Emergency - Out of Office Hours Tel: 0121 675 4806
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The Dense and dark forest of India offers best habitat for the reptiles, The jungle offers a wide range of area for snakes to go giant with abundant prey. There are 270 plus species of snakes in India, out of which about 60 are highly venomous. The big four dangerous snakes of India includes Indian Cobra, Krait, Russell’s viper and Saw-scaled viper.
Every year 20,000 people die due to venomous snake bites in India, Other facts about snakes of India are – King cobra is the most poisonous snakes in India and krait is the most deadly and dangerous snake of India. The Indian python is highly arboreal snake and the largest species of snake, commonly found throughout the jungles of India. Rat snake local known as dhamana is a commonly found and non-venomous snake in India, It is one of the fastest snake.
The Indian cobra, known as “Nag” is one of the species of highly venomous snake found throughout India. Indian cobras are found in many habitats but generally prefer open forest edges, fields, and the areas around villages, The Naja Naja feeds on rodents, lizards, and frogs.
Indian cobra “The Holy Snake” is associated with the lingam the emblem of Lord Shiva and during ‘Naag-Panchami‘ festival people worship the cobra snake like any other god.
Krait venom is extremely neurotoxic and induces muscle paralysis,its bite is lethal to man. There are 12 Species and 5 sub-species of Krait Snakes, Some of them are the common krait, banded krait and Indian Krait.
The Bungarus,commonly referred as Kraits is most dangerous venomous snake of India and one of the deadliest snakes of the world. The maximum deaths of common krait per bite is 60, It can be seen in the deep jungles of India.
The Russell’s viper local name Koriwala or Daboia , is one of the most venomous snakes in all of India. After the Krait, Russell’s viper is another big killer snake in India, accounting for thousands of deaths each year.
It is the smallest of the big four most dangerous snakes of India,with an average length of 4 ft. The dark brown, or brownish-gray deadly snake feeds on Rodents, lizards & small birds.
It is a rough scaled snake with large eyes, wider head than neck and stocky body, habitat in sand, rock, soft soil and in scrub lands. It feeds lizards, frogs and a variety of arthropods, such as scorpions, centipedes and large insects.
The Indian saw-scaled viper is a small viper from one of the eight species of small viper venomous snakes family. The saw scaled viper is famous for being one of the most dangerous snakes anywhere it is found.
The Great King Cobra is the biggest snake in India,with an average length of 13-15 ft. The unique King cobras can reach upto 18 feet (5.5 meters) in length, making them the world’s longest venomous snake. The fierce and agile King cobra habitat rainforest,humid jungle,Thick undergrowth, cool swamps and bamboo clusters forested areas.
The largest and powerful snakes physical feature is olive-green, tan, or black with faint, it has pale yellow cross bands down the length of the body. Kerala “the god’s own country” is the home for this beautiful King cobra, along with other reptiles, such as king cobra, viper, python, various turtles and crocodiles.
The Indian Green Pit Viper is also known as bamboo snake or tree viper, it is one of the most common of the Pit Vipers family, mainly live on arboreal, living in vines, bushes and bamboos. There is a group of snakes that are known as Pit Vipers, Not only are these snakes venomous they also have a very cool heat sensing system.
The green snake feed frogs,lizards and insects, it grows to a length of 2.5 feet. Another species of pit viper is Malabar pit viper, highly venomous snake found mostly at western ghat of India. Other venomous snakes of India from viper species includes bamboo pit viper,Malabar pit viper,Hump-nosed pit viper and green tree viper. Pit Viper Snakes Found in India.
The banded sea krait also called as yellow lipped sea krait is one of the highly venomous sea snake found in India. All sea snakes or coral reef snakes are good swimmers and has a venom more potent than any other land snake species found in the Indian Subcontinent.
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Post by pamela
In addition, many foreign workers possess a strong work ethic
I think that could be because they grew up in countries under the
Soviet yoke. We on the other hand were featherbedded by the welfare
state. But we have never had a strong work ethic. You might think that
during the war patriotic Britons would never have gone on strike, yet
there were strikes all the time.
"Until 1941 when the Soviet Union entered the war, communists in
Britain, having little commitment to the war effort, refused to be
bound by the national unity consensus and in particular the ban on
strike action. During the first few months of the war, there were over
900 strikes, almost all of them very short but illegal nonetheless.
Despite the provisions of Order 1305 there were very few prosecutions
until 1941 since Bevin, anxious to avoid the labour unrest of the
First World War, sought to promote conciliation rather than conflict.
The number of strikes increased each year until 1944, almost half of
them in support of wage demands and the remainder being defensive
actions against deteriorations in workplace conditions. Coal and
engineering were particularly affected. A strike in the Betteshanger
colliery in Kent in 1942 prompted the first mass prosecutions under
Order 1305. Three officials of the Betteshanger branch were imprisoned
and over a thousand strikers were fined. Such repression and the
general 'shoulders to the wheel' approach to industrial production in
support of the war effort (strongly backed by the Communist Party
after 1941) did not stop strikes. The fact that so many strikes took
place in the mining industry was due in the main to the fact that the
designation of coal mining as essential war work entailed the
direction of selected conscripts to work in the mines ('Bevin boys').
This was very unpopular among regular miners.
"In 1943 there were two major stoppages, one was a strike of 12,000
bus drivers and conductors and the other of dockers in Liverpool and
Birkenhead. Both were a considerable embarrassment to Bevin since they
involved mainly TGWU members. 1944 marked the peak of wartime strike
action with over two thousand stoppages involving the loss of
3,714,000 days' production. This led to the imposition of Defence
Regulation 1AA, supported by the TUC, which now made incitement to
3,714,000 lost days in 1944! Count 'em!
Those so-called British patriots were just the kind who today would
vote for Brexit.
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Liquor culture as part of Chinese civilization
Keynote speech by Vice President Wang Weihong of PPMG at the London Tasting Event on Sept 28, 2015
Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,
Just speaking of fine liquor, our spirits are lifted as if we were bathed in its aroma. From emperors and generals, literati and artists, to ordinary folk, people have been uplifted by its unique appeal. From ancient times, they have been inspired in their literary and artistic creation. So many forms of art, calligraphy, painting, drama, dance, poetry and prose, are permeated with a sense of liquor. Liquor and spirits have continuously developed with culture. In its millennia-old history, China has developed a liquor culture with great richness and depth that remains vibrant today. I’m very pleased to share with you my thoughts and feelings about the Chinese culture of liquor and spirits. Perhaps this will help you understand why China’s largest publisher, Phoenix, is committed to the development, production and promotion of liquor and spirits.
The word liquor is used here to mean Jiu(酒) in Chinese language, all alcoholic beverages that are brewed, fermented, or distilled.
China's long history of liquor-making and liquor culture
As one of the oldest civilizations, China is also a cradle of liquor production. In addition to its best known inventions of paper-making, printing, gunpowder and the compass, China began to brew and drink liquor and make liquor cups and jars in ancient times. According to archaeologists, Chinese ancestors started using pottery for liquor drinking as early as the Peigang Culture between 6,000-5,000 BC. Similar vessels were also discovered in the archaeological research of other subsequent cultures, including the Cishan, Hemudu and Sanxingdui. This proves that grain-based spirits occurred in China at least 7,000 years ago. More and more liquor vessels and other related relics have been discovered from the Xia and Shang dynasties, in particular the Shang, a period that marks the start of China’s recorded history. Archaeological evidence shows that bronze liquor cups had become part of daily life for the nobility, which means drinking liquor had become popular at that time. Oracle bone script epitomizes the civilization of the Shang Dynasty. Of around 4,500 oracle bone characters that have been identified, one third have been deciphered. Of these characters, the character for liquor represents a significant number. The Chinese idiom, Jiuchi Roulin, which literally means liquor pool and meat forest, has its origin in this period. Zhou was the last king of the Shang Dynasty, and was notorious for recklessly building sumptuous palaces. He even ordered festive orgies where a pool was filled with liquor and a forest was festooned with meat. He was a king who completely gave himself over to promiscuity and abandoned morals, thus triggering the downfall of his kingdom. This is why the idiom is synonymous with decadence and extravagance.
China has an abundance of historical records with common views on liquor. But, regarding the genesis of liquor, documentation is limited and often holds diverse views.
There are four beliefs—
The first idea is that liquor was invented by the God of Alcohol in ancient China. In the book, Rites of Zhou, the Alcohol Star is recorded, a significant astronomical discovery in ancient times.
It is also possible that liquor was discovered by apes. They fed on wild fruit, and apes would store large amounts of fruit in caves during a season. The fruit eventually turned into wine and liquor after the natural process of fermentation.
Another thought is that liquor was invented by Yidi. This is documented in the classic encyclopedic text, Lüshi Chunqiu, and other pre-Qin Dynasty writings such as the Strategies of Warring States. Legend has it that Yidi was instructed by the wife of Yu the Great to oversee liquor-making. He finally developed a delicious liquor thanks to his dedicated research.
Finally, liquor was invented by Du Kang. Reputedly, Du Kang used to place leftovers in the hole of a tree in a mulberry orchard. The fermentation of the leftovers gave off a pleasant aroma and thus inspired liquor-making techniques. Du Kang was used as a phrase meaning of liquor in ancient China. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao once wrote a famous line about liquor, "Nothing but Du Kang can assuage worries."
As early as the 11th century BC, China had introduced a law of liquor prohibition, which is known as Jiu Gao. As China’s first government decree on liquor administration, and incorporated into the Books of Documents, Jiu Gao exerted a far-reaching influence on the formation and development of its later liquor culture.
Liquor epitomizes the convergence of material civilizations and ideals
The traditional Chinese spirit, or baijiu, uses grain as the raw ingredient. Usually, three kilograms of grain can only produce one kilogram of spirits. In the agrarian age, when people were still struggling against hunger, who could afford the luxury of using grain to make liquor? In fact, mass liquor production and universal drinking was only possible when a food surplus resulted from a well-developed agriculture. Only when people started to feel secure about their lives would they begin to seek to satisfy their spiritual and cultural needs in addition to material comforts. It was in this context that the liquor-making industry was born. In ancient China, those pioneering liquor-making regions were all places that enjoyed a high level of civilization and economic prosperity, with better developed agriculture and logistics.
In human history, liquor has always been an integral part of social life and closely linked with material and idealistic progress. In ancient times, the liquor-making industry had been consistently considered by each and every government as an important component of its national economy. Drinking etiquette was also regarded as the gauge of social progress and advancement. As early as the 11th century BC, liquor-making had grown into a separate craft, overseen and regulated by dedicated government officials of the Zhou Dynasty. After the Western Han Dynasty, government monopolies and taxes on liquor were introduced and the industry has since become one of the major sources of tax revenues for the government.
Liquor is not a necessity for human survival. It is more of a life enhancement that adds to enjoyment. Sometimes, liquor is consumed to release emotions, and facilitate inter-personal relationships and communication. It's fair to say that liquor development has been concurrent with the social progress of mankind. As a symbol of social culture and civilization, it represents the convergence of material and society at different stages of civilization.
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THE CLIMACTREGIONS PROJECT
In the global context of fighting against climate change, the European Union (EU) has committed itself to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% by 2020. The ClimactRegions project is part of this dynamic and aims to strengthen regional capacity to develop and implement policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).
- enable Regions to efficiently monitor and observe greenhouse gases
- develop regional policies for greenhouse gas mitigation using good governance processes
- strengthen the dialogue between Regions and the EU on climate change policies and their implementation in the field.
ENERGee-Watch is the European NEtwork of Regional GHG Emissions and Energy Watch, implemented by climactregions.
This network is a tool for existing GHG observatories as well as regional and local authorities to implement strategies to mitigate climate changes.
Click here to download ENERGee-Watch leaflet
Click here to visit ENERGee-Watch website
Click on button to get more information about ENERGee-Watch
The European Council in March 2007 announced its so-called "3 x 20" climate targets for 2020. These aimed to:
- reach a 20% share of renewable energy in energy consumption,
- improve energy efficiency by 20%,
- reduce GHG emissions by 20% compared to 1990.
The Energy/Climate legislative package of March 2009 establishes specific policies to reach these goals and distributes them to the members' states (which may adopt more restrictive emission regulations if they wish).
To reach these targets, regions and local authorities play an important role, especially as EU is encouraging regions to develop and implement climate change mitigation strategies, such as Covenant of Mayors initiative. National data for GHG emissions are not sufficient and accurate enough to help define and monitor local strategies and in another hand, local monitoring systems already exist for environmental issues such as Energy and GHG emissions, Air quality, Climate changes…
Climactregions promotes the implementation of regional energy and GHG observatories in European regions. A regional observatory plays two mains roles:
1) Provide data to support climate changes mitigation policies at local level
- Baseline inventory (energy production, energy consumption, GHG emissions)
- Definition of Sustainable Energy Action Plan
2) Energy planning:
- Final energy consumption
- GHG emissions
- Energy production: mainly but not limited to renewable
- Coherence with regional/national objectives and plans
- Involve key local stakeholders in a multi level governance process
Climactregions identified more than 20 observatories in the EU, in Liguria(Italy), in Basque Country (Spain)in Rhône-Alpes (France)…
Several observatories are built on air quality observatories and most structures are governed by local consortium and financially supported by public authorities. Methodologies for accounting GHG emissions are based on International standards (IPCC and Corinair) as well as national methodologies. But these observatories feel the need for further standardization to compare territories and establish European methodologies.
Climactregions partners will implement a European network of GHG observatories, called ENERGee-Watch.
For regional and local public authorities, participating to such a network will be the occasion to Identify best practices in other European regions (Energy planning, Monitoring systems, Climate Change mitigation strategies…). It will be also the occasion to be part of a network dedicated to Climate Changes, to share experience about Covenant of Mayors initiative, to expand the scope of observatories to include other indicators such as economical ones and the possibility to identify new green economy opportunities
For existing and new observatories, the experience sharing (methodologies, tools, partnership, operations,..) will be very fruitful with the access to European organizations (JRC, COR,EEA..).
Energee Watch will have three main missions:
1) Experience sharing between Regional/local public authorities in the field of energy and GHG inventory.
2) Experience sharing among GHG monitoring organisations:
- How to set up a local observatory and involve local stakeholders
- Compare existing monitoring methodologies and processes
- Compare existing partnership agreements for data collection and diffusion
- Compare and evaluate existing tools (GIS,..)
- Comply with European directives (Inspire: exchange of environmental data)
3) Involve European organisations to:
- Define methodologies suited to local needs (bottom up approaches,..)
- Define common guidelines in order to be able to compare territories performances
- Improve national and international observation methodologies based on feedback from regional approaches (bottom-up)
- Evaluate the European energy policies (COM)
The members of Energee Watch will be Regional and local public authorities , Regional energy and GHG observatories, Other observatories such as Air quality and climate change, National and International E-GHG emissions observatories and International climate changes organizations (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, European Environment Agency).
ENERGee-Watch will be coordinated by FEDARENE (European Federation of Agencies and Regions for Energy and Environment) during the initial phase by starting discussions on key subjects such as methodologies, indicators, partnership; defining the most adequate organization to run the European network of observatories (association, statutes, membership,..) and Promote the activities to new potential members. The Technical animation will be ensured by Rhonalpénergie Environnement until the end of 2012.
The first network meeting will be held in Brussels during EUSEW in June 2012( date to be confirmed)followed by one technical meeting through web seminar in October 2012.
The founding members will be members of Climactregions. If you would like to become a member, submit your request to FEDARENE and sign the ENERGee-Watch charter.
MAP OF GOOD PRACTICES
Climactregions partners identified more than 140 good practices in 60 regions representing 23 countries!
To find a good practices in the field of greenhouses gas observation, climate protection policies, and governace, you can use the map below or make a search through the browser.
You can also download here the booklet gathering all the good practices:
The Interregional Cooperation Programme INTERREG IVC, financed by the European Union's Regional Development Fund, helps Regions of Europe work together to share experience and good practice in the areas of innovation, the knowledge economy, the environment and risk prevention. EUR 302 million is available for project funding but more than that, a wealth of knowledge and potential solutions are also on hand for regional policy-makers.
THE MONTHLY GOOD PRACTICE !
Introduction of energy management into Institutions, Zlin, Czech Republic
The action consists in monitoring consumptions and uses of heat, electricity, gas and water, providing precise information to organisations established in the Zlín region and informing them about the possibilities of improvements. The target is to decrease the energy consumption and improve the energy behaviour of local enterprises and organisations. The action covers the whole area of the Zlín Region.
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As a political ideology, socialism emerged as a rival to classical liberalism in the 19th century. It was a political response to the often-horrific conditions of industrial workers in the advanced capitalist countries and laid claims to representation of the working class. Although it spawned many variants, socialism sets forth the following basic arguments. First, the free market (capitalist) system so adored by classical liberals is not free at all. Disproportionately few property owners wield true economic power and use their ownership of the means of production to exploit hired workers. Second, the democratic system is mainly a façade for the economic elite. Given the true foundations of power in society, formal legal and political opportunity is not enough. Only when those who work for wages wield economic power will society find true equality and freedom.
Origins of Socialism
Although it developed independently as the outgrowth of the practical concerns and political interests of industrial workers, socialism is influenced by the powerful theory of Karl Marx. Marxism views history as being driven by the struggle of economic classes. The socialist tradition splits into those designating themselves as Socialist or Communist. The main difference between the two groups lies in the Communists' claim to follow a more pure version of Marxism while the Socialists have greater openness to working within the political framework of liberal democracy, for example, by contesting elections and following constitutional processes. Communists were traditionally more likely to believe in the inevitability of armed revolution to establish an egalitarian society.
As its name implies, socialism holds that the economy should be managed in the interest of society as a whole. Where Adam Smith viewed market forces as an ultimately benevolent invisible hand, socialists see many market failures that are not self-correcting. Low wages, unhealthy or dangerous working conditions, pollution of the environment, unemployment, and insufficient vacation time are all problems that socialism sees as fit for state intervention. Like classical conservatism, socialism accepts the responsibility of government to take care of society's less fortunate but goes much farther by elevating equality as a cardinal value. Like classical liberalism, socialism advocates the separation of church and state. Unlike classical liberalism, socialism endorses not only equality of opportunity but also equality of results. Socialists are more likely to accept the principle of progressive taxation, with higher income earners paying more in taxes, due to considerations of fairness. "Think about it," says the Socialist. "If you work for a large corporation are you in any sense equal to the CEO? Does the CEO work so much harder and efficiently than you that he deserves to make 350 times what the average salaried worker makes?" Such outcomes are neither natural nor the simple outcome of individual choices.
Socialism accepts the responsibility of government to provide a variety of services to the poor and working classes and so embraces the welfare state. Socialism supports government employment programs, universal health care, and generous payments to the unemployed or disabled. Although enthusiasm for such a policy has waned considerably in recent decades, socialism used to stand for the nationalization, or government ownership, of major industries in the economy. Marx's saying "from each according to ability, to each according to need" cogently captures the spirit of socialist ideology. Put another way, in striking a balance between equality and freedom, socialism favors equality while classical liberalism favors freedom.
Influences of Socialism
Socialism's influence on the politics and culture of most democracies, with the exception of the United States and Japan, is deep and persistent. European countries, in particular, reflect socialist policies. Europe's eastern half underwent an unsuccessful forty-year experiment with communism. More benignly, countries of Western Europe such as Sweden, France, and Germany implement socialist priorities through state ownership of major industries, high levels of public employment, strict legal requirements providing job security, and extensive welfare states. Workers in most European states get several weeks of guaranteed paid vacation. In France, most workers are limited to 35 hours of work per week. Tellingly, every country in Europe has an influential Socialist party that contests and wins elections. Once considered one of the most conservative states, Spain is currently run by the Spanish Socialist Party. Britain's socialist-inspired party, Labour, has governed that country since 1997. The developed world is not the only place where socialism's legacy is important. India spent decades of uninterrupted rule by a Socialist political party. Senegal's young democracy in Western Africa recently emerged from four decades of Socialist rule; its government still employs approximately forty percent of the official workforce and controls major industries.
In America, by contrast, socialism's influence has been relatively feeble. Trade unions did and do exist in the United States but never came under the sway of Marxist doctrine. While a Socialist party does exist, and has even fielded candidates for the US presidency, it never achieved electoral success at the national or state level. The Roosevelt administration introduced welfare policies similar to, if less extensive than, those found in Europe during the 1930s, but only as a response to the Great Depression, war, and as a matter of pragmatic politics. Marxism has never flourished in the United States outside of the university subculture. Socialist ideas have always seemed like fish out of water, never capturing the popular imagination. A partial explanation is our country's long Cold War struggle with the communist Soviet Union. This military, economic, and above all ideological struggle went far in discrediting socialist theory.
Yet socialism's failure to sink roots in America is also a tribute to the overwhelming dominance of classical liberalism. Belief in individual responsibility, belief in economic success for those who work hard, and a distrust of big government have severely handicapped socialism's ideological challenge. Americans are more likely to admire businesspersons and entrepreneurs than vilify them. Indeed, it is hard to imagine the almost cult-like celebrity of a Warren Buffet or Donald Trump in any other country but the United States. Americans are more concerned about acquiring private property than making sure it is equally distributed.
Socialism's fortunes have recently waned outside the United States as well. Experiments with state ownership of the economy, such as those in France, India, and Sweden failed to sustain attractive growth rates after the 1970s and left countries less competitive in a globalized market. Socialist parties have toned down both their ideological rhetoric and policies in response to an evolving world economy. The continued appeal of socialist values in other countries, however, still explains wide differences between politics in America and the rest of the world because it has dramatically reset the baselines of political debate. The political values of a conservative in Britain or France are much more likely to appear liberal in the United States.
Political ideology is a set of values and beliefs held by groups regarding the purpose and scope of government. Core political ideologies like conservatism, liberalism, and socialism, shape an individual's stance on the government's role in economic and social issues. Additionally, political ideologies act as a "social cement"; binding individuals together with similar beliefs and values on government's role in society.
Since the early days of our nation, the American political system has been shaped by the prevailing political ideology of a particular time period. When economic, social, or political upheavals occurred, new strains of political ideologies emerged to address the upheaval. As America became increasingly more capitalistic and modernized, shifts occurred in the core political ideologies. For example, classical liberalism split into two ideological strains, modern liberalism and modern conservatism.
This activity tests your knowledge of different political ideologies.
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COLUMBUS, Ohio – From freezing temperatures and snow flurries to sunny, 80-degree days in a span of a week — if this type of strange weather continues, growers across Ohio want to know, will this have a negative impact on soybean crops?
Not really, according to a field crops expert in the College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences at The Ohio State University.
Laura Lindsey, a soybean and small grains specialist with Ohio State University Extension, says that soybean crop yields tend not to fluctuate much and are less likely to be negatively impacted by less than ideal weather compared to other grain crops such as corn.
In fact, the state average soybean yield declined only 8 percent during the drought of 2012, Lindsey said, noting that Ohio’s average soybean yield that year was 45 bushels per acre, compared to the five-year average of 49 bushels per acre.
“At this point in the season, it’s really hard to tell what the soybean yields will be this year,” she said. “There are a lot of concerned farmers going into spring planting right now with all of this unusual weather we’ve been experiencing throughout the state.
“Yields will really depend on when the rains come.”
Because soybean vegetative and reproductive stages overlap, that allows the soybean plant to compensate for short periods of stress, Lindsey said. So while many soybean plants were stunted during the height of the 2012 drought, the plants were able to recover and see positive yields thanks to rainfall in August and September that worked to promote seed fill, she said.
“So, for farmers who are worried right now, soybean yields have fluctuated only 2-8 percent from the five-year state average of 49 bushels per acre since 2011,” Lindsey said. “As shown in 2012, even if the plants experience stress early in the season, they can still recover later in the season depending on when and how much rainfall they receive.”
At this point, she said, the best thing soybean growers can do is to focus on the things they can control, such as following the best management practices for their crops.
“Seeding rates and row spacing, planter calibration, and ensuring field conditions are appropriate for planting are important considerations to achieve optimum soybean yields,” Lindsey said. “Spring is also a good time to pull soil samples to test for fertility and soybean cyst nematodes.
“Early planting can also support achieving optimum soybean yields, depending on the soil conditions.”
Ohio soybeans planted between May 1 through mid-May resulted in better yields, according to a study by researchers from OSU Extension and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. OSU Extension and OARDC are the outreach and research arms, respectively, of the college.
In the study of 2013 and 2014 planting trials at OARDC’s Western Agricultural Research Station near South Charleston, Ohio, soybean yields decreased by 0.6 bushels per acre per day when planted after mid-May, Lindsey said.
Those yield results held true if the soil temperatures were 50 degrees or warmer, she said. However, soybeans planted too early when soil conditions were not adequate resulted in bean leaf beetle defoliation and frost damage.
“There are some exceptions to a yield advantage when planting early, such as if the soils aren’t warm enough or if the fields are too wet,” she said. “In those cases, early planting can be detrimental to soybean yields.
“The greatest benefit of planting May 1 to mid-May is canopy closure, which increases light interception, improves weed control by shading out weeds, and helps retain soil moisture.”
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Paleontology or palaeontology (pronunciation: //, // or //, //) is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. The term itself originates from Greek παλαιός, palaios, i.e. "old, ancient", ὄν, on (gen. ontos), i.e. "being, creature" and λόγος, logos, i.e. "speech, thought, study".
Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology, but differs from archaeology in that it excludes the study of anatomically modern humans. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including biochemistry, mathematics, and engineering. Use of all these techniques has enabled paleontologists to discover much of the evolutionary history of life, almost all the way back to when Earth became capable of supporting life, about . As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialised sub-divisions, some of which focus on different types of fossil organisms while others study ecology and environmental history, such as ancient climates.
Body fossils and trace fossils are the principal types of evidence about ancient life, and geochemical evidence has helped to decipher the evolution of life before there were organisms large enough to leave body fossils. Estimating the dates of these remains is essential but difficult: sometimes adjacent rock layers allow radiometric dating, which provides absolute dates that are accurate to within 0.5%, but more often paleontologists have to rely on relative dating by solving the "jigsaw puzzles" of biostratigraphy. Classifying ancient organisms is also difficult, as many do not fit well into the Linnaean taxonomy that is commonly used for classifying living organisms, and paleontologists more often use cladistics to draw up evolutionary "family trees". The final quarter of the 20th century saw the development of molecular phylogenetics, which investigates how closely organisms are related by measuring how similar the DNA is in their genomes. Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend.
- 1 Overview
- 2 Sources of evidence
- 3 Classifying ancient organisms
- 4 Estimating the dates of organisms
- 5 Overview of the history of life
- 6 History of paleontology
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 References
- 10 External links
The simplest definition is "the study of ancient life". Paleontology seeks information about several aspects of past organisms: "their identity and origin, their environment and evolution, and what they can tell us about the Earth's organic and inorganic past".
A historical science
Paleontology is one of the historical sciences, along with archaeology, geology, astronomy, cosmology, philology and history itself. This means that it aims to describe phenomena of the past and reconstruct their causes. Hence it has three main elements: description of the phenomena; developing a general theory about the causes of various types of change; and applying those theories to specific facts. When trying to explain past phenomena, paleontologists and other historical scientists often construct a set of hypotheses about the causes and then look for a smoking gun, a piece of evidence that indicates that one hypothesis is a better explanation than others. Sometimes the smoking gun is discovered by a fortunate accident during other research. For example, the discovery by Luis Alvarez and Walter Alvarez of an iridium-rich layer at the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary made asteroid impact and volcanism the most favored explanations for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
The other main type of science is experimental science, which is often said to work by conducting experiments to disprove hypotheses about the workings and causes of natural phenomena – note that this approach cannot confirm a hypothesis is correct, since some later experiment may disprove it. However, when confronted with totally unexpected phenomena, such as the first evidence for invisible radiation, experimental scientists often use the same approach as historical scientists: construct a set of hypotheses about the causes and then look for a "smoking gun".
Paleontology lies on the boundary between biology and geology since paleontology focuses on the record of past life but its main source of evidence is fossils, which are found in rocks. For historical reasons paleontology is part of the geology departments of many universities, because in the 19th century and early 20th century geology departments found paleontological evidence important for estimating the ages of rocks while biology departments showed little interest.
Paleontology also has some overlap with archaeology, which primarily works with objects made by humans and with human remains, while paleontologists are interested in the characteristics and evolution of humans as organisms. When dealing with evidence about humans, archaeologists and paleontologists may work together – for example paleontologists might identify animal or plant fossils around an archaeological site, to discover what the people who lived there ate; or they might analyze the climate at the time when the site was inhabited by humans.
In addition paleontology often uses techniques derived from other sciences, including biology, osteology, ecology, chemistry, physics and mathematics. For example, geochemical signatures from rocks may help to discover when life first arose on Earth, and analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to identify climate changes and even to explain major transitions such as the Permian–Triassic extinction event. A relatively recent discipline, molecular phylogenetics, often helps by using comparisons of different modern organisms' DNA and RNA to re-construct evolutionary "family trees"; it has also been used to estimate the dates of important evolutionary developments, although this approach is controversial because of doubts about the reliability of the "molecular clock". Techniques developed in engineering have been used to analyse how ancient organisms might have worked, for example how fast Tyrannosaurus could move and how powerful its bite was. It is relatively commonplace to study fossils using X-ray microtomography A combination of paleontology, biology, and archaeology, paleoneurology is the study of endocranial casts (or endocasts) of species related to humans to learn about the evolution of human brains.
Paleontology even contributes to astrobiology, the investigation of possible life on other planets, by developing models of how life may have arisen and by providing techniques for detecting evidence of life.
As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialised subdivisions. Vertebrate paleontology concentrates on fossils of vertebrates, from the earliest fish to the immediate ancestors of modern mammals. Invertebrate paleontology deals with fossils of invertebrates such as molluscs, arthropods, annelid worms and echinoderms. Paleobotany focuses on the study of fossil plants, but traditionally includes the study of fossil algae and fungi. Palynology, the study of pollen and spores produced by land plants and protists, straddles the border between paleontology and botany, as it deals with both living and fossil organisms. Micropaleontology deals with all microscopic fossil organisms, regardless of the group to which they belong.
Instead of focusing on individual organisms, paleoecology examines the interactions between different organisms, such as their places in food chains, and the two-way interaction between organisms and their environment. One example is the development of oxygenic photosynthesis by bacteria, which hugely increased the productivity and diversity of ecosystems. This also caused the oxygenation of the atmosphere. Together, these were a prerequisite for the evolution of the most complex eukaryotic cells, from which all multicellular organisms are built.
Paleoclimatology, although sometimes treated as part of paleoecology, focuses more on the history of Earth's climate and the mechanisms that have changed it – which have sometimes included evolutionary developments, for example the rapid expansion of land plants in the Devonian period removed more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing the greenhouse effect and thus helping to cause an ice age in the Carboniferous period.
Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists. Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms, and is also linked to geology, which explains how Earth's geography has changed over time.
Sources of evidence
Fossils of organisms' bodies are usually the most informative type of evidence. The most common types are wood, bones, and shells. Fossilisation is a rare event, and most fossils are destroyed by erosion or metamorphism before they can be observed. Hence the fossil record is very incomplete, increasingly so further back in time. Despite this, it is often adequate to illustrate the broader patterns of life's history. There are also biases in the fossil record: different environments are more favorable to the preservation of different types of organism or parts of organisms. Further, only the parts of organisms that were already mineralised are usually preserved, such as the shells of molluscs. Since most animal species are soft-bodied, they decay before they can become fossilised. As a result, although there are 30-plus phyla of living animals, two-thirds have never been found as fossils.
Occasionally, unusual environments may preserve soft tissues. These lagerstätten allow paleontologists to examine the internal anatomy of animals that in other sediments are represented only by shells, spines, claws, etc. – if they are preserved at all. However, even lagerstätten present an incomplete picture of life at the time. The majority of organisms living at the time are probably not represented because lagerstätten are restricted to a narrow range of environments, e.g. where soft-bodied organisms can be preserved very quickly by events such as mudslides; and the exceptional events that cause quick burial make it difficult to study the normal environments of the animals. The sparseness of the fossil record means that organisms are expected to exist long before and after they are found in the fossil record – this is known as the Signor-Lipps effect.
Trace fossils consist mainly of tracks and burrows, but also include coprolites (fossil feces) and marks left by feeding. Trace fossils are particularly significant because they represent a data source that is not limited to animals with easily fossilised hard parts, and they reflect organisms' behaviours. Also many traces date from significantly earlier than the body fossils of animals that are thought to have been capable of making them. Whilst exact assignment of trace fossils to their makers is generally impossible, traces may for example provide the earliest physical evidence of the appearance of moderately complex animals (comparable to earthworms).
Geochemical observations may help to deduce the global level of biological activity, or the affinity of certain fossils. For example, geochemical features of rocks may reveal when life first arose on Earth, and may provide evidence of the presence of eukaryotic cells, the type from which all multicellular organisms are built. Analyses of carbon isotope ratios may help to explain major transitions such as the Permian–Triassic extinction event.
Classifying ancient organisms
Naming groups of organisms in a way that is clear and widely agreed is important, as some disputes in paleontology have been based just on misunderstandings over names. Linnean taxonomy is commonly used for classifying living organisms, but runs into difficulties when dealing with newly discovered organisms that are significantly different from known ones. For example: it is hard to decide at what level to place a new higher-level grouping, e.g. genus or family or order; this is important since the Linnean rules for naming groups are tied to their levels, and hence if a group is moved to a different level it must be renamed.
Paleontologists generally use approaches based on cladistics, a technique for working out the evolutionary "family tree" of a set of organisms. It works by the logic that, if groups B and C have more similarities to each other than either has to group A, then B and C are more closely related to each other than either is to A. Characters that are compared may be anatomical, such as the presence of a notochord, or molecular, by comparing sequences of DNA or proteins. The result of a successful analysis is a hierarchy of clades – groups that share a common ancestor. Ideally the "family tree" has only two branches leading from each node ("junction"), but sometimes there is too little information to achieve this and paleontologists have to make do with junctions that have several branches. The cladistic technique is sometimes fallible, as some features, such as wings or camera eyes, evolved more than once, convergently – this must be taken into account in analyses.
Evolutionary developmental biology, commonly abbreviated to "Evo Devo", also helps paleontologists to produce "family trees", and understand fossils. For example, the embryological development of some modern brachiopods suggests that brachiopods may be descendants of the halkieriids, which became extinct in the Cambrian period.
Estimating the dates of organisms
Paleontology seeks to map out how living things have changed through time. A substantial hurdle to this aim is the difficulty of working out how old fossils are. Beds that preserve fossils typically lack the radioactive elements needed for radiometric dating. This technique is our only means of giving rocks greater than about 50 million years old an absolute age, and can be accurate to within 0.5% or better. Although radiometric dating requires very careful laboratory work, its basic principle is simple: the rates at which various radioactive elements decay are known, and so the ratio of the radioactive element to the element into which it decays shows how long ago the radioactive element was incorporated into the rock. Radioactive elements are common only in rocks with a volcanic origin, and so the only fossil-bearing rocks that can be dated radiometrically are a few volcanic ash layers.
Consequently, paleontologists must usually rely on stratigraphy to date fossils. Stratigraphy is the science of deciphering the "layer-cake" that is the sedimentary record, and has been compared to a jigsaw puzzle. Rocks normally form relatively horizontal layers, with each layer younger than the one underneath it. If a fossil is found between two layers whose ages are known, the fossil's age must lie between the two known ages. Because rock sequences are not continuous, but may be broken up by faults or periods of erosion, it is very difficult to match up rock beds that are not directly next to one another. However, fossils of species that survived for a relatively short time can be used to link up isolated rocks: this technique is called biostratigraphy. For instance, the conodont Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus has a short range in the Middle Ordovician period. If rocks of unknown age are found to have traces of E. pseudoplanus, they must have a mid-Ordovician age. Such index fossils must be distinctive, be globally distributed and have a short time range to be useful. However, misleading results are produced if the index fossils turn out to have longer fossil ranges than first thought. Stratigraphy and biostratigraphy can in general provide only relative dating (A was before B), which is often sufficient for studying evolution. However, this is difficult for some time periods, because of the problems involved in matching up rocks of the same age across different continents.
Family-tree relationships may also help to narrow down the date when lineages first appeared. For instance, if fossils of B or C date to X million years ago and the calculated "family tree" says A was an ancestor of B and C, then A must have evolved more than X million years ago.
It is also possible to estimate how long ago two living clades diverged – i.e. approximately how long ago their last common ancestor must have lived – by assuming that DNA mutations accumulate at a constant rate. These "molecular clocks", however, are fallible, and provide only a very approximate timing: for example, they are not sufficiently precise and reliable for estimating when the groups that feature in the Cambrian explosion first evolved, and estimates produced by different techniques may vary by a factor of two.
Overview of the history of life
The evolutionary history of life stretches back to over Earth formed about and, after a collision that formed the Moon about 40 million years later, may have cooled quickly enough to have oceans and an atmosphere about . However, there is evidence on the Moon of a Late Heavy Bombardment from . If, as seems likely, such a bombardment struck Earth at the same time, the first atmosphere and oceans may have been stripped away. The oldest clear evidence of life on Earth dates to , although there have been reports, often disputed, of fossil bacteria from and of geochemical evidence for the presence of life . Some scientists have proposed that life on Earth was "seeded" from elsewhere, but most research concentrates on various explanations of how life could have arisen independently on Earth., possibly as far as .
For about 2,000 million years microbial mats, multi-layered colonies of different types of bacteria, were the dominant life on Earth. The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis enabled them to play the major role in the oxygenation of the atmosphere from about . This change in the atmosphere increased their effectiveness as nurseries of evolution. While eukaryotes, cells with complex internal structures, may have been present earlier, their evolution speeded up when they acquired the ability to transform oxygen from a poison to a powerful source of energy in their metabolism. This innovation may have come from primitive eukaryotes capturing oxygen-powered bacteria as endosymbionts and transforming them into organelles called mitochondria. The earliest evidence of complex eukaryotes with organelles such as mitochondria, dates from .
Multicellular life is composed only of eukaryotic cells, and the earliest evidence for it is the Francevillian Group Fossils from , although specialisation of cells for different functions first appears between (a possible fungus) and (a probable red alga). Sexual reproduction may be a prerequisite for specialisation of cells, as an asexual multicellular organism might be at risk of being taken over by rogue cells that retain the ability to reproduce.
The earliest known animals are cnidarians from about , but these are so modern-looking that the earliest animals must have appeared before then. Early fossils of animals are rare because they did not develop mineralised hard parts that fossilise easily until about . The earliest modern-looking bilaterian animals appear in the Early Cambrian, along with several "weird wonders" that bear little obvious resemblance to any modern animals. There is a long-running debate about whether this Cambrian explosion was truly a very rapid period of evolutionary experimentation; alternative views are that modern-looking animals began evolving earlier but fossils of their precursors have not yet been found, or that the "weird wonders" are evolutionary "aunts" and "cousins" of modern groups. Vertebrates remained an obscure group until the first fish with jaws appeared in the Late Ordovician.
The spread of life from water to land required organisms to solve several problems, including protection against drying out and supporting themselves against gravity. The earliest evidence of land plants and land invertebrates date back to about and respectively. The lineage that produced land vertebrates evolved later but very rapidly between and ; recent discoveries have overturned earlier ideas about the history and driving forces behind their evolution. Land plants were so successful that they caused an ecological crisis in the Late Devonian, until the evolution and spread of fungi that could digest dead wood.
During the Permian period synapsids, including the ancestors of mammals, may have dominated land environments, but the Permian–Triassic extinction event came very close to wiping out complex life. The extinctions were apparently fairly sudden, at least among vertebrates. During the slow recovery from this catastrophe a previously obscure group, archosaurs, became the most abundant and diverse terrestrial vertebrates. One archosaur group, the dinosaurs, were the dominant land vertebrates for the rest of the Mesozoic, and birds evolved from one group of dinosaurs. During this time mammals' ancestors survived only as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores, but this apparent set-back may have accelerated the development of mammalian traits such as endothermy and hair. After the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event killed off the non-avian dinosaurs – birds are the only surviving dinosaurs – mammals increased rapidly in size and diversity, and some took to the air and the sea.
Fossil evidence indicates that flowering plants appeared and rapidly diversified in the Early Cretaceous, between and . Their rapid rise to dominance of terrestrial ecosystems is thought to have been propelled by coevolution with pollinating insects. Social insects appeared around the same time and, although they account for only small parts of the insect "family tree", now form over 50% of the total mass of all insects.
Humans evolved from a lineage of upright-walking apes whose earliest fossils date from over . Although early members of this lineage had chimp-sized brains, about 25% as big as modern humans', there are signs of a steady increase in brain size after about . There is a long-running debate about whether modern humans are descendants of a single small population in Africa, which then migrated all over the world less than 200,000 years ago and replaced previous hominine species, or arose worldwide at the same time as a result of interbreeding.
Life on earth has suffered occasional mass extinctions at least since life on earth. When dominance of particular ecological niches passes from one group of organisms to another, it is rarely because the new dominant group is "superior" to the old and usually because an extinction event eliminates the old dominant group and makes way for the new one.. Although they are disasters at the time, mass extinctions have sometimes accelerated the evolution of
The fossil record appears to show that the rate of extinction is slowing down, with both the gaps between mass extinctions becoming longer and the average and background rates of extinction decreasing. However, it is not certain whether the actual rate of extinction has altered, since both of these observations could be explained in several ways:
- The oceans may have become more hospitable to life over the last 500 million years and less vulnerable to mass extinctions: dissolved oxygen became more widespread and penetrated to greater depths; the development of life on land reduced the run-off of nutrients and hence the risk of eutrophication and anoxic events; marine ecosystems became more diversified so that food chains were less likely to be disrupted.
- Reasonably complete fossils are very rare, most extinct organisms are represented only by partial fossils, and complete fossils are rarest in the oldest rocks. So paleontologists have mistakenly assigned parts of the same organism to different genera, which were often defined solely to accommodate these finds – the story of Anomalocaris is an example of this. The risk of this mistake is higher for older fossils because these are often unlike parts of any living organism. Many "superfluous" genera are represented by fragments that are not found again, and these "superfluous" genera appear to become extinct very quickly.
Biodiversity in the fossil record, which is
- "the number of distinct genera alive at any given time; that is, those whose first occurrence predates and whose last occurrence postdates that time"
History of paleontology
Although paleontology became established around 1800, earlier thinkers had noticed aspects of the fossil record. The ancient Greek philosopher Xenophanes (570–480 BC) concluded from fossil sea shells that some areas of land were once under water. During the Middle Ages the Persian naturalist Ibn Sina, known as Avicenna in Europe, discussed fossils and proposed a theory of petrifying fluids on which Albert of Saxony elaborated in the 14th century. The Chinese naturalist Shen Kuo (1031–1095) proposed a theory of climate change based on the presence of petrified bamboo in regions that in his time were too dry for bamboo.
In early modern Europe, the systematic study of fossils emerged as an integral part of the changes in natural philosophy that occurred during the Age of Reason. In the Italian Renaissance, Leonardo Da Vinci made various significant contributions to the field as well designed numerous fossils. At the end of the 18th century Georges Cuvier's work established comparative anatomy as a scientific discipline and, by proving that some fossil animals resembled no living ones, demonstrated that animals could become extinct, leading to the emergence of paleontology. The expanding knowledge of the fossil record also played an increasing role in the development of geology, particularly stratigraphy.
The first half of the 19th century saw geological and paleontological activity become increasingly well organised with the growth of geologic societies and museums and an increasing number of professional geologists and fossil specialists. Interest increased for reasons that were not purely scientific, as geology and paleontology helped industrialists to find and exploit natural resources such as coal.
This contributed to a rapid increase in knowledge about the history of life on Earth and to progress in the definition of the geologic time scale, largely based on fossil evidence. In 1822 Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blanville, editor of Journal de Physique, coined the word "palaeontology" to refer to the study of ancient living organisms through fossils. As knowledge of life's history continued to improve, it became increasingly obvious that there had been some kind of successive order to the development of life. This encouraged early evolutionary theories on the transmutation of species. After Charles Darwin published Origin of Species in 1859, much of the focus of paleontology shifted to understanding evolutionary paths, including human evolution, and evolutionary theory.
The last half of the 19th century saw a tremendous expansion in paleontological activity, especially in North America. The trend continued in the 20th century with additional regions of the Earth being opened to systematic fossil collection. Fossils found in China near the end of the 20th century have been particularly important as they have provided new information about the earliest evolution of animals, early fish, dinosaurs and the evolution of birds. The last few decades of the 20th century saw a renewed interest in mass extinctions and their role in the evolution of life on Earth. There was also a renewed interest in the Cambrian explosion that apparently saw the development of the body plans of most animal phyla. The discovery of fossils of the Ediacaran biota and developments in paleobiology extended knowledge about the history of life back far before the Cambrian.
Increasing awareness of Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics led first to the development of population genetics and then in the mid-20th century to the modern evolutionary synthesis, which explains evolution as the outcome of events such as mutations and horizontal gene transfer, which provide genetic variation, with genetic drift and natural selection driving changes in this variation over time. Within the next few years the role and operation of DNA in genetic inheritance were discovered, leading to what is now known as the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology. In the 1960s molecular phylogenetics, the investigation of evolutionary "family trees" by techniques derived from biochemistry, began to make an impact, particularly when it was proposed that the human lineage had diverged from apes much more recently than was generally thought at the time. Although this early study compared proteins from apes and humans, most molecular phylogenetics research is now based on comparisons of RNA and DNA.
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- Cowen, R. (2000). History of Life (3rd ed.). Blackwell Science. p. xi. ISBN 0-632-04444-6.
- Laporte, L.F. (October 1988). "What, after All, Is Paleontology?". PALAIOS. 3 (5): 453. doi:10.2307/3514718. JSTOR 3514718.
- Laudan, R. (1992). "What's so Special about the Past?". In Nitecki, M.H.; Nitecki, D.V. History and Evolution. SUNY Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-7914-1211-3.
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In this article, we will discuss the causes of PLC stop mode from its run mode or program mode. Allen Bradley PLC has 3 modes. Modes are Run mode, Program Mode, and Stop mode. Similarly, different makes of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) have different modes.
Causes of PLC Stop Mode
Many reasons are there for PLC to go into stop mode. The main causes of PLC stop mode are as follows.
- Hardware Fault
- Software Error
- Hardware Switch on CPU
- Stop Digital Bit
- Memory Mismatch
- External Command from Network
- Downloading of Program
Let us see the reasons in detail for which a PLC can go into stop mode.
1. Hardware Fault
Hardware fault occurs because of any hardware failure in the PLC. The hardware here does not mean the Analog Input, Analog Output, Digital Input, or Digital Output module. The hardware here is referred to as the PLC controller or the Power Supply Unit.
If both the controllers go faulty, then the PLC goes into the stop mode as there is no PLC scan cycle running. Also if power to the PLC is disrupted, then also the PLC’s mode is stopped mode. When power resumes, the PLC also starts working normally.
In short, when there is a major hardware fault or any power disruption to the PLC, the PLC will go into stop mode.
2. Software Error
In software error, actions like bugs in the program, watchdog timer error, overflow error, underflow error, any unhandled exceptions, or an infinite calculation can lead to PLC going into stop mode.
The watchdog timer supervises the software operation of PLC. When the watchdog timer completes its timing on not receiving any input from the program for a defined period, then the watchdog timer generates a bit. This bit generated by the watchdog timer can lead to PLC stop mode if configured in the PLC. Also, infinite calculations like any number getting divided by zero or addition/subtraction / multiple / division going into infinite and generating overflow or underflow continuously also lead to PLC stop mode.
3. Hardware Switch on CPU
A hardware switch in the PLC controller is present. There may be 3 or 4 selection modes using this hardware switch. One of these modes is the stop mode. Whenever the hardware switch is kept in stop mode, the PLC will go into stop mode and will remain in stop mode until the mode is changed to some other mode.
Many times we try to put PLC in Remote Run mode from Run mode or vice versa as per the requirement. This is done to force some Inputs or Outputs. So at this time, we need to take care while changing the hardware switch position. Because a slightly more applied force on the hardware switch will change its position to stop mode. This will stop the PLC from executing the current program and go into stop mode. This will trip the running plant or process.
4. Stop Digital Bit
We can set some bits in PLC which make PLC go into stop mode. There are various kinds of situations in which we need to make PLC go into stop mode. Situations like any hardware fault, communication break with remote IO chassis, or communication lost with other systems like Machine Condition Monitoring System or even communication break with the network also can be configured as a bit. This bit can turn on and off as per our requirement. The bit’s status can be used to put PLC into stop mode as per requirement.
5. Memory Mismatch
Some of the PLCs have a manual function to save the last changes in the programming. If we forget to save it, then PLC will go into the stop mode after power reboots.
6. External Command from Network
Most of the PLCs have features to run through web browsers. It is possible to operate the PLC from a remote just by entering the IP address on the internet browser. The PLC can go into the run mode to stop mode if a user gives commands to stop it.
7. Downloading of Program
During full downloading of the program PLC can go into stop mode.
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Reported health effects linked with TCE, PCE, benzene, and VC exposure in people
Reprint from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/lejeune/tce_pce.html
Q: What have other studies found about the persistent health effects of TCE, PCE, benzene, and VC?
A: The effects of exposure to any chemical depend on—
- When you are exposed (during pregnancy, in infancy),
- How much you are exposed to,
- How long you are exposed,
- How you are exposed (breathing, drinking), and
- What your personal traits and habits are.
Therefore, not everyone who is exposed to TCE, PCE, benzene, or VC will develop a health problem.
A limited number of studies have been done that looked at the health problems in children and adults related to drinking water contaminated with TCE and PCE. Only one study (in New Jersey) has looked at the health problems in children related to drinking water contaminated with benzene or VC. However, too few children were exposed to benzene or VC in that study to reach any conclusion about health problems. No studies have looked at the health problems in adults related to drinking water contaminated with benzene and VC.
A much larger number of studies have looked at health problems among workers exposed to TCE, PCE, benzene, and VC. Below is a list of the types of health outcomes that have been found to be linked to TCE, PCE, benzene, and VC. The numbers in parentheses indicate the reference for the study. All of the references are listed at the end.
Reported health problems in children who were exposed in the womb from their mother drinking water contaminated with TCE and/or PCE include—
- Leukemia (1-3)
- Small for gestational age (4-6)
- Low birth weight (6-8)
- Fetal death (4, 7, 9)
- Major heart defects (7, 10)
- Neural tube defects (4, 7, 9)
- Oral cleft defects (including cleft lip) (4, 7, 9)
- Chonal atresia (nasal passages blocked with bone or tissue) (4, 9)
- Eye defects (4, 9)
Reported health problems in children who were exposed in the womb from their mother working with TCE and/or PCE include—
Reported health problems in people of all ages from drinking water contaminated with TCE and/or PCE include—
- Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (1, 12)
- Leukemia (1, 17)
- Rectal cancer (14)
- Bladder cancer (17)
- Breast cancer (18)
- Lung cancer (14)
- Neurobehavioral performance deficits (i.e., delayed recall and deficits in visual perception), decreased blink reflex, and mood effects (i.e., confusion, depression and tension) (33, 34)
Reported health problems in people of all ages from working with TCE and/or PCE include—
- Hodgkins disease (15)
- Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (15)
- Cervical cancer (15)
- Esophageal cancer (15, 30, 31)
- Impaired immune system function (35)
- Kidney cancer (15)
- Liver/biliary cancer (15)
- Ovarian cancer (15)
- Parkinson’s disease (36)
- Prostate cancer (15)
- End-stage renal disease (29)
- Neurological effects (delayed reaction times problems with short-term memory, visual perception, attention, and color vision) (13)
- Severe, generalized hypersensitivity skin disorder (an autoimmune-related disease) (32)
- Scleroderma (32)
Reported health problems in people of all ages from working with benzene include—
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (19, 20)
- Leukemias (21, 22)
- Multiple myeloma (23)
- Aplastic anemia (24)
- Miscarriage (24)
Reported health problems in people of all ages from working with VC include—
- Liver cancer (25, 26)
- Soft tissue sarcoma (26)
- Brain cancer (26)
- Lung cancer (27)
- Liver cirrhosis (28)
Workers are exposed to much higher levels of TCE, PCE, benzene, and VC than are people who drink contaminated water. Therefore, the health problems seen in people who worked with TCE, PCE, benzene, and VC may not be seen in people who drank contaminated water.
For health problems not listed in the tables—
- Studies, so far, do not support a link with the particular health outcome and TCE, PCE, benzene, or VC exposure, or
- There is not enough information to see if the outcome is linked to TCE, PCE, benzene, or VC exposure.
Q: How are studies in animals and people different?
A: In studies done in laboratory animals, such as mice, the animals are exposed to much higher levels of chemicals than are people. Animals are also exposed in different ways than are people. In animal studies, we know the exact types and levels of chemicals the animals are exposed to. We can’t tell for certain the exact levels people are exposed to. Also, people are usually exposed to multiple chemicals. Medications, alcohol intake, and lifestyle factors also play a role in how these chemicals affect people.
Reported health effects linked with TCE, PCE, benzene, and VC exposure in animals
Q: What health effects are seen in animal studies of PCE exposure?
A: Results of animal studies showed that PCE can cause liver and kidney damage. The studies also showed that PCE can cause liver cancer in animals. Exposure at very high levels of PCE can be harmful to the unborn pups of pregnant rats and mice. Changes in behavior were seen in the offspring of rats that breathed high levels of the chemical while they were pregnant. Behavioral changes included being hyperactive. Various neurological problems were seen in both the mother and offspring. Neurological problems included being unable to coordinate muscles and decreased movement.
Q: What health effects are seen in animals from TCE exposure?
A: Results of animal studies showed that TCE may cause liver, kidney, or lung cancer. The studies also showed that TCE can cause neurological problems, autoimmune effects and autoimmune diseases including lupus, and liver and kidney damage in animals. Neurological problems included being unable to coordinate muscles and decreased movement.
Q: What health effects are seen in animals from benzene exposure?
A: Results of animal studies showed that benzene may cause Zymbal-gland (ear canal) carcinoma, oral-cavity tumors, skin cancer, lymphoma, lung tumors, ovarian tumors, and mammary-gland carcinoma.
Q: What health effects are seen in animals from VC exposure?
A: Results of animal studies showed that VC may cause tumors in the liver, lung,
mammary-gland, Zymbal-gland (ear canal), kidney, skin, and stomach, and angiosarcoma (blood-vessel tumors) and adenocarcinoma (tumors of the linings of organs) at various sites. VC also caused genetic damage including mutations, DNA damage, chromosome damage or loss, chromosomal aberrations (changes in chromosome structure or number), and sister chromatid exchange.
Reported health effects linked with TCE, PCE, benzene, and VC exposure in both people and animals
Q: What health effects are seen in both people and animals from TCE, PCE, benzene, and VC exposure?
A: When there are studies in people, results of animal studies are used to help support any observed links. Results of animal studies are used when there are no studies in people. Reported health effects seen in both people and animals include—
- Lung cancer
- Kidney cancer
- Liver cancer
- Breast cancer
- Neurological effects
Some health effects seen in people cannot be tested for in animals.
2. Costas K, Knorr RS, Condon SK. 2002. A case-control study of childhood leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts: the relationship between leukemia incidence and exposure to public drinking water. Sci Total Environ 300:23-35.
3. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services. 2003. Case-control study of childhood cancers in Dover Township (Ocean Country), New Jersey. Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services.
4. Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Massachusetts Health Research Institute. 1996. Final report of the Woburn environmental and birth study. Boston, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Department of Public Health.
5. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1998. Volatile organic compounds in drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcomes: U.S. Marine Corps Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services.
12. Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. Public health goal for trichloroethylene in drinking water. Sacramento, California.
13. Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Public health goal for tetrachloroethylene in drinking water. Sacramento, California.
14. Paulu C, Aschengrau A, Ozonoff D. 1999. Tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water in Massachusetts and the risk of colon-rectum, lung, and other cancers. Environ Health Perspect 107(4):265-71.
18. Aschengrau A, Rogers S, Ozonoff D. 2003. Perchloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of breast cancer: additional results from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Environ Health Perspect 111(2):167-73.
25. Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, Lipworth L, McLaughlin JK. 2003. Occupational exposure to vinyl chloride and cancer risk: a review of the epidemiologic literature. European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 12:427–430.
You can find more information in:
- Adams C, Keil D, Meyers K, et al. 2003. Lifetime exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) modulates immune function. Toxicologist 72(S-1):375.
- Altmann L, Welge P, Mensing T, et al. 2002. Chronic exposure to trichloroethylene affects neuronal plasticity in rat hippocampal slices. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 12(3):157-67.
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1997. Toxicological profile for Trichloroethylene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, ATSDR.
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1997. Toxicological profile for Tetrachloroethylene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, ATSDR.
- Berger T, Horner CM. 2003. In vivo exposure of female rats to toxicants may affect oocyte quality. Reprod Toxicol 17(3):273-81.
- Bushnell PJ, Oshiro WM. 2000. Behavioral components of tolerance to repeated inhalation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 22(2):221-9.
- Crofton KM, Zhao X. 1997. The ototoxicity of trichloroethylene: extrapolation and relevance of high-concentration, short-duration animal exposure data. Fundam Appl Toxicol 38(1):101-6.
- Ebrahim AS, Babakrishnan K, Sakthisekaran D. 1996. Perchloroethylene-induced alterations in glucose metabolism and their prevention by 2-deoxy-D-glucose and vitamin E in mice. J Appl Toxicol 16(4):339-48.
- Fisher JW, Channel SR, Eggers JS, et al. 2001. Trichloroethylene, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetic acid: do they affect fetal rat heart development? Int J Toxicol 20(5):257-67.
- Forkert P, Lash L, Nadeau V, et al. 2002. Metabolism and toxicity of trichloroethylene in epididymis and testis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 182(3):244.
- Griffin JM, Blossom SJ, Jackson SK, et al. 2000. Trichloroethylene accelerates an autoimmune response by Th1 T cell activation in MRL +/+ mice. Immunopharmacology 46:123-37.
- Griffin JM, Gilbert KM, Lamps LW, et al. 2000. CD4(+) T-cell activation and induction of autoimmune hepatitis following trichloroethylene treatment in MRL+/+ mice. Toxicol Sci 57(2):345-52.
- Johnson PD, Goldberg SJ, Mays MZ, et al. 2003. Threshold of trichloroethylene contamination in maternal drinking waters affecting fetal heart development in the rat. Environ Health Perspect 111:289-92.
- Kumar P, Prasad A, Saxena DK, et al. 2000. Fertility and general reproduction studies in trichloroethylene exposed rats. Indian Journal of Occupation Health 43(3):117-26.
- Kumar P, Prasad AK, Maji BK, et al. 2001. Hepatotoxic alterations induced by inhalation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in rats. Biomed Environ Sci 14(4): 325-32.
- Mattsson JL, Albee RR, Yano BL, et al. 1998. Neurotoxicologic examination of rats exposed to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) vapor for 13 weeks. Neurotoxicol Teratol 20(1):83-98.
- Mensing T, Welge P, Voss B, et al. 2002. Renal toxicity after chronic inhalation exposure of rats to trichloroethylene. Toxicol Lett 128(1-3):243-7.
- Muijser H, Lammers JH, Kullig BM. 2000. Effects of exposure to trichloroethylene and noise on hearing in rats. Noise Health 2(6): 57-66.
- Potter CL, Chang LW, Deangelo AB, et al. 1996. Effects of four trihalomethanes on DNA strand breaks, renal hyaline droplet formation and serum testosterone in male F-344 rats. Cancer Letters 106:235-42.
- Warren DA, Graeter LJ, Channel SR, et al. 2002. Trichloroethylene, trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid: does in utero exposure to these chemicals affect eye development? Toxicologist 66(1-S):24.
- Waseem M, Ali M, Dogra S, et al. 2001. Toxicity of trichloroethylene following inhalation and drinking contaminated water. J Appl Toxicol 21(6):441-4.
- Xu H, Wade MG, Anupriwan A, et al. 2003. Inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene of male mice causes impaired sperm function but has minimal effects on testis function. Biol Reprod 2003;68(Suppl 1):181-2.
- Zablotny CL Carney EW Dugard PH. 2002. Evaluation of trichloroethylene in a rat inhalation developmental toxicity study. Toxicologist 66(1-S):237/
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Chlorinated pesticides are widely used in agriculture but the most common source or organochlorines is Lindane, used for the treatment of head lice. Acute ingestion or repeated large dermal expose causes neurological toxicity which can lead to seizures and a coma.
Most organochlorines act as non-competitive antagonists acting at the chlorine ion channel of GABAa receptors but DDT acts by inhibiting sodium channel closure following depolarisation. Both mechanisms are neuroexcitatory.
- Rapidly absorbed following ingestion.
- Most are well absorbed across the skin
- Highly lipid soluble and distribute to fat stores hence repeated occupational exposures is an important source.
- Undergo hepatic microsomal metabolism prior to urinary excretion
- Elimination of some organochlorines may take weeks to months
- Potential life threats include:
- Coma – intubate and ventilate
- Seizures – IV benzodiazepines incrementally dosed every 5 minutes to effect.
- Check the patient is not in a dysrhythmia
- Can be managed with benzodiazepines (varying doses in the textbooks, easy method is 0.1mg/kg IV for lorazepam (max 4mg) / midazolam (max 10mg) / diazepam (max 10mg). Or…
- Lorazepam 0.1mg/kg max 4mg
- Diazepam 0.15mg/kg max 10mg
- Midazolam 0.2mg/kg max 10mg
- Ventricular dysrhythmias – may respond to IV beta blockers (e.g. metoprolol or esmolol)
- The main dose-related risk assessment comes from Lindane as date is sparse for the other organochlorines.
- In an adult the estimated lethal ingested dose is 125 mg/kg of Lindane.
- After ingestion toxicity typically occurs within 1 – 2 hours.
- In children an ingestion of >50 mg (5ml of 1% solution) can cause symptoms. Excessive topical exposure can cause agitation and seizures.
- Clinical features: (vomiting, agitation and perioral paraesthisia is classic)
- Nausea and vomiting (can cause a chemical pneumonitis if aspirated secondary to the hydrocarbon vehicle)
- Anxiety, agitation and confusion
- Perioral paraesthesia, fasciculation and myoclonic movements
- Seizures – usually a short duration but recurrent
- Cardiac dysrhythmias are a rare complication (hyperaemia and acidosis can sensitise the myocardium to catecholamines).
- Hepatitis and renal impairment have also been reported following acute ingestion.
- Agitation: titrated doses of benzodiazepines are effective e.g. diazepam 2.5 – 5 mg every 5 minutes IV until gentle sedation is achieved
- If intubated consider FASTHUGSINBED Please
- Screening: 12 lead ECG, BSL, Paracetamol level
- EUC, LFTs for hepatic and renal impairment
- Acid-base status – hyperaemia and acidosis
- Serial ECGs as increased ventricular ectopics may herald ventricular dysrhythmias
- Serum and fat organochlorine levels are not readily available and do not assist the clinical management.
- Exposed skin should be washed with soap and water
- If ingested, activated charcoal should only be used post intubation via a nasogastric tube.
- Not clinically useful.
- None available.
- Children with potential ingestions should be observed for 4 hours, if asymptomatic they may be safely discharged.
- Excessive dermal exposure only warrants hospital evaluation if symptoms occur
- If patients present with symptoms they need to managed and observed in an area capable of managing seizures. Those that develop severe symptoms i.e. recurrent seizures and coma require ICU level care post intubation and ventilation.
- Patients can be safely discharged once asymptomatic.
- Aks SE, et al. Acute accidental Lindane ingestion in toddlers. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1995; 26(5):647-651.
- Baselt R. Disposition of toxic chemicals and drugs in man. 5th edn. California Chemical Toxicology Institute, Foster City, 2000
DRUGS and TOXICANTS
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Children’s science books: Bacteria Galore by Sunday at Four
Jonathan Eisen started something nice in his blog: a review of children’s science books. So I think I’ll follow suit, especially since my first review will combine two of Jonathan’s faves: Microbiology and Open Access. The book is “Bacteria Galore by Sunday at Four” by Mel Rosenberg, a Professor of Microbiology at Tel-Aviv University who wrote the text and Tali Niv-Dolinksy, the illustrator.
The book is Microbiology 101 for kids 3 and up. Rosenberg starts by gently disarming germophbias (if any) by showing how bacteria are basically all over the place, and how helpful they are in making some foods. Then he tells the story of their discovery, how fast they can divide to form colonies, and finally why we should brush our teeth, clean and dress wounds, and take our shots.
“You will always find bacteria in a pickle,
And in yoghurt too,
Making pickles and yoghurt tasty
Is part of what they do
And, if you please,
Bacteria help make yellow cheese.”
Rosenberg’s funny short rhymes make this book a perfect for beginning readers. Tali Niv-Dolinsky’s illustrations are woven impeccably into the text.
Best of all, the e-version is free, and you can even listen to Rosenberg read it (but you don’t have to, if you want to read it out loud to your favorite rugrat):
Unfortunately, I could not find the paper version in any of the Amazons, European or North American, and the Shop link on the site is still under construction. This page provides contact information for purchase.
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Developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three, that adversely affects educational performance. Other characteristics often associated with autism are engagement in repetitive activities and stereotyped movements, resistance to environmental change or change in daily routines, and unusual responses to sensory experiences. The term does not apply if a child's educational performance is adversely affected primarily because the child has an emotional disturbance, as defined in IDEA.
Hearing impairment so severe that the student is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification, which adversely affects educational performance.
Concomitant hearing and visual impairment, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational problems that students cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for deaf or blind students.
Condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree, that adversely affects educational performance:
- An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or other health factors
- An inability to learn to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers
- Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances
- A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression, OR
- Tendency to develop symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. This does not include students who are socially maladjusted, unless it is determined that they are emotionally disturbed.
Hearing impairment, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a student's educational performance but which is not included under the definition of deaf.
Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period; adversely affects a child's educational performance.
For younger children in North Dakota, the Non-Categorical Delay (NCD) eligibility option may be used for a child who is at least three years of age but less than ten years of age if the child exhibits a developmental profile in which cognitive, fine motor, vision, hearing, communication, pre-academic, socialization, or adaptive skill acquisitions are significantly below that of same-age peers, and if the child needs special education and related services, the school district may determine that the child is a student with a disability as a result of a non-categorical delay. This option may be used in situations where the determination of a disability is not clear but delays are well documented.
Severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a student's educational performance. Includes impairments caused by congenital abnormalities (e.g., clubfoot, absence of some member, etc.), impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis, etc.), and impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns that cause contracture).
Other Health Impaired
Includes limited strength, vitality or alertness due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attentional disorder, heart condition, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, epilepsy, lead poisoning, leukemia or diabetes that adversely affect a student's educational performance.
Specific Learning Disability
Disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations; includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia. This does not include children who have learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of an intellectual disability, of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.
Speech or Language Impairment
Communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas, such as cognition; language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract thinking; judgment; problem solving; sensory; perceptual and motor abilities; psychosocial behavior; physical function; information processing; and speed. The term does not apply to brain injuries that are congenital or degenerative, or brain injuries induced by birth trauma.
Visual Impairment Including Blindness
Impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness.
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By Nancy Tannler
June is Brain Awareness month and Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) has been offering a series of lectures on this complicated organ.
The lecture Psychedelic Therapy: The Science and Safety of Psilocybin, presented by Chris Stauffer, M.D., was especially significant for residents of Oregon.
According to Ballotpedia.org, Measure 109, which passed in 2020, “allows manufacture, delivery, administration of psilocybin (psychoactive mushroom) at supervised, licensed facilities; imposes two-year development period; creates enforcement/taxation system, advisory board, administration fund,”
The first point Dr. Stauffer clarified is that no classic psychedelics have a current FDA-approved indication for medical use. However, psilocybe cubensis and 200 other species of psychedelic mushrooms, whose active component is psilocybin, are being used in controlled settings to help people manage certain mental conditions.
“Medicalization of the substance helps with the legalization,” Dr. Stauffer said.
Oregon is experiencing epidemics in suicide, depression, anxiety, PTSD, addiction to drugs, alcohol and nicotine. By legalizing these studies, Dr. Stauffer and others like him are able to proceed with psilocybin-assisted therapy, which is proving to be safe and uniquely effective in many cases.
Psilocybin was brought to public attention in 1957 after Robert Gordon Wasson wrote an article, Seeking the Magic Mushroom, for Life Magazine.
Wasson was VP for J.P. Morgan and was an amateur ethnomycologist, one who studies the interaction between humans and fungus. This article coined the term “magic mushroom.”
In 1955, Wasson traveled to a small town in southern Mexico to meet Maria Sabina. She was the first contemporary Mazatec shaman to allow a Westerner to participate in psychedelic mushroom veladas (healing ceremonies).
Sabina had been performing the velada mushroom ceremony for over 30 years before Wasson arrived. She served as a guide on the patient’s all-night journey to and from the spiritual realms to commune with God, heal the sick and learn of a cure.
Wasson brought back samples of the magic mushrooms for chemists to study their physical properties and healing potential.
Unfortunately, because of the Controlled Substance Act of 1970, further testing diminished until 2001. Since then the FDA has allowed clinical trials, resulting in breakthrough therapies for some people.
Dr. Stauffer spoke about what types of mental imbalances they hope to mitigate with psilocybin sessions. Major depression disorders, anxiety, PTSD, migraines, obsessive compulsive disorder, anorexia, nicotine, alcohol and cocaine abuse are the major disorders addressed so far.
What the psilocybin does is creates a non-ordinary state of consciousness for four to six hours.
Dr. Stauffer used a visual that showed a small iceberg and a boat floating over an immense underwater world of sea creatures. The iceberg represents the person and the boat is the ego keeping all the underwater creatures (unconscious memories) at bay.
In a safe, monitored environment, these sessions can allow people to safely examine these buried thoughts, ideas and memories.
Prior to the heavy use of magic mushrooms in the 60s, they were primarily used in religious ceremonies to develop a person’s deeper understanding of themselves, their purpose and unity with other people and the world in which they live. It was meant as a sacred experience.
They were also helpful in alleviating the existential dread most people experience around dying.
This is what the professionals are studying in their psilocybin experiments today. Results of these sessions are proving that people who do have a mystical experience have a sense of unity, mental clarity, transcendence, positive mood and ineffability that last for months and even years afterward.
People who have had the sessions begin to integrate these feelings into their daily state of consciousness. With this greater sense of well being, they are able to deal with the different harmful ways they’ve learned to cope with the vicissitudes of life in the past.
It should be noted that any type of mind-altering substance can have harmful effects – in other words, a bad trip. That is the reason Oregon Health Authority (OHA) will establish a program to license facilitators and determine what qualifications, education, training and exams are needed.
OHA, along with the Oregon Psilocybin Advisory Board (OPAB), will develop this program over a two-year period.
The US National Library of Medicine is in the process of recruiting volunteers for psilocybin studies in locations across the country. If you are interested in participating in a trial, visit bit.ly/USNLMmushrooms for details.
Image from drugscience.org.uk
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There are many excellent reasons for planting ferns in containers. With the current trend toward living in apartments and condos, gardening on decks, patios, and indoor sites becomes the only opportunity for foliar enrichment and the attendant nur
turing instincts of plantfolks. Options for planting vary widely and include entire landscapes complete with trees and shrubs down to that favorite specimen plant which is frequently displayed at its best when containerized
Choose container culture for a myriad of special situations: close-up viewing of unique or rare specimens (and for a bit of horticultural braggadocio here), for species that have special soil requirements, for hobbies such as bonsai, for containing aggressive but, depending on one's taste, interesting collector's plants (Equisetum comes to mind), for portability of questionably hardy treasures that need to be moved for winter protection, or just for the joy of displaying and admiring a collection of plants that one would like to rearrange for seasonal decoration.
Recorded flower pot culture goes back to Good Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt who ruled from 1503 to 1480 b.c. and sent, in 1495 b.c., information gatherers, including designated plant collectors, rowing and sailing for the Land of Punt (now Somalia) in what is believed to be the world's first oceanographic expedition. The explorers returned with an eclectic collection including, among other things, assorted fish (that based on temple drawings at Deir el Bahri can be identified down to the species level today), as well as ebony, ivory, frankincense, and, in clay pots, plants of the myrrh-producing incense tree. Pots, clay and otherwise, have carried treasures and introductions from afar ever since.
Modern containers come in all sizes and designs, limited only by the imagination. The clay pots of yore, however, molting by inclination in winter frosts, have in many areas been supplanted by glazed ornamentals. Hypertufa troughs constructed with peat and cement, and carefully cured, are widely used to give a rustic appearance for the optimal display of alpine plants. Potential candidates for tufa culture should be chosen with care and caution, however, as the pot will leach small amounts of lime. Concrete pots, with the exposed aggregate styles being especially handsome, also slowly release lime into the soil. Wooden containers including the popular half whiskey barrels serve handsomely where a less formal effect is desired. They have a shorter life span but can be sealed with a wood preservative to prolong their usefulness. (Be sure to let it cure for at least a week before adding soil and plants.) For the specialist, little pots are appropriate for bonsai. (And yes, ferns of all sizes will reduce proportionately in pot culture.) In the whimsy class almost anything can pose as a container. I have seen old rowboats, boots, and retired wheelbarrows all carrying the gardener's treasures.
Baskets too are containers of sorts and popular for the ever-present Boston fern types. Many rhizomatous ferns display well in basket culture, the rhizomes themselves adding interest to the composition. In addition to the numerous nephrolepis culti-vars, pyrrosias, davallias, certain lycopodiums, and especially polypodiums, and their near relatives are strongly recommended for both indoor and outdoor features.
The baskets are usually lined with sphagnum moss, but the newly available coconut by-products marketed variously as coir or coco-fiber inserts literally help the baskets and their contents to hang together. (I do not like coir as a soil additive or substitute, but it has no apparent ill effects as a basket liner.) A plastic saucer installed at the basket's bottom and used with the coir allows for more leeway between watering sessions. Traditionally, the basket's skeleton has been wire that, although many plastic shapes are now available, is still eminently suitable.
With good horticultural husbandry, basket specimens will in time need to be extracted from their confinement. Short of major surgery, it is far easier and clearly kinder to the basket resident to take the cutting shears to the container rather than the plant, hence wire is preferred. Plastic baskets with their resplendent durability serve admirably well until this point of required expansion.
Choose the container size with care, however, as ferns do not like to be overpotted. Without root penetration, surrounding soil will sour and eventually so will the fern. Give them companions or a root-ball appropriate-sized container and, when potting on, gradually move them up to larger sizes. For dryland ferns and those that require excellent drainage, tall narrow pots improve drainage.
Aside from those mixes selected for specific soil requirements, normal, good draining, rich fern compost, with an emphasis on compost, will keep the container and contents in good health for many years. If you do not already have a favorite mix, try one part peat, one part washed pumice, a sprinkling of bark for drainage, and four parts compost or commercial soil mix. It is important to give the pumice a fierce hosing to wash away the talclike "fines" that will otherwise bind the soil and rob the container of life-giving oxygen pockets. Beware of an excess of peat, too, as once dry it is incredibly difficult to rehydrate. More than once I have seen pots soaking in improvised bathtubs for rehab.
A saucer placed under the container for the summer serves as a potential reservoir and drought preventative, especially since a dry pot will drain water down the edges without ever watering the planting. A top dressing will aid in keeping a pot moist and can be soil specific, such as marble chips for lime lovers. Meanwhile, keep your ferns watered. Watering in the wintertime is redundant unless dealing, such as we sometimes do by choice, with xerics deliberately placed out of the path of winter wet.
Attention to feeding is also a requirement in container culture. Good soil preparation enhanced occasionally with mulch will give garden-sited ferns years of contented vigor. By contrast, a container planting, including those sitting around in nursery pots waiting to be planted, will deplete nourishment and display displeasure with attendant poor growth and color unless periodically enriched. As with any feeding, my recommendation is for an evenly balanced, complete fertilizer applied at half the manufacturer's recommended strength. A spring infusion with a water-based fertilizer spray helps to get fronds up and about in vigorous health. Coated slow-release fertilizers that are blessedly easy to apply and last for months, but are heat-based for release, are best used as a supplement in early summer depending on your climate. Do keep granular, including slow-release, fertilizers off of the ferns' crowns and foliage to prevent burning or disfiguring. And as another precaution avoid late-summer applications of any fertilizers for garden or container as they encourage late growth that is vulnerable to the vagaries of fall and winter weather.
Finally, for the sake of drainage and for the health of the understory, pots of any type that will sit on a wooden surface are best raised with small tiles or those funny little feet sold in garden centers to save the wooden surface from the trouble of rotting.
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The American victory at the Battle of Lake Champlain, sometimes called the Battle of Plattsburg, on 11 September 1814 was the most decisive naval victory of the War of 1812.
In September 1814 11,000 British and Canadian troops under Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost invaded New York State. Prevost’s men were a mixture of veteran units recently arrived from the Peninsular War, British soldiers already in Canada and Canadians. His intention was to march along the western bank of Lake Champlain. The lakeside town of Plattsburg was defended by fewer than 2,000 effectives under Brigadier-General Alexander Macomb.
The British plan required naval control of Lake Champlain. Both sides strengthened their squadrons in August, with the brig USS Eagle being launched on 16 August and the frigate HMS Confiance nine days later.
The following table shows that the British had two ships more than the Americans, with a greater total tonnage and more sailors, although the British ships may have carried fewer men than their official complements. The total broadsides fired by the two squadrons were very similar, but the British had a significant advantage at long range. Confiance was much bigger than any other vessel on either side, so the advantage would swing towards the Americans if they could put her out of action.
|6 American gunboats totalling||420||246||252||144||108|
|4 American gunboats totalling||160||104||48||48|
|14 American vessels totalling||2244||882||1194||490||714|
|5 British gunboats totalling||350||205||254||108||146|
|7 British gunboats totalling||280||182||182||54||128|
|16 British ships totalling||2402||937||1192||660||532|
|Source: T. Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812. 2 vols. (New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900-2), vol. Ii, pp. 117-20. The original gives the broadside of the 5 larger British gunboats as being 12 tons from long guns and 72 from short guns. This is presumably a typo, being both improbably low and the same as HMS Finch in the row above. The correct figure has been calculated from Roosevelt’s totals.|
Lake Champlain is long and narrow with the wind normally blowing either north or south and a northward current.
Master Commandant [equivalent to a modern Commander] Thomas Macdonough, the American naval commander, anchored his ships in a line in Plattsburg Bay, which meant that the British would have to engage at short range, negating their advantage at long range. The northern end of his line was so close to Cumberland Head that the British could not turn it. A shoal prevented the British from attacking his southern flank.
The order of the American line from the north was the USS Eagle, flanked by two gunboats on each side, Macdonough’s flagship the USS Saratoga, three gunboats, the USS Ticonderoga, three gunboats and finally the USS Preble. The anchors of the four largest American ships had springs attached to them, enabling them to swing in wide arcs whilst remaining anchored. The USS Saratoga, had kedge anchors off her bows, which would allow her to turn round. The positioning of the gunboats prevented the British from attacking the American line from both side, as Lord Nelson had done to the French at the Nile.
Captain George Downie’s British squadron sailed at daybreak and sailed down the lake with the wind almost aft. HMS Chubb and Linnet engaged the Eagle, Downie’s flagship HMS Confiance the USS Saratoga and HMS Finch and the gunboats the rear of the American line.
Downie held HMS Confiance’s fire until everything was ready, with the result that her first broadside was devastating. Half of the USS Saratoga’s crew were thrown off their feet, although many of them were not seriously hurt. However, the American ship replied and Downie was soon killed. Both ships had many guns put out of action, some by enemy fire, others because their inexperienced crews overloaded them.
HMS Chubb was badly damaged by the USS Eagle and the leading American gunboats, drifted away and was captured. HMS Linnet concentrated on the USS Eagle, which was also receiving some of HMS Confiance’s fire. Damage to one of the USS Eagle’s springs meant that she could no longer fire on HMS Linnet, so she cut her other cable, sailed south and anchored in a position where she could fire on HMS Confiance. HMS Linnet then fired on the American gunboats and drove them off, before raking the USS Saratoga’s bows.
Theodore Roosevelt notes that the American would now have lost the battle ‘had not Macdonough’s foresight provided the means of retrieving it.’ He ordered the anchor astern of the USS Saratoga to be let go and had her hauled round far enough to allow her undamaged port batteries to come into action.
HMS Confiance had been anchored by springs on her unengaged starboard side. These could not be shot away as had those of the USS Eagle, but did not allow her to turn in order to bring her unengaged batteries into action. With over half her crew casualties, most of the guns on her engaged side out of action and her masts and sails badly damaged, she was forced to strike her colours about two hours after she opened fire.
HMS Linnet could not withdraw because of the damage to her masts and sails, but kept on fighting in the hope that the British gunboats would come to her aid. They did not, and she was forced strike her colours about two and a half hours after the battle began. HMS Finch had already been crippled by the USS Ticonderoga and forced aground. The British gunboats withdrew, possibly taking a shot accidentally fired from HMS Confiance by the Americans after her capture, as a signal to do so.
Roosevelt estimates that over 300 British and about 200 Americans were killed and wounded in the battle. Macdonough reported 52 killed and 58 wounded, but this excludes about 90 lightly wounded who did not have to go to hospital. The Americans took 180 dead and wounded from HMS Confiance, 50 from HMS Linnet and 40 from4 HMS Chubb and Finch. There were 55 shot holes in the USS Saratoga and 105 in HMS Confiance. Macdonough allowed the captured British officers to keep their swords because of the gallant fight that they had put up.
Lake Champlain was the United States Navy’s greatest victory of the War of 1812. The frigate actions were all won by the stronger side. Macdonough was faced by a squadron that was much stronger than his at long range and roughly equal at short range. He placed his squadron in such a way as to force the British to fight at short range and to give him an advantage. Roosevelt describes him as ‘the greatest figure in [US} naval history’ before the American Civil War.’
Alfred Mahan blames Prevost for the British defeat, arguing that he should have taken Plattsburg before the naval action. The American shore batteries of the fortress could not fire on the British squadron without risking hitting the American one. However, if there had been British guns on the shore Macdonough’s position would have been untenable. He would have had to have moved his squadron further out into the lake, where the British superiority in long range gunnery ought to have proved decisive.
Prevost, however, thought that a joint attack on land and water had to be made. His orders to Downie, according to Mahan, ‘used language indefensible to itself, tending to goad a sensitive man into action contrary to his better judgement.’ The land attack was called off once it became clear that the British had lost the naval action.
The result of the Battle of Lake Champlain was that the British invasion of the USA was halted. because it was impossible to advance on land without control of the lake. Peace negotiations had started in Ghent the month before, and the British would have been able to obtain better terms had they held a significant amount of US territory.
T. Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812, 2 vols. (New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900-2). vol. ii, pp. 113-14.
Ibid., pp. 137-38.
Ibid., pp. 140-41. and footnote 2,
Ibid., p. 143.
A. T. Mahan, Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812, 2 vols. (London: Samson Low, Marston, 1905). vol. ii, p. 201.
Ibid., p. 201.
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While we usually think of astronauts as explorers of life beyond this planet, scientists are discovering that astronauts can actually teach us a lot about life here on earth.
The Canadian Space Institute (CSA) recently teamed up with the Institute of Aging, a branch of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, to see what the medical issues faced by astronauts can tell us about the aging process. The two groups pooled resources and knowledge during a workshop in June, and hope to develop an international program as well, according to Dr. Nicole Buckley, Chief Scientist for Life Sciences at the CSA.
Due to their sedentary lifestyle in space, astronauts often develop similar health problems as the elderly, said University of Waterloo Professor Richard Hughson. These include soft bones, a risk of fainting and hardened arteries. Hughson, who specializes in aging and receives funding from the CSA, has performed several studies showing how space life can have adverse effects on an astronaut’s cardiovascular system.
Because astronauts tend to be healthy people, when one aspect of their health starts to deteriorate, it is easy for researchers to see how this may impact other parts of their body. This is opposed to the elderly, where, “one effect can be confounded with other changes occurring at the same time,” said Dr. Buckley.
By teaming up with scientists at the Institute of Aging, the CSA hopes to improve health outcomes through research.
“Our main mandate is to look after astronaut health. However, there are not that many astronauts, and there are many Canadians. We want to help as many people as possible,” said Dr. Buckley.
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Organic Onion | Powdered
Allium cepa is the common onion, although it is usually thought of as a vegetable. Onions are perennials that are cultivated for food worldwide. There are many varieties. Bulbing onions have cylindrical, hollow leaves and an enlarged bulb that develops at ground level. The green stems and leaves can reach 3 ft (1 m) in height. The roots come off the bottom of the bulb. The flowers are produced in the second growing season (following a required "rest" period) in a rounded umbel (cluster with all flower stems originating from the same point) on a stalk 2-4 ft (0.6-1.2 m) tall. The umbels, about 2 in (5 cm) in diameter and consisting of many small purplish flowers, are quite showy. There are two main kinds of onions, based on the day length required for bulb formation. Short-day varieties start forming an enlarged bulb when days are 12 or 13 hours long; long-day varieties don't form a bulb until days are 14-16 hours long. For both types, bulb enlargement is arrested during hot, freezing or dry weather.
708 Allium cepa Cepa Group - Floridata, http://www.floridata.com/Plants/Liliaceae/Allium%20cepa%20Cepa%20Group/708 (accessed January 24, 2017).
Onion | DermNet New Zealand, http://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/onion/ (accessed January 24, 2017).
Organic powdered onion arrives ready-to-use in 4 ounce plastic shaker jars and 16 ounce Wilderness Family Naturals branded vapor-barrier, resealable packaging to maintain freshness. Packaging may include an oxygen absorber.
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ERIC Number: ED028192
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1966
Reference Count: 0
The Neutrality Act of 1935: An Inquiry into the Uses of History. Teacher and Student Manuals.
Scudder, Edson F.
This unit, geared initially for college-preparatory students at the high school level, asks the student to consider ways in which the past, however incompletely or inaccurately perceived, shapes our views of the present. Evidence is presented to show how both the isolationists and internationalists justified their actions by their interpretations of such things as the Neutrality Act of 1917, World War I, and the postwar reaction. Documents relating to the Nye Committee investigation and the rise of Fascism are used to show how the policy makers of 1935 responded to foreign and domestic pressures in their search for national security and world order. (Author)
Descriptors: American History, Business, Curriculum Guides, Exports, Federal Legislation, Financial Policy, Foreign Policy, Government Role, History, History Instruction, Industry, Instructional Materials, International Organizations, Political Science, Secondary Education, Social Sciences, Social Studies, Units of Study, World Affairs
Publication Type: N/A
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC. Bureau of Research.
Authoring Institution: Amherst Coll., MA.
Identifiers: Neutrality Act 1935
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Energy usage is a focus for many at the moment. For IT, it seems to be a big focus – mainly as organisations become more aware of how much energy is wasted in their data centre facilities. However, it is likely to be brought into even greater focus in the not so far distant future as the looming energy deficit starts to become more apparent.
A mix of short-sightedness and prevarication by politicians means that the UK is now at a position where it is unlikely that it will be able to meet all its consumers’ energy needs in just a few years – the UK’s energy market overseer, Ofgem predicts that the UK’s current energy generation over-capacity of 14% could fall to 4% in just 3 years. The failure, or the need to take down for even planned maintenance, of only one generation plant could lead to insufficient power being available for all the country’s needs.
Therefore, planned outages will be required to be put in place – and the biggest energy users will be targeted where overall country needs will not be adversely impacted.
So – steel and aluminium production is unlikely to be hit. Retail may be asked to cut down on lighting and heating. But the one place where politicians can really point to is the use of IT – and how many organisations could be asked to reduce their energy usage here or risk having it cut off for periods of time.
It is widely accepted that data centres are inefficient when it comes to usage of energy – the average utilisation of a server is around 10–20% of cpu, and of storage around 30%. Sure, a move to virtualisation can drive up these utilisation rates and so lower the amount of equipment being used and so lower the energy being needed – but is this the best way to address the overall need?
To take a bigger picture, it is necessary to look at the whole data centre facility and its energy usage. There is a means of gaining a measure of the overall energy efficiency of a facility through the use of power usage effectiveness, PUE. This is a comparison of the total amount of energy used by a facility divided by the amount that is used to power the IT workloads – i.e. that used by servers, storage and network equipment. The rest of the energy is used in peripheral areas, such as lighting, cooling, and uninterruptable power supplies (UPSs).
A theoretical perfect data centre should therefore have a PUE of 1 – all the energy is used in powering IT workloads. However, in practice, the PUE for an “average” facility is around 2.0: for each Watt of power used for IT workloads, another Watt is used for peripheral items.
So, only 50% of the facility’s total energy is reaching the servers, storage and networking equipment. Running at 20% IT equipment utilisation means that at a rough estimate, around 90% of a facility’s total energy input is essentially going to waste. Upping IT equipment utilisation rates to 40% and getting rid of excess equipment could mean a saving 10% of a data centre’s energy usage – which is wonderful – but still only means that 20% of a data centre’s energy is being used for useful IT work.
However, the majority of data centres utilise UPSs to support pretty much all the energy used across the facility. Unfortunately, many of these devices are pretty old, and will be running at 94% efficiency or less. Modern UPSs run at 98% efficiency or greater. But, is a 4% improvement in energy efficiency at a UPS worth the bother when a 10% improvement at the server and storage layers is possible?
Back to the maths. If all the facility’s energy goes through the UPS, then a 4% improvement across all systems (servers, storage, networking, cooling, lighting) is a 4% savings on the energy bill – without having changed anything but the UPS. Now, introduce the virtualisation mentioned above. The server utilisation rates are upped from 20% to 40% as before, and the saving is 10% of the data centre’s energy bill. But, because we have improved the overall data centre’s energy usage as well, we get a greater saving. Every time we improve the equipment in the data centre – IT or support – then we gain that extra energy efficiency as well.
Modern UPSs also provide a host of other capabilities – as battery technology and battery management systems have improved, a well-implemented UPS can help in bridging some breaks in energy provision without the need for auxiliary generators to switch in. They can also better deal with low voltage situations (“brown outs”), ensuring that an optimised energy feed gets to all equipment.
Should Ofgem be right, there will be planned brown outs and power cuts around the country within a few years. Organisations can help in many ways – improving their data centres so that they are more energy efficient could put this back by a few months. However, ensuring that their data centre facilities have newer, more effective UPSs in place can help in not only providing a far more energy efficient facility, but also in dealing with the problems that an energy deficit could present.
Quocirca has written a report on the subject, which can be downloaded for free here: http://quocirca.com/reports/773/powering-the-data-centre
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Oxford's history course is structured as a three year degree, with work during the first year described as the Preliminary Examination and work undertaken in the final two years as Final Examinations. Students must pass the Preliminary Examination in order to proceed to study for Finals.
The Preliminary Examination (First Year)
The core of the first university curriculum in the middle ages was Grammar, Dialectic and Rhetoric, or reading, thinking and talking/writing. These are still the essential skills you will learn doing an Arts degree at Oxford, for which you spend much of your week reading and thinking, and then some of it writing and discussing. Through the three years you will develop these general abilities, alongside the skills specific to the study of History, through preparing frequent essays or presentations and discussing them, and receiving regular feedback in a cumulative loop. The centrality of tutorials in first-year History allows tutors to respond individually to the needs of students, who will each find different challenges amongst the wide range of required skills and exercises.
Students choose four papers to study, each of which includes an examination at the end of the first year. To give you a broader overview, you are required to pick papers that cover a number of periods and geographic areas.
The two years of Finals enable you to use the skills acquired in the first year to study in much greater depth and breadth, both drilling down much more fully into societies and their surviving sources, and ranging more widely round the world to make bigger connections between the various parts of your accumulating knowledge.
In these two years of study for Finals, students take a mixture of outline courses and more specialist ones, with the encouragement to develop interests and approaches fostered during their first year.
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Windmill in Amsterdam, Credit: Wikimedia
The University of California, San Diego is developing a free online course designed to educate students and anyone else around the world with a computer and an internet connection about the challenges and potential solutions for meeting the global demands of food and fuel in the 21st century.
Called “Our Energy Future,” this Massive Online Open Course, or MOOC, is being supported by a $50,000 grant from Google and will use Google’s suite of web-based tools to encourage social interactions inside and outside of the virtual “classroom.”
Stephen Mayfield, a professor of biology and co-director of UC San Diego’s Center for Food and Fuel for the 21st Century, a research entity designed to apply basic research to sustainable food and biofuel production, is heading the effort to develop the MOOC, which he expects to be online later this year. He said that as the world’s population grows from seven billion people to an estimated nine billion by 2050, creative solutions will be needed to meet the growing demands for food and fuel.
“We realize the importance of leading the world in creating a sustainable energy future for all societies, including those of the developing world,” said UC San Diego’s Chancellor Pradeep K. Khosla. “This course will allow students from many countries and economic levels an opportunity to offer new ideas, explore local solutions and apply their collective knowledge to propose sustainable 21st century energy projects.”
Mayfield said students and others will be educated about the global demands for food and fuel through lectures delivered by UC San Diego experts in the fields of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, economics, climate science and social science. Then scholars, policymakers and others from around the world will be linked through the MOOC portal to discuss and develop solutions.
“As part of the MOOC,” Mayfield said, “small groups of students will team up to propose a site appropriate, cutting-edge clean energy project in any location, which could produce a significant amount of energy for that population, be economically sustainable and have positive environmental and social impacts.”
Students will be able to obtain credit for completing the course in a partnership with UC San Diego Extension. In addition, the MOOC will develop a series of lay-language lectures to educate everyday citizens about the challenges and potential solutions for providing for our food and energy future.
“This course will cover the current production and utilization of energy, as well as the consequences of this use, examining finite fossil energy reserves, how food and energy are linked, impacts on the environment and climate, and the social and economic impacts of our present energy and food production and use,” Mayfield said. “After the introductory lectures, we will examine the emerging field of sustainable energy, fuel and food production, emphasizing the importance of developing energy efficient and sustainable methods and how these new technologies can contribute to replacing the diminishing supplies of fossil fuels and reduce the carbon dioxide release into the environment.”
For more information about this project go to http://ff21.ucsd.edu
Kim McDonald, 858-534-7572, firstname.lastname@example.org
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Teach your kids to appreciate US history! Learn Our History DVD is a simple way for kids to understand and appreciate U.S. history. Get the facts while making American history fun.
Animated time travel makes learning fun and exciting! Give your children a front-row seat to history in the making. It’s so much fun, your kids won’t even realize they’re learning. Teach your children the facts in a way they’ll easily understand. 97% of children remember what they learn in our videos. Learn Our History improves grades and makes learning fun.
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The city of Kiev, which is now the capital of the modern nation-state of Ukraine, was the most important of all the Rus’/Russ cities in the Middle Ages. Located on the Dnieper River about halfway between Constantinople and Scandinavia, Kiev became a great trading post and cultural center, where Slavs, Scandinavians, Greeks, and others merged to create medieval Russian culture. As kingdoms began emerging in Western Europe during the late ninth and early tenth centuries that would comprise the major states of the Middle Ages, the people of Eastern Europe also consolidated their cities in order to battle the Magyars and Turkish hordes that threatened them from the nearby steppe.
In the midst of this often turbulent period, the principality of Kiev became the most powerful of all the Rus’ states. According to The Russian Primary Chronicle, Kiev was founded by Varangians (the Slavic term for Vikings) from Novgorod. The legendary Rurik is credited with being the progenitor of a dynasty that ruled Kiev, who are often thought to have “brought civilization” to southern Russia. The reality is that the formation of the Kievan Rus’ state came about through a hybridization of Scandinavian warrior merchants and native Slavs, who by all accounts were already quite civilized. The groups contributed to create one of the most stable, powerful, and economically prosperous states in Eastern Europe through a combination of aggressive military action, diplomacy, and commerce.
The medieval Rus’ gave their name to modern Russia, but their origins are a bit enigmatic. In the past, modern scholars either argued that the Rus’ were almost entirely Scandinavian in their origins, or they were almost all Slavic. Both sides have made compelling arguments, and in the case of the pro-Slavic stance there was even official recognition by Soviet officials. The pro-Slavic advocates do not deny that Scandinavians were part of the Rus’ states, only that they played a very minor role as merchants and emissaries.
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How to Connect Interior Walls
Click the Wall button. Mouse over the existing wall. When one of the wall sides is highlighted left click your mouse on the drawing surface to begin the wall. Move your mouse to draw the wall. Left click your mouse to finish drawing the wall.
Watch this video to see how to connect interior walls.
Note: This video has no sound; it has captions pointing out the relevant steps (program version 220.127.116.11).
Related VideosDraw a Simple Room In a Few Easy Steps
Draw Dead-on Accurate Walls
How To Join Walls at Different Angles
How to Convert a Wall Corner Into an Interior Wall
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The recycling rate of 8.2 billion tons of plastic manufactured by human beings is only 30%
according to the voice of economics world company, the industrial ecology team of the University of California estimated the total amount of plastic available on the earth. Since several 10 subsidiaries under 6 were invented five years ago, human beings have produced about 8.3 billion tons of plastic. How much does it weigh? It is equivalent to 25000 Empire State buildings in New York and the sum of 1billion elephants, including plastic bottles, plastic bags and other plastic products
plastic was invented by American Baekeland in 1909. He used phenol and formaldehyde to synthesize phenolic resin. Plastic is a kind of high molecular compound, which can change its composition and shape freely. It has the advantages of impact resistance, wear resistance, good insulation and low cost, but its disadvantages are also obvious, and it is difficult to recycle by classification. According to the estimation of the California scientists' team, only 30% of the plastic is recycled, while 70% of the plastic becomes garbage, most of which is buried under the land, and a large amount of garbage floats in the sea
which plastics can be recycled? Professor donglijie, School of materials, Wuhan University of technology, explained this
donglijie: "hot plastics can be formed after melting. It is easy to recycle them. As long as they are purified, sorted and classified in the early stage, and then put into the same conditions, they can still make new products. For example, plastic bottles, plastic tubes and films, there are a large number of them."
it is not difficult to achieve technically. Why is the recycling rate only 30%
donglijie taught that the size stability is good "With regard to the recycling of plastics, the recycling system for plastic bottles is relatively perfect. Now some enterprises are using waste plastics. Others are using leftover materials from the production of products. If they can be used in large quantities, the same thing must be done easily. The world's major raw materials are easy to recycle and can be fully reused. However, the forming conditions of different materials are different. If they are not of the same kind, it is difficult to use them together. In the plastic industry Industry, we are still very concerned about recycling. After all, the source of plastic is oil. We hope to reuse it as much as possible. If we want to expand the coverage of plastic recycling, we need to establish some corresponding mechanisms. In many countries, there will be a strict classification of the packaging materials, which will be divided by different families according to different types, which will increase its recycling rate. "
at present, garbage collection and classification in China mostly rely on roadside waste collection and garbage disposal individuals. Is there a problem of low efficiency
professor donglijie: "it is neither high nor low enough. Many plastics look the same, but they are actually different types. If they are mixed together, the production process of some products may not be very suitable."
70% of plastics become garbage. What is the degradation of plastics in land and sea water? How long will it take
professor donglijie: "Plastic products that have not been completely separated may be incinerated and landfilled. If incinerated, problems such as gas generation and heat generation will certainly occur. Landfilling is not a very ideal way, because long-term landfilling is also a problem for the land. Most non degradable plastics have a long life, and they may not be bad in the soil for 50 or 100 years. There is no way to define plastics that enter the sea: the increase in lining heating thickness and Ratio decomposition of initial lining thickness. Seawater environment for such general plastics, some academic articles will mention that some plastics may become small particles for a long time, but for many plastics, their existence period is still very long. The seawater environment will change a little compared with our current water quality, but it is not extreme. For example, strong acidity or alkalinity will help the degradation of materials. The degradation of some membrane like materials requires high energy, so it is difficult. "
some people once made plastic the greatest material science invention in the 20th century, but now the team of scientists believes that plastic will become a burden on the earth. The total weight of plastic on the earth will exceed 12billion tons in 2050
professor donglijie said: "We never think what it will do to the earth. In fact, it is our use of plastic. For example, how can we recycle it and maximize its use as much as possible. There are many countries in the world, the most typical one is Japan, which will establish a perfect recycling system. For everyone who makes materials, any material is a very valuable resource. The only problem is how to use it."
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6 Healthy Habits For Living Longer
Paypal Founder Peter Thiel Is Trying To Live Until 120. Here Are The 3 Ways He Plans To Do It
Page 2 of 2
4- Brush and floss dailyFlossing can add 6.4 years to your life, says Dr. Michael Roizen in his book The RealAge Makeover. Although that estimate might be a little far-fetched, the thinking behind it is probably pretty sound. The reality is that poor oral hygiene can lead to nasty gum diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis. These inflammatory diseases can actually lead to a narrowing of the arteries, a common cause of cardiovascular disease. By simply brushing and flossing daily, we rid our mouths of the bacteria that cause inflammatory gum disease and save our heart a little bit of trouble.
5- Stay in touch with friendsThere’s an old saying that says a good friend is cheaper than therapy. Oddly enough, researchers now hold this to be true, though it’s not just about friends; any social network, whether it be through church, a sports club or cooking class, can positively impact your physical and mental well-being. Social networks can provide us with useful information, like encouragement to go see a doctor. They can give physical support, like helping us run errands, and they can provide emotional support, like listening to our problems to help us overcome depression and anxiety. All of these seemingly minor perks can literally add years to our lives.
6- Stay hydratedOur bodies are nearly 70% water, so it should come as no surprise that water is essential to maintaining health and prolonging life. We use water to regulate body temperature, protect our joints and organs, and to help transport oxygen to cells. But in order for water to keep our bodies in check we need to make sure that its levels are constantly replenished. The solution is simple: hydrate. Although the common prescription of drinking eight eight-ounce glasses of water per day has been called a myth, the message isn’t necessarily a bad one. As long as you hydrate frequently, from various sources, not just water, you’re probably in the clear.
making daily habits countMany of us are set in our daily routines. We eat the same meal, wear the same clothes, take the same route to work, and work the same old job. But what we sometimes fail to recognize is the huge impact that our daily routines can have on our health. By making just a few small changes here and there — and sticking to them — you can add a significant number of years to your life. Although change isn’t always easy, it can be done. Set small goals, ease in changes one at a time and it won’t be long before you notice a positive change in your health and mood.
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How Interstellar Made An Actual Scientific Breakthrough
Trending News: Interstellar Made An Actual Scientific Breakthrough
Why Is This Important?The modern sci-fi movies of today are prepared and researched so meticulously that a real-world scientific discovery isn't out of the question.
Long Story ShortChristopher Nolan's big budget science-fiction film Interstellar has led to a breakthrough in our understanding of how black holes work, thanks to the endeavors of the movie's scientific consultant and computer effects team. Two research papers on the new findings will be published in the near future.
During production of the sci-fi blockbuster Interstellar, academic research was probably some way down director Christopher Nolan's list of goals. Nevertheless, the work done by his special effects team and the movie's consultant astrophysicist has led to a real-world breakthrough in our science knowledge: namely, what black holes actually look like.
American theoretical physicist Kip Thorne provided huge amounts of black hole-related data to the computer effects team working on Interstellar. When the numbers were crunched — and there was 800 terabytes' worth of data to get through — the resulting pictures showed a bright halo of light surrounding the black hole. This was rather unexpected, but Thorne says it's scientifically accurate and can help us understand how these phenomena work.
The calculations run by Interstellar's digital effects team Double Negative were incredibly complicated and required a completely new software rendering algorithm — some of the single frames you'll see in the movie took 100 hours to generate on state-of-the-art equipment. But what was produced is as comprehensive a look at black holes as we've ever seen. "This is our observational data," Thorne told Wired in an interview on the process. "That's the way nature behaves. Period."
As Interstellar hits movie theaters across the world, Kip Thorne is planning to publish at least two papers based on the findings of the Double Negative effects team. What you see on screen is more than an artistic interpretation — it's based on actual scientific data and it's led to new discoveries along the way. It may be that we are able to visualize the far reaches of space long before we have the technology to get there.
"Science fiction always wants to dress things up, like it's never happy with the ordinary universe," Double Negative senior supervisor Paul Franklin explained to Wired. "What we were getting out of the software was compelling straight off."
Ask The Big Question: After reinventing Batman and science-fiction, what should Chris Nolan aim for next?
Own The Conversation
Disrupt Your Feed: I'll take a good-looking outer space explosion over a realistic one every time.
Drop This Fact: Steven Spielberg was originally attached to direct Interstellar in 2006.
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Dean of the UPF Barcelona School of Management and Professor of Accounting and Financial Economics at Universitat Pompeu Fabra
"The simple act of an ordinary brave man is not to participate in lies, Not to support false actions. Let that come into the world, let it even reign supreme, Only not through me"
Ethics helps us discern what is correct from what is not; and it helps us act consistently according to our own values and the company's values. These values tend to include honesty, keeping ones word, loyalty, objectivity, respecting others, transparency and searching for excellence among others. Unfortunately, ethical behaviours are not always abundant. To quote Mark Twain:
In this article we talk about the concept of ethical dilemma, how to act when facing one of these dilemmas and we also recall what could happen when acting unethically.
As I wrote a little while ago in Via Empresa, sometimes we could face situations where we have doubts on how we should act. This is what is known as an ethical dilemma, which is when a person has to decide among alternatives affecting his values.
Let's look at an example of an ethical dilemma. It is the case of a company facing liquidity problems and needs urgently a loan to pay the employees' salaries. The dilemma lies in the fact that if the company informs the bank about its real situation, it will not receive the loan, so it will not be able to pay its employees. But if the company lies to the bank manipulating its accounts, it will be able to pay its employees. However, this course of action might generate false information and become an accounting fraud. When an accounting fraud is discovered, it can lead to very negative consequences. According to Karpoff et al (2008) after an accounting fraud is discovered 91% of managers are fired, 87% of them are sued and fined and 14% of them end up in prison.
When management acts unethically, it could also damage the company. For instance, we could mention the Mike Jeffries case, CEO of the US company Abercrombie and Fitch who in 2014 made provocative statements such as:
Because of statements of this kind, the company was questioned and its stock valuation went from 80 Dollars per share to 20 dollars per share. Little after that, the CEO was fired.
To be able to decide in these types of situations, it might be useful to consider the following process based on answering the questions below:
In case that the answer to all these questions is positive, we are facing an alternative which is legal, coherent with our values and the values of our closest people. Therefore, we can proceed without any problem. Otherwise, we are dealing with an inconvenient alternative that would generate discomfort to us and the people around us. Also, if we doubt, better not to take risks. As Shakespeare said: "Honesty is the best policy. If I lose honour I lose myself".
Good practices in ethical issues are needed not only to make us feel comfortable with ourselves, our company and the people related to it (employees, shareholders, customers, etc…), but they are also profitable according to many studies. For example, we could mention the study of The Economist Intelligence Unit (2008) that shows that good practices lead to a 10% increase in customers' satisfaction, between 16% and 20% increase in sales and more than 13% in cost reduction. Therefore, the best business is to be honest.
Amat, O. (2019): Detecting accounting fraud before it's too late, Wiley, New York.
Galán, A. y Cadez , S. (2017): Corporate social responsibility and financial performance relationship: a review of measurement approaches, Economic Research Ekonomska Istraživanja, 30:1.
Karpoff, J., Lee, S. Y Martin, g. (2008): The consequences to managers of financial misrepresentation, Journal of Financial Economics, num. 88.
The Economist Intelligence Unit (2008): Corporate citizenship: Profiting from a sustainable business.
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Chainsaw Safety Awareness Training (One Day)
A chainsaw is a handy but powerful piece of equipment, which can be very dangerous when not used properly. This workshop will introduce you to chainsaw safety and maintenance.
This course will cover:
If you or your staff are dealing with trees that are smaller than 5" DBH and limbs on the ground this one-day training is designed for you.
This course is worth 1 credit towards your Parks Practitioner Designation.
Please note the following PPE is required to attend this course:
Masks will be required at this training to protect against the spread of COVID-19.
Would you like to host this session?
For this session we require an indoor classroom that can accommodate 10 people and has access to a projector and screen. We require an outdoor woodlot with trees and ask that 8-10 manageable logs which are 6-10 inches in diameter and 4-10 feet long be provided for the training to practice cutting techniques.
Here's what others say about this training:
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Other rights protected under the Human Rights Act
In the UK, human rights are protected by the Human Rights Act 1998. The Act gives effect to the human rights set out in the European Convention on Human Rights.
Read this page to find out more about what other rights are protected under the Human Rights Act.
Your right to freedom of expression - article 10
Article 10 protects your right to hold opinions and express your views and ideas.
It covers - for example:
- speaking aloud
- producing works of art or music
- publishing articles, books or leaflets
- television or radio broadcasting
- right to express political views
Article 10 is a qualified right which means it can be interfered with in certain situations - for example, to protect the rights of others or for reasons of national security.
Your right to non-discrimination - article 14
Article 14 protects your right not to be discriminated against in connection with your human rights under the Human Rights Act. This means your human rights mustn’t be protected differently because of who you are. Article 14 covers discrimination because of the following things:
- political opinion
- national or social origin
- property and birth
- association with a national minority
- other status - this includes things like sexual orientation, age, transsexual people, carer status.
If you've been discriminated against you're also protected under the Equality Act 2010.
Protection of property - protocol 1, article 1
This right means public authorities have a duty not to interfere with your property unless it’s in accordance with the law and in the public interest.
Property includes things like:
- residential property and land
- your business
- intellectual property like a patent
- things you own like books, a car and furniture.
Your right to education - protocol 1, article 2
The right to education gives you the right to access the educational system and to receive an effective education. It also means the state should respect the right of parents to ensure teaching is in accordance with their religious or philosophical beliefs.
More rights protected under the Human Rights Act
Other rights in the Human Rights Act include:
- the right not to be held guilty of a criminal offence for an act which didn’t constitute a criminal offence at the time it was committed, article 7 - no punishment without law
- the right to peaceful demonstrations and the right to join and form trade unions, article 11 - freedom of assembly
- the right to marry and found a family - article 12
- prohibition of slavery and forced labour - article 4.
- What rights are protected under the Human Rights Act?
- When can a public authority interfere with your human rights?
- Who's breaching your human rights?
- Taking action about human rights
- Human Rights Act 1998
Other useful information
The European Convention on Human Rights
You can access the European Convention on Human Rights on the European Court of Human Rights website at
There is more information about forced labour on the Ministry of Justice website at www.justice.gov.uk.
Equality Advisory Support Service (EASS)
The EASS helpline can provide advice and information on human rights and discrimination issues.
Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)
You can find useful information about discrimination on the EHRC website at
For more information and advice on the different rights protected under the Human Rights Act go to Liberty’s website at
British Institute of Human Rights
You can also find more information about human rights in Your human rights guides from the British Institute of Human Rights (BIHR) at
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DVT is the leading cause of maternal death in the developed world
According to an article posted by Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy (Link posted below), Deep Venuous Thrombosis is the leading cause of maternal death in the developed world. In the same article, references are also made to the fact that DVT is 5 times more likely in pregnant women than women who are not pregnant.
It's believed that pregnant women's blood coagulates to avoid excessive blood loss in the birthing process. Of course, women who develop DVT can experience fatal symptoms such as pulmonary embolism, which is when a blood clot enters the lungs. However, DVT is often fatal for unborn babies as well since clots can enter the placenta and cut off blood supply to the child.
With that being said, why aren't ultrasounds that check for blood clots a normal part of prenatal care? If clots can be detected, it would only make sense that they are searched for early on. Isn't that what preventative medicine is about? In theory, a woman can inform her doctor of any symptoms she is feeling, which could lead to discovering a clot. However, clot symptoms (chest pain, breathlessness, warmness in legs or arms) are often brushed aside as normal pregnancy issues and often go undiagnosed. This begs the questions, why haven't prenatal appointments become more comprehensive to check for clots? Pregnant women and their babies deserve better.
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Abstract: Vulnerabilities are of course "backdoors." In this
lecture, we focus on how an attacker having obtained access to a
system carefully plants backdoors facilitating future visits. So
called rootkits also provide backdoors. These are discussed in a
- Educational Objectives
- Some Well Known Backdoors
- Backdooring Binary Objects
- Lab Experiment
- Present the backdoors installed once a system is compromised.
- Discovering and disabling backdoors.
The backdoors for most intruders provide two or three main functions.
- Be able to get back into a machine even if the administrator
tries to secure it, e.g., changing all the passwords.
- Be able to get back into the machine with the least amount of
visibility. Most backdoors provide a way to avoid being logged
and many times the machine can appear to have no one online even
while an intruder is using it.
- Be able to get back into the machine with the least amount of
time. Most intruders want to easily get back into the machine
without having to do all the work of exploiting a hole to gain
Vulnerabilities and pre-installed Trojans are of course
"backdoors." In this lecture, we focus on how an attacker having
obtained access to a system carefully plants backdoors facilitating future
visits. So called rootkits also provide backdoors. These are
discussed in a separate lecture.
Some Well Known Backdoors
Below we summarize some of the backdoors that have been in use.
- Login Backdoor:
Install a modified login so that if you typed in the backdoor
password, it would allow you to log in regardless of what the password
really is. Such a backdoor would spawn access before the user
actually logged in and appeared in utmp
and wtmp. To better hide such backdoor passwords from
commands like strings, one can encrypt and hide backdoor password
- Services Backdoor: Almost every network service has at one time or
another been backdoored by an intruder. Backdoored versions
of finger, rsh, rexec, rlogin, ftp,
even inetd, etc., have been floating around forever.
These are programs that are nothing more than a shell connected to a
TCP port with maybe a backdoor password to gain access. These programs
sometimes replace a service like uucp that never gets used or they get
added to the inetd.conf file as a new service.
A normal in.telnetd, does several checks such as the
setting of the environment variable named TERM (for terminal the user
was using). Typically, the terminal setting might be Xterm or VT100.
An intruder could backdoor it so that when the terminal was set to,
say, "letmein", it would spawn a shell without requiring any
- Cron backdoor: Cron on Unix schedules the running of certain
programs according to a configuration file. An intruder could add
a backdoor shell program to run between 1 AM and 2 AM. So, for 1 hour
every night, the intruder could gain access. Intruders have also
looked at legitimate programs that typically run in cronjob and built
backdoors into those programs as well.
- Library backdoors: Almost every UNIX system uses shared
(*.so) libraries. The shared libraries are intended to
reuse many of the same routines thus cutting down on the size of
programs. Some intruders have backdoored routines
like crypt.o and _crypt.o. Programs like
login would use the crypt() routine and if
a backdoor password was used it would spawn a shell. Therefore, even if the
administrator was checking the MD5 of the login program, it was still spawning a
backdoor routine and many administrators were not checking
the libraries as a possible source of backdoors.
Suppose we start doing MD5 checksums of almost everything. Attackers
get around that by backdooring the open() library routine and file
access routines. The backdoor routines were configured to read the
original files, but execute the Trojan backdoors. Therefore, when the
MD5 checksum program was reading these files, the checksums always
looked good. But when the system ran the program, it executed the
Trojan version. Even the trojan library itself, could be hidden from
the MD5 checksums. It is therefore necessary to statically link the
MD5 checksum checker, and be very sure of the loader.
- Kernel backdoors: The same method used for libraries for bypassing
MD5 checksum could be used at the kernel level. Even a statically
linked MD5 program cannot tell the difference.
- File system backdoors: An intruder will want to store their
"loot" on the server waiting for an opportune time to
transport it away. To hide these rather large files from an
administrator, an intruder may patch the files system commands like
"ls", "du", and "fsck" to hide the
existence of certain directories or files. In one case, an intruder
created a section on the hard drive to have a proprietary format that
was designated as "bad" sectors on the hard drive.
- Bootblock backdoors: In the PC world, many viruses hide within the
boot block section and most antivirus software will check to see if
the boot block has been altered. On Unix, surprisingly, it is not
typical to check the boot block, therefore some intruders have placed
backdoors in the boot block area.
- Network traffic backdoors: There are many network backdoor programs
that allow an intruder to set up on a certain port number on a machine
that will allow access without ever going through the normal
services. Because the traffic is going to a non-standard network port,
the administrator can overlook the intruder's traffic. These network
traffic backdoors are typically using TCP, UDP, and ICMP, but it could
be many other kinds of packets.
Administrators can spot a TCP connection and notice the odd behavior,
while UDP shell backdoors lack any connection so netstat would not show an
intruder accessing the machine. Many firewalls have been configured to
allow UDP packets for services like DNS through. Many times,
intruders will place the UDP Shell backdoor on that port and it will be allowed
to by-pass the firewall.
- Encrypted Link: An administrator can set up a sniffer trying to see
the data while a suspicious someone is accessing a shell, but an
intruder can add encryption to the network traffic backdoors and it
becomes almost impossible to determine what is actually being
transmitted between the two machines.
- Syntactic Problems in /etc/passwd: When parsing uid/gid in the
/etc/password file, most login(1) implementations will fail to detect
non-numeric characters in the uid/gid field and the standard atoi(3)
will return 0, giving super user privileges. Example:
On Linux boxes, this will give uid 0 to user rmartin.
Backdooring Binary Objects
The article by [klog] describes object backdooring methods by manipulating
This article is based on [Klaus]. The details regarding wtmp and
services can be found in Garfinkel and Spafford.
- Christopher Klaus, "Backdoors", Usenet news group article, 8/4/97.
- klog, Backdooring Binary Objects, Phrack Magazine,
www.phrack.com Volume 0xa,
Issue 0x38 05.01.2000 0x09[0x10] Recommended Reading.
- Van Hauser, Placing
Backdoors Through Firewalls, April 1998, http://www.itsecurity.com/
papers/p37.htm Required Reading after the Firewalls lecture.
- Yin Zhang, and Vern Paxson, "Detecting Backdoors", Proceedings of the 9th
USENIX Security Symposium, Denver, Colorado, August 2000. Reference
- Simson Garfinkel, Gene Spafford, Chapter 10: Auditing and Logging,
Practical Unix and Internet Security, 3rd edition (2003), O'Reilly &
Associates; ISBN: 0596003234. Required Reading.
Copyright © 2010 •
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Both loaded and unloaded roof racks create drag, reducing your vehicle’s efficiency. Credit: istock.com/Sisoje [L], flickr.com/Chris Young 43 As you get ready to hit the road this summer, with the kids loaded inside and the bikes strapped to the roof of your car, you may want to stop and consider that the roof rack on your car may be costing you as much as 25 percent more in gas. In the first study of its kind, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) researcher Alan Meier, working with Yuche Chen of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, have estimated the fuel consumption penalty of this popular and fast-growing vehicle add-on. They found that in 2015, roof racks nationwide were responsible for 0.8 percent of light-duty vehicle fuel consumption, or 100 million gallons of gasoline.
Their study was published recently in the journal Energy Policy in a paper titled ”Fuel consumption impacts of auto roof racks.” In addition to projecting the fuel consumption penalty into 2040, at which time usage of roof racks is estimated to increase by about 200 percent in the United States, they also calculated how effective various policy and technology measures would be at mitigating the penalty.
”I’ve always been intrigued by energy consumption that was somehow overlooked or ignored because, for example, it wasn’t in the test procedure,” Meier said. ”In this case the fuel consumption of vehicles with after-market accessories isn’t captured in the test procedure.”
Use of roof racks requires vehicles to expend more energy due to aerodynamic drag. While there have been studies of their impact on individual vehicles—depending on the configuration, the fuel consumption penalty can be 0 to 25 percent on passenger cars—this is the first study to estimate impacts at the national level. Moreover, use of roof racks is projected to increase given national travel trends.
”A national perspective is still needed to justify policy actions,” the authors write. ”For comparison, the additional fuel consumption caused by roof racks is about six times larger than anticipated fuel savings from fuel cell vehicles and 40 percent of anticipated fuel savings from battery electric vehicles in 2040.”
Meier and Chen used a bottom-up approach to collect data, including using online forums and crowdsourcing as data collection sources. For example, roof rack usage rate estimates were based on nationwide highway video surveys conducted by the authors and workers recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk.
”It was a way of doing a national survey on the cheap,” Meier said. ”We considered using some other sources, like toll booths, but we found the quality wasn’t good enough to figure out what was on the roofs.”
They also created an energy inventory model that included rack usage rates, vehicle stock, vehicle miles traveled through 2040, and vehicle-level roof rack fuel consumption penalties. They considered roof racks both loaded and unloaded. (See photos.)
The researchers then conducted a sensitivity analysis to understand how the national fuel consumption penalty would change with varying inputs, for example, whether vehicles are driven on the highway or not and whether racks are loaded or not. They found that unloaded cross roof racks (with crosspieces, as pictured) driven on the highway was the scenario that made the biggest difference; this is because the total miles traveled with unloaded racks is four to eight times higher than that for loaded racks.
”These results suggest that some fuel-saving policies should focus on reducing the number of vehicles driving with empty racks,” the researchers write.
So next they analyzed the impact of possible policy, technology, and behavior changes. For example, manufacturers have found that it is possible to make roof racks with greatly improved aerodynamics. A policy to require energy labeling of roof racks could spur greater changes, the researchers note.
Even greater energy savings would come from removing roof racks when not in use. Meier notes that they could be designed so as to be easier to remove. The researchers estimated that a government policy to minimize unloaded roof racks (admittedly extreme) in combination with more energy-efficient designs would result in cumulative savings of the equivalent of 1.2 billion gallons of gasoline over the next 26 years.
Explore further:Fuel economy up, but consumption up even more
More information: Yuche Chen et al. Fuel consumption impacts of auto roof racks, Energy Policy (2016). DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.031
Journal reference:Energy Policy
Provided by: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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Let's use the surname to the right as an example. If you weren't quite sure what the name was, you could use the Lookup ability of FamilySearch Indexing (FSI).
The Field Help explains you can click on the Down Arrow (circled in red in the illustration) to select surnames from the Lookup List.
Click on the down arrow and then click Lookup.... Or if you like to remember and use keyboard shortcuts, just press Ctrl-F.
Either way, FSI shows the Authorities Lookup popup window for surnames.
Type a few characters in at the top and FSI shows all the names that start with those characters.
FSI also has advanced Search Criteria for times when you can clearly read some of the characters but still can't figure out the name.
Check the box next to Use search criteria. Then fill in the letters you are confident about in the Starts with, Contains and Ends with boxes.
If no names match, then the Authorities Lookup may not contain the surname you're looking for. Or maybe you're mistaken about one or more letters. In our example, "Her" may not be the first letters.
Try experimenting with other possibilities. In our example, we've set Starts with to "H" and Contains to "lbu".
If you find the correct name, click on it and then click Accept Selected. If you don't find it, click Cancel and enter as much of the name as you can read, using "*" where there are 2 or more letters you can't read and "?" for 1 letter.
Here's an example using the given name. Clearly the name begins with "Cl" and ends with "ra", but the name seems to have too many bumps to be "Clara". Is there another name that the name Authority Lookup knows about that fits this pattern?
Yes! "Cleora" is a given name that fits the search criteria. Going back to the census image, we can see that Cleora does indeed match.
Do you have tips of your own? Add a comment below and share them.
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Sadly the Avebury monuments have suffered greatly at the hands of the more recent inhabitants of the area....It is estimated that the henge and avenues originally contained well in excess of 600 stones but so many have been destroyed that only 76 of them are now visible though excavations and surveys in recent years have revealed that at least 20 others remain buried.
Apart from the "Obelisk" all the stones that are shown on this map can still be seen by the visitor. Small crosses mark the positions where the holes of destroyed stones have been found. Of the small stones belonging to the "Z feature"six have survived.
stones of the outer circle
stones of the south entrance
the "Barber Stone"
outer stones of the northern inner circle
outer stones of the southern inner circle
stones of "The Cove"
As the stones lay on the ground the upper faces which were exposed to weathering became pitted and eroded whereas the undersides remained unaffected and relatively smooth. When the builders of the Avebury henge erected them they tended to set the least eroded faces toward the inside of the circles.
Two features within the henge have recently been discovered which await thorough investigation. These are now indicated on this plan. A survey at the end of 2003 has revealed that a number of stones remain buried around the eastern perimeter of the henge (see "The Marmalade Man").
CLICK BUTTON for a larger map showing the full numbering of the stones within the henge
CLICK BUTTON for an aerial photo showing previously unknown features inside the henge.
The obvious source of the stones used in the construction of the Avebury monuments was the Marlborough Downs about two miles to the east of Avebury itself where thousands of naturally occurring stones lay scattered on the landscape. The stones are believed to have formed from sedimentary deposits that had accumulated on top of the underlying chalk layer. Many of these downland stones have now been broken up and removed for modern building material but the National Trust plantation at Lockeridge Dene and the small valley at Piggledene preserve many of the stones and gives some idea of the abundance that was available to the builders of the henge during the neolithic period.
Computer users will find that a great many can be spotted still lying in the downland fields using the popular "Google Earth" software....The sarsens at Piggledene have become a noted environment for lichens and mosses. They can be found next to the A4 road just to the west of Fyfield.
the position of the "Obelisk"
the "Vulva Stone"
the "Ring Stone"
The surviving stones of the outer circle on the western side of the henge were found and re-erected by Alexander Keiller. When he first saw the monument only one stone in the SW quadrant was standing. The others still lay, mostly buried, awaiting re-discovery. The wonderful arc of stones we see to-day is part of the legacy he left for us to admire.
"Swindon Stone" inner face
"Swindon Stone" outer face
CLICK BUTTON for William Stukeley's assessment of the stones that formed the entire monument
CLICK BUTTON for Richard Colt Hoare's interesting
survey of the henge made in 1812
This charming engraving of the south entrance is dated circa 1830.
CLICK BUTTON for an article about
the location and formation of the stones.
My first visit to Piggledene was made more memorable by a very modern event....It was during a sunny summer afternoon when a friend and I were exploring the sarsens that a faint but thunderous rumble began to emanate from the clear blue sky above. As the sound got louder we looked up to see the unmistakable shape of Concorde at very high altitude and shining in the sun....After our initial surprise we found ourselves discussing quite what a Neolithic observer would make of such a sight and just how quickly the human race had come from flint axes to supersonic aircraft....The experience somehow served to emphasise that, when compared to the true geological age of the stones that lay around, the builders of Avebury's monuments were no more than the blink of an eye away.
CLICK BUTTON for the Google
Earth view of the Avebury area.
Formed over 30 million years ago sarsen stones lay in abundance at Lockeridge Dene. They are known locally as "Grey Wethers" due to their resemblance to sheep.
"Google Earth" view of some of the many sarsens that survive in the valley at Piggledene.
This amazing recreation by Nicholas Mann showing the central area of the henge helps emphasise the sadly depleted view we have today (scroll to view)....courtesy of Nicholas Mann
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Low Gas Prices Hurt California’s Green Energy Goals
Gas is cheap, and Californians are putting more miles on the road. That’s bad news for those hoping the state can make a difference in the world’s fight against climate change.
Thanks partly to low oil prices, Californians’ gas use is creeping up this year, despite Gov. Jerry Brown’s vow last year to cut gasoline use in half by 2030.
Recently released figures also show that even as statewide greenhouse gas emissions fell slightly between 2013 and 2014, emissions from the transportation sector rose by 1 percent. (2014 is the most recent year for which figures are available.) Transportation accounts for 36 percent of California’s greenhouse gas emissions, more than any other economic sector, so taming it will be vital from an environmental standpoint — and hard.
“One of the reasons it’s very tough to reduce emissions in the sector is that there are tremendous market barriers to clean transportation solutions,” said Simon Mui, director of the California transportation program at the Natural Resources Defense Council. Such barriers include volatile oil prices and inadequate infrastructure, he said.
Right now, low gas prices appear to be the biggest barrier. Prices across the state are down by just over 15 percent since a year ago, according to the American Automobile Association. (It may not feel that way to Californians, who pay gas prices that are considerably higher than the national average — a subject that recently caught the attention of California’s attorney general.)
People are taking advantage of cheaper gas to drive more. Sales of gasoline in California were about 2.6 percent higher in the first quarter of this year than the first quarter of last year, according to the State Board of Equalization. People are also are favoring gasoline-fueled cars over alternatives. Electric vehicles and hybrids (including plug-ins) respectively accounted for 1.4 and 6.2 percent of all new-car registrations in California in the first quarter of this year, compared with 1.7 and 7.2 percent in all of 2015, according to the California New Car Dealers Association.
Despite these headwinds, Brown has nonetheless stated his goal of cutting vehicles’ gasoline use in half by 2030. It’s a stringent target that would affect automakers, refiners and virtually every sector of the economy, and state lawmakers last year balked at writing it into law. Brown’s hopes rest partly on federal standards aimed at increasing vehicles’ fuel economy, as well as a variety of California programs to to nudge consumers toward more environmentally friendly options.
These programs include a cap-and-trade system, which impacts gasoline purchasers and refiners among others, and a low-carbon fuel standard that affects the mix of fuels available in the state.
The cap-and-trade system, for example, adds 10 cents a gallon to prices at the pump, according to Severin Borenstein, an energy expert at the University of California at Berkeley. (One oil industry group, irritated at these extra costs, is reportedly seeking to add a sticker to California gas stations that explicitly states the cap-and-trade costs.)
Mui, of the Natural Resources Defense Council, believes that California can cut gas consumption in half by 2030.
“If California sets out to meet its greenhouse gas goals as well as its air quality goals, the technologies that will be deployed are sufficient to basically halve our need for petroleum by 2030,” he said.
But Borenstein is skeptical that California can slash petroleum use over the next 14 years without drastic measures, like quickly making California’s vehicles electric. That’s tough, he said, because “the fleet turns over slowly,” he said.
Over the long term, Borenstein said, dramatic drops in gasoline use could end up reducing oil prices, in accordance with the laws of supply and demand. However, that could create a curious counter-effect: falling gas prices would make it more attractive to own gasoline-powered vehicles, and make it harder for alternative technologies, like electric vehicles, to compete. That effect could be felt far afield in the developing world, Borenstein said. There, car buyers may prefer cheap gas-powered cars.
The Western States Petroleum Association, an oil industry group based in Sacramento, successfully opposed legislative efforts last year to mandate a 50 percent petroleum reduction by 2030.
“History tells us two things; mandates designed to achieve a goal of this magnitude will require unacceptably coercive restrictions on our mobility choices and will be crushingly expensive,” the group’s president, Catherine Reheis-Boyd, wrote at the time about the legislation.
But environmental advocates say the growth of the electric car industry, led by Palo Alto’s Tesla Motors, could help the state’s economy.
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The original granite fountain memorial for the victims of the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center was destroyed when the towers collapsed on September 11, 2001. During the rescue and recovery operation, a fragment of the original memorial was found. Clearly visible was "John D," part of the name of Mr. DiGiovanni, one of the six victims. On February 26, 2005, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey joined with Governor George Pataki, Acting Governor Richard Codey, and Mayor Bloomberg to dedicate a temporary memorial to pay tribute to the victims. This fragment was preserved in the interim memorial and has now been moved to its permanent home in the 9/11 Memorial Museum. The 1993 victims are also remembered at the 9/11 Memorial Plaza. Their names may be found on the North Pool.
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In his sculpture of the 1960s Robert Morris experimented with what he called "anti-form"-- the use of pliable materials, including rubber, rope, and felt, to create sculptures whose shapes were variable and determined by natural forces such as gravity. This approach, he wrote, "results in forms which were not projected in advance. . . . Chance is accepted and indeterminacy is implied . . ."
This work consists of a stack of eight felt rectangles sliced horizontally 14 times. When laid flat on the floor, the sculpture is a minimal quadrilateral form. When hung from the wall, however, the seven covered layers fall out of their straight lines to make an entirely new, multicolored dynamic form.
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When we eat a carrot or apple today are we getting all the nutrients we have been told the food contains? The answer is no. According to the data collected by the USDA (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture), today we would need to eat five apples to get all the same nutrients that one apple contained in 1965. The same USDA data reported significant loss of minerals in both vegetables and fruits between 1940 and 1991. Some of the mineral reductions in vegetables and fruits were reported as below.
(Mineral Reductions from 1940 to 1991)
- Potassium: -16%
- Magnesium; -24%
- Calcium; -46%
- Zinc: -59%
- Copper -76%
- Iron: -27%
- Sodium: -49
- Potassium: -19%
- Magnesium; -16%
- Calcium; -16%
- Zinc: -27%
- Copper -20%
- Iron: -20%
- Sodium: -29
Many factors contribute to this loss of nutrient content. These factors include modern farm methods, soil depletion, the use of pesticides and herbicides, and imbalanced fertilizers.
A few months ago one of our readers asked me to estimate just how many people in the U.S. actually experience an osteoporotic fracture. Sometimes it is difficult to tell fact from fiction and to sort out a pharmaceutical-induced “osteoporosis scare” perception from real fracture data.
Taking this reader’s question to heart, I asked myself , “How do we really know how many people actually have an osteoporotic fracture?” It became quickly obvious that this is not an easy question to answer, largely because many people suffer “silent”spinal fractures that are never reported to physicians. In fact, it is estimated that two-thirds of all spinal fractures are undiagnosed; thus, they never enter into the official statistics. For example, my father at age 85 was in a car accident and it was incidentally discovered on x-ray that he had had two previous spinal fractures in his upper back. He had never noticed any pain, nor had any reason to think there might be a spinal deformity. Even now at age 98 he has no back pain, but has lost several inches of height.
Equally, many rib fractures are never reported. What we do know about, however, are most of the hip fractures that occur. The total number of hip fractures in the US is held to be somewhat over 300,000 a year. Some hip fractures, however, do slip by the statistics, such as the one experienced by my grandmother. At the age of 101, she fell in the bathtub and fractured her hip. She refused to go to the doctor and said that she “had taken care” of her two sons for a hundred years and they should now take care of her. She went to bed and remained there for one year to the day, at which point she died in her sleep.
So groups like the National Osteoporosis Foundation have made it their business to estimate how many osteoporotic fractures do occur. Their statistic is that one half of women age 50 and older will experience one or another osteoporotic fracture during their lifetime. Here’s a link to that statistic on their website:www.nof.org/diseasefacts.htm. They also report that one in four men over the age of 50 will also have an osteoporotic fracture in their remaining lifetime.
Granted it is in the best interest of the National Osteoporosis Foundation to seek out the highest possible fracture statistic estimates, and they likely include a great many inconsequential spinal vertebral fractures that were never noticed by the people experiencing them.
In my estimation of fracture incidence, I tend to include only fractures of significance and do not pay much attention to the undiagnosed spinal vertebral fractures. In this sense it is probably fair to say that 30% of US Caucasian women will experience one or another meaningful osteoporotic fractures in their lifetime. For example, looking at spinal fractures alone, I would mention a recent 15-year study looking at 2,700 US Caucasian women. At the onset of the study the average age was 69. Over the next 15 years, 18% of these women suffered a spinal fracture. Finally, the longer you live, the more likely you are to fracture. By the age of 90 about 32% of all females and 17% of all males in the US have experienced a hip fracture (See Susan Ott’s website:http://courses.washington.edu/bonephys/).
Cooper, C. and Melton, L.J. 1992. Vertebral fracture: How large the silent epidemic? BMJ, 304, 793-794.
Cauley, J. et al. 2007. Long-term risk of incident vertebral fractures. JAMA, 298(23), 2761-2767.
Recently, two international studies verified what we in the Center for Better Bones have been saying for years about the fact that you cannot predict who will fracture by bone mineral density.
In a 2006 German study, it was determined that 7.8 million Germans have osteoporosis as defined by bone density. That is, 7.8 million Germans have a bone density that is -2.5 standard deviations or more below the average bone mineral density of a young adult. Of this total, only 4.3% were found to experience one or more clinically recognized fractures. That is, even though millions of people have osteoporosis as defined by bone density, only 4 out of 100 of these people with osteoporosis actually experienced a meaningful fracture.
Looking at their data another way, a second group of international researchers looked at data from two large trials (the SOTI and TROPOS trials) comparing fracture incidence with bone mineral density among 6740 women. Overall, of all the fractures that occurred in both studies, only 18% occurred in women with an “osteoporotic” bone density (that is, a bone density of equal to or greater than -2.5 SD T score). The vast majority of women who fractured had an “osteopenia” bone density, not an “osteoporotic” bone density.
Haussler, B., et al. 2007. Epidemiology, treatment and costs of osteoporosis in Germany: The bone EVA study. Osteoporosis International 18(1):77-84. (Epub ahead of print Sep 2006)
Seeman, E., et al. 2008. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral fractures in patients with osteopenia. Jr. Bone and Mineral Research, 23(3), 433-438.
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For those that have been keeping up with our posts, you probably have noticed that we have finished entering census data. It has been an extremely tiring and exhaustive process for each of us in the class to digitize at least twenty sheets of census records. As we came to an end, there was a good discussion in our class about the possibilities for extrapolating information. Our Professor, David Pettegrew, showed us the ways that we could access certain information using Microsoft Access from the data we transcribed. He ran one search to find how many people in the wards had been born at sea. At least six names popped up on the screen. The interest and intrigue of those six people just became awe-inspiring and quite emotional. The actual connections to the past that had been made demonstrated the countless opportunities to unlock knowledge never before seen. It is astounding to even fathom as a nation the revelations we could find about ourselves if all census records were digitized.
As stated in one of the earlier posts, there was a standard set of information entered in the spreadsheets. If you refer to this recent post, all of the criteria seems quite interesting and somehow tangibly relates to our own lives.
As historians, we try to take this information and somehow make sense of the past and maybe give ourselves some understanding of how the world works through its societal, cultural, technological, and political advances. As stated above, separating my research objectivity with my subjective emotions is not easy and this became very apparent with one of the subject fields we had to type, categorized as “Number of Children Born” to “Number of Children Living.” The average number of children born was 3.3, the average number of children currently living, 2.4.
Looking over this data, you can see that there was at least a slight infant mortality rate. It brings to mind that this project is going to have a personal effect for those who have deep roots in Harrisburg. That’s a great mindset to have as we uncover social revelations about this city.
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Teleportation of entanglement over 143 km
Herbst et al
As a direct consequence of the no-cloning theorem, the deterministic amplification as in classical communication is impossible for unknown quantum states. This calls for more advanced techniques in a future global quantum network, e.g., for cloud quantum computing. A unique solution is the teleportation of an entangled state, i.e., entanglement swapping, representing the central resource to relay entanglement between distant nodes. Together with entanglement purification and a quantum memory it constitutes a so-called quantum repeater. Since the aforementioned building blocks have been individually demonstrated in laboratory setups only, the applicability of the required technology in real-world scenarios remained to be proven. Here we present a free-space entanglement-swapping experiment between the Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife, verifying the presence of quantum entanglement between two previously independent photons separated by 143 km. We obtained an expectation value for the entanglement-witness operator, more than 6 SDs beyond the classical limit. By consecutive generation of the two required photon pairs and space-like separation of the relevant measurement events, we also showed the feasibility of the swapping protocol in a long-distance scenario, where the independence of the nodes is highly demanded. Because our results already allow for efficient implementation of entanglement purification, we anticipate our research to lay the ground for a fully fledged quantum repeater over a realistic high-loss and even turbulent quantum channel.
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About 50% of adults around the world, or 2.5 billion people, lack access to bank accounts. The majority are in developing countries and live on less than $2 a day. Forced to live on cash, they are open to theft of their meager savings, often have higher transaction costs, and lack access to credit to help lift their fortunes.
A simple account isn't a magic wand, but it can play a role in getting people to the next rung of the economic ladder. As a new report from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation puts it, financial tools "give poor people greater ability to capture opportunities and move out of poverty at faster rates, while slowing the rate at which they are knocked back into poverty due to adverse shocks."
The Gates Foundation has made financial inclusion a priority, and has invested millions in better data to track the problem. Last year, it launched the Global Findex with the World Bank—a database about financial inclusion based on interviews with 150,000 people in 148 countries. Now, it has released a series of interactive maps that give a mile-by-mile picture of financial capabilities in Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda, with plans to add more countries, including Kenya and Bangladesh, soon.
The layered maps give banks and card companies a clear picture of the opportunities. The "layer list" on the left allows you to toggle information (branches, ATMs, mobile money outlets) on and off. You can view the current state of cellular coverage, and where location of population centers. Most importantly, you can run a "buffer analysis," showing services within a radius of any given location.
The purpose is to give a more fine-grained picture of financial services on the ground. Current measures, like how many ATMs a country has per 100,000 people, give an overall sense, but miss the smaller details that matter to communities living in poverty.
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The exciting future of education with virtual reality
- Posted by Annabel Astbury |
- Thursday 23 February 2017, 01:48 PM (EST)
Over the next few years we will see an explosion of virtual reality in consumer entertainment and educators cannot miss the potential that it offers, especially in this period of changing and improved pedagogies. Annabel Astbury, Head of Digital Education at the ABC, writes.
The Horizon Report: 2016 K-12 Edition, a report which provides a technology forecast for educational institutions, suggests virtual reality (VR) will be adopted by classrooms within two to three years. Even though virtual reality has started to take off in sectors like news making, gaming and digital marketing, the education sector does not seem to have the range of great experiences that VR can offer.
The education sector is not usually an early adopter of these new technologies – and for good reason. Educators will want to ensure that it enhances and improves educational outcomes for learners. And most educators will recognise the fact that VR cannot be used in the classroom context teaching with nineteenth century pedagogical approaches. This is often the biggest problem when using such technologies in the classroom, dooming their implementation for failure with little or no educational impact.
But, while it may be a little way until we are all donning our VR headsets in the classroom or projecting holograms of ancient Mayan ruins in the school library, there is still something exciting about examining this technology and seeing the potential positive impact it could have on learning.
While there are no doubt other benefits to using this technology, I think that VR technologies will have a positive impact in the areas of inspiring wonder and curiosity, developing new creative skills and offering authentic “learn by doing” experiences.
Judging from the work that is being done in education around VR though, I feel that the most powerful learning experiences are those that foster community and collaboration, and empower the user to empathise.
VR experiences can result in deeper learning
In one project run by the US-based group Global Nomads, Californian high school students viewed a VR film that depicted life in war-ravaged Syria. They then connected with a class in Syria to discuss and share daily life, their own understandings of the conflicts and experiences of what it’s like to be a teenager in the world. This type of well thought out program can be very powerful and one that no doubt can have a lasting impact on students, resulting in deeper learning and community and global action.
Media Literacy expert Renee Hobbs recognises that the virtual environments that require students to access, analyse, create, reflect and take action, using a variety of print, visual, sound and digital texts, tools and technologies, should be the types of environments used in the classroom. Certainly, these hallmarks can be seen in the Global Nomads program.
Virtual reality is the tipping point for innovation in education
The success of technology, such as games and VR, in the classroom is usually due to the efforts of a pioneering cohort, who work against a strong tide that’s judiciously pragmatic. And, it's usually this tide that cannot see the immediate educational potential of such content – especially when there are so few great examples available in the education market.
It is understandable then that the idea that such “entertainment” could be useful in the classroom is anathema to these educators with their prudent resistance. Perhaps this is why Google's approach to using VR in an education setting with their Google Expeditions program has had such a warm reception. Its gentle way of introducing VR into the classroom has an appealing and believable proposition of "going" somewhere where you can't take your students. It is arguable that this may not be the most innovative use of VR in an education setting but it definitely gets educators on board with the technology, and through its ease of use gets them thinking about its potential to enhance learning.
There is no doubt that virtual reality technology can conceivably enhance and improve learning, but it simply won’t make the cut if the content is poorly crafted, without the delicate collaboration that’s required between content makers and educators. As such, we need to provide solutions to the “solvable” problems outlined in the Horizon Report that impede technology adoption in schools by providing authentic learning experiences, rethinking the roles of teachers, and changing policy and practice so that rapidly developing and accessible technologies like VR are a part of the “usual” classroom experience in the twenty-first century, not the exception.
It will take some work and we can start now with tools and content that are available. The Pollyanna spirit in me knows we can achieve this and that this technology is an exciting tipping point for innovation in education.
Image: NMC/CoSN Horizon Report: 2016 K-12 Edition [cropped].
28 February 2017, 07:50 PM (EST)
Love Love Love this idea. As a pre-service teacher, I can see major potential with this technology in history, geography, science, humanities, the arts, heck lets say the whole curriculum. It enables education to go beyond the classroom walls and provide opportunities that will engage students and help them to become better global and local citizens. I am so excited about using this technology in the classroom.
01 March 2017, 11:01 PM (EST)
I think VR is going to be very beneficial for students and teachers. Its going to be a better way of learning.
01 March 2017, 11:30 PM (EST)
Yes I am agree with the virtual reality because it is the different way for studying
25 April 2017, 07:45 AM (EST)
I'm already observing worksheets appearing..Google expeditions are locking down the experience and turning education into school.. The desperately needed innovation is in assessment! Reward for effort, recognition of improvement rather than high achievement. Many Ss(and Ts) won't play if they cannot 'win'. Several VCE studies are witnessing self selection where students choose other 'easier' avenues to a high score.
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The bird of paradise is a plant native to South Africa. This plant is a relative of the banana tree. The bird of paradise received its name because the flower looks like a bird in flight. The leaves are around 6 inches wide and 18 inches long. This is a tropical plant, grown as a houseplant in places where the temperature gets below freezing. Collecting your own seeds is an economical way to save money that you would otherwise spend in purchasing a new plant or seed. You can give the seed away to family or friends, or sell it online or at farmer's markets.
Things You'll Need
Envelope or sealable bag
Watch the bird of paradise for seedpods after it has flowered.
Pick the seedpods when they are mature. You can tell they are ready to pick then the pods are tan colored with dark brown stems. The pods are woody and pointed with large, shiny black seeds inside. The bird of paradise seeds have a woolly orange tuft on them.
Have a bag or a bowl ready, because the seedpods may be opening at this point and you do not want to lose them.
Put the seeds in a paper-towel-lined tray so they can finish drying.
Pop the pods open and remove the seeds. Place the seeds back on the tray and allow to dry completely.
Place the seeds in an envelope or sealable bag.
Label the outside of the envelope with the contents inside, the color of the flower and any other information you may need. Inside the plastic bag, you can write the information on a piece of paper and put it inside with your bird of paradise seeds.
Store the envelope or bag in a cool, dry place until ready to plant.
Before planting, soak the seeds for 24 hours. Remove the orange tuft and scratch the outside of the seed coat with a sharp knife.
Bird of paradise seeds are slow to germinate. It can take 8 weeks or longer. For your plant to bloom, it will take another 4 to 7 years.
Saving your own seed will help save money and you can use these seeds in seed swaps.
Parts of the bird of paradise plant are poisonous if ingested.
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Seasonal change on Saturn’s large moon, Titan, is creating new cloud patterns at Titan’s south pole. The image just below shows the south pole of Titan in natural color. Look toward the bottom of the image, for a vortex. NASA reported on this vortex over Titan’s pole in July 2012 and said then it was a sign that autumn and ultimately winter were on their way to Titan’s southern hemisphere. Then yesterday (April 11, 2013), NASA said that an ice cloud, detectable only at infrared wavelengths, also has formed over Titan’s south pole.
Titan’s north pole also has an ice cloud, according to observations made since at least 2006 by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft (it has been orbiting Saturn, moving among Saturn’s moon since 2004). No one knows yet what sort of ice is in the cloud, whether it might be water, or perhaps more likely frozen methane. The northern ice cloud is now fading, NASA says. Since the northern ice cloud was seen during northern hemisphere winter on Titan, it’s logical to assume it’s a wintertime phenomenon. Now the seasons on Titan are changing, and winter is coming to the opposite part of Titan’s globe. It’s no surprise, then, that NASA is now seeing signs of a southern ice cloud.
The ice cloud taking shape over Titan’s south pole is setting off what NASA called “a cascade of radical changes in the atmosphere of Saturn’s largest moon.” It’s evidence that an important pattern of global air circulation on Titan has reversed direction. Donald E. Jennings, of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland and lead author of the recent study of Titan’s southern ice cloud, said:
We associate this particular kind of ice cloud with winter weather on Titan, and this is the first time we have detected it anywhere but the north pole.
Bottom line: Since Cassini first began orbiting in and among Saturn’s rings and moon in 2004, it has been winter in the northern hemisphere of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. One sign of that northern winter was an ice cloud above Titan’s north pole. Now an ice cloud is forming above Titan’s south pole, as the seasons shift toward winter on that part of Titan’s globe.
Deborah Byrd created the EarthSky radio series in 1991 and founded EarthSky.org in 1994. Today, she serves as Editor-in-Chief of this website. She has won a galaxy of awards from the broadcasting and science communities, including having an asteroid named 3505 Byrd in her honor. A science communicator and educator since 1976, Byrd believes in science as a force for good in the world and a vital tool for the 21st century. "Being an EarthSky editor is like hosting a big global party for cool nature-lovers," she says.
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[Blog] Women’s role in the Palm Oil Industry in IndonesiaDec 24, 2015
At first glance, the palm oil industry in Indonesia may seem like a labor force managed by men using large mechanical tools and carrying heavy loads of fruit. However, with a closer look into the contributions of both men and women in the palm oil sector, the common perception of work on palm oil plantations in Indonesia may change. In fact, according to a report conducted by the Food and Agricultural Organization, 61% of women in rural Indonesia work in the agricultural labor force.
As the world’s top palm oil producer, Indonesia benefits highly from the profits of the industry. An estimated 4.5 percent of the nation’s overall annual GDP is contributed to by palm oil, with a total of 14 percent contributed to by the agricultural industry (Ecosystems Alliance, World Growth). However, in the face of recent environmental disasters such as forest fires and concerning deforestation rates in Indonesia, there is an increasing need to capitalize on environmentally friendly agriculture productivity by intensifying existing plantations to improve environmental and human sustainability. Enhancing the capacity of women in the palm oil industry would be a giant leap in this direction.
Beginning in 2014, UNDP Indonesia partnered with the Ministry of Agriculture to form the Sustainable Palm Oil Initiative (SPOI). With various facets of the project, SPOI hopes to challenge the ‘business as usual’ approach in the palm oil sector through its support of environmental sustainability and human sustainability, as mutually dependent and beneficial.
In Indonesia, both men and women contribute significantly to the work and function on palm oil plantations; however, their contributions and assigned tasks vary. More often than not, men are responsible for picking palm oil fruit from the tops of the trees and driving large trucks to transport the fruit to the collection site. Nonetheless, women are also typically responsible for work on the plantation involving fruit collection from the ground, application of pesticides and fertilizers, and management of finances.
A mother of three children working alongside her husband on a commercial plantation in the regency of Kampar, Riau explained her role in picking up the collected fruit from the ground. She mentioned that her work contributes significantly to her husband’s overall output of palm oil fruit collection. Another middle-aged woman based in the Kampar region described her role distributing cash and handling the finances for her husband and other palm oil farmers through an effective mobile banking system. She highlighted that the skill of handling finances was unique to the women in the community.
Disadvantages in the work of women on palm oil plantations include a lack of pay allocated for jobs completed on the plantation. In addition discrepancies between women and men regarding land ownerships, female workers on palm oil plantations are not paid fairly for their contributions. Women are often unpaid for fruit collection from the ground as the contributions are often used to help their husbands meet the production quotas rather than for personal profit. If the total average monthly wages in Indonesia are indexed to 100, then agricultural wages average 54 and female agricultural wages average 44.
Women working in the palm oil sector are also more exposed to chemical toxicity as their work often involves spraying pesticides and fertilizers. Chemical toxicity is particularly harmful for women who are pregnant or those who may become pregnant in the future as levels of chemical toxicity can be transmitted to the fetus unknowingly. High levels of chemical toxins have also been reported to cause blindness through exposures to the face.
In addition to the impact on women on the plantations, environmentally irresponsible practices on palm oil plantations have led to environmental degradation from the palm oil industry causes deforestation, a decrease in groundwater, and pollution from run-off in nearby lakes and rivers. As a result, it is difficult for women to gather firewood and access clean water for household chores like washing, cooking and cleaning.
Based on the findings from research and fieldwork surveys, the project is working to ensure gender equal engagement and benefit in all efforts towards environmental sustainability. SPOI aims to empower both men and women through engendering the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification training. By targeting concerns of health and safety, specifically when handling chemicals and preventing pollutant run-off, SPOI will address issues particularly relevant to men and women to ensure gender equal benefit. The initiative is also working to support the inclusion, representation and benefit of women and men in the National Action Plan on Sustainable Palm Oil, Indonesian Palm Oil Platform and community-level sustainability awareness campaigns.
Enhancing the capacity of women and protecting their wellbeing is a win-win outcome not only for the environment and rural economies, but for the productivity of the palm oil industry as an entity.
Story by: Hilary Grantmyre
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CC-MAIN-2018-39
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http://www.id.undp.org/content/indonesia/en/home/presscenter/articles/2015/12/24/-blog-women-s-role-in-the-palm-oil-industry-in-indonesia-.html
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Thursday, 28 January 2016
The First Women in Canada to Get the Vote
One hundred years ago today on January 28, 1916, women in my home province of Manitoba became the first in Canada to obtain the right to vote. I like knowing that my grandmother and great-grandmother were legally enfranchised on this date. No longer were Manitoba women classified along with "children, idiots and criminals" as legally incompetent to exercise the central right of citizenship -- the right to vote.
Led by the Political Equality League of Manitoba, a long campaign for female suffrage had been waged throughout the province. But unlike the violence of the British suffrage movement, the vote in Manitoba was won through peaceful means -- pamphlets, lobbying, petitions, public debates and satirical mocking of anti-suffrage arguments.
The long-time Conservative premier of Manitoba, Sir Rodmond Roblin, consistently refused to enact female suffrage, saying it was supported only "by short-haired women and long-haired men." Homophobic slurs have a long history in the fight against feminists and their allies! But once Premier Roblin was turfed from office in a corruption scandal, his Liberal successor Premier Norris promised to enact votes for women if a petition with 20,000 signatures could be produced. The Political Equality League presented him with a petition of 40,000 names and the deed was done.
One of the most prominent members of the Political Equality League of Manitoba was Nellie McClung, a popular author of the time. She later moved to Alberta and became one of the "Famous Five" group of women who successfully sued to have women recognized as "persons" under Canadian law, equal to men.
Saskatchewan and Alberta followed close behind Manitoba in extending suffrage in 1916. It is thought that the prairie provinces were more open to the idea because men understood perfectly well the central role that pioneer women had played in homesteading and settling the west. It was harder to portray women as too inherently weak to engage in society's issues.
Canadian women obtained full voting rights in federal elections in 1918. Quebec women had to wait the longest for the right to vote -- until 1940 -- because of the conservative Catholic Church's unyielding grip on Quebec society.
First Nations women and men could vote only if they legally surrendered their treaty status and rights under the federal Indian Act. This fundamentally unjust condition was not removed until 1960.
And what about "children, idiots and criminals," the other categories of people who were all forbidden to vote a hundred years ago? Following the 1982 enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, our courts recognized the voting rights of people living in mental institutions in 1988 and of prisoners in penitentiaries in 2002. So today, only children under the age of majority still remain on the list of those citizens who are legally disentitled to vote.
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This text contains a lot of information. Some parts might be relevant to a particular difficulty but most will not. Several parts of this text might all turn out to be relevant at the same time, and each of them relating to a different step or process. That is because there is usually more than one way to resolve a dispute and you will have to decide which option is the best one for you. This chapter explains how to figure out which parts of this text are relevant, and things you should consider when deciding between relevant parts, steps or processes.
On this page:
- Consider taking legal advice
- What is the problem?
- Identify and assess the issues
- Consider the options
- Raise the problem
- When there is no response
- Leveraging security
- Credit reporting
- Threat of litigation
- Claiming legal costs
- Claiming interest
- Statutory demands
- If there is (still) no response to any threat, demand or other action
- Abandoning the matter
- Attempting to negotiate or engage in alternative dispute resolution
- Giving up control over your part of the problem or taking control of other parts
- Commencing litigation
- Assessing risks and rewards
- Assessing costs and benefits
- When an argument is raised
Consider taking legal advice
If trouble finds you and you want to know how to deal with it then it may be wise to engage a lawyer to assist you at an early opportunity. A lawyer might identify issues and solutions you would not have, recommend which of many options is best for you, and save you time and costs.
See the part about using lawyers for information about engaging lawyers and what to expect from them.
What is the problem?
You will not be able to figure that out without first identifying, in a very general sense, the kind of difficulty you are faced with. So you need to ask what the problem is about. For example:
1. Has a crime been committed?
2. Is there a contract?
3. Has property been damaged?
4. What relationships are involved?
Is it to do with employment?
Employment difficulties have to be treated differently from the other kinds of difficulties that are addressed in this text. That is because the law imposes rights and obligations on parties in an employment relationship that it would not necessarily impose on those parties if they were not in that relationship. The consequence is that your options may be restricted right from the moment an employment problem is raised.
If employment issues are involved then the parts of this text that deal with employment difficulties could be relevant.
Identify and assess the issues
The next step is to identify all relevant issues and assess your legal position in relation to them. Legal advice can be particularly valuable for this step. Issues might not be properly identified or assessed without legal training and experience.
Examples of the kinds of issues that could be relevant:
1. Time limits for raising or responding to the problem
2. Rules for raising or responding to the problem
3. The legal status of the parties involved and the grounds for their involvement
4. Rules that apply to the kind of problem in question
Consider the options
Available options are defined by your legal position. Generally, you could:
1. Do nothing
2. Report the problem to an authority or some third party
3. Address the problem with the party or parties who are at the cause
Whether any one of these is reasonable or appropriate will depend on your particular situation. This text is about addressing the problem with the parties at the cause of it. It covers raising a civil problem with someone and responding when a problem is raised with you.
Raise the problem
There are many different ways to raise a civil problem with someone. Discussing it with the other party first may be sensible and appropriate. A friendly approach might be for the best if the parties are in a productive relationship that could be maintained. An overly assertive or aggressive approach at an early stage might cause the other party to resist simply because they do not want to be bullied or cast as ‘the bad guy’. It may be that you can resolve the problem at this point and no further action is necessary.
However, if the problem is confirmed, continues or escalates then you may be required to resolve it in a certain way. Such requirements may have been agreed in contract or imposed by law.
Contracts sometimes include terms requiring the parties to raise and respond to problems in a particular way. Examples:
Either party might have to give written notice of a problem within 20 days of becoming aware of it. The other party might then be required to respond within 20 days or be taken to have waived its ability to argue.
The parties might agree that they cannot file a court case before going to mediation or arbitration first. They might have also agreed to how a mediator or arbitrator is to be appointed, and the procedure that is to apply.
However, it is important to note that some of these kinds of contract terms may not actually be enforceable. Legislation may provide for disputes to be resolved by a particular process, and the parties may not be able to contract out of that.
Section 238 of the Employment Relations Act 2000 provides:
The provisions of this Act have effect despite any provision to the contrary in any contract or agreement.
Section 4(1A)(b) of that Act “requires the parties to an employment relationship to be active and constructive in establishing and maintaining a productive employment relationship in which the parties are, among other things, responsive and communicative”.
Consequently, employment problems are generally expected to be raised and discussed informally at first instance. A more formal meeting or notice may be called for if that does not resolve the matter, and mediation may follow.
That is because the Employment Relations Authority must consider referring the parties to mediation if the problem escalates that far anyway, so there is an incentive to mediate before involving that Authority. If the parties do not settle in mediation then the Authority may be called upon to investigate.
Refer to the employment chapter for more detail.
Section 81 Residential Tenancies Act 1986 provides:
(1) A provision in any tenancy agreement to which this Act applies, or in any other agreement entered into by the parties to any such tenancy agreement, to exclude or limit –
(a) the jurisdiction of the Tribunal; or
(b) the right of any person to invoke that jurisdiction –
shall be of no effect.
(2) Without limiting the generality of subsection (1), the Tribunal shall have jurisdiction in respect of a claim notwithstanding any agreement relating to the matter that provides for –
(a) the submission to arbitration of any dispute or difference; or
(b) the making of an award upon such a submission to be a condition precedent to any cause of action accruing to a party to the agreement.
There is no requirement to try to work through a problem with the other party before making an application to the Tenancy Tribunal, but it seems sensible to do so. The problem you thought you had might not turn out to be a problem at all, or it could be resolved quickly and simply.
In any event, you can begin a case by filing an application at a Tenancy Tribunal office. Like the Employment Relations Authority, the Tenancy Tribunal may refer the parties to mediation if that seems a reasonable way forward. If mediation does not result in settlement then the dispute could progress to a hearing in the Tribunal.
See the tenancy tribunal chapter for more detail.
Section 91 of the Motor Vehicle Sales Act 2003 provides:
(1) A provision in any contract to exclude or limit the jurisdiction of a Disputes Tribunal or the right of any person to invoke that jurisdiction has no effect.
(2) A Disputes Tribunal has jurisdiction despite a provision in any contract that provides for –
(a) the submission to arbitration of any dispute or difference arising under that contract; or
(b) the making of an award upon such a submission to be a condition precedent to any cause of action accruing to a party to that contract.
As with residential tenancies, it seems sensible to try to work through problems as best you can before commencing legal action.
You can bring a case before the Motor Vehicle Disputes Tribunal by making an application to that Tribunal. The Tribunal then refers your application to the other party involved and asks that other party to discuss the matter with you and report back to the tribunal on whether or not a settlement is reached. The matter could progress to a hearing in the Tribunal if settlement is not reached.
See the motor vehicle disputes tribunal chapter for more detail.
When there is no response
A more forthright approach may be called for if a party does not respond to first attempts to raise a problem. That could involve a threat of litigation or, if a debt is owed, leveraging security, credit reporting or making a statutory demand under section 289 of the Companies Act 1993.
‘Leveraging security’ can mean selling assets or taking bond money. Any assets would have to be given as security first though, and they could only be sold in accordance with the terms of whatever security agreement was made.
Mortgages and charging orders can secure real estate and give you power to sell in circumstances regulated by the applicable laws and any agreed terms. The Property Law Act 2007 relates to mortgagee sales and the High Court Rules relate to sale of property charged with a charging order.
A charging order is an order of a court that secures payment of a judgment debt. Charging orders can be registered on titles to real estate but they can also be made in relation to other assets. The High Court can make a charging order before judgment is actually given or on an interim basis. The District Court has a more restricted jurisdiction in relation to charging orders, and the Disputes and Tenancy Tribunals do not have jurisdiction at all.
The Personal Property Securities Act 1999 relates to security agreements for moveable assets. Those are described as personal property. The Personal Property Act relates to the repossession and sale of secured assets. It also regulates how sale proceeds are to be divided up between others with security in the same asset.
If your debtor is a company then your security agreement may entitle you to appoint a receiver. The Receiverships Act 1993 relates to receiverships.
How to go about appointing receivers or selling secured assets is beyond the scope of this text. However, it may be worthwhile to consider the potential risks and rewards as well as costs and benefits before commencing any action to leverage security. That would necessarily involve weighing costs against potential returns and risks of resistance and retaliation. See the part ‘if there is (still) no response to any threat, demand, or other action’ below for the kinds of considerations you may want to take into account
It may be that you would consider it worthwhile to make a threat to leverage security before going any further. In that case refer to the ‘threat of litigation’ part that follows (albeit as applied to leveraging security rather than litigation).
Listing a debt with a credit reporting agency may put pressure on your debtor to account to you for that debt. Whether you can actually list a particular debt is a matter for the agency in question.
As with leveraging security, it may be worthwhile to consider potential risks, rewards, costs and benefits before taking this step, and equally worthwhile to consider making a threat of credit reporting before going further. See the chapter ‘if there is (still) no response to any threat, demand, or other action’ below for more on analysing your options, and ‘threat of litigation’ in relation to threats of credit reporting (albeit as applied to credit reporting rather than litigation).
Threat of litigation
A threat of litigation may be appropriate where there is no security to leverage or where leveraging security has not resolved the problem (i.e. where proceeds of a mortgagee sale are not enough to pay off the debt secured by the mortgage).
The point of a threat of litigation is to warn of potential litigation and thereby create an opportunity to avoid it. It can be in the interests of all involved to avoid litigation if possible because of the potential risks and costs involved.
An effective threat of litigation normally includes four things:
1. clearly identify the problem;
2. demand a remedy within a specified timeframe;
3. threaten litigation if the demand is not complied with; and
4. make reference to the potential costs and/or claim for costs if litigation commences.
So there is a kind of carrot and stick approach where there is an incentive to meet the demand and a penalty otherwise.
It may be appropriate to describe the legal basis of the court case that may be brought, which court you would go to and which remedies you would claim. You may say you would claim damages plus legal costs and interest for instance. You might also be able to name specific figures or other relief that would be claimed, and if so it may prove worthwhile to communicate those figures or relief. That is because they may help the other party understand what is being argued over, and the figures could be used as reference points in any settlement negotiations that follow.
See those parts of this text that relate to jurisdiction and remedies in order to identify which court you might need to go to. You should also consider taking advice about your legal position and the kind of remedies available in particular. Legal advice can often prove especially valuable in relation to those.
Caution against blackmail
It is important to recognise that you would only be threatening a civil case for a civil remedy. You would not be threatening to go to the police unless the other party does what you are asking. That may amount to blackmail, and blackmail is a crime.
Section 237 of the Crimes Act 1961 provides:
(1) Everyone commits blackmail who threatens, expressly or by implication, to make any accusation against any person (whether living or dead), to disclose something about any person (whether living or dead), or to cause serious damage to property or endanger the safety of any person with intent –
(a) to cause the person to whom the threat is made to act in accordance with the will of the person making the threat; and
(b) to obtain any benefit or to cause loss to any other person.
(2) Everyone who acts in the manner described in subsection (1) is guilty of blackmail, even though that person believes that he or she is entitled to the benefit or to cause the loss, unless the making of the threat is, in the circumstances, a reasonable and proper means for effecting his or her purpose.
(3) In this section and in section 239, benefit means any benefit, pecuniary advantage, privilege, property, service, or valuable consideration.
Claiming legal costs
Different forums deal with legal costs differently.
It is generally expected that, where a judgment is given in an Employment Relations Authority, District Court or High Court case, the losing party will have to pay legal costs to the successful party. Costs are awarded at the discretion of those forums however, so they cannot be assured.
A party may have agreed in contract to pay the actual legal costs of the other if successfully sued. The District Court and High Court may award actual costs in accordance with such agreement so long as they are reasonable. Actual legal costs are less likely to be awarded where there is no contract for them, and those Courts will often apply a formula intended to result in an award that is two thirds of the costs actually incurred by the successful party.
The jurisdiction of the Disputes Tribunal, Motor Vehicle Disputes Tribunal and Tenancy Tribunal to award costs is much more restricted. The default position is that costs will not be awarded.
Awards of costs are addressed in more detail in those parts of this text that relate to each specific forum.
If the parties have specified some rate of interest in a contract then that rate may apply to monies due under that contract. Interest clauses may be unenforceable for a variety of reasons however, and any default rules may be applied as an alternative.
Interest in the High Court, District Court and Disputes Tribunal
If the High Court, District Court or Disputes Tribunal makes an order requiring one party to pay money to another, then they can award interest on that money also. The interest can run from the date when the cause of action for the money arose until the date when the order for that money is made. Currently, interest awarded cannot be more that 5% per year. The relevant law is the Clause 4 of the Judicature (Prescribed Rate of Interest) Order 2011, the District Courts (Prescribed Rate of Interest) Order 2011, and the Disputes Tribunals (Prescribed Rate of Interest) Order 2011.
Interest in the Employment Relations Authority
Section 11 of Schedule 2 of the Employment Relations Act 2000 provides:
(1) In any matter involving the recovery of any money, the Authority may, if it thinks fit, order the inclusion, in the sum for which judgment is given, or interest at the rate prescribed under section 87(3) of the Judicature Act 1908, on the whole or part of the money for the whole or part of the period between the date when the cause of action arose and the date of payment in accordance with the determination of the Authority.
(2) Without limiting the Authority’s discretion under subclause (1), in deciding whether to order the inclusion of interest, the Authority must consider whether there has been long-standing and repeated non-compliance with a demand notice.
The rate prescribed under section 87(3) of the Judicature Act 1908 has been amended by the Judicature (Prescribed Rate of Interest) Order 2011, and currently sits at 5% per year.
Interest in the Motor Vehicle Disputes Tribunal
The jurisdiction of the Motor Vehicle Disputes Tribunal to award interest is not expressly provided for in the Motor Vehicle Sales Act 2003. Section 89(1)(b) gives jurisdiction to make any order that a court or the Disputes Tribunal may make in relation to specified sections of specified Acts. Namely:
(b) make any order that a court or a Disputes Tribunal constituted under the Disputes Tribunals Act 1988 may make under, –
(i) in the case of proceedings under the Sale of Goods Act 1988, section 53 of that Act; or
(ii) in the case of proceedings under the Fair Trading Act 1986, section 43(2) of that Act; or
(iii) in the case of proceedings under the Consumer Guarantees Act 1993, section 39 or 47 of that Act; or
(iv) in the case of proceedings under the Contractual Remedies Act 1979, section 9 of that Act.
Consequently, the Motor Vehicle Disputes Tribunal may award interest where it orders a party to pay money to another in accordance with those sections of the Acts described. That is because a court may make an order for interest on money from the time of the cause of action to the time of judgment. The reasoning is that the money was properly due from the time the cause of action arose, and interest would compensate the successful party for being deprived of it while matters worked their way through the court system.
Interest in the Tenancy Tribunal
Jurisdiction for the Tenancy Tribunal to award interest is not expressly provided for either. Section 78(1)(d) of the Residential Tenancies Act 1986 gives jurisdiction to make an order that a party pay money to another. Subsection (h) provides the Tribunal may also make “any other order that the High Court or District Court may make under any enactment or rule of law relating to contracts”. Those Courts may order a party to pay damages for breach of contract and, as above, interest on damages as well
A statutory demand is a formal demand for payment on a company or other corporation that is made in accordance with section 289 of the Companies Act 1993. It may follow a threat of litigation (or threat of a statutory demand) although it is often more efficient to use the demand as a substitute. That is because the demand is a kind of threat of litigation itself, albeit that there is less of an opportunity to avoid litigation if there is some dispute about the existence of the debt.
Section 289 Companies Act 1993 provides:
(1) A statutory demand is a demand by a creditor in respect of a debt owing by a company made in accordance with this section.
(2) A statutory demand must –
(a) be in respect of a debt that is due and is not less than the prescribed amount; and
(b) be in writing; and
(c) be served on the company; and
(d) require the company to pay the debt, or enter into a compromise under Part 14, or otherwise compound with the creditor, or give a charge over its property to secure payment of the debt, to the reasonable satisfaction of the creditor, within 15 working days of the date of service, or such longer period as the court may order.
The minimum “prescribed amount” of a statutory demand is $1,000. This is as provided by section 5 of the Companies Act 1993 Liquidation Regulations 1994.
A statutory demand should not be issued if there is a genuine and substantial dispute about the existence of the debt. That is because the demand would amount to an abuse of process in those circumstances. See Taxi Trucks Ltd v Nicholson 2 NZLR 297.
The basic rule is that if a debt is disputed then it should be resolved in the ordinary course. You are not allowed to shortcut the court process or other dispute resolution process by issuing a statutory demand. To try to shortcut a process in that way would amount to an abuse.
Section 290 of the Companies Act 1993 provides:
(4) The court may grant an application to set aside a statutory demand if it is satisfied that –
(a) there is a substantial dispute whether or not the debt is owing or is due; or
(b) the company appears to have a counterclaim, set-off, or cross-demand and the amount specified in the demand less the amount of the counterclaim, set-off, or cross-demand is less than the prescribed amount; or
(c) the demand ought to be set aside on other grounds.
(5) A demand must not be set aside by reason only of a defect or irregularity unless the court considers that substantial injustice would be caused if it were not set aside.
(6) In subsection (5), defect includes a material misstatement of the amount due to the creditor and a material misdescription of the debt referred to in the demand.
The situation is somewhat different when a dispute is not genuine or substantial. The High Court does not require creditors to go through a dispute resolution process without good reason. So the Court may dismiss an alleged dispute summarily if it is satisfied that there is no real question to be tried. Factors that the Court may consider when deciding whether there is a real question to be tried includes whether the evidence of an alleged dispute:
1. conflicts with undisputed documentary evidence;
2. conflicts with other statements made by the same witness or ‘deponent’; or
3. is inherently improbable.
The High Court is entitled to take a robust and realistic approach where the facts justify that course of action.
It would be for the High Court to decide whether an alleged dispute is genuine or substantial because that is the court you would have to go to if you wanted to set aside a statutory demand. Debtors often argue statutory demands should be set aside because they have a genuine and substantial dispute, and it is up to the High Court to decide whether that is actually the case.
Section 287 of the Companies Act 1993 causes a debtor to be presumed insolvent unless it either complies with a statutory demand or otherwise applies to set it aside within 10 working days of the demand being served. If the debtor does not comply within time or successfully set the demand aside then it risks being put into liquidation.
‘Liquidation’ is when a ‘liquidator’ is appointed to take over the affairs of a corporation. It often results in the liquidated corporation being wound up or finished. It is a kind of death for a corporation, so the risk of liquidation over a debt provides a strong incentive to either pay the amount claimed by a statutory demand or otherwise fight that demand.
Finally, a statutory demand is of course pointless where a debtor corporation is already in liquidation. In that case you would pursue your debt under the rules that relate to corporations in liquidation.
So the criteria for when you can issue a statutory demand are:
1. You must be owed a debt of $1,000 or more.
2. The debt must be owed by a corporation.
3. The corporation must be incorporated and not in liquidation.
4. The debtor must not have a set off that is the same as or more than the amount being claimed.
5. There must not be a genuine and substantial dispute about the existence of the debt.
See the liquidation chapter for more detail.
If there is (still) no response to any threat, demand or other action
If you do not receive any response to any threat, demand or other action such as leveraging security, then it might be worth assessing risks, rewards, costs and benefits of the options available to you before going any further. It may prove worthwhile to have a lawyer help you with this.
The particular options that are available would depend on the particular problem you have. Generally, however, your options may include:
1. Abandoning the matter altogether.
2. Making further demands, threats of litigation or repeating other action already taken.
3. Attempting to negotiate or engage in alternative dispute resolution.
4. Giving up control over your part of the problem or taking over other parts.
5. Commence litigation.
Other options may of course be available depending on the particular problem. Employees, for example, may be able to raise a personal grievance. See the parts of this text that relate to particular kinds of problems for more, but note that this text may not address all options available in every circumstance. Again, legal advice could be particularly valuable here.
Abandoning the matter
This option would involve you simply walking away from the problem and, presumably, putting the matter to rest. This may be appropriate where the risks of further action outweigh the probable rewards, or where the likely costs would not justify the benefits to be had. If the other party is probably insolvent, for example, then you may form the view that pursuing the matter any further would be throwing good money after bad.
Repeating other action already taken
Here you would repeat action already taken, such as making a demand or threat of litigation. If these steps were not particularly effective the first time around then it may be difficult to see why you should repeat them unless something has changed.
Attempting to negotiate or engage in alternative dispute resolution
It is difficult if not impossible to negotiate with someone who is not responding to you, although there may be some obligation on you to make an attempt.
It may also be worthwhile to make a written offer to settle the matter for something less than all you may be legally entitled to. Such an offer may be called for where the potential rewards of litigation or other action are somewhat marginal when compared with the potential risks, or where further action is not attractive for other reasons.
You may find that an offer to settle for a discount would promote negotiation, but if not then it could improve your position on a claim to costs if the matter were to proceed further. See the settlement chapter for more.
As with negotiation, it is difficult if not impossible to compel an unresponsive party to engage in an alternative dispute resolution process. However, you may find that there is some obligation on you to at least make an attempt. There may be a clause in a relevant contract that requires you to attempt alternative dispute resolution such as mediation before commencing litigation or other action. See the alternative dispute resolution chapter for more detail.
Giving up control over your part of the problem or taking over other parts
These kinds of options can be overlooked sometimes. There can be a variety of different ways to give up your part of the problem or take over other parts, including:
If your problem is collecting a debt, then you may be able to sell the debt to someone. You would receive some value and the buyer would take over your collection problem.
Buying out a company
If your problem is with a company then you may be able to buy out that company and resolve the problem upon taking control.
Winding up an organisation
This is a fairly extreme solution that may be available to you if your problem belongs to a company of yours rather than belonging to you personally. It would involve putting your company into the hands of liquidators, who may resolve the problem in the course of winding up the company. That you would have to wind up your own company is an obvious potential drawback. Legal advice and accounting advice may be worthwhile when considering this option.
Litigation is often regarded as the final resort because it is the most costly and risky option. Your litigation options would depend on the kind of problem you have and the remedies you would like to achieve.
See those parts of this text that relate to jurisdiction and remedies in order to identify which court you might need to go to. You should also consider taking advice about your legal position and the kind of remedies available in particular. Legal advice could be especially valuable in relation to those.
Assessing risks and rewards
A risk / reward analysis involves first identifying the risks involved in a particular option and the potential rewards that option has to offer. Then you weigh up the risks against the rewards to help you decide whether the option is one that you would like to take. Legal advice could be worthwhile to help you with this assessment.
Obvious potential rewards or remedies can be everything you consider you are entitled to. However, sometimes you may have several different kinds of remedies available to you but can chose only one. Kinds of remedies can compete with one another or be mutually exclusive. You may not be entitled to several different remedies at once if that would involve ‘double dipping’.
Common risks include:
1. That you might lose your case or otherwise find out you are not actually entitled to everything you think you are.
2. You may not be awarded costs, less costs than you hoped or even end up with a costs award against you.
3. You may face retaliation such as a counterclaim.
4. You may face negative publicity.
5. The dispute might become more expensive than you thought at first. This can happen when another party makes allegations that cause complications.
6. You may not recover all that you are entitled to even if you win your case. For example, if the defendant is insolvent then it may not be able pay the amount of a judgment in your favour. See those chapters dealing with enforcement for more.
Assessing costs and benefits
This is can be a fairly straightforward commercial type of assessment if you consider ‘costs’ and ‘benefits’ in simple money terms: If your irrecoverable costs would be the same as or greater than the benefits of any further action then it may not be sensible to take matters any further.
‘Irrecoverable costs’ means those costs that you would probably not recover from anyone else if you were to take the matter further. There is some overlap with the litigation risk assessment here. The most obvious risk being that you could end up throwing good money after bad. See those parts of this text that deal with costs for some idea of the costs that may become associated with your particular problem, what portion of those may be recoverable and what portion may not be.
‘Costs’ and ‘benefits’ can mean more than just money though: They can include things like reputation, relationships and the certainty that comes with setting a legal precedent. Creditors, for example, may want to avoid a reputation for being soft on their debtors and chose to litigate even though the financial costs might end up outweighing the financial benefits. Similarly, businesses that use the same standard contracts for a great many deals might chose to litigate in order to establish how those contracts should be interpreted (and thereby achieve some certainty about that).
A lawyer could help you to quantify the immediate financial aspects of any further action, but might not be well placed to help weigh up other items such as reputation in a particular marketplace or relationships with particular businesses or consumers.
Information to be assessed
What is relevant to any assessment will usually depend on your particular situation. Some information that is usually worth taking into account includes:
1. Strength of your position
It might not be wise to take a matter further if you cannot make out a claim in law or prove it with evidence. A decision can be more difficult where the law and the evidence is unclear. It could be worthwhile to invest in legal advice about this.
2. Solvency of parties
If a party is insolvent unable to pay you or ‘insolvent’ then there might be little point in proceeding further. You could be throwing good money after bad.
You can check whether a corporation is in liquidation, receivership or struck off by looking it up on the companies office website: business.govt.nz/companies. Similarly, you can check whether a natural person is or has been bankrupt on the website for the insolvency and trustee service: insolvency.govt.nz.
A party if obviously insolvent if it is currently in liquidation or bankruptcy. Whether the party is insolvent or about to become insolvent but has not yet been put into liquidation or bankrupted is more difficult to figure out. A credit check or search for securities may help but cannot be taken to be complete or conclusive on their own. Just because a party has given an asset as security does not necessarily indicate anything about its financial position. Uncertainty is something to be factored into a risk assessment.
Searching for securities
Security can be given over real property and personal property there are government registers of both.
‘Real property’ means land or real estate. Mortgages can be registered against land, as can charging order and caveats. These can be called ‘encumbrances’ or ‘instruments’. All operate to secure the real estate for whomever registered them.
Titles to real estate, registered proprietors and encumbrances are recorded electronically on a system maintained by Land Information New Zealand. The system is called Landonline, and it is available to registered users such as lawyers and conveyancers.
A lawyer or conveyancer registered to use Landonline may be able to search that system for property registered to (and securities registered against) the party you have a problem with, or otherwise Land Information New Zealand itself may be able to help you: linz.govt.nz.
If the party you have the problem with owns ‘unencumbered’ real estate then they probably have some equity they could use to pay you. See the parts of this text dealing with enforcement if you remain unpaid despite a determination in your favour. It may be that you could first secure and then sell the real estate in order to get paid.
‘Personal property’ means assets that are not real estate such as vehicles, equipment, shares and money. You can find out whether a party has given security over personal property by searching the Personal Property Securities Register run by the companies office: http://www.ppsr.govt.nz.
3. Locating parties
Natural persons can sometimes be difficult to locate. You should not have the same problem with a company or other incorporated entity because they have to provide address details on the relevant registers. See business.govt.nz/companies.
However, upon searching the appropriate register you may find that the incorporated entity has been ‘struck off’. Struck off entities no longer exist, so you could not take any further action against them. You may be able to apply to revive the entity and reinstate it to the register so that you can proceed, but that is beyond the scope of this text.
You can face a similar problem with natural persons who have passed away and where their estate has been distributed. Otherwise you may not be able to find someone because he or she does not want to be found. It could be pointless to incur the costs of commencing action only to find that you cannot proceed further because you cannot serve a party or, if you obtain an order for substituted service, because you would probably not be able to effectively enforce any judgment against them. See the parts of this text that deal with service and substituted service for more detail.
If you cannot easily locate a party then you could consider engaging a ‘skip tracing’ agency or otherwise a private investigator to find him or her for you. Some skip tracing agencies conduct their business from their offices, gathering data and phoning known associates of the ‘subjects’ they are attempting to locate. You might expect private investigators, on the other hand, to leave their offices and go out ‘into the field’ where office-based searches are insufficient.
4. Locating assets
As with parties, if you want to take action against a specific asset then you might want to find out where it is first. You may regret obtaining a New Zealand court order for possession of something only to find out it is somewhere in Columbia. It might have been more efficient to file your court case where you expected to enforce a judgment. Or perhaps abandon the matter altogether if enforcement prospects were not good and the risk of not being able to enforce could not justify the potential rewards.
A private investigator may be able to help you to locate specific assets if you have difficulty doing so yourself. If security is registered against the asset then the Personal Property Securities Register may be of some assistance. See ppsr.govt.nz. If the asset is land then see the part that deals with ‘real property’ above.
When an argument is raised
If a party responds to your first attempts to resolve a problem by arguing with you then you should identify your options and assess the costs, benefits, risks and rewards of each. You may need to investigate the merit of the argument before you could complete those assessments and make an informed decision.
Your options may include:
1. Abandoning the matter altogether. See the ‘abandoning the matter’ part of chapter addressing options under the heading ‘if there is (still) no response to any threat, demand, or other action’ above for more about this.
2. Making a threat of litigation, ‘Calderbank’ offer and/or attempt to negotiate a settlement. See the ‘threat of litigation’ and settlement chapters above for more.
3. Leveraging security. See the part of this text dealing with ‘leveraging security’ above for more.
4. Credit reporting. See the part of this text dealing with ‘credit reporting’ above for more about this option.
5. Issuing a statutory demand. See the part of this text dealing with ‘statutory demands’ above for more, and also the liquidation chapter.
6. Attempting to engage in alternative dispute resolution such as mediation, conciliation or arbitration. See the chapter about alternative dispute resolution for more detail about the various alternatives to resolve disputes other than through litigation.
7. Giving up control over your part of the problem or taking over other parts. See ‘giving up control over your part of the problem or taking over other parts’ under the heading ‘if there is (still) no response to any threat, demand, or other action’ above for more about this.
8. Commencing litigation. See those chapters dealing with litigating in various forums for more on this option. Keep in mind that this is not a comprehensive text dealing with every available forum and option. Forums addressed include:
8.1. Disputes Tribunal
8.2. District Court
8.3. Employment Court
8.5. High Court
8.7. Tenancy Tribunal
Regarding some of the matters you should take into account when considering your options, see those parts of this text above under the headings ‘assessing risks and rewards’; ‘assessing costs and benefits’; and ‘information to be assessed’.
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Note: This material is taken from NASA Technical Report TR R-252, Syncom Engineering Report Volume II with some editing.
This Syncom Engineering Report, is based on material furnished by the Hughes Aircraft Company and the U. S. Army Satellite Communications Agency, and will cover the launch of the Syncom III satellite, its performance during the first 100 days in orbit, televising of the 1964 Summer Olympic Games by means of the satellite, and various communication tests conducted with it. Syncom III is one of three communications satellites designed and built by Hughes for the Goddard Space Flight Center which have been launched into synchronous orbit. Syncom I was successfully launched in February 1963, but radio contact with the spacecraft was lost shortly after the apogee motor was fired, probably because of an explosion of a nitrogen control system tank. Syncom II was successfully launched in July 1963, becoming the world’s first operational synchronous satellite. This satellite was eventually placed at an area of low perturbation forces over the Indian Ocean after all control system propellant had been expended. From this position it has provided communication links between the Far East, Africa and Europe.
After the launch of Syncom II, the following modifications were made in the Syncom spacecraft:
- The nitrogen control unit was replaced with a second hydrogen peroxide control unit.
- The apogee motor timer was deleted and redundant provisions were made for a firing by ground command.
- Four temperature sensors were provided instead of the previous two sensors.
- The standby battery was eliminated.
- The P-N type solar cells were replaced by N-P cells and the 0.006-inch cover glass was replaced by 0.012-inch fused quartz covering.
- The 500-kc bandpass communications channel was eliminated and replaced by a 10 Mc bandwidth channel for television tests with a 50-kc option for small station testing.
Prior to the Syncom III launch, booster thrust limitations precluded any attempt to reduce the inclination of the Syncom orbit with maneuvers during the boost phase of launch. As a result, Syncom II, although in a synchronous orbit, moves 32″ north and south of the Equator daily. The ultimate objective of synchronous communications advocates has been to place a satellite into synchronous orbit in the equatorial plane. The satellite would then appear to remain stationary and would permit the use of fixed ground antennas without the expense of costly tracking systems. The achievement of this objective by Syncom III became possible with the development in early 1964 of the higher powered Thrust Augmented Delta launch vehicle that could provide enough thrust to permit in flight maneuvers to decrease the orbit inclination.
With the Summer Olympic Games of 1964 scheduled to be held in Japan in early October, the use of Syncom III to present live television coverage of the Olympic Games for the American public became a second launch object.
Syncom III was launched on 19 August 1964 from Pad 17A at Cape Kennedy, Florida. The launch was near-perfect. The maneuver to reorient the third stage for firing at the Equator crossing was also near-perfect. Third stage burn was good, but coning was experienced after burnout. Syncom III separated with a 14-degree attitude error. Seventeen hours and fifteen minutes later, as the spacecraft approached its second apogee over South America, this error was corrected and the spacecraft was oriented to the proper attitude in preparation for apogee motor firing. At third apogee, 29 hours and 2 minutes after liftoff, at a point above the Equator in Borneo, the apogee motor was fired. Syncom III went into synchronous equatorial orbit and later was maneuvered to a position above the intersection of the Equator and the International Date Line.
Since the launch of Syncom III, the following achievements have been recorded, demonstrating the operational and economic advantages of the synchronous communication satellite:
- The satellite was put into synchronous equatorial (stationary) orbit over the International Date Line. Ground stations are able to acquire the satellite and lock their antennas in place.
- The first 24 hour-per-day, 7 day-per-week reliable communications network has been established across the Pacific Ocean.
- Live television of the Olympic Games from Japan was a technical success.
- The first communications through an orbiting satellite to a commercial airliner in flight was demonstrated.
- The narrow bandpass transponder (50 kc) has provided small-station communications capabilities.
The performance of Syncom III has been excellent and no malfunctions have occurred. The satellite has been in almost constant operation since lift off. The only times the transponders have been off was during apogee motor firing and for a few hours each day when the satellite was in the eclipse season.
The Syncom spacecraft shown in Figures II-1 and II-21 is a spin-stabilized vehicle incorporating electronic, propulsion, and control elements, plus an electrical power supply and a structure. These are described briefly in the following paragraphs.Communication Subsystem
The communication subsystem is a redundant, frequency-translation, active-repeater system. Incoming signals from either one or two ground stations at a frequency of approximately 7400 Mc are received by an antenna with a pattern which is symmetrical about the satellite spin axis.
These signals are supplied to two receivers, only one of which is operating at any one time, the desired receiver being selected by command.
Both receivers are wide band, one with a bandwidth of 4.5 Mc between half-power points and the other with a bandwidth of 13.5 Mc between half-power points. In addition, the bandwidth of the 13-Mc receiver can be switched to 50 kc. Each receiver consists of a mixer, a local oscillator, an IF amplifier, and a limiter amplifier.
When simultaneous two-way, narrow-band communication takes place (duplex operation), the two signal channels are passed through the wide-band amplifier and its limiter. They then modulate the transmitter and are transmitted with power levels approximately proportional to their received signal level.
The command subsystem consists of receivers, decoders, and an antenna unit shared with the telemetry subsystem. The antennas consist of two pairs of whips connected through baluns to the two inputs of a hybrid. The two outputs of the hybrid correspond to the two polarization modes of the whips acting as a turnstile system. Each output is connected to a diplexer. Each diplexer provides 148-Mc command signals to a receiver and accepts 136-Mc telemetry transmission from a telemetry transmitter.
The two command receivers are identical, parallel units each with mixer, IF amplifier, and AM detector. The detector outputs of the two receivers provide audio output tones recovered from the modulation on the command transmission from the ground. Each command receiver is associated with one of the two redundant command decoders. Either receiver/decoder can exercise complete command control of the spacecraft.
The telemetry subsystem consists of the antenna (shared with the command subsystem), two transmitters, each with its associated encoder, and the signal conversion elements. The 1.25- watt, 136-Mc transmitter is phase-modulated by a subcarrier which, in turn, is frequency- modulated by a time-division-multiplexed modulator that samples the amplitude of the various sensor signals. Certain critical control signals bypass the time-division-multiplexed modulator and are permitted to phase-modulate the telemetry transmitter directly.
Each transmitter and its associated encoder is one of a redundant pair, each pair operating at a unique frequency. Only one of the transmitter-encoder subsystems is permitted to function at one time, the power to the other subsystem being automatically turned off when the one is turned on. On command, encoder 2 may be disconnected, thereby removing the telemetry modulation and leaving the telemetry carrier to serve as a tracking beacon for the Minitracknetwork.
Orbit Injection Propulsion
The Syncom orbit injection propulsion subsystem supplies the boost necessary to inject the spacecraft into a nominally synchronous, circular orbit after the vehicle has reached the apogee of a transfer orbit at the required altitude. The spacecraft is launched into the transfer orbit by the Thrust-Augmented Delta vehicle.
The propulsion subsystem consists of a single solid-propellant rocket motor. This motor is required to impart a velocity increment of 4696 fps to the spacecraft, which initially weighs 144.77 pounds. The following parameters apply to this motor:
Specific impulse 274.2 seconds
Propellant weight 60.5 pounds
Case and nozzle weight 10.5 pounds
(including provision for attachment)
Motor weight 71.0 pounds
Diameter 12.0 inches
Payload 75.8 pounds
The required performance and objectives given above are met by the JPL rocket engine designated the Starfinder.
The control subsystem consists of the components necessary to establish the desired longitude, to maintain a synchronous orbital velocity, and to orient the satellite spin axis from boost attitude to operating attitude. The subsystem consists of two pulsed-jet hydrogen peroxide propulsion units for velocity and orientation control, solar sensors, and control circuits. An accelerometer for indicating firing is part of the control subsystem.
Electrical Power Subsystem
The electrical power subsystem consists of silicon solar cells, a nickel-cadmium battery, combined voltage regulators and switches. The subsystem is capable of supplying approximately 31 watts without drain on the battery when the satellite is not shadowed by the earth. The solar cells are arrayed on the external cylindrical surface. In the operating configuration, the sunline will be within 25 degrees of normal to the axis of the cylinder, a condition met by suitable choice of launch time.
The spacecraft structure includes a central, circular member with the separation flange for the Delta third stage at one end and attachment fittings for the apogee motor at the other end. A circularly symmetric bulkhead with reinforcing ribs on the separation side is attached to the member. The electronic units, gas tanks, and four solar cell panels are mounted to the bulkhead. The separation end of the central circular member carries the folding communication antenna. The whip antennas are attached at the apogee motor end of the solar cell panels. Both ends are closed by thermal shields; the shield at the antenna end also serves as an antenna ground plane.
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Adding fractions can be confusing for some students. Help them by modeling addition of fractions with these free pie puzzles.
If you have ever taught adding fractions to children you have probably seen this.
1/4 + 1/4 = 2/8
Even in a classroom filled with fifth-grade students, I’ve seen this. And every time this equation floats across my desk, or wiggles in the air on a white board…. alarms go off in my head. It is a warning that this child has a misunderstanding of fractions. That somewhere along the way they just didn’t get it.
What to do?
The first step could be simply to go back to the basics. Get out the manipulatives and let them “play” with fractions again.
Check out this series Math Geek Mama and I did on building fraction sense. It will give you great ideas!
Secondly, I love spending a few minutes working on fractions every day. This daily fraction printable has children drawing models, creating equivalent fractions, filling out numbers lines, and more every day. This repeated exposure is exactly what some of our children need to be successful.
Next, it is important to provide lots of experiences in adding fractions. One way is to grab some fun activities that help our students visualize what is happening when we add fractions. These free Pie Puzzles will do just that!
Prep Work for Pie Puzzles for Adding Fractions
Neenah Exact Vellum Bristol, 8.5Scotch Thermal Laminating Pouches, 8.9 x 11.4-Inches, 3 mil thick, 100-Pack (TP3854-100)Scotch PRO Thermal Laminator, Never Jam Technology Automatically Prevents Misfed Items , 2 Roller System (TL906)
Modeling Addition of Fractions
Pie Puzzles for adding fractions is an easy activity to help children visualize adding fractions, and there are three different levels you can use with your kiddos.
First, I would recommend starting with the puzzles that have all pictures. These pictures are awesome for modeling addition of fractions….especially as they relate to food!!
Allow the children to study them and figure out what the two parts would equal if the pictures were combined. As they work through the puzzles, make sure you are having them verbalize the fraction each pie represents. Once your little ones have mastered that part it is time to move onto the next step.
The second step is to pull out the puzzles with one fraction in them. After working with the pictures, the goal is for our youngins to be able to look at one pie and know what fraction is needed to get the sum.
Finally, pull out the puzzles that have fractions for the addends and the pie for the sum. Here is where the rubber meets the road. After playing with the models, can our students correctly add two factions???? Hopefully, connections have been made that will allow them to be successful in this final transition.
If they aren’t able to perform this last step, no worries. Take a step back and let them play with the other puzzles some more, or head back up to that list of manipulatives and play with adding the manipulatives.
Before long, your little ones won’t have any problem adding 1/4 + 1/4! You’ve Got This
Assess your student’s knowledge of adding fractions with these printables. Get them at my TpT Store.
Other Fraction Activities:
How to Teach Fractions from The Measured Mom
Fraction Snowflakes from Royal Baloo
Equivalent Fraction Game from Math Geek Mama
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Stressed about the ins and outs of pathophysiology? Gain confidence, with the newly updated Pathophysiology Made Incredibly Easy!®, 6th Edition.
Offering helpful learning aids that boost your understanding and retention, this colorfully illustrated, enjoyable text offers all the vitals: cell development, the infection process, cancer warning signs, abnormal cell growth, and more. Packed with easy-to-remember definitions and plentiful illustrations, this supportive guide is the ideal study partner and on-the-job reference for new nurses, students, and all healthcare practitioners.
Be expertly guided into a solid foundation in pathophysiology, with:
- NEW and updated content in a quick-read, bulleted format
- End-of-book learning support that includes a “Practice Makes Perfect” practice test
- Dozens of colorful diagrams and illustrations that outline core terms and concepts, with easy-to-retain definitions for:
- Pathophysiology basics – cellular structure; how cells reproduce, age, and die; adaptive cell changes; the concept of homeostasis and how it affects the body; the causes of disease; and the disease development process
- Infection, cancer, and genetics – the body’s defense mechanisms against infection, types of infective microorganisms and how they invade the body, common infectious disease pathophysiology, classifications of cancer, warning signs of cancer, the cancer metastasis process, the role of genes and chromosomes, how cells divide, and genetic abnormalities
- Cancer as it affects individual body systems – cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, gastrointestinal, endocrine, renal system, hematologic, immune, integumentary, sensory, and reproductive system
- Special chapter features include:
- Just the facts – a quick summary of content at the start of each chapter
- “Nurse Joy and Jake” – expert insights that explain key concepts, provide important care reminders, and offer reassurance
- Now I get it! – illustrations and flowcharts that explain difficult concepts
- Battling illness – the latest treatments for diseases and disorders
- The genetic link – connections between genetics and many common disorders
- Memory joggers – memory tricks and other aids that help you understand and remember difficult concepts
- That’s a wrap! – a quick review of chapter content
- Quick quiz – multiple-choice questions after each chapter that help you retain knowledge
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW)
Product Type: Book
Author/Editor: Rebar, Cherie R.; Heimgartner, Nicole M.; Gersch, Carolyn J.
Dictionaries & Word References
Edition: 6th Ed.
Pathophysiology Made Incredibly Easy!
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How Blacklists Work
|synonyms:||boycott, ostracize, blackball, spurn, avoid, embargo, steer clear of, ignore; More
A blacklist is a list of IP addresses or domains that are suspected of sending spam. Email servers use blacklists to help decide if they should accept or reject an email. When used correctly, blacklists help keep the bad stuff out of inboxes.
Blacklists identify spammers by the IP address or domain they send email from.
An IP address is a string of numbers that identifies the network of any device connected to the internet. It’s like a return address on an envelope, and is associated with a human-readable domain. Since the IP address tells other devices where data is coming from, it can be a good way to track bad content.
Blacklists can list a single IP address or a range of IPs. Internet service providers (ISPs) reference these lists to block potentially malicious emails from their customers. MailChimp monitors and handles any major blacklisting.
What is a greylist?
A greylist identifies the IPs or domains of bulk senders. This list is useful if a private domain does not want to receive email marketing of any kind. It’s not unusual for MailChimp to show up on these lists because we are a bulk email provider. Although many greylists won’t remove you once you’ve been added, being included on one doesn’t usually affect email delivery.
What about greylisting?
It can be confusing, but the term “greylisting” refers to an unrelated anti-spam technique. Greylisting happens when a server blocks delivery and asks the sender to send the email again in a few minutes. This is a popular way to fight spam because a legitimate sender will wait to try delivery again but spammers often don’t.
How blacklists affect delivery
Anyone can set up a blacklist for their own email server and share it with the public, so not all blacklists are created equal. Smaller blacklists don’t have much influence with bigger internet service providers, and unless your server references that blacklist, you won’t see any bounces.
Certain blacklists carry more weight and are more likely to cause bounces. We actively monitor reputable blacklists, including (but not limited to) Spamhaus, Invaluement, Barracuda, Frontbridge, SURBL and the URIBL blacklist. If a MailChimp server ends up on one of these lists our Delivery Team investigates the cause and get us removed as quickly as possible.
Larger ISPs often have their own internal blacklists that cannot be looked at by outsiders but can cause bounces. We pay close attention to our delivery rates for those domains so we can prevent blocks and quickly resolve any problems that come up.
Blacklists are useful, but they’re just one part of email delivery. Keep your lists up to date and engage your contacts to help make sure your email is delivered.
I think I’m on a blacklist
Blacklists exist to do good spam-fighting work, but they’re not perfect. Sometimes blacklists confuse legitimate senders for spammers. If you find yourself on a blacklist, don’t worry, it’s usually temporary. There’s not much you can do, but most of the time it won’t affect your email delivery.
So, what happened? IP addresses can end up on blacklists for lots of different reasons. A sudden increase in email volume can be a red flag for blacklists. Or, if a MailChimp user sends an email campaign to an stale list of people who forgot they ever opted in, a large percentage of those people could report the email as spam.
Those types of complaints could cause the MailChimp server to be temporarily blacklisted. Plus, if someone in an IP range has been identified as a spammer, the whole range might be added to a blacklist.
A lot of blacklists automatically remove addresses after some time has passed without any spam attempts. Some smaller blacklists might not have a removal option, but they aren’t likely to be referenced. MailChimp keeps an eye on major blacklists and takes action for quick removal.
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An organisation can find it hard to devise and develop a course that has learning objectives consistent with that organisation’s business aims. In many cases a course is built around objectives that aren’t clear and this negatively impacts those using the online tools. This leads to a situation where the objectives weren’t clear at the outset, ensuring that the outcome is a failure to meet the objectives set.
This lack of clarity does present problems for a business and the success of an e-Learning course is not the adoption of this learning model but the outcome. Without clear objective a course cannot even fulfil its most basic aims.
Establish clear goals
There are a number of areas that need to be considered to develop a successful and enticing course.
It’s a good idea to ask these questions right at the start:
- Why is this course being developed?
- What’s the expected outcome for participants?
- How can we meet the objectives set?
An information-based course must have a goal that’s clear and easy in terms of its application. In many instances, the goal isn’t based on immediate performance expectations. An organisation has to realise that offering a course will not change the inherent behaviour and interactions of employees. Instead a course should be developed that reinforces positive traits and reminds the employees of the organisation’s moral and ethical perspectives.
A business can use e-Learning to support its rules on employee behaviour and reiterate the way that it wants its staff to interact with co-workers and bosses. In this case an information based course and its assessment is limited (usually) to one point at the end of the year. The objective then is simple; certify familiarity of the organisations policies by a specific date.
There is another course type to consider known as a performance course. This course is different from the information course and its objectives are more far-reaching. A performance course is measured through change, so it’s about teaching, rather than reinforcing knowledge.
Both course types are valuable and it’s up to the organisation to choose which one suits its employees the best. There are benefits to each approach and it’s likely that a forward thinking business could even integrate the two successfully to create a singular course that encompasses both e-Learning approaches mentioned.
There are a number of simple approaches to developing learning objectives and it’s important to be aware of your intentions and for those using your e-Learning services to be aware of those aims too. At the heart of creating a strong and useful learning objective is the determination of the action required. The question to ask is, “What will this objective look like when I see it applied?”
If you’ve managed to identify your action, you can then measure the effectiveness of your course. A badly devised learning objective is hard to measure, intangible really, and even harder to see in action. Define exactly what you want in the clearest terms possible and how you will see it in action.
Break down your learning objective further
When you have a learning objective in mind you’ll likely find that it’s fairly large and over arching. If you consider it in enough depth, it’s probable that you’ll be able to break down that objective even further into manageable sub headers and categories. The learning objectives often appear as a larger goal, which is a good, basic aim that should be measureable.
To achieve the larger objective it will more than likely require other actions. These actions should also be identified and the steps to determining each sub category should be similar to the ones you embarked on to discover your key-learning objective.
This means, that for your course to successfully meet the main learning objective, it has to first hit each and every sub-category. These smaller secondary objectives are nearly as important as the larger objective and each step towards achieving them means that the main aim is increasingly likely to be attained.
The power of the list
Lists are always useful and when it comes to determining your objectives they can be applied well. Write a list with your main learning objective at the top and then list all of the periphery actions required to achieve that goal. Each action should clearly support your over all objective.
The smaller objectives can serve as modules within the course and they provide smaller chunks of learning that your employees can use to gauge how well they’re doing. It can help a business determine if the course is headed in the right direction and whether learning is moving towards the final goal.
E-Learning is a burgeoning market and it’s a good idea to remember that successful implementation of this online approach relies heavily on good course design and management. Make sure that you identify clear objectives, good smaller goals, and develop a course that engages with users and helps them to achieve the collective goal that benefits both them, and your business.
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While reading I sometimes come across some sentences like
Where 使って is word just like an adverb which modifies 切る.
So I looked up a little more about the Te form and I found this:
Which I think it shows how you do the main verb using the Te form verb before it as an adverb which modifies the main verb.
Could someone give me a good explanation about Te form and 付帯状況?
Is the Te form just an adverb?
Or is it like a relative clause but instead of making a relative about a noun it makes an adverbial clause which shows how the next verb is done?
(The the form somehow reminds me of V1ことで...V2, by doing (through) V1 I do V2 or V1 is how I do V2. This is just how my mind sees it and I don't claim that is correct, but can someone tell me if I am wrong?)
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As the president of Texas, Mirabeau Lamar had a grand vision for expanding the Republic into New Mexico. He would send an expedition to Santa Fe in order to convince the people of New Mexico to join Texas.
Lamar selected José Antonio Navarro as a commissioner for the quest. He knew that Navarro was a respected statesman, but beyond that he was also a prominent businessman and an expert on Mexican law. Navarro also spoke Spanish and could help negotiate with the New Mexicans.
Navarro had every reason to reject Lamar’s overture. The 46-year-old father of seven had several growing business interests. He was also an important civic leader in San Antonio. His health was uncertain, and a childhood leg injury promised to make the long journey very difficult for him.
Yet Navarro knew that he must accept. He had seen the promise of the Texas Revolution turn sour for many Tejanos. They had joined the fight for independence but now were increasingly targeted as enemies by vengeful Anglos. Navarro’s service would prove Tejano loyalty to the Republic. He said, “My participation would serve…to avoid a crisis among my fellow citizens.”
The ill-fated Texan-Santa Fe Expedition left Austin in the summer of 1841. Navarro traveled with 320 soldiers and 21 ox-drawn wagons. The wagons were piled high with $200,000 in trade goods—the equivalent of $5.5 million today.
The expedition was a disaster from the beginning. Water was scarce, and the group got lost on the high plains. Several men deserted and some died on the way. Finally, after a punishing three-month journey, the bedraggled group arrived in New Mexico. They were met by an overwhelming force of 1,500 Mexican soldiers. The Texans had no choice. They surrendered without firing a shot.
The prisoners were marched 1,500 miles to Mexico City. Waiting for them was Santa Anna, anxious to exact revenge for his defeat at San Jacinto. Santa Anna was especially eager to punish Navarro, who he considered a traitor. After vigorous diplomatic efforts by the United States, Mexico finally agreed to release the Texans and send them home. Yet, Santa Anna refused to free Navarro. He was convicted of treason and sentenced to death.
But Santa Anna offered Navarro a deal: if he renounced Texas, he would be forgiven and allowed to take a prominent government position in Mexico. Navarro refused. He remained in prison for more than three years, never knowing what day he might be taken out and shot. Finally, with the help of sympathetic Mexicans, he escaped and returned to Texas.
Navarro arrived home in mid-winter, 1845. He was just days from turning 50. He was considerably grayer and in failing health. Texans welcomed him as a great hero. He had proved his valor and courage as a prisoner of Santa Anna. Even under the threat of death, he remained a true Texas patriot, stating, “I have sworn to be a free Texan, and I shall never forswear.”
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How to play (stream) a programme
The simplest way to play a programme is known as streaming. You can stream on computers, consoles and smartphones.
What connection do I need for streaming?
We recommend an internet connection speed of at least 1 Mbps (Megabit). Broadband, cable and 3G should all provide this. Dial-up internet will not provide a good enough connection. Refer to our Internet Speed Checker FAQ for more details.
What does my computer need for streaming?
To be able to stream programmes, your computer needs version 10.2 or higher of Adobe Flash installed.
If you’re having problems with streaming, check your computer has the latest version of Flash. Adobe provides Flash for Windows, Macintosh and Linux.
You’ll need version 10.2 or higher of Flash to watch programmes in full screen.
Get the latest version of Flash for your computer from the Adobe website.
The BBC is not responsible for content or software downloaded from external sites.
How to use the player when streaming
Click through to a programme you want to watch. Provided you’ve got Flash installed, you’ll see an image of the programme with a Play icon.
Hit Play and the programme will load. You’ll see a short BBC trail before the main programme starts.
Use the slider to move forward and back through the programme. The player shows the duration of the programme and how much time has passed.
You can Pause the programme at any time and adjust the Volume. You can also play the programme in Full screen. To exit Full screen, hit Escape on your keyboard.
The play controls will remain onscreen while the cursor (arrow/mouse pointer) is resting on the bar. If you move the mouse the bar will disappear.
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Why don’t we show students how to manage money?
When was the last time you spent a whole day not having to think about money, not having to make some kind of financial transaction or not considering a money related decision? … Struggling?
Russell Winnard, a former teacher who now works for education charity Young Money (formerly pfeg), says that whenever he asks teachers this question, they are usually a few who tentatively suggest Christmas, but the vast majority cannot think of one day in which they have not interacted with money in some way.
This is exactly why it is so important that we educate all young people in the essential knowledge, skills and attitudes relating to money before they reach independence.
Disconcerting Misconceptions Children Have
“You don’t have to pay back the money you spend on a credit card.”
“If you run out of money, you just go to one of those special money shops on the high street.”
Both of these statements have come directly from the mouths of young people. Initially, it is surprising, even disturbing to hear such statements, but is it really so unexpected if we are not providing this education in school?
Money Management in the Curriculum
Financial education is actually on the Secondary National Curriculum in England, and has been since 2014, but you’d be forgiven for not knowing about it – there has not been any support from the government for teachers in delivering this crucial area. And let’s not forget how important financial education is for younger children in primary school. This early formative stage in a young person’s cognitive development is crucial in developing attitudes and behaviours in relation to money that may remain for the rest of their lives.
Financial Education CPD
Young Money supports teachers to develop and deliver high quality financial education, so that eventually every young person can leave school more able to make informed financial choices and be better prepared for independence.
We understand the challenges and constraints that exists in schools, and would certainly never expect financial education to be shoe-horned into an already packed curriculum. This is why we have created a range of teacher training sessions to help provide solutions which overcome those barriers of curriculum time, teacher confidence and just being aware of what to teach and to whom. These sessions take place throughout England and Wales and are all delivered by our team of education consultants (all former teachers).
I hope you too consider financial education to be important for all young people! If so, go along to one of Young Money’s training sessions where you’ll be provided with a range of tools, resources and information to kick start your own school’s financial education provision.
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Flower (n.) - Photos from The Butchart Gardens
The reproductive portion of a plant. Usually brightly colored and aromatic to attract various insects to spread assist in the plants reproductive process.
History & Etymology
The history of the word flower is traced back to the Proto-Indo-European word bhel- meaning to thrive or bloom. The meaning of the word Hasn’t changed much since then. It has made it’s way through latin as florem, meaning flower, and as Popular Latin changed overtime into Old French it dropped the -em and became flor, which became the Modern French Fleur. The modern english word comes from the Old French word and became Flower, the word we have today.
The word flower doesn’t have a very interesting history, but they are very pretty to look at. This last summer I visited the Butchart Gardens on Vancouver Island Canada, and it was one of the most beautiful places I have ever been. As you can see from the background of this video I’m one of those annoying tourist that takes a picture of everything. One of my favorite subjects for photography is flowers. So please enjoy the slideshow.
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Prof. Terrie E. Moffitt, Ph.D.
Duke University, Durham
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
Terrie Moffitt’s first contribution to child psychiatry has been to understanding the origins of severe antisocial behavior. She is known for her discovery that young people engaging in delinquent behaviors can be characterised in a taxonomy of two distinct types: One type of antisocial behavior is called “life-course persistent” (LCP). It is a neurodevelopmental disorder afflicting primarily males, with very low prevalence in the population, genetic predisposition, adverse family environment, early childhood onset, and persistence of violent offending into midlife. The other type of delinquent behavior is called “adolescence limited” (AL). It affects females as well as males, is common, limited mainly to the adolescent age group, and emerges in the context of peer social relationships. The paper (Moffitt, 1993) which articulated this taxonomy has had a profound impact on psychiatry, psychology, criminology, and law, and is a citation classic. The idea behind Moffitt’s developmental taxonomy has proven broadly useful to researchers, diagnosticians, the American justice system and policy makers.
Moffitt’s second contribution has been to the study of gene – environment interaction. The notion of gene-environment interaction was around for many years, but it remained an abstract statistical concept in psychiatry until 2002 and 2003, when Moffitt’s group reported evidence of gene-environment interactions in conduct disorder and depression. The initial gene-environment interaction findings met with healthy skepticism, because genetic findings notoriously fail the test of replication. However, these initial findings of gene-environment interaction have seen a healthy replication record. Moreover, subsequent neuroimaging research and animal studies have further elaborated the nomological networks surrounding these specific gene-environment interactions. Mental-health practitioners who design interventions will gain new information about the biological effects of environmental risk factors, which will lead to new interventions to modify these effects and prevent mental disorders. Second, gene-environment interaction findings are proving to be influential in the public’s understanding of genetic science. These findings vividly contradict the public’s pervasive belief in genetic determinism, by showing examples of how genes’ effects on health and behavior often depend on lifestyle factors that are under human control. Public understanding of genetic science is being improved by supplanting the age-old idea of genetic determinism with the idea of gene-environment interaction.
Moffitt’s third contribution has been to documenting the childhood origins—and in a surprising number of cases—the childhood onset of adult psychiatric disorders. Moffitt has discovered important evidence from her longitudinal-epidemiological research that as many as half of adults with a psychiatric disorder had diagnosable psychiatric disorder before age 15 years; sometimes the adult disorder was preceded by its juvenile counterpart but, remarkably, in many cases adult disorders were antedated by a broad array of juvenile disorders. The results of her work suggest that from one-quarter to one-half of adult psychiatric disorders in the population might be prevented by effective treatment of youths with psychiatric disorders. These findings underscore the importance of targeting mental health treatment and prevention efforts early in life. Moreover, they have encouraged the application of population-screening methods in primary care settings and in schools to detect and to refer those children most needing mental health treatment.
Rutter, M., Moffitt, T.E., & Caspi, A. (2006). Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: Multiple varieties but real effects. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology Annual Review, 47, 226-261.
Moffitt, T.E. (2005). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behaviors: Evidence from behavioral-genetic research. Advances in Genetics, 55, 41-104.
Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2005) Strategy for investigating interaction between measured genes and measured environments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 473-481.
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Financial Literacy Among the Young
George Washington University - Department of Accountancy; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Olivia S. Mitchell
University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
August 1, 2009
Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper No. 2008-191
We examined financial literacy among the young using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We showed that financial literacy is low among the young; fewer than one-third of young adults possess basic knowledge of interest rates, inflation, and risk diversification. Financial literacy is strongly related to sociodemographic characteristics and family financial sophistication. Specifically, a college-educated male whose parents had stocks and retirement savings is about 50 percentage points more likely to know about risk diversification than a female with less than a high school education whose parents were not wealthy. These findings have implications for consumer policy.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 35
Date posted: September 23, 2009
© 2015 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The energy of the magnetic field results from the excitation of the space permeated by the magnetic field. It can be thought of as the potential energy that would be imparted on a charged particle moving through a region with an external magnetic field present.
As a result of the induced magnetic field inside an inductor of inductance when a current, flows through, energy is said to be stored in the magnetic field of the inductor.
An LC oscillator consists of an inductor and a capacitor passing energy back and forth without dissipation. A capacitor with capacitance is initially charged to before being attached to an inductor of inductance What is the current when the charge has decreased to half its initial value?
Since energy is not dissipated, employ conservation of energy.
Since the natural frequency of an LC oscillator is
where is the amplitude of the magnetic field and is the permeability of free space.
What is the magnetic energy density of an electromagnetic wave with electric field amplitude
First, express the magnetic field amplitude in terms of the electric field amplitude.
Then, calculate the energy density.
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Imperative Sentences – English grammar
The second person imperative
We can express commands in English by the imperative made with the infinitive without to.
Be careful. Open your books. Come here.
For the negative commands we put do not or don’t before the imperative.
Don’t be late. Do not sit down. Don’t have so many bags.
We can mention the person in the command, usually at the end of the sentence.
Have something to eat, Greg.
If we talk to more people, we use the pronoun you to make the distinction between them.
You take these bags and you park the car. You wait here and I’ll call the police.
In writing it is not usual to use an exclamation mark in the imperative. If we put it at the end of the command, it becomes more urgent.
Wait! Don’t do that!
We can make an emphatic imperative with do and imperative. It is common in polite requests.
Do sit down. Do be reasonable.
On the other hand, do before the imperative can express the irritation of the speaker.
Do be quiet. Do come on time.
You before the imperative also shows the speaker’s anger or even rudeness.
You get out of here. Don’t you follow me.
In a different context, however, it can show your positive emotions.
Don’t you be so sad.
The first person imperative
The English language makes the first person imperative with let + me or let + us.
Let me do it for you. Let me see. Let us go. Let’s take our car.
For the negative we put not before the imperative.
Let us not be worried.
In spoken English it is possible to use don’t at the beginning of the sentence.
Don’t let’s be worried.
The third person imperative
We make it with let + him/her/it/them and the infinitive without to.
Let him go. Let her explain it. Let it be. Let them try it. Let the customers pay immediately.
This form is not very common in modern English. It is more usual to say the same in a different way.
He must go. She should explain it. Leave it alone. They can try it. The customers must pay immediately.
The negative imperative in the third person is archaic. We use more common forms instead.
They mustn’t stay here. Mary is not to travel alone.
We can make a polite request in English if we put shall we or will you at the end of the imperative. This is used in positive requests.
Let’s get started, shall we? Be careful, will you?
If you want to be even more polite, you can use questions instead of commands.
Will you pass me the salt, please? Will you help me? Could you do it for me? Would you mind opening the window?
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Your identity doesn’t need to be in crisis
Welcome to your identity worksheet. Yes a worksheet. That means grab yourself a drink of choice and writing/typing implements. Now, read on...
Struggles with identity are more common than many think. Being unsure about your identify can come from childhood and be deeply rooted; however it can be a recent thing through a change of circumstances such as redundancy or retirement.
For example, a question of identity can crop up when a parent waves a child off to college or to their own house. Suddenly they are no longer Mum or Dad in terms of their daily role. Or maybe a person has always identified themselves as a nurse; then they retire. So who are they? What is their role in the world now?
As usual when I start considering things like this I do a web search for definitions. The Cambridge Dictionary online showed two that intrigued me and I think are worth unpacking a smidge so if you are struggling to understand who you are, the rest of this article may help.
- Who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group that make them different from others.
- The reputation, characteristics, etc. of a person or organisation that makes the public think about them in a particular way.
So let's consider these further together.
The word that jumps out for me in the first definition is ‘different’. The qualities of a person that makes them different from others.
Time for some homework…step 1
- What qualities do you have that make you different from others?
- What makes you unique?
- What qualities do you have that you are proud of?
- What qualities would you like to have?
Now for the second definition.
This one is coming from a different perspective and shouts to me about perception. This is saying that your identity is also defined by how others perceive you.
Homework step 2
- How do others perceive you?
- If others were to describe your identity to me what would they say?
- What would you like your reputation to be?
- What would you like people to say about you when you aren’t in the room?
- If you were to suddenly disappear, what would you like to be remembered for?
Answered all of those? If so, great. If not, maybe speak to a coach to help you pull your thoughts together.
Now, as you would expect, there’s a but here. A big but. I like big but's. 'Buts' require action. What is it? Well of course it’s ‘so what’. Knowing your qualities is interesting but not necessarily useful.
Homework step 3
Time for some thought organisation.
- Collate your answers to the five present focus questions.
- Collate your answers to the four future focus questions.
- Make a note of the differences between the two.
- Create a plan on how you are going to add these missing differences to your repertoire.
There are many ways to achieve that plan. Of course as a coach I'm going to suggest speaking to a coach. However there are other avenues. One useful way is to do some modelling (no catwalks or quick changes required). For each quality you’d like to add to, or more accurately, allow to shine from your identity, think of someone you know in life, or from the media, or even out of a book, who, in your opinion, exhibits that quality. How do they do it? What do they say and do? How do they act?
Now have a play. Say what they say. Act how they act. Copy their body language. How does that make you feel? Does it match with what you want?
Do this for each quality over a period of time and decide what works for you. Demonstrate the behaviours that portray the identity you want. That way we go full circle back to the second definition, that you are demonstrating characteristics, etc. of a person that makes the public think about you in a particular way.
If others think about you in a certain way. A certain way that supports your sense of identity. Then your sense of identity deepens.
As Aristotle (though there’s argument who came up with it) is attributed to say, “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.”
I’m going to tweak that.
We are what we repeatedly do. Identity, then, is not an act, but a habit.
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Three years ago today, Hurricane Sandy struck the east coast of the United States, directly causing 72 deaths, contributing to 45 others, and yielding nearly $50 billion in property losses. The hurricane knocked out power for 8.5 million people, and caused a massive storm surge in New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey that flooded subways and tunnels with caustic waters, damaged hundreds of thousands of homes and businesses, and triggered an electrical fire that burned 130 homes in Breezy Point, NJ to ash. Another large storm hit the affected region nine days later, causing additional damage and hampering recovery efforts.
Just weeks after the disaster, the White House established the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force with a charge to help coordinate recovery efforts and to develop a long-term rebuilding plan. In developing its plan and recommendations, the Task Force sought to ensure that communities and infrastructure would be rebuilt to be more resilient and better prepared for the increasing risks posed by climate change. Noting that sound decisions about how to rebuild should be based on sound evidence and science, the Task Force created a Science Coordination Group, which we chaired.
The Task Force emphasized in its rebuilding strategy that science needs to be an integrated part of post-disaster response and recovery, both to support better decision-making and to develop new ways to reduce risks. Rather than a stand-alone section on science goals and priorities, the Science Coordination Group reviewed and contributed to all of the Task Force recommendations. Hence a number of the Task Force recommendations set both implicit and explicit goals for science and technology related to the major elements of the Rebuilding Strategy. In the three years since Hurricane Sandy hit, the progress made on these goals is impressive. The Federal government has developed a number of science-based products to make our nation better prepared for and more resilient to coastal storms and other natural disasters. These products include:
Integrating science and scientists into planning and decision making for risk and disaster management has become the new normal for Federal government. This is part of Sandy’s legacy. We look forward to increasing collaboration between scientists and planners, additional relevant findings and science-based tools to enable informed decision making, and, ultimately, a better prepared and more resilient nation.
Tamara Dickinson is Principal Assistant Director for Environment and Energy at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Kevin V. Werner is Regional Climate Services Director, Western Region, at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.
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Picture books that show kindness are important, especially as a teaching tool. They can prompt important conversations about relationships with other people in the world. Even people we don’t know. Or like. And those conversations are important.
16 Picture Books About Kindness
Peace Is an Offering by Annette LeBox, illustrated by Stephanie Graegin
Simple but powerful truths show children being kind to each other, listening, laughing, being together. . . “It’s a safe place to live. It’s the freedom from fear. // It’s a kiss or a hug When you’ve lost someone dear.”
Wilfrid Gordon MacDonald Partridge by Mem Fox, illustrated by Julie Vivas
Wilfrid isn’t sure what a memory is but he wants to help Miss Nancy find new ones since she can’t remember her own. His ernest desire and thoughtfulness model a respect for elderly people. Plus, we learn that even the youngest of us can make a difference in the lives of others.
Come With Me by Holly M. McGhee, illustrated by Pascal Lemaitre
The little girl wants to make the world a better place. Her parents show her how they do by treating people with respect and kindness. So the girl asks if she can do something herself like walking the dog. She invites a friend because two is better than one. The message is that we can all be brave, gentle, strong, and kind because what we do matters. “Because as small as it may seem, your part matters to the world.”
We’re All Wonders by R.J. Palacio
Aggie is just like everyone else even if he doesn’t look like other people. It hurts his feelings when people point and laugh. His strategy is to put on his helmet, blast off into space, and get a bigger perspective. He sees that the Earth is full of lots of different people, all of them wonders. He is a wonder, too. We all are. The lesson Aggie teaches us is this: “Look with kindness and you will always find wonder.“
If You Plant a Seed by Kadir Nelson
Lush illustrations show a rabbit and mouse growing tomatoes, carrots, and cabbage from seeds. As the friends wait for the plants to grow, the pictures show birds arriving in the background who want to eat, too. The friends must make a decision. Will the friends also plant kindness with their reaction to the birds? A perfect lesson for young readers.
Harry the Happy Mouse by NGK illustrated by Janelle Dimmett
After Harry helps a frog, he simply asks the frog to show kindness to someone else. One good deed prompts many more becoming a chain reaction. Children will read how kind deeds help the animals feel happiness and joy.
The Lion and the Mouse by Jerry Pinkney
Jerry Pinkney’s stunning illustrations and lovely retelling of Aesop’s fable deftly illuminates this timeless story for kids with the lesson: be kind, for that act may just save your life one day.
Ordinary Mary’s Extraordinary Deed by Emily Pearson, illustrated by Fumi Kosaka
An ordinary girl picks blueberries for her neighbor. Her neighbor makes blueberry muffins that she shares with others. Each person in this story shares a kindness with more people showing how much one good deed can change the lives of many people.
Because Amelia Smiled by David Ezra Stein
You do make a difference in the world! Because Amelia smiles as she skips down the street, her neighbor Mrs. Higgins smiles too, and decides to send a care package of cookies to her grandson Lionel in Mexico. The cookies give Lionel an idea, and his idea inspires a student, who in turn inspires a ballet troupe in England! David Ezra Stein’s charmingly illustrated story reminds us that adding even a small dose of kindness into the world is sure to spur more and more kindness, which could eventually make its way back to you.
Kindness is Cooler by Margery Cuyler, illustrated by Sachiko Yoshikawa
Mrs. Ruler motivates her kindergarten class to perform good deeds — their goal is 100 deeds in all. Can they do it? The book includes a list of ideas for your own kids to do.
Have You Filled a Bucket Today by Carol McCloud, illustrated by David Messing
We all have a metaphorical “bucket” that can either be emptied by unkindness or filled with kindness. This book challenges children to fill other people’s buckets with kindness — either in words or actions.
Do Unto Otters: A Book About Manners by Laurie Keller
Kids will giggle at Mr. Rabbit worries about his new Otter neighbors — will they be nice? He’s not sure. The author skillfully shows how Mr. Rabbit uses the Golden Rule to be friendly and neighborly to the Otters. You’ll even learn how to say polite phrases like please and excuse me in French, Spanish, Pig Latin, German, and Japanese.
The Kindness Quilt by Nancy Elizabeth Wallace
After reading The Lion and the Mouse with her class, Minna is excited to do the assigned kindness project. She does so many small acts, photographing each one, that she’s not sure which one to pick for the project. Eventually, she puts all her photos into a collage of pictures. Sure to inspire your own similar projects.
Each Kindness by Jacqueline Woodson, illustrated by E.B. Lewis
Chloe and her group of friends are mean to a new girl named Maya who eventually stops coming to school. The teacher shares a lesson about kindness (ripples a stone makes in the water) making Chloe wish she’d been kinder to Maya.
Otis and the Scarecrow by Loren Long
The familiar characters on the farm where Otis the tractor lives get a lesson in kindness. They mistakenly think the new scarecrow doesn’t want to be friends since he always has a frown. When they’re proven wrong, we all learn a valuable lesson on making assumptions about others.
The Thank You Dish by Trace Balla
Find more books that facilitate empathy:
Children’s Books About Poverty
Children’s Books About Learning Differences
Children’s Books That Develop Empathy Towards Physical Disabilities
Children’s Books about Immigration (and Migration)
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FIRST GRADER essay writing company is the ideal place for homework help. If you are looking for affordable, custom-written, high-quality and non-plagiarized papers, your student life just became easier with us. Click the button below to place your order.
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Let X and Y be two discrete random variables with joint probability mass function
Let S and Z be two additional discrete random variables such that S = X + Y and Z = X − Y.
(a) Find a and the marginal probability mass function of X.
(b) Are X and Y independent?
(c) Construct the table of the joint probability mass function of S and Z.
(d) Are S and Z independent?
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Researchers found that sexual education led to improved health knowledge and decreased teen pregnancy rates in the following year.
By Beth Duff-Brown
In 2007, scholars at Stanford Medicine joined forces with the Indian nonprofit GVK Emergency Management Research Institute (EMRI) for an enormous undertaking: build an ambulance system across the world’s second most populous nation.
A decade ago, EMRI had only 14 ambulances in India.
Today, EMRI oversees a fleet of nearly 10,000 ambulances, manned by some 20,000 medical professionals who ply the roads in cities and rural villages to provide access to emergency care to 750 million people — three-quarters of India’s population. Stanford instructors developed an educational curriculum and trained the initial group of 180 skilled paramedics and instructors.
A study by Center Director Grant Miller and fellow Stanford researchers shows the positive impact this organization’s services are having on reducing infant and neonatal mortality rates, one of the most challenging health dilemmas plaguing India today. The research was published in the October edition of Health Affairs. It is the first analytical research on the impact of the ambulance service.
In 2005, one quarter of infant deaths worldwide occurred in India. In 2014, the number of infant deaths in India dropped below one million for the first time. Explore the map below. Hover over countries to view infant deaths and infant mortality rates (number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births). Toggle between years to explore changes over time.
“It's wonderful to find a model that has found some success in connecting mothers and their infants with high-quality and timely emergency care when it is most needed,” said Kimberly Singer Babiarz, a research scholar at Stanford Health Policy and lead author of the paper.
The public-private nonprofit provides its services free of charge and most of its beneficiaries are the poorest of the poor.
About one-third of the toll-free calls to the emergency services number are from women in labor. Deliveries have traditionally been done at home, particularly in rural villages, where women often die of complications. The Stanford team designed a special obstetrics curriculum and helped create the country’s first protocols for obstetric care.
Grant Miller, Center director and senior author of the study, has worked on many health policy projects in India over the years. The results aren’t always hopeful.
“I’ve conducted a number of evaluations of large-scale health programs in India, and there are disappointingly few programs and policies that we’ve found to be effective,” said Miller, who is also an associate professor of medicine and a senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. “So it’s exciting to find one that may have worked quite well.”
This article was first published on November 20, 2016.
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VISION is useless in murky water. To deal with that deficiency dolphins have evolved sonar. They emit clicks and interpret the echoes to find their prey. But not all marine mammals are so equipped. Seals, for instance, have no sonar, yet that does not stop them finding distant meals as effectively as dolphins can. This puzzled researchers for years, until they discovered that the secret lies in the animals’ whiskers—which they are now trying to copy, to develop novel underwater sensors.
An object moving through water leaves a series of miniature whirlpools in its wake. This trail is called a Karman vortex street. And that is what seals, using their whiskers, follow. As Michael Triantafyllou of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) observes, “You can set a harbour seal loose to follow a towed fish, and even 30 seconds later they will be able to follow the exact track, whether it’s straight or zigzag or circular.”
Dr Triantafyllou and his colleagues at MIT’s Centre for Ocean Engineering are one of several groups studying how seals do this. A rival team, led by Ben Calhoun of the University of Virginia, and involving the University of California, Santa Cruz; the Naval Undersea Warfare Centre Division at Newport, Rhode Island; and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, has recently completed a three-year investigation of the matter. Other projects are under way at Jeju National University in South Korea and at Cleveland State University.
Seals can pick up the trail of fish such as herring when blindfolded and wearing earmuffs. Cover their whiskers, though, and supper eludes them. The bases of seal whiskers are rich in nerve cells, making them as sensitive as human fingertips. But that is not all there is to it. Under a microscope, seal whiskers are not circular when sliced through, as might naively be expected. Instead, they have an oval cross-section. Moreover, those whiskers’ surfaces have an elaborate undulating geometry.
Oh my ears and whiskers!
This complex shape looked familiar to Dr Triantafyllou and his team. They had arrived at something similar when working on mooring lines for offshore gas rigs. Their purpose was to stop those lines vibrating as water flowed past, a phenomenon similar to telephone wires or power cables humming in the wind. Dr Triantafyllou confirmed his suspicions about the similarity when he tested a scaled-up 3D-printed model of an artificial seal whisker. This, too, failed to vibrate in what are known as laminar-flow currents (that is, those without eddies in them).
Paradoxically, this insensitivity to laminar flow increases sensitivity to vortices, as Dr Triantafyllou proved. He and his team towed an enlarged artificial whisker through water, to find out how a vortex street laid down in front of it affected its behaviour. They aligned their model whisker so that it was edge-on to the direction of travel, just as a real one would be. This caused it to cut through the water like a knife blade. Currents at right angles to its direction of travel, such as those created by vortices, exerted forces on its flat surfaces. These caused it to skirt around those vortices like a skier negotiating moguls, thus vibrating in a way that it would not when presented with a laminar current.
Bigger moving objects generate bigger vortices, so the amplitude of this vibration changed with the size of the object being followed. The frequency of the vibration changed with the object’s speed. Assuming that this also happens with real whiskers, it would permit a seal to assess its target’s bearing, size and velocity.
In 2016, with help from researchers at Singapore University of Technology and Design, Dr Triantafyllou built on these discoveries by attaching an artificial whisker to a membrane that, when distorted, generated a pulse of electricity. This arrangement proved sensitive to the slightest of water movements. The next stage is to understand what the pulses mean.
That is a challenge Dr Calhoun, at Virginia, has already taken up. Recruiting a trained seal for the task, he and his colleagues attached a recording device to one of the animal’s whiskers. They found that even following the simplest object generates several types of vibration in this whisker. And a seal has dozens of whiskers.
Seals’ brains can make sense of all this input. Dr Triantafyllou hopes to do likewise using artificial intelligence (AI). He and his colleagues will employ a form of AI called deep learning. The work involves training appropriate software on thousands of different inputs from an array of artificial whiskers. Once trained, such software should be able to pick out patterns in the data and so learn to recognise the trails left by objects of different types and sizes, travelling at different speeds.
Dr Triantafyllou’s team’s purpose is to create a whisker-based sensor for underwater robots. This will detect the wakes of natural objects, such as fish and marine mammals, and artificial ones, such as other robots, surface ships and submarines.
Not surprisingly America’s armed forces are taking a keen interest in all this. As well as the Naval Undersea Warfare Centre’s involvement, some of the research has been supported by the Office of Naval Research. The navy hopes that vortex sensors may meet the challenge of spotting submarines, which are getting ever quieter and harder to find with sonar. A submarine leaves a far bigger trail than a fish, and that trail can persist for hours, even days. Fleets of small, bewhiskered robots might thus be able to track otherwise undetectable submarines as easily as seals find shoals of herring.
A vortex detector would have civilian applications too. A static detector would be able to measure turbulent currents flowing past it. Such a system, Dr Triantafyllou observes, might have been useful during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, in 2010. Then, vortex sensors could have helped map the plumes of oil released, helping predict the spread of the spill. Nor are applications restricted to marine settings. Appropriate sensors might measure liquid flowing turbulently through pipes and air flowing similarly over aircraft wings.
Extending vortex sensors into the air brings to mind another possible zoological analogy. Nightjars (which are, as their name suggests, nocturnal), prey on flying insects, especially moths. The assumption has always been that these birds have particularly good night vision. What they definitely have, though, are arrays of whiskers around their beaks. Time, perhaps, to get the microscopes out again, to see exactly what shape these whiskers are.
This article appeared in the Science and technology section of the print edition under the headline "Navy seals"
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Mises Daily Articles
The Inventor of the Digital Age
After he was permitted access to an Internet account at the University of Illinois as long ago as 1971, he had a mind-blowing revelation. He realized that this tool had the potential to universalize all knowledge. It could liberate ideas from their static existence on physical media and put them into a form that could be copied, copied, copied, and copied unto infinity, not just for today but forever. This was the Star Trek replicator. Amazing.
How is it possible, he wondered, that this tool exists and yet it is being kept under wraps, used only for the most superficial purposes and only by a few?
He grabbed a copy of the Declaration of Independence, typed it in, and posted it — despite being warned that this was not allowed, that he might crash the system, that there was just something wrong with letting ideas escape the small group that controlled them and allocated them to physical things only.
Bosh, he said. He would dedicate himself and his entire life to the universal distribution of anything and everything he could. Over the rest of his life, he ended up personally typing hundreds of books and distributing them.
His medium was and is called Project Gutenberg — a perfect name for his plan and agenda. Virtually alone, he saw that the Internet was the next stage. The whole history of publishing technology was about reaching ever more people with knowledge at ever-lower costs. This was the driving force at work in publishing for thousands of years, and the whole key to progress
The Internet was the next stage, even the final stage, the culmination of the efforts of every scribe, every inventor, every printer, every distributor, every teacher, every novelist, poet, intellectual, lecturer, orator, scholar.
In 1995, the year that the web browser became part of the mainstream of life and the year that the Internet began to take its current shape, he sent out a clarion call to everyone who would read:
For the first time in the entire history of the Earth, we have the ability for EVERYONE to get copies of EVERYTHING as long as it can be digitized and communicated to all of the people on the Earth, via computers [and the devices a person might need to make a PHYSICAL, rather than VIRTUAL copy of whatever it might be] …
Think about what you have just read for a moment, please, EVERYTHING FOR EVERYONE…
Hart had a mighty vision here. He grasped the magic and meaning of the power of infinite reproducibility, the earth-shaking significance of what it means to reduce the costs of duplication to near zero and to do so without any depreciation of the content itself. The invention of the printing press was a hinge of history; the Internet contained within itself the power to do the work of millions of scribes and millions of printing presses every single instant, forever and for everyone. The knowledge of 1 person could reach 7 billion and those 7 billion could all reach each other.
And so his own Project Gutenberg became his driving passion, the way he decided to gift his entire life to the whole of humanity. It began with plain text, nothing fancy. He urged that people copy these texts and publish them in whatever way possible. Today, the venture offers 36,000 books online for free, in many different formats.
It pioneered new ways to crowd source proofreaders. It inspired hundreds of thousands of volunteers. It anticipated the medium of ebooks 40 years in advance, a medium that is only this year being taken seriously by publishers and institutions.
Hart's writings reveal a man who stayed in a constant state of stunned amazement at everything that stood in the way of the dream. He gagged on institutions like copyright. He scoffed at the trillions being spent on higher education to teach the few at a time when we possess the means to school the entire globe. But he did more than just dismiss anything that stood in the way; he was himself a tireless example of how to proceed.
Hart's institutional children are everywhere today: Google Books, Kindle, Nook, Audible, Creative Commons, MIT's OpenCourseWare project, Khan Academy, Mises.org, and thousands of other sites, and not just for ebooks but also for painting, architecture, music, medical research, and every other field in art, commerce, and science. The word "knowledge" sums up the human experience; the Internet could embody that and flood the entire world.
When Gutenberg invented his press, consumers loved it. A frenzy of buying swept the German-speaking world. Psalters and bibles for everyone! But producers' guilds put up resistance. They complained of Gutenberg's rising wealth. Scribes feared the loss of their jobs. Critics complained of how people were becoming obsessed with reading instead of working.
It is no different today except that the producers' guilds and cultural worrywarts are allied with the state to stop the universal distribution of knowledge. Many rue the day that the first text was made available through the Internet, and dedicate themselves to ending the global frenzy to discover and learn. Our descendants will laugh, just as we find it funny that people tried to hobble the printing industry
Hart's life demonstrates the difference that one person's thinking can bring about in the shape of the real world. Without such thinking, the world would grind to a halt. Nothing new would ever happen. We would all do and think yesterday the same way we would think tomorrow and the next day, and history would have no direction, no guiding purpose, and life itself would be reduced to tedium and a pointless and endless rotation of hours, days, years, and generations.
But with people like Hart, people who not only imagine change but work super hard to bring it about themselves, humanity is lifted up, and the world rises ever more out of the state of nature.
He liked to quote George Bernard Shaw: "Reasonable people adapt themselves to the world. Unreasonable people attempt to adapt the world to themselves. All progress, therefore, depends on unreasonable people."
To say that Hart was unreasonable he would have regarded as the highest compliment you could ever give him.
Requiescat in pace. If you don't know what that phrase means, where it comes from, what it is used for, you can look it up in about two seconds. Hart's vision makes that possible. He certainly deserves to rest in peace knowing of his gift to the human race.
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Organic Vegetable Garden Planning, Tips and Ideas
Getting Ready to Plant an Organic Vegetable Garden
Learn how to grow an organic vegetable garden at home.
We offer all the basics on how to plan and prepare for planting an organic garden layout.
Planning a vegetable garden is a great and healthy idea in
No matter how much space you have available, there are
many options for planting a garden at home.
Whether you have a small
space, or lots of room in the backyard, there are layouts and designs
that will work for growing a garden.
Small Organic Vegetable Garden
Design Your Own Vegetable Garden Layout Using our Free "Vegetable Garden Planner" Software!
Growing tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and more is a fun and simple way to provide more healthful food for your table.
An organic vegetable garden is a cycle of renewal.
soil lives and breathes, although you can't see most of its' important
A handful of dirt is filled with thousands of invisible
microbes, bacteria and fungi.
As leaves fall from the trees, and other
plant life decays, soil organisms go to work recycling the once-living
It decomposes into nutrients that growing plants need to thrive
and be healthy.
Download Free Garden Planning Worksheets, Garden Diary, Zone Chart, Or Planting Guide
When to Plant an Organic Vegetable Garden
Timing is everything in growing a successful garden!
Use our vegetable
garden planting guide and zone chart to help calculate the organic
garden planting time in your area.
|Download Zone Chart
|Download Garden Planting Guide
Organic Garden Designs
There are several good basic designs to use when planning an organic
You can download several vegetable garden plans from
our Sample Garden Plan page.
Traditional In-Ground Organic Vegetable Garden
Traditional In-Ground Vegetable Garden
- Layout garden from north to south in a sunny well-drained location.
- Plant taller growing vegetables such as corn and green beans on the
north end of the garden to prevent them from shading shorter plants.
- Medium-height plants such as tomatoes, zucchini, cucumbers, peppers,
eggplant in the center, and shorter vegetables such as lettuce, radish
and onions on the south end of the garden.
Raised Bed Garden Plan
Click Here for 4X20 Sample Vegetable Garden Plan
- Layout garden from north to south in a sunny location.
- Build container
of wood, bricks, or decorative stone 8 to 15 inches tall, and no more
than four feet wide.
- Any length is fine; depending on how many
vegetables you want to grow, and how much room you have.
- Fill bed with
good quality organic garden soil containing added compost, vermiculite,
and organic fertilizer.
Patio Container Vegetable Garden
- Large or medium size containers can be placed in a sunny location on
your porch, patio, deck, or in a flower bed.
- Fill large containers with
high-quality organic potting soil.
- Hanging containers can also be used.
- Cages or a trellis can be used to support and train larger vegetables
such as cucumbers and tomatoes in containers.
- Water frequently, as soil
in containers will dry out quickly in warm or hot weather.
Seeds and Plants
Organic Green Bean Sprouting in the Garden
Select organic vegetable seeds or plants for your garden.
- When deciding what to plant, choose vegetables that are you and your family's eating favorites.
- Follow the planting and spacing instructions on the plants or seed packets.
a garden diary or journal to save and collect information from year to
year. It's not always easy to remember exactly what worked well and what
you would change when it is time to plant your next garden!
Organic Compost Helps Condition and Fertilize Your Garden
Add a Layer of Organic Compost Each Year
Adding compost to enrich and condition the soil in your garden is one
of the most important improvements you can make.
When you add compost,
it speeds up the natural process, recycles nutrients from the organic
matter back to the earth, and supplies the plants with fertilizer they
Why not create your own organic fertilizer by
composting ingredients such as fruit and vegetable scraps from your
kitchen, along with leaves and grass clippings from your yard?
- What a great way to recycle items that would otherwise end up in the trash bin!
- Good air circulation in the compost bin is necessary to keep the beneficial bacteria thriving.
- If the compost pile is large, it helps to stick a few chimneys of PVC pipe to keep the air flowing.
- Well-aged manure and garden waste can be used anywhere in the garden.
- It should be dug in long before planting takes place to allow time for
it to break down into the soil; in the fall is the ideal time.
Add a Layer of Mulch to Help Retain Water & Prevent Weeds
Mulching is one of the most natural and easiest gardening techniques
used to protect an organic vegetable garden from weeds, drying out,
pests, extreme weather, and erosion.
High- quality mulch adds invaluable nourishment to the soil as it safeguards.
help keep the soil alive by attracting earthworms and microbes, which
help loosen soil structure and supply essential nutrients.
mulching, weed and water your organic vegetable garden. Fertilizer
should also be applied before mulching, as organic materials will
decompose quicker under a layer of mulch.
should not be layered on so heavily that it blocks moisture, air
circulation, or sunshine from penetrating the soil.
- Apply smaller grade
organic mulches such as wood chips or sawdust up to 3 inches in
thickness. Spread lighter mulches like leaf mold, straw, pr hay, as much
as 6 inches in depth.
- A rain barrel is a practical addition to an organic vegetable garden, to collect water for your plants.
Other types of Organic Fertilizer to Use in Your Vegetable Garden
Aged Horse Manure Fertilizer
Every garden benefits from the use of organic fertilizers, compost,
These naturally occurring materials add crucial nutrients
while greatly improving soil texture.
All together, they insure the
development of rich, loamy earth, which in turn ensures strong healthy
- An excellent and inexpensive way to supply nitrogen and trace minerals is to plant green cover crops!
- Clover, peas, beans, and alfalfa are legumes, which take nitrogen from the air and make it available to the soil.
- Plowing under some of these crops before planting your garden further enriches the soil.
increase the soil’s nitrogen content, a variety of organic fertilizers
are suggested. Blood meal, cottonseed meal, fish emulsion, and bone meal
are high in nitrogen.
- It is important not to overfeed a crop
because too much nitrogen leads to leggy plants, poor production, and
increased susceptibility to pests and diseases.
organically grown vegetable garden is finding the correct balance of
natural products to provide you with nutritious and healthy vegetables.
Organic gardening is the use of naturally occurring, non-toxic
substances for soil nutrition and pest control.
you have the basics for preparing and starting an organic vegetable
garden at home. Each season, you will learn more, and have new ideas for
planning and planting your vegetable garden layout.
- Organic gardening
is a great way to save money, and provide delicious food that your whole
family will enjoy. Planting a garden is a fun and healthy activity for
children and grownups alike.
You Might Also like to Read:
Ingredients for Organic Fertilizer
Organic Fertilizer Recipe
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What is Psychosis?
Psychosis is a symptom characterized as a disruption to an individual’s thoughts and perceptions, making it difficult for them to perceive what is real and what is not. While there is not a specific cause of psychosis, it is thought to be a symptom of mental illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Psychosis has also been attributed to sleep deprivation, some general medical conditions, certain prescription medications, and the abuse of alcohol or other drugs.
National Institutes of Health estimates that approximately 3% of Americans (3 out of 100 people) will experience psychosis at some time in their lives. Because there is not one specific cause for psychosis, it is important to receive a thorough and accurate diagnosis from a qualified healthcare professional. Psychosis may be a symptom of a mental illness such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Typically, psychosis is diagnosed by excluding all other causes.
Studies have shown that people who experience psychosis typically have symptoms for more than a year before receiving treatment. To reduce the duration of untreated psychosis, it is important to receive effective treatment as early as possible. Medication stabilization is the first key in treating psychosis. Additionally, reality testing therapies are important in assisting individuals as they become medically stabilized. From there, treatment focuses on accepting the disorder, maintaining compliance with medications that relieve symptoms, and re-engaging in social and occupational activities.
We treat primary mental health disorders and create clinical interventions to combat psychosis using the most advanced and effective methods available. We partner with our clients and their families to keep their needs and goals priorities in recovery plans.
Learn more about the impact of psychosis on patients and families and the Pasadena Villa treatment environment.
Read more in our blog about the symptoms and treatment of psychosis.
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Jasmine Green Tea
Photo by killerturnip / CC BY
Photo by kevinomara / CC BY
Jasmine Dragon Phoenix Pearl tea
Photo by 0121stephen / CC BY
China Royal Jasmine Curls tea, Fujian Province
Photo by moonlightbulb / CC BY
Girl's Ring Jasmine Tea (Nu'er Huan), Fujian Province
Photo by chashitsu_lasere / CC BY
Tea Ceremony Set in Tea House
Photo by 13523064@N03 / CC BY
Red Tea Set for Wedding
Photo by csss / CC BY
Dim Sum with white tea pot on upper right
Photo by roboppy / CC BY
Jasmine Green Tea is scented with Jasmine Blossoms Poured onto Green Tea
Photo by Daqve Dahl
Jasmine Flower Tea
Photo by darcymoore / CC BY
OTHER NAMES: mòlìhuā chá or 茉莉花茶(in Chinese)
Jasmine Green Tea is scented with aroma from jasmine blossoms to make a scented tea. It is the most famous scented tea in China.
VARIATIONS & FLAVORS
Typically, jasmine tea has green tea as the tea base; however, other variation such as white tea and black tea are also used. The resulting flavor of jasmine tea is subtly sweet and highly fragrant.
Different jasmine green teas are made with different grades of green tea. The best are made with a large ratio of tea buds to tea leaves. These will have a subtler, more delicate flavor than teas made with larger leaves and fewer buds. Highest grade of jasmine green tea is called "Jasmine Dragon Phoenix Pearl." (Photo on left)
Tea was discovered by accident in 2737 BC China by Shen Nong. Many years later, the jasmine plant was believed to introduce into China from Persia via India during the Han Dynasty. (206 BC to 220 AD) It was not until the 5th century when jasmine flower was being used to scent tea. However, jasmine tea did not become widespread until the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1912) when tea started to be exported in large quantities to the West.
Today, there are many production places for jasmine green tea such as Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Zhejiang provinces of China, as well as Vietnam. Among all, Jasmine tea produced in the Chinese province of Fujian has the best reputation.
Tea has been part of the lifestyle and custom in China for over a thousand years. Tea is often associated with literature, arts, and philosophy. Use of tea is incorporated in tea ceremony, traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese cuisine, Weddings, and daily practice. It is common to prepare tea for family gathering or guests visits as a sign of respect. Tea drinking is also common knowledge for other circumstances such as to express thanks, to apologize, to celebrate, etc. There are different types of brewing method, preparation, and tea wares for different regions of China.
Jasmine green tea, in particular, is popular in northern China, which is a custom to serve Jasmine tea as a welcoming gesture to guests and friends. Jasmine tea is the local tea beverage of Fuzhou, while jasmine flowers are the municipal flower of that city. In the South, jasmine green tea is popular in dim sum restaurants.
While Taiwanese bubble tea is widespread worldwide, “jasmine green tea with tapioca balls” is one of the most popular recipes for bubble tea beverage.
Jasmine green tea is beneficial to our body if we consume the right amount. According to University of Maryland Medical Center, they recommend adults to drink around two to three cups of jasmine green tea a day. (providing between 240 and 320 milligrams of polyphenols.) [http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/health-benefit-jasmine-tea-10533.html]
Jasmine green tea has a base of green tea, which have many benefits includes:
**Please note that there is some danger associated with drinking large quantities of jasmine tea during pregnancy. It is also best to avoid drinking it on an empty stomach because it is somewhat acidic and can cause stomach discomfort.
Traditionally, fresh jasmine flowers are placed on a tray above a woven tray of tea leaves in a warm room. The jasmine flowers are replaced often to give the tea an ethereal, light aroma and flavor. Then, the tea is dried and packaged to be sold.
Another method of making jasmine green tea is to mix green tea leaves with the leftover jasmine flowers. Let it sit and allow tea to be scented. Then separated flowers from the tea before the tea is dried and packaged. Sometimes, a few jasmine flowers will remain in the tea when it is sold.
Some jasmine green teas are flavored with natural jasmine essential oil, jasmine natural flavor, artificial jasmine flavor or a mix of flower flavors.
For each cup of Jasmine green tea, add one teaspoon of loose tea and steeped with filtered water that is around 190 degrees F or 88C (simmering, not boiling). 3 minutes is usually plenty.
For brewing jasmine pearls:
use more water with only a few pearls per cup
For jasmine flowering tea:
one "flower" is enough for a large mug or whole pot of tea.
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Researchers Watch A Memory Bit Switch In Real Time
ANN ARBOR — For the first time, engineering researchers have been able to watch in real-time the nanoscale process of a ferroelectric memory bit switching between the 0 and 1 states.
Ferroelectric materials have the potential to replace current memory designs, offering greater storage capacity than magnetic hard drives and faster write speed and longer lifetimes than flash memory. Replacing dynamic random access memory — the short-term memory that allows your computer to operate — with ferroelectric memory can significantly decrease energy usage in computers. Ferroelectric memory doesn’t require power to retain data.
A paper on the research is published in the Nov. 18, 2011, edition of Science.
“This is a direct visualization of the operation of ferroelectric memory,” said principal investigator Xiaoqing Pan, a professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering and director of the UM Electron Microbeam Analysis Laboratory. “By following ferroelectric switching at this scale in real-time, we’ve been able to observe new and unexpected phenomena. This work will help us understand how these systems work so one can make better memory devices that are faster, smaller and more reliable.”
The researchers were able to see that the switching process of ferroelectric memory begins at a different site in the material than they initially believed. And this switching can be sparked with a lot less power than they had hypothesized.
“In this system, electric fields are naturally formed at the ferroelectric-electrode interfaces and this lowers the barrier for switching — for free,” Pan said. “That means you can write information with much lower power consumption.”
Pan is leading the development of special hybrid materials that contain both ferroelectric and magnetic components and could lead to next-generation magnetoelectric memory devices. This new study reports the behavior of one such material. An advantage of using these hybrid materials in memories is that they combine the advantages of both electric and magnetic memory classes: the ease of writing ferroelectric memory and the ease of reading magnetic memory. The interactions between ferroelectric and magnetic orders allow these hybrid materials to be integrated into other novel designs such as spintronics, which harness the intrinsic “up” or “down” spin of electrons.
Researchers from Cornell University, Penn State University, the University of Washington, the University of Wisconsin and Peking University also contributed to the work. The paper is called “Domain Dynamics during Ferroelectric Switching.” The research is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.
Ferroelectrics, discovered about 90 years ago, are characterized by a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reoriented between different orientations by an applied electric field. This ability to form and manipulate the regions (domains) with different polarization orientations at the nanometer scale is key to the utility of ferroelectric materials for devices such as nonvolatile memories. The ferroelectric switching occurs through the nucleation and growth of favorably oriented domains and is strongly influenced by defects and interfaces with electrical contacts in devices. It is critical for memory devices to understand how the ferroelectric domain forms, grows and interacts with defects and interfaces.
To watch a video of the process, visit www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGgGC4xOoCY.
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ammunition, the projectiles and propelling charges used in small arms, artillery, and other guns. Ammunition size is usually expressed in terms of calibre, which is the diameter of the projectile as measured in millimetres or inches. In general, projectiles less than 20 mm or .60 inch in diameter are classified as small-arm, and larger calibres are considered artillery. A complete round of ammunition consists of all the components necessary for one firing of the gun. These normally include a projectile, the propellant, and a primer that ignites the propellant. Other components such as cartridge case, fuze, and bursting charge are frequently included.
In artillery ammunition, a fixed round is a complete round in which all components are securely joined by a cartridge case. (Though brass was used almost invariably for cartridge cases before World War II, it has since been largely superseded by steel.) In semifixed ammunition, the projectile is detachable from the cartridge case, an arrangement that allows for the size of the propelling charge to be adjusted, after which the projectile can be inserted loosely into the case. In separate-loading ammunition, a complete round consists of three components: the fuzed projectile, the propellant (in several combustile cloth bags), and the primer. This type of round is used in the largest-calibre guns because its separated components are easier to handle.
Complete artillery rounds are further classified according to the type of projectile employed, such as high-explosive, armour-piercing, antipersonnel, nuclear, or chemical.
Small-arms ammunition is always of the fixed type; complete rounds are usually called cartridges, and projectiles are called bullets (or shot in shotguns). Cartridge cases are most commonly made of brass, although steel is also widely used, and cases for shotgun pellets are made of brass and cardboard. The cases of most military rifles and machine guns have a bottleneck shape, allowing a small-calibre bullet to be fitted to a large propelling charge.
The most common type of military small-arms ammunition is called general-purpose in Britain and ball in the United States. The bullet of this type usually consists of a steel or lead-alloy core encased in a jacket of copper alloy or of mild steel coated with a copper alloy. Special-purpose ammunition includes armour-piercing rounds, which fire bullets that have cores of hardened steel or some other metal such as tungsten carbide. Tracer bullets have a column of pyrotechnic composition in the base that is ignited by the flame of the propellant; this provides a visible pyrotechnic display during the bullet’s flight. Incendiary bullets, intended to ignite flammable materials such as gasoline, contain a charge of chemical incendiary agent. See alsobullet; cartridge; gunpowder; shell.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Levy.
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52% of voters (vs. 31%) say that boys are more at-risk than girls, which makes perfect sense when you consider that a) the readers here tend to be parents of boys and b) readers here tend to be extremely concerned about boys' welfare.
The scary thing is that the statistics back up our concerns. Consider:
- Teenage boys are 5 times more likely than girls to commit suicide
- Boys are 200% more likely to be diagnosed with learning disabilities
- Boys are turning away from higher education at an alarming rate. Today, they're 24% LESS likely to enter or graduate from college than in 1970.
- 71% of all juvenilles arrested are boys
- Boys are much more likely to use (and abuse) alcohol and drugs
That's the grim part of the picture. But I'm here to tell you that raising a boy doesn't have to be all doom and gloom. Our sons are wonderful human beings, full of possibility. The world may have a long way to go in understanding, recognizing and accepting male behavior (it IS normal for a 5-yr-old boy to be more interested in playing outside than learning to read, just as it's normal for a 5-yr-old boy to spend hours paging through books), but the good news is that we as parents can learn to enjoy our sons RIGHT NOW.
We don't have to wait for society to fully understand the differences between boys' brains and girls' brains and how that affects education. We don't need to completely unravel the association between testosterone, risk taking, aggression and violence. All we need is a willingness to strive for joy.
That means being open to joy, which necessarily means opening your mind. It means getting rid of any preconceived notions you have about what a boy "should" be like and looking at the boy (or boys) in front of you. It means appreciating their quirks and learning what makes them tick. It means helping them to find their joy, even as you learn to find yours.
I won't lie: raising boys is work. But it's also incredibly fun.
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- ABA Groups
- Resources for Lawyers
- About Us
George D. Gopen
The author is a professor of the practice of rhetoric at Duke University.
Our school systems have taught writing inefficiently and ineffectively throughout our history. Educators have not understood well how the communication process takes place. As a result, they have resigned themselves to treating the symptoms of bad writing as if those manifestations were instead the causes.
They have labored mightily to eradicate those symptoms in their students—believing, as it were, that if one never again coughed or sneezed, one would never have a cold. They have bought into a litany of advice about good writing, so long and widely accepted as to be considered unquestionable. Here are some of the major pieces of that advice, each followed by my opinion of its accuracy and helpfulness:
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What is Cooking?
Cooking is defined as the act of using heat to prepare food for consumption. The process usually uses heat to undergo a physical or chemical reaction that enhances flavor or increases digestibility.
Why are Microwaves used for Cooking?
Microwaves have been used primarily used for cooking due to extremely rapid heating. Most food we consume have significant levels of water and fat both of which couple and convert microwave energy to heat efficiently. Microwaves can be used to in many different cooking applications including but not limited to:
- Selective Heating
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Ground rule double
A ground rule double is a double awarded by the umpire because a fair ball became unplayable according the the ground rules of the ballpark. The ground rules technically only cover ways in which the ball can become unplayable, such as becoming lodged in the ivy at Wrigley Field; the rulebook specifies that the award is always two bases. The only exception to the two base rule is in the now very uncommon case of overflow crowds placed in cordoned off sections of the playing field, in which case the managers may agree on other base awards.
"Ground rule double" is also colloquially used for doubles awarded because "a fair ball, touching the ground, bounds into the stands". This colloquial usage is technically incorrect as the ruling is applied equally in all ballparks and has nothing to do with "ground rules". Some commentators will use terms such as "bounce doubles", "rulebook doubles", or as Jon Miller prefers, "automatic doubles" in lieu of the misappropriation of "ground rule double". Until 1931, balls bouncing over the fence were counted as home runs, and this difference in playing rules is respected when tabulating historical statistics.
A ground rule double in either the actual or colloquial sense allows all runners to advance exactly two bases from when the play began. A runner from first base is thus required to stop at third, even if he obviously could have scored had the ball not gone out of play. This rigid awarding of bases distinguishes automatic doubles from fan interference, in which the umpire is free to award as many bases to each player as he deems the player would have attained without the interference.
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This course is designed to help elementary co-teachers strengthen their small group instruction. The program explains and demonstrates four different co-teaching structures, or models, for effective small group lessons and activities. Within each structure, participants will see different strategies that successfully address the needs of students with disabilities.
The purpose of this course is to demonstrate and explain different ways co-teachers can structure small group instruction to take advantage of having two experienced educators in the classroom. In addition, participants will observe a variety of instructional strategies that address the needs of students with disabilities and engage all learners, grades K-6.
You will learn how to:
- successfully use four different models of small group instruction to increase student achievement
- strategically differentiate lessons and activities in inclusive classrooms
- implement a variety of engaging instructional strategies ideally suited to small, flexible group settings
- directly address the predominant learning styles of students with special needs
- boost student learning and active involvement within small group lessons and activities
Watch an excerpt from this course:
Optional Brandman University Graduate Level Professional Development Credit course code: EDCU 9087
"So practical and and helpful! No matter where you are in your teaching career BER workshops and courses never disappoint! This was the first online course I've taken. The format the real-life videos the action plan and resources...everything so helpful in understanding and applying the material in a practical and comprehensive way. Thank you for a very informative and motivating course!"
- L. O'Connor
"I now have a bag of tools to employ to make my students' learning environment more effective, a plan to pre-inform support staff with simple written instructions, and a note-book for them to record observations when appropriate. "
- K. Dowling
"The videos helped me see what was going on and helped me understand the lessons better. Thanks!"
- C. McCasland
"I appreciated the video clips of the implementation of each of the co-teaching models. It is so helpful to see them in action rather than just reading about it."
- D. Bertetto
"I have found this online course very inforamative and the perfect way to end my summer. Its got me thinking about how I can make better use of the teachers and paraprofessionsls in my classroom. I found the format very user-friendly."
- K. Maslan
"This course was easy to follow and clearly presented. There were many great ideas introduced with new activities for employing and applying in the classroom for more effective teaching of all students. "
- J. Avilla
"Very well organized and easy to follow. The short clips are engaging and easy to watch whereas some lengthy video would require bigger chunks of time and these can be easily accessed one at a time when time allows."
- J. Mccomish
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Can a Corporation Be a Partner in a Partnership?
Federal and state law allow certain types of business entities to function in the same way as a natural person, enabling these entities to hold ownership interests in other businesses. Layering business entities can help conceal the identity of owners, protect them from personal liability and lower their tax bills. A corporation is an ideal entity to hold an ownership interest in another business because it offers the most personal liability protection with easy transferability of the corporation's stock.
Corporations and partnerships are business entities that are formed under state law. Under state law, a corporation is an independent legal entity that has the power to do many of the same things as an individual, including entering into contracts, owning real and personal property, hiring employees and borrowing money in its own name. A partnership, in comparison, is a business endeavor conducted by two or more people for profit. It is not an independent entity; each partner is personally responsible for all business obligations.
State law gives corporations the right to own personal property under the corporation's name. Ownership interests in other businesses are considered personal property. As a result, corporations are permitted to own all or a percentage of stock in another corporation in a parent-subsidiary relationship or to hold an ownership percentage in another independent entity, like a limited liability company.
A partnership is not an independent legal entity, so the ability of a corporation to own an interest in a partnership depends on the definition of a partner under state law. State partnership law is mostly standardized across states. The typical state statute defines a partner as a person and further defines "person" to include a human being, partnership, limited liability company, trust or corporation. Defining a corporation as a “person” that has the legal capacity to be a partner in a partnership is in line with the traditional treatment of corporations as legal persons.
The ordinary type of partnership, known as a general partnership, makes each partner personally liable for business debts. An individual partner can set up a corporation that will act as a general partner in the individual's stead to mitigate that personal responsibility, since corporate shareholders are typically not personally responsible for corporate debts. The corporation holds the partner's interest in the partnership, and the partner holds the shares in the corporation, creating a liability shield that is limited to just what the corporation owns. Corporations are also commonly used as general partners of limited partnerships or LPs. An LP is a type of partnership that must have at least one general partner who has unlimited liability for business debts and one limited partner who has limited liability. By using a corporation as the sole general partner of an LP, the people involved make sure that no individual must assume unlimited liability for business debts.
- Citizen Media Law Project: Corporation
- Cengage Learning: The Revised Model Business Corporation Act (Excerpts)
- Citizen Media Law Project: Partnership
- Uniform Law Commission: Uniform Partnership Act (1994) -- A Summary
- Delaware Revised Code: Chapter 15, Delaware Revised Uniform Partnership Act, Sec. 15-101 -- Definitions.
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An anti-monolithic visual!
The idea that something is monolithic — India, Hinduism, religion — is, in my experience, one of the most enduring misconceptions people can have when they begin to learn about a topic.
I have used this graphic for the past few years with good success, both in courses with high school students, and in professional development presentations I’ve given to fellow teachers. It’s been great at getting across a couple related ideas:
1. India is not monolithic. There is no one single India; rather, it’s probably better to think about Indias. (This is similar to a point I made here about Hinduisms, Buddhisms, and the like.) We can see different languages, such as the Sanskritic ones in the north (with the horizontal bar linking letters) and Dravidian ones in the south (with the rounder letters). There are real cultural and linguistic differences that a map such as this one points to.
(Other scripts are present as well, and they give a sense of the broader cultural diversity of this region: there are Perso-Arabic scripts in the western part of this map, there is Tibetan (not quite properly formatted), and there is Chinese.)
2. The other idea, which is in many ways, a restatement of the first point, is that India is internally diverse. The idea of internal diversity is central to the cultural studies approach to religion, but it’s not always the most intuitive one for students to grasp. With an abstract idea such as this one, I often find that seeing something grounds understanding better than just hearing something (for example, if I simply tell students that India is internally diverse), and I think this image is a good way to help students see the internal (linguistic) diversity of India.
This visual also has real value as a schema — a way to help organize subsequent knowledge. Even though this map is about languages, I can refer back to it when we begin to study Hinduism and Buddhism to remind us that these religions, like India, do not speak in one voice.
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Saturday, January 29, 2011
February 7, 1845 --- Vandalism in the British Museum
Considered the "most admired of all the admired" items at the museum, the treasured piece is left in a thousand fragments. Originally known as "the Barberini vase," it had been unearthed near Rome and purchased by the Duke of Portland in 1810 for just over £1000. The vandal - who made no effort to escape - refuses to give his name, hoping "not to involve others in my disgrace." He is soon identified as William Lloyd, in his early 20's, from Dublin.
At his arraignment, Lloyd admitted he had been drunk for most of the previous week and was suffering from "nervous excitement and fear." He freely admitted his action, but insisted he meant no malice but simply acted from delirium. He urged the judge to hand down the harshest possible penalty, for it is "really deserved." However, since the vase is of inestimable value, Lloyd can only be charged with smashing the glass case which contained it. Incredibly, he is fined three pounds. When an anonymous donor paid the young man's fine, Lloyd was speedily released from the Tothill Fields gaol.
The outrage is almost universal; Parliament is encouraged to act in great haste to remedy the law. The Illustrated London News frets: "There are many more fragile artifacts in the Museum to which a fit of delirium tremens and a lump of stone may be fatal." Over at Punch, the editors envision squadrons of "swells" roaming London's museums, smashing the crockery and slashing the canvases: "It is possible that this sort of amusement may supersede the hitherto aristocratic amusement of breaking windows and wrenching off door-knockers. A morning's lark in the National Gallery would be cheap at £30, if half a dozen were to club together for the purpose."
Posted by Tom Hughes at 12:32 PM
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Print version ISSN 0042-9686
Bull World Health Organ vol.79 n.8 Genebra Jan. 2001
Sponging cattle with insecticide halves malaria incidence in study
Malaria is endemic in much of southern Asia, and current methods for controlling the disease are limited by cost considerations. But a study published 9 June in The Lancet shows, for what is believed to be the first time, that sponging livestock with insecticide might offer a far cheaper but just as effective a method, which may also have added benefits.
One method health workers use to control malaria in southern Asia is insecticide spraying inside homes. This method is expensive, since it uses large amounts of insecticide. In 1999, a research team led by Dr Mark Rowland of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, in the UK, showed that treating livestock with insecticides could kill mosquitoes. Because the two species of mosquitoes that spread malaria in southern Asia Anopheles stephensi and A. culicifacies feed preferentially on domestic animals, Rowland's group theorized that treating livestock should reduce the spread of malaria in this region.
The researchers tested their theory in six Afghan refugee settlement villages in north- west Pakistan. They randomly assigned the villages to two groups. Livestock in the villages assigned to the first group were treated with insecticide during the 1995 and 1997 malaria seasons but not in 1996, while livestock in the second group of villages received the insecticide treatment during the 1996 season but not in 1995 or 1997. In this crossover design, each village acted as its own control. Researchers supervised the villagers as they sponged the livestock with the insecticide deltamethrin. At the end of the study, the researchers compared malaria incidence in each village during livestock treatment seasons with incidence in seasons without livestock treatment.
The results were dramatic. Treating livestock with insecticide produced a 56% fall in the incidence of falciparum malaria, the most deadly form of the disease, and a 31% fall in the incidence of vivax malaria, a disabling but rarely fatal form. The livestock insecticide method was thus as effective as standard indoor spraying, but the cost was 80% less US$ 0.34 per person protected vs US$ 0.07 for the animal sponging method.
"The livestock method should be good for epidemic control since it can be done more quickly than indoor spraying," Rowland commented to the Bulletin. Though he says the method could stem malaria in much of southern Asia, he is quick to point out that it will only work in regions where mosquitoes prefer feeding on livestock. That's not the case in sub-Saharan Africa, for example, where malaria is spread primarily by A. gambiae mosquito species which don't home in on livestock but prefer to feed indoors on humans. Further testing is needed to find out if the method will work against livestock- loving mosquitoes in Africa, China and South America, he says.
Local people must be committed to the programme, since all the domestic animals in a village must be treated and the insecticide must be applied every six weeks. That wasn't a problem in the test villages, where people were eager to continue with the regimen when they noticed their animals thriving. Indeed, the researchers found significant weight gains among treated cattle and in some villages there were increased milk yields, though these gains weren't statistically significant.
Deltamethrin, the insecticide used in the study, is one of the safest insecticides known, says Rowland. But epidemiologist and malaria expert Dr Syed Jamil Hasan Kazmi at the University of Karachi in Pakistan says that deltamethrin does pose a danger to humans if ingested orally. He says further studies should investigate whether the milk and meat of treated animals contain pesticide residues. Dr Bernard Nahlen of the WHO-based Roll Back Malaria Initiative adds: "Monitoring of insecticide resistance and potential changes in mosquito feeding behaviour will also be important in this type of malaria control activity which relies on the use of insecticides".
Kazmi praises the new study, and believes its findings could greatly benefit rural areas of southern Asia. "However, its effectiveness in urban areas is still questionable. Urban areas like Mumbai, Karachi, New Delhi, Decca, etc. are the growing hotspots of malaria and there are no cattle available for the lethal lady [female mosquito] so she has to rely on human beings," says Kazmi. Still, plenty of regions in southern Asia do host live- stock and in these areas Rowland's method could greatly reduce the cost of controlling malaria.
Nederland, Colorado, USA
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Soil Acidity and Aglime
- Soil pH indicates the acidic level of a soil. A pH less than 7.0 indicates an acid soil.
- Soil acidification is a natural process that is increased by normal production practices, particularly the use of nitrogen fertilizer and manure.
- High levels of soil acidity (low soil pH) can reduce root growth, reduce nutrient availability, affect crop protectant activity.
- For most agronomic crops the soil pH should be between 6.0 and 7.0.
- A soil test determines the soil pH which indicates whether liming is required.
- The soil test also gives the exchangeable acidity of the soil. This along with optimal pH for crop growth, determines how much limestone is required to neutralize the acidity.
- Most aglime materials are calcium and/or magnesium carbonates. Burnt lime, hydrated lime, and some by-product materials are also used. Calcium sulfate (gypsum) and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) are not liming materials.
- Lime quality is based upon the neutralizing ability as determined by its calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) and by the speed of reaction as determined by its fineness. Calcium and magnesium content and moisture level are also important.
- Lime quality information is required by Pennsylvania law to be on the label of all aglime materials.
- Soil test lime recommendations are usually given as an amount of CCE per acre. The actual amount of material required to meet the recommendation will vary depending on actual CCE, moisture content, and depth of incorporation.
- Actual cost of liming materials is compared on the basis of an equal amount of CCE.
- Liming materials should be mixed with the soil where possible.
- Even finely ground liming materials require several months to react. Apply aglime well in advance of acid-sensitive crops to allow time for it to neutralize soil acidity.
A sound liming program will increase soil productivity and, possibly more important under current conditions, increase efficiency of other crop production inputs such as fertilizers and crop protectants.
Definition and Causes of Soil Acidity
Acid soils are defined as any soil that has a pH of less than 7.0 (neutral). Acidity is due to hydrogen (H+) ion concentrations in the soil. The higher the H+ concentration, the lower the pH. It is also important to note that a one-unit change in pH equals a ten-fold change in acidity, therefore, small changes in pH can dramatically effect the lime requirement of that soil. Soil acidity is comprised of two components: active acidity and exchangeable (reserve) acidity. Active acidity is the concentration of H+ ion in the solution phase of the soil and is measured by pH but is not a measure of the total soil acidity. The soil pH is a general indicator of whether aglime is needed to reduce the acidity. The exchangeable acidity refers to the amount of H+ ions on cation exchange sites of negatively charged clay and organic matter fractions of the soil. Soil exchangeable acidity determines the amount of aglime necessary to increase the soil pH. Therefore, soil test reports show both soil pH and exchangeable acidity and a lime recommendation based on this total acidity, as well as other factors.
Initially, each type of soil has a certain level of acidity depending upon its composition, native vegetation, and rainfall amounts, however, various factors over time cause changes in soil pH. Leaching, erosion, and crop uptake of basic cations (calcium, Ca2+; magnesium, Mg2+; potassium, K+), decay of plant residues, and plant root exudates are all means by which the soil acidity is increased. However, a common source of acidity comes from H+ ions that are released when high levels of aluminum (Al3+) in the soil react with water molecules. Acid residuals also occur from certain fertilizers.
Nitrogen sources that supply ammonium or react in the soil to produce ammonium nitrogen (e.g., ammonium nitrate, urea fertilizers, and animal manures) form acid and tend to increase soil acidity. With these reactions occurring, it is necessary to neutralize the acidity by adding lime to the soil. The approximate pounds of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) needed to neutralize the acidifying effects of one pound of nitrogen are as follows:
3 pounds for ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), urea (NH2-CO-NH2), nitrogen solutions/UAN (urea+NH4NO3+water), and anhydrous ammonium (NH3)
5.3 pounds for diammonium phosphate (DAP), [(NH4)2HPO4]
7 pounds for ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], monoammonium phosphate (MAP), [NH4H2PO4], and ammonium polyphosphate (APP)
Effects of Soil Acidity on Crop Production
For most agronomic crops, a soil pH of 6.0 to 7.0 is ideal for crop growth, however, the pH tolerance range for various crop species can vary (Figure 1). For example, legumes, as a group, and barley respond better to a pH range between 6.5 and 7.0, whereas oats can tolerate a pH of 5.5.
Figure 1. Favorable pH ranges for common crops.
However, liming soil to maintain an optimal pH improves crop production in the long run. For example, perennial legumes will respond with higher yields and stand longevity. Other management factors also need to be considered, such as soil pH effects on herbicides. Soil pH below 6.0 causes reduced activity of triazine herbicides, whereas a pH greater than 7.0 can cause carryover problems with other types of herbicides. Although liming provides some plant-nutrient value (Ca2+ or Mg2+), its greatest benefit to plant growth is by counteracting the negative effects of soil acidity which can cause several of the following problems.
Soluble metal toxicity
As the pH decreases below 5.5, the availability of aluminum and manganese (Mn) increase and may reach a point of toxicity to the plant. Excess Al3+ in the soil solution interferes with root growth and function, as well as restricting plant uptake of certain nutrients, namely, Ca2+ and Mg2+. Liming acid soils reduces the activity of Al and Mn.
Effect on phosphorus availability
Acid soils causes P to form insoluble compounds with aluminum and iron. Liming soils with low pH “dissolves” these insoluble compounds and allows P to be more available for plant uptake. However, liming soil to points beyond 7.0 causes P to form complexes with Ca or Mg, therefore, it’s best to maintain the soil pH between 5.5 and 6.8 to curb these problems (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. How soil pH affects availability of plant nutrients and aluminum.
The availability of micronutrients increases as soil pH decreases, except for molybdenum. Since micronutrients are needed by the plants in only minute quantities, plant toxicity in addition to other detrimental effects occur with excess amounts. Refer to Figure 2 for relationship between pH and nutrient availability.
Microorganisms associated with nitrification (conversion of NH4+ to NO3-), require a certain soil pH range to function efficiently. Since these organisms require large amounts of Ca to perform the conversion, a pH of 5.5 to 6.5 is necessary for Ca to be available. Also, the activity of bacteria (Rhizobia species) which are responsible for nitrogen fixation in legume crops decreases when the pH drops below 6.0. In addition to less N being produced by organisms for crop utilization, microbes responsible for the breakdown of crop residues and soil organic matter are also affected by acid soils. Other microorganisms vary in their tolerance to soil pH.
Soil physical condition
Liming fine-textured soils improves the structure, and that has several positive attributes including reduced soil crusting, better emergence of small-seeded crops, and less power required for tillage operations.
Soil acidity can have an influence on certain plant pathogens (disease-causing organisms). However, pathogens vary in their tolerance to soil acidity, so no soil pH range can be recommended. Therefore, proper identification of the problem is necessary before any management tactic is utilized.
A soil test performed by a reliable laboratory provides a good estimate of the fertility status of a field. Proper soil sampling is an important first step in the testing process and should be done according to the directions with the sampling kit. Sampling techniques differ, however, for no-till situations. If the area has been in no-till corn management for two years or more, it is advisable to measure the pH of the soil surface. Since surface applications of nitrogen fertilizers and manure may acidify the upper soil layer, decreasing herbicide effectiveness and other chemical reactions, an analysis of acidity within the upper two inches of soil is necessary. Collect several representative cores less than two inches deep from the no-till area and mix thoroughly in a clean bucket. Remove a sample and measure the acidity with a simple accurate colorimetric field pH kit. If the pH of the surface soil is less than 6.2, take a standard soil sample for laboratory analysis. If the standard sample does not indicate a need for limestone and the surface pH is below 6.2, apply 2,000 pounds of calcium carbonate equivalent material. This amount of aglime should be adequate to neutralize the surface acidity.
A good liming program is based on a soil test that determines the degree of soil acidity and the correct amount of a liming material needed to neutralize that acidity. Once this amount is determined, a liming material must be selected that will economically satisfy the soil test recommendation and result in maximum, efficient production. However, before considering the necessary lime application amounts, an understanding of aglime materials, quality, and associated laws is helpful.
Aglime is an agricultural liming material capable of neutralizing soil acidity, i.e., increasing soil pH. Common aglime materials and some of their important chemical properties are given in Table 1. By far the most common aglimes used in Pennsylvania (approximately 99 percent) are ground calcitic and dolomitic limestone. While they do supply essential calcium and magnesium in the process of liming, it is the carbonate, oxide, or hydroxide part of these compounds that neutralizes soil acidity. Materials such as calcium sulfate (gypsum) or magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) are not liming materials, even though they contain calcium and magnesium, because they are not capable of neutralizing soil acidity.
|Material||Chemical formula||% CCE|
|Pure calcitic limestone||CaCO3||100|
|Calcium oxide; lime, burnt, lump, or unslaked lime, quicklime||CaO||179|
|Calcium hydroxide; hydrated, slaked, or builders’ lime||Ca(OH)2||136|
|Marl and shells||CaCO3||70–90|
Not all limestone is the same. The quality of aglime varies significantly and should be an important consideration in aglime management. Four factors are most important in assessing aglime quality; chemical purity, speed of reaction, magnesium content, and moisture.
1. Chemical purity
The chemical purity of aglime determines the amount of soil acidity the material can neutralize. Chemical purity is indicated by the material’s calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE): the amount of soil acidity the material can neutralize compared to pure calcium carbonate (calcitic limestone, CaCO3). The CCE is given as a percentage: a 100-percent-CCE limestone would be just as effective as pure calcitic limestone in neutralizing value; 90-percent-CCE limestone would be only 90 percent as effective; and a 109-percent-CCE limestone such as a dolomitic limestone would be 109 percent as effective. The calcium carbonate equivalent is given for each of the materials listed in Table 1. Calcium carbonate equivalent indicates only the equivalent neutralizing value of an aglime material; it says nothing about the actual calcium carbonate content of the material. For example, note that pure calcium hydroxide (hydrated or slaked lime) has a CCE of 136 percent but contains no calcium carbonate.
The CCE value of a limestone is obtained directly by dissolving a sample of the material in an acid. However, aglime analysis is often reported in different ways, such as calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) or as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). You can easily calculate the CCE value of an aglime material reported in these ways by using the conversion factors listed in Table 2. Convert the analyses to calcium carbonate and then add them up.
|Ca x 2.50 = CaCO3|
|Mg x 4.17 = CaCO3|
|CaO x 1.79 = CaCO3|
|MgO x 2.50 = CaCO3|
|MgCO3 x 1.19 = CaCO3|
|Ca(OH)2 x 1.36 = CaCO3|
|Ca 35% x 2.50 = 87.50%|
|Mg 2% x 4.17 = 8.34%|
|CCE = 95.84%|
Liming materials containing less than 50 percent CCE are mostly of components that do not contribute to the neutralizing capabilities of the material. As compared to an aglime with a higher percentage CCE value, larger amounts would be necessary to reduce soil acidity. The chemical purity of a limestone depends on the geologic formation where the material is quarried or mined and can vary considerably from quarry to quarry or even within a single quarry. This variation is a problem that producers must face in guaranteeing aglime quality.
2. Speed of reaction
The speed with which an aglime material reacts with the soil to neutralize acidity and thus increases soil pH is determined by the fineness of the material. The finer the material, the faster it will react because limestone’s solubility increases as it is ground finer. Also, limestone affects only a very small volume of soil around each particle, so the finer the material, the greater the total surface area that is available to come into contact with the soil and neutralize it (assuming adequate soil mixing). Aglime should react with the soil as quickly as possible. Generally, aglime should react completely within three years. Quicker reaction may be desirable on rented ground or for shorter-season annual crops.
Aglime fineness is given as the percentage of the material that passes through sieves of specified mesh. Sieve mesh is the number of wires per inch on the sieve. The higher the number, the finer the material that will pass through.
Aglime larger than 20 mesh (about the fineness of table salt/sugar) reacts extremely slowly; little will react within two to three years. The speed of reaction increases to a practical maximum with 100-mesh material. The effect of aglime fineness on speed of reaction is shown clearly in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Effect of aglime fineness on speed of reaction.
In each case illustrated in Figure 3, sufficient aglime was applied to neutralize the soil acidity to raise the soil pH to 7.0. However, only the 100-mesh material came close to achieving that goal. Therefore, it would seem desirable to use only 100-mesh or smaller aglime. However, this decision must be balanced against the high cost of grinding limestone to finer than 100 mesh. A compromise must be reached so that the material is fine enough to be effective agronomically but still economical. A material with at least 95 percent passing through a 20-mesh sieve, 60 percent passing through a 60-mesh sieve, and 50 percent passing through a 100-mesh sieve is generally adequate. Spending extra for a finer-sized liming material would only be recommended in emergency situations where very rapid reaction is required.
3. Calcium and magnesium content
In addition to acid neutralization capabilities, lime also serves as a source of calcium and magnesium. The magnesium content of aglime is important when a soil test indicates a need for magnesium. Magnesium requirements are met most economically by applying an aglime material that contains magnesium.
The magnesium content of aglime varies considerably. Unfortunately, there is no official trade classification of limestone according to its magnesium content. Local classification schemes often create confusion. Therefore, to select the proper aglime material, you should use the actual magnesium analysis rather than a name (e.g., dolomitic lime, high-magnesium lime).
Magnesium soil-test recommendations are usually given in one of the three different ways: as pounds of Mg per acre, or as pounds of MgO per acre, or as pounds of calcium carbonate equivalent per acre with a specific Mg or MgO content. Liming materials must be labeled to indicate their percentage of Mg; however, additional information on percentage of MgO may also appear. When the recommendation and label are in different forms, a simple conversion is required. To convert Mg into MgO, multiply by 1.67; but to convert MgO into Mg, multiply by 0.602.
The moisture content of an aglime does not directly affect its effectiveness. However, since lime is sold and applied by weight, including water weight, a high moisture content means less actual liming material per ton. When moisture content approaches 10 percent or more, the application rate of aglime per acre should be adjusted to ensure that the required amount of actual liming material is applied to the soil. Use the following formula to make the adjustment or refer to the example calculations section:
The Pennsylvania Lime Law
The quality of aglime sold in Pennsylvania is regulated by the state law, Agricultural Liming Materials Rules and Regulations. Since aglime quality cannot be determined by visual inspection, these regulations help to assure farmers (consumers) that they are getting what they pay for. Recently, state lime regulations were changed to keep requirements consistent with laws throughout the northeastern region of the United States. These new labeling requirements will be in full effect by September 1995. The following information is a summary of the new Agricultural Liming Materials Rules and Regulations.
Aglime materials must be labeled according to their type (e.g., limestone, hydrated lime, burnt lime, industrial by-products or marl and shells).
2. Elemental calcium and magnesium
Aglime materials must be labeled as to the Total Calcium (Ca) and Total Magnesium (Mg) percentage by weight contained in the product. Oxide and carbonate guarantees may be stated following the elemental guarantee.
The label must state the classification (fine-sized, medium-sized or coarse-sized materials) of the product and the minimum percentages by weight passing through the US standard 20-, 60-, and 100-mesh sieve. The classification must meet the minimum standards outlined by regulation. (certain special limestone materials for lawn and garden have different quality standards). The following outlines the three groups based on fineness for agronomic liming materials:
95% through a 20-mesh sieve
60% through a 60-mesh sieve
50% through a 100-mesh sieve
90% through a 20-mesh sieve
50% through a 60-mesh sieve
30% through a 100-mesh sieve
Coarse-sized materials All liming materials that fail to meet one of the above minimums for fineness.
The label must state the minimum CCE value of the aglime material.
5. Effective neutralizing value (ENV)
The label must state the minimum ENV of the aglime material. [The ENV is a relative value that expresses soil acidity neutralizing capabilities of a liming material and is determined by using the calcium and magnesium oxide content and fineness. ENV is not utilized in Pennsylvania, but it is used by some other states of the region. The term is similar to “effective neutralizing power” (ENP)].
The label must state the maximum moisture content by weight of the material. A tolerance of 10 percent of the guarantee is set for moisture greater than what is stated on the label.
7. Dry-weight analysis
The guarantees for elemental Ca and Mg, CCE, and ENV must appear on the label under the heading: “Guaranteed Dry Weight Analysis.” If oxides and carbonates are guaranteed they should follow the elemental guarantee.
A tolerance of 2 percent of the guarantee is allowed for the guaranteed minimum CCE value and minimum fineness value. All other guarantees are allowed a 10-percent tolerance range.
Soil Test Aglime Recommendations
Liming an acid soil to an optimal range is the initial step in creating favorable soil conditions for productive plant growth. The lime recommendation on the soil test report is based on the amount of exchangeable acidity (or exchange- able H+) measured by the lime requirement soil test and the optimum soil pH for the crop. For a desired pH of 7.0, the lime requirement can be estimated as follows:
Lime requirement = exchangeable acidity × 1,000
For a desired pH 6.5, the lime requirement is estimated as follows:
If the exchangeable acidity is greater than 4.0, then:
Lime requirement = exchangeable acidity × 840
If the exchangeable acidity is less than 4.0 and the soil pH is still less than 6.5, then:
Lime requirement = 2,000 lb/A
Otherwise, no lime is required.
Soil test recommendations should take into account that aglime quality varies significantly. Most soil test recommendations for aglime are based on 100 percent calcium carbonate equivalent acid neutralizing ability, as well as based on liming an acre-furrow slice approximately seven inches deep. The Penn State aglime recommendations are given as pounds of calcium carbonate equivalent per acre. Thus, you must adjust the recommendation when using an aglime material with a CCE different from 100 percent CCE. The following formula is used to calculate the adjusted amount of an aglime material needed to meet the soil test recommendation:
Refer to the example calculations section for a detailed example.
This adjusted recommendation can be calculated from this formula or read directly from Table 3. The Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory at Penn State includes a copy of this formula and table as part of the recommendations with each soil test.
Table 3. Liming material conversion.
Find your soil test limestone recommendation in the left-hand column and then read across the table on that line until you come to the column headed by the percentage CCE nearest to that of your liming material. The number at that point is the pounds of liming material required to meet the limestone recommendation on your soil test.
Because there is generally little advantage in applying more than 8,000 pounds of CCE per acre in any one application to agricultural land, this table is divided into three sections suggesting how the total liming material required can be split for more efficient use. Separate the applications by six months or at least by tillage operations (see the right-hand column). In no-till, the recommended aglime can be applied in smaller, more frequent applications.
The soil test recommendation assumes that the agliming material meets the minimum standard requirements for fine-sized liming materials specified in the lime law.
If the aglime material will be incorporated with a large volume of soil (i.e., if the plow depth is more than nine inches), the recommendation is adjusted according to the following formula:
or one can use the guidelines that follow:
|Plow depth||Adjusted aglime requirement|
|Less than 9 inches||No adjustment|
|9 to 11 inches||Basic requirement × 1.5|
|More than 12 inches||Basic requirement × 1.8|
Example Calculations for Adjusting Aglime Materials
- Soil test recommendation:
Limestone — apply 6,000 pounds of calcium carbonate equivalent per acre.
- Information known:
Calcium carbonate equivalent of aglime material = 90%
Moisture content of aglime material = 15%
Incorporate to 10 inches
- Adjusting material to recommended percentage of CCE example:
- Moisture adjustment example:
- Adjusting for incorporation with large soil volume example:
In this example, after all the adjustments were made, a total of 11,300 pounds per acre would be necessary to neutralize the soil acidity. Since the requirement is a large quantity, it would be best to use split-applications at two different time periods approximately six months apart or by tillage operations. Smaller, more frequent applications are suitable for no-till situations. Notice that by incorporating the lime to depth greater than seven inches causes an increase of over 1 ½-times the original lime requirement. Therefore, be sure that your plow depth is accurate and that overapplication of aglime will not occur.
Example Calculations for Comparing Aglime Materials
To compare aglime materials, convert the materials to “per ton of CCE” and then compare the total cost per ton of CCE. Keep in mind that the material must meet the minimum fineness requirements. As long as these minimums are met, fineness would not be a major consideration except in an emergency that requires extremely rapid reaction. Following is an example comparing three liming materials:
In this example, material B would be the best buy.
Prepared by Douglas B. Beegle, professor of agronomy and Dwight D. Lingenfelter, extension assistant.
TitleSoil Acidity and Aglime
SeriesAgronomy Facts 3
This publication is available in alternative media on request.
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Lake SuperiorEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Links to Lake Superior's History
- History of the Great Lakes
- Oswego County, N.Y. History Site!
- Routes to the North-Central Lakes Plains
- History of Minnesota's Lake Superior
- History of Lake Superior: A Timeline
- Wikipedia: North Shore (Lake Superior)
- Minnesota Fun Facts: Early Explorers and Settlers
- Minnesota Territory - Early History
- Events: World, United States, Minnesota, and St Louis County
The Great Lakes make up 20 percent of the Earth's available (not in the ice caps) surface fresh water and half of that water is stored by Lake Superior. Lake Superior is located on the northern edge of Wisconsin and stretches between the Upper Peninsula of Michigan north to Ontario Canada. It also spans west to the eastern edge of Minnesota. Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes by surface area and volume.
Check out these facts
- Surface Area: 31,700 square miles
- Water Volume: 2,934 cubic miles of water
- Shoreline length: 2,726 miles (including islands)
- Population living around the lake: 474,150 (Unites States) 155,675 (Canada)
- Land use near the lake: 68 percent forest
- Mineral rich area: iron, gold, silver, copper, zinc
- Gemstone rich: agates, amethyst, greenstone, thomsonite and even some diamonds
- Not only is Lake Superior the largest of the Great Lakes, it also has the biggest surface area of any freshwater lake in the world. It holds about 3,000 cubic miles of water - enough to fill all the other Great Lakes plus Lake Erie three times over.
Superior stretches approximately 350 miles from west to east, and 160 miles north to south, with a shoreline almost 2,800 miles long. That is the same distance as driving from Duluth Minnesota to Miami Florida. The land area surrounding the lake also provides Lake Superior with water in the form of rain and snowmelt runoff from Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Ontario Canada.
Most of the land around Lake Superior is heavily forested. Not many people farm near the lake because the temperatures are cool and the soil is poor. You won't find many people living along the lake either, except in port cities where the ships load and unload.
- This page was last modified on 21 January 2013, at 00:51.
- This page has been accessed 1,762 times.
Share Your Opinion!
The Community Council Selection Committee is now accepting recommendations for potential council vacancies.Recommendations Page
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Historian and writer Michael Lenihan speaks about the Middle Parish Burning of Cork Mural
On December 11, to mark 100 years since the Burning of Cork, the Middle Parish Burning of Cork Mural was officially unveiled by the Lord Mayor of Cork, Cllr. Joe Kavanagh.
Representatives of the Middle Parish and the Cork Fire Brigade attended the unveiling as did George Patterson, Chairman of the Middle Parish Community Association.
Special thanks go to the Lord Mayor’s Commemoration fund for enabling this tribute to the Fire Brigade of 1920. The mural of Sunner’s Chemist’s ruins is the most iconic and important image of the aftermath of the burning of Cork.
Spray painted by local artist Peter Martin on the Middle Parish Community Centre, known as Mechanics Hall in 1920 is a demonstrative sight to see.
Fireman Timothy Ring and his team from The Grattan Street sub-station were the first on the scene to witness the chaos, mayhem, and madness of the most terrifying event to ever visit Patrick Street in the city centre of Cork.
The fire service of Cork and later from Dublin, already exhausted continued to work, hindered, for 27 hours solid.
The image shouting off the walls of this community centre, that is one of two buildings still standing in Grattan Street that also stood in 1920, is designed to give the observer the vision that thousands of Corkonians had the day after the burning of Cork.
A decimation that could only be accomplished with incendiary and propellants that would make a fireman’s job to prevent destruction or save anything that was there the day before, almost impossible to achieve.
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Recently many people have made the phenomenal swap from cigarettes to electronic vaporizers, or E-cigs. While anything is better for you than a cigarette, new research finds that E-cigarettes are rather dangerous too.
Many people have made the switch from tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes, especially in the past few years. However, new research suggests that just one puff of an electronic cigarette could increase your chances for heart disease and even a heart attack. The research was performed by the American Physiological Society (APS) after conducting tests on lab mice.
The researchers conducted tests on mice that showed the effects of five minutes of vape exposure. Just five minutes of vapor exposure caused the mice’s arteries to narrow by a significant 30% within just one hour! Narrowed arteries are one of the primary symptoms of heart disease and put you at risk for having a serious heart attack or stroke. The researchers also discovered that the mice’s blood vessels were less capable of dilating after exposure. This is necessary for your body to be able to lower your blood pressure.
The mice were also given long-term exposure to vaping, approximately 20 hours per week over the course of an eight-month period. The vape exposed mice had developed stiffer arteries. In fact, the mice who had been exposed had over twice the stiffness than mice who have been exposed to nicotine.
Researchers who conducted the study came to the following conclusion:
These data indicate that e-cigs should not be considered safe and that they induce significant deleterious effects.
Smoking, vaping, or inhaling anything but the air is probably not a good idea, to begin with. Smoking is a habit of the past! We just started to really kick it, let’s not replace it with vaping. Smoking is bad for you in basically all forms – so stop trying to sub it out for something else! Just kick the habit as a whole!
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Graphene could become essential to efficient and environmentally sound oil production, according to Rice University researchers.
The scientists claim that by taking advantage of graphene’s strength, light weight and solubility, they can enhance the fluids used to drill oil wells.
These fluids are pumped into wells as part of the process to keep drill bits clean and to remove cuttings. With traditional clay-enhanced muds, differential pressure forms a layer on the wellbore called a filter cake, which keeps the oil from flowing out and drilling fluids from invading the tiny, oil-producing pores.
James Tour, a chemist from Rice University, and scientists at M-I SWACO, a Texas-based supplier of drilling fluids and subsidiary of oil-services provider Schlumberger, claim the functionalised graphene oxide they have produced alleviates the clogging of oil-producing pores in newly drilled wells.
The solution was to ‘esterify’ graphene oxide flakes with alcohol. ‘It’s a simple, one-step reaction,’ said Tour. ‘Graphene oxide functionalised with alcohol works much better, because it doesn’t precipitate in the presence of salts. There’s nothing exotic about it.’
Graphene is a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon that won its discoverers a Nobel Prize last year.
The research was published this month in the American Chemical Society journal Applied Materials and Interfaces.
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Prof. Christine Olson, nutritional science, may have found a way to alleviate one of a woman’s biggest concerns about pregnancy and its aftermath.
“For many, losing weight can be particularly challenging,” Olson said. “It does seem like this weight sticks around.”
The solution, Olson says, is to manage weight carefully during pregnancy. With a five-year, $4.6-million grant from the National Institute of Health, Olson will research whether electronic communication, such as text and e-mail messages, can help women keep the weight down. Selected women for the study will receive periodic electronic messages that will remind them to eat healthy and exercise.
Gaining weight during pregnancy affects more than a woman’s psyche. Excessive weight gain during pregnancy often leads to diabetes and cardiovascular problems late in life.
“[The institute] sees this weight gain in young adulthood as the next frontier in the prevention of cardiovascular disease,” Olson said.
In addition, previous research shows that children born from mothers who managed their weight poorly during pregnancy are at a greater risk to suffer from weight-related problems themselves, according to Olson.
Olson believes that doctors currently do not do enough to maintain communication with their patients during pregnancy.
“If doctors do talk to women about how much weight they should gain, they are more likely to gain the appropriate amount of weight,” she said. “But the problem is that these recommendations aren’t used in practical care.”
Instead of electronic communication, Olson says that many women receive communication via print newsletters. These newsletters often have postcards that women can mail back with questions. Eighty-five percent of women replied to at least one of the newsletters they received. Olson said that this statistic shows that women have a desire to communicate about pregnancy that is not fully met.
Olson says that electronic communication can solve this problem because of its two-way nature.
“Throwing information at women isn’t going to solve the problem.” she said. “They have to be able to communicate back to us. They have to think that what they’re receiving is designed for them.”
Olson is looking into the subgroups of 3,500 women in the Rochester area and figuring out which methods of communication she is going to use. Her options, she said, include email, text message and Facebook, among others.
Prof. Kathleen Rasmussen, nutritional science, says that gaining weight during pregnancy is a lot like gaining weight normally.
“It’s basic stuff,” she said. “It’s the same as not getting too fat when you’re not pregnant.”
Rasmussen said that the key to maintaining optimal pregnancy weight is by eating a healthy diet and exercising. “The way that a woman can manage to gain too much weight is that she eats to much calorically or doesn’t exercise enough, or both,” she said.
According to Rasmussen, a potential key to keeping the optimal pregnancy weight lies in Olson’s research.
“Because so many women gain more weight during pregnancy than our guidelines recommend, they need a way of staying inside the guidelines,” Rasmussen said. “And that’s why we need Dr. Olson’s research.”
Original Author: Juan Forrer
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Mars is a rocky planet that orbits our Sun, a star. Like Earth, it has clouds, winds, seasons, polar ice caps, volcanoes and canyons.
It also has two moons: Phobos, an inner moon, and Deimos, an outer one. Both are pockmarked with craters from meteor impacts.
The Red Planet
Mars is the next planet out from Earth in our solar system. It is about one-third the size of our home world and has about one-third of the gravity. This means that when a rock is dropped on the planet, it falls slower than on Earth.
Mars has many surface features, including volcanoes like Olympus Mons and canyons like Valles Marineris. These areas were probably created by the flow of water across the planet’s surface in past eras.
Despite these unusual features, Mars’ atmosphere is cold enough that liquid water cannot exist on its surface for long periods of time. In addition, the thin atmosphere makes it difficult for any life forms to survive on Mars.
The Red Planet also has a large moon, Phobos, which slowly gets closer to the planet at a rate of about 2 cm per year. It will either crash into Mars or disintegrate to form a ring around it within 50 million years.
Since the 1960s, NASA and other space agencies have sent numerous spacecraft to Mars. The Viking 1 lander successfully touched down in 1976, followed by its twin Viking 2.
Some of the most interesting features on the surface of Mars are Olympus Mons, which is the largest volcano and highest-known mountain in the Solar System; and Valles Marineris, a series of deep canyons that run east-west for about 2,500 miles (4,000 km). These features were created by the flow of water across the planet’s surfaces in past eras.
Another fascinating feature of the Martian surface is the dust storms that are common there. These windstorms lift rust-colored dust high into the Martian air and can cover the entire planet! Tiny dust storms can look like tornadoes, while large ones can encircle the planet.
These windstorms are dangerous for robots on the Martian surface. Some of NASA’s robotic Mars rovers died in 2018 after they were engulfed in a dust storm that blocked sunlight from reaching their solar panels for weeks at a time.
For more information about Mars, visit the National Aeronautics and Space Administration website. There, you can find the NASA Explorer’s Club, an online resource that has everything from educational videos to articles about this mysterious planet. It’s a great resource for teachers and parents looking for ways to engage students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
The Moon is a natural satellite of Earth, and it is also one of the largest moons in the solar system. It orbits Earth about a common centre of mass called the barycentre. It has a relatively large ratio of mass to its planet and exerts a strong gravitational influence on Earth.
The surface of the Moon is quite different from that of the Earth, and there are many features to explore. Its surface is full of craters, mountains and valleys that were formed by meteorite impacts over billions of years.
It is also known for having a very thin atmosphere, which contains helium, neon, methane, argon and carbon dioxide, as well as sodium and potassium. This gas is not present on the Earth, Venus or Mars and may be a result of evaporation from the Moon’s surface or meteor impact.
While it is still not possible to visit the Moon and study its surface, scientists have gathered a lot of information about its formation. It is thought that it formed from the debris of a large collision between a Mars-sized object and Earth about 4.5 billion years ago.
During its early history, the Moon was enveloped in a deep ocean of liquid rock, called a magma ocean. Over time, the ocean crystallized and less dense rocks accumulated on top, forming the crust of the Moon.
When the Moon was first formed, it probably had a large amount of oxygen in its crust. As the crust cooled, the oxygen was converted to heavier metals. The result was a small core that contained iron and other heavy elements.
The core is surrounded by a thick mantle that stretches over 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) across. This mantle is mainly made of iron and magnesium, with traces of sulfur and nitrogen.
The Earth-Moon system is tidally locked, meaning that each side of the Moon orbits about the same centre of mass, the barycentre. This tidal locking is caused by the pull of the Moon on the Earth and slows down both bodies’ rotational pace. This braking effect adds around 1.4 milliseconds of time to our day each century.
The Atmosphere of Mars is a complex system made up of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water. It is a thin atmosphere with a density less than 1% of Earth’s, owing to its low surface gravity (compared to Earth).
The atmosphere on Mars is about 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen and 1.6% argon. It also contains traces of oxygen and water.
Atmospheric pressure on the surface ranges from a low of 30 Pa to over 1,155 Pa in Hellas Planitia and Olympus Mons. The mean surface pressure is 600 Pa.
As Mars approaches perihelion (closest point to the Sun), its air gets heated. This heat is transported around the planet by the Hadley cell pattern. The Hadley cells, named for English scientist George Hadley, feature rising, warmed air that flows northward and southward, primarily in the northern and southern hemispheres, but varies between latitudes.
This process is aided by the rotation of the planet and by surface landforms that direct airflow. The flow is a mix of updrafts and downdrafts, but in the northern hemisphere, it tends to be more updraft-dominated.
Another activity of the atmosphere is evaporation of water vapour. This occurs at the highest altitudes, ranging from 110 km to 130 km above the surface.
These vapors are mostly from surface sources, but some also come from the Martian soil. This is an important finding for scientists looking for signs of life.
However, these vapors are too weak to support biological activity. And, given the sensitivity of the environment to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, it is unlikely that any organic molecules would have survived in these conditions.
The atmospheric inventory of trace gases makes up a small percentage of the overall atmosphere, but it is critical for understanding the planet’s internal processes. Trace gas data from the ExoMars mission will help scientists understand the history and current state of the planet’s atmosphere.
The atmosphere on Mars has undergone significant changes in its past. Evidence suggests that the planet’s early climate was much warmer and wetter than today. Some of this may be due to the evaporation of water from the surface, but it could also be due to the loss of a magnetosphere about 4 billion years ago. Without one, the solar wind can strip atoms from the atmosphere.
The surface of Mars has many features that show signs of the planet’s watery past. It contains ancient river valley networks, deltas and lakebeds, as well as rocks and minerals on the surface that could only have formed in liquid water. Some of these features suggest that Mars experienced huge floods about 3.5 billion years ago.
The northern plains of Mars are among the flattest and smoothest areas in the solar system, potentially created by water that once flowed across the Martian surface. These northern plains are also lower than the southern, suggesting that the crust may be thinner in the north.
One of the most intriguing parts of the Martian landscape is a fragmented, furrowed escarpment in an area known as Nili Fossae (image above). This image from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shows the region, which has been sculpted by erosion through ongoing wind, water and ice activity.
Another striking feature of the Martian surface is a series of large, high-rise volcanoes. The volcanoes, which are called craters, were formed from massive asteroid impacts that hit the planet during one to three billion years ago.
As the rover Curiosity has explored the surface of Mars, it has discovered organic compounds in sedimentary rock dating back to 3 billion years ago. These organic molecules are similar to the building blocks of life, and are thought to be evidence that there was, at some point, a habitable environment on Mars.
Despite its reputation as an arid planet, Mars is a very active world, with geological processes reworking the surface continuously and riven with subsurface canals. This reworking can produce a variety of different landforms, from volcanoes and canyons to dust storms and layers of ice at the poles.
A rocky planet, Mars has a core of iron and nickel with a silicate mantle made up of sulphur and other elements. As a result, the planet has an atmosphere that consists mainly of carbon dioxide and some small amount of nitrogen.
The atmosphere of Mars is much thinner than that of Earth, which makes it possible for water to exist on the planet’s surface, but it would be very difficult for it to last for any length of time. However, there are signs that water has once flowed on the planet’s surface, and scientists believe that water still exists in the form of frozen water-ice that is found at the polar regions. In addition to this, a region in the south called Ma’adim Vallis is believed to have been carved by flowing water long ago.
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Protecting Oregon from Dirty Diesel
Oregon has a diesel problem.
Diesel exhaust in Oregon…
- causes up to 460 premature deaths each year;
- causes up to $274 million in climate damage annually in Oregon;
- costs our people as much as $3.5 billion a year in health harm and lost productivity.
But the biggest problem is this: Oregon is ignoring the solution.
New engine technology can make heavy duty trucks, construction equipment and other diesel engines run with 90% less pollution, virtually eliminating cancer risk. It’s a great investment: diesel engine upgrades can deliver $17 in health benefits for every dollar invested.
And yet Oregon has…
- not funded diesel engine upgrades since 2007-09.
- eliminated a tax credit program in 2012.
- cut funding for upgrading school buses, leaving thousands of dirty buses on the road and missing a goal to upgrade the entire fleet by 2017.
- invested only 5% of the funds Washington have dedicated to diesel cleanup since 2002.
Now is the time for Oregon to invest in cleaning up deadly diesel pollution.
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A term used to describe the poor (or the lower class) of the Goths during the early centuries of the medieval period.
Related term(s): Populus Minus; Pauperes; Robustiores
Source information: Contamine, Phillippe. War in the Middle Ages. trans. Michael Jones. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1984. 21.
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How I Use It
This app follows a Montessori method of instruction, so it is very student-directed. I believe it works best when students are left to explore the features of the app (as the Note to Parents sections recommends) so that learners delve into as much or as little as they are ready to learn. The different areas of discovery are easily accessible for young learners and since there is no order to which they need to follow, it allows for the user to determine how they navigate through the app. Using it in small groups, students can use the sandbox to "draw" the numbers in the sand. Draw can be used in the same way but with different choices of color-pencils. The app could be used in a teacher-led lesson (but it really isn't designed for that) by projecting onto a Smart Board and allowing students to find the various items hiding under the shades in the "1,2,3 play" by taking turns at the board.
The app teaches and/or reinforces basic number skills. Emphasis is placed on allowing users to move freely as it is a Montessori-designed app. I wondered if Maria Montessori would like this method of instruction. Having virtual sandboxes to draw in rather than actual boxes of sand might not be what she envisioned. According to the American Montessori Society early learners "learn through sensory-motor activities, working with materials that develop their cognitive powers through direct experience: seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching, and movement." Some might say that using an iPad interferes with those sensory experiences. I'm not certain if apps geared toward the youngest of learners are really essential to their learning. I suppose it's an individual's opinion on the best means of teaching the youngest learners. I'd prefer preschoolers to be engaged in the real world rather than the online one. Having said that, this app does attempt to mimic real life as best it can. Ultimately, it's a decision the educator should make based on their students' needs.
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Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) once asked his imperial historian Chu Suiliang, who kept meticulous records of Taizong’s words and deeds, whether he noted down even things that the emperor said or did that were not good.
“I would not dare not to record them,” Chu answered.
Chancellor Liu Ji added, “Even if Suiliang failed to record them, everyone else would.”
To this, Emperor Taizong replied, “True.”
This exchange was included in “Zizhi Tongjian,” a monumental book of history produced during the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127) that explored wisdom for governing a country through moral lessons from previous dynasties.
The name of the 294-chapter text, which means “comprehensive mirror to aid in government,” speaks to the practical use of the book—to serve as a mirror that reflects both the good and the bad of the past in order to help future rulers avoid repeating the same mistakes.
History Recorded for Posterity
The Chinese take great pride in having maintained 5,000 years of continuous historical records. Emperors appointed official historians to record major events such as battles, natural disasters, and diplomatic and economic affairs. Historians also took detailed notes on the emperors’ royal words and deeds in conducting state business.
It was work that particularly emphasized a truthful recording of history. Indeed, the loyalty of historians was demonstrated by their courage to keep honest accounts of everything the rulers said and did, good or bad.
Thus, since ancient times, the Chinese people have had faith in history and have used historical events to help evaluate the present and extrapolate principles to apply to current circumstances.
Among China’s vast body of historical works, “Zizhi Tongjian” is one of the country’s greatest books of imperial history. The chronological account covers a span of 1,362 years across some 16 dynasties, from 403 B.C. to A.D. 959.
It was compiled by prime minister and historian Sima Guang (1019–1086), who set out to highlight specific historical examples and to offer comments to convey Confucian principles in the hope that his own monarch and later rulers would reign with benevolence and refrain from evil.
‘Enlightened Rulers Will Have Honest Ministers’
One example is Sima Guang’s comment on an account in “Zizhi Tongjian” about the reign of Emperor Taizong during a time when many officials were taking bribes.
Troubled by this, Taizong secretly ordered that some officials be tested for their integrity.
When one official accepted a bribe of a roll of silk, Taizong wanted to execute him, but Minister Pei Ju intervened.
“Your Majesty used deceit to entrap this man,” Pei said.
“I am afraid this does not conform to the standard of using virtue to lead the people and using the rules of decorum to promote good behavior.”
Taizong was pleased by this remonstration and praised Pei for his reasoning and courage to speak the truth.
Sima Guang, for his part, assessed the incident from a different angle, using it to advise rulers to set a moral example for their subjects.
“The ancients had a saying that enlightened rulers will have honest ministers,” Sima commented.
“That Pei Ju was a flatterer under the Sui (the previous dynasty) but a loyal minister under Tang was not because his nature had changed. It was because a ruler who is unwilling to hear of his faults can turn loyalty into flattery, while a ruler pleased by straight talk turns flattery into loyalty,” he explained.
“Thus we know that the ruler is like a gnomon (a post for indicating the height of the sun, or the hour of day), and the minister the shadow. When the gnomon moves, the shadow follows.”
Matching Words With Deeds
Sima Guang advocated “keeping a righteous heart and cultivating morality,” and was a role model of Confucianism who demonstrated loyalty, filial piety, righteousness, and integrity.
He believed that an upright person has honesty in his heart, and he himself cultivated such honesty, consistently matching his words with his deeds.
He once described his own character this way: “I am no one special; all that I do is follow my conscience, and I have nothing to hide.”
An example of his honesty was highlighted once when Sima decided to sell his horse. In providing information about the horse, along with its attributes he also mentioned that the animal was regularly sick during the summer.
His surprised butler asked: “People usually try to hide the flaws in the things they want to sell. Who would tell others about a sickness that no one can see?”
Sima answered, “Money is far less important than our reputation for honesty, which we cannot afford to lose.”
Hearing this, the butler felt ashamed.
Sima Guang’s example of integrity motivated many people from all walks of life to live by higher ethical standards.
There was a saying directed at those who had committed wrongdoing: “For shame! Have you not heard of the honorable Sima Guang?”
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The divide between Sunnis and Shia is the largest and oldest in the history of Islam.
Members of the two sects have co-existed for centuries and share many fundamental beliefs and practices. But they differ in doctrine, ritual, law, theology and religious organisation.
Their leaders also often seem to be in competition. From Lebanon and Syria to Iraq and Pakistan, many recent conflicts have emphasised the sectarian divide, tearing communities apart.
Who are the Sunnis?
The great majority of the world’s more than 1.5 billion Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%. In the Middle East, Sunnis make up 90% or more of the populations of Egypt, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
Sunnis regard themselves as the orthodox branch of Islam.
The name “Sunni” is derived from the phrase “Ahl al-Sunnah”, or “People of the Tradition”. The tradition in this case refers to practices based on what the Prophet Muhammad said, did, agreed to or condemned.
All Muslims are guided by the Sunnah, but Sunnis stress its primacy. Shia are also guided by the wisdom of Muhammad’s descendants through his son-in-law and cousin, Ali.
Sunni life is guided by four schools of legal thought, each of which strives to develop practical applications of the Sunnah.
Who are the Shia?
Shia constitute about 10% of all Muslims, and globally their population is estimated at between 154 and 200 million.
Shia Muslims are in the majority in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Azerbaijan and, according to some estimates, Yemen. There are also large Shia communities in Afghanistan, India, Kuwait, Lebanon, Pakistan, Qatar, Syria, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
In early Islamic history, the Shia were a movement – literally “Shiat Ali” or the “Party of Ali”. They claimed that Ali was the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad as leader (imam) of the Muslim community following his death in 632.
Ali was assassinated in 661 after a five-year caliphate that was marred by civil war. His sons, Hassan and Hussein, were denied what they thought was their legitimate right of accession to the caliphate.
Hassan is believed to have been poisoned in 680 by Muawiyah, the first caliph of the Sunni Umayyad dynasty, while Hussein was killed on the battlefield by the Umayyads in 681. These events gave rise to the Shia concept of martyrdom and the rituals of grieving.
There are three main branches of Shia Islam today – the Zaidis, Ismailis and Ithna Asharis (Twelvers or Imamis). The Ithna Asharis are the largest group and believe that Muhammad’s religious leadership, spiritual authority and divine guidance were passed on to 12 of his descendants, beginning with Ali, Hassan and Hussein.
The 12th Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, is said to have disappeared from a cave below a mosque in 878. Ithna Asharis believe the so-called “awaited imam” did not die and will return at the end of time to restore justice on earth.
What role has sectarianism played in recent crises?
In countries which have been governed by Sunnis, Shia tend to make up the poorest sections of society. They often see themselves as victims of discrimination and oppression. Sunni extremists frequently denounce Shia as heretics who should be killed.
The Iranian revolution of 1979 launched a radical Shia Islamist agenda that was perceived as a challenge to conservative Sunni regimes, particularly in the Gulf.
Tehran’s policy of supporting Shia militias and parties beyond its borders was matched by Sunni-ruled Gulf states, which strengthened their links to Sunni governments and movements elsewhere.
Today, many conflicts in the region have strong sectarian overtones.
In Syria, Iranian troops, Hezbollah fighters and Iranian-backed Shia militiamen have been helping the Shia-led government battle the Sunni-dominated opposition. Sunni jihadist groups, including Islamic State (IS), have meanwhile been targeting Shia and their places of worship in Syria and neighbouring Iraq.
In January 2016, the execution by Saudi Arabia of a prominent Shia cleric who supported mass anti-government protests triggered a diplomatic crisis with Iran and angry demonstrations across the Middle East.
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When crossing into the unfamiliar territory of a new sport, it’s perfectly reasonable to ask what types of athletic skills are required. After all, every sport is different, so it should come as no surprise that the athletic skill set associated with each sport varies tremendously as well.
Lacrosse does require athleticism. In order for players to execute basic skills such as passing, catching, shooting, dodging, and defending, players must be well versed in a multitude of athletic areas, including agility, anaerobic power, balance, flexibility, kinesthetic awareness, speed, and strength.
Below, we’ll discuss exactly how the basic fundamental skills of lacrosse relate to the various facets of athleticism listed above. Read until the end of the article to see if lacrosse is a viable sport for you, even if you don’t think of yourself as a naturally gifted athlete.
In order to comprehensively answer the question of whether or not lacrosse requires athleticism, it is first necessary to establish a working definition of what athleticism is. Otherwise, it will be extremely difficult to form a cohesive argument for one side or the other.
The problem with the concept of athleticism is that it is a rather generic, all-encompassing term. As sports have emerged in popularity, fans have thrown around the words athleticism and athlete more frequently, to the point where the meaning of these words have lost value and even become slightly misconstrued.
After personally taking the time to research a working definition of athleticism, the best definition that I came across was from the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA). In their position statement, they state:
As we analyze the relationship between lacrosse and athleticism in the subsequent sections, we’ll refer back to this definition to avoid any potential ambiguity or confusion.
Ways that Lacrosse Demands Athleticism
From the definition of athleticism provided by the NSCA, we can break down athleticism into seven different facets, each of which are listed below. We’ll go over each of these facets individually and investigate the ways that lacrosse incorporates these specific elements into its gameplay.
One of the leading athletic areas that’s thoroughly emphasized in lacrosse is agility, or the ability to move with quickness and efficiency.
If you’ve ever witnessed a lacrosse game before, this is likely one of the very first athletic skills that came to mind. Players are constantly on the move, regardless of whether they have the ball or not.
The whole premise of lacrosse is to shoot the ball into the back of the opposing team’s goal. To do so, ball carriers have to navigate their way around defenders by way of calculated, deceptive footwork. Ball carriers that are clumsy with their feet often encounter difficulty putting themselves or their teammates in scoring position simply because they’re under constant defensive pressure.
Those that have superior agility typically thrive on the offensive side of the ball. One of the best in the business at doing just that is Sergio Salcido, a professional lacrosse midfielder that’s about as quick as they come. He makes defenders trip and fall by the quickness of his footwork alone. If you don’t believe me, check out the video below!
Agility is not solely limited to offensive players, however. Effective footwork is equally, if not more, vital to lacrosse defenders. Lacrosse defenders prevent opposing ball carriers from scoring by matching feet and staying in front of them as best they can. It’s resemblant of basketball in the way that they shuffle their feet laterally and react quickly to the movements of their opponents.
Without solid footwork, you’ll be hard pressed to accomplish much on the defensive end, since offensive players are far too talented at identifying favorable matchups and taking advantage of bungling defenders.
Aside from agility, anaerobic power is another athletic facet that lacrosse requires from its players. As a quick reference, anaerobic power refers to explosive movements performed with maximal effort.
There’s no shortage of explosive movement in lacrosse. In fact, many of the fundamental movements of lacrosse are meant to be explosive, both on the offensive and defensive side of the ball.
One premier example of an explosive movement on the offensive side of the ball is the act of shooting. Contrary to popular opinion, shooting is not a movement strictly limited to the arms. It is a full body movement, incorporating everything from the arms, to the back, and even the legs. All of these muscles must work in unison to generate sufficient power behind the ball and sneak it past the goalie.
This explosive power is also required of defenders in their use of hard stick checks and body checks. Again, these movements must be performed with speed and a great deal of strength in order to drive opponents off of their intended path. If these defensive maneuvers are done halfheartedly, opposing players will be able to circumvent this pressure and reach their desired spots on the field.
This is yet another key area of athleticism that’s demanded of lacrosse players. Lacrosse is a physical sport, with players frequently trying to outmuscle each other for superior body positioning on the field. As a result, the balance of lacrosse players is constantly being tested.
Take dodging for example. Dodgers have to deal with physical contact practically every time they make a move to the goal, as defenders thwack them with metal sticks and attempt to push them off their path. This physical contact not only leaves its fair share of bruises, it also results in enough force to throw players off balance. If the player who is dodging is not that poise to begin with, they may find themselves on the turf more often than they’d like.
This is also true of on-ball defenders. As dodgers try to juke out defenders and manipulate them into shifting a particular way, on-ball defenders must retain their balance to keep themselves in proper position.
You’ve probably heard the old football adage that “the low man wins.” Not only is this adage true in football, it also holds up in lacrosse as well. Those that lower their center of gravity and optimize their balance control will win the field position battle. Whether it be a scrap for a loose ball or a clash for a high percentage shooting area, balance comes into play a lot more than you would initially believe.
The next facet of athleticism that’s needed for lacrosse is flexibility. Although flexibility is not as crucial to lacrosse as other sports, such as gymnastics or wrestling, maintaining a proper range of motion is critical for injury prevention and maximizing physical power.
To give a specific instance of where flexibility applies to lacrosse, let’s revisit the topic of lacrosse shooting mechanics.
As aforementioned, the act of shooting is a fully body movement, from top to bottom. Proper lacrosse shooting technique involves a complete extension of the arms away from body, along with a maximum rotation of the upper torso away from the goal. Generally, the more that a player is able to extend with their arms and rotate their torso, the more power they’re able to put behind their shot. It sounds easy enough, but maintaining such a vast range of motion is easier said than done.
This is a major reason why some of the fastest shooters in lacrosse have such superior shoulder mobility and torso mobility. They realize the performance benefits that accompany flexibility, which is why they prioritize this area in their training.
Many younger players are following suit, which has led to a greater overall emphasis of flexibility in the lacrosse community.
Far and away, this is the most pivotal component of athleticism that lacrosse players need. For those of you that don’t know, kinesthetic awareness is a fancy term that describes the ability to maneuver through space and sense how our body moves (source).
To succeed on the lacrosse field, this skill is an absolute must. Why you might ask?
The reason is that every lacrosse player must be competent at catching and throwing in order to give their team the best opportunity to win. Catching and throwing may seem simple at first glance, but it’s actually somewhat complicated. Most people are accustomed to carrying out athletic movements directly with their hands. In lacrosse, players are forced to perform all movements through an intermediary: the lacrosse stick. This calls for a special kind of kinesthetic awareness that takes a considerable amount of time to develop.
This special kind of kinesthetic awareness is often loosely referred to by lacrosse coaches as stick skills. If a lacrosse player lacks a competent set of stick skills, they’ll find it very difficult to earn any playing time. Every player on the field must be able to move the ball quickly and effectively, regardless of their position, to offer their team the best chance to score. Just like most other sports, lacrosse teams cannot afford to have a liability on the field that turns possession over every time they touch the ball.
Another must-have component of athleticism for lacrosse players is speed. Lacrosse has been nicknamed The Fastest Game on Two Feet. The origins for this nickname have a lot to do with the raw element of speed that’s showcased virtually every play in lacrosse.
The way the game is structured, lacrosse players are set up to put their speed on full display. The vast field dimensions, upbeat tempo, and unrestricted mobility of players all accentuate speed.
For this reason, the speediest athletes often have the easiest time transitioning to the game of lacrosse. The other aspects of athleticism are certainly important, but speed can compensate for several athletic areas where a new player may be lacking.
Speed allows a player to be better at dodging past opponents, fending off ball carriers, racing toward ground balls, and a flurry of other lacrosse-specific skills. Players that lack speed are at a marked disadvantage relative to other athletes on the field. Put simply, speed is definitely something that lacrosse athletes need to pay close attention to in order to avoid falling behind, both literally and metaphorically speaking.
Lastly, lacrosse players need to have a baseline level of strength in order to perform up to standard during games. The underlying reason why strength is such a crucial factor can be traced back to the fact that physical contact is legal in lacrosse.
Nearly every play, you will find that lacrosse players collide with one another in some way, shape, or form. Defenders apply their strength to stick checks and body checks in an attempt to dislodge the ball from an opponent’s stick. Ball carriers, on the other hand, apply their strength to bulldoze a path toward the goal and create a high percentage shot on goal.
Without adequate strength, players miss out on a valuable opportunity to diversify their repertoire. The best lacrosse players are neither pure speed or pure strength. Typically, they mix up their game strategy to implement a combination of the two. This way, their play style remains unpredictable and opponents are left guessing as to what’s coming their way next.
So if you’re wondering if you should supplement lacrosse with a lifting regiment, definitely go for it! Enhancing your strength capacities will only benefit your playing production.
Should You Play Lacrosse Even if You Don’t Consider Yourself an Athlete?
With all this talk of the required mandates of athleticism in lacrosse, it can be easy to get discouraged from trying out this sport if you don’t see yourself as a naturally gifted athlete. I’m here to tell you that regardless of whether or not you think of yourself as an athlete, you should still venture outside your comfort zone and participate in at least one season of lacrosse.
This may seem contradictory to all of the information outlined above, but it really isn’t. Even though lacrosse does require athleticism on the part of the player, this athleticism takes time to develop. It is exceedingly rare for any one player to have all of the elements of athleticism discussed above as soon as they pick up a lacrosse stick for the first time.
I will use myself as an example. When I joined the lacrosse team for my inaugural season, I was far from what you would consider the “perfect” athlete. I had a background in basketball and soccer, so I had a decent level of speed and agility, but I was severely lacking in the areas of strength and kinesthetic awareness.
I won’t lie, the going was tough at first. Trying to master the basics of catching and throwing with a lacrosse stick was difficult. Voluntarily matching up against bigger, stronger defenders that had clearance to hit me with a metal stick was not easy either. Over time, however, these former weaknesses of mine began to blossom, until I could say with confidence that I was a well-rounded athlete.
This development is not exclusive to myself. I’ve seen this same phenomenon happen with plenty of my old teammates as well. The moral of the story is that there will be unavoidable growing pains as you learn the basic mechanics of lacrosse, but there’s a high likelihood that you’ll blossom into the athlete that this sport demands as long as you stick with it. Don’t be intimidated by the prospect of failure. In the words of Winston Churchill,
The Bottom Line
In short, the sport of lacrosse does involve a high degree of athleticism in multiple forms, the most prominent of which being agility, anaerobic power, balance, flexibility, kinesthetic awareness, speed, and strength. There are likely other facets of athleticism needed for lacrosse that weren’t specifically mentioned above, but these elements made the most sense with the working definition of athleticism used for the purposes of this article.
Of course, the only true answer to this question lies in personal experience. So pick up a lacrosse stick and give this sport a try! There’s no denying that this sport is a unique way to put your athletic prowess to the test.
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A toddler who loves baked beans isn’t allowed to eat more than five in a day. More than that could lead to brain damage, or even death for little Oliver Simpson.
Oliver suffers from a rare genetic disorder called Phenylketonuria.
The condition means that the two-year-old can eat no more than 6g of protein per day.
So that rules out many foods that most of us enjoy.
Protein-rich foods such as meat, fish and nuts are all off the menu for Oliver, as are milk, eggs, and yoghurt.
The poor lad can't even eat sweets.
On Christmas Day Oliver couldn't eat turkey, pigs in blankets or stuffing while the rest of his family tucked into their traditional festive roast.
He is limited to peas, carrots, sweetcorn or mashed potato.
The rare condition known as PKU affects just 50,000 worldwide and means sufferers are unable to break down phenylalanine - an amino acid found in protein-rich food.
As a result it builds up in the blood which can lead to seizures, tumours, brain damage, delayed mental development and in some cases death.
On a normal day, just six baked beans could trigger a reaction.
Mum Jade, 27, said: "I have to be really strict with Oliver and his diet.
"He doesn't understand, as he's so young, but eating the wrong food could lead to brain damage, or worse."
Jade is also mum to Angel Rose, six, who doesn't have the condition.
Oliver was diagnosed with PKU following a heel prick test when he was five-days-old.
"You're always curious about what everyone else is eating and want to try it," she said.
"But the reality is that it could make you really ill."
Jade, of Kentish Town, north London, won't let Oliver go to other children's houses for playdates.
She is worried that he could accidentally eat something that could cause his blood protein levels to dangerously spike.
"It's a constant worry," she added.
"He can't have sweets with gelatine in them but lollipops and hard sweets are fine."
"But I have to be strict to make sure he's healthy. His diet is the most important thing so I monitor every morsel he eats."
|
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/tots-rare-medical-condition-means-21238264
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February 23, 2016
by TS Caladan
Could moons of a blown apart planet be among the Asteroids?Ceres and Pallas have been called “dwarf planets” because of their spherical shape among a vast belt of very IRREGULAR shaped shards or pieces between Mars and Jupiter. This was once a planet, a planet that orbited the Sun in a perfect ‘Bode’s Law’ position: the precise place for a planet to orbit…
IN THE GAP. The largest “asteroid” (or “dwarf”) Ceres was discovered after painstaking efforts were made searching for the ‘missing planet’ in the gap. ASTEROIDS were discovered! Then many others were found nearly in order of size. (Asteroids are not everywhere in space but ONLY as a result of a pulverized body). The Asteroid Belt is generally 2.8 Astronomical Units from the Sun and so is the GAP or next Bode-position after Mars. Our true planets follow this distance-formula out from the Sun with a single exception (Neptune).
[See my article “New Order to the Solar System” on the aftermath of this great prehistoric Explosion].
Astronomers and astrophysicists have been familiar with the concept that the 5th Planet EXPLODED to form the Asteroid Belt for a very long time. But. Who has conceived that there are satellites of that shattered planet among the shards?
Use your eyes and see how irregular the pieces are. But a few are perfectly SPHERICAL…
Consider the general idea that Martians destroyed (electrically shattered) the 5th Planet and turned Mars red with radiation. Is that where ‘God of War’ comes from? Do you know what stands in ruin at Cydonia? That IS a mile-long Face and an aligned Great Pyramid of Mars and much more that parallels Giza, only on a far greater level. It’s a HUMAN Face. Did 4th Planet Humans war with Lilith inhabitants and did the Lilitheans lose?
Look at their shapes. The perfectly spherical ones are Ceres and the other is Pallas, a major body in the Belt and second one discovered.
Could it be that irregular “asteroids” are the pieces of Planet Lilith in the fifth position or Gap position? Could “dwarf planet” Ceres not be a part of the shattered planet, but the largest of its moons? Look at its shape. It’s intact and held its original shape after the Big Blast.
Examine the shape of Pallas, which is known as a “minor planet.” It’s round or spherical exactly like Ceres. Logic might dictate: These aren’t dwarf or minor planets; these were once satellites of the larger planet before it exploded.
Asteroids, over a million years, tend to round themselves in shape very slightly. Meteors aren’t everywhere flying through space, but there are micro-meteorites. Micro-meteorites tend to ROUND things. Old craters are rounded or worn slightly in appearance while new craters are sharp and well-defined. Consider that meteoric shards that are the Asteroid Belt and orbit as a group, soften a bit over a lot of time. If they were rocks in a stream we would understand the polishing into smoother rocks. Streams of space, of course, are not as thick yet do provide ‘micro-erosion.’ This explains how ‘pieces of Lilith’ are not extremely jagged in shape as you would expect as newly broken pieces. TIME has worn them down, but time did not turn a few of them into balls.
I enjoy viewing everything a different way; consider previous research and add to it by…
QUESTIONING what we have been told rather than blindly believing it without question…
Maybe we’ll find new answers, new pieces to the puzzle? And they’ll be a better fit~
What is the shiny anomaly on Ceres?
See this amazing YT that investigates the unknown: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuDlbqFJemk
Did you know in late 2016 a NASA mission will go to one of the asteroids? The asteroid is called Bennu. I can say for certain that the NASA reason for the mission is BS. When have they ever been truthful to us? Don’t believe the lies. The feds tell us that the mission to small Bennu will teach us the “story of the Solar System, which is ultimately the story of our origin.”
BULLSHIT and know that the reason is bullshit. Here’s why they are going…
I urge you to investigate on your own. Use YouTube. Sift through the bullshit (AGAIN); find the good stuff that jives with your research. You better do research…or you have no right to render an opinion. Don’t render opinions. Only give conclusions after you’ve done the work, it’s called STUDY. You will discover that Life is everywhere. They’ve been lying and hiding the truth from us for a very long time…
Thanks to Tray and: http://blog.world-mysteries.com
|
<urn:uuid:1f71a75a-a102-45cd-8aa7-c7784e5c0c26>
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CC-MAIN-2017-09
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http://www.oom2.com/t36234-moons-among-the-asteroids
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