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One of the most commonly used and misunderstood concepts of IT that I have encountered is the Public Key Infrastructure, also known as PKI. PKI is one of the most effective methods of ensuring the confidentiality or integrity of data available today; however, an improper implementation of PKI can severely damage the availability of a service. This post begins a series of posts on the topic of PKI and its common uses, ultimately leading up to advanced topics to include Active Directory authentication with an external certification authority (CA).
The History of PKI
PKI is based on an advanced mathematic relationship called asymmetric cryptography discovered by two Stanford mathematicians, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, in 1976 (ref: http://purl.umn.edu/107353). These mathematicians were faced with two major problems in cryptography: key distribution and identification. In response to these issues, Diffie and Hellman identified a relationship between large prime numbers whereby data encrypted with one key could only be decrypted by its paired key. Due to the difficulty involved in establishing the relationship between these large prime numbers, it is unfeasible to reverse-engineer the relationship with a key of any significant size. This mathematic relationship was eventually called the Diffie-Hellman key exchange (ref: http://cr.yp.to/bib/1988/diffie.pdf, patent: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/31206972/Public-Key-Cryptographic-Apparatus-And-Method---Patent-4218582).
Interestingly enough, another set of mathematicians by the names of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman identified the same relationship in 1978 and published it as the RSA (based on their initials) algorithm (ref: http://people.csail.mit.edu/rivest/Rsapaper.pdf, patent: http://www.patents.com/us-4405829.html). Though Diffie and Hellman discovered the concept of asymmetric cryptosystems first, RSA monetized the concept more effectively ultimately resulting in RSA Corporation, now owned by EMC.
PKI as we know it began with establishment of the X.509 certificate standard in 1993 with the establishment of RFC 1422 (ref: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1422). This standard created the concepts of certification authorities, certificate revocation lists (CRL), and certificate trusts that provided the framework for more advanced PKI-based technologies in-use today.
In asymmetric cryptography two mathematically related keys are generated; the public key and the private key. The relationship of these keys is such that any data encrypted by one key can only be decrypted by its matched pair. To clarify this relationship, the public key cannot decrypt data encrypted by the public key and the private key cannot decrypt data encrypted by the private key.
In this relationship, the private key identifies the identity of the certified asset, while the public key is widely distributed to validate its identity. An important thing to note at this point is that the compromise of the private key must immediately result in invalidation of this relationship (the means to accomplish this will be discussed later).
The relationship between these keys enables two important cryptographic capabilities based on use: confidentiality and integrity.
PKI can be used to ensure the confidentiality of data transmission through use of the recipient's public key. Two common examples of this are in secure sockets layer (SSL) encryption and e-mail encryption
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
In SSL encryption, a Web server is configured to use a PKI certificate to establish a trust and cryptographic relationship between clients and the server. In this design, the SSL client requests the server's certificate (containing its pubic key) for encryption of a symmetric key that will be shared by both parties for further communications. Because the client has the server's public key it can be reasonably assured that only servers having the private key will be able to decrypt the symmetric key and therefore ensuring confidentiality. There is much more to this topic than discussed in this section, some of which will be discussed later in a later post.
Similar to SSL encryption, e-mail encryption leverages the recipient's public key (available in their certificate) to ensure that only recipients of the e-mail will be able to read the message. In this form of encryption, the e-mail message is encrypted using symmetric encryption. The resulting key is then encrypted separately with each recipient's public key to ensure only the intended recipients of the message are able to view its contents (due to their possession of their corresponding private key). This concept will be discussed in-depth in a later post.
Integrity, Authentication, and Non-Repudiation
Another common use of PKI is to ensure the integrity, authenticity, or to prevent repudiation (refusal to acknowledge an action). In these operations, the private key to guarantee the sender through cryptography. It is important to make the distinction that cryptographic operations performed by the private key usually do not provide confidentiality (rather obfuscation at best) due to the intended wide distribution of the public key. Once common example of this is the use of digital signatures.
You may have received a digitally signed e-mail (identified in Outlook by a red ribbon) or have seen a warning message that a driver or piece of software was not digitally signed. Both of these scenarios leverage the relationship between the public and private key to certify that the digitally signed information (the e-mail, software, or driver) was produced by a trusted source and has not changed since the digital signature.
Digital signatures begin by taking the data to be signed (either the e-mail contents or the compiled code in the above examples) and passing it through a hashing algorithm. Hashing algorithms are special formulas that produce a unique fixed-length output when given a specific input (for more information on this research HMAC or CBCMAC formulas). In addition, effective hashing algorithms will change the entire result if any part of the source message changes. Also, the resulting hash should not be able to be reverse engineered to provide the original message.
The hash alone only proves that the message has not changed. To prove the identity of the sender this hash is then encrypted using the sender's private key resulting in a digital signature. This digital signature can then be used to verify the identity of the sender (the ability to decrypt the signature) as well as to validate the integrity of the message through performing the same hashing algorithm and comparing. As with the previous topics, this will be discussed in-depth in an upcoming post.
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To view an abstract, select an author from the vertical list on the left.
2017 Grants - Lim
Cognitive and Biological Changes in APOE4 Carriers: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Yen Ying Lim, Ph.D.
The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
2017 Alzheimer’s Association Research Grant (AARG)
What are the earliest signs of Alzheimer’s disease in middle-aged adults who carry the APOE-e4 genetic variation?
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene codes for the production of ApoE protein, a naturally occurring protein in the brain. There are different versions of the APOE gene, and one of those versions, known as APOE-e4, is a known risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Carrying APOE-e4 can hasten the rate of cognitive decline and promote formation of abnormal beta-amyloid “plaques” in the brain, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Recent studies suggest that Alzheimer’s-associated brain changes can be detected many years prior to the onset of clinical symptoms, but most studies of APOE-e4 carriers have been in people aged 65 years and older. Studying middle-aged individuals who carry APOE-e4 offers the opportunity to detect the earliest signs of Alzheimer’s disease and inform future prevention or treatment strategies.
Yen Ying Lim, Ph.D., and colleagues have planned a study to look for the earliest signs of Alzheimer’s disease in a large group of middle-aged individuals (aged 40-60) who have the APOE-e4 genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. The study participants are part of the Healthy Brain Project and will include 1,000 people who carry at least one copy of the APOE-e4 gene and 3,000 who carry forms of the APOE gene that do not increase risk (i.e. non-carriers). The participants will be assessed for changes in memory function, mood and lifestyle factors over several years. A subset of the participants will also have cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected for measurements of beta-amyloid and abnormal tau. Changes in the levels of abnormal proteins in the CSF have been shown to be effective “biomarkers” for Alzheimer’s disease progression.
These studies could allow us to detect the earliest signs of cognitive decline and biomarker changes in individuals at genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, this study will help determine how lifestyle factors may influence these changes over time. A better understanding of these mechanisms is critical for designing treatment strategies (lifestyle changes and/or drug treatments) that could potentially slow, halt or prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
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They call it “Accelerated Learning” because you learn faster when you’re relaxed, interested, motivated, and learning in your particular Learning Style. But they should really call it “Authentic Learning” because the principles of “Accelerated Learning” aren’t really tricks or hacks to make our brains remember more faster, they are simply excellent learning methods that we should always be employing in all of our learning.
When you hear the words “Accelerated Learning” for example, perhaps you think that if you just perform the right actions at the right times, you’ll double or triple your memory ability. This is only partially true. While there are some things that we can do to dramatically increase our memory ability in a short time, they are not tricks and they are not secrets.
In fact, there’s a reason why we say that children’s brains are as absorbent as sponges. The way children naturally learn is in the “Accelerated Learning” (or “Authentic Learning” style). When children learn, they are using all of their senses, relaxed and enjoying the material, and putting it to immediate use after learning it.
Unfortunately for adults however, somehow in the process of growing up and becoming “educated” many of us have come to the wrong conclusions about learning: that it’s difficult, no fun, and entirely book-based (and that we must read books entirely word-by-word, cover-to-cover to learn). But if we observe children, and if we attune our minds toward learning like children, we may also find that our brains are far more capable than we’d originally thought.
The Truth about Learning and Memory
Here is the truth about learning and memory. We can remember:
- only 20% of what we read
- 30% of what we hear
- 40% of what we see
- 50% of what we say
- 60% of what we do
- a whopping 90% of what we see, hear, say, and do
So, how can we combine more of our senses to learn? This is also why children’s games and activities that include phrases, songs, and body actions are so effective for children’s learning. Not only is it fun, but it involves body, brain, ears, eyes, and mouths. Granted, as we get older and become more “sophisticated” this multi-sensory learning method that we do with children tends to fall by the wayside, but why should it? Just because we feel too “dignified” to sing and dance and learn doesn’t mean there aren’t other ways to get our bodies and brains in sync as we learn, reflect, and think.
A Body in Motion
Take a look at the lives of some of the greatest composers of all time, for example. Oliver Burkeman for the Guardian newspaper has reported on some of the daily habits of history’s most creative minds:
There’s no shortage of evidence to suggest that walking – especially walking in natural settings, or just lingering amid greenery, even if you don’t actually walk much – is associated with increased productivity and proficiency at creative tasks.
This is particularly true of some of history’s greatest composers – Beethoven, Mahler, Erik Satie, and Tchiakovsky, as Mason Currey discovered in his book (that Burkeman reviewed) Daily Rituals: How Great Minds Make Time, Find Inspiration, and Get to Work: How Artists Work. Of Tchiakovsky, he writes:
[He] believed he had to take a walk of exactly two hours a day and that if he returned even a few minutes early, great misfortunes would befall him.
There are a number of reasons why getting up and moving around – walking, exercising, or just getting away from your desk – are beneficial:
- Bodily motion activates different parts of your brain and enables you to use more of your brain at once or in close correlation with what you’re learning.
- You have a tendency to be less distracted when your body is in motion.
- The greater brain activation and less distraction avails your mind to more creative thoughts and inspiration.
- Taking a break to get up and move and later return to review and continue learning your subject enables you to more quickly transfer what you’re learning into your long-term memory.
Learn Faster by Doing It More Often
In fact, most people find it difficult to fully concentrate on a task for more than about 20-30 minutes at a time. And research indicates that we remember best what we learn at both the Beginning and the End of a learning session, but the in-between can become muddied – particularly if we focus too long on a particular thing.
Therefore, it just makes sense to take breaks during our learning. Not only will we activate more of our brains by getting up and walking around, but we will also create more Beginnings and more Endings in our learning sessions. This will make each session more memorable, as well as give us an opportunity to briefly review the previous session before moving on.
Some of the best advice I ever received about improving yourself in a certain area was from Jim Rohn:
If you want to get better at anything, do it more often. Don’t do it longer, do it more often.
Recently, I’ve been doing a lot of study related to Accelerated Learning. I find it fascinating (and promising) to think that I can double or triple my memory retention and learning speed! So, here are a few things I’ve been working on lately to help (each of these will become the focus of a blog post at some time in the future):
- Coupling Auditory Learning with Physical Exercise (riding my bike to work while listening to books on tape)
- Finding and Focusing on my Personal Learning Style
- Breaking up both my Physical and Intellectual Workouts into more Sessions (requiring less time per Session) throughout the Day
- Using my Alarm to Set 10:00 Timers for Brief Review and Preview Sessions for Various Subjects
- Using my “Downtime” to Review
- Momentum is Focused Intensity and Perseverance over Time
I’ve personally always felt like I had a great memory (near photographic in some instances). But to think that I could make it even better really encourages me learn and share as much as I can on this subject (actually, Teaching what you’re Learning as you’re Learning it is another secret to improved memory retention).
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Domestic violence is one of the major manifestations of violence in our society. Violence in the private sphere occurs on a large scale and it is one of the most extensive forms of violence in Dutch society. Domestic violence accounts for the second highest
number of people who died an unnatural death, after road traffic accidents. It occurs across all socio-economic classes and within every culture in Dutch society. The victims of domestic violence
are generally women and children, but there is also an impact on men, parents and the elderly.
Relation: the Dutch Government
Child abuse Action Plan, Children Safe at Home 2007
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EARLY in the study of economics, students are introduced to Homo economicus, a rough caricature of a human being with an eye to extracting the maximum personal advantage from any given situation. In the real world, of course, human behaviour is much more complicated than that. One example is a pricing strategy called “pay what you want”, in which customers are allowed to choose any price—even zero—for a good. Despite the obvious benefit of getting something for nothing, many people nevertheless choose to pay. The model hit the news in 2007 when Radiohead, a British band, released their album “In Rainbows” on the internet with just such a pricing arrangement.
A team of researchers led by Ayelet Gneezy at the University of California's Rady School of Management has now published a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that makes some suggestions about the psychological underpinnings of this generosity. They finger the ego—in particular, a desire to think of yourself as a good person. And they find that allowing people to name their own price may result in fewer sales than the old-fashioned approach of simply setting a single price for everybody.
The researchers ran three experiments. The first involved more than 53,000 customers of a theme park, who were photographed while riding a rollercoaster. In one iteration of the experiment, customers were offered the chance to buy the photo for a price of their own choosing. In the second run, they were offered the same deal, except that half their suggested price would be donated to a children's charity.
The researchers noted two big effects. The average price suggested by those in the group benefiting the charity was over five times as high as that suggested by the first group. At the same time, only half as many people in the second group wanted to buy a photo. The researchers argue that the two results are linked: because the “right” price for the charity-and-photo combination was felt to be so much higher, a significant number of people preferred not to buy at all than to damage their self-image by offering a miserly price, and, by extension, a tight-fisted donation to a deserving cause.
The second experiment confirmed the first. Passengers on a boat trip were photographed and then offered the chance to buy the photos. This time Dr Gneezy and his colleagues controlled their subjects' expectations more directly. For one group, the price was set at $15, for another it was $5, and the third were allowed to name their own price. All three groups were told that the normal price was $15. As expected, demand for photos rose when the price dropped from $15 to $5. But it fell again when people could pick their price. Again the researchers suggest that an overly low price can feel unpleasantly parsimonious. In contrast, “when the company sets the price at $5, there is no ambiguity about fairness, self-image concerns disappear and people are happy to pay.”
To determine whether it is your conscience that prods you to be generous, as opposed to pressure from your peers, the third experiment took place in a restaurant in which customers chose the price paid for a meal. One group was allowed to pay secretly; another paid in public. The people allowed to pay their bills anonymously chose to pay more, on average, than those who paid in public. Radiohead, for their part, seem to have anticipated Dr Gneezy's conclusions. Their latest album, “The King of Limbs”, was again released online—but only for a fixed price, of $9.
This article appeared in the Finance & economics section of the print edition under the headline "Conscience v commerce"
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Teen Innovators touring New Lab in 2016. (Courtesy photo)
For Aaliyah Green, 16, of Westinghouse High School, while some friends thought she was “joining the Navy” with the Teen Innovators program at the Navy Yard, in reality, she’s gotten to see New Lab entrepreneurs trying to print with chocolate, learn about rooftop gardening, and more.
“I’m amazed that so many things are here,” said Tyshon Hinds, 17, of Bedford Academy. “There is so much 3D printing can do, but there are limitations, only so much time, so how can you use it productively?”
“It is challenging to integrate 3D printing into the classroom because students and teachers are way too overworked,” said Teen Innovator alum and current mentor Abdul Mutawally, 17, who plans to study computer science in college and mentored the five students on the Ultimaker task. “3D printing is not foreign to us — we’ve done it in engineering class — but how do you implement it in English and History? How do you integrate it in the lesson plan and be engaging? We have to have a long-lasting impact, not something for one-time use.”Read Complete Article
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in the 1500's
The actual origins of some traditions & axioms.
I think most of these are made up, but they sound good...
Most people got married
in June because they took their yearly bath in May and were still smelling
pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell, so brides carried
a bouquet of flowers to hide the b.o.
Baths were a big
tub filled with hot water. The man of the house had the privilege of the
first bath and clean water, then all the other menfolk, then the women,
and finally the children. Last of all were the babies. By then the water
was so dirty you could actually lose someone in it. Hence the saying,
"Don't throw the baby out with the bath water".
Houses had thatched
roofs. Thick straw, piled high, with no wood support underneath. It was
the only place for animals to be warm, so the pets... dogs, cats and other
small creatures lived IN the roof. When it rained the roof often would
become slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and fall from the
roof. Hence the saying, "It's raining cats and dogs,"
There was nothing
to stop things from falling into the house. This posed a real problem
in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings could really mess up your
nice clean bed. So, they found if they made beds with big posts and hung
a sheet over the top, it addressed that problem. Hence those beautiful
big 4 poster beds with canopies to catch the bugs and prevent them from
falling into bed with the occupant.
Floor were dirt.
Only the wealthy had something other than dirt, floors which would get
slippery when wet in the winter. So, they spread thresh (corn husks and
straw) on the floor to help keep their footing. As the winter wore on
they kept adding more thresh until when you opened the door the thresh
would start slipping outside. A piece of wood was placed at the entry
way to prevent this, hence a "thresh hold".
They cooked in the
kitchen in a big kettle that always hung over the fire. Every day they
lit the fire and added things to the pot. They ate mostly vegetables and
didn't get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner leaving leftovers
in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next day. Sometimes
the stew had food in it that had been in there for a month. Hence the
rhyme: "peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in
the pot nine days old."
Sometimes they could
obtain pork and would feel really special when that happened. When company
came over, they would bring out some bacon and hang it to show it off.
It was a sign of wealth and that a man "could really bring home the
bacon." They would cut off a little to share with guests and would
all sit around and "chew the fat."
Those with money
had plates made of pewter. Food with a high acid content caused some of
the lead to leach onto the food. This happened most often with tomatoes,
so they stopped eating tomatoes... for 400 years. Most people didn't have
pewter plates, but had trenchers - a piece of wood with the middle scooped
out like a bowl. Trencher were never washed and a lot of times worms got
into the wood. After eating off wormy trenchers, they would get "trench
Bread was divided
according to status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family
got the middle, and guests got the top, or the "upper crust".
Lead cups were used
to drink ale or whiskey. The combination would sometimes knock them out
for a couple of days. Someone walking along the road would take them for
dead and prepare them for burial. They were laid out on the kitchen table
for a couple of days and the family would gather around and eat and drink
and wait and see if they would wake up. Hence the custom of holding a
England is old and
small and they started running out of places to bury people. So, they
would dig up coffins and would take their bones to a house and re-use
the grave. In reopening these coffins, one out of 25 coffins were found
to have scratch marks on the inside, and they realized they had been burying
people while still alive. So they thought to tie a string on their wrist
of those buried, and lead the string through the coffin, up through the
ground, and tie it to a bell. Someone would sit in the graveyard all night
to listen for the bell. Hence on the "graveyard shift" they would
know that someone was either "saved by the bell," or was a "dead
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"The moon has been called the Lord of Women, Queen of Heaven, Goddess Fifteen, and Great Mother. As an aspect of the Great Mother she reproduced the sun's light every 28
nights...Ancient peoples thought that the moon was the cause and regulator of menstru-
ation, fertility and childbirth. This numerical cycle of 28 became venerated in the wor-
ship of the moon - the 'Queen of Heaven'. During full moon, on the fifteenth day of the
lunar cycle, she shined bright and her rays illuminated the earth. Her rays also moved the waters of the earth and the tides. The forces of the moon directly affected the earth every night. Priests, who were stargazers, observed the important affects the moon's gravitational pull had on earth. The moon's gravitational pull caused the tides
in earth's bodies of water and this same phenomenon also caused sea creatures to swell.
...In essence, the moon affects water which symbolized emotions, creativity and fertili-
ty on earth.
Egyptian priests style the moon the Mother of the Universe, Plutarch said, because the
moon, 'having the light which makes moist and pregnant, is promotive of the genera-
tions of living beings and the fructification of plants. Upper Egypt used to be called
Khemennu, 'Land of the Moon'. In worship of the heavenly bodies, primacy was always attached to the moon. Babylonians gave the moon precedence over the sun. Or-
iental nations in general worshipped the moon before the sun.. Moses Maimonides said moon worship was the religion of Adam...
...Moon Goddesses were worshipped all over the ancient world. The preeminent ones were Isis-Hathor of ancient Egypt, and Astarte-Ishtar of Babylon. These two goddesses of the ancient east were one and the same. Worshipped as the mother of savior gods
and/or the virgin who conceived a son of God such as Horus and Baal, Moon Goddesses were disguised in Christian holidays that were absorbed from pagan rites. Easter and
Epiphany are holidays related in some way to the lunar cycle. Easter, a western spel-
ling of the Mesopotamian word Ishtar, was originally the spring rite festival of Istar in
Babylon. It is celebrated today on the Sunday after the first full moon of the spring equinox. Epiphany celebrates the reconciling of the sun and the moon's cycle at the end of the year..."
"Moon Goddess" Safiya Karimah
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This familiar, eastern U.S. woodpecker is an active and vocal species, with a preference for humid forests dominated by pines or hardwoods, or a mixture of both. It seldom excavates wood for insects; instead, depending on season, it forages opportunistically for a wide range of fruit, mast, seeds and arboreal arthropods. It is also known to take small or young vertebrate prey as well. The Red-bellied Woodpecker has expanded its range northward and westward in the latter half of the twentieth century. Most populations are resident year-round, although northern birds show some seasonal movement by retreating south during cold winters. In the southeastern United States, it is the most abundant woodpecker; in the northern half of its range, it is much less common. This woodpecker does well in urban settings, but also occurs in more remote, wilderness sites. Its generalistic foraging and nesting habits have helped in its range expansion.
Many aspects of the life history of this species have been well studied. The basis for what is known comes mainly from Bent 1939, Short 1982, and Kilham 1983a . Excellent theses on general ecology (Boone 1963, Stickel 1963b, Breitwisch 1977) and foraging (Towles 1989) exist. More specific descriptions are available regarding habitat (Williams 1975c, Conner 1980, Conner et al. 1994, Shackelford 1994, Shackelford and Conner Shackelford and Conner 1996, Shackelford and Conner 1997), breeding (Kilham Kilham 1961c, Kilham 1977c, Stickel 1965a, Jackson 1976a, Ingold Ingold 1989, Ingold 1989, Ingold 1991), hybridization (Gerber 1986, Smith 1987c), range expansion (Forsberg 1982, Haas 1987b, Maddux 1989, Jowsey 1992, Dales and Dales 1992) and foraging (Willson 1970, Gamboa and Brown 1976, Askins 1983).
The Red-bellied Woodpecker's nutrition, physiology, and short-range movements remain little studied. It does not appear to be a species of concern; much of its population is either stable or increasing.
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The second branch of Route 66, US Highway 266, was part of the Joint Board of Interstate Highways’ 1925 recommendations for branch routes of US 66. As specified, US 266 had its eastern terminus at Warner, Oklahoma. From there, it ran westward for some 130 miles to Oklahoma City, where the route would end at a junction with its parent highway. Since US 266 as planned would exist only in Oklahoma, it was thus not a true “interstate” highway and consequently not considered a major thoroughfare. Nonetheless, the number and its proposed routing were submitted to the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO, now AASHTO), and approved in November 1926.
For part of its routing US 266 was multiplexed with US Highway 64, creating a more direct route for travelers heading from Fort Smith, Arkansas through to Oklahoma City. The route remained in place as originally laid out until AASHO made a number of changes to the federal highway plan in June 1931. Among those changes, US Highway 62 was extended through Oklahoma, intersecting US 266 at Henryetta (former home of Dallas Cowboys quarterback Troy Aikman). Instead of multiplexing the two routes, a decision was made to terminate US 266 at its junction with US 62, reducing the highway’s total mileage to what it is today, just a bit over 40 miles. With that change, US 266 became one of the shortest federal routes in the system. It is one of the two branches of 66 to survive to the present day (the other being US Highway 166).
Droz, Robert V., "Sequential List of US Highways", US Highways From US 1 to US 830. July 2003. <http://www.us-highways.com/us1830.htm> (February 2004)
Sanderson, Dale, "End of US Highway 266", US Highway Ends. January 2002. <http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite%2FFalls%2F3369/HwyEnds/End266/end266.htm> (February 2004)
Stuve, Eric, "US 266", OKHighways.com. 2003. <http://www.okhighways.com/us266.html> (February 2004)
Weingroff, Richard F., "U.S. 666: Beast of a Highway?", Federal Highway Administration Highway History
. June 2003. <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/us666.htm> (March 2004)
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Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disorder that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are the muscles your body uses for movement. It occurs when communication between nerve cells and muscles becomes impaired. This impairment prevents crucial muscle contractions from occurring, resulting in muscle weakness.
According to the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, MG is the most common primary disorder of neuromuscular transmission. It’s a relatively rare condition that affects between 14 and 20 out of every 100,000 people in the United States.
The main symptom of MG is weakness in the voluntary skeletal muscles, which are muscles under your control. The failure of muscles to contract normally occurs because they can’t respond to nerve impulses. Without proper transmission of the impulse, the communication between nerve and muscle is blocked and weakness results.
Weakness associated with MG typically gets worse with more activity and improves with rest. Symptoms of MG can include:
- trouble talking
- problems walking up stairs or lifting objects
- facial paralysis
- difficulty breathing due to muscle weakness
- difficulty swallowing or chewing
- hoarse voice
- drooping of eyelids
- double vision
Not everyone will have every symptom, and the degree of muscle weakness can change from day to day. The severity of the symptoms typically increases over time if left untreated.
MG is a neuromuscular disorder that’s usually caused by an autoimmune problem. Autoimmune disorders occur when your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. In this condition, antibodies, which are proteins that normally attack foreign, harmful substances in the body, attack the neuromuscular junction. Damage to the neuromuscular membrane reduces the effect of the neurotransmitter substance acetylcholine, which is a crucial substance for communication between nerve cells and muscles. This results in muscle weakness.
The exact cause of this autoimmune reaction is unclear to scientists. According to the Muscular Dystrophy Association, one theory is that certain viral or bacterial proteins may prompt the body to attack acetylcholine.
According to the National Institutes of Health, MG typically occurs in people over the age of 40. Women are more likely to be diagnosed as younger adults, whereas men are more likely to be diagnosed at 60 or older.
Your doctor will perform a complete physical exam, as well as take a detailed history of your symptoms. They’ll also do a neurological exam. This may consist of:
- checking your reflexes
- looking for muscle weakness
- checking for muscle tone
- making certain your eyes move properly
- testing sensation in different areas of your body
- testing motor functions, like touching your finger to your nose
Other tests that can help your doctor diagnose the condition include:
- repetitive nerve stimulation test
- blood testing for antibodies associated with MG
- edrophonium (Tensilon) test: a drug called Tensilon (or a placebo) is administered intravenously, and you’re asked to perform muscle movements under doctor observation
- imaging of the chest using CT scans or MRI to rule out a tumor
There is no cure for MG. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and control the activity of your immune system.
Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants can be used to suppress the immune system. These medications help minimize the abnormal immune response that occurs in MG.
Additionally, cholinesterase inhibitors, such as pyridostigmine (Mestinon), can be used to increase communication between nerves and muscles.
Thymus gland removal
Removal of the thymus gland, which is part of the immune system, may be appropriate for many patients with MG. Once the thymus is removed, patients typically show less muscle weakness.
According to the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, between 10 and 15 percent of people with MG will have a tumor in their thymus. Tumors, even those that are benign, are always removed because they may become cancerous.
Plasmapheresis is also known as a plasma exchange. This process removes harmful antibodies from the blood, which may result in an improvement in muscle strength.
Plasmapheresis is a short-term treatment. The body continues to produce the harmful antibodies and weakness may recur. Plasma exchange is helpful before surgery or during times of extreme MG weakness.
Intravenous immune globulin
Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) is blood product that comes from donors. It’s used to treat autoimmune MG. Although it’s not entirely known how IVIG works, it affects the creation and function of antibodies.
There are some things you can do at home to help alleviate symptoms of MG:
- Get plenty of rest to help minimize muscle weakness.
- If you’re bothered by double vision, talk to your doctor about whether you should wear an eye patch.
- Avoid stress and heat exposure, as both can worsen symptoms.
These treatments cannot cure MG. However, you’ll typically see improvements in your symptoms. Some individuals may go into remission, during which treatment is not necessary.
Tell your doctor about any medications or supplements you take. Some drugs can make MG symptoms worse. Before taking any new medication, check with your doctor to ensure it’s safe.
One of the most dangerous potential complications of MG is myasthenic crisis. This consists of life-threatening muscle weakness that can include breathing problems. Talk with your doctor about your risks. If you start to have trouble breathing or swallowing, call 911 or go to your local emergency room immediately.
The long-term outlook for MG depends on a lot of factors. Some people will only have mild symptoms. Others may eventually become confined to a wheelchair. Talk to your doctor about what you can do to minimize the severity of your MG. Early and proper treatment can limit disease progression in many people.
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EVERYTHING you know about The Passion of the Christ is wrong. For over a year, the film’s most vocal critics have said Mel Gibson’s movie about the death of Jesus is anti-Semitic, while its most vocal supporters have said no, it’s only an accurate representation of scripture and history. In truth, the film is neither.
First, the charges of anti-Semitism. It is true that Gibson’s film tends to divide the Jewish race into those who follow Christ and those who try to have him killed; and it is true that The Passion, like many other films in this genre, is too soft on Pontius Pilate (in contrast to the callous, vicious figure portrayed by Luke and Philo), which has the unfortunate effect of making the Jews seem just that much more responsible for Jesus’ death.
But Gibson also goes out of his way to emphasize the Jewishness of Jesus and his followers. The first time we see his mother and Mary Magdalene, they recite a key passage from the Passover seder about being set free from slavery; and when the Roman soldiers force Simon of Cyrene to carry Jesus’ cross, one practically spits the word “Jew” at him. While Gibson could have gone further with this than he did, he never lets us forget that the Jews at this time were the victims of oppression.
In addition, a look at Gibson’s earlier films reveals he is anything but anti-Semitic. In his 1993 directorial debut, The Man without a Face, Gibson plays a classics tutor who feels dehumanized by his community, partly because one side of his body is covered in burn scars, and the first Shakespeare passage he recites is Shylock’s “Hath not a Jew eyes?” speech from The Merchant of Venice. Thus, Gibson draws an implicit link between his marginalized character and a Jewish character who also feels cut off from society.
So both Gibson and his film are a lot more complex than their critics give them credit for. But The Passion is also more complex than its supporters seem to recognize.
It is quite telling that the only way many Christians know how to defend a work of art is to assert that it is an “accurate” adaptation of scripture, as if to minimize its artistry or creativity. It is even more telling that many Christians make this assertion even when the work of art in question contains several elements that are quite definitely not accurate.
In his portrayal of the crucifixion, Gibson rejects modern historical scholarship wherever it interferes with the details of his medieval vision. He also erroneously identifies Mary Magdalene with the woman caught in adultery; and where Luke tells us an angel visited and strengthened Jesus in Gethsemane, Gibson has Satan pay Jesus a visit and taunt him instead. There isn’t necessarily anything wrong with these sorts of artistic decisions — but they are not exactly “accurate”.
And of course, Gibson puts a lot of violence in his film that is nowhere to be found in the gospels, or even in the visions of Sr. Anne Catherine Emmerich, the stigmatic nun whose Dolorous Passion partly inspired this film — so much so that you can’t help wondering whether Gibson, who won Oscars for producing and directing the gory medieval revenge epic Braveheart (1995), is indulging his more sadistic side.
As Hollywood Worldviews author Brian Godawa rightly points out, every film about Jesus is a product of its time, and that is as true of The Passion as it is of the others. But The Passion is also a highly personal film on Gibson’s part, so it also reflects his own artistic and theological inclinations. And in order to fully appreciate this film, we will have to talk about it in those terms.
This column is not a review of the film, which will be released to theatres across the country February 25. But to help put the film in some sort of broader artistic context, here are a few points to consider.
First, recent war movies like Saving Private Ryan, Black Hawk Down and the Gibson-starring We Were Soldiers have gone out of their way to be more violent than the movies that came before them — but why? Is a film more truthful just because it is bloodier than the others? Martin Scorsese’s The Last Temptation of Christ and the Visual Bible’s adaptation of Matthew were also once hailed for their grisly crucifixion scenes; does the law of diminishing returns apply to the violence of Jesus films, too?
Second, just as Braveheart was about nothing if not the definition of masculinity, Gibson seems to want his Jesus to be more manly than the others — that is, to be more tough. Jesus commits the film’s first violent act, as he crushes a snake underfoot, and he practically invites a second round of flogging by standing up straight and showing the soldiers he can take their abuse. Has Gibson perhaps reinvented Jesus in his own masochistic image?
Third, as Thomas Hibbs argues in his excellent book on nihilism in pop culture, Shows About Nothing, recent films have tried to find a sense of meaning by boldly proclaiming the existence of evil. If evil exists, then good must exist too, right? Gibson’s film, with its vivid depiction of human and demonic cruelty, seems to fit that pattern, but should a movie about Christ settle for that sort of message?
Fourth, the film’s poster says, “Dying was his reason for living,” and there is some truth to that. But did not Jesus rise from the dead? Did he not say he came that we might have life abundantly? Frederica Mathewes-Green notes that the church fathers tend to speak of Jesus’ death within the broader context of his Incarnation — so might it not be more accurate to say that living was Jesus’ reason for dying?
Finally, note this film’s use of flashbacks and point-of-view shots. Traditionally, films about Jesus have protected his divinity by objectifying him and keeping him at a distance; more recent films have explored his humanity by treating him more subjectively — we see his dreams and hear his thoughts — but they have also tended to lose sight of his divine authority. How does The Passion deal with these matters?
It is by asking questions like these that we can go beyond merely “using” the film as a ministry “tool” and truly engage with both the art and theology of Mel Gibson’s disturbing, inspiring, and always challenging cinematic vision.
— A version of this article was first published by BC Christian News.
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Learn To Crochet: Tutorial Videos
Learn to Crochet
Learn to crochet with our easy to follow video tutorials – we’ll take you from the very beginning and show how to hold your hook, through basic stitches, how to keep your work straight, and how to create a gauge swatch. Whether you’re completely new to the craft, or looking for a refresher, these tutorials are a great resource for all stitchers.
How to hold your hook
This video demonstrates two of the most common ways to hold a crochet hook, the pencil grip, and the knife grip. Learning to hold a crochet hook is one of the very first steps in learning to crochet. There is no one correct way to hold your hook; use whatever method is comfortable and works for you!
Foundation Chain Stitch
This tutorial demonstrates how to work a crochet chain and how to work stitches into this foundation chain to begin a crochet project. Learning to create foundation chain is the first step in most crochet patterns.
This tutorial demonstrates how to work rows of the single crochet stitch commonly abbreviated as “sc” (U.S. terminology). The single crochet stitch is one of the most commonly used stitches in crochet and often the first stitch a new crochet will learn. A fabric of all single crochet stitches is quite dense which makes it a great stitch for bags, toys and anything requiring stability.
This tutorial demonstrates how to work rows of the double crochet stitch commonly abbreviated as “dc” (U.S. terminology). The double crochet stitch is one of the most commonly used stitches and is the primary stitch used in the ever-popular granny square.
Half Double Crochet
This tutorial demonstrates how to work rows of the half double crochet stitch commonly abbreviated as “hdc” (U.S. terminology). The half double crochet is taller than the single crochet stitch and shorter than the double crochet stitch.
This tutorial demonstrates how to work the crochet slip stitch, commonly abbreviated as “sl st”. Slip stitches are frequently used to move your working yarn from one area of your work to another without creating a visible stitch or cutting and rejoining the yarn.
How to Keep your work straight
This video demonstrates actions to take while crocheting in rows to keep your side edges straight and even. It’s common for beginner crocheters to accidentally add or miss stitches at the beginning and end of rows, resulting in angled or bumpy side edges. Learn tips to keep on the straight and narrow
Crochet Gauge Swatch
This tutorial demonstrates how to create and measure a gauge swatch to ensure the most accurate results in a finished crochet project. A gauge swatch ensures the most accurate results in a finished crochet project. Matching the gauge quoted in a pattern is important to ensure your finished project will end up the correct size.
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Q: In your posting about radio pronunciation, you suggest that few North Americans say NYOOZE for “news.” Actually, an increasing number pronounce it that way. I live in the San Francisco Bay area, and most people my age and younger (I’m in my ’30s) say NYOOZE. People who say NOOZE tend to be older or from the Eastern US.
A: We may have spoken a little hastily in that blog posting. You’re right—some Americans do indeed pronounce “news” as if it had a “y” in it: NYOOZE. But the number is not increasing.
Among ordinary speakers of the language, Americans who say NYOOZE are in the minority and their numbers are dwindling, according to people who study these kinds of things.
First, here’s what the dictionaries say.
The two standard dictionaries we use the most, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.) and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.), give both pronunciations as standard English without comment—NOOZE and NYOOZE.
The Oxford English Dictionary says British speakers use NYOOZE but Americans use both pronunciations.
Macmillan, which publishes both British and American dictionaries, says speakers in the UK say NYOOZE and those in the US say NOOZE.
Our hunch is that NYOOZE has been regarded as a standard American pronunciation for only a few decades. Our 1956 copy of Webster’s New International Dictionary (the unabridged second edition) has only one pronunciation: NOOZE.
Why does “news” have two pronunciations anyway?
As it happens, “news” is part of a small class of words in which speakers in Britain, and many in the American South, insert an audible “y” sound (linguists call it a palatal glide).
Other examples include “tune,” “duke,” “due,” “tuna,” “Tuesday,” “avenue,” and “stew.” Some interesting scholarship has been done on the subject.
“The pronunciation of such words as tune, duke, and news, it turns out, is one of the most marked differences between Northern and Southern speech,” the linguist Betty S. Phillips wrote in 1981 in the journal American Speech.
In the North and North-Midland, Phillips wrote, “the words are generally pronounced without a glide” (that is, they sound like TOON, DOOK, and NOOZE). In those Northern regions, she said, pronunciation with the glide (i.e., NYOOZE) is limited to rural New England.
“Only in the South and South-Midland does the [YOO] pronunciation remain in general use,” she wrote, “and even there the older pronunciation with the glide is being gradually replaced.”
In a more detailed follow-up article in 1994, and with fresh data on Southern speech patterns, Phillips confirmed that the YOO pronunciation was indeed fading in the South, especially among younger speakers.
“We are indeed dealing with a sound change in progress,” she wrote. “That is, the younger speakers are further along in the sound change than are the older speakers.”
Another article in American Speech, this one written by Ann Pitts in 1986, also found a decline in what she called “the Southern glided variant” (as in NYOOZE and DYOOK and TYOON).
But Pitts noticed something very odd. While Southerners were gradually dropping the “y,” Northern broadcasters were picking it up.
“The only answer to this puzzle,” she wrote, “is that the old glided variant has acquired a new kind of prestige which is keeping it alive artificially in the broadcasting register.”
Northern announcers, she suggested, may have interpreted the “y” sound “not as a Southern feature, but rather as an elegant variant appropriate to the formal medium of broadcasting.”
The “y” sound in some words, Pitts speculated, may have been kept alive by “snob value,” by “association with the British accent,” or by “elocution instructors teaching elegant speech in the North as well as the South.”
But in some cases the adoption of the “y” glide results in unnatural speech. Pitts reported an anecdote about clueless speakers who unknowingly turned the phrase “noon news” into a mock-elegant monstrosity: NYOON NYOOZE.
She also mentioned some other broadcasting oddities—”y” sounds inserted into words like “capsule,” “consumer,” “suitable,” “assume,” “super,” “revolution,” and others (SYOO-per, re-vol-YOO-shun, and so on).
But to get back to your original point, if the number of Americans who say NYOOZE is increasing, we haven’t seen any evidence of it.
Pronunciation aside, here’s something that may be news to you.
We were once surprised to notice that Anthony Trollope, a favorite Victorian author of ours, used a plural verb with “news” (as in “And now, here are the news”).
Today, the plural noun “news” is normally used with a singular verb. But in fact “news” was used with plural verbs through the 19th century, and it’s still used that way in Indian English.
The word “news,” meaning recent information, dates back to 1417, the OED says. Here are three OED citations (note the plural verbs):
“Th’ amazing News of Charles at once were spread” (Dryden, 1685).
“There are bad news from Palermo” (Shelley, 1820).
“There are never any news” (Thackeray, 1846).
But from about the mid-1500s, “news” was also occasionally used with singular verbs, as in this 1828 citation from Sir Walter Scott: “Was there any news in the country?”
Eventually, the singular usage became more common, and now “news” is routinely accompanied with a singular verb. Among other things, it means an account, a report, a broadcast, or information in general.
Finally, in case you’re wondering about the history of the expression “no news is good news,” we can tell you it’s not new. Variations on the theme have existed since the 1500s.
In a 1574 collection of proverbs translated from Portuguese, it appeared as “Evill newes never commeth too late.” And in a 1616 letter written by King James VI, it was “no newis is bettir then evill newis.”
But perhaps we really owe the expression to the Italians. In 1647, the historian and political writer James Howell had this to say: “I am of the I[t]alians mind that said Nulla nuova, buona nuova, no newes good newes.”
Check out our books about the English language
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While there are many types of hydroponic lighting, there’s a lot of talk in the hydroponics world about LED grow lights and how they just might be the “next big thing” in indoor garden lighting. Like a lot of products in the hydroponic market, there is a lot of marketing and hype behind LEDs.
Sometimes it’s hard to know for sure if LEDs are a good solution for your garden when you’re slathered in marketing and the anecdotal evidence of hydroponic growers online. To solve this, I decided to take an in-depth look at what’s REALLY going on with LEDs in an impartial manner. Let’s get started with the advantages of LEDs over other lighting technologies!
The Advantages of LED Lighting
Let’s take hydroponics out of the equation for a second and just look at the advantages of LEDs when compared to incandescent and fluorescent bulbs. After we understand the general advantages we can then apply those to hydroponics and see if they still hold.
The short list:
- Less energy
- Last longer
- Solid state (more durable)
- Lower heat
Along with these basic advantages, LED lighting also has a high luminous efficiency when compared to incandescent and fluorescent lights. Luminous efficiency is the ability of a light source to produce visible light, so the more efficient a light source is, the more visible light it produces per unit of power input.
Something to keep in mind before reading on is that more visible light does not always mean better.
Read more about Photosynthetically Available Radiation to see why.
LEDs can reach 18-22 lumens per watt, while incandescent bulbs reach 15 lumens per watt for a 60-100 watt bulb. Fluorescent bulbs reach 100 lumens per watt. While it looks like fluorescent bulbs are outperforming LEDs, it’s been shown that LEDs are roughly following Moore’s Law, meaning that their lumen per watt output is roughly doubling every 18 months.
LEDs Last Longer
LEDs last far longer than incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. There are reports of LEDs manufactured in the 70s and 80s that are still working today! This is because they are solid state, meaning that there are no vacuum or gas components. LEDs can last anywhere from 25,000 to 100,000 hours before they are expected to fail.
They are Heat Efficient
Another benefit to LEDs is their heat efficiency. Unlike high pressure sodium bulbs, they do not emit a lot of heat into the growing environment. Because air and water temperature are so important to a hydroponic grow, this could be a massive benefit for those that are growing in confined spaces or need to control their heat for other reasons. It also allows you to place your lights much closer to your plants’ leaves, which helps you take advantage of the inverse square law for light.
Control Over Color Temperature
A huge potential benefit to using LEDs is their ability to be customized to any color temperature for growing. As I’m sure you all know, plants need different colors of light in different phases of growth. Often times you need to buy two different types of CFLs in order to satisfy a plant’s lighting needs throughout it’s entire lifespan. If you go the high pressure sodium route, it’s often only viable for flowering because of its heavy focus on the red area of the spectrum, which is used in the flowering or fruiting phase.
With LEDs, you could theoretically buy a system that has color filters on sets of individual LEDs for each area of the light spectrum that a plant needs. Then you could adjust the amount of each color that is on at any time to perfectly customize the color spectrum to your plant’s exact needs. There are some systems out there that exist like this, but they are few and far between and the ones that do exist are fairly expensive. If you want to spare no expense with your grow, you might want to look into this further.
Disadvantages of LEDs for Hydroponics
Right now, quality LEDs are very expensive when compared to other types of lighting for hydroponics. We’re talking about $400 for a 150 watt system from a reputable supplier versus $99 for a 1,000 watt HPS and another $200 for the ballast. The price of LEDs is expected to drop significantly in the next 2-3 years, so be on the lookout for very affordable LED systems in the future.
Plant Growth Results
There’s been a lot of chatter on various forums, blogs, and other grow journals about lackluster results from LEDs as far as plant growth goes. The “claim” by LED companies (and there are many) is that a 300w LED system is equivalent to a 600w-1000w HPS setup, but the evidence is suggesting otherwise. While many people are finding them good for the vegetative phase of most plants, most are not seeing great yields if they take their plants to flower using LED panels. There have been some experiments where even a T5 CFL setup outperformed LED panels for vegetative-only plants like basil, lettuce, etc.
Time to Try LEDs in Your Garden?
The jury seems to be in: LEDs are an emerging grow light technology with some really exciting applications in the future.
They ARE effective now, but they’re probably not the best lighting choice to bring a plant from seed to harvest with because of their lower yields and high cost to get started. To match the yield you could get using a HPS, you’d probably have to invest in the same amount of wattage of LED panels,which would be at least twice as expensive.
However, it would be less expensive in the long run when you consider the lower electricity expense you would be incurring, along with lower costs for dealing with the heat that a HPS puts out.
LEDs have the potential to outpace HPS, Metal Halide, and CFL lighting solutions in the coming years, but for a hobbyist right now they’re just a bit expensive to use throughout an entire grow cycle.
If you do want to mess around with them and not break the bank…here are some ideas:
- Use them as a supplemental grow light for some extra light output for relatively low head and cost (excluding purchasing cost)
- Use them for plants that do not flower (lettuce, basil, most herbs)
- Use them for plants that do flower, but only for the vegetative phase. Then switch to more powerful lighting
I hope this was a helpful guide for anyone considering LED lighting. If you have any questions, comments, or think that I missed something (I probably did!) then please leave a comment
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As a child, Daphin Juma would rush home every day at dusk. The Huruma slum in Nairobi was and still is a dangerous place at night.
When the sun goes down, the rest of the city slowly lights up, but pockets of poverty such as the informal settlement where she lived for 16 years stay dark, save for the dull glow of kerosene lamps.
Now a solar engineer and entrepreneur, part of an ambitious program to revolutionise the participation of women in clean energy, Juma doesn’t forget what it feels like to do your homework to the flickering light of a lantern. “I want to make sure that everyone has at least some lighting at home,” she says.
Juma exudes optimism, often interrupting her story with an infectious laughter. Her big dream is to eradicate energy poverty in Kenya through the power of sunshine.
Kenya enjoys over 3,500 hours of sunlight every year, but despite booming energy demand the uptake of solar panels in Kenya remains low.The government’s development plan for the next 20 years foresees solar providing just 1% of the energy mix. For comparison, coal is expected to provide 9% of the total, while geothermal energy will account for 60%.
Researchers have put this down to poverty and general lack of public financial support, but that is only part of the story. Inadequate technical support to the households that choose to go solar is also a barrier.
The Women in Sustainable Energy and Entrepreneurship (WISEE) collective was founded to bring light where Kenya’s national grid doesn’t stretch. In partnership with Strathmore University and USAID, the program offers free training and mentoring for women who wish to start a hands-on career in the sector.
It also addresses a stark gender imbalance in solar engineering. After realising that poorly trained technicians were leading to a proliferation of dangerous and short-lived solar photovoltaic systems, the Kenyan government introduced a compulsory licence. In 2014, out of 257 licensed technicians serving the whole country, only six were women.
Yet in Kenya, women are the main custodians of their home’s energy system. “If something breaks they will be the first family members to be on it while the men are at work, so they should be able to figure out what is wrong,” says Tameezan wa Gathui, a sustainable energy practitioner and co-founder of WISEE.
“When you are a girl child in Kenya your tasks are very much clear cut: household, cooking, fetching water. The boys will help but ultimately they are the ones who get the opportunity to go to school.”
Things are changing and WISEE is expanding the options for women. Over a ten-day crash course, trainees learn to design a solar system according to the specific needs of each customer and troubleshoot it. They get a certificate and additional support if they wish to obtain the licence that will allow them to practice in the field.
— WISEE (@wisee_015) December 2, 2015
“Lack of accredited technicians holds back solar penetration in Kenya,” says Izael Da Silva, Director of the Strathmore Energy Research Centre. “The few practitioners around tend to stick to the big urban centres, where it’s easier to do business.”
In rural areas, home to 77% of Kenya’s population, people are wary of buying solar panels without technical back-up. “This is rather obvious,” Da Silva wrote in The Conversation. “Would you buy a car if the closest mechanic was 200km away from you?”
Juma, who after attending the WISEE training ditched a career at a main energy distributor to start her own business, also finds that lack of trust prevents rural Kenyans from embracing PV.
“Top priority of my business model is to restore people’s faith in solar. If you travel in remote areas, so many will just point at a dead solar panel and say ‘solar doesn’t work’,” she says. “But often it’s just a matter of replacing a battery. Perhaps the system was badly designed, or poorly maintained. Nothing that can’t be fixed.”
She plans to launch a “Solar Doctor” project early next year, travelling around rural Kenya to collect and repair solar panels for free. “And when other members of communities realise that solar works, they will be encouraged to try too.”
To fund that service, Juma expects to make a profit from designing and installing solar systems for those who can afford them. She decided to go it alone rather than work for a bigger company because, she says: “If I work for a corporation the solution I offer will be dictated by someone else. Working for myself I can minimise my profits and benefit the customer more.”
The young entrepreneur has had to adjust her ambitions since taking the course 18 months ago, she laughingly admits: “Fresh after the training course, I decided I would install 1MW of capacity by the end of 2017. Well, that was unrealistic, but with my first three clients I am set to install 2kW of solar energy. It’s good to feel that I am moving somewhere.”
For now, Juma’s initiative may be just a drop in the sea, but it is part of a bigger movement that is tackling a key hurdle to the spread of clean energy in Kenya. Fostering a new generation of solar engineers will not only fill a country-wide technical gap, but will also prevent the growth of e-waste, guaranteeing longer life to solar systems and better value for money for the customers.
Lou Del Bello’s series of reports on Africa and climate change is funded by CDKN
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VCM EDUCATORS WORKSHOP
by Chris McNulty
Introduces a unique teaching device and learning tool to help students integrate theory, ear training and improvisation.
Introduction into the use of tetrachords.
Laid out in one clear and concise method that works across all 12 keys.
Starting with a simple set of templates the method explores chord/scale relationships by sourcing a myriad of scales using combinations of tetrachords.
The method is further developed using exercises that assist students to pitch hear across more complex harmony
Improves outcomes at both the college preparatory level as well as assisting vocal students (and instrumentalists) entering or attending music degree programs.
“An immense talent whose vocalizing is fearless and composing peerless.” ― Harvey Siders, Jazz Times
PowerPoint, Piano and Voice
Handouts in Sibelius/PDF format
3 hour workshop
Introduction to Tetrachords
Integrate theory, ear training and improvisation
Using extracts from Chris’s Vocalist as Complete Musician methodology. The work is based around a series of exercises integrating the use of tetra chords, scales and chords. We start from a simple template, moving on to work from several scale sources. Scales are internalized by using a combination of tetrachords (major, minor 1 (dorian), minor 2 (phrygian), whole tone (lydian), diminished & harmonic). The exercises explore chord/scale relationships in jazz harmony, sourcing several scales – major, minor, melodic, harmonic, diminished (whole/1/2 and 1/2/whole).
The pentatonic scale (minor/major) and be bop scales are also explored over sets of chord progressions. Finally, we move on to creating melodic passages and motifs, using scalar fragments over specific sets of changes/songs.
This work develops the vocal ear for hearing and improvising over more complex harmony. Ear training, improvisation and theory are taught at one and the same time, providing the student of vocal jazz with the same tools that jazz instrumentalists use to navigate their way through musical passages.
By learning how to integrate scalar fragments over various sets of chord changes, the student gains more freedom and confidence as an improvisor. It also gives vocal students a template to analyze and prepare pieces of music for improvisation as well as developing arranging and composing skills. This work is predominately piano based. Workshop presentations require the use of smart board and piano.
“A most concise, well structured, and easy to understand book for all vocalists (and instrumentalists!) who want to become versatile, have more confidence, and be better overall musicians. Chris McNulty’s Vocalist As Complete Musician is a comprehensive and engaging method designed to help you hear, sing, and play music on a deeper level. Practicing these exercises WILL really enhance HOW you hear, sing, and play music!”
- Dena DeRose
Jazz Vocalist and Pianist, Jazz Voice Professor at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Graz, Austria
From the blog
Sign Up and get free lessons, exercises and industry news delivered directly to your email once a month.
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Public Policy generally denotes both the general purpose of government action and the views on the best or preferred means of carrying it out; more specifically it refers to government actions designed to achieve one or more objectives. "Policy" can have at least 2 distinct meanings: it can refer both to how something is done (rules and procedures), which may be called administrative policy, or to what is being done, eg, substantive programs. Studies of public policy often employ both meanings. In order to make various actions more coherent, governments usually formulate major priorities that form the basis of general policies, eg, social, economic and foreign policy, which in turn encompass more particular sectoral policies, eg, trade, police, health care, agriculture. AGRICULTURAL POLICY can therefore be described as a sectoral policy created to meet particular agricultural objectives that are based on more general policies, eg, ECONOMIC POLICY.
Many measures or means are often necessary to implement policy, and these are frequently controversial because they involve coercion or the threat of a penalty if they are not followed. In every instance, the measures involve resources (levied, borrowed or purchased, produced and consumed, accumulated, distributed, loaned or sold) and rules (bans, obligations, authorizations, permissions, rights and privileges to do or not to do something). Government policymaking is nominally a response both to problems and opportunities.
Policies (both ends and means) are also controversial because they are influenced by the general ideologies of the major political parties, the struggle for political power and the interests of PRESSURE GROUPS. Policies already in effect are also subject to change when the problems they are intended to solve persist or when new problems arise or are added to them. Government policies reflect changes in society but they also produce them.
Initially government policies were designed to guarantee the physical safety of the population and to maintain peace. With the increasing production of goods and the growth of trade, governments intervened to regulate the so-called market economy and to facilitate more production by providing infrastructures such as railways, roads, canals, aqueducts, ports and warehouses. In response to urbanization and the consequent transformation of society, governments developed EDUCATION and HEALTH POLICIES and launched vast land-development operations. After WWII, particularly as part of their social-welfare policy, they have intervened in the stabilization of production and services, in health insurance, and in INCOME DISTRIBUTION.
The federal government has jurisdiction over a number of sectors, sometimes exclusively, eg, EXTERNAL RELATIONS, DEFENCE POLICY, currency, weights and measures, and patents, and sometimes in co-operation with provincial governments, eg, scientific research and agriculture (see DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS). Other policy areas generally fall under local or regional jurisdiction. For example, education, highways and local public works are primarily the responsibility of provincial governments. Provincial governments also intervene in a large number of other sectors, including electrical-energy production, mining and forestry development, health-care services and police.
Government activities are financed essentially through taxes, a generalized obligatory deduction with no compensation other than the benefits derived from certain government policies. Taxes, which are the compulsory price for these benefits, are not negotiated with individual taxpayers but are the result of government decisions formulated within the framework of FISCAL POLICY - one of the most important and controversial policies of any government. In Canada, government policies result from many conflicting points of view, not all of which have an equal opportunity of being implemented.
Studies of public policy can be characterized as historical, descriptive, legal and normative. In addition, most political scientists use a case-study format and are concerned with the merits of a policy, with suggesting solutions to public-policy problems, and with influencing the policy under study. As a result of efforts to classify policies, distinctions have been made between the substance of policies, the institutions making them, the people whom they are meant to affect, periods of time in which they have been followed, the ideology and values they reflect, the extent of their support and the level of government responsible for their implementation.
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Ven. Chi Wai made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1996. From plm.org.hk Ven. Chi Wai awarded the Bronze Bauhinia Star (BBS) in 2005. From plm.org.hk
China’s pollution continues to affect countries across the world, despite the accelerated growth of its renewable energy industry and President Xi Jinping’s estimable pledge with the United States to curb carbon emissions last November. As of 2014, China leads the world in wind power, solar power, hydropower, and smart grid technology, generating as much wind, solar, and water energy as Germany and France combined. Yet problems are intensifying. Just last month, a slightly hyperbolic report nevertheless managed to demonstrate how sulfur, carbon grit, and metals in the choked air of Beijing lead to thicker, more turbulent clouds and heavier precipitation and cyclones in the Northwest Pacific. These storms are 10 per cent stronger than three decades ago. The US now finds itself the victim of extreme weather patterns resulting from pollution not only within its own borders, but also from cities in Asia. As the worst emitters of carbon, the world’s two largest economies are finding climate change an ever more pressing issue in their entangled national interests.
The consequences of climate change pose an urgent threat to the survival of countless species on Earth, including our own. The things we can do—giving up private transport when able, recycling, buying fair trade, switching off electricity when out of the home, and more—are thoroughly documented. Most require only a mild adjustment in lifestyle and convenience. Yet climate change rarely features as top news in a global (and also badly polluted) corporate hub like Hong Kong. It was only very recently that its foremost religious leaders co-signed a statement on alleviating climate change. The Most Venerable Chi Wai, the incumbent president of The Hong Kong Buddhist Association—the city’s largest and most important Buddhist organization—represented the city’s Buddhists.
Internationally familiar faces like Thich Nhat Hanh and the Dalai Lama have spoken out prominently on the subject of climate change. By contrast, Chinese Buddhism (which refers to the Mahayana Buddhism that diffused throughout the Sinophone world, including Taiwan), has been all but silent. To date, very few leaders in this diverse tradition have voiced concerns over the issue or committed themselves to any statement on the matter. (One Chinese Buddhist leader who has spoken about the environment and climate change for many years is Master Xing Yun of Fo Guang Shan.) The statement was therefore significant in being perhaps the
strongest endorsement of the international scientific consensus by a Chinese Buddhist leader. Moreover, it is perhaps the only time an influential Chinese Buddhist institution has joined an entente of interreligious bodies to publicly acknowledge the threat posed by climate change.
To his credit and that of the association he leads, Ven. Chi Wai has accomplished the kind of spiritual and moral leadership from which Buddhists around the world can draw inspiration. His co-signing of the statement has indicated that Chinese Buddhism can be open about and involved in big issues. Thanks to Ven. Chi Wai’s intervention, the debate on how to address climate change has the potential to be enriched by more Chinese Buddhist voices. Also, Chinese Buddhists of all schools should feel further liberated by Ven. Chi Wai’s action to engage with other faiths in a spirit of hospitality and social harmony. Openness to dialogue is a sign of a tradition’s self-confidence, and a willingness to learn from other spiritual paths and to use that knowledge to enrich one’s own. An insular tradition that completely rejects the company of other religions betrays not self-assurance, but profound uncertainty and insecurity about its own doctrines and persuasiveness.
At the heart of this renewed sense of urgency about the environment is the wisdom that humanity and the natural world are interconnected—in fact, humanity is obviously a part of the natural world and the larger cosmos, and has too often fashioned artificial boundaries through ignorance or ego. The Buddhist philosophy of emptiness (Skt. shunyata) was recast in the Avatamsaka Sutra as “all is interdependent and vital” and that totality is interpenetrated (Cook 1977, 48–49; Gregory 1991, 6–7). This life-affirming exegesis of emptiness has influenced the surviving schools of Chinese Buddhism to the present day, and there is no reason why this interpretation cannot inform Chinese Buddhist engagement on such global issues as climate change.
There is a slew of socio-environmental issues on which Chinese Buddhism could offer comment. Deforestation (which happens to be linked to climate change) is one of them. As Buddhist organizations expand and grow in China, building more traditional-style wooden temples to attract pilgrims and tourists along the way, there is a need to find sustainable ways of harvesting the wood used in their construction. The Taiwan-based Buddhist charity, Tzu Chi, is already known for using biodegradable, recycled cloth for their monastics’ garments and shoes.
This is a period of world history in which the two dominant powers on Earth have found a common environmental cause to rally around. Despite their efforts, climate change appears likely to accelerate and do even more damage in the short to medium term. The question is whether Buddhist leaders around the world can, like Ven. Chi Wai, take a civic-minded stance on long-term threats to the global ecology.
Cook, Frances. 1977. Hua-yen Buddhism: The Jewel Net of Indra. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Gregory, Peter N. 1991. Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
For more information, see:
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Relationship is defined as a connection between two people. As social beings, such a connection remains one of our primary requirements. We want to be close to someone with whom it’s easy to share our thoughts and feelings without being judged. Meaningful relationships can be found between siblings, colleagues, friends, teacher and student or boyfriend and girlfriend. Every relationship should be tied together through two main elements called respect and mutual understanding. When these two elements are present, a relationship is healthy and long-lasting, making an individual feel secure and content.
There are some relationships that do exist, but without the two key elements. Such relationships lead to feelings of insecurity and a lack of happiness. Imagine being in a friendship where your friend is disrespectful towards you. How does the friendship look? How does it feel to be in such a relationship? Uncomfortable? Is this a long-term friendship? Not only does this apply to friendship, any relationship that is void of the two key elements will be anxiety provoking that will impact an individual in two ways: 1) an individual’s sense of self, 2) their willingness to stay in the relationship.
Sense of self is defined as an individual’s idea about themselves; it is the question that answers ‘Am I worthy?’ In an insecure relationship self worth is often questioned. Similarly, an insecure relationship also challenges the need to maintain the connection with the other person. It is important to realize how unhealthy relationship impact us psychologically and how beneficial even a single healthy and secure relationship is for one’s mental health.
Marriage is an important relationship as it determines how other relationships are built. For instance, if a couple has a healthy, secure, respectful relationship, the mental health of their children is likely to indicate towards well-being. These individuals will be capable of approaching life and other relationships in a positive manner. However, if these individuals learned aggression, criticism and violence from their parents, they would have a diminished ability to build healthier relationships in the future that make them feel secure. The early learning of how to build a relationship and connect with another person comes from parents or caregivers and hence it is important to discuss marriage.
In his book, “The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work”, John Gottman lays out a detailed plan, a list of principles, for strengthening marital relationships. The principles he follows include:
It is essential for us to understand the various factors that make or break intimate relationships. The first step is to develop an understanding of the term ‘intimacy’ itself. Intimacy is a multidimensional phenomenon that refers to the “depth and duration of connection with others; desire and capacity for closeness and mutuality of regard, reflected in interpersonal behavior”.
A healthy relationship results in positive consequences. A 75 years long study by Robert Waldinger and his colleagues at Harvard University revealed the importance of maintaining healthy relationships in an individual’s life and, explained how it contributes to their happiness. The study aims to track the lives of 724 men for 75 years and is still in progress. In a TEDx Talk, Waldinger explains that there are presently three vivid outcomes of the study. Firstly, people who are more socially connected to their spouses, family and friends, are happier, healthier and live longer. On the other hand, loneliness leads to disturbances in life. Loneliness here does not parallel to the idea of being alone, rather it is the feeling of being alone in a relationship that is not fulfilling. Secondly, warm intimate relationships help an individual’s overall functioning. Those who have a greater marital conflict are more likely to experience bad health, loneliness and depression. Thirdly, warm marital relationships prevent early aging while maintaining one’s health. Even in the presence of physical pain, individuals in healthy relationships were likely to feel less distress. So, let us now discuss what a healthy relationship is.
A healthy relationship is based on 3 Cs: Communication, Commitment and Compromise. Communication entails the creation of trust between two individuals, which helps them to empathize with each other such that they can understand the other person’s perspective. In addition, this assertion helps minimize misunderstandings and misinterpretations of actions. Commitment is an essential part of this journey, which involves staying together through thick and thin. Lastly, compromising, on both ends, is a significant part that helps progress the relationship. The 3 Cs, if adopted and practiced by both ends, can create a healthy relationship.
Ward, M. (2016). 75-year Harvard study reveals the key to success in 2017 and beyond. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/15/75-year-harvard-study-reveals-the-key-to-success-in-2017-and-beyond.html
Learn about the nature of conflicts in a marriage
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Accurate measuring of stockpile volume is crucial to the success of any mining operation. Traditionally, this labor intensive task requires workers to climb stockpiles and use GPS equipment to map data points to estimate the stockpile’s size. Not only is this method dangerous and putting human lives in jeopardy, it’s also not reliably accurate. However, mining operations are now discovering that utilizing drones for stockpile volumetric analysis makes the process faster, safer, and more cost effective.
Transitioning to drone-based stockpile analysis allows for faster measurements. Jobs that once took days to complete can be finished in minutes or hours.This rapid analysis enables better tracking of changes since taking inventory can be done weekly or even daily, rather than quarterly. Mine operators can leverage the up-to-date information to make better decisions and optimize business.
Because conventional laser scanners are unable to analyze depression caves and undercuts, manually measuring stockpiles using a scanner is often prone to inaccuracies. On the other hand, drones are capable of looking down on stockpiles and accounting for irregularities on the top surface. This method promotes more robust and precise measurements.
Sending a human to climb stockpiles can result in twisted ankles, falls, and accidents, leaving companies open to liability. These individuals must also navigate busy yards where heavy equipment operates, increasing the risk to worker safety. Drone based data gathering removes the threat of human injury for a safer workplace.
Drones are versatile tools that have a variety of uses. Applications include mineral exploration, heritage & environmental management, lease boundary analysis, and thermal analysis. Drones boost productivity and are capable of real-time monitoring. With so many benefits, it’s no wonder that according to a survey of 190 miners by International Data Corporation (IDC), two out of three mining companies around the globe are currently evaluating the best way to integrate drones into their processes.
Microdrones UAVs make it easy to plan, monitor, and repeat surveying missions at a price that is far more attractive than standard collection methods.
Related to this topic, Microdrones was excited to see its systems in a nationally televised ad in Australia, based on the work being done by The Minerals Council of Australia and Rio Tinto. See the video here:
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John’s Gospel uses the term Father 250 times, having about twelve uses per chapter. First John has about eight uses per chapter. Throughout, Jesus refers to God intimately as the Father. The connectedness in John’s writings is particularly important. God is love and love is God the Father. A Father’s love for his children is unconditional, whether they love him back or not. Through Jesus we are presented with the Fatherly nature of God’s love for his children. It would seem that the real experience of Love is there to be accepted or rejected.
What is this love to be accepted or rejected and how does it relate to the survival, or rather, the saving of the self? And how is the Father relationship to be accepted in a modern secular world? There is analogy. There is metaphor. There is no other way to explain the mystery of consciousness. The point here is that an active choice is necessary. It is our choice, now, at this moment and every moment. It is an active choice that recognises man’s apartness and individuality. By its nature, choice assumes autonomy.
Let us work through the metaphorical implications. Not to choose to accept God’s fatherly Love is to live for the pre-existent entity which is the world (and this includes the pre-existent entity which is the idol God), and, in turn, to be subject to the prince of this world. To reject God’s fatherly Love is to turn instead to another father. In condemning the Jews for rejecting God’s love, Jesus said:
Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. (John 8:44-45)
In choosing an inauthentic father, the individual lives a lie.
The experience of my journey, and my encounters with all the many efforts to assert the self, has led me to an understanding that the self survives only in a dialectical process that both creates it and is created by it. All descriptions must fall short where that which will not be defined is concerned. We can only describe the process as Love, and accept the mystery. In passionate love fire meets with fire. God’s love was expressed in the heat of passion, the Passion. But we do know that out of an encounter with passion something lives on, as one sole essence, an immortal diamond, with ‘consequences for eternity’. And the fires of love must burn constantly because this dialectical process of creation is constant. God from the beginning is always ‘I am’. But we have a choice and the acceptance of Love is central to this choice. I repeat John’s words in this context.
And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. God is love; and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God, and God in him. (1 John 4:16)
Choose Love and the dialectical act of creation, described here in 1 John as a mutual indwelling, maintains the ‘I am’. Reject Love and the ‘I am’ of mutual indwelling is lost. The ‘I am’ that dwells in the individual is lost. The self is lost. Does this not give new meaning to Jesus’ mission on Earth to save you and me?
© John Dunn.
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Pisces (♓) is the twelfth astrological sign in the Zodiac. It came from the Pisces constellation. In western astrology this sign is no longer aligned with the constellation. This is because of the precession of the equinoxes. In astrology, Pisces is considered a "feminine", negative (introvert) sign.
It is also considered a water sign and one of the four mutable signs. (Mutable signs have a longing for movement and are extremely restless. Pisces is the most watery sign. It is constantly trying to adapt itself to its ever-changing feelings and to the moods and whims of others.)
The Symbol[change | change source]
The symbol represents 2 fish, swimming in different directions. The two shapes are also crescents, facing outward, which represents the idea that Pisceans are open to new things and to change.
Astrology[change | change source]
Pisces has been traditionally ruled by the planet Jupiter, but since its discovery, Neptune has been considered a modern ruler of this sign. Being the twelfth sign, Pisces is associated with the astrological twelfth house.
Individuals born when the Sun was in this sign are considered "Pisceans". The Sun can be seen 1n Pisces from about February 19 to March 20, ending at the moment of vernal equinox by definition under the tropical zodiac.
Under the sidereal zodiac, it is generally there from about March 15 to April 13.
Traditional Relationships with Pisces[change | change source]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pisces (astrology)|
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Belarus is officially the Republic of Belarus. It is a country in Eastern Europe.
The current population of Belarus is 9,444,536. Most of the population is Urban (75.1%).
The population of Belarus speaks several minority languages, such as Polish, Ukrainian, and Eastern Yiddish. There most of the people speak Belarusian (12%) and Russian (72%).
The majority of this country is ethnically Belarusian (84%). The other significant ethnic groups include Russians (8%), Poles (3%) and Ukrainians (1.5%).
Belarus has no official religion. However, much of Belarus’ population claims Eastern Orthodox Christianity (59%). There is also Judaism (4%) and Baha’i (4%).
This section is under development.
Genographic ProjectGeno 2.0 Data
Data from Geno 2.0 is derived from the The National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project — the DAR. The Hg ID is specific to this site and is used to protect the identities of those who take part in Genographic research. Birth Country, Mother's Birth Country, and Maternal Grandmother's Birth Country have been normalized from DAR database fields. The Maternal Origin is determined based on the three previous fields.
Note: Geno 2.0 results currently use Phylotree build 16. I am working on changing results over to build 17.
|Hg ID||Hg Build 16||Birth Country||Mother's Birth Country||Maternal Grandmother's Birth Country|
|Hap10000775||H6a1a5||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10002666||H1e4a||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10010612||H40b||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10010862||HV5||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10011238||H5c2||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10020973||H1e4a||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10023013||H40b||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10025501||H6a1a3||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10028803||H6a1a||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10031757||H7c2||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10048282||I1c1a||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10048283||I1c1a||United States||United States||Belarus|
|Hap10048284||I1c1a||United States||United States||Belarus|
Sources and Resources
- Pankratov, V., Litvinov, S., Kassian, A., Shulhin, D., Tchebotarev, L., Yunusbayev, B., Möls, M., Sahakyan, H., Yepiskoposyan, L., Rootsi, S. and Metspalu, E. (2016). East Eurasian ancestry in the middle of Europe: genetic footprints of Steppe nomads in the genomes of Belarusian Lipka Tatars. Nature Scientific Reports, 6, 30197.
- Kushniarevich, A., Sivitskaya, L., Danilenko, N., Novogrodskii, T., Tsybovsky, I., Kiseleva, A., Kotova, S., Chaubey, G., Metspalu, E., Sahakyan, H. and Bahmanimehr, A. (2013). Uniparental Genetic Heritage of Belarusians: Encounter of Rare Middle Eastern Matrilineages with a Central European Mitochondrial DNA Pool. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e66499.
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When the skin and the whites of the eyes turn into yellow or green, a person is said to be affected by jaundice. Such change of color when associated with itchiness, feces becoming pale and urine becoming dark in color, jaundice is confirmed. Here we attempt to identify the important symptoms of jaundice.
The cause of occurrence of jaundice is due to high level of bilirubin. Bilirubin is a bile pigment formed due to degradation of heme in the hemoglobin.
Bilirubin formation may be conjugated (direct) or unconjugated (indirect). Conjugated bilirubin is confirmed by detecting bilirubin in the urine. Unconjugated bilirubin is due to excess blood cell breakdown, genetic condition or thyroid problems. Newborn jaundice is also due to unconjugated bilirubin.
Liver diseases like cirrhosis or hepatitis, infections, blockage of the bile duct causes high level of conjugated bilirubin.
Excess bilirubin in the blood is the reason for the yellowish tinge of the skin and sclerae (white part of the eyes).
Jaundice affects adults when normal metabolism is affected.
Jaundice in newborn known as neonatal jaundice is a benign condition which can be cured without any after effect.
Types of jaundice
Jaundice is categorized into three main types. They are:
- Hepatacellular jaundice – due to liver disease or injury
- Hemophic jaundice – due to hemolysis( hemolysis is increased breakdown of red blood cells leading to production of increased bilirubin)
- Obstructive jaundice – due to obstruction of the bile duct which prevents bilirubin from coming out of the liver through excretion.
Sometimes the color of the skin turns into yellow due to excess beta-carotene caused by consumption of large quantities of carrots, pumpkin or melon. Such condition is called pseudo-jaundice and should not be confused with jaundice.
Causes of occurrence of jaundice are many like severe inflammation of the liver or bile duct, obstruction of the bile duct, certain inherited conditions wherein the ability of the enzymes in removing the bile is reduced and cholestia, the disruption of bile flow from the liver, damage caused to the liver due to excessive consumption of alcohol or drugs. In addition, pancreatic cancer which obstructs the bile flow is also a cause for occurrence of jaundice.
Key symptoms of jaundice
Symptoms noticed on occurrence of jaundice are many. They are:
- Skin or whites of the eyes turning yellow
- Itchiness known as pruritis
- Abdominal pain which is caused mainly due to blockage of the bile duct
- Weight loss which is unusual
- Abnormally pale stools
- Dark color of urine
Jaundice can be cured only by treating the symptom and the underlying cause of the symptom that surfaces.
While Fatigue, fever, vomiting, weight loss and anemia may occur in one by one, it is the change of color of skin or whites of the eyes, urine and stools that give definite warning, signaling jaundice.
How to identify cause of jaundice
To identify the cause, blood tests are conducted to ascertain the levels of bilirubin, full blood count and hepatitis A, B and C. No single test is sufficient to identify jaundice and a combination of blood and liver tests must be done to fix the cause and treat appropriately.
After ascertaining the causes each type of jaundice is treated differently. It must be understood that jaundice itself is not treated but only the causes are treated.
If the jaundice is induced by anemia it has to be treated by increasing the iron in the blood either by taking iron supplements or by consuming iron rich foods.
Jaundice due to Hepatitis
If the jaundice is due to hepatitis A, B or C, then it is treated with appropriate antiviral medicines including steroids.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver and the most common forms are A, B and C.
Hepatitis A is contagious and cause only mild fever and goes off on its own within a short duration of time even without any treatment.
The second, Hepatitis B is due to virus contacted from person to person which infects the liver and must be treated. Once treated it does not recur again for the rest of life of the person treated. The body fights the virus and remove it within a few months and the person is immune to the virus thereafter. But there are instances where the symptoms are short lived but the virus remain the body throughout the life.
Hepatitis C is also of the same virus but in almost 3 out of 4 cases it remains in the body for ever. Hepatitis C risk is higher in persons having multiple sex partners, HIV or rough sex.
If the jaundice has occurred due to obstruction of the bile duct, then it is addressed by performing surgery to remove the obstruction.
If the cause of jaundice is due to some medications already taken, then administration of alternate medicine is the remedy.
Prevention of jaundice is possible by adopting balanced diet habits, consuming only moderate levels of alcohol and exercising regularly, since it is the affected or indifferent functioning of the liver that cause jaundice.
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|Home > Web Sites > Native Americans|
Florida Web Sites: Native Americans
Many of the following Web sites will be of interest to Florida educators. Please be aware that links may change at any time, and that neither the Florida Center for Instructional Technology nor the Florida Department of Education is responsible for the content of external Web sites.
You will need to use your browser's back button to return to Exploring Florida, or better yet, set a bookmark to Exploring Florida before leaving the site.
Describes the "Ais Cacique" or Indian Chief of the Ais tribe. Includes an illustration, informative summary, and a list of artifacts associated with the Chief.
A brief encyclopedia article from Britannica.
Mission San Luis
A very comprehensive Web site about the Apalachee Indians and their village, the San Luis de Talimali. Includes information on the tribe's agriculture, art, council house, political structure, and social activities.
Calusa Indians, The
Describes the origin of the Calusas and their impact on Florida history.
A summary of the sixteenth-century Spanish encounters with the Calusa Indians. Includes illustrations of explorers as well as additional resources for more information.
Conchologists of America -- Shell Indians
How did the Calusa Indians get their name? Find out here.
E-Chota Cherokee Tribe of Florida
Contains information about the E-Chota Cherokee Tribe in the northwest region of the state. Links are provided about the tribe and its customs, and meetings.
Florida's Ancient Islands, Human Activity on the Ridge
"Little more than a hundred years ago, the Ridge was a wilderness dotted with lakes and streams. For centuries, it was the unchallenged domain of various Native American tribes."
Florida's Prehistoric Indians
Offers information and theories about the first settlers to live in Florida.
Welcome to the World of the Native Indians of Florida
"Heritage of the Ancient Ones (HOTAO) is a multicultural, nonprofit organization, offering educational and environmental awareness programs. We are dedicated to preserving the history, culture and traditions of Florida's original peoples, while promoting respect for Mother Earth. By recreating the world of Florida's First People, we honor the Ancient Ones who once cared for this land."
World History Archives: Native Americans of the Caribbean and Florida
Provides resources about different Native American populations in Florida, Puerto Rico, and other locations.
Indians - Seminole Tribe of Florida - The Official Home of the Florida Seminole Indians
Dedicated to the culture and history of the Seminole Indians. Read the current online Seminole Tribune or find out if there are Seminole Indians in your family tree.
Seminoles of Florida History
"The Seminoles of Florida call themselves the 'Unconquered People,' descendants of just 300 Indians who managed to elude capture by the U.S. army in the 19th century." Provides a brief summary about the Florida Seminole Tribe as well as links to information about other American Indians in Florida.
Seminole Tribe of Florida: History
A comprehensive resource for anyone interested in the Seminoles. Includes an historical facts, timelines, and additional information.
Bibliograf’a de Tequesta
A site in Spanish about the culture of the first people to arrive in Florida.
Tequesta and the Miami Circle
Explains the appearance of post holes cut into the bedrock at the mouth of the Miami River.
A Step Back in Time
This site explores the lives and history of the Timucuan Indians. Includes text, pictures, and illustrations.
Black Drink, The
"Ever wonder how prehistoric man survived without coffee? Millions of Americans depend on a morning cup of coffee to jump-start their day. Florida's own Timucua Indians had something just as good - the Black Drink. It came from a plant called Yaupon Holly."
Timucua Indian Coloring Page
Enables visitors to print out an outlined image of Chief Saturiwa as well as some others, so that they may color them. This site is intended to be a guide for students learning about the Timucuan Indians.
Timucua Kids' Page
Some quick questions and answers about the Timucuan Indians such as, "Who were the Timucuan Indians" and "What did the Timucuan Indians look like?"
Timucuan Ecological & Historical Preserve
The official Web site by the National Park Service. "The 46,000 acre Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve was established to protect one of the last unspoiled coastal wetlands on the Atlantic Coast and to preserve historic and prehistoric sites within the area. The estuarine ecosystem includes salt marsh, coastal dunes, hardwood hammock, as well as salt, fresh, and brackish waters, all rich in native vegetation and animal life."
Where did the Timucua Live?
A map of the Timucuan Indian settlements in Florida and Georgia that compares their location to other tribal locations.
Who Were the Tocobago Indians?
Information about this prehistoric group of Indians that inhabited the area of Tampa Bay.
|Home > Web Sites > Native Americans|
Florida: A Social Studies Resource for Students and Teachers
Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology,
College of Education, University of South Florida © 2002.
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Apraxia happens when you are unable to do learned movements or signals. You may have the desire and the physical ability to do the movements, but you cannot. There are many types of apraxia.
Stroke can cause brain damage, which can lead to apraxia.
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Apraxia is caused by diseases or damage in the brain, such as:
- Brain tumor
- Brain injury
Brain disease, such as:
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Frontotemporal dementia—a syndrome associated with shrinking of the frontal and temporal anterior portions of the brain
- Huntington’s disease
- Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration (CBD)
Apraxia may be due to stroke. It is important to know the risk factors for stroke such as:
Some common forms of apraxia and their symptoms include:
- Buccofacial or orofacial apraxia—inability to make facial movements, such as winking, whistling, or sticking out the tongue
- Apraxia of speech—difficulty performing the movements needed to make speech
- Constructional apraxia—inability to copy or draw simple figures or to make two- or three-dimensional forms
- Gait apraxia—difficulty walking, which can lead to an increased risk of falls
- Conceptual apraxia—inability to select or use tools or objects properly, to make complex movements at the same time, and to do tasks in order
- Limb-kinetic apraxia—inability to make fine, exact movements with hands or fingers such as handling coins
- Ideomotor apraxia—inability to copy movements or make signals, or to do a function on command
- Dressing apraxia—inability to dress oneself
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Tests may include:
A neurological exam—You may be asked to:
- Copy posture, movement, and sequences
- Draw shapes
- Put together designs
- Pick up or rotate coins
- Select a tool, such as a hammer, and demonstrate how to use it
- Arrange movements in sequence
Your doctor may need pictures of your brain. This can be done with:
- An exam of the muscles used in speech
- A speech assessment
- Evaluation of walking skills
If you are diagnosed with apraxia, you could also have
aphasia. Aphasia is a language disorder.
Your treatment depends on what kind of apraxia you have. Families should ask about individualized treatment programs such as:
- Physical therapy
- Occupational therapy
- Speech therapy
- Cognitive rehabilitation
It is also important to treat the cause of the apraxia.
It may be difficult to prevent this condition. It is strongly linked to stroke. Following steps to prevent stroke may help. Some of these steps include:
Apraxia in adults. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association website. Available at:
http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/ApraxiaAdults.htm. Accessed May 21, 2013.
Childhood apraxia of speech. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association website. Available at:
http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/ChildhoodApraxia.htm. Accessed May 21, 2013.
Curioni C, André C, Veras R. Weight reduction for primary prevention of stroke in adults with overweight or obesity.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
[serial online]. 2006;4. Available at:
http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006062.html. Accessed May 21, 2013.
Lukas RV. Two automobile collisions in one day.
J Emerg Med. 2012;43(4):e263-264.
NINDS apraxia information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Available at:
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/apraxia/apraxia.htm. Updated October 1, 2010. Accessed May 21, 2013.
NINDS frontotemporal dementia information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Available at:
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/picks/picks.htm. Updated March 20, 2013. Accessed May 21, 2013.
Last reviewed May 2013 by Rimas Lukas, MD; Michael Woods, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.
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A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements. Games are sometimes played purely for entertainment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. They can be played alone, in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals.
- Its improve coordination and problem-solving skills.
- Improve memory and attention as well as concentration.
- Enhance multitasking skills and improves the brain speed.
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Parental doubts about the safety of childhood vaccinations are leading to outbreaks of largely eradicated diseases like measles and whooping cough, doctors warned in a new report.
A U.S. measles outbreak last year -- almost exclusively among unvaccinated people -- has sparked concern about places where many parents opt out of having their children vaccinated.
In Ashland, Ore., more than a quarter of kindergartners aren't vaccinated, leading the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to hold a town-hall meeting on vaccination there earlier this year.
"A lot of folks are counterculture-type independent thinkers [who] do not have faith in all the modern medicine-type stuff," said Myles Murphy, city editor of the town's newspaper, the Ashland Daily Tidings.
Too many abstainers can put a town at risk, wrote Dr. Saad Omer, of Emory University in Atlanta, the lead author in the report in this week's New England Journal of Medicine.
"People need to recognize that in the case of infectious diseases, what other people do impacts my child," Dr. Omer said in an interview. "If they live in a community that has a cluster of refusers, their risk of getting a vaccine-preventable disease goes up, just by virtue of who they play with."
Vaccines for diseases like whooping cough aren't 100% effective for each individual, and some children can't be vaccinated for medical reasons. That means that eradicating a disease requires vaccinating a large percentage of the nearby population to stop infections from spreading -- what's called "herd immunity."
Schools with many abstainers have been linked to outbreaks.
In Colorado, schools with an outbreak of whooping cough in the 1990s had an average of 4.3% of students who had opted out of vaccination, compared with 1.5% at schools without an outbreak, a study cited by Dr. Omer found.
About 20 states allow exemptions from vaccinations on account of personal beliefs, including California, Texas, Pennsylvania and much of the West.
In those states, the rate of opting out had risen to 2.8% last year, up from 1% in 1991, according to state reports compiled by the CDC.
"Overall coverage is quite high, but that doesn't mean it's uniformly high, and it's the clustering of exemptors that we get quite concerned about," said Lance Rodewald, director of the CDC's immunization services division.
Write to Keith J. Winstein at firstname.lastname@example.orgPrinted in The Wall Street Journal, page D2
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The shear layer at the top of a submerged canopy generates coherent vortices that control exchange between the canopy and the overflowing water. Unlike free shear layers, the vortices in a canopy shear layer do not grow continuously downstream but reach and maintain a finite scale determined by a balance between shear production and canopy dissipation. This balance defines the length scale of vortex penetration into the canopy, delta(e), and the region of rapid exchange between the canopy and overflow. Deeper within the canopy, transport is constrained by smaller turbulence scales. A two-box canopy model is proposed on the basis of the length scale delta(e). Using diffusivity and exchange rates defined in previous studies, the model predicts the timescale required to flush the canopy through vertical exchange over a range of canopy density and height. The predicted canopy retention times, which range from minutes to an hour, are consistent with canopy retention inferred from tracer observations in the field and comparable to retention times for some hyporheic regions. The timescale for vertical exchange, along with the in-canopy velocity, determines the minimum canopy length for which vertical exchange dominates water renewal. Shorter canopies renew interior water through longitudinal advection. Finally, canopy water retention influences longitudinal dispersion through a transient storage process. When vertical exchange controls canopy retention, the transient storage dispersion increases with canopy height. When longitudinal advection controls water renewal, dispersion increases with canopy patch length.
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7th November 2016
Why Brexit could be bad news for bees
Brexit could have serious consequences for bees and bee scientists, Norman Carreck, Science Director of the International Bee Research Association (IBRA) warns in an editorial in Bee World.
The UK has a long history of pioneering research into bees and beekeeping, dating as far back as the influential discoveries of the Rev. Charles Butler in the seventeenth century. However, the UK’s departure from the EU could have wide-reaching effects on the future of such research, threatening UK access to important funding streams and jeopardizing international collaborations between bee scientists.
In recent years, our understanding of bees and their problems has benefited greatly from a large number of EU-wide projects and research networks involving UK scientists funded through the EU. These include SMARTBEES, a 16-partner collaboration working on the threat to sustainable beekeeping presented by the drastic reduction of genetic diversity in European honey bees, and COLOSS which aims to prevent honey bee colony loss.
As well as providing funding, the EU has facilitated such international cooperation through the free movement of people, an integral feature of the Single Market. Experience shows that the ability of EU scientists to work in the UK, and for UK scientists to work elsewhere has been greatly beneficial to bee research.
Depending on the terms of the agreement, Brexit could seriously affect this. While scientists from outside the EU can take part in EU projects, they are very much second class citizens, Carreck warns. Jobs on projects within an EU state are preferentially given to EU nationals before non-EU candidates are considered; non-EU researchers must be invited by potential EU partners to take part in devising funding bids and cannot lead a bid; and non-EU countries have no say in how the programs are run.
Evidence currently being gathered by the UK Royal Society of Biology indicates UK scientists are already being excluded from funding bids, and that world-leading British scientists and universities have been asked to stand down in favor of junior partners for fear that having a UK contributor could jeopardize chances of a successful bid.
“Environmental matters are international. They do not respect arbitrary political boundaries. International cooperation is thus essential to deal with global problems such as climate change. Such cooperation is also vital for less high profile matters such as bees. It is difficult to see that the UK leaving the EU will benefit UK science,” Carreck concludes.
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On the sixth day of the third month (Sivan), seven weeks after the Exodus, the entire nation of Israel assembles at the foot of Mount Sinai. G-d descends on the mountain amidst thunder, lightning, billows of smoke and the blast of the shofar, and summons Moses to ascend.
G-d proclaims the Ten Commandments, commanding the people of Israel to believe in G-d, not to worship idols or take G-d’s name in vain, to keep the Shabbat, honor their parents, not to murder, not to commit adultery, not to steal, and not to bear false witness or covet another’s property. The people cry out to Moses that the revelation is too intense for them to bear, begging him to receive the Torah from G-d and convey it to them.
The Parashah in a Nutshell
Yitro in Nutshell
Starting the second night of Pesach, we begin counting seven weeks, 49 days, until the holiday of Shavuos. This counting is called Sefiras Ha’Omer, The Counting of the Omer. (For more information on Sefiras Ha’Omer, see I:16, I:18)
-Rabbi Yehudah Prero
“The Counting of the Omer – A Count of Anticipation”
YomTov, Vol. IV, # 7
We see the events of the Torah reflected in current Jewish practice. According to the commandments (Ex. 12:16, Ex. 23:14, Lev. 23:7) the Jewish people commemorate the Passover every year in order to remember the Passover in Egypt and the great exodus of the Israelites from slavery to freedom. Then comes the Omer count, whereby Jews are commanded to count the Omer for 49 days in anticipation of the festival of Shavuot, which commemorates the giving of the Torah at Sinai. The events we see displayed with such grandeur and majesty before us when we read the Torah portions that relate these times, are part of the lived experience of every religious Jew and any Gentile who is attached to the Jewish community for various reasons.
But there’s one other event that we Christians must consider.
And when evening had come, since it was the day of Preparation, that is, the day before the Sabbath, Joseph of Arimathea, a respected member of the council, who was also himself looking for the kingdom of God, took courage and went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Pilate was surprised to hear that he should have already died. And summoning the centurion, he asked him whether he was already dead. And when he learned from the centurion that he was dead, he granted the corpse to Joseph. And Joseph bought a linen shroud, and taking him down, wrapped him in the linen shroud and laid him in a tomb that had been cut out of the rock. And he rolled a stone against the entrance of the tomb. Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses saw where he was laid. –Mark 15:42-47 (ESV)
According to the Gospel of Mark, Jesus was crucified on the same day as all of the representatives of the Jewish families in Israel were presenting their Passover lambs for sacrifice at the Temple in Jerusalem, in obedience to the commandment. He should have died right before sunset; right before the eating of the Passover lamb by each Jewish family, again, in obedience to the commandment.
But not all of the Gospel versions of the death of Jesus line up chronologically and we cannot be sure of the exact date. Was the “Last Supper” a true Passover seder or some other meal that occurred the evening before? We don’t know. We do know that Jesus died at about the time of the Passover, and we are fond of referring to Jesus as our “Passover lamb”. And three days later, Jesus rose from the tomb and he was with his people again for forty days. And then he ascended.
In the first book, O Theophilus, I have dealt with all that Jesus began to do and teach, until the day when he was taken up, after he had given commands through the Holy Spirit to the apostles whom he had chosen. He presented himself alive to them after his suffering by many proofs, appearing to them during forty days and speaking about the kingdom of God…And when he had said these things, as they were looking on, he was lifted up, and a cloud took him out of their sight. –Acts 1:1-3, 9 (ESV)
It would be nice if things lined up neatly but forty days does not equal the forty-nine day count of the Omer. Maybe this is one of the reasons why Christians don’t also “count the Omer” from the day of the crucifixion, which the church calls “Good Friday” to the day of the giving of the Holy Spirit, which Christians call “Pentecost”, but which also was the day of the festival of Shavuot commemorating the Sinai event.
So the Bible and our celebrations don’t line up into nice, neat, perfectly ordered events and holidays. I also understand that, during the schism between Gentile Christianity and Jewish Messianism, most or all of the Jewish connections to the Christian faith were summarily erased, along with the Jewishness of Jesus. Christians were not taught to count the Omer and in fact, were likely forbidden to perform any celebration of their faith that even vaguely resembled the worship of the Jews.
But wouldn’t it be great if, after the return of the Messiah, the Jews and the Gentiles counted the Omer together, in commemoration of the Passover and the gift of the Messiah to humanity? For just as death passed over the obedient Israelites in Egypt, so has eternal death passed over all who are faithful and obedient to Jesus, the lamb of God, who gave his life for the sake of the world and yet lives. And the giving of the Torah and the giving of the Holy Spirit nourishes all of the Master’s disciples, in accordance to our covenant relationship with God.
But for this tearing down of the wall of enmity to happen, we Christians must not be careless or dismissive of the things that God has created for the Jews and for the good of everyone.
As a young boy, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak (the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe) would go with his father on walks through the woods. One time, as they talked, the boy absent-mindedly plucked a leaf off a tree and began to shred it between his fingers. His father saw what his son was doing, but he went on talking. He spoke about the Baal Shem Tov, who taught how every leaf that blows in the wind—moving to the right and then to the left, how and when it falls and where it falls to—every motion for the duration of its existence is under the detailed supervision of the Almighty.
That concern the Creator has for each thing, his father explained, is the divine spark that sustains its existence. Everything is with Divine purpose, everything is of concern to the ultimate goal of the entire cosmos.
”Now,” the father gently chided, “look how you mistreated so absent-mindedly the Almighty’s creation.”
”He formed it with purpose and gave it a Divine spark! It has its own self and its own life! Now tell me, how is the ‘I am’ of the leaf any less than your own ‘I am’?”
-Rabbi Tzvi Freeman
“Purpose of a Leaf”
Based on letters and talks of the Rebbe
Rabbi M. M. Schneerson
Do not shred a “leaf” too quickly, for you may not correctly understand why God created and sustained it. So it is with the Jewish people. So it is with counting the Omer. So it will be one day when a few, and then many, and then all of Israel sees the Divine spark, the “I am” in the Messiah; in Jesus of Nazareth.
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Metropolitan city (pop., 2003 est.: 2,540,647), capital of North Kyongsang province, southeastern South Korea. For centuries the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of South Korea, it developed during the Choson dynasty (1392–1910) into one of the country's three big market cities. It has important textile industries but is best known for the apples grown in the surrounding area, which are exported throughout East and Southeast Asia. The area attracts visitors to its several parks, ancient pagodas, and the 9th-century Buddhist temple containing the Tripitaka. It is home to many universities and colleges.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise.
For the full entry on Taegu, visit Britannica.com.
Seen & Heard
What made you look up Taegu? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here.
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NorthShore’s online source for timely health and wellness news, inspiring patient stories and tips to lead a healthy life.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced in 2013 that it plans to label partially hydrogenated oils (PHO’s), which are the primary dietary source of trans fats, as not generally recognized as safe for use in food. This relabeling of trans fats is just the first move in a process that will likely lead to a ban on trans fats in the U.S. food supply.
Trans fat first entered the American food supply in 1911 in the form of Crisco shortening. Fairly early in its history, preliminary studies show that trans fats could be more harmful than other fats. Later studies confirmed this finding, indicating that trans fat contributed to heart disease. While their presence has already been greatly reduced in the food supply, trans fats can still be found in many processed foods, like frozen pizzas, microwave popcorn, baked goods, margarine and store-bought icings.
Philip Krause, MD, Director for the Section of Cardiology at NorthShore Skokie Hospital, explains why doctors have long urged their patients to stay away from trans fats:
Notably, manufacturers have made steps to reduce fat levels in many foods and products. Since 2006, after which food labels reported trans fat content, intake of this substance has dropped significantly.
It is hoped, after the FDA finalizes its preliminary determination, PHO’s would be considered as “food additives” and could only be used with prior authorization. The primary goal and hope is that with better consumer education and these changes in product and food manufacturing, Americans can look forward to much healthier life ahead.
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What Are Stretch Marks? Learn Causes & Treatment | Expert Guide
Stretch marks are a common aesthetic problem for many people, especially women. These unsightly wrinkles on the skin are a source of discomfort and affect self-esteem. While these don’t cause health problems, not harmful to your health they can indicate underlying medical conditions or lifestyle choices. They appear as visible lines or streaks on the skin and are often a result of rapid weight gain, growth spurts, or pregnancy.
In this article, we will discuss the causes of stretch marks, including genetic factors, pregnancy, rapid weight gain or loss, and medical conditions.
What are Stretch Marks?
Stretch marks, also known as striae, are thin, linear scars that occur on the skin when it rapidly extends beyond its normal capacity. They come in a variety of hues, including purple, red, white, and silver. These are most frequent on the belly, thighs, hips, buttocks, and breasts, although they may develop anywhere on the body.
See Also: How to get rid of Acne Scar
Causes of Stretch Marks
Pregnancy is one of the most common causes of stretch marks in women. As the baby grows, the skin on the abdomen stretches to accommodate the growing fetus. This can lead to the development of stretch marks, particularly during the third trimester. Hormonal changes during pregnancy can also affect the elasticity of the skin, making it more susceptible to tears.
See Also: Physical Changes to Expect in Your Body During Pregnancy
Certain medical conditions can also cause stretch marks. These include Cushing’s syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Cushing’s syndrome is a condition that occurs when the body produces too much cortisol, a hormone that can affect the skin’s elasticity. Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are genetic disorders that can affect the body’s connective tissues, including the skin.
During puberty, young people experience a sudden increase and rapid weight gain or weight loss. This sudden stretching and contraction can lead to streaks on the hips, thighs, and breasts.
See also: How to Reduce the Breast Size
Hormonal changes in the body can also contribute to the development of streaks. For example, pregnancy hormones can weaken the skin’s elasticity and make it more susceptible to stretching and tearing.
Weight Gain / Loss
When you gain weight quickly, your skin is forced to stretch beyond its natural capacity, which can cause the collagen and elastin fibers in the skin to tear. This tearing results in the appearance of stretch marks. This is common during pregnancy or periods of weight gain or loss.
See Also: How Prune Juice is effective for weight loss
Corticosteroid creams, pills, and lotions used to treat certain skin conditions can also cause it by lowering the collagen level in your skin. It reduces the skin’s ability to stretch and can develop. Prolonged use of corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone, can weaken the skin’s elasticity and lead to the development of streaks.
Some individuals are more prone to developing streaks due to their genetic makeup. If a person’s parents or grandparents have stretch marks, they are more likely to develop them as well. This is because genetics can influence the elasticity of the skin and how well it can cope with rapid expansion or growth.
Bodybuilders often have stretch marks. It appears due to a rapid increase in muscle mass and sometimes abuse of anabolic steroids to accelerate muscle growth.
See Also: Exercises to lose weight
How to Identify the Causes of Stretch Marks
These are common skin concern that affects many people. These unsightly lines on the skin can appear anywhere on the body and can be caused by various factors such as weight gain, pregnancy, and genetics. But did you know that certain health conditions can also contribute to the development of streaks? In this article, we’ll explore how healthcare professionals identify the causes of stretch marks and what tests they may recommend.
Identifying through Visual Examination
A dermatologist or other healthcare professional can usually identify stretch marks by conducting a visual examination of your skin. They will look for thin, reddish, or purplish lines on your skin that may appear in a zigzag pattern. These lines may eventually fade to a lighter color or become shiny, silvery-white lines. If you have concerns about your striae, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional who can help diagnose the underlying cause.
Reviewing Medical History
Your healthcare provider will also review your medical history to determine if any underlying health conditions are contributing to your streaks. Some health conditions that can cause stretch marks to include:
Cushing’s syndrome is a condition that occurs when the body produces too much cortisol, a hormone that regulates stress. High levels of cortisol can weaken the skin’s elastic fibers, leading to development.
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue in the body, including the skin. People with Marfan syndrome often develop stretch marks on their shoulders, hips, and lower back.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is another genetic disorder that affects connective tissue. People with this condition may develop stretch marks on their hips, lower back, and thighs.
Chronic Liver Disease
Chronic liver disease can cause hormonal imbalances in the body, leading to the development of stretch marks.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that can cause significant weight loss, which can lead to the development of stretch marks.
Other health conditions such as anetoderma and pseudoxanthoma elasticum can cause lesions on the skin that resemble stretch marks.
If your healthcare provider suspects that an underlying health condition is causing your stretch marks, they may recommend diagnostic tests to identify the root cause. These tests may include blood or urine tests to evaluate hormonal imbalances or imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans to assess the health of your internal organs.
Prevention and Treatment
While it may not be possible to completely prevent the development of stretch marks, there are several steps you can take to minimize their appearance:
- Maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise.
- Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water.
- Avoid rapid weight gain or loss.
- Use moisturizers and creams that contain vitamin E or hyaluronic acid to keep the skin supple and hydrated.
- Avoid prolonged use of corticosteroids or other medications that can weaken the skin’s elasticity.
If you already have stretch marks, there are several treatments available that can help reduce their appearance, including:
- Topical creams or oils that contain retinoids, hyaluronic acid, or alpha hydroxy acids.
- Laser therapy, can stimulate the production of collagen and improve the appearance of stretch marks.
- Microneedling involves creating tiny punctures in the skin to stimulate collagen production and improve the appearance of stretch marks.
Read About: Home Remedies To Get Rid Of Stretch Marks
These are common skin conditions that can be caused by a variety of factors, including rapid weight gain, genetics, hormonal changes, growth spurts, medical conditions, and corticosteroid use. While it may not be possible to completely prevent the development of streaks, there are several steps you can take to minimize their appearance.
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The Queen had only one way of settling all difficulties, great or small.
“Off with his head!” she said, without even looking round.
Alice in Wonderland, by Lewis Caroll
Theology once held a seat of high regard among the sciences. During the Middle Ages theology was the Queen of the Sciences, and it sat enthroned at the core of academic studies throughout Europe. Many of the great European universities developed from the cathedral schools where theology was the nucleus around which all other study revolved and found its meaning.
The reason for this position of favor was that theology was discussion about – or the study of – God himself. In God, believers found their purpose and very existence. Therefore, God was not a position to be reasoned to; rather, reason flowed from one’s understanding of who God is and his relationship to humanity.
As Queen, theology’s function was not to discover all the answers herself but rather to encourage the other subjects – her subjects – to pursue truth. Math should discover that 2+2=4; biology should discover the mechanism of creation; psychology should discover the role of parent bonding in childhood development; but it was the role of the Queen to give meaning to the truths of her subjects.
In other words, 2+2=4 neither proves nor disproves the Creator, but theology – a profound belief in the Creator – sees the beauty in the ordered world around us. Theology and math are not the same. They answer different questions. But they are not completely separate answers; together they form a more complete answer to each of their individual questions. To quote Stephen Jay Gould, they are “nonoverlapping magesteria” to be certain, but they are also “interdigitating in wondrously complex ways along their joint border. Many of our deepest questions call upon aspects of both for different parts of a full answer” (Gould, “Nonoverlapping Magisteria,” Natural History 106 (March 1997).
It is unfortunate that Gould’s later explanation of these nonoverlapping magesteria left so little room for theology; in a sense, banishing the Queen almost completely to the hinterlands of the academic kingdom. The image of these nonoverlapping magesteria “interdigitating in wondrously complex ways,” however, is still worth considering. This image serves as a reminder that one should not reason from God or theological perspectives to mathematical principles or scientific theories anymore than one should reason from mathematical principles or scientific theories to the existence of God or the non-existence of God. In their “interdigitating,” however, in the beautiful harmonies between theology and the other sciences a fuller answer is given – an answer that provides not only facts but also meaning.
Unfortunately, the history of theology’s reign through the ages is questionable at best. The Queen far too often hampered instead of encouraged the pursuit of truth by her subjects. Today, many put the Queen at direct odds with her subjects, and this has led to a comical and tragic caricature of theology in our current society – a Queen who settles all difficulties, great or small, with the same solution, without bothering to look around, and by yelling, “Off with their heads.”
As Christians, who care deeply for the pursuit of truth, we cannot – and must not – attempt to restore theology to a place of prestige by destroying the work of her subjects or by belittling the work of those who practice them. We must not attempt to settle every difficulty between theology and the other sciences by calling for the heads of others to roll while we bury our own heads in the sand.
Rather, as theologians, whether professional or lay, we must assist theology to ascend to her throne as Queen of the Sciences by encouraging the pursuit of truth in all fields wherever they lead, by humbly entering into discussion with her subjects concerning the truth they discover, and by proclaiming the Truth that gives meaning to all truth – Jesus Christ, our Lord.
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Make space : how to set the stage for creative collaboration
- Doorley, Scott.
- Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons, c2012.
- Physical description
- 272 p. : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 21 cm.
NA2750 .D665 2012
At Green Library circulation desk
NA2750 .D665 2012
- Unavailable NA2750 .D665 2012
- Witthoft, Scott.
- Foreword David Kelley Preface George Kembel The Environments Collaborative 1. Instructions 2. Tools 3. Situations 4. Insights 5. Design Template 6. Space Studies Index.
- (source: Nielsen Book Data)
- Publisher's Summary
- "If you are determined to encourage creativity and provide a collaborative environment that will bring out the best in people, you will want this book by your side at all times." --Bill Moggridge, Director of the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum "Make Space is an articulate account about the importance of space; how we think about it, build it and thrive in it." --James P. Hackett, President and CEO, Steelcase An inspiring guidebook filled with ways to alter space to fuel creative work and foster collaboration. Based on the work at the Stanford University d.school and its Environments Collaborative Initiative, Make Space is a tool that shows how space can be intentionally manipulated to ignite creativity. Appropriate for designers charged with creating new spaces or anyone interested in revamping an existing space, this guide offers novel and non-obvious strategies for changing surroundings specifically to enhance the ways in which teams and individuals communicate, work, play--and innovate. Inside are: Tools--tips on how to build everything from furniture, to wall treatments, and rigging Situations--scenarios, and layouts for sparking creative activities Insights--bite-sized lessons designed to shortcut your learning curve Space Studies--candid stories with lessons on creating spaces for making, learning, imagining, and connecting Design Template--a framework for understanding, planning, and building collaborative environments Make Space is a new and dynamic resource for activating creativity, communication and innovation across institutions, corporations, teams, and schools alike. Filled with tips and instructions that can be approached from a wide variety of angles, Make Space is a ready resource for empowering anyone to take control of an environment.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
- Publication date
- Scott Doorley & Scott Witthoft ; with a foreword by David Kelley.
- Title Variation
- How to set the stage for creative collaboration
- Includes index.
- 9781118143728 (cloth : alk. paper)
- 1118143728 (cloth : alk. paper)
- 9781118172513 (ebk)
- 1118172515 (ebk)
- 9781118172520 (ebk)
- 1118172523 (ebk)
- 9781118172537 (ebk)
- 1118172531 (ebk)
- 9781118197318 (ebk)
- 1118197313 (ebk)
- 9781118197325 (ebk)
- 1118197321 (ebk)
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I attended a talk yesterday by the extraordinary Mariame Kaba, where she discussed her work in creating the exhibit No Selves to Defend, which used art to bring to light the history of Black women being criminalized by the state for defending themselves against violence. One reason for the creation of the exhibit was to situate the case of Marissa Alexander in a historical context. A group of people in Chicago, which included me, came together to form the Chicago Alliance to Free Marissa Alexander, with the mission of freeing Marissa, in the spirit of the legal defense committees of the 1970s, who worked advocated on behalf of women who were incarcerated for defending themselves.
One of many things that stood out to me during Mariame’s talk was that it’s important to understand that the oppression and violence we are witnessing today, particularly against Black people, is not new; neither are the organizing strategies. As the No Selves to Defend exhibit showcased, many Black women throughout the history of this country, have been criminalized for defending themselves against violence, because blackness=property, therefore they literally have “no selves to defend” because we are not considered human. Organizing to defend women who are criminalized goes back even further than the 1970s, back to the early 20th century. One such organization that Mariame mentioned was Sojourners for Truth and Justice, the only all Black women group within the U.S. Communist party. Those radical black women, which included Eslanda Robeson, Shirley Graham Dubois, and Beulah Richardson, articulated the ways that gender, race and class impacted the lives of Black women, demanded an end to racial oppression during a protest at the Department of Justice, and advocated for the the freedom of Rosa Lee Ingram, a Black women who was sentenced to death in Georgia, for murdering a White man who attempted to sexually assault her (http://uptownmagazine.com/2013/02/no-girls-allowed-the-removal-of-women-from-the-civil-rights-narrative/3/).
It’s so important to remember where we come from, not just in terms of culture, but also resistance.
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Educational work is a key element for both human capital formation and the promotion of peace and democratic values. It has therefore been identified as one of the priorities of the Stability Pact. The OECD was asked to be Co-ordinator for "General Education Policy and System Change" within the Education and Youth Task Force, and to carry out "Thematic Reviews of Education Policy" in the countries of the region. The main outcome of this project is a series of reports which provide both country overviews and a regional overview. These reports offer an analysis of the education system and address issues and barriers to reform and recommendations. The recommendations are designed to be of use for national policy-makers and to assist Stability Pact partner countries and institutions target regional assistance in order to achieve the goal of supporting South Eastern Europe towards European integration. These reports are part of the OECD’s ongoing co-operation with non-member economies around the world.
- Publication Date :
- 02 Dec 2003
- DOI :
Regional OverviewClick to Access:
- Pages :
- DOI :
The thematic survey of 10 education systems in South Eastern Europe (SEE) shows commonality in the challenges and problems, e.g., low GDP for education, low teacher salaries, child poverty and overloaded curricula, but that there are no common solutions. The regional diversity is too great. The thematic review covered the current status of the system; equity and access issues; early childhood education and care; governance and quality issues. Like in other regions, the education system can be evaluated in terms of four main characteristics: availability, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability. This overview contains basic data and demographics: demographic information on migration, birth rates, ethnic composition of the population, poverty, participation in education, enrolment patterns and number of institutions. Attention is paid to curriculum development, administration and teaching, facilities and equipment, as well as costs and financing of education. The overview quotes the main conclusions from a study carried out by the Centre for Educational Policy Studies (CEPS) in Ljubljana and lists the principal regional recommendations of the OECD examining team...
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There are a few Stack Exchange sites you might want to check out:
Open Data: Open Data Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for developers and researchers interested in open data.
Data Science: Data Science Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for Data science professionals, Machine Learning specialists, and those interested in learning more about the field.
Cross Validated: Cross Validated is a question and answer site for people interested in statistics, machine learning, data analysis, data mining, and data visualization.
Kaggle also offers a bunch of example datasets and a bunch of real-world problems that can be used in a class.
But taking a step back, you might want to teach the meta-lesson of finding data in the real world. There are a ton of APIs and open-source data repos out there, and finding them is a very important skill by itself- plus it give students a way to actually use their skills after the class ends.
So instead of just giving your students a flat file, have them come up with their own. Maybe they use an API from a product they use, like Twitter, Spotify, or YouTube. If that's too advanced for the students to do, then maybe you spend a class coming up with the dataset together, with you writing the code and the students talking about what would be interesting to see.
Or just searching for "XYZ datasets" returns a ton of results. Have the students come up with datasets related to stuff they're interested in.
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Characterization of some southern Brazilian honey and bee plants through pollen analysis
M Ramalho; L S Guibu; T C Giannini; A Kleinert-Giovannini; V L Imperatriz-Fonseca
Over a period of three years, 256 samples of honey from the states of Sao Paulo and Parana, southern Brazil, were characterized by pollen analysis. The honeys were classified as Eucalyptus (54 samples), Citrus (49) and wild honey (153) according to information provided by beekeepers. Pollen types were compared with reference slides of pollens from plants flowering in the area. Pollens found in Sao Paulo honey included Paspalum, Cecropia, Syagrus and Citrus, whereas pollens of llex, Campomanesia, Allophylus and Matayba predominated in Parana honey. The importance of some species, whose pollens may be under-represented in honey, as bee forage plants is discussed.
pollen analysis, melissopalynology, honey, honey bee forage, nectar plants, Brazil
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A new academic study confirms that front groups with longstanding ties to the tobacco industry and the billionaire Koch brothers planned the formation of the Tea Party movement more than a decade before it exploded onto the U.S. political scene.
Far from a genuine grassroots uprising, this astroturf effort was curated by wealthy industrialists years in advance. Many of the anti-science operatives who defended cigarettes are currently deploying their tobacco-inspired playbook internationally to evade accountability for the fossil fuel industry's role in driving climate disruption.
The study, funded by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institute of Health, traces the roots of the Tea Party's anti-tax movement back to the early 1980s when tobacco companies began to invest in third party groups to fight excise taxes on cigarettes, as well as health studies finding a link between cancer and secondhand cigarette smoke.
Published in the peer-reviewed academic journal, Tobacco Control, the study titled, 'To quarterback behind the scenes, third party efforts': the tobacco industry and the Tea Party, is not just an historical account of activities in a bygone era. As senior author, Stanton Glantz, a University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) professor of medicine, writes:
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http://www.tvnewslies.org/tvnl/index.php/news/politics/27237-study-confirms-tea-party-was-created-by-big-tobacco-and-billionaire-koch-brothers.html
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A is for Anton van Leeuwenhoek- in his simple microscope made him well-known,
B is for Benjamin Franklin who invented the electricity from the flow of electrons.
C is for Curie, Marie -a woman known by her theory of radioactivity,
D is for Dalton ,John -a meteorologist who developed an atomic theory.
E is for Einstein, Albert in his theory of relativity and mass-energy equivalence,
F is for Franz Boaz who studied human cultures through methods of science.
G is for Galieleo Galilei who worked also on telescope as astronomer and physicist,
H is for Heingrich Hertz who worked on the theory of lights and waves as scientist.
I is for Isaac Newton who discovered the law of motion and gravitation,
J is for John Logie Baird who invented one of our favorites, the television.
K is for Karlheinz Brandenburg who discovered MP3 tech for our music that pleases,
L is for Louie Pasteur worked on microbiology for causes and prevention of diseases.
M is for Michael Faraday who had successfully invented an electric motor,
N is for Neils Bohr who passed the milestone of the discovery of atomic structure.
O is for Orville Wright , a scientist who successfully invented an airplane,
P is for Paul Ehrlich who discovered chemotherapy for a cancer patient.
Q is for Quantum Cosmology by a scientist named Hawking, Stephen,
R is for Rudolf Virchow, a scientist who worked on the cell doctrine.
S is for Sigmund Freud who founded the Psychology of Unconsciousness,
T is for Thomas Edison whose invention on an electric bulb was a real success.
U is for Universal Law of Gravitation and Motion founded by Isaac Newton,
V is for Verbiest, Ferdinand-known on first car as his successful invention.
W is for William Thomson, an inventor of Temperature Scale for everyone,
X is for X-ray invented by a scientist named Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen.
Y is forYoung Philosopher like Aristotle, a student of Plato at age of eighteen,
Z is for Zoologist who studied marine invertebrates like Charles Darwin.
Knowing some of the world’s famous scientists and their inventions,
Make us smart children with all the agility of mind to take part in creations.
Feb. 10, 2013
This chain of couplets was also composed for a wall post in our science rm/lab for the kids to easily memorize or familiarize with some of the world’s famous scientists and philosophers in history. I also wish to thank my dearest friend, Andrea who encouraged me to write an ABC poem like this. Huh! It made me sweat a bit! ;))
Contest: Z is for Zaria: An ABC Couplet
Sponsor; Poet Cyndi Macmillan
Copyright © Galeo DS | Year Posted 2013
Africa, beautiful continent
Dreamy echoes fascinate
Giraffes heighten inclines
Jurassic known linger
Madagascar nestles offshore
Primates quest reform
Savannah tribes umbilical
Visioned waves x-ray
Copyright © James Fraser | Year Posted 2009
She wanders through life isolating
Hanging by a thread from the moon
Swinging quietly silently she's waiting
For her day she knows will come soon
Reflections of mirrors her soul as shown
Tales of grief sorrow and too many lonely roads
Hard truths and broken lies her heart as known
All her years have been falsely guided her voice unknown
Conflicted her mind is trapped in time
Traveling forward prisoner of the past gently holding onto the present moment
If you ask her if she okay she'll always tell you she's fine
Because you can't handle teh inside her it's so sadly potent
What's in her heart she knows to be true
Not everyone can be open receptive so secrets she has to hold
A misunderstood soul in a closed and hardened world is like taboo
Clues to things feelings events moments dreams words
The things she hides deep inside forever going untold
And the moon holds her heart
And all her secrets untold
He will guide her always and forever
So her wings can be free to roam
Copyright © Tammy Hix | Year Posted 2016
It’s funny how my father’s hobby became mine. He has been a sportsman all his life, he played basketball, volleyball and softball all his youth, but his real passion is soccer and even though he is 55 years old now, he still keeps playing it and loving it. He has had all kinds of cleats, all brands, all colors, different styles, but it does not change anything, he still plays amazing. But one thing I do find hilarious is that every time he comes from a game, he cleans his cleats, he washes them and takes them with such an unbelievable affection, that I’m beginning to think that he might love them more than he loves me, but now I do know the feeling of a new shiny, hard and beautiful pair of cleats. I still recall when he took me for my very first pair, I could not believe he was doing it for me, I was so excited, but now I realize that what I was excited about is that I could be like my father for just a moment when I had them on. Ever since I was little, I remember my daddy playing soccer, leaving home all dressed up, ready to fight, and win the ball to make a remarkable roll on the field. The playing field that we both love, the field all covered in grass, all green, so delicious and soft, so colorful… being crashed by everyone’s cleats and the rolling ball, feeling the sunlight on our skin, and the wind on our faces. Having a team, an extra family with whom we could find support and create new ideas, new plays so we could smash the opponent. So yes, I loved watching him play and cheering him up more than I could ever like watching official and famous soccer teams. I do find funny the fact that my father’s hobby became mine since everyone says we’re too similar, and even though he also has a son, his daughter is with whom he shares that connection. I love the fact that our simple relationship was started thanks to such a manly sport, and curiously, to transform me into such a girly girl.
Copyright © Andrea Aldana | Year Posted 2012
I am a Jewish boy
I wonder if I will ever survive
I hear people screaming and crying
I see skinny people with shaved
I want to see my family
I am a Jewish boy
I pretend to smile
I feel very scared
I touch something that feels like a
I worry if I will ever survive
I cry when I see dead bodies
I am a Jewish boy
I understand someone ought to die
I say people will survive and
freedom will come
I dream that I will survive this
I try to save other people
I hope for freedom
I am a Jewish boy
Copyright © Vinnie Magnani | Year Posted 2013
im livin in a world, where all eyes on me.
trying to curve my own route.
but route 66 keeps finding its way to me.
ive been plenty sick, in all the events layed before me.
even when i reflect to my lowest points
i dont regret any of the choices
That I’ve deployed in my era
A lot of it by error, but hey
We live in hell conditions and there ain’t no air condition
Or any guidelines when life throws you in the sidelines
But when hindsight twenty twenty hits
You’ll begin to understand life’s a bunch of equations and you in the mix of it
An you’ll have to think twice, before running into a situation and becoming the best of it
it’s what got me here, it’s what got us here
Ran with my thoughts blazing up to her place and
Guess what happened next
She opened up heaven’s gate
And just before late I slipped out
I’m a Grown ass man
Doin his thing, waitin to blow up like an old land mine
In doin what he drools over
But time after time
Something decides to creep up and cover the light
Lost my way
Then I revoked to ever know, I ever thought that way
But in the in between time, that in the mean time
Spent a lot of time
Gettin pissed off just to medicate and lift off
Don’t need Don Perion to sip off
Already had my way with the bottle
Even thought to get back with the trouble and rejoin the hustle
That’s just what happens to a man who really knows his old ways
Whos tired of making ends meet and ponders getting back to the streets.
Memory sets in and he remembers an O.G. saying
No matter how tall your pockets stand when you ball
Eventually times gonna make you fall
And I as I pull myself together
I don’t wanna end up like the twin towers rubble
I mean no offence to nine eleven but at that time I probably could have used a reverend
But all that’s irrelevant now
because i live with a different perspective now
there you go you made it to the end :-) comment if you like, constructive criticism wanted as well.
Copyright © pat roswell | Year Posted 2013
In the backwoods of Virginia by a one room country shack
Stood a still that was a brewing that my Mama kept out back.
She kept a shotgun by the backdoor in an old potato sack
and when the travelers came a calling they brought money in a paper sack.
The bell tree was a blowing and you could hear that little ring
for a taste of that clear whiskey and the good times it could bring.
Now in the quietness of the night with a little light from the moon
Came the smoke that was rising from the making of the brew.
Mama had many names she called it and here are just a few...
Corn Liquor, Bush Whiskey, Hillbilly Pop, White Lightning and of course Mountain Dew.
It was warm when you drank it and had a kick like a mule
and if you needed resting you could sit on Mama's stool.
Now the lawmen would come a sneaking and try to find my Mama's brew
but the tin cans that were a hanging would alert her to the news
that someone was a snooping and trying to find her moonshine brew.
But out by Mama's shack was an old hole that she had dug
to hid her jars of whiskey from the lawman that came a looking for her special brew.
They ain't never found her whiskey...but I still know where it is...
and at times I sit on Mama's stool by that old bell tree
and have a sip or maybe two.
T Reams 1st Place
Copyright © TAMMY REAMS | Year Posted 2015
What about us…!!!
The life of an ENGINEER is not more less than of a NOMAID
Away from home
Days so good & bad
In a world of their own , they are all Dwelled
For them the world is all there, where they have nothing to loose
Nothing to fear
No difference of colour
caste or creed is found there
all runninG in one gear
Young brains with truthfull hearts
Like the tides of oceans,, rain in skies ,breeze in mornings
they are flowing within the tides of fate where the destiny is a dream to them.
After all the hurry n furry for such a long time,,
The souls are all lead to dark.
Unaware of the world outside , they keep grooming their faith .
But its All watered when they come to know,,, that time was like a woe.
Broken hearts with shrinken thoughts look for the way…in the land of greedymen
The unlonging hope is all graved like a parrot in lion’s den
& the minds with quest wonder with thrust ,, where to rest
& what is best.
We are no beasts from mars or Neptune,
We are the beings of distant thought.
We are the part of a world you are,
We seek refugee from the curse of fate & the curse of being called as a fresher.
No men are born with everything learned,, with a fine coarse of time all have to learn..
To learn & earn is the soul aim ,
To progress and prosper everyday ,
But we are still at the same bay,,, when they return us with same astonishing say…(fresher)
Itsn’t we are incompetent but u are…
Itsn’t we have left the hope. .we always will walk for us
For whatever & however it is we are still in our way,,
singing the same
What about life…
What about us..!!
Copyright © KAMRAN RASHID | Year Posted 2015
I see green people
They tell me they come in peace
But they are showing me the roots to all evil
I see green people
They try to disguise their intentions
But their actions are so see through
I see green people
They are the true world leaders
There are no free actions or thoughts
You do or think what they want you to
I see green people
They manipulated all of our history
So if we were to find the truth
It doesn't matter because their is no proof
I see green people
As their head grow larger
I continue to have distant dreams of me being considered a equal
I see green people
They told me to worship them or die
Close my eyes and look through the lies
Because without them
There is no chance to walk among the Gods
I see green people
And there is no doubt about it
They truly show me the roots to all evil
Copyright © Andre Sanders | Year Posted 2012
Is not a poem?
of the poet
chained in slavery
was taken from us
talks about slavery boats
was never written
is for the people
not your people
it talks about Africa
this is a poem
full of this
this is not this
Copyright © Folito Gaspar | Year Posted 2013
A, b, c, d is where, I stop
For, "Delilah", a mistress in the ,"(Bible)"
A Hebrew word meaning , "(delicate)"
A seductive name
A treacherous woman
Some find her, delightful
Some look at her, dirty
Some seem to say
I find her to be, demanding
She, can even be pleasing
Magnificent, to have around
Dreamy, just like a mermaid
Very temptress, her scent so seductive
As, she inquires so much
Delilah, a name so unclean
In so many eyes
All the way into
So, delightful, delicious and dreamy
To have around
After so many
Copyright © Delilah Ventura | Year Posted 2012
Two sides to
The never ending story -
I am unable to let end -OF
A well educated, upper class,
A real Beauty,
and that of
an uneducated, low class,
Follow the journey of these two in poetry and prose.
Much of, is from the perception /perspective of the Frog.
The Princess has provided very little information.
A lot of insight though.
This journey ( if interested ) you will have to take on my blog - B. J. "A" 2-anold soul.blogspot.com - for it is far to much to include - put on this site. Thank you all, who have taken the time to read my ramblings, my insanity.
Copyright © William J. Jr. Atfield | Year Posted 2012
SOMETIMES I WONDER IF , WHAT OUR HEROES IN HISTORY REALLY DID ANYTHING BECAUSE THEY FOUGHT SO HARD TO ABOLISH THAT WORD NIGGA.. NOW EVERY ONE IS BRING BACK IT HAS NOW BECOME POPULAR WORD . SOMETIMES I CALL IT #UNSPOKEN REASON BECAUSE SOMETIMES U SAY THING AND THEN THEY GET OFFEND BUT I AM SPEAKING OUT NOW. SO WHAT I AM SAYING IS TOO UNDERSTAND WHAT I AM WRITING . MY NIGGA ,WATS NIGGGA PEOPLE LISTEN TO WELL AND CLEAR WITH UNDERSTANDING NIGGA IS NOT AN FRIENDLY WORLD IS A DEGRADING WORD . DID OUR ANCESTOR FOUGHT LONG AND HARD BECAUSE IT DIDN'T HAPPEN OVER NIGHT THEY TO FOUGHT STRONG.
WHAT I DON'T GET IS IF A WHITE PERSON CALL U A NIGGA YOU GET OFFEND SO WHY IS OK FOR ONLY BLACKS TO SAY IT TO ANOTHER ITS SAME DEGRADING WORD AND THERE THE SAME SPELLING AND EVERYTHING. SO THINK TWICE BEFORE U SAY NIGGA OUT LOUD..
Copyright © stacy-ann barrett | Year Posted 2013
Life is Harsh, Life is good
Only the few of the proud
Those men that stand for a great nation
Their life at the stake
So rough and sharp
Every day is another challenge
For them and for all
Freedom we all hope
But sometimes feel lost
Never give up that spark
Hope don’t give it up for a price
And when I see these great men and woman
Risk their life for a single child lost
With guns all around and wars of hate
I feel blessed as my country truly stands brave
A child is a gift of new life and hope
As I see the children in their arms saved at last
Only then will I ever know true courage
This is a path we should always cherish and follow
When the flame burns out nothing is left but stay strong
So please don’t shed a tear I am right here
By your side always and forever
Our country stands not alone, but as one
Heart filled with love
Poem for Treasures of Your soul contest
Copyright © Brian Otoole | Year Posted 2013
Acceding blight, civilization despair.
Entwining fallacy, germinating history.
Ideology jaded, kill-joy labored.
Obstinate paladin, quick rumbling spreads,
tense unattainable vicious warning.
Xenophobia yap zipped.
Copyright © Judy Riley | Year Posted 2010
I really do see Marilyn as a person who is a legend in her own time
She is beauty and glamore and that isn't a crime,
There was a lot of jealousy that surrounded her
But, most of the time it was all such a blurr,
Her life became much like a bad dream
Never knowing when or where she just might scream,
Marilyn to me was such a mystery
She never realized that she would make history,
Only she herself knows what is true and false
At 36 years of age she was gone and it was such a loss,
I hope she is happy where ever she may be
She was always so fragile that we just didn't see.
Written By: Unique Poetry 2014
Copyright © Michelle Born | Year Posted 2015
It’s funny how
The universities are still in business
Of producing graduates
That speak funny English
And hardly make invention
And the stock market falls
Down street tumbles
That lets people buy
And make profit
Like grandpa used to say,
True intellectualism died
In the year 1929
With the rise in acumen inflation
It was then that
This Federal Reserve of Ignorance
The true villain of this quandary
Traces its genesis
Hope that explains succinct
This universal impotence
Copyright © pat pakla | Year Posted 2012
i feel the darkness surround me,
i know what fate lies ahead,
i sense the fear take over me,
i know i will soon be dead,
i hear the ground beneath me,
i know i must face my end,
i sense the guns select me,
their bullets my only friend,
the darkness is drawn from me,
and the light forced in my face,
i see the rifles before me,
my body now frozen in space,
i see my life spread out before me,
i see my oncoming end,
i hear the triggers pulled for me,
a bullet, the message they send,
i felt the darkness surround me,
their sights locked to my head,
i no longer have fear inside me,
my body now lies dead.
Copyright © jack harris | Year Posted 2012
America, the land of the free, catering to the wealthy and pushing the poor.
Blacks are all but exempt; they are seen as property and nothing more.
California brought into this nation by gold, as a false equality,
Demanded by some to spread the systems of vast irrationality.
Extradition in compromise to abolition.
Fugitives thrown back to chains, complete pacification.
Grace, all too fallen from, that was this nation.
Humble as many others were, one woman changed the nation.
Illegal activities by abolitionist became the norm, in hopes to stop degradation.
Johns and Janes educated in the taboo subject of the naive.
Kings and knights replaced with tyrannicals and elderly slaves.
Liberty and freedom for all,
Men and woman, Black and White, all readying to fall.
Night falls, creating a stage for the quarrelsome show.
Oppositions face each other, their bodies ready to feed the coming crows.
Position between this and that,
Quarrelling over the proper way to skin a cat.
Runaways are forgotten for the time being,
Say it so, as many were fleeing.
Tackless politicians following a false tradition,
Utilitarian, one may say, on their decision.
Vicious out cries spread across the nation following
White men's decision to take a stand being,
Xecute the evils of the world.
Yells coming from each side, each saying they are more moral'd.
Zephyrs blow across the grasses, to contrast what is to come.
Copyright © Rocky Swartzfager | Year Posted 2012
MEDIEVAL times ABC form
A beautiful castle donned exquisite flavours- Good, Hate. Inquisitive jesters kept lined
maps noting property. Queens ran street trade until various wild exploits yielded zen.
MEDIEVAL Times Acrostic form
Moats carve around the castle wall,
Ever challenging those who stop to call,
Dragons hide in the shadow tall,
Inside the passageways and the hall.
Every peasant gathers wood, at least a cord,
Valiant knights show off their shiny sword,
Always prepared to fight for their Lord,
Living well in the renaissance, few could afford.
MEDIEVAL Times Alliteration form
Smoke stops on the steep streets,
Huts hide the hallows,
Dark, dingy and dull,
Garbage graces the gutters,
Animals amber aimlessly.
Peasants plead poverty,
Knights know the kingdoms,
Castles coat the coast,
Crusaders catapult castles,
Armour adds to action,
Shields save souls,
Renaissance is really raw.
Written July 13, 2011
For the contest "Aye, aye & a Mistress"
Won 10th Place
Copyright © Lee Ramage | Year Posted 2011
Four hundred years ago high-born Brits sailed to America
Seeking fast fortunes, adventure and fame.
Many would never endure their first year here
Cultivating, foraging, and hunting game.
Arriving in Virginia they came ill-prepared
In search of gold and a route to the South Seas
What they found were hostile Indians,
Insects, starvation, and disease.
“Virginia is Earth’s only Paradise!”
The laureate of England would proclaim!”
However by August of 1607,
Every day there was anguish, and pain.
They ate their horses, dogs, cats and rats
One man ate his wife and hid her bones in the ground.
Despite their hardships, half managed to survive
Becoming America’s first permanent, English town .
Copyright © Tom Zart | Year Posted 2007
Able bodies come..
dig .. excavate.. find gold..
how I jumped..keep looking..
ore... picks..quick rising
settlements.. tents.. Unbelievable..
Vigilantes.. Worries... xenophobic..
Copyright © Patricia Sawyer | Year Posted 2010
why do we have clouds?
why do we have sky?
why do we have music?
why do we have computers?
just think why why why!!!
Copyright © doris lee | Year Posted 2008
do the questions we ask today
become the answers of tomorrow
how do we go from sing and play
to overwhelming sorrow
when certainty is in question
and wisdom and knowledge depart
we live by our own suggestion
and forget our mind and hearts
we stagger through our walk
and blindly refuse to listen
to those who walked before
Copyright © brandy wassam | Year Posted 2014
God bless our noble fatherland, great land of sunshine bright, where brave men chose the way of peace, to win their freedom fight, may we preserve our purity, our zest life and jolity, God bless our noble countrymen. and women everywhere, teach them to walk in unity. to build our nation dear, forgetting region, tribe or religion. but being our brother's keeper and living in harmony.
Copyright © ibrahim umar | Year Posted 2011
i jump to meet my mark,
it is met with arms out wide,
nothing, yet i expect a spark
so in little black book i confide.
what i ask of the masses, alot
admittedly ashamed i am not
to think, rejoice, connect the dots
to remember what we once forgot.
all i ask i that we don't assume,
they rely on ignorance to consume,
open your eyes and take full bloom,
never take an uninformed flume,
i see too much trouble ahead to ignore,
when i opened my eyes we had ten years,
i am still coming round and now we have four,
i see too much blood that will mix with my tears.
everything will mingle and change
it will all make sense once done
its just right now, its beyond our perceptive range
and to elaborate on the story no fun.
for certain synchronocities will take form
the knowledge unwraping in the implicate
it may not always be blatent, but hidden in the norm
some could term it karma, i make my own fate.
Copyright © Lance Lawlor | Year Posted 2008
When I think of History, to me
it's a mystery.
You are taught, you learn, you
visit, you realize.
Still, you can only imagine.
Different dates, different times,
What happened in this world
before my time?
The blood, the sweat, the glory.
Cultures striving, making
Life becomes history.
Understanding past historical
History is action.
With conviction and
For those who have gone
And those who will go after me
and those who stand tall beside
I am the past and I am the
I will be leaving my mark on
Leaving footprints in History!
Copyright © Denise Asberry | Year Posted 2014
I am the letter L so happy to be
The L stands for Laurel a beautiful wreath for all to see
I stand out for Love and Living a good life
the L for Laurel is loving and caring and so much living of life
No other letter would I want to be, L for Laurel
Is Love and Laurel and these combined
Get this letter I am truly amazed
For actually its Laurel Larison for my alphabet name is L for all time
Copyright © Laurel Larison | Year Posted 2012
What Julian sought I have sought
In razed and restored clay temples
We have always worshiped words
These gods upon the Olympian crags
splinters of reason, waterfalls
splashing, numinously upon our heads
Then, i thought i ran out of words
life draining them, slowly, dripping
blood-like, into a sterile shallow pool
of responsibility, but i sense
your new words, surrounding me
i perceive it was just a deception
i am not just an animal, led
to the bleakest slaughterhouse,
i will go out bleating, words
and the last thing i hear
your new words, ringing
in my mad, but never cowed brain.
Copyright © Dimestore Shoes | Year Posted 2009
World War I gave us the fly-boys
Who flew by the seat of their pants.
Many would never return from war
While others survived by chance.
Their planes were mostly canvas and wood
Gasoline, bullets, bombs and poison gas.
Every pilot carried his own pistol
Wearing leathers, scarf and goggles of glass.
Aviators had no Parachutes
To escape their burning plane.
Many were forced to jump to their death
Or self inflect a bullet to the brain.
Blimps where known as battleships of the sky
The roar of their engines gave reason for fear.
They flew so high they were hard to shoot down
Hiding above clouds till their targets drew near.
Tracer bullets for the first time were used
In the guns of airplanes to set blimps a fire.
The skies became man’s highway of death
With duty and honor their driving desire.
How many Fly-boys have we lost since then
Those days of the Great War and more?
Where do we get such brave souls of chance
Who rise from the rest in the battles of war?
By Tom Zart
Copyright © Tom Zart | Year Posted 2007
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The African Heritage Accord [AHA] Program
The African Heritage Accord, [AHA] Program. – ‘A world reconciled to self’, is a signature project of the KMI Initiative which seeks to offer practical and enduring healings to the wounds and infractions to humanity resulting from the incidence and vestiges of slavery.
Slave trade in all its ramifications constituted one of the greatest assaults to freedom and liberty in all of human history. It was the worst case of human injustice to humanity.
No thanks to this insidious and heinous mechanization, the World is still contending with the crisis of identity as prevalent in the global community of Africans in the Diaspora – The people of African descent. The Identity crisis is the unkindest cuts, of all the wounds of slavery, compounded in the inability of the descendants of slaves from African origin to trace their roots or make claims to a specific ethnic origin, nationality, people, language or culture in Africa.
The KMI Initiative, responding to the urgings of the United Nations as spelt out in the codified resolutions of November 2006 and December 2014 respectively, felt the time is here to confront the fiasco and debacle of slavery, with its attendant cultural and historical rifts existing on one hand between the off springs of slaves and off springs of Africa homeland, and on the other hand, between the descendants of slaves and the descendants of slave merchants and masters.
The code of relationship within this context has been misgiving, latent discontentment, bitterness and reproach. This historical and cultural indignation as a response to this social construct, has been directed at the institutional framework that supported slavery vis-à-vis, Motherland Africa and the descendants of former slave merchants and owners. The UN declarations became auspicious to this commitment.
- The General Assembly resolution, A/RES/61/17 of November 20, 2006, which declared 2009 as the International Year of Reconciliation:
In reaching this decision the Assembly amongst other considerations, recognized the need and urgency for reconciliation processes in countries or regions of the world, which have suffered or are still suffering situations of conflicts, with impact on divided societies at the national and international levels.
- The General Assembly resolution, 68/237 of December 2014 proclaimed 2015 – 2024 as the International Decade for People of African Descent:
The General Assembly agreed that across the globe, People of African Descent continue to suffer inequality, inequity and disadvantage because of the legacy of slavery and colonialism. The Assembly called for a duty to justice, aimed at reinforcing actions and measures that secures the full enjoyment of economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights of all people of African Descent. And their full participation in society.
This resolution provided a solid framework for the UN Member States, the Civil Society Organizations and all other relevant stakeholders to join together to create enduring and effective measures to stamp out racism and discrimination against people of African Descent, in the spirit of Recognition, Justice and Development.
Both resolutions called for Reconciliation, Restoration and Recognition and gave KMI the impetus to commence this time to market effort to construct a 21st century cultural bridge across the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Channels and the Mediterranean to the Ancestral Homeland of the Africans in the Diaspora – the People of African Descent; And essentially across the cultural divide of over 400 years.
The development of the African Heritage Accord [AHA] is accelerated as a vehicle of socio-cultural transformation, calling for renunciation, reconciliation, restoration and renewal.
The action plan is to affirm a biological and ethnic origin for all people of African descent who have not ascertained their ancestral lineage or ethnic roots.
The KMI Initiative via the African Heritage Accord and in partnership with the International community, Regional bodies, Governmental organizations, Civil Society Entities, the Academia and the Private Sector has begun to plan and implement adequate cultural, educational and social programs to promote and realize the concept of the 4 R[s] Renunciation, Reconciliation, Restoration and Renewal; including by holding conferences, colloquia, seminars, workshops and a general dissemination of information about AHA program.
The Mission’s target is for full identification of every African in the Diaspora, descendants of slaves, who lost their ethnic names and cultural affinity to their ancestors’ homeland and are bearing the names of the slave merchants or masters.
The advancement in bio-chemical technology has made this mission attain-able, the DNA mapping is evidently unraveling ancestral links and is capable of pin pointing with exactitude biological roots and ethnicity.
Armed with this revelation, the recipient of this new lease of cultural and ethnic life would have overcome the ever lingering and festering wounds of slavery – the identity crisis and can now be empowered to do a pilgrimage to the land of his or her forefathers and ancestors, and ultimately reconcile the Diaspora to the Homeland.
It is a known fact of life, that a loss of heritage or links to one’s ancestral pedigree or roots usually has a debilitating impact on that life and the development and consummation thereof, to the point of destiny. Slavery as a monstrous ill that plagued humanity, amongst other things, created a deep and distant cultural gulf between African Homeland and the people of African Descent [descendants of slaves of African Origin]. Just as a tree hewn from the trunk, loses the essential mineral supplies and support from the roots, so was slavery, it deprived the slaves and descendants access to the ancestral essence and biological trace elements – that ingredients of humans, with indigenous peculiarity that defines who we are and where we are from.
Also lost in slavery is that assurance from pedigree, the pride of fatherland, the confidence of mother-tongue, the audacity and reference to heritage. KMI believes that this lack in large part accounts for the under guiding ideas and beliefs, values, actions and moral undertones seen to be culturally and historically specific to the context of slavery. With distinct impact especially to those domiciled in hostile and segregated societies.
There is a spiritual awakening connected to recovering what is lost. The AHA program is in place to realize and actualize this truism.
The essence of ancestry and its heritage can never be quantified; it restores identity and self-worth. The individual is reconciled to self via spiritual awakening and absolutions. Nations whose citizens they are, will experience a people renewed with vigor, verve and energy to live and perform their civic duties and responsibilities. They will imbibe, espouse and live out the spirit and philosophy of national consciousness. The world will be better off, when this dream and hope is fully attained.
KMI Initiative on culture and the AHA project was carved out from the understanding, that as a people abandon assumption and practices that obstruct development and progress, they share and experience a sense of liberation instead of despair and despondency. And as people realize that they possess the potential to effect positive changes in their lives, they get excited and feel a pleasing sense of confidence and liberation.
That’s where KMI stands with the African Heritage Accord [AHA] program.
If you wish to participate in the African Heritage Accord [ AHA ] program, in any capacity to realize its goal, please fill out the form below and our staff members will follow up with you.
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Huawei and Globe Telecom have recently entered into a collaboration to rally on minimizing environmental impact of electronic waste (e-waste disposal) and counter its harmful effects on health through Globe Telecom’s Project One.
In 2014, News.Mic published an article on the statistics of the cost of owning a smartphone. The shocking truth of our ever piling 40 million tons of electronic waste per year is alarming. I’m impressed that Globe Telecom has been helping brands do their share in doing something about the proper disposal of electronic waste. It is impressive that Huawei has followed suit and both brands have championed this advocacy through this partnership.
The need to recover and recycle old mobile phones
Old mobiles and their batteries have toxic elements and the brominated flame retardant composition of the plastic parts are toxic when released to the environment. If not disposed off properly, these can pollute the environment and can be a health hazard.
Benefits of recycling old phones, batteries and chargers
When precious metals and plastics are recycled, they are used for re-manufacture. This means less energy is used as opposed to mining brand new metals. This also translates to using less landfill.
Where do old mobile units go?
All collected mobiles and accessories are turned over to TES-AMM Philippines for proper recycling and recovery. No mobiles or collected accessories will be refurbished for re-sale or disassembled for reusable parts.
TEs-AMM Group provides tailored recycling solutions for Waste Electrical and Electornic Equipments (WEEE). Their state-of-the-art technology with in-depth knowledge of environment and waste management techniques provide re-ise solutions and end recovery of precious metals from electronic wastes.
TES-AMM is the first in Asia to be certified for Responsible Recycling (R2). R2 certification programs are based on strong environmental standards which maximize reuse and recycling, minimize exposure to human health or environmental hazards, ensure safe management of materials by downstream handlers and require destruction of all data on used electronics.
Huawei and Globe Signing Ceremony on Responsible e-Waste Disposal, Recovery and Recycling Program
Welcome Speech by Mr. Liugao and Ms. Yolanda Crisanto, Senior Vice President/ Head of Corp Communications of Globe Telecom
Kudos to Globe Telecom and Huawei for spearheading this drive. A timely collaboration as Ms. Crisanto mentioned of Globe recently launched its purpose, taking pride for a reason of being one of the few organizations that are “purpose-driven.” Emphasizing as well of Globe Telecom’s improved connectivity runs on Huawei’s network. This partnership of Huawei and Globe towards Corporate Responsibility Program (CSR) is in fact an extension of an already existing business partnership.
This advocacy echoes to all of us who have old mobile phones, accessories, PC components (including LCD screens, keyboard, mouse), or any defective electronic equipment stashed away somewhere to dispose them through receptacle bins in Huawei Concept Shops. Let’s all be intentional in the proper disposal of our electronic wastes, and as we do it through Huawei and Globe Telecom’s Project One, we are helping build classrooms while we are at it.
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If you’re a student who has taken a social science course or a social media user who has ever encountered online political dialogue, you’ve probably been warned that the subsequent content might be triggering. While some perceive these “trigger warnings” as a modern fad of pop-psychology, it’s increasingly clear that these protective, avoidance-based notices are here to stay. However, since the early 2010’s, national debate about the validity, effectiveness, and moral virtuousness of trigger warnings has sparked noteworthy disagreement throughout scientific and political communities.
Regardless of where one stands on the issue, a national discussion about policies that can curb or reduce anxiety amongst teenagers and young adults is assuredly warranted. Rates of anxiety amongst young people have doubled since 2008. COVID-19 has done nothing but exacerbate these trends —in fact, recent studies have shown anxiety rates among students have increased by more than 50 percent in this last year.
While the proponents of trigger warnings claim that they raise awareness for mental disorders by constructing built-in protections from sensitive content, it’s important to identify just what “sensitive” has come to mean, and who is setting the terms on college campuses.
Since the early 2010s on college campuses, both the principle and purpose of trigger warnings have expanded to warn students of content that is “‘emotionally confronting’ or ‘distressing’, rather than narrowly traumatic—much of which has no direct association with trauma in the psychiatric sense.” In other words, as long as someone can justify that any given content is offensive within reasonable parameters, that content warrants a trigger warning.
It is often students that request warnings for material they deem sensitive, rather than university administrators or professors making the determination themselves. Some might argue that the phenomenon of trigger warnings can be explained as society autocorrecting itself of the phrases and concepts that unknowingly provoke anxiety or distress, but this explanation begs two underlying questions. First, is this perception functionally correct? Are trigger warnings shown to reduce the level of discomfort students feel? More importantly, is an educational institution best serving its students by “protecting” them from distressing ideas and traumatic content?
Trigger Warnings: The Defective Shield
Advocates for the broad implementation of trigger warnings claim that alerting a viewer of sensitive content before it is presented will lessen the discomfort or distress the individual might feel. There is a sense that trigger warnings “allow those who are sensitive to these subjects to prepare themselves for [viewing] them, and better manage their reactions.”
However, the empirical work studying the effects that trigger warnings have on a student’s ability to temper their reaction to sensitive content suggests that trigger warnings have almost no impact. In 2018, Harvard researchers ran a double-blind study and found that the two groups, one having received trigger warnings before sensitive content and the other not, showed no comparative differences in self-reported anxiety. In fact, rates of self-reported anxiety were slightly higher in the group that received trigger warnings amongst students who had previously identified they believed words can cause emotional pain.
For the negligent impact that trigger warnings have on accommodating a student’s emotions, the Harvard data identifies a critical blindspot in the “protective” narrative. It appears that the act of giving a trigger warning itself has a negative impact on the emotional response to distressing content. In other words, the anticipation of a response can exaggerate the response itself. Inherent in a trigger warning is an affirmation that content to be viewed will cause distressing emotions rather than the possibility that the content might cause distressing emotions. When one group of students from the Harvard study “were told that a suspenseful film clip contained graphic violence” they exhibited “significantly more distress than people who were told that graphic violence content had been cut.”
This evidence drives at the heart of one key social misconception: emotional responses are hardly a product of content itself, but rather a product of the perception of danger, rage, or fear one’s own psychology invokes while viewing content. This means that trigger warnings can only succeed if they temper the perception that an event is objectively distressing and will invariably cause anxiety — a goal trigger warnings actually contradict.
Empathy vs. Pragmatism
Whilst the empirical evidence may not be on the side of supporters of trigger warnings, their advocacy is not without legitimate motivation. Colleges and universities must do their part to address the overwhelming national mental health epidemic. Even if trigger warnings are not pscyhologically advantageous, advocates argue for trigger warnings from a moral standpoint, claiming they are necessary because they give traumatized students the choice of whether to engage with their past trauma or not.
Trauma victims or individuals with diagnosed PTSD should have every right to choose whether they engage with said trauma or not, but it isn’t clear that taking away trigger warnings inhibit victims from being able to do this. Nearly every college course has a syllabus that outlines what content will be covered throughout the term. Pre-class lecture outlines and overviews of course content before the semester begins provide ample opportunity for the minority of vulnerable individuals who would wish to remove themselves from potentially traumatic circumstances to do so if they so choose.
Besides, trigger warnings aren’t solely about accommodating students with diagnosed anxiety disorders. Although trigger warnings were originally designed to prevent intense fearful emotions (the signature feeling associated with PTSD and trauma), the purpose of modern incarnations of these warnings have expanded to include protecting students from “sadness,…social anxiety, disgust, or moral indignation at an offensive-ism.” So, even if there was legitimacy to the argument that trigger warnings facilitate choice, modern warnings are less so about giving students the choice not to be traumatized, and more so about giving students the choice not to be offended.
While the national controversy provoked by the emergence of trigger warnings has centered around their efficacy in reducing traumatic responses to sensitive material, any change in educational policy cannot be holistically analyzed without considering its impact on learning itself. In an interview with a Berkeley Psychology Professor, Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton Pd.D, they outlined how instructors might “utilize trigger warnings to complement efforts that aim to construct environments of trust and comfortability.” Professor Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton currently teaches a class on prejudice often addressing sensitive material. They explain how establishing norms of emotional safety and even friendship between staff and students, “especially at the outset of the course in the syllabus,” can impact students’ openness and willingness to engage with sensitive material, and therefore their learning experience. In this sense, trigger warnings might have positive effects on students’ learning experience, but this assumption is incumbent on two preconditions. First, the effect might only be substantive or relevant if the instructor firmly establishes a friendly, emotionally-safe environment at the outset of the course in the syllabus. Second, and more critically, the perception of and reaction to trigger warnings amongst students must reinforce the perception that the environment is emotionally safe and the instructor is actively interested in optimizing learning. It is not totally clear that trigger warnings are functionally capable of creating this perception: when these warnings empirically maintain or embolden the sense of angst students feel viewing provocative content, then avoidance of any increased angst could neutralize the perception that the environment is safe. In other words, if it is inevitable that sensitive content will be viewed or discussed, perhaps the most efficient way to maximize student engagement and learning is for instructors to portray that material as being the least emotionally traumatizing as possible.
Motivated by empathy and a heightened awareness of the mental health crisis, proponents of trigger warnings often believe that the difference between critics and themselves is compassion. This couldn’t be farther from the truth. Ultimately, the chief difference between the protective approach supporting trigger warnings and the theoretical approach that opposes them is a fundamental disagreement about the treatment of anxiety. While warnings that lead trauma victims to avoid traumatic content may slightly enhance an emotional sense of control, they are less than a solution to eliminating anxiety in the long-term. A trigger warning implies that the ensuing content will invariably lead to distress which reinforces the sense of inescapability and constant threat that past trauma irrationally led the victim to assume is ever present. In other words, trigger warnings help prevent individuals from transitioning into a world in which the content will never elicit distress — a world where the individual no longer has anxiety. Psychologists have documented that the most effective therapy to cure anxiety is grounded in confrontation and acceptance with and of past events, not avoidance of them. In fact, mechanisms that encourage avoidance of past trauma in PTSD victims can enhance anxiety because they amplify the irrational fear that proceeds sensitive content, instead of incentivizing students to better manage irrational responses to traumatic material. By no means should universities compel therapeutic practices, but if the motivation behind accommodations is the reduction of overall anxiety on campus, then it should be noted that confrontation and acceptance are the best proven methods in overcoming anxiety, not avoidance.
The Anti-Educational Environment
With respect to the individual that has no diagnosed mental condition, it is certainly debatable as to whether educational institutions should validate the students desire to be protected from content that does nothing more than offend them. Specifically, trigger warnings are increasingly employed to psychologically prepare students for topics like islamophobia and colonialism. The chief purpose of including these subjects in a social science education is not to purposefully provoke feelings of frustration and anger at historical atrocities, but rather, to create an understanding of these events and arm the next generation with the analytical framework necessary to resolve the problems we cannot yet predict. More importantly, solving problems like islamophobia (subjects which warrant trigger warnings) requires an objective, non-politicized education that encourages students to engage with the ideas and individuals they detest.
Offensive ideas will always exist. But battling them will require an intellectual offense—in other words, defeating these ideologies is not something that can be done by meeting them with disgust and nothing more. Leading individuals away from irrational presuppositions about certain cultures or peoples requires engagement and constructive dialogue. The nation’s most renowned educational institutions are so often defined as epicenters for progress because they combat falsehood and ignorance with the only force capable of taking their place: rationality.
Besides, like bones, the human mind is antifragile. It doesn’t break when it is challenged or moved into a position of discomfort—it gets stronger. Seeing as education is meant to advance and enhance worldly perspectives, students without diagnosed anxiety disorders shouldn’t be allowed to request trigger warnings on the basis of offensiveness. Engaging with perspectives that one finds offensive can often reveal shortcomings and blindspots in one’s own argument against said offensive thing, or even just generally expand one’s own understanding on the subject more extensively. This is what education is, after all; it is the challenging of assumptions and premises even when it might offend someone to do so. Trigger warnings for political ideologies and historical events contradict the fundamental assumption within education that one’s ideologies and political preferences might be fallible and might have room to become more objectively true, holistic, or balanced.
Subjectively denoting certain content or ideas as necessitating trigger warnings is a label that any presentation of such content is inherently, and unchangeably, offensive. This social construction makes individuals who possess minority opinions that may be offensive to the majority, but valid in a public dialogue, intimidated or even fearful to equitably express their viewpoints. And in the final analysis, even if you believe that educational institutions should protect the short-term feelings of its students, they surely shouldn’t be allowed to do so at the expense of someone else’s comfort — and in the extreme, at the expense of someone’s ability to use their freedom of speech.
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The two units of the district i.e. Lahaul & Spiti, have separate historical backgrounds. In the distant past Lahaul had been changing hands between the rulers of Ladakh and Kulu. In the second half of the seventeenth century with the disintegration of Ladakh kingdom, Lahaul passed into the hands of the Kulu chief. In 1840, Maharaja Ranjit Singh took over Lahaul along with Kulu and ruled over it till 1846 when the area came under the sway of the British. From 1846 to 1940, Lahaul formed part of the Kulu sub-division of Kangra district and was administered through the local jagirdars/thakurs. One of the thakurs was designated as Wizier of Lahaul & was invested with judicial and executive powers. Another thakur was given the powers of a Revenue Officer. These functionaries exercised traditional as well as other power conferred by the Government. The Assistant Commissioner. Kulu used to visit the area once a year for a month or so. In the late thirties the unprecedented prosperity of the people through growing kuth and their consequent awakening created a formidable challenge to the power and influence of the Wizier of Lahaul, which gradually started declining. The inadequacy was soon noticed by the Government which considered the extension of the regular system of administration. Accordingly in 1941, a separate sub-tehsil comprising Lahaul & Spiti was formed and a naib-tehsildar was posted at Keylong thereby divesting the thakurs of their powers. The system remained in vogue till June, 1960 when Lahaul & Spiti district came into being. Simultaneously, Lahaul was constituted into a separate tehsil, and, later on it was formed into a sub-division.
The East India Company took over the possession of the Spiti portion in the year 1846 after the cessation of cis-Satluj States as a result of the Anglo-Sikh War. Before that it formed a part of Ladakh, a subsidiary of Jammu & Kashmir. Because of its remoteness and poverty of natural resources, the British following the example of the Ladakhi rulers, did not introduce any substantial changes in the administrative set up of the territory. The Nono of Kyuling was recognized as the hereditary Wizier of Spiti (re-affirmed by the Spiti Frontier Regulations of 1883) and was suppose to represent the British India Government. He collected the land revenue for the Government, his judicial jurisdiction included trial of all criminal cases, except cases of murder; and he performed all functions and enjoyed all necessary powers for the fulfillment of his tasks and duties, as laid down in the regulations of 1883.
In 1941, Spiti,with Lahaul, was constituted into a separate sub-tehsil of Kullu sub-division which had its headquarters at Keylong. Later on, after the formation of Lahaul & Spiti into a district, in 1960, Spiti was formed into a sub-division with its headquarter at Kaza.
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Collection: Osher Map Library Book Collection
Title: A System of Physical Geography : containing a description of the natural features of the land and water, the phenomena of the atmosphere, and the distribution of vegetable and animal life...
Alternative Title: Warren's Physical geography
Publisher: H. Cowperthwait & Co.
Publishing Location: Philadelphia
Notes: Revised edition. Includes index.
Physical Description: 1 book: 92 pages, illustrated maps (some color)
Accession Number: OML-1859-24
Collection/Donor: UMF Mantor Library
Permanent URL: https://oshermaps.org/map/36645.0001
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The World Health Organisation defined health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
In holistic and complementary therapy there is the understanding that good health is also about being happy and feeling whole, to include spiritual as well as mental and physical states. It is incredibly important to take care of ourselves on these levels in order to preventillnesses from developing.
What Is Illness?
Illness and pain are your body’s innate response to get your attention to let you know that there is a problem or an imbalance within, which needs to be addressed.
Illness is a signal that there is something wrong on deeper levels. Your body is telling you that you need to re-balance the energetic dysfunction so that you self heal.
When pain, disease and illness is ignored or conventional medicine/drugs are used, you are doing nothing to help clear the energetic dysfunction and blocks in your energy field. Most conventional medicine is structured to suppress symptoms and can create unwanted side effects which will then cause additional energetic dysfunction.
The cause of the imbalance needs to be healed. When you have found the cause and released that blocked energy, your body will self heal.
Any illness, whether it is physical, mental or spiritual, is simply ENERGETIC DYSFUNCTION within your energy field. Everything is energy!!
Q: So…what creates and causes the energetic dysfunction in the first place?
A: Your emotions and beliefs!
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Origins 13(2):59-61 (1986).
Brief summaries of the main conclusions of the leading presentations are given below for those who may find the complete articles too long or technical.
SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT GEOCHRONOLOGY
The presently accepted geochronological time scale for the earth
proposes an age of about 4600 Ma (4600 million years). Sedimentary layers found on the
continents of the earth contain evidences of past life (fossils) dated from very recent to
several thousand million years. Evolution of life is assumed to have taken place during
that time. This scenario contrasts dramatically with the biblical creation account which
proposes that life on earth has existed for only a few thousand years.
The geochronological time scale of thousands of millions of years is based mainly on radiometric dating a dating system which has both strengths and weaknesses. On the other hand, some other time-dependent processes change at rates which challenge generally accepted geochronology. Examples include:
It appears that quite a number of independent factors disagree with
the presently accepted view of 4600 million years for the development of the present earth
system and the life contained therein. While the factors noted (except Factor 6) do not
point to a few thousand years as indicated by the Bible, it is significant that the
worldwide flood described in Genesis has the potential to cause Factors 1-5 to change more
rapidly than at present and thus fit into the context of a few thousand years since
creation. Creation itself has the potential to resolve any difficulty over the time
required for evolutionary development (Factor 7).
All extrapolations of present phenomena into the past must be approached with caution. A number of explanations have been proposed in the scientific literature for reconciliation of the discrepancies noted above with standard geochronology. These explanations propose that present geologic processes do not represent long-term averages. While this may be true in some instances, it is difficult to accept that all these various rates would be wrong. It appears that standard geochronological interpretations face some significant unresolved problems.
PROBABILITY AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
Probability theory has been developed and verified using physical
devices such as coins or cards that meet the assumptions of fairness and independence
inherent in probability theory. Because these assumptions may not apply to steps
postulated in a scenario for the origin of life and because some of the steps may be
nearly unique, probabilistic arguments regarding the origin of life do not seem to be
applicable except as gross generalizations.
In this article the author quotes non-creationist scientists who suggest that time, space, and raw materials in the universe may be too limited to permit the origin of life by chance alone.
Probability is a mathematical construct that can be demonstrated to model well-behaved non-deterministic phenomena such as coin tosses, and is accepted as being useful in modeling and analyzing masses of data from well-designed scientific studies of less well-behaved random processes. The application of probability analysis to events which may be nearly unique and happen so seldom as to be rarely observed seems questionable from a practical viewpoint.
Probability is essential in comparing or predicting the outcome of events based on a particular model. In the case of the origin of life suitable models amenable to scientific investigations have not yet been proposed or evaluated.
All contents copyright Geoscience Research Institute. All rights reserved.
Send comments and questions to email@example.com
| About Us | Contact Us |
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NOAA: Cook Inlet Beluga Whales Endangered
The Cook Inlet beluga whale population near Anchorage, Alaska, was placed on the U.S. endangered list, federal marine officials said Friday.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said current protections have not been successful in recovering the beluga whale population.
NOAA’s Fisheries Service said listing the Cook Inlet beluga whales means any federal agency that funds, authorizes or carries out new projects or activities that may affect the whales in the area must first consult
with the agency to determine the potential effects on the whales.
Scientific surveys show the Cook Inlet beluga population declined nearly 50 percent between 1994 and 1998. Estimates have varied from a high of 653 belugas in 1994 to a low of 278 belugas in 2005. NOAA estimates there were 375 belugas in both 2007 and 2008.
The agency said the final rule on this decision will likely be published in the Federal Register on
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The selection of poets represented in this project does not (yet) claim to be exhaustive. The data is meant to demonstrate both the geographical and chronological breadth of poetic activity in North America.
Each poet represented in this digital project has an entry in the database which stores the following data:
- The poet’s names: in its native form, its English or French equivalent, and his/her poetic “pen name”
- The poet’s sex
- The poet’s Celtic language [it is assumed that poets only compose in one]
- His/her place of birth: town, state/province, country, lat-long
- His/her place of death [if no longer living]: town, state/province, country, lat-long
- The date range of his/her life
- The place in North America where s/he flourished and when – that is, where and when s/he produced the majority of his/her literature
If the necessary data is lacking for one of these fields, it is left blank. This means that the visual marker representing the poet will not appear in a visualization that requires that information.
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http://celticpoetsna.web.unc.edu/project-data/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948064.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426031603-20180426051603-00143.warc.gz
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GLASSY metallic alloys can now be made in bulk, says a materials scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. Glassy metals are stronger than normal crystalline metal and more resistant to corrosion. But until now they could only be made as thin films. The process for forming bulk glass out of metallic alloys could be a boon for energy companies, because metallic glass conducts electricity significantly better than crystalline metals.
Just like ordinary window glass manufactured by silica, metallic glass is not a solid in the usual sense. It is molten metal that has been cooled below its solidification temperature, making it viscous enough to maintain its shape for years.
Ordinary metals are composed of a jumble of crystals, in each of which the atoms are arranged in a regular pattern. These crystals form around impurities in the molten metal, such as tiny particles of aluminium oxide. In ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.
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This page is part of the Global Governance Monitor.
Scope of the Challenge
Climate change is one of the most significant threats facing the world today. According to the American Meteorological Society, there is a 90 percent probability that global temperatures will rise by 3.5 to 7.4 degrees Celsius (6.3 to 13.3 degrees Fahrenheit) in less than one hundred years, with even greater increases over land and the poles. These seemingly minor shifts in temperature could trigger widespread disasters in the form of rising sea levels, violent and volatile weather patterns, desertification, famine, water shortages, and other secondary effects including conflict. In November 2011, the International Energy Agency warned that the world may be fast approaching a tipping point concerning climate change, and suggested that the next five years will be crucial for greenhouse gas reduction efforts.
Avoiding the worst consequences of climate change will require large cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions. Humans produce greenhouse gases by burning coal, oil, and natural gas to generate energy for power, heat, industry, and transportation. Deforestation and agricultural activity also yield climate-changing emissions.
One way to reduce emissions would be to switch from fossil-fuel-based power to alternative sources of energy, such as nuclear, solar, and wind. A second, parallel option would be to achieve greater energy efficiency by developing new technologies and modifying daily behavior so each person produces a smaller carbon footprint. Additionally, retrofitting buildings and developing energy-efficient technology greatly help curb greenhouse gas emissions. All such measures, however, engender significant costs, and the onset of the global financial crisis has placed serious new constraints on national budgets both in the developed and developing worlds. Some climate change experts have expressed concern that the ongoing global financial crisis could defer action on climate change indefinitely.
Even if such reforms were implemented, substantial efforts will still be required to adapt to unavoidable change. Recent climate-related events, such as the flooding in Pakistan and Thailand, have caused focus to fall on adaptation financing for developing countries, which could support infrastructure projects to protect vulnerable areas. Other efforts might include drought-tolerant farming.
Distribution of global emissions reinforces the need for broad multilateral cooperation in mitigating climate change. Fifteen to twenty countries are responsible for roughly 75 percent of global emissions, but no one country accounts for more than about 26 percent. Efforts to cut emissions—mitigation—must therefore be global. Without international cooperation and coordination, some states may free ride on others' efforts, or even exploit uneven emissions controls to gain competitive advantage. And because the impacts of climate change will be felt around the world, efforts to adapt to climate change—adaptation—will need to be global too.
At the launch of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change seventeenth Conference of Parties (COP-17) in Durban, South Africa, many climate change experts were concerned that the Kyoto Protocol could expire in 2012 with no secondary legally binding accord on limiting global emissions in place. This fear, however, was somewhat assuaged as the nearly two hundred countries present at the COP-17 approved an extension of the protocol through 2017 and potentially 2020. A decision was also reached at the meeting to draft a successor accord to the Kyoto Protocol by 2015, which would ultimately come into force in 2020. Delegates also envisioned that the new accord would include greenhouse gas emissions targets for all countries, regardless of their level of economic development. This framework notably contrasts with that of the Kyoto Protocol, which primarily focuses on reducing emissions emanating from developed countries.
Despite these and other marked successes during the COP-17, the perceived lack of leadership by central players in the climate change debate—especially the United States—has elicited increasing concern about the long term prospects of the global climate change regime. Additionally, Canada's December 2011 decision to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol—based on domestic economic concerns as well as its view that the world's top greenhouse gas emitters have refused to ratify the accord—has generated concerns that the Kyoto Protocol itself may be in danger of collapse. Both of these concerns and many other issues will likely be a part of the agenda for the COP-18, scheduled for November 2012 in Qatar.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Overall assessment: An underdeveloped and inadequate system
The current centerpieces for multilateral action against climate change are the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), its associated Kyoto Protocol, the Copenhagen Accord, and the COP-17 Durban Platform for Enhanced Action ("Durban Platform"). The Kyoto Protocol includes firm commitments to curb emissions only from developed countries, but does not include the United States, and has no meaningful consequences for noncompliance; it has also come under unprecedented strain as Canada officially withdrew from the accord in December 2011. Specifically, Canada's environment minister suggested Canada could only be a part of an accord which includes all major emitters as parties. As Japan and Russia could soon follow Canada's example, the hopes for a legally binding climate accord—even if desirable—may be fading. Additionally, the regime, which allows for numerous exemptions regarding greenhouse gas emissions, fails to provide emerging big emitters like China and India with meaningful targets and incentives to curb their emissions. The architecture for global climate governance looks particularly shaky after the fifteenth Conference of Parties (COP-15), in Copenhagen, failed to overcome entrenched differences among the major parties and deliver targeted emissions cuts. Following Copenhagen, COP-16, in Cancun, made some strides toward effective multilateral action, but the regime still falls well short of promoting needed action to effect positive change, including committing to a post–Kyoto framework.
Similarly, little progress was made during the COP-17 meeting in Durban. While parties agreed to extend the Kyoto Protocol until at least 2017 as well as solidified an operating structure for the Green Climate Fund, little was clarified concerning the form of a successor accord to the Kyoto Protocol. Delegates to the COP-17 did agree, however, that the new accord would include reduction targets for all nations, rather than exclusively those considered to be developed.
Although delegations at Durban, Cancun, and Copenhagen developed reporting mechanisms, funding pledges, and unilaterally declared country-specific emissions reduction goals, the ongoing lack of an international enforcement body has left these promises largely empty.
The limitations of the Durban Platform, as well as the increasingly tenuous status of the Kyoto Protocol, have created a fresh imperative for global action on climate change. The tension between developing and developed countries is fueled by ongoing disagreements over how to interpret a fundamental underpinning of the UNFCCC and Kyoto framework—namely, the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" [PDF] among industrialized (Annex I) and developing (non-Annex I) countries, particularly when it comes to establishing and achieving meaningful mitigation targets. The 2010 UN climate change summit in Cancun did not achieve a comprehensive international framework, nor did it expect to. The agenda was pushed to the 2011 meetings in Durban, South Africa, where the Kyoto Protocol was extended for another five years at least. Concerns, however, arose over the refusals of India, China, and the United States to unequivocally accept legally binding admissions targets at the meeting, placing doubt on the extent that other significant greenhouse gas emitters will participate in the new commitment window.
At the most basic level, countries disagree over climate monitoring and financing stipulations in the Kyoto Protocol and other legally binding accords. Climate frameworks struggle to effectively monitor greenhouse gas outputs, especially in developing countries. Many countries lack the domestic capacity to audit their total emissions; even if they are able to monitor national levels, some fear that reporting such numbers would encourage international pressure to cap their emissions. Others, like China, argue that an international monitoring system represents an infringement on national sovereignty and that developing states should be afforded some leniency in emissions as they are currently in critical stages of economic development.
Additionally, the climate regime does not adequately address the sources of financing needed to help developing countries cope with climate change. While the meeting in Copenhagen witnessed political progress, including pledges by industrialized countries to provide $100 billion by 2020 to developed countries and the Green Climate Fund was put into place at Cancun, concrete funding streams have yet to materialize. While the COP-17 attempted to clarify how the Green Climate Fund would operate and disperse funds, little firm monetary support was allocated to the mechanism. To date, the total disbursed funds for climate change initiatives, both within and outside of the UNFCCC, add up to only $2.1 billion.
Seeking a more flexible and effective approach, the United States and other emitters have begun to turn to "à la carte multilateralism," focusing on smaller, less formal frameworks, such as the Major Econonomies Forum (MEF) and the Group of Twenty (G20). The MEF was launched in March 2009 as a successor to the Bush administration's Major Economies Meeting (MEM). The seventeen-member MEF, which includes countries responsible for approximately 80 percent of global emissions, has provided an arena for major emitting countries to confront tricky issues and hammer out viable strategies without entering the labyrinth of UN diplomacy. In February 2012, a six-state coalition was also established to tackle climate and public and health risks posed by short-lived pollutants including methane, hydrofluorocarbons, and black carbon (soot). Even these niche fora, however, are not immune to political rancor over legally binding emissions cuts.
Despite concern that alternative efforts to the UNFCCC process might undermine the credibility and success of that universal forum, the MEF and the parallel G20 have the potential to complement the UN track by enabling meaningful dialogue among the countries whose financial commitments and solutions on mitigation and technology truly matter. The MEF and G20 offer leaders a setting for candid dialogue where parties can meet to negotiate new bilateral and "minilateral" arrangements, align parallel domestic initiatives and regulatory approaches, and monitor each other's progress as part of an informal, "pledge and review" process. Accomplishments of the MEF and G20 include, respectively, launching a Global Partnership on Clean Energy Technologies and reaching an agreement to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies. In September 2011 the MEF reportedly held a "frank discussion" regarding the COP-17 meeting in Durban and the future of the Kyoto Protocol among other issues.
Beyond the UNFCCC process and minilateral forums like the MEF and G20, climate change is increasingly addressed by a host of other international actors whose primary mandate may not explicitly include climate change. Within the UN system alone, some twenty agencies work on climate change, often through their own specific lens. The implementation of projects, for example, is spread across institutions like the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and the World Bank, which work alongside bilateral agencies on mitigation and adaptation projects in developing countries. Although a proliferation of actors focused on this agenda is not necessarily negative, the lack of coordinated policies and programs can be a problem when it leads to redundancy. In part, this fragmentation reflects the inherent complexity of climate change, which has substantive connections to many issue areas, including development, finance, public health, energy, and security.
Understanding climate change threats: Strong but could be improved
The international climate regime is at its strongest when it comes to understanding the threats posed by climate change. Such efforts, which are centered on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), predate any other dedicated element of the regime. Yet, the infiltration of politics into the climate change debate has hampered the legitimacy and pervasiveness of new findings.
The IPCC was created in 1988 to review, assess, and synthesize the world's scientific information related to climate change. It periodically releases assessment reports, which synthesize global data on climate change. The IPCC reports [PDF] are central in policy discussions of climate change, and their estimates play an outsized role in setting benchmarks for international action. The IPCC also produces occasional reports on urgent subjects such as carbon capture and technology transfer.
The IPCC is not without its critics, however, and a series of scandals concerning the methods of its reporting has somewhat weakened its legitimacy. Some have accused its reports of being politically driven—their summaries must be signed off on by all member governments—and overplaying the state of agreement on man-made climate change. Reacting to the findings of an independent review, the IPCC introduced institutional reforms in May 2011 to address some of these concerns. That said, the findings of the panel generally concur with those of major scientific associations [PDF], such as the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Within the community of experts on climate science, few believe that IPCC reports overestimate the state of the problem.
The IPCC has also been criticized, from the other side, for underplaying the risks of extreme climate change, again because of the need for political consensus. Similarly, it has been criticized as lagging behind the current state of science because of its long and bureaucratic approval process. At a time when many studies are raising the possibility of extreme climate change, this may tend to bias the IPCC conservatively.
International cooperation on scientific observation and analysis has also benefited from several other forums for sharing global climate data. These include the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), a group of eighty governments committed to creating a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) as a common source for detailed data on everything related to climate change.
Despite these gains in researching, analyzing, and understanding climate change, a great deal of basic scientific work remains in clarifying the state of scientific opinion on the anthropogenic causes of climate change and ways to mitigate their effects. In addition, the international community needs to expand cooperation efforts in collecting data on the effects of climate change to facilitate adaptation and early warning systems.
Curbing emissions: Some progress, but too few commitments
Many countries with mandatory targets under the Kyoto Protocol are on track to cut their greenhouse gas emissions, and large emitters such as China, India, and Brazil suggest that they will take voluntary steps to control levels of anthropogenic pollution. But despite these successes, the existing climate regime remains grossly inadequate when it comes to stabilizing greenhouse gas levels; moreover, regulations that have already passed or which are about to go into effect, like the EU airplane tax, continue to stir significant political controversy. Additionally, the December 2011 Durban Platform committed UNFCCC parties to establish a more universal post–Kyoto accord with "legal force," and in December 2012 at the UNFCCC COP-18, parties agreed to extend the Kyoto commitment period to 2020 and to enter into negotiations for a treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol in 2015. However, not all parties agreed to this second round of commitments and major emitters like Canada and Japan opted out.
The variance between commitment and action remains an obstacle to the development of a comprehensive solution. The non-binding Copenhagen Accord did little to force country-by-country accountability and action. The 2010 Cancun Agreement brought greenhouse gas reduction pledges under the auspices of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, but it remains to be seen if Cancun's call for international assessment of implementation of these mitigation efforts will lead to substantive gains beyond the status quo. A shift in focus from diplomatic discussion over pledges to implementation is one positive outcome of the Cancun Conference.
The IPCC has called for a reduction in emissions to limit the increase in global temperatures by 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Although leaders at Copenhagen and Cancun used the same number to determine their mitigation pledges, the current growth in emissions, absent significant action on climate change, will cause an average global temperatures of 5 degrees Celsius (9 degrees Fahrenheit), according to the most recent analysis produced by the Climate Interactive Scoreboard.
The core policy and regulatory instruments to curb greenhouse gas emissions exist at the national level, and performance therefore varies from country to country. At the international level, the Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms that can help countries control their emissions through flexible arrangements. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows industrialized countries to invest in climate-friendly projects in poor countries and earn carbon credits in exchange. The Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism enables industrialized countries to invest in climate-friendly projects in other industrialized countries and earn carbon credits in exchange. Lastly, emissions trading creates a market for trading carbon credits with countries that are over their target.
From the beginning, the most promising of the three was the CDM, which provides twin benefits of curbing emissions and facilitating economic development for non-Annex I countries. However, experts have pointed to inadequacies regarding its operations and its inability to deliver lower emissions at acceptable costs. In particular, the CDM is burdened with extensive bureaucratic entanglements that have delayed the actual registry of many preapproved projects. More seriously, critics blame the CDM for earning some companies heaps of carbon credits for low-cost changes, noting that national regulation or other means of financing emissions reductions might have been better alternatives. Additionally, some experts complain about China capturing a significant number of the carbon credits, known as Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), at the expense of other developing countries. However, China's extensive participation may also help jump-start its renewable sector, which could have ancillary long-term benefits. Although the COP-17 did not resolve all of these concerns, it did extend the CDM to include carbon capture storage projects—a move that enjoys significant private sector support.
Emissions trading, most developed within the EU framework, has also faced a barrage of criticism. Carbon markets are still in their infancy and fraught with challenges related to price discovery, price volatility, and exposure to political risk. At this stage, some businesses argue that the price of carbon is too low to support profitable opportunities. Similarly, environmental activists [PDF] argue that capital markets are too unregulated and unstable to serve as a foundation for global efforts against climate change. Despite the value of Europe's carbon market approaching an estimated $120 billion in 2010, concerns remain about the future of the global carbon market absent a legally binding emissions accord.
The G20 has stressed the importance of market mechanisms to fight global warming, and some have argued that carbon markets can be seen as a cheap and simple way to ensure emissions reductions. When reinforced by regulation, such as the mandatory cap-and-trade system in Europe, emissions trading can be a beneficial mechanism [PDF] that contributes to overall emissions reductions. The EU carbon market, for example, has an estimated value of $120 billion. Similar to the EU model, nine states in the mid-Atlantic and northeast United States have created market-driven mandatory framework, called the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), to reduce emissions. To date, this is one of the most promising initiatives for emissions reduction in the United States.
Outside the Kyoto regime, international efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions have led to a UN program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (UN-REDD). The program provides financial incentives for poor countries to protect their national forests and thereby assigns them with some responsibility for global emissions reduction. By some estimates, tropical deforestation accounts for 15 percent [PDF] of annual global carbon dioxide emissions. The Kyoto Protocol, however, did not have any mechanism for conservation or prevention of deforestation as a means for mitigating climate change. Under the protocol, countries could seek credits and financial support after forests were cut down but no support was available to prevent them from cutting forests down in the first place. Fortunately, activism on the issue has generated enough interest for industrialized countries to commit $3.5 billion to provide funding for deforestation activities. Similarly, the COP-17 established a technical framework for facilitating deforestation products. Furthermore, in February 2012, the United States, along with Canada, Mexico, Sweden, Ghana, and Bangladesh, launched a joint effort to mitigate short-lived climate pollutants—such pollutants stay in the atmosphere only briefly, but they account for approximately of 30 percent of global warming—such as black carbon, hydrofluorocarbons, and methane. A limited fund of $15 million fund was set up to support the group's efforts, but heavy emitters like China and India did not sign up.
Monitoring and enforcing emissions curbs: Monitoring patchy but improving, enforcement nonexistent
Transparency in emissions cuts has become a relatively new focus of the climate change regime. The Bali Action Plan adopted new monitoring parameters that required both developed and developing countries to commit to mitigation actions that could be measured, reported, and verified (MRV). Strengthened somewhat at Copenhagen, this agenda was furthered in Cancun, where the final document called for "international assessment of emissions and removals related to quantified economy-wide emission reductions targets" for developed countries in a transparent manner. However, this language on enforcement has yet to be matched by a plan of implementation, likely making it a contentious issue for future international climate agreements. The 2011 Durban Platform may have created additional confusion regarding the enforcement of climate accords. Particularly ambiguous was its call for a new agreement with "legal force" to replace the Kyoto Protocol rather than one that is expressly "legally binding."
Under the current UNFCCC framework, developed countries report their emissions annually and developing countries are supposed to report theirs every six years. Emissions inventories in developed countries are generally agreed to be strong, and are accepted as the basis for international emissions trading (in which errors in emissions accounting would result in large financial transfers). Reporting from developing countries is widely considered to be much weaker, and the six-year reporting requirement is often violated. The exceptions are CDM projects, which are carefully monitored to determine whether promised emissions reductions are actually being achieved; here, monitoring is widely agreed to be strong. In an effort to improve monitoring, in 2009 the UNFCCC produced a new pledge and review process. This process tasks countries to publish emissions reductions goals in line with their national capabilities and then submit to international monitoring under the Copenhagen Accord.
The barriers to improving emissions monitoring in developing countries are threefold. First, many such countries lack the domestic capacity to monitor their own emissions, which makes international monitoring even more difficult. Existing emissions estimates are generally extrapolations based on energy use, and even large developing countries such as China and India, for example, do not know their total emissions output. This uncertainty is exacerbated in countries with significant emissions from deforestation because the technical means to precisely measure such emissions do not yet exist. Second, even if developing countries are able to monitor their emissions, many are wary that reporting emissions would open them to pressure to cap those emissions—something they have strongly resisted. Third, countries such as China publically state that concessions for an internationally verifiable monitoring system are a direct infringement on their national sovereignty. Despite these barriers, an agreement that focuses on emissions monitoring might be easier to implement than an arrangement based on binding emissions reductions.
Enforcement, meanwhile, is essentially nonexistent. Countries that fail to meet their Kyoto targets are legally required to subtract that shortfall (plus a 30 percent penalty) from their total allowed emissions in the next phase of the protocol. In practice, though, this is meaningless, given that future allowed emissions have not yet been negotiated. If the Kyoto Protocol penalty rules are observed—something still in question—countries could simply negotiate new caps that are inflated by an amount that offsets the penalty or just formally withdraw from the accord as Canada did in 2011.
Financing emissions cuts: Needs concrete options
Channeling funds to curb emissions and adapt to global warming is one of the thorniest challenges in the fight against climate change. The Green Climate Fund, set forth in Cancun to be a centralized hub for climate financing, only recently agreed in October 2011 on a draft plan for dispersing funds. While the COP-17 made progress in clarifying the governance structure of the Green Climate Fund, only $50 million was promised as seed funding. And, despite Annex I countries having shown significant leadership COP-16 to the UN climate convention by committing to facilitate private funding and provide $100 billion annually in multilateral assistance by 2020 and reconfirmed their commitment to do so at COP-18. Despite this recommitment, however, no framework was agreed upon for financing in the final outcome document. Furthermore, some critics argue that the $100 billion assistance funding should be a base figure, as it falls short of what developing countries require, which is projected to increase [PDF] to $300 billion per year by 2020.
Total commitments for reaching the $30 billion in short-term funds pledged for 2012 have nearly reached the target amount, but reports indicate that little of this represents money outside of previously existing aid packages [PDF]. In February 2010, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon established the High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing to explore means of accomplishing Copenhagen funding pledges. The group's final report was released in November 2010 and calls for taxes on emissions, trading, and international travel. While tangible policy responses concerning the report have been mostly lackluster in the United States, the EU has instituted a controversial emissions tax on airlines flying in and out of its EU territory, which entered into force in January 2012.
Recently, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that achieving climate goals by 2020 would require an investment of roughly $5 trillion. The situation becomes particularly vexing when the transfer of money from industrialized countries to developing countries comes into play. At the September 2009 G20 meeting in Pittsburgh, leaders proposed significant increases in funding to poor countries, but differences in how to achieve this goal led to a weak statement [PDF] that merely recognized the need for climate change financing (for which there was no follow-through at the Toronto G20 summit in June 2010). More recent pledges made at the UN climate conference in Cancun are short of the aspirations of some world leaders and lack details regarding their source and disbursement.
Currently, some [PDF] climate change financing comes by way of official development assistance (ODA). Several multilateral funds have been established under the UNFCCC, the World Bank, and the GEF to provide grants and loans targeting specific aspects of climate change, ranging from adaptation to development of clean technology. However, by and large these funds are voluntary and have limited differences.
Many experts have pointed to private investments as a way forward. Private investment has been critical in industrialized countries but much harder to come by in developing countries. The clean development mechanism (CDM), initially set up by the Kyoto Protocol, has been applauded for injecting private-sector funding for clean energy projects into developing countries and helping industrialized countries meet their emissions-cutting targets. However, the CDM has brought little benefit to areas most in need of clean energy, notably sub-Saharan Africa.
Some economists and policymakers have proposed innovative solutions to the financing deficit such as a Tobin tax on financial transactions or a carbon tax on air transportation (the EU instituted the latter in 2012). The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has reported [PDF] that if all industrialized countries used carbon taxes or auctioned emissions-trading permits to reduce their emissions by 20 percent in 2020 relative to 1990 levels, fiscal revenues could reach 2.5 percent of GDP by 2020.
Utilizing carbon sinks: Achievements in deforestation
Approximately one-fifth of global emissions come from land use, including deforestation. Mitigating the effects of climate change will require looking at a broad set of alternatives, including leveraging tools inherent to our natural ecosystem. Forests provide natural carbon sinks that help mitigate the effects of carbon dioxide emissions. There are currently few initiatives that compensate countries that promote this natural process. Through the CDM, the UNFCCC regime provides carbon credits for afforestation and reforestation projects. Although this is a positive step, critically missing are incentives for forest conservation activities that would help reduce emissions from existing carbon stocks.
In an effort to bridge this gap, numerous [PDF] bilateral and multilateral arrangements outside the UNFCCC framework have been created to provide assistance to developing countries in harnessing their carbon sinks. Negotiations at the fifteenth meeting of states party to the UN climate convention, for instance, secured a pledge for $3.5 billion to combat deforestation in developing countries, which complements an existing UN-REDD program funded by Norway, Denmark, and Spain. Additionally, the World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility provides better forestry management and conservation. At the national level, some governments have established funds, such as Brazil's Amazon Fund, and Burkina Faso's cash bonus tree-planting program, which leverage private donations and government resources to provide incentives for the preservation of forests.
Additionally, there has been some attention on promoting oceans as a natural carbon sink. However, scientific skepticism on the ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide emissions remains.
Promoting low-carbon development: Needs coherence, financial support, and developing-country buy-in
Low-carbon development must be at the heart of any successful climate change mitigation effort. Yet it faces two distinct challenges. The world is not particularly good at development assistance beyond climate change, and it has no large-scale experience with low-carbon development.
The Kyoto Protocol focused on promoting low-carbon development through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Although the CDM has undoubtedly resulted in some low-carbon investment that would not have otherwise occurred, it has not prompted fundamental shifts in development patterns. Alongside it, traditional development organizations have begun to invest in low-carbon development. The World Bank, for example, has ramped up climate-related spending, and the UNEP has set climate change as a priority in its capacity-building efforts. These efforts are constrained, however, by funding that is not commensurate with the scale of the challenge, as well as by deeper challenges in the development aid model. These international institutions are also not well coordinated, with occasionally weak mechanisms that can fail to complement each other.
Another important path to low-carbon development is new technology, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), which focuses on securing and storing carbon dioxide emissions before they are released into the atmosphere. Although this technology is still in its early stages, successful pilot projects offer hope of developing and implementing it for large-scale projects. Some countries are committed to implementing variations of it, and both bilateral and multilateral cooperation is under way. This cooperation is particularly important because implementing CCS on a large scale can be expensive and offers few obvious economic benefits. One of the major multilateral efforts in this area is the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), which supports joint efforts to develop cost-effective carbon sequestration technology. At the bilateral level, the EU-China Partnership on Climate Change helps to develop Near-Zero Emissions Coal (NZEC) plants in China using CCS technology. The United States and China have also recently agreed to develop joint projects using CCS technology. Additionally, an international initiative, Futuregen, led by the U.S. Department of Energy, harnesses public and private-sector funds and expertise to help build near-zero emissions plants around the world.
Renewable and nuclear energy will be critical in diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and developing low-carbon communities. Expectations for nuclear power as an alternative source of energy are especially high among big emitters such as India, China, and the United States, as well as in a number of developing countries that lack the necessary infrastructure to meet their growing energy needs. Since the nuclear incident in the wake of Japan's March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, some of the support for nuclear power has declined. Currently, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) assists countries in determining whether nuclear energy is a feasible option. When nuclear energy is optimal, the agency assists with energy planning and developing relevant infrastructure, such as drafting nuclear legislation and establishing independent and effective safety regulators. However, given its limited resources, the IAEA will find it increasingly difficult to meet the growing demands for its services as more developing countries seek help in establishing nuclear facilities.
There has also been significant international action on renewable energy. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), founded in January 2009, is the first international forum for specifically promoting the use of renewable energy. The UNEP has launched several initiatives, including the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP), to support the deployment of biomass and biofuels, and the Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA), which seeks to make renewable energy data widely available. Despite these promising international efforts, only about 25 percent [PDF] of the world's energy is produced through renewable and alternative sources (including hydroelectric, biomass, and nuclear). However, investment in these areas continues to increase [PDF] (rising seventeen percent to a total of $257 billion in 2011) and more and more countries are setting policy targets for using renewable energy.
Another dimension of the solution is often ignored but is likely, in the long term, to be the most prominent: domestic policy reform in developing countries that encourages low-carbon investment. This might include steps like energy market reform or reduction of tariff barriers to low-carbon technology transfer. International institutions have begun to promote domestic policy shifts through measures like technical assistance provided by organizations like the UNEP and UNDP, discussions [PDF] on tariff reductions for environmentally friendly technologies through the WTO, and processes aimed at phasing out fossil fuel subsidies spurred through the G20. Some existing institutions, though, may incidentally work against positive developments in this area. The Kyoto Protocol's CDM, for example, may discourage countries from making climate-friendly policy changes by rewarding countries only for activities that go beyond existing national policy. Complicating matters, efforts to promote policy shifts and efforts aimed at providing assistance with clean development are rarely coordinated with each other.
Adapting to climate change: Addressed weakly and incidentally
Adapting to climate change is currently being addressed incidentally through traditional development aid. Organizations like the World Bank and USAID are working to "climate-proof" their investments. Moreover, most traditional development aid (often aimed at areas like health and agriculture) will help countries become more resilient in a changing climate. Yet the perennial shortfalls in development assistance—both financially and in having the desired policy impact—mean that adaptation assistance invariably falls short as well.
There have been targeted efforts to address adaptation in particular. The Kyoto Protocol's Adaptation Fund, supported by a small tax on CDM credit sales, currently yields funds that are supposed to be spent on adaptation. The fund, however, is severely underfinanced and hobbled by its own bureaucratic governance. The GEF also administers several funds that target adaptation efforts. The Least Developed Countries Climate Fund (LDCF) and the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) aim to address long-term efforts for the most vulnerable developing countries. Additionally, the World Bank Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) works to integrate adaptation measures into development aid. National Adaptation Programs of Action under PPCR are underway in eighteen countries in the Caribbean, the Pacific, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. While the World Bank facilitates this and other Climate Investment Funds, it has also provided loans for coal power plants and other projects not friendly to the climate change agenda. Most of these efforts are not distinguishable from other development support, however, making it difficult for a separate adaptation fund to make a big difference in any case.
The sixteenth Conference of Parties in Cancun developed a Cancun Adapation Framework (CAF) to raise the prominence of adaptation measures in the UNFCCC's efforts. The CAF also represented the first formal agreement to establish guidelines concerning capacity building in communities vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Adaptation financing, even after the COP-17 in Durban remains an ad hoc enterprise.
Adaptation efforts are also hurt by the failure of the international community to generate precise predictions on the effects of climate change. The IPCC focuses on long-term projections and on regional or global analyses. Organizations like the UNDP help countries use broader projections in national adaptation planning, and national governments sometimes assist others in such efforts. Whether having governments and international institutions handle these projections offers any benefits is, however, still unclear.
U.S. Climate Change Policy Issues
The United States and the international community face a host of challenges on the domestic and international fronts in the attempt to build a more robust international climate regime. At home, progress has come to a virtual standstill after the failure of national cap-and-trade legislation. Abroad, the ultimate fate of the Kyoto Protocol looms large. The United States will need to decide whether to rely on state-by-state targets, participate in minilateral forums, or engage in multilateral negotiations for reducing emissions, among other questions. It must also decide whether it intends to pursue a legally binding climate agreement. Other policy issues straddle the domestic-international divide.
Should the international community pursue a legally binding treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol?
Yes: Proponents of legally binding commitments, like the Kyoto Protocol, argue that they are the only way to guarantee that countries will cut their emissions. Proponents also argue that by ensuring that others meet their obligations, legally binding commitments help promote stronger action by all parties. Moreover, they note that in some cases, legal commitments are needed to serve as the basis for schemes involving large financial flows, such as carbon trading. They also point to the heritage of the Kyoto Protocol, which included legally binding commitments for developed countries, and argue that it would be a step backward to take a different route in the future.
Moreover, withdrawing from efforts toward a binding accord would likely signal a retreat from the Durban Platform agreed to by 194 state parties in December 2011. Specifically, the COP-17 outcome document calls on states to develop a successor to the Kyoto Protocol with "legal force" by 2020.
No: On the other hand, detractors of the Kyoto Protocol claim the emissions reduction model inherent to the accord is not tenable, and the outcome of the COP-17 meeting in Durban may prove the international community is trying to move away from using legally binding emissions targets. Objections to including legally binding commitments at the center of an international climate deal take at least four forms. Some argue that enforcing climate commitments is extremely difficult and that, as a result, the legal nature of commitments may not be meaningful. Thus, they counsel against investing the extra effort normally required to devise a legally binding arrangement. Others argue that because climate commitments may turn out to be difficult or impossible, they should not be made legally binding, thus avoiding the risk of noncompliance. A frequent counterpart to this argument is the claim that because countries are concerned about noncompliance, they will tend to focus on making weak commitments in the first place; freeing them from concerns about being legally bound might also free them to do more.
While some accept the prospect of legally binding commitments for Annex-I countries like the United States in principle, they argue that all major economies or all countries should make similar commitments. If those same analysts also believe that major developing countries will not make legally binding commitments—a widely shared view—then they conclude that major greenhouse gas emitters like the United States should not make such commitments either. Canada's December 2011 decision to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol reflects this line of thinking.
Should the United States focus its resources on minilateral forums rather than the UN climate framework?
Yes: Some say that progress on global climate change requires a joint strategy among the small number of actors responsible for the lion's share of the world's carbon dioxide emissions, including China (25.3 percent), the United States (17.8 percent), the European Union (14.2 percent), and a handful of other developed and emerging economies. The United States and other major economies have already begun to turn to smaller, less formal frameworks, including the Group of Twenty (G20), the Major Economies Forum (MEF), and the Climate Change Forum—which some analysts point to as alternatives to the United Nations.
These arenas allow large emitters to confront tricky issues and hammer out viable strategies without having to engage all 193 members of the United Nations. If the United States focuses its attention on minilateral forums with important players, it may achieve meaningful emissions control targets, as well as financial commitments for mitigation and technological development. Moreover, the United States can use the MEF and similar minilateral forums to complement the UNFCC process by negotiating realistic multilateral agreements that can subsequently be legitimated at the UN level.
No: Others argue that the breadth of its membership and depth of its history makes the UN climate framework the bedrock of the international climate regime. Climate change is a global threat that requires input from the world's most vulnerable nations—not just the world's largest emitters. Experience suggests that major emitting nations may use minilateral forums not to drive concrete action but to avoid binding emissions reductions and other sacrifices to address climate change. By focusing on minilateral forums, the United States diverts its limited resources from the UN climate negotiations, which are the most legitimate basis for global action. Any climate negotiations that exclude the majority of the world's countries would be difficult to implement and inherently flawed. Still, others note that focusing on the minilateral versus broader UN forums may obscure focus on adequate levels of political will to address climate change.
Should the United States focus on state-by-state targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions?
Yes: Proponents of this idea note that climate change action at the federal level is no longer a politically feasible goal within the United States. Efforts to enact cap-and-trade systems in the United States, such as the McCain-Lieberman and Lieberman-Warner legislation, have failed. The House ultimately passed the Waxman-Markey bill in June 2009, which would have capped greenhouse emissions at 17 percent of 2005 levels and provided increased investment for clean energy technology, but the U.S. Senate failed to agree on a matching cap-and-trade bill. Furthermore, even relatively minor climate change mitigation regulations have faced bipartisan resistance, with issues like cap-and-trade and a carbon tax basically disappearing from political debate. In October 2011, the House passed a measure through a bipartisan voice vote, which would order U.S. airliners to not pay fees associated with a new EU emissions tax on air travel scheduled to take effect in January 2012.
The nine-state Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) also provide evidence that the fifty states are capable of crafting their own climate change plans moulded to the particularities of their geography, resources, and region. The WCI, launched in 2007 by six U.S. states and four Canadian provinces along the western rim of North America, illustrates an effort to tackle climate change at the regional level. According to its design, the WCI forms working committees, which recommend policies aimed at collectively reducing greenhouse gas emissions among member states and provinces. Relying on a cap-and-trade system, WCI members aim to reduce regional greenhouse gas emissions by 15 percent from 2005 levels by 2020.
No: Opponents argue that the rest of the world is looking to the United States to act on climate change, and that pursuing national level reform—even if during the global financial crisis—could give the United States credibility and leverage in this area. Since the failure of cap-and-trade, no significant climate change legislation has passed the House or Senate, calling U.S. global leadership in this area into question. Many climate change analysts also point to criticism regarding the inaction of the United States during the COP-17 as evidence that the climate change issue may be negatively affecting perceptions of U.S. global leadership. Furthermore, some would also suggest that the December 2011 decision by Canada to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol has placed the entire global climate change regime in jeopardy.
Opponents of a state-by-state strategy also point to New Jersey's decision in 2011 to unilaterally pull out of the RGGI and Arizona's move in 2010 to leave the Western Climate Initiative as evidence that a state-by-state approach to reducing emissions in the United States is too risky of a strategy to rely on. In short, a top-down approach, rather than bottom-up alternatives, is likely to be more effective, and more enforceable.
Finally, those calling for a national level reprioritization of the issue of climate change in the United States point to the recent passage of carbon tax legislation in another Annex 1 country, Australia, as evidence to support their position.
Should international carbon trading be a central part of U.S. climate change strategy?
Yes: Proponents of using international carbon trading argue that it lowers [PDF] compliance costs for U.S. companies by allowing them to buy cheap emissions-reduction credits from abroad in lieu of cutting their own emissions. In addition, trading based on either project-based offsets or broader schemes with relatively high baselines could also channel large amounts of money to developing countries. Many believe that such transfers are the only way to induce deep cuts in developing countries' emissions. Some also make a political argument for trading: integrating countries' emissions-cutting programs into a global market would make it more difficult for any country to back away from its obligations.
Supporters of international carbon trading differ on the forms of trading they support. Some support all options—project-based offsets, program-based offsets, sectoral trading, and economy-wide trading. Others support only certain variations, most commonly ones with wider scope such as sectoral or economy-wide options.
No: Opponents of international carbon trading make a variety of arguments. Some object to any efforts to transfer significant sums of money to developing countries, and hence oppose carbon trading. Others support such efforts but argue that they could often be done more effectively through large public funds rather than through carbon markets.
Some support carbon trading in principle, but object on the basis that many such systems are unworkable in practice. They point to the experience of the CDM, a part of the Kyoto Protocol that allows developed countries to pay for emissions-cutting projects in developing countries in lieu of reducing their emissions. The CDM has been widely criticized as inefficient and as including many projects that would have occurred anyhow. Some who criticize it believe that its problems can be fixed by moving to other schemes for carbon trading; others disagree.
A final group opposes international carbon trading on ethical grounds, arguing that developed countries have a moral obligation to reduce their emissions and that avoiding that obligation by paying others is wrong.
Should the world agree to country-by-country targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions?
Yes: Agreeing on country-by-country targets has become the primary goal of recent climate change negotiations. Proponents of assigning greenhouse gas emissions targets to all countries maintain that they are needed to ensure that aggregate global emissions do not exceed dangerous thresholds. They take their cue from the Kyoto Protocol and its recent extension until 2017 or 2020, which focuses on a "targets and timetables" approach for developed countries. Some experts argue that it would be helpful to develop emissions-reduction goals for major emitters by setting short-term timetables and by targeting specific sectors. Limiting emissions intensity based on the production process instead of setting absolute targets could also prove beneficial. Beyond these points, many note that country-by-country targets are essential to enabling full-blown global carbon trading schemes (which could reduce the cost of cutting global emissions) and argue that it is only fair for all countries to adopt targets if some do so.
No: Following the failure of the Copenhagen Accord, as well as a lack of agreement on a new legally binding emisssions treaty at the COP-17, some argue that it may be impossible to garner international consensus on country-specific emissions cuts. Capacity and verification also remain issues in developing countries, making it difficult to implement policies that control ultimate emissions (such as cap-and-trade systems). Others support global emissions cuts—often strongly—but argue that adopting targets is not necessary to achieving that end. They contend that international discussions should be focused on suites of emissions-cutting policies and measures (policy inputs) rather than on emissions (policy outcomes).
Should trade sanctions be used to enforce climate change rules?
Yes: Climate change agreements are notoriously weak on enforcement. The Kyoto Protocol technically included penalties for noncompliance; in practice, though, those penalties have not been enforced. Some have turned to trade sanctions as an enforcement tool, arguing that border adjustment tariffs are the appropriate sanction for noncompliance. These would, ostensibly, impose costs on imports from countries with weak climate regulation equal to the costs those countries avoid through lax regulation.
Some also argue that implementing a cap-and-trade system in the United States would politically require border adjustment provisions to compensate for productivity losses stemming from rising energy costs. Domestic legislation taking this factor into account passed in the House, but failed to get through the Senate. It is yet to be seen, however, how to implement these provisions without violating rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Others argue such a system would be too weak to prompt appropriate behavior, and push for more punitive sanctions.
Proponents of using sanctions for enforcement are also split over whether such sanctions must be part of an international agreement or might be imposed unilaterally. Those in the first school argue that internationally approved sanctions are more credible as a threat and less likely to disrupt the broader global trading system. They also contend that unilateral sanctions would be too weak. Those in the latter camp doubt that appropriate sanctions could be built into an international agreement and think that sanctions are worth pursuing unilaterally.
No: Opponents of using sanctions argue that they are ineffective and that they could create problems for broader trade and climate efforts. They assert that border adjustment tariffs would target only a limited part of a country's economy (energy-intensive exports) and would impose a penalty smaller than the value of noncompliance.
Regardless of their efficacy, many object to unilateral sanctions on legal grounds. They argue that punitive sanctions would violate global trade rules. More controversially, some also argue that border adjustment tariffs, done unilaterally, would violate WTO rules. Either of these options, they contend, would not only cause harm to global trade, but also poison the political environment for international climate negotiations and cooperation. Most agree, though, that multilateral sanctions, if made part of an international climate agreement, could be designed to withstand WTO scrutiny.
December 2013: GCF opens in Korea
In December 2013, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) opened its headquarters in Songdo, South Korea. The GCF was originally established as a result of the C0P-16 negotiations in Cancun, Mexico. It is designed to manage annual commitments that will escalate to a combined $100 billion by 2020 for adaptation. Developed countries have pledged to provide this assistance to developing countries to help them adapt to the impacts of climate change and achieve their own emissions reduction targets. Though the opening of a physical headquarters was a welcome first step, it remained difficult to determine whether contributions to date by developed countries were genuinely "additional" allocations to this effort, or simply reapportionment of previously allocated financial resources.
November 2013: COP-19 in Warsaw
In November 2013, the nineteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change convened in Warsaw, Poland. Longstanding disagreements between industrialized and developing countries continued to obstruct efforts to reach consensus on international emissions reduction targets. Still, the establishment of the Warsaw Mechanism for Loss and Damage was a sign of progress. This mechanism may mobilize support for overcoming these disagreements between industrialized and developing countries by providing a substantive means for the former to render assistance to the latter for adaptation to the impacts of climate change. This momentum could prove critical to realizing the full potential of the 2014 COP in Lima, Peru and ultimately the 2015 COP in Paris, France.
September 2013: IPCCC publishes carbon budget
In September 2013, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a draft of its working group report that will ultimately be released as part of the IPCC 5th Assessment Report. The report articulated a target threshold of one million metric tons for the planet's human population in order to impede global warming in excess of 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit from a preindustrial baseline. If warming exceeds that temperature, the panel warned of perilous consequences across the entirety of the climate system. Remarkably, the IPCC estimates the remainder of this "carbon budget" will be completely expended by the year 2045. Indeed, the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration of the United States earlier the same year logged measurements that indicated atmospheric carbon dioxide had reached an average daily level in excess of 400 parts per million—a level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that is not believed to have been reached in the preceding three million years.
May 2013: Human causes of climate change
A survey has found that 97 percent of scientific studies on climate change conclude human activity, due to the consumption of fossil fuels, is causing global warming. The survey, published in Environmental Research Letters, examined the work of nearly 12,000 peer-reviewed research papers published over the last two decades. Of these, over 4,000 papers took a position on the causes of climate change, of which 0.7 percent disputed the consensus of anthropogenic-induced warming. A further 2.2 percent argued that the science is unclear one way or another. "Our findings prove that there is a strong scientific agreement about the cause of climate change," says survey director John Cook, "despite public perceptions to the contrary." Indeed, a public opinion survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in October 2012 reported that only 45 percent of Americans held the belief that "scientists agree Earth is getting warmer because of human activity."
April 2013: China to cut HCFCs
The Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol struck an agreement with the Chinese government on the elimination of the industrial production of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). In exchange for $385 million over a seventeen-year period, China committed to retiring all production capacity of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) by 2030. Beijing also agreed to retire any surplus capacity of HCFCs that is not currently in use. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of HCFCs. Since ratification of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, state parties have eliminated ninety-seven percent of ODS, and HCFCs represent one of the last remaining sources of ozone pollution that the Protocol aims to curb.
April 2013: California-Canadian initiative
On April 22, the State of California officially linked its cap-and-trade program with a similar scheme in Quebec province. Established in 2006 under a landmark global warming law (AB 32), California's program places a price on carbon emissions and allows companies to buy and sell carbon credits issued at state auctions. Under the merger, which formally begins on January 1, 2014, California businesses will be able to use Quebec's permits and California's permits will be valid in Quebec.
Options for Strengthening the Climate Change Regime
The multi-faceted threats posed by climate change demand policies that address both mitigation and adaptation. Operationally, this will require a variety of flexible partnerships among national, bilateral, and multilateral actors, and a combination of short-term and long-term strategies.
These recommendations reflect the views of Stewart M. Patrick, director of the program on international institutions and global governance.
- Adopt a 2020 vision toward the future
While the Durban Platform, approved by nearly two hundred countries in December 2011, may have provided a small window of breathing room concerning the development of a successor accord to the Kyoto Protocol, much work remains to be done. In moving towards a post–Kyoto agreement due to come into force in 2020, the international community should remain cognizant of certain trends that emerged during and immediately after the COP-17.
This, for one, includes acknowledging growing cracks among countries in the developing world regarding accepting binding emissions targets—an issue of critical concern to small island developing states in the Pacific and other areas. These fissures should be explored as much as possible to both create a global consensus regarding the creation of major greenhouse gas emissions targets and to isolate intransigent countries. Second, the global financial crisis cannot become a catch-all excuse to avoid meeting pledges for global climate change finance mechanisms like the Green Climate Fund. While the $50 million in seed money promised during the COP-17 is an excellent start, more—much more—is needed as the environmental effects of climate change become increasingly apparent around the world. Importantly, the narrative among developed economies must change because waiting to act will be substantially more costly than action now. Third, the international community must not let its existing accomplishments on climate change—such as the Kyoto Protocol itself—fall by the wayside as it struggles to develop new alternatives for a comprehensive climate change accord. Canada's December 2011 decision to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol should be interpreted as a crystal clear warning that the agreement is increasingly at risk of unraveling. As a result, countries such as the United States, China, and India need to place a fresh emphasis on their commitments to combat climate change, including providing clear, reasonable, and practical indications as to their expectations for a post-Kyoto accord. Even though the Durban Platform's call for a 2020 accord—which would apply both to developed and developing states—with "legal force" does not necessarily imply "legally binding," the time for big emitters like the United States to simply stay the course on climate change has expired.
- Reform, Refresh, and Renew the Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has come under fire on many fronts. Some have argued that too many nonadditional projects (those that would have reduced emissions even without the CDM) have been approved; others argue that the project approval process is too stringent. And others have argued that because it has no legal life beyond Kyoto, it will fail to bring about lasting results. These criticisms have on various occasions been right.
Scrapping the CDM entirely is not likely to be politically feasible, especially considering the COP-17 decision to extend the Kyoto Protocol for at least another five years. Reforming the CDM will thus be necessary to ensure that money is not wasted and that large volumes of offset credits remain available. The international community should reform CDM to focus on the least developed countries and on activities that are unquestionably additional. It should focus on sector-based trading for other countries. This could allow crediting for sectors that beat aggressive preset baselines, without penalizing them for exceeding those baselines. At the same time, the UNFCCC will need to work on streamlining the CDM approval process. Ideally, the CDM bureaucracy could be substantially reduced if CDM governance were shifted more to the countries providing funds.
The recent announcement of a year-long CDM reform consultation process as well as the decision during the COP-17 in Durban to formally include carbon capture storage projects under the CDM are significant first steps. However, both must be followed by firm policy action to keep the CDM relevant and economically sustainable.
- Force progress in U.S. domestic climate change policy
The failure to pass comprehensive U.S. climate legislation, with a sweeping carbon cap-and-trade at its base, is a significant setback to U.S. mitigation efforts. Cutting U.S. emissions remains an essential step toward a climate-change solution at home and abroad, providing not only an environmentally sound solution to the problem, but giving the United States leverage in international bargaining as well. The increasingly intractable position of the United States became more apparent during the COP-17 meeting in Durban. There, the United States faced nearly universal criticism for not showing the leadership necessary to address climate change.
While a cap-and-trade system remains ideal, deep cuts in U.S. emissions can be pursued in a variety of ways, including energy-efficiency regulations, subsidies for renewable energy, and tax incentives for low-carbon technologies. Effort to reach consensus on these solutions should be pursued in the short term, keeping in mind that a broad-based and economy-wide price on carbon is essential to driving the very deep emissions cuts that will be needed through 2050 and beyond at a reasonable economic cost.
Facing a divided Congress and significant pressure to reduce the federal deficit, President Obama seems to have limited options with regard to advancing an effective domestic climate change policy; nonetheless the picture is far from hopeless. One way for Obama to force progress is to issue more executive orders and administrative rulemakings to partially substitute for Congressional opposition to his climate and energy agenda. Working through the EPA and the Clean Air Act, he could enact tougher rules that would cut carbon pollution from power plants and mitigate the potential effects of the failure to enact a national cap-and-trade program. An agreement reached with the auto industry in July 2011 to double fuel standards to fifty-four miles per gallon by 2025 is also a step in the right direction, provided that its stipulations are enforced. Other significant measures the administration can take include government procurement of renewable energy and energy-efficient products and services, and reductions in subsidies for fossil fuel-related research and extraction. Perhaps one of the most significant steps President Obama can take towards realizing his climate change policy is to strike a deal with China to reduce global emissions of CO2. The two nations combined account for 40 percent of the world's carbon pollution, so a bilateral agreement could mollify Obama's opponents in Congress and encourage other nations to follow suit.
In the longer term, the United States and its international partners should consider the following steps:
- Build a credible institution or institutions for measuring, reporting, and verifying global emissions and emissions-cutting efforts
Countries will not make strong efforts to reduce emissions unless they are confident that others are playing their part. Nor will wealthier countries provide financial or technological assistance to poorer counterparts unless they are confident that the efforts they support will actually be implemented.
This demands robust institutional capacity to verify that countries are making the cuts and investing in the emissions-cutting actions that they claim to be. The precise approach to this could take multiple forms, with the task falling primarily to the international level at one extreme, and domestic institutions at the other. At a minimum, an international institution will need to aggregate national-level reporting; this might usefully happen under the aegis of the UNFCCC. Other lessons in monitoring and verification might be learned from experience with the WTO, IMF, and OECD.
- Reform Bretton Woods and UN institutions
Institutions that support global economic development have a large potential role in promoting low-carbon growth and adaptation to climate change. The World Bank, along with the regional development banks, has unique capacity to mobilize large amounts of capital for the sorts of investments that will be needed in low-carbon infrastructure. Several UN organizations, such as the United Nations Development Program and United Nations Environment Program, lack the ability to handle such large infrastructure projects but can play a major role in building relevant capacity in developing countries. All these organizations would benefit from both clear strategies for supporting climate action and increased related funding.
They might also, more controversially, consider promoting policy shifts through conditionality on their assistance. For example, the World Bank might condition assistance in increasing energy supply on efforts to moderate demand through subsidy reform. Such steps would be difficult politically but would not be unprecedented.
- Set up substantial international funds for low-carbon technology finance
International financial transfers in support of low-carbon development have occurred principally through carbon finance (i.e., offsets). Yet offsets are often an inefficient way of financially supporting low-carbon development. Many countries lack the capacity to administer robust offset systems yet could benefit from financial support for emissions-cutting activities. Offset schemes also often overpay, sometimes massively, for reductions; dedicated funds could remove that waste. Funds can also be targeted at eliminating specific problems that stand in the way of private financial flows, by offering tailored products like risk guarantees and concessional loans. Funds can also target opportunities that are difficult to quantify for the purposes of offsets, such as investments in public transportation and long-distance grid infrastructure, or avoided deforestation, where measuring emissions changes is difficult.
- Make climate change a regular Group of Twenty agenda item
Dealing with climate change will require high-level political leadership and deal-making of a sort that is difficult to achieve through formal negotiations with the 194 parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change by dedicated climate diplomats alone. Smaller gatherings that include heads of state and powerful cabinet ministers have the potential to unlock less rigid forms of cooperation and to find opportunities to trade across issue areas.
Such meetings also provide a regular spotlight that can help hold leaders accountable for past promises in the absence of strong formal compliance mechanisms. The Group of Twenty (G20) has effectively replaced the Group of Eight (G8) as the main multilateral consultative forum for economic decision-making. Climate issues will largely be transferred there, though in the short term the G20 will remain primarily focused on finance as it was during its most recent summit in November 2011. The United States and other big emitters should likewise continue regular meetings of the Major Economies Forum, as a minilateral negotiating framework parallel—and complementary—to the ongoing UNFCCC process.
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In Mud: Nature-Based Early Childhood Education
Get inspired to work with children in our natural environments through watching this recording from the April 2020 In Mud program. Join keynote speaker Colleen Million and faculty from the Teton Science Schools to learn about and hear reflections on gardening with children in the context of nature-based and Reggio Emilia-inspired teaching and learning.
Colleen Million’s Keynote: Children in our Mother’s Garden ~ Nurturing a child’s sense of belonging in the natural world
It is critically important that we connect children to the garden. Why, you may ask, the garden? It is because the garden is a unique intersection between the natural world and the human world. It is the place where we grow what we eat. The garden is a living place where elements of the wild complexity that is nature are available at a scale and in a manner that is personal and relatable to the child.
Colleen Million is a recently retired elementary school principal and school teacher of 21 years. As a principal she implemented a restorative approach to discipline, school-wide empathy practices and parent education classes on English language acquisition, health, food/nutrition/gardening, empathy, and restorative justice. As an elementary school teacher she was intentional about designing units of study for students in grades Kindergarten-6th grade that focused on developing healthy self-esteem (SEL)Whether students were out on Ellwood Mesa coastal bluffs exploring the natural habitat of the flora and fauna or back at the school site, tending the Monarch butterfly garden, feeding the worms, collecting eggs from their chickens, or harvesting crops in the garden, the ethic of care was intentionally woven into the instructional tapestry.
Upon registering for this recorded workshop, you will receive a confirmation email with the link to view the recording. Following viewing the recorded workshop, please complete the evaluation form (linked in the description of the video in Youtube). Within ~48 hours of completing the evaluation form, you will receive a certificate of completion by email.
This recorded workshop has been approved for 1.5 hours with WY STARS.
Price: $10 for access to the recording
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In the modern world, desk work has become an integral part of our daily lives. Whether you’re an office professional, a remote worker, or a student, you likely spend a significant portion of your day sitting at a desk, typing away on a keyboard, and using a computer mouse. While this sedentary lifestyle has its own set of health challenges, one specific issue that desk workers may face is Golfer’s Elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis.
Golfer’s Elbow is a condition that causes pain and inflammation on the inner side of the elbow, and it can be quite debilitating. While it’s commonly associated with golfers due to the repetitive swinging motion involved in the sport, it can affect anyone, including desk workers, who engage in repetitive arm and wrist movements. The good news is that you can take proactive steps to prevent Golfer’s Elbow or alleviate its symptoms if you’re already experiencing them. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore ergonomic strategies that desk workers can implement to avoid Golfer’s Elbow and maintain optimal arm health.
Understanding Golfer’s Elbow: Causes and Symptoms
Golfer’s Elbow, known medically as medial epicondylitis, is a painful condition that affects the tendons on the inside of the elbow. This condition shares similarities with its counterpart, Tennis Elbow (lateral epicondylitis), but affects the opposite side of the forearm. Here, we’ll delve into the causes and symptoms of Golfer’s Elbow.
Causes of Golfer’s Elbow
- Repetitive Movements
The primary cause of Golfer’s Elbow is the repetitive stress placed on the tendons that control wrist and finger flexion. Desk workers who frequently type, use a computer mouse, or engage in activities that involve gripping and lifting are at risk.
- Poor Ergonomics
Incorrect desk setup can contribute to Golfer’s Elbow. A workstation that doesn’t promote proper wrist and arm alignment can put excessive strain on the tendons.
- Overuse and Overexertion
Overusing the forearm muscles without adequate rest and recovery can lead to Golfer’s Elbow. This often occurs when desk workers push themselves too hard or fail to take regular breaks.
- Improper Technique
Using incorrect techniques while performing physical tasks, such as lifting heavy objects with a bent wrist, can increase the risk of developing Golfer’s Elbow.
Symptoms of Golfer’s Elbow
Golfer’s Elbow typically manifests with the following symptoms:
The most common symptom is pain on the inside of the elbow, which may radiate down the forearm.
Weakened grip strength can occur, making it difficult to grasp objects firmly.
The affected area may be tender to the touch.
Stiffness in the elbow and forearm can develop, particularly in the morning.
- Numbness and Tingling
Some individuals may experience numbness or tingling sensations in the fingers.
Now that we have a clear understanding of what Golfer’s Elbow is and what causes it, let’s explore ergonomic strategies that desk workers can implement to prevent this painful condition.
Ergonomic Strategies to Prevent Golfer’s Elbow
Preventing Golfer’s Elbow starts with optimizing your workspace and adopting healthy habits that reduce strain on your arms and wrists. Here are some ergonomic strategies to help desk workers avoid Golfer’s Elbow in Centennial:
1. Ergonomic Workstation Setup
a. Proper Desk and Chair Height: Ensure that your desk and chair are set at appropriate heights to maintain a 90-degree angle at your elbows and wrists. Your feet should be flat on the floor, and your monitor should be at eye level to prevent excessive bending of your neck.
b. Keyboard and Mouse Placement: Use an ergonomic keyboard and mouse that allow for a natural wrist position. Keep your keyboard and mouse close enough so that you don’t need to reach or extend your arms.
c. Wrist Support: Consider using wrist rests or ergonomic keyboards with built-in wrist support to maintain a neutral wrist position while typing or using the mouse.
d. Monitor Position: Position your monitor at eye level and directly in front of you to reduce the need for neck and head movement. Use a monitor stand or adjustable arm if necessary.
2. Frequent Breaks and Stretching
a. Microbreaks: Take short, frequent breaks throughout the day to rest your wrists and arms. Set reminders to stand up, stretch, and move around every 30 minutes.
b. Stretching Exercises: Perform regular wrist and forearm stretches to maintain flexibility and reduce tension in the tendons. Simple exercises like wrist flexor and extensor stretches can be effective.
c. Strengthening Exercises: Incorporate forearm strengthening exercises into your routine to build muscle support around the affected area. This can help prevent Golfer’s Elbow and aid in recovery if you’re already experiencing symptoms.
3. Proper Typing Technique
a. Typing Posture: Maintain a neutral wrist position while typing. Avoid excessive wrist extension or flexion, as this can strain the tendons.
b. Typing Technique: Type with a light touch, and use proper finger placement on the keyboard. Avoid pounding the keys forcefully, which can increase strain on the forearm muscles.
c. Ergonomic Keyboards: Consider using ergonomic keyboards that are designed to reduce wrist strain by promoting a more natural hand position.
4. Ergonomic Accessories
a. Ergonomic Chair: Invest in an ergonomic chair that provides proper lumbar support and adjustable armrests. This helps maintain a comfortable and healthy sitting posture.
b. Ergonomic Mouse and Mousepad: Use an ergonomic mouse that fits your hand comfortably. A mousepad with wrist support can also alleviate strain.
c. Adjustable Desk: If possible, opt for a sit-stand desk that allows you to switch between sitting and standing positions throughout the day. Standing periodically can reduce the strain on your wrists and elbows.
5. Monitor Your Symptoms
Pay attention to any early signs of discomfort or pain in your wrists and forearms. If you notice symptoms of Golfer’s Elbow, address them promptly by adjusting your workstation setup and incorporating preventive measures.
Stretching and Strengthening Exercises for Golfer’s Elbow Prevention
In addition to ergonomic strategies, incorporating specific stretching and strengthening exercises into your routine can be highly effective in preventing Golfer’s Elbow. These exercises help improve flexibility and build strength in the forearm muscles, reducing the risk of injury. Here are some exercises to consider:
- Stretching Exercises
Wrist Flexor Stretch: Extend your arm in front of you with your palm facing up. Use your opposite hand to gently pull back on your fingers until you feel a stretch in the forearm. Hold for 15-30 seconds and repeat on both arms.
- Wrist Extensor Stretch: Extend your arm in front of you with your palm facing down. Use your opposite hand to gently pull back on your fingers until you feel a stretch in the top of the forearm. Hold for 15-30 seconds and repeat on both arms.
- Forearm Pronation and Supination: Hold a small weight or a water bottle in your hand with your elbow bent at 90 degrees. Slowly rotate your forearm to move your palm from facing down to facing up and vice versa. Perform 10-15 repetitions on each arm.
- Strengthening Exercises
- Wrist Flexor Exercise: Hold a light dumbbell or a resistance band with your palm facing up. Rest your forearm on a flat surface and bend your wrist upward, then slowly lower it. Perform 2-3 sets of 10-15 repetitions on each arm.
- Wrist Extensor Exercise: Hold a light dumbbell or a resistance band with your palm facing down. Rest your forearm on a flat surface and bend your wrist upward against resistance, then slowly lower it. Perform 2-3 sets of 10-15 repetitions on each arm.
- Grip Strengthener: Use a grip strengthener or stress ball to work on strengthening your grip. Squeeze and release the ball repeatedly for 2-3 sets of 15-20 repetitions on each hand.
Remember to start with light resistance and gradually increase it as your strength improves. If you experience any pain during these exercises, stop immediately and consult a healthcare professional.
Chiropractic Adjustments for Golfer’s Elbow in Centennial
Chiropractic adjustments at Campbell Chiropractic, are a common treatment approach used to address various musculoskeletal conditions, including Golfer’s Elbow. While chiropractic care may be effective for some individuals, it’s essential to understand how these adjustments work and what you can expect if you decide to seek chiropractic treatment for Golfer’s Elbow.
How Chiropractic Adjustments Work
Chiropractors are healthcare professionals who specialize in diagnosing and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system, particularly the spine and joints. They employ a hands-on, manual approach to chiropractic care, with the primary goal of restoring proper alignment and function to the body’s joints and supporting structures.
Here’s how chiropractic adjustments work:
- Assessment: A chiropractor will begin by conducting a thorough evaluation of your condition. This may involve a physical examination, reviewing your medical history, and possibly ordering diagnostic imaging like X-rays.
- Identification of Misalignments: The chiropractor will identify any misalignments or subluxations in the spine or other affected joints. These misalignments are believed to interfere with the body’s natural ability to heal itself and can contribute to conditions like Golfer’s Elbow.
- Manual Adjustments: Using precise, controlled force, the chiropractor will apply a quick, gentle thrust to the affected joint to restore proper alignment. This is known as a chiropractic adjustment.
- Pain Reduction and Improved Function: The goal of the adjustment is to reduce pain, improve joint function, and enhance the body’s ability to heal naturally. By correcting misalignments, chiropractic adjustments aim to alleviate stress on the surrounding muscles, tendons, and nerves.
Chiropractic Adjustments for Golfer’s Elbow
Chiropractic care can be beneficial for some individuals with Golfer’s Elbow. Here’s how chiropractic adjustments may specifically address this condition:
1. Joint Mobilization
Chiropractors can perform joint mobilization techniques on the elbow and wrist joints affected by Golfer’s Elbow. These gentle movements help improve range of motion, reduce stiffness, and relieve tension in the affected area.
2. Soft Tissue Techniques
In addition to joint adjustments, chiropractors often use soft tissue techniques to address Golfer’s Elbow.
3. Postural Assessment
Chiropractors consider your overall posture when treating Golfer’s Elbow. Poor posture can contribute to the condition, so a chiropractor may provide guidance on improving your sitting and standing posture to reduce strain on the affected area.
4. Ergonomic Advice
Chiropractors often offer ergonomic advice tailored to your specific needs. They can recommend adjustments to your workstation setup and provide guidance on proper body mechanics to prevent further strain on the affected area.
5. Lifestyle Recommendations
Beyond in-office treatments, chiropractors may suggest lifestyle modifications, exercises, stretches, and dietary changes to support your overall health and well-being. These recommendations can complement chiropractic adjustments and Golfer’s Elbow management.
Chiropractic Care & Golfer’s Elbow in Centennial
In Centennial, finding relief from Golfer’s Elbow is made accessible and effective through the expert chiropractic care provided by Campbell Chiropractic. Our chiropractors specialize in personalized treatments for Golfer’s Elbow, employing a combination of targeted adjustments, soft tissue techniques, and ergonomic guidance to alleviate pain and enhance joint function. With a focus on individualized care and a multidisciplinary approach, Campbell Chiropractic is committed to helping our clients regain their quality of life. If you’re seeking professional chiropractic care for Golfer’s Elbow in Centennial, contact us at (720) 708-2275 to schedule your consultation and take the first step toward a pain-free, active lifestyle.
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ACT scores: Can they predict your success?
ACT scores are good at predicting how well students will do in college. They'd be even better if colleges stopped using the ACT scores for reading and science and focus on math and English scores alone, a study finds.
It’s that time of year when high school seniors are finding out their ACT scores, test results that could determine where they’ll be accepted into college.
It turns out ACT scores do a pretty good job of predicting how well students will do in school – if you ignore the test’s less relevant parts. Students would save a lot of heartache and schools would avoid a lot of recruitment costs if they used the test scores more intelligently, according to a study released in June.
The trick: Pay attention to the math and English scores and disregard the science and reading sections.
By obscuring the predictive validity of the ACT’s math and English scores, “the Reading and Science tests cause students to be inefficiently matched to schools – admitted to schools that may be too demanding – or too easy – for their levels of ability,” write authors Eric Bettinger and Brent Evans at Stanford University and Devin Pope at the University of Chicago.
For example: If student A gets scores of 26 on reading and science and 22 for math and English, their composite ACT score would be 24, the same as student B who got scores of 22 on reading and science and 26 on math and English. But student A is 59 percent more likely to drop out in the first year of college – and 43 percent more likely in the third year – than student B is.
The effects are large enough to be economically important, the authors find.
Using the ACT math and English scores rather than the composite result to determine college eligibility would help students avoid having to drop out or transfer. Under one scenario, up to 55 percent of students admitted to Ohio schools would move to a more selective or less selective school, according to the study.
For the most selective schools, using the math and science ACT scores would reduce dropout rates by up to 5 to 7 percent, the study finds.
“There are many ways to improve the higher education system, but it often seems that complex problems (such as low college retention rates) require complex solutions,” the authors conclude. “A better understanding of how the ACT predicts future performance could lead to easily implementable, low-cost solutions that can yield potentially large benefits.”
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War Production Board
The War Production Board (WPB) was an agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established it in January, 1942, with Executive Order 9024. The WPB replaced the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board and the Office of Production Management.
|Dissolved||November 3, 1945|
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The WPB directed conversion of industries from peacetime work to war needs, allocated scarce materials, established priorities in the distribution of materials and services, and prohibited nonessential production. It rationed such commodities as gasoline, heating oil, metals, rubber, paper and plastics. It was dissolved shortly after the defeat of Japan in 1945, and was replaced by the Civilian Production Administration in late 1945.
In 1942-45, WPB supervised the production of $183 billion worth of weapons and supplies, about 40% of the world output of munitions. Britain, the USSR and other allies produced an additional 30%, while the Axis produced only 30%. One fourth of the US output was warplanes; one fourth was warships. Meanwhile, the civilian standard of living was about level.
The national WPB constituted the chair, the Secretaries of War, Navy, and Agriculture, the lieutenant general in charge of War Department procurement, the director of the Office of Price Administration, the Federal Loan Administrator, the chair of the Board of Economic Warfare, and the special assistant to the President for the defense aid program. The WPB had advisory, policy-making, and progress-reporting divisions.
The WPB managed twelve regional offices, and operated one hundred twenty field offices throughout the nation. They worked alongside state war production boards, which maintained records on state war production facilities and also helped state businesses obtain war contracts and loans.
The national WPB's primary task was converting civilian industry to war production. The WPB assigned priorities and allocated scarce materials such as steel, aluminum, and rubber, prohibited nonessential industrial production such as nylons and refrigerators, controlled wages and prices, and mobilized the people through patriotic propaganda such as "give your scrap metal and help Oklahoma boys save our way of life." It initiated events such as scrap metal drives, which were carried out locally to great success. For example, a national scrap metal drive in October 1942 resulted in an average of almost eighty-two pounds of scrap per American.
WPB order M-9-C related to the conservation of copper, and in May 1942 The Film Daily reported that this would apply to the production of new motion picture sound and projection equipment, but not to the delivery of items already produced.
The WPB and the nation's factories effected a great turnaround. Military aircraft production, which totaled 6,000 in 1940, jumped to 85,000 in 1943. Factories that made silk ribbons now produced parachutes, automobile factories built tanks, typewriter companies converted to machine guns, undergarment manufacturers sewed mosquito netting, and a roller coaster manufacturer converted to the production of bomber repair platforms. The WPB ensured that each factory received the materials it needed to produce the most war goods in the shortest time.
Without American production the Allies could never have won the war.
From 1942 to 1945 the WPB directed a total production of $185 billion worth of armaments and supplies. At war's end, most production restrictions were quickly lifted, and the WPB was abolished on November 3, 1945, with its remaining functions transferred to the Civilian Production Administration.
- William Beverly Murphy, president and CEO of Campbell Soup Company
- Charles E. Wilson, President of General Electric
- T. S. Fitch, President and CEO of Washington Steel Corporation
- Faustin Johnson Solon, a chairman of the War Production Board, representing Owens-Illinois Glass Company
- Irving Brown, representing the American Federation of Labor
Civilian Production AdministrationEdit
Executive Order 9638 created the Civilian Production Administration and terminated the War Production Board on October 4, 1945. The Civilian Production Board was consolidated with other agencies to form the Office of Temporary Controls—an agency in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President. The latter had previously been established pursuant to the Reorganization Act of 1939. The Executive Order provided a Temporary Controls Administrator, appointed by the President, to head the Office of Temporary Controls and vested in him, among other things, the functions of the Price Administrator.
- Board of Economic Warfare
- Combined Food Board, with Britain and Canada
- Combined Munitions Assignments Board, the most important board
- Combined Production and Resources Board
- Combined Raw Materials Board
- National War Labor Board
- War Manpower Commission
- Office of Price Administration
- Office of War Mobilization
- Executive Order 9024 - Establishing the War Production Board (January 16, 1942)
- Herman 2012, pp. 164-165.
- Herman 2012, pp. 164-165, 193-194, 197-199.
- Butler, Pierce, ed. (1945). "War and the book trade". Books and libraries in wartime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 88–104. OCLC 1349001.
- Industrial Mobilization for War: History of the War Production Board and Predecessor Agencies: 1940-1945. United States Bureau of Demobilization, Civilian Production Administration. 1947. pp. 961–962.
- Herman 2012, pp. 80, 164-165, 194-199.
- War Production Board
- "No More Copper for New Motion Picture Equipment". The Film Daily. New York. 19 May 1942. pp. 1, 6. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- One War Won, TIME, December 13, 1943
- Fowler, Glen (11 February 1989). "Irving Brown, 77, U.S. Specialist On International Labor Movement". New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
- Executive Order 9638 - Creating the Civilian Production Administration and Terminating the War Production Board (October 4, 1945)
- Reorganization Act of 1939, Pub.L. 76–19, 53 Stat. 561, enacted April 3, 1939
- Executive Order 9809 - Providing for the Disposition of Certain War Agencies (December 12, 1946)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to War Production Board.|
- Studies in industrial price control by United States Office of Temporary Controls. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1947
- Problems in price control: legal phases by United States Office of Temporary Controls. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1947
- Problems in price control by United States Office of Temporary Controls. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1948
- The beginnings of OPA by United States Office of Temporary Controls. Office of Temporary Controls, Office of Price Administration, 1947
- Guaranteed wages by United States Office of Temporary Controls. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1947
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In the third year of the Clone Wars, a battle was fought on an unidentified planet between the Galactic Republic and the Confederacy of Independent Systems as part of the war's Outer Rim Sieges campaign. Jedi Aayla Secura, Voolvif Monn, and Agen Kolar had been fighting on this planet against a group of four LM-432 crab droids, who imprisoned the Jedi via bubble wort projectors. However, Jedi General Anakin Skywalker soon appeared, cutting through the force of droids with his lightsaber and freeing his commrades from their prisons with the Force.
In 20 BBY, the third year of the the Clone Wars, Jedi General Aayla Secura, Senior General Voolvif Monn, and High Jedi General Agen Kolar participated in a battle on an icy planet that was part of the Republic's Outer Rim Sieges campaign. In the midst of the battle, the Jedi fought against a group of four LM-432 crab droids. The crab droids used their blasters to combat the Jedi, who in turn used their lightsabers to deflect the blasts. One of the crab droids then fired its bubble wort projector at Kolar, ensnaring him. Two of the other droids followed suit, trapping Monn and Secura next. However, it was at this moment that Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker appeared, and destroyed one of the droids by cutting off its leg with his lightsaber. Skywalker then threw that leg into the second droid, destroying it as well. After that, Skywalker cut through the remaining two droids and used the Force to free his fellow Jedi, who cheered at the young Jedi's exploits.
Behind the scenesEdit
The battle of an icy planet appeared in the twenty-second chapter of the Star Wars: Clone Wars television series, which aired on March 22, 2005. It marked the first appearance of the LM-432 crab droids, which went on to appear in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. The droids' bubble weapon used in this battle was later identified as the "bubble wort projector" in the Databank entry. A ruined Lucrehulk-class Core Ship is also visible in the background. However, it is not known if it was damaged as a result of this particular battle.
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Marines, also known as a marine corps and naval infantry, are an infantry force that specializes in the support of naval and army operations on land and at sea, as well as the execution of their own operations. In the majority of countries, the marine force is part of the navy, but it can also be under the army like the Troupes de marine (French Marines) and Givati Brigade (Israeli Marines), or form an independent armed service branch like the United States Marine Corps and Royal Marines.
Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included providing protection from war while at sea, reflecting the pressed nature of the ships' company and the risk of mutiny. Other tasks would include boarding of vessels during combat or capture of prize ships and providing manpower for raiding ashore in support of the naval objectives.
With the industrialization of warfare in the 20th century the scale of landing operations increased; this brought with it an increased likelihood of opposition and a need for co-ordination of various military elements. Marine forces evolved to specialize in the skills and capabilities required for amphibious warfare.
Marine economy in the coastal city of Xiamen saw robust development in the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-20) ...Build a modern marine industrial system ... Xiamen will also explore ways to build a new cooperative mechanism for marine industry, to actively engage in international exchanges and cooperation in ocean field.
Air Force where he completed training and technical schools for jet aircraft mechanics and was responsible for maintaining B47 bombers ... He was well known for being a talented mechanic and earned master mechanic certification for both Evinrude and Mercury outboard motors as owner of CustomMarine, Inc.
Image. Leclanché ... 1. Choose the right battery cell ... 2 ... As a 110-year old battery manufacturer, Leclanché has strong experience in battery integration taking into account mechanical, thermal, electrical and safety constraints. All systems for marine, transportation or stationary applications go through an extensive testing and qualification process. 3 ... 4 ... 5.
The Martini 7.0 incorporates revolutionary marine stabilization techniques that allow the yacht to glide more smoothly through the ocean, avoiding the kinds of motion that typically cause passengers to become seasick ... "Growing up, I spent my summers on my grandfather’s boat, where I developed a deep appreciation for marine travel.
This time, they've halted any further dredging work with the subcontractor Mechanical and Marine Construction Corporation and launched an investigation into the matter ... "NYCEDC mandated Skanska launch an investigation into the incident and work performed by their subcontractor, Mechanical and Marine Construction Corp.
10/23/1937 – 11/07/2021 ... a short and sudden illness. Red was the first child born to Emma (Grand) and Robert Lopez, here in Santa Barbara on ... MarineCorps. He played in the Marine Corps marching band (clarinet) and was their instrument mechanic and maintenance person. Oncehome from the Marine Corps, he began his 40-year career with the U.S ... 93110.
More than 100,000Americans died from drug overdoses during the 12 months following the COVID-19 lockdowns, the most overdose deaths ever recorded in a one-year span, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention... 'Knew nothing about the drug' ... 1 ... Bank had planned to move to Florida to complete his studies and become a marine mechanic.
‘Ensuring that wealth is shared in a sustainable way’. Mr. Speaker,. HonourableLeader of the Opposition, ...Good morning ... Mr ... i ... Apart from the infrastructure on zones 6 and 20, and Eve Island, a project for an industrial marine park will start in 2022. This project will be of use for workshops and appropriate venues for marine engineers and auto-mechanics.
... major bays of the Bohai Sea, has effectively reversed the marine environmental pollution of the Laizhou Bay and given it a beautiful new look by improving a marine sanitation mechanism, under which it has designated personnel for cleaning waste on every beach and area of the bay.
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Toys That Encourage Creative Play
Plato said you can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation. The same can be said of the way young children learn.
What looks like a simple activity to an adult — stacking blocks and knocking them down or running cars around an imaginary track — is actually serious developmental work to a child. By choosing the right kinds of toys, parents can make the most of playtime.
But that’s easier said than done. Store shelves are lined with fancy electronics and brightly colored gadgets that promise to make your baby the next Einstein. It’s enough to make you slightly dizzy, if not downright confused.
Keep it simple
It turns out that the best toys for little ones are often the simplest. Toys that allow children to direct the play themselves — open-ended play — are not only more engaging for young children, they’re also important for development.
So what exactly are open-ended toys? “My definition is toys that foster children’s imagination, that have the potential to be different every time they play with them,” says Dr. Dimitri Christakis, professor of pediatrics at Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute and the University of Washington.
Dr. Christakis says that parents should trust their judgment when looking for toys that encourage open-ended play. “Parental instincts are good,” says Christakis. “The kinds of toys that children have played with for millennia are probably the best. There is a reason those toys have longevity.”
“The reason those toys are so good for play and learning is that they require a lot more thinking and creativity on the part of the child,” says Claire Lerner, director of parenting resources for the children’s advocacy group Zero to Three. “Other toys might teach cause and effect, but with open-ended play, ideally, they are using all their domains of development.” Puzzles, for example, work motor skills, problem-solving abilities and language skills as the child talks through the process with an adult.
What to look for
Simple blocks in all shapes and sizes are a perpetual hit with child development experts. “Kids will start by stacking them and build visual-spatial skills, and then they learn problem solving,” says Lerner. She adds, “It expands to using their imagination, and the blocks they’re stacking in year one become a house for the stuffed animals in year two, a garage for cars, a hospital for their dolls.”
Dr. Christakis agrees. He recently conducted a study that found that when children are playing with blocks they are strengthening their thinking and language skills. “Playing with blocks gives you an opportunity to reinforce language,” says Christakis. “The next time the child is doing it on their own, they are in fact practicing what they’ve learned, internally. They’re able to experiment in new ways.”
Because the ways in which children can play with blocks change as they grow, blocks make sense economically, too. Any parent who has tossed out a toy that their children grew bored with after a week can appreciate that. Of course, you don’t have to limit yourself to wooden blocks. Children can build (and stack and sort and count) with empty containers, large cardboard blocks or even pillows!
Toys that reflect the world around them can provide hours of fun for young children. Pretend food and kitchen tools can turn your living room into a restaurant, create a picnic for dolls or allow your child to “make dinner” alongside you. A child can talk on a toy phone to imaginary friends, or make change with a toy cash register. Costumes and dress-up clothes are another excellent choice.
“Anything that lends itself to imagination and creativity can lead to making up stories with a beginning, middle and end,” says Lerner. That encourages language development, teaches children to work with others and develops creativity at playtime.
Arts and crafts
According to Lerner, art lends itself to the development of a wide range of skills, and even very young children aren’t necessarily too young for art supplies. “There’s so much room for imagination,” she says.
The trick is to keep the materials age-appropriate. Let your child finger-paint with pudding or yogurt and use nontoxic clay dough for sculpting. “With clay they’re working the same muscles that will help them write one day,” says Lerner. Washable markers are also fine for toddlers, as long as you’re OK with the mess.
Parents can play, too
No matter what toys you choose, the best way to foster your children’s development is to be an active participant in their play. Help your children discover new ways to use and experiment with their toys. “Anything can be made more open-ended,” says Dr. Christakis. “The boundaries get blurred depending on how the child interacts with it.”
Jennifer Donahue is a freelance writer who lives in Kenmore. Her 9- and 6-year-old sons still play with their beloved wooden blocks, which were passed down by a neighbor.
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Politicians must be tougher to meet transport emissions targets
New research discovers that a focus on new technology is not enough to reach carbon reduction targets in the transport industry.
Transport accounts for 30 per cent of carbon dioxide emissions in the EU, with emissions rising 36 per cent between 1990 and 2007.
In order to drive decarbonisation policy and lower these numbers to meet reduction targets for carbon emissions, policy-makers are turning to new technologies in the transport industry, such as biofuel and improved aircraft design.
However, a new paper from researchers at Lund University in Sweden and the University of Surrey has revealed that, in order to cut damaging carbon emissions, politicians need to address deep-seated ‘transport taboos’ rather than simply focus on technological innovation.
The paper, Why sustainable transport policies will fail: EU climate policy in the light of transport taboos, has exposed a range of transport ‘norms’ – a growing appetite for frequent, long-distance travel, for example – that need to be addressed before real progress can be made. The problem is compounded by the discovery that policies which tackle these taboos are regarded as serious threats to political capital and are therefore ignored by those in power.
“Politicians continue to ignore evidence of what works in favour of optimistic headlines about technological innovation, driven by industry and lobbyists”, explained Dr Scott Cohen from the School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, who co-authored the paper. “Our research explores how these transport taboos are driving policies that are contradictory to carbon emission targets. For example, energy intensive air transport is the least taxed and most subsidised; in one year, Ryanair received subsidies of €800m while encouraging frequent, low-cost flight.”
The research also found that it is the most highly mobile and environmentally aware travellers who refuse to change their ways, with men in higher income groups the most frequent and long-distance flyers.
“The richest and most politically powerful contribute the most to global carbon emissions”, noted Dr Cohen. “Ironically, they are offered rewards for this behaviour with air miles, as well as earning prestige among peers who view international travel as a status symbol.
“There is a lot of exaggeration surrounding ‘wonder’ technologies that promise to reduce carbon levels while allowing privileged sections of society to continue to travel without limits. These optimistic claims are largely undebated in political circles, as they would force politicians to face some harsh truths.
“Rather than maintain the status quo, we need to start challenging these damaging norms.”
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What Exactly Is A “Sonic Boom”?
By Aerion Supersonic on Nov 26, 2019
4 min read
Here at Aerion, we’re focused on supersonic flight. We think that innovation in high-speed flight will bring people closer together by eliminating distance as a barrier to love, friendship, and shared experiences. But we recognize that innovation in mobility can’t come at the cost of our planet, that’s why one of the things that sets Aerion apart is our vision for sustainable supersonic flight. Transportation, especially high-speed transportation, can have a number of impacts on the environment, and we are fully committed to not only understanding those impacts, but mitigating them.
One of the more infamous environmental impacts of supersonic travel is the “sonic boom.” And, yes, some airplane nerds, like us, think hearing a sonic boom can be cool (and seeing them is even cooler). But if you’re in your home sleeping, trying to quiet your kids, or just enjoying a relaxing Sunday afternoon, we are fully aware that sonic booms are not so cool. For that reason, we are working diligently to equip our aircraft with technology that will enable it to avoid ever creating a sonic boom that reaches the ground – this is done by taking advantage of a phenomenon called “Mach cut-off”. But before we tell you more about that, let’s talk about what causes a sonic boom in the first place.
The Doppler effect is an everyday phenomenon you would probably recognize from hearing a police car or ambulance drive by, and it’s the reason why supersonic aircraft create a “sonic boom.” Basically, the sound of the siren changes as it approaches, and subsequently passes, you. As it approaches, you hear one sound, and then the frequency of the sound seems to change as it drives away (a car horn is another great example of this). That’s because your ear is hearing the sound waves from the siren, but those waves are influenced by the object emitting them, and the movement of that object. As the object approaches, the sound waves are closer together which provide a higher frequency noise or higher pitch sound. As the emitter moves away, the sound waves get farther apart as they are generated and result in a lower frequency noise or lower pitch sound. The image below illustrates the relative “bunching” and “separating” of the sound waves as the source (the red dot) moves in the direction indicated by the arrow (right to left).
A sonic boom is generated when an object moves faster than the speed of sound. It is an extreme version of the Doppler effect because now the object is moving so fast that, instead of the waves propagating in front of the object they are left behind as soon as they are emitted. This effect applies to generic pressure waves, not just sound waves, which is why a “silent” object like a bullet can still create a sonic boom. These waves will bunch up to form a “shock cone” (the area where the boom is heard, shown below), resulting in all the waves reaching the observer (that’s you or me) simultaneously. Instead of hearing the sound over time, it is as if all that sound is bottled up into one instant, resulting in a much louder sound.
The strength of the sonic boom and the corresponding sound that someone on the ground would hear are dependent on a number of factors, including the speed and shape of the airplane, the characteristics of the atmosphere, and how far away the listener is from the object. As we mentioned above, Aerion is taking advantage of those factors combined with natural temperature variations in the atmosphere to reflect the sonic boom away from the ground and change the shape of the shock cone. This technique, called Mach cut-off, is something we’ll explain in more detail in a future blog post, but we are studying it carefully because we believe that the only acceptable sonic boom is no boom at all.
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What are the Levels of High-Velocity Electrons in Near-Earth Space Right Now?
About the Image:
Appearance of Dangerous Levels of High Speed Electrons in the Magnetosphere
|The SAMPEX spacecraft has documented the association between high speed solar wind streams and the appearance several days later in the magnetosphere of large numbers of very energetic electrons. This particular sequence of data documented the build up of electrons during an event that occurred in January 1997. Courtesy of Dan Baker, LASP and NASA||High speed electrons appear deep in the magnetosphere several days after high velocity solar wind streams blow past the Earth. The exact reasons for this association are still not understood. These electrons are extremely dangerous to satellite operations because they have so much energy that they can bury themselves inside dielectric materials deep within the spacecraft. Dialectric materials are used to make coaxial cables, circuit boards and other electronic components in the spacecraft.|
|If the deeply-penetrating electrons build up, faster than charges are able to leak out of the material, the charge inside the dielectric can create potentials that exceed the breakdown potential for the material. When this happens, a discharge can result that is capable of damaging semiconductors and sensitive devices. Whether or not this happens depends both on the design of the particular spacecraft (some are more susceptible than others) and the total amount of high velocity (> 1 MeV = 1 million electron volts) electrons that have hit the spacecraft during the event. |
One widely-publicized example where deep-dielectric discharges were thought to have crippled two Canadian communications satellites occurred in January 1994 .
Last modified prior to September, 2000 by the Windows Team
The source of this material is Windows to the Universe, at http://windows2universe.org/ from the National Earth Science Teachers Association (NESTA). The Website was developed in part with the support of UCAR and NCAR, where it resided from 2000 - 2010. © 2010 National Earth Science Teachers Association. Windows to the Universe® is a registered trademark of NESTA. All Rights Reserved. Site policies and disclaimer.
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One of the great adventurers in the history of Irish art, Thomas Hickey was a popular and successful portrait artist, who practised portraiture in Ireland, the UK, Portugal, India and China, but never achieved significant acclaim in his native country during his lifetime.
He was born in Dublin, the son of a sweet-maker, and studied drawing and painting at the Dublin Society schools, where he gained numerous prizes in his early teens. His early works were largely portraits executed in chalk, but following a study trip to Italy in the early 1760s, he began exhibiting a range of oil paintings. Depressed by his failure to win patrons and develop his art in Dublin, he went to London and became a regular contributor to exhibitions of the Royal Academy. After a short spell in Bath, he embarked in 1780 on a ship to India which was then captured by the French - who were at war with Britain - and Hickey ended up in Lisbon searching for a boat to London. While waiting, portrait commissions flooded in, causing him to remain in Portugal for a couple of years.
In 1784 he finally made it to India, establishing himself in a fine quarter of Calcutta where he remained for 7 years. During this time he painted the portraits of many of the local English hierarchy, and wrote a book entitled 'The History of Painting and Sculpture'. After returning to England in 1791, he signed up as the official portraitist on Lord Macartney's expedition to China 1792-4, which he followed with a visit to Dublin before returning to India in 1798. During this second spell in the Orient, Hickey painted an outstanding series of chalk portraits of over 30 British Army officers and numerous Indian soldiers. A celebrated and witty conversationalist, he settled finally in Madras where he died at the age of 83.
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James Fenimore Cooper Society Website
©1999, James Fenimore Cooper Society and the College at Oneonta
[may be downloaded and reproduced for personal or instructional use, or by libraries]
Originally published in James Fenimore Cooper: His Country and His Art (No. 11), Papers from the 1997 Cooper Seminar (No. 11), The State University of New York College at Oneonta. Oneonta, New York. Hugh C. MacDougall, editor. (pp. 60-63)
Return to SUNY Seminars | Articles & Papers
In a 1995 essay that continues to be controversial among environmentalists, environmental historian William Cronon argued that "wilderness" is not a natural given but a human construct whose present meaning has a particular history. Furthermore, he asserted that tracing that history can help illuminate current environmental debate. The controversy arises from his suggestion that the concept of "wilderness" has tended to privilege certain natural environments over others, and to privilege certain experiences of nature over others, leaving American environmentalism at the end of the twentieth century committed philosophically to environments that have no place for human lives, except for a small minority of Americans who can afford to sojourn in large areas emptied of human inhabitants.
The source of this wilderness idea, Cronon suggests, is two-fold: the romantic sublime, imported largely from Europe, coupled with a more homegrown celebration of the American Frontier as a domain of individualism. Cronon's essay, "The Trouble with Wilderness, or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature," traces the wilderness idea in American culture back as far as Thoreau, particularly to Thoreau's account of his ascent of Mt. Katahdin in The Maine Woods. Attendees of this conference, however, are more likely to recognize an earlier origin of the American wilderness idea: James Fenimore Cooper's The Pioneers. Yet many here today might argue that while Cooper's The Pioneers might play a role in the valorization of wilderness into American literature, it cannot be said to be the source of the American wilderness idea. Rather, the actual American wilderness which provides the setting for The Pioneers should be recognized as the origin of the American wilderness idea. Professor Taylor, however, has suggested to us that the land James's father, William Cooper, came into possession of was not precisely the wilderness that either he or his son later represented it to be. I would like to take that observation further, and suggest that the wilderness of Natty Bumppo has its origins not in the actual land of pre-colonial America, but in the mind of the colonists, and not even in the colonial mind in general, but in the mind of a particular set of colonists, the Puritans of New England. Cooper's The Pioneers is a crucial text in American cultural history in that it served to transform the Puritans' Biblical notion of wilderness into the secularized yet nevertheless still sacred notion of wilderness that became increasingly important in American culture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
I hope to further suggest that some of the difficulties associated with the wilderness idea in environmental thinking today -- including the difficulties pointed to by Cronon's phrase "getting back to the wrong nature" -- can be better understood if Cooper's transformation of an essentially Puritan idea is recognized.
One recent study of the centrality of the Puritan heritage in American thinking about nature -- David Williams' Wilderness Lost: The Religious Origins of the American Mind -- declares that "the howling wilderness into which the New England saints were called was a wilderness of fact, of type, of the world, and of the mind. It was a dense and dangerous forest." This claim by a late twentieth century cultural historian is a direct restatement of William Bradford's assertion that the Plymouth colony of which he was the Governor had been settled in "a hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men." It is a claim accepted by other cultural historians as well, even those with quite different agendas, from Roderick Nash to Annette Kolodny, whose pioneering work of ecofeminism The Lay of the Land asks rhetorically how the more benign view of the natural world presented by other European colonists was to be reconciled with "the historical evidence of starvation, poor harvests, and inclement weather." Yet historians not of American culture but of the American forest have for quite some time been arriving at the opposite conclusion, that it is the more benign view of Thomas Morton, the irritating neighbor of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, that is historically accurate and that it is the wilderness "forest primeval" of the American imagination that is a fiction. Rather than a "howling wilderness," Morton described a land of intermixed fields and woods (we know this to be true even from the account of Bradford, who tells without apparent sense of contradiction that the Pilgrims chose for their settlement in the wilderness the cleared fields of the native inhabitants) where the forest floor, the subject of controlled burns by the Indians, was so clear of undergrowth that a carriage could easily be driven through it even in the absence of roads "rather as in an English park." Similar observations by other colonial writers suggest such practices were prevalent in pre-colonial American wherever significant Indian populations existed.
Neither the word "wilderness" nor any analogous idea appears in Morton's New English Canaan, though it dominates his neighbor Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation. Nor does it appear in any significant way in any non-Puritan account of the nature that the English colonists found in New England, though it occurs repeatedly in Puritan writings, from histories such as Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation or Edward Johnson's Wonder-Working Providence to sermons such as Samuel Danforth's "A Brief Recognition of New England's Errand into the Wilderness" to the poetry of Michael Wigglesworth and the captivity narrative of Mary Rowlandson. Turning back to the culture from which these colonists and explorers came reveals a similar divergence in the cultural history of England. While the word "wilderness" is insignificant in the poetry of the English Renaissance -- it occurs only seven times in all of Shakespeare (and never with the meaning considered here), contrasted with the over four hundred appearances of the word "nature," for instance -- it appears in both the opening sentence of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress and the opening stanza of Milton's Paradise Regained, with the same meaning (and with the same significance) that we find in Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation. Indeed, it might be said that the appearance of the Puritan spiritual notion of the world as a wilderness in which the individual finds his salvation marks the end of one period of British literature and the beginning of another.
And of course the word "wilderness" is central to The Pioneers. Yet some caution is probably in order in linking its importance here with the Puritans. The word is, after all, a part of the English language and not the sole property of the Puritans, however much they might have used it in their expression of their own sense of themselves and the world. Before suggesting that Cooper gets the word from the New England Puritans, who after all play virtually no part in The Pioneers, we might consider simply that Cooper gets the word, if not from common usage, then from his father, who titled his own account of the settling of the frontier A Guide in the Wilderness. William Cooper's use of the term shows little connection to the Puritans; rather, he uses it simply to signify the large tracts of forested land that have not yet been cleared for agricultural purposes. Nothing more than this is suggested by the word's first appearance in The Pioneers, when the reader is informed rather straightforwardly that "only forty years have passed since this territory was a wilderness." When the term is used by Judge Temple, as it is later in this opening chapter, it carries with no more meaning than this.
Yet when the word "wilderness" is used by Natty Bumppo, something more is suggested, and the link to the language of the Puritans is quite overt. When he first uses it, the link is as clear as it is surprising, considering what we come to learn of Natty Bumppo's attitudes. In encouraging Oliver to go with the Judge to have his wound looked to, Natty reminisces about his younger days, recalling that he once "travelled seventy miles alone in the howling wilderness with a rifle bullet in my thigh and then cut it out with my own jackknife." We are told later that Natty has no Bible in his hut, that indeed he can't read anyway, yet nevertheless his phrase here -- "the howling wilderness" -- is taken from the King James Bible, where in Deuteronomy 32:10, Jacob is found by God "in the waste howling wilderness." It is from this and similar passages that the Puritan immigrants to America conceived of their coming here as a journey into a wilderness. Just as Jacob becomes in the howling wilderness the apple of God's eye, so too will they find their salvation by turning from a corrupt and fallen society to the purifying experience of the wilderness.
And so too has Natty, for whom the wilderness is a spiritual place. "None know how often," he declares, "the hand of God is seen in the wilderness, but them that rove it for a man's life." At the novel's conclusion he sets out once again to find a place beyond the corruption of man. When he informs Oliver and Elizabeth of his craving to return to the woods once more, Elizabeth asks "Do you not call these endless forests woods?" "Ah! Child," Natty explains, "these be nothing to a man that's used to the wilderness. I have took but little comfort sin' your father came on with his settlers." "Your ways aren't my ways," he continues. "I love the woods and ye relish the face of man; I eat when hungry, and drink when adry; and ye keep stated hours and rules; nay, nay, you even overfeed the dogs, lad, from pure kindness; and hounds should be gaunty to run well. The meanest of God's creaters be made for some use, and I'm formed for the wilderness; if ye love me, let me go where my soul craves to be ag'in."
So current did the Puritans make the phrase "howling wilderness" that it no doubt comes to be used by many who are unaware of its origins. James Fenimore Cooper cannot be counted among these, however, as he elsewhere not only shows that he knows its origin but also knows its cultural significance. The New England Puritans draw scant mention in The Pioneers, but they are the central actors in a novel he wrote later in the decade, The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish. In this novel, Cooper places the words "howling wilderness" in the mouth of the novel's central figure, Mark Heathcote, expressly to identify him as a Puritan. In explaining, in his first speech in the novel, his determination to go once more into the wilderness of Connecticut after his original settlement has become corrupt, Heathcote declares "Much have I endured...in quitting the earthly mansion of my fathers, and in encountering the dangers of sea and land for my faith; and rather than let go its hold, will I once more cheerfully devote to the howling wilderness, ease, offspring, and, should it be the will of Providence, life itself!"
The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish shows that Cooper had read a great deal in the early Puritan chronicles, and that he has absorbed their language. And while it also shows his apparent rejection of their theology, the language of Natty Bumppo in The Pioneers suggests that Cooper, like many other Americans, had nevertheless absorbed a secularized version of their vision. For Natty as for the Puritans, pre-colonial America was a world full of wild beasts and wild men, the Indians practicing neither agriculture nor forest management, though in fact they engaged in both. Like the Puritans, Natty both looks back to a time of greater purity (as does the wilderness movement today) and looks forward to his return to it. Only the present, in all its sinfulness, is to be rejected, though it is the world of actual human existence. (In The Pioneers, not even Judge Temple or Oliver can resist the destructive lust of the pigeon shoot or the netting of the Otsego bass, so powerful is the human propensity to corruption.)
Natty Bumppo, in his condemnation of man's "wasty ways" and his rejection of anthrocentrism, possesses what Lawrence Buell has recently called "environmental imagination." It is the imagination of Thoreau in the Maine woods and of John Muir in the mountains of California. It is the imagination behind the "forever wild" clause of the New York state constitution restricting development in the six million acre Adirondack Park. It is the imagination William Cronon summarizes when he writes that "wilderness is the natural, unfallen antithesis of an unnatural civilization that has lost its soul. It is a place of freedom in which we can recover the true selves we have lost to the corrupting influences of our artificial lives." For just such a place did the Puritans leave Holland to sail to America.
But this is not the only environmental imagination available to us. The Otsego depicted by William Cooper's granddaughter, Susan Cooper, in her book Rural Hours, is not the product of Natty Bumppo's vision, but of Judge Temple's, a world where the human is a part of nature. James Fenimore Cooper's environmental imagination is itself more complex than Natty Bumppo's, not a single pure vision but a dialogue, not only between the judge and the woodsman but also between royalist and democrat, between clear cutter and conservationist, between game manager and subsistence hunter, a dialogue that is best understood as the dialogue within the mind of a single thoughtful individual. In "The Trouble With Wilderness," Cronon observes that if we take wilderness ideology as our starting point, "it is hard not to reach the conclusion that the only way that human beings can hope to live naturally on earth is to follow the hunter- gatherers back into the wilderness Eden and abandon virtually everything that civilization has given us." The Puritanism of such an attitude is not hard to see when we realize its essentially Puritan origins in American cultural history, transformed and passed down to us in and through the character of Natty Bumppo. Part of the value of returning to The Pioneers is seeing this process revealed. But perhaps more valuable is recognizing that in The Pioneers Natty Bumppo's vision is only one element of a richer dialogue on the environment and humanity's place in it.
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1. Of the highest order, quality, or degree; surpassing or superior to all others.
2. Excessive or exaggerated.
3. Grammar Of, relating to, or being the extreme degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb, as in best or brightest.
1. Something of the highest possible excellence.
2. The highest degree; the acme.
a. The superlative degree.
b. An adjective or adverb expressing the superlative degree, as in brightest, the superlative of the adjective bright, or most brightly, the superlative of the adverb brightly.
[Middle English superlatif, from Old French, from Late Latin superlātīvus, from Latin superlātus, past participle of superferre, to carry over a person or thing, exaggerate : super-, super- + lātus, past participle of ferre, to carry; see telə- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition copyright ©2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
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Recently, I contributed a piece called “Days Gone By, Days to Come: Monuments and the Politics of Peace” on the political teeth with which monuments are often imbued (or are deliberately denied). While I do not intend to ramble on about this issue—I hope that the previous piece will do enough to inspire readers to take a critical eye to any monuments that they cross in the future—I felt that one more story of poor documentation deserved illumination. The context: as Charles Lane chronicles in his book The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction, on April 13, 1873—Easter Sunday—the racial and political tensions already boiling in Reconstruction-Era Louisiana burst into decisive, open racial warfare. On that date, the Colfax courthouse in Grant Parish was stormed by a mob of white Democrats who, in a final bid to resolve the question of which party’s candidate had won the 1872 gubernatorial election, shattered the trench lines around the courthouse with small arms and a small cannon. Defending the courthouse were hundreds of freedmen and white Republican officials who had fled into Colfax from the countryside as racial violence had grown increasingly prevalent and organized. Most were refugee women and children. By massacre’s end, three whites and up to one hundred and fifty freedmen lay dead. A PBS documentary on Ulysses S. Grant reports that “nearly half [the victims were] murdered in cold blood after they had already surrendered.”
In the century and a half following the events of that Easter Sunday, the victims of Colfax have not been allowed to rest. Their memory has primarily been ignored or bent toward political ends, usually by those who couldn’t care less for the massacre’s victims of white supremacy. The site’s monuments reflect this. Perhaps there is no more abhorrent example of blood bound to stone for shallow aims in all of U.S. history.
Colfax only has two monuments—a towering obelisk erected in the local cemetery by local whites, and, at the mayor’s request, a Louisiana Department of Commerce and Industry-erected marker from 1950. The two monuments offer strikingly different interpretations from each other and from what scholarly thought has since offered. The cemetery marker—erected in 1921—pays tribute to “the memory of the heroes . . . who fell in the Colfax Riot fighting for white supremacy, April 13, 1873.” The three individuals it pays homage to are, naturally, the three whites who died in the fighting. As befitting the politics of its time period, the monument labels the incident a “Riot,” thus shuffling responsibility for the bloodshed onto violent blacks. To make place for its shameless, triumphal dotage on the awesome victory of white supremacy that Colfax was, the cemetery marker fails to explain any of the events that led to hundreds of armed whites so effectively and brutally quelling a black riot, that led to a concentration of men and arms at just the right time to kill up to one hundred and fifty at the cost of only three. This monument could only exist in a South—and perhaps a nation—well and truly slave to Klan politics and the Klan mindset, and, despite a century of evasions, the overwhelming violence it honors clearly could only have been premeditated.
The second marker is, in some ways, even more depraved. First, it is more recent, having been erected in 1950. And it obfuscates the true causes of the massacre even further, and still to political ends, blaming “carpetbag misrule in the South” for the racial and political violence at Colfax. Again, the time of dedication is key to glimpsing the depths of this second deception. Two years after the United States military was finally integrated and in the same year that the United States Supreme Court case Sweatt v. Painter ruled the notion of “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional, proponents of white supremacy found that the politics of the time no longer allowed them to roar their ideology so clearly without drawing unkind attention. So they sugared their message once more. They shuffled responsibility for the massacre to another party—the meddlesome North. The violator of local rule. The Federal invader. In one of the clearest, most recent examples of making a monument—and a mis-remembered massacre—into a political weapon, Louisiana resisted the coming of Civil Rights by tying the “riot” of Colfax to its main enemy circa 1950: the Federal government.
Both monuments are still standing in Colfax today.
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. “What Was the Colfax Massacre?” The Root, July 29, 2013.
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). “General Article: The Colfax Massacre.” Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
Rubin, Richard. “The Colfax Riot.” The Atlantic, July 1, 2003.
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February 11, 2014
The babirusa may be one of the coolest and most bizarre animals around. But even those formidable tusks can’t protect it from poaching and deforestation.
January 2, 2014
Where do turtles nest? What species nest there? Are their eggs harvested by people and predators? Are they vulnerable to sea level rise? Marine biologist Rod Salm follows the tracks in the sand to answer these and other questions.
November 7, 2013
Remembering Alfred Russel Wallace, co-discoverer of evolution and conservation great, on the centennial of his passing.
October 8, 2013
Can a chainsaw be green? That may sound ridiculous, but in the forests of Borneo, loggers can be a critical ally in maintaining biodiversity and mitigating climate change.
March 27, 2013
For a marine scientist, there is nothing like being on a boat. Your senses become alive, your creativity peaks. As you gaze over the side of a boat, the ocean mysteries you have been trying to solve suddenly come into focus.
But being on a boat is expensive. A recent article in the journal Science, “A Sea Change for Oceanography” by Eli Kintisch, clearly spells this out. Kintisch tells us that shrinking budgets and increasing costs are driving a change in how people study our oceans. A growing array of high tech devices that remotely collect information are being deployed and less days on sophisticated boats are spent at sea. The article suggests that this shift from field data collection programs to remote data collection programs is a change from “small” to “big” oceanography.
But what should “big” oceanography really be? Should the ability to connect to society’s needs be a part of “big” oceanography? If the answer is yes, I would say oceanography is failing. The good news is: there is still opportunity to redirect course.
Why has a field critical in describing the fabric of anything that has do to with oceans (how we use them, how we depend on them) failed in demonstrating its relevance beyond primary science? Perhaps it’s because oceans are still viewed—by oceanographers and the public—as one of the last great frontiers. Kintisch calls attention this in the Science article, concluding with a call for support of ocean studies “…comparable to [funding for] research in outer space…”
Indeed oceanic exploration has always generated tremendous media attention and public interest. But the ocean is much more than a last frontier. Our decisions around assigning priorities and allocating resources, the stories we share about the ocean should reflect this.
When the field started the ocean was mostly un-explored (and large sections of the ocean still are). The last frontier should and will continue to provide inspiration for years to come. But what about all the people that we now know live and depend on the ocean? Who solves their mysteries and the integral part that the ocean plays in solving their riddles?
March 7, 2013
This week has without a doubt been the highlight of my career as a marine conservationist. And, as someone who has had a long-term love affair with the world’s oceans, it’s been a life highlight as well.
On 20 February 2013, the Raja Ampat government officially announced that it has declared its entire 4 million hectares of coastal and marine waters a shark sanctuary.
This means that all harvesting of sharks is now prohibited in its waters. In addition, the sanctuary also gives full protection to a number ecologically and economically important ocean species, such as manta rays, dugongs, whales, turtles, dolphins and ornamental fish species.
Why is this important and why should we care?
Well, sharks have a really hard time in our oceans. Beyond the often over-amplified fear people have of sharks, they are also targeted for their high-priced fins or are caught accidently in fishing nets.
It is estimated that at least 26-73 million sharks are killed each year globally, mostly for their fins. Shark finning is one of the cruelest practices around—it involves throwing a still-breathing shark overboard with its fins cut off and its body bleeding into the water.
January 31, 2013
In July, I introduced via The Nature Conservancy’s photo of the month what may then have been the world’s largest living table coral (pictured above).
I found it on a reef in Nusa Laut, Indonesia. I also indicated that the coral felt like an old friend to me and that I would develop a knot in my stomach on visiting the reef in anticipation of finding my “old friend” dead or damaged.
Table corals are not as long lived as some of their massive boulder forming community members.
The reason is that table corals grow by dividing horizontally away from the center after reaching a certain thickness.
The central polyps stop dividing vertically and eventually get old and die from natural senescence. The center of any very large table coral colony usually is dead.
Massive corals on the other hand, like some we’ve seen in our Indo-Pacific seas, may be hundreds to over a thousand years old.
These corals grow by dividing vertically and thus are constantly renewing themselves as they grow upwards and outwards.
Table corals are also vulnerable to toppling by storm surges and breakage of their narrow pedestals when shaken by earthquakes and tremors in seismically active areas like those in the West Pacific and Coral Triangle.
How these corals respond to the stress of being shaken and toppled is a great indicator of their resilience. Some simply give up and die. Other more resilient ones seem to shrug off the stress and reorient their plane of growth, contributing dramatic new architecture to the reef community.
I exhorted friends who visited the Nusa Laut reef in November last year to measure the majestic table coral precisely and report on its well-being.
The news wasn’t good.
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HAR GOBIND ( 1595-1644, Guruship 1606-1644 )
Guru Har Gobind was born to Guru Arjan Dev on June 19, 1595 at Wadali,
a village near Amritsar. The period of Guru's early life is alluded
to in the previous chapter.
After the Martyrdom of his father (Guru Arjan),
the Guru caused the Adi Granth to be read by Bhai Buddha and the
musicians of the temple sang the Guru's hymns. This lasted for
ten days. When the final rites were over, Bhai Buddha started
the ceremony of Guruship. It should be remembered here that when
Guru Arjan's wife went to Bhai Buddha for boon of a son, she had
prepared the meals with her own hands, and she took bread with
onions. Bhai Buddha while eating had said," The Guru is the
owner of the storehouse, but I have received an order to open
it. As you have given me food to my heart's content, so shall
you have a son to your heart's content. He shall be very handsome
and brave, possess spiritual and temporal power, become a mighty
hunter, ride on royal steeds, wear two swords, be puissant in
battle, and trample on the Mughals. As I crush these onions you
have brought to me, so shall your son crush the heads of his enemies,
and be at once a great warrior and exalted Guru. His shall not
be the humble seat of a village Guru, but a gorgeous imperial
throne." As usual Bhai Buddha placed before the Guru a seli
(a woolen cord worn as a necklace or twisted round the head by
the former Gurus) and a turban, as appurtenances of his calling.
The Guru ordered the seli to be placed in the treasury and reminding
him about his prophecy said to Bhai Buddha,"My endeavors
shall be to fulfil thy prophecy. My seli shall be a swordbelt,
and I shall wear my turban with a royal aigrette. Give me a sword
to wear instead of seli." The sword was brought but Bhai
Buddha placed it on the wrong side of Guru Har Gobind. The Guru
said,"Bring another one, I shall wear two swords." He
wore two swords which were emblems of Spiritual and Temporal authority-
Piri and Miri- the combination of 'Bhakti and Shakti'.
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan was an unparallel
act in the history of mankind. The Guru had all the superpowers.
He could have averted the situation in any way he liked, but he
went through all that torture to show to the world how in all
thick and thin one should cheerfully submit to the sweet Will
of God. As a matter of fact, the contents of the Adi Granth were
not meant for the Yogis, Sidhas and Sanyasis or the Muslim Suffis
only, who sit in seclusion in the caves of the Himalayas and worship
the Almighty by denouncing the world. Instead the teachings of
the Adi Granth were meant for the family men. Leading the family
life, the Gurus gave practical examples as how to live according
to Guru's Word.
The cruel and torturous execution of Guru Arjan
aroused a very strong wave of angry feelings among the masses.
The enlightened, but not passive, sufferings of the Guru instilled
a new spirit and life into the people and they resolved to exert
and sacrifice themselves for the sake of righteousness. For centuries,
countless Hindu men, women and children had fallen under the Muslim
sword and this did not soften the stone hearts of their oppressors;
but rather they had become more cruel and brutal. Sometimes it
might be possible to reform the evil doer by opposing untruth
and injustice through non-violent methods. The silent resistance
and suffering for righteous cause might sometimes enable the tyrant
to see his evil actions and he might be improved. History stands
witness that no amount of non- violence can succeed against a
tyrant who is hardened and steeped in criminal oppressive ways
and who pays no heed to basic values of moral and civilized conduct.
Against such men, non-violence is only another name of disgraceful
cowardice in their dictionary. Such power drunk men must be faced
bravely with a stick bigger than theirs. After the inauguration,
some Masands represented to the Guru's mother that the preceding
five Gurus never handled arms; if Emperor Jahangir heard about
this, he would be angry and where would they (Sikhs) hide? She
showed courage to the Masands, however, she remonstrated with
the young Guru,"My son, we have no treasure, no state revenue,
no landed property and no army. If you walk in the way of your
father and grandfather, you will be happy." The Guru recited
the following verse:
"The Lord who is the Searcher of all hearts
Is my own Guardian."
(Bhairon Mohalla 5, p-1136)
and said,"Have no anxiety and everything
shall be according to the Will of God."
The Guru issued an order to the Masands that he
would be pleased with those who brought offerings of arms and
horses instead of money. He laid down the foundation of Akal Takhat
(Timeless Throne) in 1606 (the fifth day of light half of month
of Har, Sambat 1663) just in front of Hari Mandar, and it was
completed in 1609. Akal Takhat was built of solid bricks on a
raised platform of about ten feet in height and looked like a
throne. The Guru took his seat on it. He built Akal Takhat a few
yards in front of Hari Mandar with a view that a Sikh at Akal
Takhat should not forget that spiritual elevation was as essential
as his social obligations. As a matter of fact, the Guru wanted
his followers to be 'saint-soldiers', extremely cultured, highly
moral with spiritual height and be ever-ready to measure swords
with demonic forces. Bhai Buddha on seeing the Guru in military
harness, mildly remonstrated with him. Instead the Guru replied,"In
the Guru's house religion and worldly enjoyment shall be combined-
the caldron to supply the poor and the needy, and the scimitar
to smite the oppressors." (This should be noted by those
Sikhs who say that worldly and practical affairs should be kept
separate from religion in our Gurdwaras).
Several warriors and wrestlers came to the Guru
for service. He enrolled fifty-two heroes as his body-guard and
this formed the nucleus of his future army. About five hundred
young persons came from all over the Punjab to enlist in his service.
He made Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Jetha, Bhai Piara, Bhai Langaha,
and Bhai Pirana, each captain of a troop of one hundred horse.
People began to wonder how the Guru could continue to maintain
such an army. The Guru quoted:
"God provideth every one with his daily food;
why, O man, art thou immersed planning;
He putteth their food even before the insects which He created
in rocks and stones."
(Gujri Mohalla 5, p-495)
Akal Takhat grew into an institution which symbolized
in itself the idea that the use of sword for the protection of
righteousness and for self-defence was called for. Here the Guru
sitting on his throne, would watch wrestling bouts and military
feats of his disciples performed in the open arena opposite to
the Akal Takhat. As all intricate cases and disputes were finally
decided here by the Guru, the Akal Takhat served the purpose of
a Supreme Court for the Sikhs. Besides throne, the Guru adopted
all other emblems of royalty- the umbrella, the swords, the crest
and the hawk, and thus the Sikhs called him a true king or 'Sacha
Padshah'- a king in all appearance but in deeds and in purity
as holy and great as previous Gurus. People looked towards Akal
Takhat for guidance in their secular affairs. This custom became
so significant that the decision once taken at Akal Takhat was
followed by the Sikhs enthusiastically and this was the reason
that they were always able to overcome every peril. The development
of this custom contributed a lot towards the consolidation of
the Sikh Movement.
Some writers charge that lure of politics and
glamour of arms led the Guru away from the true path of a religious
and spiritual leader. Their judgement is altogether unfounded.
There was no political motive of Guru Har Gobind and there is
nothing else to substantiate this allegation. Secondly his daily
routine was to go to Hari Mandar, listen Asa di Var and then give
religious instructions to his followers. He took keen interest
in propagation of his religion and appointed preachers in the
various regions of the country. He himself undertook tours to
various places in Punjab to propagate his faith. However the policy
of the Guru symbolized in itself the response to the challenge
of the time. Bhai Gurdas justifies the Guru's change in the policy
under peculiar circumstances:
"Just as one has to tie pail's neck while
taking out water, Just as to get 'Mani', snake is to be killed;
Just as to get Kasturi from deer's neck, deer is to be killed;
Just as to get oil, oil seeds are to be crushed;
To get kernel, pomegranate is to be broken;
Similarly to correct senseless people, sword has to be taken up."
(Bhai Gurdas, Var-34, pauri 13)
Guru Har Gobind appears to have been the first
Guru Who systematically turned his attention to the chase. His
daily routine at Amritsar was:- He rose before day-break, bathed,
dressed in full armor, and then went to Hari Mandar to worship.
There he heard Japji and Asa di Var being recited. He then preached
to his Sikhs. After the concluding prayer, breakfast was served
indiscriminately to the Guru's troops and followers as they sat
in rows for the purpose. He would rest for some time and then
would go to the chase, accompanied by an army of forest beaters,
hounds, tamed leopards and hawks of every variety. Late in the
afternoon he sat on his throne and give audience to his visitors
and followers. Minstrels sang the Guru's hymns and at twilight
the 'Sodar' was read. At the conclusion of the service musical
instruments of many sorts were played. At the end all adjourned
for their evening repast. A sacred concert was afterwards held
in which hymns were sung. Next followed the minstrel Abdulla's
martial songs to inspire the Sikhs with love of heroic deeds and
dispel feelings unworthy of warriors. The Sohila was then read
after which the Guru retired to his private apartment.
BANDI CHHOR- THE GREAT DELIVERER:
Chandu was fearful that the Guru might avenge
his father. His daughter was still unmarried and he wrote to the
Guru for her alliance which was again refused. He, therefore,
once again represented to Emperor Jahangir against the Guru. Upon
this Jahangir summoned the Guru to Delhi through Wazir Khan. After
careful consideration the Guru agreed to go to Delhi and assigned
the secular duties of the Hari Mandar to Bhai Buddha and its spiritual
duties to Bhai Gurdas. He instructed,"The Har Mandar is specially
devoted to God's service, wherefore it should ever be respected.
It should never be defiled with any impurity of the human body.
No gambling, wine-drinking, light behavior with women, or slander,
should be allowed therein. No one should steal, utter a falsehood,
smoke tobacco, or contrive litigation in its precincts. Sikhs,
holy men, guests, strangers, the poor and the friendless should
ever receive hospitality from Sikhs. My people should ever be
humble, repeat God's Name, promote their faith, meditate on Guru's
words, and keep all his commandments." The Guru then went
Through the good offices of Wazir Khan, the Emperor
received the Guru with great apparent respect. Seeing him very
young and already installed as Guru, the Emperor had a good deal
of spiritual discussion in order to test his knowledge of divinity.
The Emperor having heard that the Guru loved the
chase requested him to accompany him one day on a hunting excursion.
In the forest a tiger rushed towards the Emperor. Elephants and
horses took fright, bullets and arrows were discharged towards
the tiger but in vain. The Emperor was completely paralysed with
fear and called upon the Guru to save him who alighted from his
horse, and taking his sword and shield ran between the tiger and
the Emperor. As the tiger sprang, he dealt him a blow with his
sword and the tiger fell lifeless on the ground. The Emperor thanked
his God that he was saved by the Guru through his heroic endeavor.
It was time for the Emperor to visit Agra and
he invited the Guru to accompany him. He, after repeated invitations,
consented to go. When they both arrived in Agra, the Guru was
received with great rejoicing by the people. Seeing increasing
friendship between the Emperor and the Guru, Chandu said to himself,"The
Guru will take revenge on me whenever he finds an opportunity.
I shall only be safe if by some means I succeed in having broken
this friendship or having him imprisoned, and thus I should apply
all efforts to that end."
The Emperor fell ill and he sent for his astrologer
to check upon his stars and find the remedy. Chandu took advantage
of the situation and bribed the astrologer heavily to sever connection
between the Guru and the Emperor. The astrologer accordingly suggested
that a holy man of God should go to the Fort of Gwalior and pray
for the Emperor's recovery there. Chandu on the other hand advised
the Emperor that Guru Har Gobind was the holiest of men and thus
played double role. Jahangir requested the Guru to go to Gwalior,
the latter accepted it without hesitation as another mission awaited
There was joy in the Fort when it was known that
the Guru was coming. There were fifty-two Indian princes (Rajas)
imprisoned in the Gwalior Fort who were spending their days in
lamentation and misery. They believed that they would be released
by the Guru's intercession. Hari Das, the governor of the Fort,
was happy too, since he had been longing to have 'darshan' (holy
sight). He went forth to receive the Guru and prostrated before
the Master. The Guru met the princes, comforted them and gave
them peace, making them happy even in adversity.
Chandu wrote couple of letters to the governor
of the Fort, urging him to poison the Guru and put an end to him.
Hari Das, however, put all letters before the Guru as he received
them; since he had become his devotee. The Guru recited the following
Sabad at that time:
"The slanderer shall crumble down
Like a wall of Kallar; hear, ye brethren, thus shall be known.
The slanderer is glad when he seeth a fault; on seeing anything
good he is filled with grief.
He meditateth evil all day long, but it befalleth not; the evil-minded
man dieth meditating evil.
The slanderer forgetteth God, and when death approacheth,
quarrelleth with God's saint.
The Lord Himself preserveth Nanak, what can wretched man do?"
(Bilawal Mohalla 5, p-823)
Jahangir recovered from illness. The Guru was
still in the Gwalior Fort. When the Emperor heard Wazir Khan's
pleading on behalf of the Guru (some say, also the pleading of
Mian Mir), he ordered that the Guru should be presented to him.
On hearing this the imprisoned Rajas were very much distressed.
The Master would not leave the Fort unless all the Rajas were
also released. The Emperor conceded to his wish and released all
the fifty-two princes. From this the Guru is still remembered
in Gwalior as Bandi Chhor- the Great Deliverer, the holy man who
freed the prisoners. There still stands a shrine 'Bandi Chhor'
in the historic Fort of Gwalior.
Mian Mir brought home to the Emperor the innocence
of Guru Arjan and how under his cruel orders, the great divine
Master had been tortured to death. The Emperor, however, washed
his hands clean of this sin and held Chandu entirely responsible
for this crime, who was then arrested by the Emperor's order and
taken to Lahore to be executed there. He was paraded through the
streets of Lahore, people threw filth on him, and cursed him.
A grain-parcher struck him on the head with an iron ladle and
Chandu died. When the Emperor heard Chandu's death, he remarked
that he richly deserved this fate. The Guru, however, prayed that
as Chandu had suffered torment for his sins in this life, God
would pardon him hereafter.
Sujan, a Masand from Kabul who had amassed great
wealth from tithes and offerings, heard that Guru Har Gobind had
great love for the horses. He looked far and near and ultimately
found a horse of rare beauty and speed which he purchased for
a lakh of rupees to make an offering to the Guru. When Sujan was
crossing the river Indus, the eye of an officer fell on the horse
which was of a rare strain and beauty and he ultimately took away
the horse saying that the animal should go to the Emperor. Sujan
told the Guru how he was robbed of the horse. The Guru recommended
patience and predicted that nobody but himself (Guru) would ride
When the Emperor desired to mount, the horse shook
its head which was considered a bad omen. After sometimes the
horse fell ill and would neither eat nor drink. All known medicines
were tried but in vain. When the horse was on the verge of death,
the head Qazi (Rustam Khan) suggested that if the holy Quran was
read for him, he might recover. Upon this the horse was presented
to the Qazi.
When the Qazi was leading the horse home, the
animal neighed as it passed through the Guru's tent (Guru was
at Lahore at that time). Through negotiations with the Qazi, the
horse was purchased for ten thousand rupees. The Guru patted on
the neck of the horse and it started recovering its strength.
The Qazi had a beautiful daughter, Kaulan who
was a disciple of Mian Mir. From her childhood she had occupied
her mind praising God's Name and remembering Him in the company
of the saints. Through the holy company of Mian Mir, she had heard
praises of Guru Har Gobind and she praised him in the midst of
her own family. This incensed her father very much who addressed
her,"O Infidel, you praise an infidel (Guru) and obey not
the law of Mohammad, according to which it is forbidden, under
penalty of death, to praise an infidel." Kaulan replied,"Father
dear, the law of Mohammad does not apply to holy men. Saints are
God's servants." On hearing this from her daughter, the Qazi
burnt with bigotry and indignation. After consulting his brother
Qazis, he issued an order for the execution of his daughter, Kaulan
for her sin of transgressing the Mohammad law.
Kaulan's mother informed her daughter and Mian
Mir about the order of the Qazi. Mian Mir recommended to Kaulan,"There
appears no means of saving you here. It is better if you go to
Amritsar and seek protection of Guru Har Gobind. None else but
he can save your life." Kaulan heeded Mian Mir's advice and
went to Amritsar.
Kaulan began her life at Amritsar under the protection
of the Guru. She was given a separate building to reside. Kaulan
found consolation in repeating following Sabad:
"O mother, I awake by association with the
On seeing the love of the Beloved, I repeat His Name which is
Thirsting for a sight of Him, I long and look for Him;
I have forgotten my desire for other things.
I have found Guru, the giver of composure and peace;
On beholding him, my mind is wrapped up in God.
On seeing God pleasure hath arisen in my heart; Nanak dear to
me is His ambrosial Word."
(Kedara Mohalla 5, p-1119)
Quite a bit of time passed in this manner until
one day she took all her jewels and placed them before the Guru
and said,"O friend of the poor, please apply the price of
these jewels to some religious object by which my name may be
remembered in the world for sometime." The Guru got a tank
excavated in her name with that money in 1621. The tank is still
famous as Kaulsar in the city of Amritsar. Guru Har Gobind also
constructed another tank called Babeksar commemorating the deliverance
of his spiritual address on that spot to his followers. There
are now five sacred tanks in Amritsar in the vicinity of Golden
Temple: Santokhsar, Amritsar, Ramsar, Kaulsar, and Babeksar.
MUGHAL FORCES AND THE GURU:
Emperor Jahangir had died in Kashmir and his son
Shah Jahan became the Emperor of India.
When Prithia's son, Meharban heard Chandu's death,
he was greatly distressed. Meharban said to himself,"Sulhi
Khan died when he set himself against the Guru. My father died
as he was against the Guru. Now Chandu has died. What magic the
Guru possesseth that no one may withstand him." Meharban
exchanged turban with Karam Chand, Chandu's son, in token of life-long
friendship, and then discussed ways with him how to bring about
the Guru's ruin. They started poisoning Shah Jahan's mind against
him. Guru Har Gobind sent his revered Sikhs to Meharban to dissuade
him from his hostile and evil designs. He also went himself to
Meharban to strike a conciliatory note but in vain.
Shah Jahan pursued a different religious policy.
He served to orthodoxy, and religious fanaticism was at a considerable
height during his reign. He took keen interest in the welfare
of new converts to Islam. If any Muslim gave up his religion,
he was severely dealt with. Some temples under construction in
Punjab were demolished and mosques were raised in their places.
His mind was poisoned against the Guru by his enemies and soon
the ties of cordial relations as they had been since 1611, were
snapped and a period of open hostility started towards the Sikhs.
On his way to Pilibhit, the Guru visited Kartarpur
where he met some Pathans of village, Wadamir, equipped with swords
and shields who offered their services to him. With them was a
tall and powerful youth, Painde Khan. His parents were dead and
he was living with his uncle. The Guru enlisted Painde Khan on
his personal staff and continually pampered him to increase his
strength. He could, without the aid of a rope or bridle, arrest
a horse running at full speed. No wrestler would engage with him.
The Guru practised all martial exercises and collected arms of
every description. He hunted and witnessed exhibitions of strength
by Painde Khan and others. He presented to Painde Khan the offering
made by the Sikhs. This caused great heart-burning and worry to
others. A deputation of Sikhs went to Bhai Gurdas who in turn
sent them to Bhai Buddha. Bhai Buddha represented to the Guru,"Thou
art like the Ganges, like the sun and like the fire. The river
Ganges swallows corpses and bones of the countless dead, and yet
remains pure; the sun draws noxious vapors towards it, and yet
remains pure; fire burns the dead, yet remains pure. Thou art
like all three. The Sikhs seeing your love and enthusiasm for
sport and military exercises, fear for you. Therefore, please
abandon them." The Guru laughed and replied,"I have
done nothing improper. I am only fulfilling your prophecy and
elevating the conditions of my Sikhs."
Preparations were made for the marriage of the
Guru's daughter, Bibi Viro, and sweets were prepared and stored
in a room. A company of Sikhs came from the west to behold the
Guru and present their offerings. They were weary and hungry and
reached late at night when kitchen was closed. The Guru desired
that the sweets stored for the marriage should be served to his
visitors. The key of the room was with Guru's wife, Mata Damodri
who refused to give the sweets to any one till the bridegroom's
party had partaken of them. The Guru again asked but his wife
adhered to her determination. Upon this the Guru predicted,"My
Sikhs are dearer to me than life. Were they the first to taste
the sweets, all obstacles to the marriage would be removed, but
now the Mohammadans shall come and possess themselves of the sweets
and marriage be interrupted." This prophecy became true.
In the meantime a Sikh brought sweets which were served to the
Emperor Shah Jahan went hunting from Lahore towards
Amritsar. The Guru also went in the same direction. A clash took
place between the Sikhs and the royal soldiers over the issue
of a royal hawk. One of the royal hawks who was flying after a
victim, strayed away and fell in the hands of the Sikhs. The royal
soldiers came to recover the hawk but because of their arrogance
and abusive language, the Sikhs refused to hand over the hawk
and this started the trouble. The royal soldiers were driven away
with a slaughter. They hastened back and reported to the Emperor
about the seizer of the hawk and the violence of the Sikhs. The
enemies of the Guru found a good opportunity to revive the charges
against him and to remind the Emperor of Guru's alleged misdeeds.
The Emperor sent Mukhlis Khan, one of his trusted
generals with seven thousand soldiers to punish the Sikhs. The
Sikhs of Lahore hearing of the military expedition against the
Guru, sent immediately a messenger to Amritsar to apprise the
Guru of the attack. There were great rejoicing going on at the
palace of the Guru on account of his daughter's marriage. The
Guru's family was immediately removed to a house near Ramsar.
Early next day it was decided to send the family to Goindwal.
It so happened that the coming day was fixed for Viro's marriage.
Thus the Guru ordered that his family and all the non-combatants
of the city should halt at Jhabal, a town about seven miles south-west
of Amritsar and the marriage should be celebrated there before
going to Goindwal. Two Sikhs were sent to stop the bridegroom's
procession, lest it should fall in the hands of the enemy.
There was a small fortress, Lohgarh, outside the
city. It was a kind of raised platform (serving as a tower) where
the Guru used to hold his court in the afternoon and it was surrounded
by high walls. Twenty-five Sikhs were posted there in an anticipation
of the attack. The Guru went to the temple and prayed for the
victory. He repeated the following verse on the occasion:
"Wicked men and enemies are all destroyed
by Thee, O Lord, and Thy glory is manifested.
Thou didst immediately destroy those who annoyed Thy saints."
(Dhanasri Mohalla 5, p-681)
The Sikh detachment at Lohgarh though courageous
were too few to stop the Mughal army. After destroying hundreds
of the enemy soldiers, they fell martyrs to the Guru's cause.
The enemy soldiers proceeded to the Guru's palace in search of
him but became furious finding the palace empty. They searched
the house and took care of the sweets. With the day break, began
the conflict, the clashing of swords and the hissing of the bullets.
Brave men fell and died, blood flowed in profusion, corpses were
piled over one another, heads, bodies, arms, and legs were separated
and horses without riders careered around the city.
Bhai Bhanu was the commander-in-chief of the Guru's
army and Shams Khan was one of the chiefs of the imperial army.
Shams Khan's horse was killed. Bhai Bhanu then dismounted, and
he and Shams Khan engaged in a single combat. Bhai Bhanu told
Shams Khan,"I will not allow you to escape now." Shams
Khan replied,"Defend yourself, I am going to strike."
Bhai Bhanu received the sword on his shield, and putting forward
all his force, beheaded Shams Khan with one blow. The Mohammadans
seeing their commander slain, rushed to Bhai Bhanu and surrounded
him from all sides. He cut down the enemy as if they were radishes.
At last he was struck by two bullets which passed through his
body and the brave commander of the Guru's army left for his heavenly
Bhai Bidhi Chand, Painde Khan and Bhai Jati Mal
had been committing great havoc among the Mohammadan army. They,
lifting their lances, made their enemies' horses riderless. The
Guru himself fought so bravely that no one when struck by him,
asked for water again. Painde Khan was equally successful in the
combat. He made Didar Ali, the last survivor of Mukhlis Khan's
personal staff, bite the earth.
Mukhlis Khan, now left alone, thought nothing
remained for him but to engage the Guru himself. He said,"Let
you and me now decide the fight by single combat, and none else
approach." In order to please him, the Guru warned his own
men to stand aside. He then discharged an arrow which killed Mukhlis
Khan's horse. The Guru dismounted and said,"Show thy skill
and strike the first blow." Mukhlis Khan aimed a blow which
the Guru avoided by a swift movement. The next blow fell on the
Guru's shield. The Guru then warned,"You have made two strokes
which I have parried. Now it is my turn." The Guru then lifting
his powerful arm dealt Mukhlis Khan such a blow that his head
was cut off in two.
Painde Khan, Bhai Bidhi Chand and Bhai Jati Mal
killed the enemy soldiers who held the ground but the majority
of them fled without looking behind. After that the Guru's victory
was complete and the drums of victory were joyously sounded. This
battle was fought in 1628 (some date it as 1634). The battle was
extended to a distance of about four miles to the south of Amritsar
and a dharmsal called the Sangrana was erected to commemorate
the Guru's victory. A fair is held every year on this spot.
After completing the last rites of his brave soldiers,
the Guru went to Jhabal and performed the marriage ceremony of
FOUNDATION OF SRI HAR GOBINDPUR CITY AND SECOND BATTLE:
On hearing the death of Mukhlis Khan and the defeat
of his army, Shah Jahan called a council of his chiefs at which
it was decided that the Guru should be captured or killed lest
he should seize the reins of the empire. Wazir Khan, a follower
of the Guru, defended him and said,"Sir, the Guru is not
a rebel and has no designs on thine empire. Had he ever got such
a design, he would have followed his victory, seized some fortress,
taken some territory or plundered some of thy treasuries. Is it
not a miracle that with only seven hundred men he destroyed the
army of seven thousand?" These and many such arguments of
Wazir Khan were supported by the friends of the Guru at the court.
The Emperor was convinced and agreed to forget the past. After
the conflict the Guru went to Kartarpur. Painde Khan soon became
a concern to the Guru as he began to boast,"It is I who conquered
the countless hosts opposed to the Guru at Amritsar. With my arrow
I skewered them like trussed fowl. Had I not been there, no one
would have had the courage to oppose them. The Sikhs would have
all fled." The Guru heard this. Painde Khan who used to wait
on him whole day and go to his quarters just to sleep, was ordered
by the Guru to remain at his home and visit him only occasionally.
This was his reprimand for Painde Khan's boasting. It was a rainy
season and the Guru after crossing the river Beas, went to the
right side of the bank which was lofty. He observed that the land
dwellings were only in one direction and the rest of the land
was unoccupied. He considered it a good site to found a city.
The people received him with open arms but the landlord and Chaudhry,
Bhagwan Das Gherar were not in favor of him. Gherar started hostilities
against him and used abusive language. Upon this a clash broke
out in which Gherar was killed.
Having secured the goodwill of the people, the
Guru made preparations for the city. He cut the first sod himself
and summoned masons and laborers from the neighboring villages.
The city subsequently was called Sri Har Gobindpur in his honor.
Rattan Chand, son of the Gherar, vowed to avenge
the death of his father. He went to Karam Chand, Chandu's son,
and urged him to join him against the common oppressor (Guru).
They both then went to Abdulla Khan, the Subedar of Jullundhur.
Rattan Chand poured his grievances and represented how pleased
the Emperor would be if the Guru were put into his hands and what
high promotion the Subedar would receive.
The Subedar and his advisors were convinced by
Rattan Chand's arguments and an immediate expedition was planned
and organized against the Guru. When the Guru heard about the
expedition, he simply said," What pleaseth God is best."
The Subedar had an army of ten thousand men. He disposed his forces
into eight divisions, five for his generals, two for his sons
and one for himself. The Guru gave his command to Bhai Jattu,
Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Jati Mal, Bhai Mathura, Bhai Jaganath,
Bhai Nano and others.
Under the favoring glance of the Guru, the Sikhs
who had formerly been weak as hares now became strong as lions.
No matter what their birth or previous calling, they all proved
themselves as gallant heroes in the field. After all the generals
of Abdulla fell in the battle field, he resolved to conquer or
die. Karam Chand, Rattan Chand and Abdulla Khan all three came
on the Guru, who then asked Karam Chand and Rattan Chand,"
What think you on? Now avenge your fathers. Retreat not like cowards.
Be brave and stand before me; otherwise go where your fathers
have gone." The Guru struck Karam Chand with his shield and
made him stagger and fall. Rattan Chand ran to his aid but was
shot. Abdulla struck few blows which the Guru received on his
shield. Then gathering his strength he drew his falchion on the
Subedar, and severed his head from his body. By this time Karam
Chand recovered his consciousness and rushed towards the Guru.
There ensued a sword- play between the two until the sword of
the latter was broken. The Guru as a holy man desiring to take
no mean advantage of his adversary, put his own sword into his
scabbard, and engaged with him in a wrestling combat. At last
the Guru, seizing Karam Chand by both arms, swung him around and
dashed his head to the ground. The Subedar and all his generals
were slain and his army had fled, the battle was ended and victory
kissed the feet of the Guru.
Two Masands, Bakhat Mal and Tara Chand had been
deputed to Kabul to collect funds for the Guru. They returned
with a company of Sikhs who brought the offering and two horses
of supreme beauty and speed, were Dil Bagh and Gul Bagh. Both
of the horses were seized by the Emperor's officials who presented
them to him. The Sikhs were much dismayed to see that they were
robbed of the horses which they had bought for the Guru.
Bhai Bidhi Chand before entering the services
of Guru Arjan, had been a very famous highwayman and robber and
several of his exploits in that capacity were recorded. Afterwards
he became Guru's follower. The Sikhs thought that as there were
no horses like Dil Bagh and Gul Bagh in the world, so there was
no one like Bidhi Chand who could secure possession of the horses.
Ultimately Bidhi Chand decided to do the job. He got ready, uttered
a prayer and went to Lahore to recover the horses. There lived
a Sikh carpenter, Jiwan in Lahore and he stayed with him.
Bidhi Chand started the work of a kasiara (grass-cutter).
He cut beautiful soft grass, made a bundle and took it to the
market. The grass was beautiful and Bidhi Chand was demanding
very high price for that. Ultimately he reached Sondha Khan, the
royal stable- keeper who on seeing the grass remarked that he
had never seen such grass before. It was fit for Dil Bagh and
Gul Bagh, and he ordered his men to adjust the price and buy it
for the horses. Sondha Khan took Bidhi Chand with grass on his
head to where the horses were tethered. The horses ate to their
heart's content as if they had been fasting for a whole day. He
continued this practice for several days before he was appointed
grass-cutter for the Emperor's famous steeds for one rupee a day.
He worked so hard and showed so much civility and sweetness in
his words that Sondha Khan entrusted him with bridling and unbridling
of the horses. The Emperor once came to see the horses and was
very much pleased to observe their excellent condition and he
admired Bidhi Chand for that.
One day one of his fellow-servants told him that
he was drawing more money than any one of them but he never celebrated.
Bidhi Chand agreed to their demand. He went to the market and
bought the most potent liquor. A dinner was arranged. He served
so much and so strong a liquor to his friends that they were disposed
of for the night and Bidhi Chand was free for his action. He mounted
on Dil Bagh and applying the whip he faced him towards the fort-wall
over which he wanted the horse to leap. The horse which was never
touched before, on receiving a cut with whip roused at unusual
summons, gathered his strength and cleared without hesitation
the high battlement with a bound, and plunged with his rider into
the river (river was flowing by the side of the stable). Bidhi
Chand, well skilled in horsemanship, steadied the horse in the
water and reached safely to shore. He reached Bhai Rupa, a village
where the Guru was staying.
The Sikhs noticed that Dil Bagh did not eat his
corn well and he was missing his mate Gul Bagh. So Bidhi Chand
set out to recover Gul Bagh too. When he reached Lahore, he heard
that a reward was posted for the finder of Dil Bagh. Bidhi Chand
changed his appearance and dress, reaching at the gate of the
fort he claimed,"I am an experienced tracker and astrologer,
and can trace anything that has been lost." Bidhi Chand under
the pseudo name of Ganak, when presented before the Emperor, convinced
him that he had the skill to interpret omens, discover tracks
and read the stars and planets. The Emperor promised him lakhs
of rupees if he pointed out where the stolen horse was. Bidhi
Chand replied to the Emperor,"I know where the horse is,
but I want to have a look at the place whence he was stolen, and
then I will give all the information."
Upon this the Emperor along with his attendants
took him to the stable. Some tried to dissuade the Emperor from
trusting the stranger but the advice was disregarded.
Upon Bidhi Chand's advice all the horses were
saddled in the stable, perfect solitude and tranquility was ordered
and an embargo was put on the ingress and egress of the inhabitants
of the fort. All this was done to make possible for Bidhi Chand
to sit in perfect tranquility and make calculation. Macauliffe
records Bhai Bidhi Chand's address to the Emperor,"Hear everything,
consider not the thief a person to be forgotten. Thy father, by
the power of his army, formerly took possession of an excellent
horse intended for the holy and worshipful Guru Har Gobind, whose
fame is like that of the sun, and thou hast now imitation of thy
unjust father seized these steeds specially intended by the pious
Sikhs for their beloved Guru. I have made reprisal and taken the
first horse by my ingenuity. My name is Bidhi Chand; I am the
Guru's servant. It was I who took home Dil Bagh, the horse thou
art in search of. On account of separation from his mate, he wept
copiously on his arrival, and we could only induce him to eat
and drink with difficulty. Wherefore, in the guise of a tracker
and with a love for dumb animals, I have come to take his companion
to join him. I am the thief, the true King is my Master. Thou
hast now given me Gul Bagh ready saddled. I have thoroughly gauged
the wisdom of thy court. I will tell where the horse is, and in
doing so remove all blame from myself. The Guru hath pitched his
tent in the new village of Bhai Rupa. Know that Dil Bagh is standing
there. Gul Bagh shall now go to join him."
Upon this Bidhi Chand undid the ropes that tethered
the horse to the peg and galloped it to Bhai Rupa where the Guru
had encamped. Dil Bagh's name was changed to Jan Bhai (as dear
as life) and Gul Bagh was called Suhela (companion). At this the
Emperor got inflamed and he asked,"Is there any brave man
who will undertake an expedition against the Guru?" Up rose
Lala Beg, a high officer of the imperial army and said that he
would lead the expedition against the Guru, and produce the stolen
horses before the Emperor in a few days. Lala Beg's brother Qamar
Beg with his two sons, Qasim Beg and Shams Beg, and his nephew
Kabuli Beg also volunteered. Lala Beg and his companions were
put in command of an army of thirty-five thousand men with horses.
The imperial army marched to Bhai Rupa and not finding the Guru
there proceeded to his new headquarters, Lehra which was a few
miles away from Bhai Rupa. The Guru chose this site because it
was not connected with any city to provide supplies and other
requirements of war to the enemy and it had one well of drinking
water which was firmly guarded by the Guru's army.
The Guru's army was commanded by Bhai Bidhi Chand,
Bhai Jetha, Bhai Jati Mal, and Bhai Rai Jodh and there were about
four thousand soldiers.
Rai Jodh with a thousand men went to oppose Qamar
Beg. Showers of bullets thinned the ranks of the imperial army.
They used their swords and guns. The Guru's troops caused great
havoc upon the enemy. Rai Jodh finding an opportunity pierced
Qamar Beg with his lance who fell and soon after died. After seeing
his chiefs slain and his army disheartened, Lala Beg himself hurried
to oppose Bhai Jati Mal, and discharged an arrow which struck
Jati Mal on the breast and made him fall fainting to the ground.
The Guru seeing Jati Mal fall, entered the battle field and invited
Lala Beg to measure his strength with his. He shot Lala Beg's
horse which fell with its rider. The Guru, on seeing the chief
on the ground, dismounted so as not to take an unfair advantage
of his adversary. Lala Beg assumed the offensive and aimed several
blows of his sword at the Guru, who avoided them all. The Guru
then putting forward his strength, struck the chief a blow which
completely severed his head from his body. Kabuli Beg, the chief's
nephew was the only one of imperial commanders remained in the
field. On seeing Lala Beg fall down, Kabuli Beg jumped on the
Guru. He slashed again and again at the Guru but every blow was
evaded. The Guru then warned him,"It is now my turn, be on
thy guard." He then dealt him with such a blow that his head
was cut off. This ended the battle. The surviving imperial army
soldiers fled for their lives. Twelve hundred soldiers of the
Guru's army were slain or wounded.
The battle which had begun at midnight, lasted
for eighteen hours on the 16th of Maghar, Sambat 1688 or 1631
A.D. (some date this battle in 1634). The Guru admired the bravery
shown by Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Jati Mal and Bhai Rai Jodh. In
order to commemorate the victory, a tank called Guru Sar was built
on the spot.
FOURTH AND LAST BATTLE:
The Guru went for a repose at Kangar and soon
returned to Kartarpur. After a while a war broke between the Sikhs
and the Mughals. This time the cause was Painde Khan. He went
to Subedar of Jullundhur, Qutab Khan, and then both of them went
to the Emperor and induced him to despatch a strong force against
the Guru. Kale Khan, the brother of Mukhlis Khan, was given a
command of fifty thousand men. Qutab Khan, Painde Khan, Anwar
Khan and Asman Khan were commissioned to fight under Kale Khan.
Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Jati Mal, Bhai Lakhu, and
Bhai Rai Jodh ranged their troops on the four sides of Kartarpur.
The imperial army chiefs advanced against them. The Pathans were,
however, powerless against the brave Sikhs who were fighting for
their religion and their Guru. Bidhi Chand engaged with Kale Khan,
and Baba Gurditta, Guru's eldest son, with Asman Khan. Even Tegh
Bahadur (later on the ninth Guru) who was only fourteen years
old, had shown feats of valor in the field. Painde Khan with drawn
sword confronted the Guru and used profane words for the Master.
In the words of Mohsan Fani, a Muslim historian of that time,
the Guru addressed him,"Painde Khan, why use such words when
the sword is in your hand. Brave as you are my boy, come I give
you full leave to strike first. I have no grudge against you.
But you are full of wrath. You can wreak your rage by striking
the first blow."
Painde Khan aimed a heavy blow at the Guru but
it was parried off. He was allowed again to strike but in vain.
Infuriated with his double failure, he gave a third blow but could
not hit. The Master then urged him,"Come, my boy, I will
teach you how to strike. Not your way but this..." Saying
this he gave him such strong blow that Painde Khan fell on the
ground mortally wounded. From this blow he seemed to have regained
his old sense of discipleship. The Guru told him,"Thou art
a Musalman. Now is the time to repeat your kalma (creed)."
Painde Khan replied,"O Master, your sword is my kalma and
my source of salvation." The Guru on seeing him dying was
filled with pity, and by putting his shield over his face so as
to shade it from the sun, he said,"Painde Khan, I cherished
you, I reared you, and I made you a hero. Though men spoke ill
of you, I forgot all your failings, and evil never entered my
mind against you; but the evil destiny misled you so much that
you brought an army against me. It is your own acts of ingratitude
and insolence that have led to your death at my hands. Though
you have been ungrateful and untrue to your salt, I pray the Almighty
to grant you a dwelling in heaven."
After all his chiefs were slain, Kale Khan confronted
the Guru. He discharged an arrow which whizzed past him. A second
arrow grazed the Guru's forehead, and drops of blood bespattered
his face. He remarked,"Kale Khan, I have seen your science.
Now see mine." At this he discharged an arrow which killed
Kale Khan's horse. The Guru thought it a point of honor also to
dismount and offer his adversary a choice of arms. Sparks of fire
issued from clash of sword to sword. He parried all his strokes
and commented,"Not thus, this is the way to fence."
He then dealt Kale Khan a blow with his two-edged scimitar which
severed his head from his body. On this the imperial soldiers
fled for their lives. Bidhi Chand and Jati Mal shouted slogans
It is said that several thousand Mohammadans were
killed while only seven hundred brave Sikhs lost their lives in
this battle. It ended on the 24th day of Har, Sambat 1691 (1634
Guru Har Gobind fought and won four battles. Since
his purpose had always been defensive, he did not acquire even
an inch of territory as a result of these victories. However this
effected a great change in the character of the Sikhs who, side
by side of their rosaries, girded up their loins and buckled on
their swords in defence of their faith. A new spirit of heroism
was risen in the land to resist the mighty and unjust power of
the Mughal government who had embarked upon the policy of religious
discrimination against non-Muslim subject. The Master was looked
upon by the Sikhs not only a divine messenger but as an accomplished
swordsman, a hero and thorough master of the war.
Guru Har Gobind was the first, after Guru Nanak,
who went outside the Punjab to spread Sikh religion. He travelled
from place to place and went as far as Kashmir in the north and
Nanakmata, Pilibhit in the east.
A Sikh, Almast (means enthusiast) who had been
preaching Sikh religion at Nanak Mata near Pilibhit, had been
expelled from his shrine by the Jogis who had also burnt the sacred
pipal tree under which Guru Nanak had held debate with the followers
of Gorakh Nath. Night and day Almast read the compositions of
the Gurus. He used to pray,"O searcher of hearts, true Guru,
render us assistance." Enduring all hardships, Almast waited
until the Guru came to repair and take possession of Guru Nanak's
Ramo, the eldest sister of Guru's wife- Damodri,
was married to Sain Das who lived in Daroli in the present district
of Ferozepur. Sain Das was ever praying that Guru Har Gobind would
visit his village. He built a mansion to receive him and vowed
not to allow any one to live in it until the Guru had hallowed
it by his presence. Sain Das prepared a beautiful bed, and over
the pillow he put up a canopy. Every morning he used to lay flowers
in the room and pray that the Guru would come to bless the place.
Ramo used to ask Das to go and bring the Guru but he would say,"The
Guru is omniscient and will come of his own accord."
On account of the troubles of Almast and the devotion
of Sain Das, the Guru decided to visit Nanakmata and Daroli and
taking with him a troop of his armed retainers. He went to Kartarpur
and stayed there for some days. After that when he arrived in
Nanak- Mata, the Jogis, seeing his retinue, thought that some
Raja had come. Almast came forth and uttered thanksgiving that
his spiritual master had arrived. The Guru constructed a platform
and sitting on it recited the Sodar. He sprinkled saffron on the
pipal tree which came back to its full bloom.
The Jogis came in a body and represented,"
Thou art a family man; we are well-known holy ascetics. Bearing
the name of Gorakhnath, this place has been ours. Therefore leave
it, and go and abide wherever it pleases you." The Guru replied,"Whom
do you call a holy ascetic? I apply this name only to him who
has renounced pride and who has the love of God in his heart.
It is he, and not a man who wears an ascetic's garb, who will
The Jogis, in order to terrify him, made a show
of their supernatural powers, but could produce no effect on the
Guru, and thus retreated. Since that date the place is called
Nanakmata, and remained in the possession of Udasi Sikhs. He remained
there for some time and occupied himself with preaching to his
Sikhs, and set up a Sikh service organization under the guidance
On his return journey he proceeded to Daroli where
his mother and wives were waiting for him. Sain Das and his wife
Ramo begged for his blessings. He replied,"God at all times
assist those whose hearts are pure. With a pure mind meditate
on His Name, and accept His Will, then you shall be happy."
The moon was full in the month of Kartik, Sambat
1670 (1613 A.D.) Mata Damodri gave birth to a son who was afterwards
named Gurditta, and who bore a remarkable likeness to Guru Nanak.
After that he returned to Amritsar.
Sewa Das, a Brahman who was residing at Srinagar
in Kashmir, had been a converted Sikh. His mother, Bhagbhari made
a beautiful robe to give to the Guru when he would visit her.
She continued praying and waited for him who answered her prayer
by deciding to proceed to Kashmir to see her.
On his way to Kashmir he reached Chaparnala near
Sialkot, where he met a Brahman and asked him where could he find
water to drink and bathe in? The Brahman carelessly replied that
the soil was stony and therefore, the water was very scant. Upon
this the Guru drove a spear into the ground and it is said that
a spring of pure water issued forth. The Sikhs constructed a tank
at the spring and it was called Gurusar. The Brahman felt ashamed
and asked for pardon for not having recognized the Master's greatness.
The Guru replied,"The sins of those who repent shall be pardoned."
He continued his journey into the mountains of
Kashmir. There he met Kattu Shah, a faithful Sikh who had visited
him at Amritsar. He spent a night in his house and then proceeded
to Srinagar, where Sewa Das was meditating and waiting for him.
His mother said that she worshipped the very ground on which the
Guru would tread. He was received with great respect and enthusiasm
and he asked Sewa Das's mother to bring the dress she had made
for him. He put it on and blessed her. Overwhelmed with devotion
for the Guru, she recited the following Sabad:
"Who but Thee, my Beloved, could do such
Cherisher of the poor, Lord of the world, Thou hast put over my
head the umbrella of spiritual sovereignty."
(Rag Bani Maru Ravdas, p-1106)
After this she and her son both drank some of
the water in which the Guru had washed his feet, and the remainder
she sprinkled over her house.
Crowds of Kashmiris both from Srinagar and the
surrounding villages paid homage and many embraced Sikhism. A
very interesting story- a company of Sikhs came to behold the
Guru from a distant village with an offering of honey. On the
way they met Kattu Shah who requested them to let him have some
of the honey, but they refused saying that they could not offer
him Kattu Shah's leavings. When the Sikhs reached the Guru, the
honey was found rotten and full of worms. The Guru remarked,"This
is the result of not having given to my Sikh in whom is the spirit
of the Guru." He ordered them to return and satisfy Kattu
Shah. It is said that the honey became fresh and sweet when they
returned to Kattu Shah. 'Hungry mouth is Guru's treasure.'
He returned to Punjab through Bara Mula. The next
day he visited the place where Rikhi Kashyap had dwelt, and where
Vishnu was said to have incarnation of a swarf. Then he proceeded
to Gujrat in the Punjab where he met Shah Daula, a saint of that
city. Shah Daula was astonished to see the Guru with swords hanging
on his both sides, aigrette attached to his turban and a hawk
perched on his wrist. Shah Daula asked him,"How can you be
a religious man when you have wife and children and possess worldly
wealth and have arms?" The Guru retorted,"A wife is
man's conscience, his children perpetuate his memory, wealth enables
him to live, arms are needed to extirpate the tyrants."
After that he proceeded to Wazirabad and Hafizabad,
both in the district of Gujranwala (now in Pakistan). Then he
went to a village called Mutto Bhai and preached the principles
of his religion. He spent some time there. The Guru then reached
Mandiali, a place about five miles from Lahore. Here Dwarka, a
devout Sikh, married his daughter, Bibi Marwahi to him.
While still at Mandiali the Guru was informed
by his Sikh Langha of the sustained efforts of some of imperial
officers and the Qazis to poison the Emperor's mind to destroy
the sacred buildings of the Sikhs. The Guru took only a casual
notice and proceeded to Talwandi, the birth place of Guru Nanak.
He imparted religious instructions to the people who had gathered
there in connection with the Namani fair. From there he proceeded
to Madai. Next stop was at Manga in Lahore district. From there
he returned to Amritsar where as usual great rejoicing were held
in his honor.
During Shah Jahan's reign all those persons and
groups who had enmity towards the Guru, were constantly on the
look-out for some opportunity to strike him and impede the onward
march of Sikh movement. Tara Chand, the ruler of Hadur or Kehlur
(Nalagarh) had waited upon the Guru and requested him to pay a
visit to his state. In view of these circumstances the Guru had
an idea of alternative headquarters. He sent his son Baba Gurditta
to Tara Chand and promised him to visit his state later on. The
Raja offered a piece of land for his permanent abode. Some writers
say that the land was purchased from him. Baba Gurditta founded
the town of Kiratpur on that piece of land.
Malwa region was still a vast tract of waste land
and its people were still uncommitted to any religion. The Guru,
therefore, undertook great tour of this region. He visited Zira,
Rode Lande, Gill, Kotra and Hari. After that he visited Marajh,
Dabwalli, Bhadaur, Mahal, Ded Maluke, Demru and then reached Darauli.
Before departure, he blessed the people of Darauli and gave them
a 'pothi' and a small katar (a small sword) as monuments. He visited
Bara Ghar, Mado, Lopo, Sidhwan and then reached Sidhar. Rai Jodh,
a big landlord of Kangar inspired by his wife Bhagan who was a
daughter of Bhag Mal Gill, a devotee of the Guru, waited upon
him. He was so much impressed that he desired to enter the Sikh
fold. The Guru initiated him, his brother Umar Shah and many others
of their families.
The people came in flocks and embraced Sikhism
specially in Malwa region. For the first time in history of Indian
religions, the people were coming across a religious leader who
was committed to the ideal of resisting all types of exploitations,
injustice and tyranny. In fact the Guru's close identification
with the lower and down-trodden classes and his constant endeavors
for their welfare and uplift made him the cynosure of the masses.
The Guru had five sons and one daughter. They
Baba Gurditta was born to Mata Damodri in 1613.
Bibi Viro was born to Mata Damodri in 1615.
Baba Surj Mal was born to Mata Marwahi in 1617.
Baba Ani Rai was born to Mata Nanaki in 1618.
Baba Atal Rai was born to Mata Nanaki in 1619.
Baba Tegh Bahadur was born to Mata Nanaki in 1621.
There lived a Sikh, Gurmukh in Amritsar who had
the only son, Mohan. Baba Atal and Mohan used to play together.
One day they played until nightfall. The victory remained with
Baba Atal and it was agreed upon that the play would be resumed
the next morning. When Mohan went out, he was bitten by a cobra
and the boy succumbed to death. Next morning Baba Atal Rai went
to Mohan's house and was told that Mohan was dead. Baba Atal did
not believe that he was dead and he lifted the dead Mohan to life.
Upon this the Guru angrily addressed to his son," You must
be working miracles, while I teach men to obey God's Will."
Baba Atal replied," Great King, may you live for ages, I
depart for Sachkhand (heaven)." By saying this, he left and
went to bathe in the tank of nectar. After his ablutions, he circumambulated
the Golden Temple four times. As he finished his morning devotions,
his light blended with the Light of God when he was nine years
Guru Har Gobind narrated all the circumstances
to his eldest son Gurditta and sent him to Budhan Shah, whose
devotion he commended. Baba Gurditta took his wife Natti and his
son Dhir Mal and met Budhan Shah on the bank of river Satluj.
Baba Gurditta reminded,"O priest, thou hast the milk that
was entrusted to thee. Bring that to me. The Guru is my father,
and he has sent me to taste it." Budhan Shah gave the milk
and it is said that it was as fresh as it had been set. Baba Gurditta
and his wife Natti continued to reside in Kiratpur. A son was
born to them on January 16, 1630 and they called him Har Rai.
Bhai Buddha remained in his village of Ramdas
intent on his devotions. When he saw his end near, he asked for
the Guru to come and fulfil his promise once he made to him. He
told him,"Bhai Buddha, you have lived long, you have been
ever with the Gurus. Give some instruction." Bhai Buddha
replied,"Great King, thou art a sun, I am a fire-fly before
thee. You have come to save me, and to hear my dying words........I
have been a servant of the Guru's house for six generations. Succor
me in the next world, and allow me not to suffer when I enter
death's door, which I fondly hope is the portal of salvation.
Here is my son, Bhana at your service; take his arm and keep him
at your feet." The Guru replied,"Bhai Buddha, you shall
assuredly obtain bliss. Your humility is an assurance." He
then put his hand on Bhai Buddha's head and blessed him who then
left for his heavenly abode. The Guru and his Sikhs sang congratulations
on the event of Bhai Buddha's death after his long, holy and eventful
life, and lauded him for the assistance he had given in the propagation
and consolidation of Sikh faith. The Guru himself ignited his
Bhai Gurdas was a contemporary of the fourth,
fifth and sixth Gurus and was acquainted with them and their contemporaries,
especially Bhai Buddha, an aged Sikh who had survived from the
time of Guru Nanak. The tenets of Sikh religion are given in Bhai
Gurdas's Vars. There are forty Vars in number and each is divided
in varying number of pauries (stanzas) and each pauri contains
from five to ten lines.
One morning the Guru went to Bhai Gurdas whose
end was now approaching. He begged pardon for any sins he might
have committed. The Guru replied," I thank thee, Bhai Gurdas,
for having assisted in laying out the road of the Sikh faith.
Among the Gurus' Sikhs thy name shall be immortal." Having
heard this Bhai Gurdas meditated on God and drew a sheet over
him and closed his eyes in eternal sleep on Friday the fifth day
of the light half of Bhadon, Sambat 1686 (1629 A.D.). After performing
the last rites he returned to Amritsar.
GURU AT KIRATPUR:
He lived in Kiratpur from 1635 to 1644. He chose
Kiratpur, a city in the foothill of the Himalayas, which was not
so easily accessible during those days of undeveloped and scanty
means of transportation and communication, to ward off any further
hostility between the Sikhs and the Mughal government after the
confrontation of four battles. There were hilly Rajas who were
great admirers of the Guru because he was instrumental in getting
them released from the fort of Gwalior and some of them had developed
veneration for Sikhism. These are some of the circumstances in
which the Guru seemed to have set up his headquarters at Kiratpur.
When he was busy in the battle field, Baba Gurditta
was incharge to look after the organizational work. In 1636 the
Guru asked Baba Gurditta to appoint four head preachers: Almast,
Phul, Gonda and Baba Hasna. Almast was made the chief organizer
of the proselytizing activities in the east. Baba Hasna who was
the younger brother of Almast, established himself among the people
of Pothohar, Kashmir, Chhachh and Hazara. Similarly Phul and Gonda
were assigned the area of Doab to carry on the proselytizing work.
All these four Udasis were founded in their allotted areas, preaching
centers which were named as Dhuans or Hearths, to symbolize the
flame of Sikhism. Besides this the Guru sent Bidhi Chand to Bengal.
He had sent Bhai Gurdas earlier to Kabul and then to Banaras to
enlighten the people on Guru's gospel and also to encourage trade
One day Baba Gurditta went for a hunting trip.
It so happened that one of his Sikhs shot a cow by mistake for
a deer. The shepherds came and arrested the offending Sikh. Baba
Gurditta went to his assistance and offered to give compensation.
The shepherds would have from the Guru's son (Gurditta) nothing
less than the restoration of the cow to life. If he restored the
cow to life, the Guru would be angry as he was before in the case
of Baba Atal and if he refused to satisfy the shepherds, they
would detain his Sikh as a hostage. He was at last persuaded to
reanimate the cow. When it was reported to the Guru, he remarked,"It
is not pleasing to me that any one should set himself up as God's
equal, and restore life to the dead. Everybody will be bringing
the dead to my door, and whom shall I select for reanimation?"
Baba Gurditta replied," Mayest thou live for ever! I depart."
He went to Budhan Shah's shrine, drove his cane into the ground,
lay down, and left for his heavenly abode at the early age of
twenty-four in 1638.
After this the Guru sent for Baba Gurditta's eldest
son, Dhir Mal, from Kartarpur, and also for the Adi Granth which
was in his custody. He intended that the holy volume should be
read for the repose of Gurditta's soul, and also that Dhir Mal
should be present to receive a turban after his father's death
in token of succession to his property and position. Dhir Mal
declined the invitation saying,"My father is not in Kiratpur.
To whom shall I go? It is through fear of the Guru my father died.
I do not desire to die yet. I will myself have the Adi Granth
read for my father." Thus he kept holy scripture thinking
that whosoever had its custody would be the Guru. Bhai Bidhi Chand
had unfinished copy of the Adi Granth which was read at that time.
One day the Guru's wife Mata Nanaki asked him,"O my lord,
you always show great kindness to Har Rai, who is your grandson,
but you never show regard to your own son Tegh Bahadur. Fulfil
my wishes to put him on your throne." The Guru replied,"
Tegh Bahadur is a Guru of Gurus. There is none who can endure
the unendurable so well as he. He has obtained divine knowledge
and renounced worldly love. If you have patience, the Guruship
shall revert to him."
A day was appointed for a great assemblage. When
all were present, Guru Har Gobind rose, took Har Rai by the hand
and seated him on the throne of Guru Nanak. Bhai Bhana, son of
Bhai Buddha, affixed the tilak to Har Rai's forehead and decorated
him with a necklace of flowers. The Guru putting five paise and
a coco-nut in front of him, bowed before him declaring him the
Guru, and addressed the Sikhs,"In Har Rai now recognize me.
The spiritual power of Guru Nanak hath entered him." Upon
this the Sikhs shouted congratulations and minstrels began to
After this Guru Har Gobind left this world in
March, 1644 at Kiratpur.
When the last rites were completed, Mata Nanaki
and her son Tegh Bahadur set out, according to the Guru's order,
for Bakala, where they both lived until Tegh Bahadur obtained
FN-1: Wazir Khan was the viceroy of Punjab at
the time of Guru Arjan. He was suffering from dropsy and was completely
restored to health by hearing the recitation of Sukhmani, upon
which he became Guru's follower.
FN-2: Some writers charge that the Guru was imprisoned
on account of money due. If this or any other case was the cause
of his imprisonment, how could he get the release of fifty-two
Rajas from the Fort? The Guru was on good terms with the Emperor.
On his illness Jahangir requested the Guru to go to the Gwalior
Fort and in return the Emperor conceded to the Guru's wish to
release the princes.
FN-3:Kahan Singh, a Sikh historian, writes that
she was a Hindu girl named Kamla. Qazi Rustam Khan purchased her
and kept her as slave. She was taught Islam.
FN-4:Some writers say that it was neither Shah
Jahan nor the Guru, but there were only their respective men.
FN-5:Some writers say that Bidhi Chand never met
Some writers claim that it was Guru Har Gobind himself who asked
Budhan Shah for milk. When Guru Nanak met Budhan Shah, he offered
milk to the Guru as a mark of respect. The Guru promised that
he would drink milk later on. Now Guru Har Gobind reminded Budhan
Shah of the milk he promised to drink. Budhan Shah said,"You
do not look like the Guru I gave the milk." Upon this Guru
Har Gobind appeared in the appearance of Guru Nanak before Budhan
Shah and accepted the milk to fulfil the promise.
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Kidney Disease’ is a general term for damage that reduces the function of a kidney. Kidneys are organs that are essential for maintaining life. They filter and regulate blood across the body. When the kidneys no longer perform their functions, the body starts exhibiting symptoms such as –
- Swelling all over the body (excessive swelling on the feet) Increase or decrease in urination.
These symptoms are the most common indicators of the prevalence of kidney disease.
How does one get
Diabetes and high blood pressure are leading causes of kidney disease.
What’s after identifying
you have Kidney Disease?
Delaying the progression of Kidney Disease: Once you have identified the prevalence of Kidney Disease, it is important to assess the stage you are in. Post which treatment options should be considered to either delay the progression and find a solution that leads you back to a healthy life. The right customized diet and medical management can help a patient effectively tackle Kidney disease.
Why choose us
We specialize in delaying the need for dialysis.
adjusting to a life on dialysis can be difficult. To curb this, we work round the clock to identify a definite path ahead with dieticians and other specialists. We work towards retaining a patient's normal life.
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Many different forms of dialysis can be undertaken by a patient. We train and equip a patient to conduct home dialysis which could be more suitable to their lifestyle and more accommodating to a patient's schedule!
Budget friendly treatments
Our medical practices follow our patient-first philosophy. We offer economical treatment options making sure that the only thing a patient needs to worry about is getting better!
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The Fortitude of Christian Faith - November 21
- 2017 21 Nov
French author Voltaire was born NOVEMBER 21, 1694. Yale president Timothy Dwight wrote of Voltaire in his Address "Duty of Americans at the Present Crisis," July 4, 1798, published in Encyclopedia Britannica's Annals of America: "About the year 1728, Voltaire, so celebrated for his wit and brilliancy and not less distinguished for his hatred of Christianity and his abandonment of principle, formed a systematical design to destroy Christianity and to introduce in its stead a general diffusion of irreligion and atheism...The principal parts were...compilation of the Encyclopedia in which the doctrines Christian theology were rendered absurd...Overthrow religious orders...Fabrication of books against Christianity, such as excite doubt." Timothy Dwight continued: "Formation of a secret Academy of which Voltaire was the standing president and in which books were formed, altered, forged, imputed as posthumous to deceased writers of reputation." U.S. Congressman and New York advertising executive Bruce Barton wrote: "Voltaire spoke of the Bible as a short-lived book. He said that within a hundred years it would pass from common use. Not many people read Voltaire today, but his house has been packed with Bibles as a depot of a Bible society."
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The public sector has been seeing the benefit of P3s primarily in the energy efficiency space and can capitalize on early successes in the distributed energy generation field. There is also great potential for using P3s to help electrify public transportation assets and infrastructure.
Energy efficiency: Public private partnerships in the energy efficiency space have existed through energy performance contracting since the 1980s and it has been used for energy efficiency projects on a large scale. Governments have turned to energy savings companies (ESCOs) that integrate multiple efficiency measures, mitigating technical and performance risks, and providing a financial guarantee to project lenders that the energy savings generated will cover the debt service.
According to the National Association of Energy Service Companies (NAESCO), ESCOs have resulted in $50 billion in projects paid from $55 billion in energy savings since 1990 with 450 million tons of CO2 savings at no additional cost. A study by Lawrence Berkeley National Labs found that new annual ESCO project implementation is around $6 billion per year.
Case Study: With constrained budgets and the need for capital intensive energy upgrades, the City Council of the City of Englewood directed the administration to investigate energy efficiency savings. The city approached the Colorado Governor’s Energy Office for education and guidance through the ESPC process resulting in a competitive request for proposal (RFP) and the selection of Ameresco. Ameresco conducted a city-wide audit and provided a solution that resulted in a design-build-own-operate-maintain 20-year solar power purchase agreement and a $1.46 million ESPC guaranteed to reduce annual utility cost by $117,000 (23.3 percent electricity and 9.3 percent natural gas savings).
Distributed Energy: Distributed energy solutions like district energy systems can help cities reduce their energy costs and keep more energy dollars local. Additionally, environmental impacts are substantially reduced due to the markedly improved efficiency of heating and cooling systems and developing district energy systems that can support the transformation of the power sector as older, polluting power plants are shut down.
District energy can cut peak electrical demand, reducing burden on the grid and avoiding expensive peak power costs. When coupled with islanding capabilities to form a microgrid, these systems can provide even more resiliency benefits. Such local solutions may offer lower-cost alternatives to major system investments, particularly in areas at elevated risk from severe weather or other natural disasters.
Although the long-term energy savings and environmental benefits are substantial, even resulting in many well-paying jobs, the high upfront costs can discourage municipal governments from such investments. Connecting district energy or microgrid systems to the power grid can also be complex.
That is where P3s can help. A great example of this is the microgrid P3 between Montgomery County, Maryland and Duke Energy Renewables with Schneider Electric.
Case Study: A 2012 storm led to approximately 250,000 out of one million Montgomery County residents, and 71 county facilities out of 400 buildings, without power for multiple days. This event highlighted the need for resiliency for Montgomery County’s facilities.
Additionally, the county buildings and associated electrical infrastructure were 30- to 50-years-old on average and were showing their age. As early as 2009, the county had set a goal to reduce greenhouse gases. Government administrators needed to find a way to pay for expensive upgrades in line with their resiliency and green targets, without adding to its debt obligation or straining a budget, already pressed by the essential needs.
In 2014, the county turned to the private sector for innovative ideas through a competitive RFP. Schneider Electric and Duke Energy Renewables proposed a plan that would allow the county to install two advanced microgrids and upgrade aging electrical infrastructure without any upfront investment.
Additionally, the private partners would maintain and operate the microgrids through a 25-year Energy-as-a-Service (EaaS) P3 agreement. The private partners would design, finance, build, maintain and operate the microgrids and upgrades. Montgomery County would make capacity and energy payments to the capital partner over the life of the contract. The payments include a locked-in energy rate, so the county avoids market price escalation.
The P3 agreement averted a $4 million capital expenditure in electrical upgrades alone. The P3 increased energy reliability, resilience, and clean power at a marginal increase in annual energy costs for the two facilities.
These two facilities are anticipated to generate over 11 million kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity, equivalent to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by taking over 1,400 cars off the road or planting more than 178,000 trees. The microgrids also will ensure that the county can continue to provide critical services to the community during major storms and other external events. During the middle part of the day, enough electricity is generated on-site at the Public Safety Headquarters (PSHQ) to export into the public utility grid.
Montgomery County is no longer an outlier. More and more public sector entities are looking at P3 solutions for their energy needs. The District WRED project in Westminster, the National Western Center in Denver, Pittsburgh Airport, Santa Barbara Unified School District and the New London Harbor Energy project are a few district energy P3 project examples.
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* General concepts on finance
* Development and chronological evolution of finance
* Economic Principles – Financial Finance
* Considerations on profitability, risk and liquidity
* The accounting, financial statements and financial
The highly complex and competitive markets, this product of changes, deep and fast in a global environment requires a maximum of efficiency and effectiveness in the management of companies. Ensure minimum levels of profitability today implies the need for a high contribution of creativity aimed at finding new ways to ensure success.
The first thing to understand in this new context is the interrelationship between the various sectors and company processes. Analyze and think in terms of these relationships is to think about how or systemically.
Keep only financial indices without knowing the reason for them is useless. Currently it takes a team effort involving both planning, as in all other administrative functions to each and every one of the sectors or areas of the corporation.
So to settle a financial budget it must take full account of the various sectors, processes and activities that affect organizational performance and composing. Therefore not only have to take into account the indexes and financial ratios, but also those of an operational nature, since the latter are mainly the reason for the first.
Besides the financial budget should interact with both planned and actual conditions, in order to monitor the evolution of these indicators and take appropriate preventive and reactive, always based financial objectives, which are four fundamentals of any organization: The maximum return on investment, higher value added per employee, the highest level of satisfaction for customers and consumers and increased market share.
The finance department is in charge of achieving these goals and optimal control, management of economic and financial resources of the company, this includes obtaining financial resources both internal and external, necessary to achieve the business goals and objectives and to while ensuring that external resources are required by the company acquired favorable terms and interest.
The field of study encompasses both financial asset valuation and analysis of financial decisions designed to create value. The interrelationship between the analysis and the decision to take the valuation is given from the time an asset either should only be purchased if necessary the condition that its value exceeds its cost (this condition is not sufficient because may have other assets that generate more value for the company). Under the name of finances we can see three important areas: Corporate Finance, Financial Investment and Financial Markets and Intermediaries.
1. GENERAL FINANCE CONCEPTS
Finance is the art and science of managing money, man is surrounded by financial concepts, the businessman, the shopkeeper, the farmer, the father of the family, everyone thinks in terms of profitability, prices, costs, good bad business and regular. Each person has their consumption policy, credit, investments and savings.
Finance from the Latin “finis” meaning end or end. Finances are caused by the completion of an economic transaction with the transfer of financial resources (with the money transfer transaction is finished).
So finances already defined as the art of money management, financial management refers to the work of the financial manager, which has the basic function of planning funds necessary for the operation of a business.
The general areas of finance are three:
* The financial management (efficient use of financial resources).
* Financial markets (conversion of financial resources in economic resources, or what is the same conversion of savings into investment)
* The financial investment (acquisition and efficient allocation of financial resources).
While the basic responsibilities of the financial manager are:
* Acquisition of funds at minimum cost (called the money and capital markets, as well as the mechanisms for acquiring funds in them).
* Convert the funds in the optimal asset structure (evaluates alternative programs and projects).
* Control the use of the asset to maximize the net income, ie, maximize function: net profit = revenue – costs. 2. CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
* For early twentieth century, focused finance its emphasis on legal matters (consolidation firms, formation of new firms and bond issues and actions with primitive capital markets.
* During the depression of the 30’s, in the United States emphasized finance bankruptcy, reorganization, firm liquidity and government regulations on securities markets.
* Between 1940 and 1950, finance continued to be viewed as an external element of no great importance to production and marketing.
* In the late 50s, they begin to develop methods of financial analysis and give importance to the key financial statements: the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow.
* In the 60’s, finance focus on the optimal combination of securities (stocks and bonds) and capital cost.
* During the decade of the 70 ‘, focuses on portfolio management and its impact on the finances of the company.
* For the decade of the 80 and 90′, the topic was inflation and financial treatment and the beginning of adding value.
* In the new millennium, finance has focused on creating shareholder value and customer satisfaction.
3. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES – FINANCE FINANCIAL
There are ten (10) financial-economic principles underlying the student theoretical financial analysis:
* As an investor expects more profit, more risk you run. Investors are risk averse, ie for a given level of risk seeking to maximize performance, which can also be understood that for a given level of return seek to minimize the risk. Ultimately the required return, Ko will:
Ko = Rf +
Rf = Risk Free Rate
* The dilemma between risk and benefit is better to have some money now that the same in the future. The owner of a financial resource you have to pay something, for no such recourse, if the depositor, is the interest rate, if the investor’s rate of return or return.
* The value of money in the long run time maximize the net profit, ie the function:
NET PROFIT = REVENUE – COST.
* Maximize the wealth of the investor’s long-term investments should be financed with long-term funds, and likewise should be financed with short-term investments Short-term funds.
* Financing appropriate Humans prefer to have cash, but sacrifice liquidity in hopes of earning interest or profits.
* The dilemma between liquidity and the need to reverse the prudent investor should not expect the economy to continue always the same. The level of business of a company or investor can vary in response to economic forces local, regional, national or global. Some are favored in times of booms and others thrive in times of difficulty.
* The business cycle The proper use of funds acquired by debt serves to increase the profits of a company or investor. An investor who receives funds lent to 15%, for example, and bring to a business that pays 20%, is increasing their own profits with the proper use of other resources.
* Leverage (use of debt) The wise investor diversifies its total investment, distributing its resources among several different investments. The effect of diversification is to spread the risk and reduce the overall risk.
* Efficient Diversification In a free market economy each economic resource ideally be employed in the use promises more performance without any hurdle.
* The displacement resource
* Opportunity Costs
Consider that there are always several investment options. The opportunity cost is the rate of return on the best investment alternative available. It is the highest yield that will not be won if the funds are invested in a particular project.
4. PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS, AND LIQUIDITY RISK
Profitability is a percentage ratio that says how much you get over time for each unit of resource invested. Can also be defined as “change in value of an asset, plus any cash distribution, expressed as a percentage of the initial value. Others simply defined as the ratio between revenues and costs.
* Return on assets: “Business is the engine and corresponds to the operating performance of the company. Measured by the ratio of operating income before interest and taxes, and the asset or operational investment.”
* Return on equity: is the profitability of the business from the point of view of the shareholder, ie “how you get on equity after deducting the payment of the financial burden.”
* Total return: “corresponds to the performance measured in terms of the ratio of net income to total capital.”
There are other measures of profitability, such as:
* Return on Equity (Return On Equity / ROE) which measures the performance obtained by the shareholder on its investment in the equity of the company. Is determined by the ratio of net income, after tax, and the average equity.
* ROI (Return On Investment / ROI): Measures the performance obtained by the shareholder on the total investment. It is measured by the ratio of net income, after tax, and total capital employed (equity + loans).
Risk is the possibility that actual results to differ from those expected or chance that some unfavorable event occurs, it can be classified as:
* Operational Risk “is the risk of not being able to cover operating costs.”
* Financial risk: “The risk of not being able to cover financial costs.”
* Total Risk “possibility that the company can not cover the costs, both operating and financial”.
There are other ways of classifying the risk:
* Systematic risk (non-diversifiable or Inevitable) affects yields of all securities in the same way. there is no way to protect the investment portfolios of such risk, and is very useful to know the extent to which asset returns are affected by such common factors. such a policy decision affects all titles alike. the degree of systematic risk is measured by beta ().
* Unsystematic risk (diversifiable or avoidable) risk arises from the variability of yields values unrelated to movements in market performance as a whole. You can reduce it by diversifying
* Total Risk: Systematic risk + unsystematic risk
The liquidity of a company is measured by its ability to meet its short-term obligations, as these are due. Liquidity refers to the solvency of the overall financial position of the company, ie the ease with which it can meet who would owe.
The flow of resources in a company is given by the following figure:
5. ACCOUNTING, FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCE
Investors want to know the basic financial statements, such as: The Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow, for it rests on the counter, which tells the story of what has happened in a given period, in contrast with finances which looks to the future.
The general accounting and cost accounting, supported by other tools are important for financial projections, which are support for economic research analysts.
The Balance Sheet and Income Statement
* Basic report showing the financial position of an economic entity, on a given date. Contains information about the assets, liabilities and equity, which should relate to one another to reflect that financial situation.
The balance sheet allows us to know the financial position of the company at a particular time: the balance sheet tells us what the company is and what it should.
The balance consists of two columns: the active (left column) and liabilities (right column). In the Active lists the destinations of funds and in Passive origins.
For example: If a company asks for a loan from a bank to buy a truck, bank credit will in Liabilities (the origin of the funds that come into the company), while the truck going in the Assets (the destination that has given the money that has come into the company).
Assets and Liabilities The terms can be confusing, since one might think that the asset reflects what the company has liabilities and what you owe. This is not correct, since for example in equity are liabilities.
And why are the equity in liabilities the answer is because they are sources of cash. If, for example, in the above case had financed the purchase of the truck with input from partners: what would be the source of the funds that come into the company equity contributed by shareholders.
* Balance Sheet
* Income Statement
Basic report that shows the net result of the operations of the economic entity during the reporting period. Its elements are: revenues, costs, expenses and restatement.
The income statement reflects the profit or loss that the company gets over its fiscal year (usually one year). The Income Statement is like a counter that is reset at the beginning of each year and closes at the end.
While the balance sheet is a “snapshot” of the company at a particular time, the income statement is a “movie” of the activity of the company over a year.
Balance and Income Statement are interrelated, their main link is the last line of the income statement (one that includes the gain or loss), which is also reflected in the balance sheet, increasing equity (if they were benefits) or decreasing (if they were losses).
The General Ledger and Daybook are the documents where these movements are collected daily, and allow all accounting information have ordered and available when needed for preparing the Balance and Income Statement.
Sample applications that are given to the different types of capital, which leads to incur costs and revenues, interest and profits as payment for the use of capital.
The movement of cash flow in the company can be expressed in this way:
* WESTON, J. Fred and Eugene F. BRIGHAM: Fundamentals of Financial Management, 10th. edition, Mc Graw Hill Publishing. Mexico, 1993.
* Accounting I Rondon Francisco Gomez semester “Theory and Practice” Editions heat.
* Harry A. Finney, Herbert E. Miller Accounting Course Introduction
* VAN HORNE, James: Financial Management. 7th edition, Prentice Hall Publishing. Mexico, 1988.
* Gitman, Lawrence, 1990, basic financial management, Harla, Mexico City, 723 p.
* Braley, Richard and Myers, Stewart, 1992, Principles of Corporate Finance, 3rd. ed., Mc Graw-Hill, Caracas, 1300 p.
* PASCALE, Ricardo, 1993, Financial Decisions, John Wiley & Sons, NY
Mr. Cruz Lezama Osan
Industrial Engineer – Specialist Finance
Production and Operations Specialist
Master in Management, Major in Finance
Diploma in Teacher Training and Development
Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela, May 2006
* Maintain balance between dividends and retained earnings, thus ensuring the participation of members and funds for reinvestment.
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By: Sarah LeBlanc
The sky was cloudy and the day was rainy, but that didn’t take away from the sprawling spectacle that was Mount Vernon, the estate of America’s first president, George Washington.
It was fitting that two students and I visited the home of the man hailed as the father of freedom and patriotism just days before the inauguration of our 45th president. After seeing where Washington lived and died, I began to question what a man who warned against the dangers of political parties would think of the state of American politics today, and I came to one conclusion: He wouldn’t like it.
I say Washington wouldn’t care for the way America’s government operates today because he was right – political parties have contributed to the divisive and polarized nation we live in today. It can be argued that the tensions between Republicans and Democrats are higher than they have been in recent years, with Republicans refusing to confirm former President Obama’s Supreme Court nominee and many Democrats loudly and publicly speaking out against the new President and his administration.
If you’ve ever listened to the soundtrack of Hamilton, you know that Washington was also dealing with tensions in his cabinet between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. He also had to confront dissent in newspapers and the decision of whether he would continue to serve after two terms, or step down and form a precedent for those who followed in his footsteps. But by many accounts, he handled these challenges with grace and poise. A favorite story we heard at Mount Vernon was of George Washington’s behavior when he had guests: Apparently, he would talk with them, but when he noticed that people weren’t able to have casual conversations in the presence of their general, he would leave the room and write letters so they would feel more comfortable. If true, I think that’s a pretty neat thing.
Now, Washington wasn’t perfect. He owned over a hundred slaves (who he freed upon his passing) on an estate of over three hundred slaves. It seems like he got to his high status position mostly through luck – he married a woman who was wealthy, his father left him a plantation when he passed, and he inherited the estate when his brother passed in 1752. But he’s still widely remembered as a great leader or a humble man whose legacy lives on over 200 years after his time – which brings me to Donald Trump.
I’m not going to say I want to go back to a time when Washington was president, and I don’t want to make direct comparisons between our first and 45th presidents. But the political system was arguably simpler and objectively younger than it is today, and different circumstances have helped shape our governmental structure into the convoluted state it’s in now. But it’s almost inarguable that Donald Trump’s actions will be remembered decades and possibly centuries after he leaves office. And in the words of my favorite musical, history has its eyes on him.
So while I stood in the same rooms Washington walked through, I couldn’t help but think about the history I would be witnessing in 6 days. And I hope Trump takes note of the pretty big shoes he has to fill. But my point is this: Our democracy has survived even after a Civil War, our nation has been unified after terrorist attacks and threats on its people’s safety, and even though society is polarized and it may feel like the union is falling apart, I’m confident that we will make it through the next four years. With a foundation laid by a man like Washington and everyone who fought and died for our freedom in the Revolutionary War, surely our nation can survive the presidency of Donald Trump, right?
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Wheels will be for landing and taking off.
wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors.
So one more step. Your email address will not be published. By using our site, you agree to our. It’s because the geometrical center is not the same as the center of gravity. Notice the difference?
Your support helps wikiHow to create more in-depth illustrated articles and videos and to share our trusted brand of instructional content with millions of people all over the world. Depending on the design of your airplane, the center of the structure might not be the best place to balance it. If your kids are anything like my kids, then occasional crash landing was inevitable and even encouraged. But the zip line carried it down safely… almost every time. In the past year, we tried a couple of different ideas to keep a LEGO airplane in the air. We made ours from a plastic bottle, papier-mache glue and lots of newspaper! On subsequent tries, we added a paperclip. Now pull the paper clip through this string. “There got to be a way to make it move through the air without me holding it,” kept insisting my oldest son. We know ads can be annoying, but they’re what allow us to make all of wikiHow available for free. Learning about Flying with Paper Airplane. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 24,549 times. On her insistence, most of the pieces used were from her LEGO Friends collection. That was perfect! If you made this plane, you can make it into a toy for yourself or children. Tie a long string to the paper clip on one end and tie the second end around the deck rail (or put your feet on it, so it doesn’t escape from you and you don’t have to tie it). Every time he did it he expected it to crash and all the little LEGO pieces fly in all directions.
Just lift the front of the airplane, put the string down and put the pieces back down. Have fun creating a lego airplane using my instructions :-) Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download. In this example I builded the airplane in a lenght of 20 bricks(see beginning of video).
If you really can’t stand to see another ad again, then please consider supporting our work with a contribution to wikiHow. It is almost like you are inventing something, and you can pretend to be a LEGO master and inventor. Step 2: Attach 4 rectangle pieces to eachother. LEGO airplane of your design or use our design for inspiration, Kite string or similar smooth string (for the zip line + for the pull-back line), A short piece of string, ribbon or yarn (to go around the airplane and hold the paper clip), Optional: Kitchen Twine or similarly rough string (for comparison and experimentation purposes). And to keep doing it over and over again! Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download. To start this project, you need to make a LEGO airplane.
Mark how long it takes the airplane to get down on a kite string and how long it takes to get back up. Really, really perfect!
We were a bit disappointed. It takes airplane five times as long (or “forever” in the kid’s world) to get down, and it’s challenging to pull it back up! Add a flat 2 by16 for the wings. You can tie a string between a tree and a playground structure. 7 dots on each side. My 8-year old son can sit on the deck and do this project for hours on end. Looking for more aviation projects? 3 dots from the front and 7 from the back of the plane. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. And to keep doing it over and over again!
If you like to read about flight and airplanes, we put together a large collection of books. Just lift the front of the airplane, put the string down and put the pieces back down. To build this airplane you need a lot of lego bricks, I haven't counted the exact amount but it's very many bricks. All the forces of gravity act on individual atoms that make up your airplane. Why not make an airplane! Add two little grill type things if u have them. Step 1: Create the propeller using 5 squares and 4 narrows. Hope you will succeed on your very own lego plane.Comment below and maybe you will be responsible for the next video!Subscribe for more videos!http://www.youtube.com/user/FreeRunGT Wheels will help when the plane takes off and lands. None entirely successful. Note the time. How many pennies does it take to get an apple up an inclined plane. Learn more... Building things out of LEGOs are fun ways to enjoy yourself and be creative. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time. If you are doing it for fun and not for experimental sake, use kite string for both lines). This year was the first time my 8-year old suddenly exclaimed, “Hey, let’s try a zip line from the top floor into the backyard!” I went in search of a string, while my son designed a LEGO airplane with the enthusiastic support of his 5-year old sister. None entirely successful.
You are being creative making things out of LEGOs. That’s why it took my son about a year to come up with this brilliant (in my opinion) way to make LEGO airplane soar through the air to everyone’s delight.
That’s when my husband came up with the idea to attach an additional long string to the airplane so that it could be pulled up to the deck and be dropped down again.
There got to be a way to make it move through the air without me holding it. In the mood for some experimentation?
Please consider making a contribution to wikiHow today. Red, blue, and gray make good color effects on one airplane. Talk about how gravity helps the airplane get down. Small LEGOs might make building a LEGO airplane harder, and it will take longer too. You can find the list of books with suggested aviation activities HERE.
” kept insisting my oldest son. You may or may not want to link this to the discussion of an amazing device called pulley. Add stairs when going in and can go out when the plane takes off. consider supporting our work with a contribution to wikiHow. This article has been viewed 24,549 times. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time. When you're done with a LEGO building you've made, put it up somewhere you can see it, and when you want to make something new, take the old one apart and make the next building. My husband tied the other end of the string in the backyard. It took airplane all of few seconds to slide down our zip line and come to a stop. On her insistence, most of the pieces used were from her LEGO Friends collection. Use LEGO wheels and axles to do this. If you don't have as much bricks as I have then you can try to short down lenght to approximately 5-15 bricks.
He said that it was that one split second when he let the airplane go from his hands. Not only it made for a smoother flying, but also you can not see it, and it looks as if the airplane really flies. You can also find some multilevel furniture that can be used for this purpose right in your home. The left string is a kitchen twine. That’s why it took my son about a year to come up with this brilliant (in my opinion) way to make LEGO airplane soar through the air to everyone’s delight. % of people told us that this article helped them. Now pull the paper clip through this string.
My son is now at work inventing just the right pulley for getting the airplane back up with less effort.
That’s when my husband came up with the idea to attach an additional long string to the airplane so that it could be pulled up to the deck and be dropped down again. The zip line is a kite string we attached to the second-floor balcony and dropped down into the backyard so that the other end could be tied down there. You don’t need a multi-level house to enjoy this activity. So, now that you are all set up and know what to do, all you have to do is sit and drop your LEGO airplane, watch it slide down, then pull it back up. I asked him what was so exciting about it. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download.
Every day at wikiHow, we work hard to give you access to instructions and information that will help you live a better life, whether it's keeping you safer, healthier, or improving your well-being. Get the instructions HERE or PIN for later. Now you need to attach a bit of string around the airplane. designed a LEGO airplane with the enthusiastic support of his 5-year old sister. The zip line is a kite string we attached to the second-floor balcony and dropped down into the backyard so that the other end could be tied down there. Required fields are marked *, Fun Science with Fruits and Vegetables – Symmetry in Nature, Six Reasons we Love Foreign Languages for Kids by Kids (Spanish Curriculum Review). This is a tutorial that shows you step by step on how to make your very own airplane.The airplane is a commercial airplane and I've been constructing two of these before, this video was made to show you viewers on how I constructed the plane. The concentration happens in the center of gravity. I hung the LEGO airplane’s string around the kite string and after kids counted to three I LET IT GO! Step 3:
Use different colors. Please help us continue to provide you with our trusted how-to guides and videos for free by whitelisting wikiHow on your ad blocker. You probably can come up with your own ways to make an airplane, but I share ours for inspiration. This video shows how to build a lego airplane in only original lego bricks! So it's better to use small ones, but it will take days to finish. A child can sit on a tree (as long as you feel safe with him/her doing that) and drop airplane and pull it back up. If you like the plane very much, keep it for a while! There might be quite a few ways to do just that described on the internet, but I like my kids to invent things and come up with their own ideas.
I dutifully climbed to the top floor of our house and tied the kite string to the rail of our balcony. Here are some more activities to celebrate Aviation day from around the web. wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors.
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Stakeholder Analysis Definition
Stakeholder Analysis is the systematic examination and evaluation of Stakeholders in order to prioritise, manage and engage with them effectively (stakeholdermap.com).
Stakeholder Analysis is a systematic way to analyse stakeholders by their power and interest. High power, high interest stakeholders are Key Players. Low power and low interest stakeholders are least important (stakeholdermap.com).
Notes on these definitions
This definition of Stakeholder Analysis draws on the definition of analysis as:
Analysis is: 1.A systematic examination and evaluation of data or information, by breaking it into its component parts to uncover their interrelationships. Opposite of synthesis. (businessdictionary.com).
Other definitions of Stakeholder Analysis
Stakeholder analysis is a process of systematically gathering and analyzing qualitative information
to determine whose interests should be taken into account when developing and/or
implementing a policy or program (Schmeer, 2000, p.21).
Stakeholder analysis is a tool for clearly defining key stakeholders for a project or other activity, understanding where stakeholders stand, and developing cooperation between the stakeholders and the project team. The main objective is to ensure successful outcomes for the project or the changes to come (ASQ, Service Quality Divsion).
Stakeholder Analysis definition - References and further reading
ASQ Service Quality Division, Stakeholder Analysis. [online] Available at: https://asq.org/service/body-of-knowledge/tools-stakeholder-analysis
[Accessed 24 April 2016].
Business Dictionary [online] Available at: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/analysis.html
[Accessed 05 May 2016].
Schmeer, K. Stakeholder Analysis Guidelines, in Policy Toolkit for Strengthening Health, 2000. [online] Available at: https://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/48545/RD1.PDF.pdf
. Health Sector Reform Initiative. [Accessed 24 April 2016].
Stakeholder Analysis Resources
FREE stakeholder analysis power/interest template
Basic Stakeholder Analysis Method
Stakeholder Analysis Pleasure and Displeasure List
Key stakeholders - how to identify key business stakeholders"
Stakeholder mind map
All stakeholder map templates
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I’ve certainly seen our share of low-cost computers, but I can honestly say that this is the least expensive computer system I’ve seen yet.
The Humane Reader is designed to provide computer technology to homes or schools without internet access or the budget for traditional PCs or Macs. The 8-bit computer can turn any television into an e-Book/Wikipedia reader. As a matter of fact, its makers say you could store 5,000 books or more on a single 2GB SD card (included in the $20 cost). The creators of the Humane Reader state their value proposition simply: “The Humane Reader can provide a virtual library to any developing world school or individual with electrical power for less than the cost of a single textbook.”
Based on the Atmega328p microcontroller (there are actually three of them in there), the open source Humane Reader can be loaded up with educational content via USB, and it can display output on any video display with composite input. Basic control can be achieved through buttons on the face of the device, but a keyboard can be connected with an optional USB or PS/2 port. As an added bonus, its creators are hoping the computing platform will become an easily extensible and hackable general platform for developing low-cost applications and systems.
Sure, the television and keyboard will add a little bit to the cost of this system, but it’s still a pretty amazing feat to pull this off for just $20 bucks. In fact, they estimate that in quantities of 10,000 or more, they could get the cost down to under $15 per system.
You can find out more about the Humane Reader here.
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How To Grow a Pineapple Indoors
Looking for a new way to grow your own food? Try your hand at growing an exotic edible: pineapple. Wherever you live – even if you only wish it were Hawaii – it’s entirely possible. But be aware it’s not a fruit that yields instant gratification. It can take two years or more to reap the sweet reward of picking and eating your own pineapple.
1. Buy a pineapple with healthy green leaves and fruit color that’s more gold than green. Inspect leaf bases for gray spots, which could be scale insects. If you spot those, find another fruit.
2. Grab the leaves, twist hard and pull them out of the fruit. Or cut off the clump of leaves. At the base, you’ll see a stalk section. Once leaves are free, remove any adhering fruit to help prevent rotting after planting.
3. Remove some lower leaves. Expose about 1 inch of stalk.
4. Let the crown dry for a few days to allow the stem base and leaf scars to heal. This helps prevent rot.
5. Root the crown in a glass of water in a location that’s free from temperature extremes. Or root it in a pot. Fill an 8-inch-diameter or 1-gallon pot with 2 inches of lava rock topped with a fast-draining bromeliad or cactus mix. Tuck the stalk into the planting mix. Water well. If you root the crown in water, plant it after roots form.
6. Keep soil slightly moist. Don’t fertilize for the first six to eight weeks.
7. Fertilize when new leaves begin to appear, using a citrus-type fertilizer quarterly and a liquid fertilizer monthly. Use the rate listed for small shrubs.
8. Flowers first appear when plants are 12 to 14 months old, but the bright-blue blooms don’t open for another 6 to 8 months. Individual blossoms open for one day, then die. Fruit starts to develop after the last flower dries. Typically a pineapple is ready to pick 5 to 7 months after flowering.
- Move plants outside in summer. In warm regions like Southern California, plants can stay outdoors year-round.
- Keep soil consistently moist – not too wet, not too dry. In summer, splash water into the cup at the base of leaves.
- Repot a plant when it outgrows the current container. Bump plants up to 5- and later 15-gallon pots.
When should I harvest a pineapple?
Pineapples don’t ripen once picked, so wait until fruit is mostly golden. The flesh becomes sweeter as skin turns yellow.
Can I grow a pineapple in a wintry area?
Yes, just move the plant indoors before temperatures drop to 32° F. Provide the brightest light you can. Consider using grow-lights.
How big will my pineapple be?
If you want a supermarket-size pineapple, your plant needs to grow roughly 6 feet wide and tall. If a pineapple grows 4 feet wide and high, fruit will weigh about 2 to 4 pounds.
I’ve been growing a pineapple for two years, and so far – no flowers, no fruit. What am I doing wrong? I live in Lansing, Mich.
In cold regions and areas receiving limited winter sun, pineapples stop growing in winter. This means the typical 24-month fruit production timeline stretches an additional 12 to 18 months, making up for winter’s no-growth months.
My pineapple was growing fine, but no new leaves have appeared in a while. I stopped watering, because the soil doesn’t seem to dry out. What should I do?
Carefully remove the pineapple from soil. Look at the roots. Healthy roots are white and firm. If roots are brown and mushy, you’re dealing with rot. Gently wash soil from roots, and repot in fresh potting mix.
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Beth Mole's Articles
- NewsNewly discovered gut compounds called drilodefensins allow earthworms to pack in plant debris loaded with hazardous chemicals.
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- NewsTruffles make their prized aroma with a little help from their microbes, chemists suggest.
- Science StatsFracking at shallow depths is unexpectedly common in the United States and raises new concern for drinking water contamination.
- NewsUsing enzymes and microbes to make new drugs may help revive the pharmaceutical industry.
- Science TickerBooming phytoplankton populations spark cloud formation in the Southern Ocean.
- It's AliveThe common fungus Beauveria bassiana makes white downy corpses of its victims.
- 50 Years AgoResearchers unveiled a gun-shaped flame detector in 1965
- NewsClimate change is shrinking bumblebee habitat as southern territories heat up and bumblebees hold their lines in the north.
- NewsThe unusual enzyme behind roses’ sweet smell may help researchers revive the flower’s potent aroma.
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Ultrasonic testing, or UT as it is commonly called, is the procedure of introducing a high frequency sound wave into one exterior side of a material, and reflecting the sound wave from its interior surface to produce a precise measurement of wall thickness. The round trip duration of travel, divided by the known sound velocity through that particular material, provides a wall thickness measurement equally accurate to a micrometer or caliper reading.
Ultrasound is a well proven and respected diagnostic tool routinely employed for weld and flaw detection in critical applications such as aviation, aerospace, military, and nuclear power.
Yet, while improvements in instrumentation have moved this technology into other areas such as manufacturing and quality control, its benefits to plant engineers and property owners as a diagnostic and predictive tool are still widely underutilized.
As a nondestructive method, UT offers obvious advantages over cutting out tank sections for thickness measurement or metallurgical inspection. It is non-intrusive, accurate, reliable, safe to both building and inspection personnel, provides immediate results, requires no system shutdown, and is extremely cost effective.
Depending upon the measurement technique, degree of testing, data analysis method used, and especially the competence of those performing the inspection, ultrasound can produce a general assessment of tank condition, provide direction for capital projects, or focus in on a specific area of concern. Such advance information is becoming more valuable to plant engineers as the former "run to failure" mode of operation moves toward one where all known vulnerabilities of building or plant operation are known and monitored, and where long term planning has hopefully replaced unexpected failures and emergency repairs. Establishing the condition of an aged water, condensate or air storage tank becomes especially important due to its critical function in any HVAC or building operations environment, and due to the wide variety of problems which can potentially develop. In most examples, ultrasound will reveal a hidden tank wall corrosion condition and enable further investigation and repair procedures to be carried out long before replacement is the only alternative.
Unlike most HVAC piping system, chemical inhibitors cannot be used at storage vessels containing domestic water. Fire water storage tanks are rarely, if ever, chemically treated to reduce corrosion activity. Tanks and vessels serving as components to an HVAC piping system would be expected to benefit by the same chemical inhibitors, if present. Cathodic protection is provided to larger municipal water storage tanks and other more critical service, but not to building property tanks and vessels.
This means that corrosion losses to most commercial building properties are often entirely dependent upon the aggressiveness of the local water supply, the quality and durability of the internal coating protection if it exists, and the corrosion resistance of the steel itself.
Corrosion monitoring is rarely if ever provided to water storage tanks, or those serving steam condensate, compressed air, and many other HVAC or building services. For more critical applications such as petroleum, nuclear, military, and aviation, tank condition monitoring is regularly performed. In many examples where the tank is a component to a chemically treated piping system, such as an expansion tank to a chill water system, corrosion monitoring provided at the piping can be expected to indicate similar wall loss at the tank itself. Otherwise, the first indication that a corrosion problem exists is only if internal inspection is performed, or when a leak or failure results. Often, the failure at an inlet or outlet section of piping, typically thinner than the tank wall, will offer the first indication to a problem.
Most water storage tanks have a water line which varies. This is especially true for domestic cold water storage tanks, condensate tanks, and expansion tanks. Dedicated fire storage tanks are mostly static, but can still vary their water level due to expansion and contraction of the tank with temperature and due to draining and renovations. With few exceptions, it is at or near this water line where the highest wall loss takes place due to constant washing of the metal and the available oxygen to drive the corrosion reaction.
In the below graphic we illustrate this condition at a domestic water storage tank. Recording more than 1,200 equally spaced wall thickness measurements along the shell allowed plotting the data for a virtual three dimensional look at the tank interior. Here we show the result of taking measurements from the 12 o'clock to 6 o'clock positions at each side of the shell - the results separately illustrated for each shell side. This graph shows high and more uniform wall thickness above the water line, a deep channel of corrosion loss directly along the water line, and mild pitting below the water line.
Separate ultrasonic testing at the front and rear tank heads produced identical results also showing highest deterioration directly at its water line.
In order to provide the greatest degree of reliability, any evaluation method must address as much of the tank as physically available. This is often difficult depending upon its construction and location. Taking substantial thickness measurements may be necessary for larger tanks or where a high degree of coverage is necessary. For most applications, taking a few wall thickness measurements every few feel is unacceptable, and unlikely to provide any worthwhile result.
With the original tank wall thickness and time in service known, calculations can be made regarding the approximate speed, as indicated in mils per year, that the metal has reached its current thickness level. Even though the tank wall is not likely to have corroded evenly over time, such corrosion rate estimates are generally accurate, and will fall within a certain range of values depending upon piping service. A theoretical minimum acceptable wall thickness calculation, or an estimate of the lowest point the tank should be allowed to safely operate, can also be made based upon material strength, tank diameter or dimension, and operating pressure. This allows a further prediction of the remaining service life at the tank according to the time it will take to deteriorate from its current wall thickness, at the current corrosion rate, to its minimum acceptable value. From this point, a retirement date or remaining service estimate can be offered. For those tanks having an internal coating, results will often vary widely. Where the protective coating holds, wall thickness is typically at new sheet metal specifications. In the generally random areas where it has failed, deep and often severe pitting can be expected. Our Tank Photo
Overall, ultrasonic tank testing offers tremendous benefits. For many building operators, an ultrasonic report will very often provide the very first suggestion of a corrosion problem or concern - and provide the advance notice required to address it effectively. Ultrasonic testing can provide irrefutable evidence of a suspected corrosion problem, or document that a tank has fulfilled its useful service life and is in need of replacement or rehabilitation. At the high costs associated with any capitol piping replacement, an ultrasound report will provide the hard documentation necessary to move the project forward. For lower pressure domestic water and fire protection storage tanks especially, most will suffer only random corrosion loss making them ideal candidates for rehabilitation through application of a new internal coating at substantial cost savings. For many water tanks now the same age of a 50 or 60 year old building, an ultrasonic survey can save money by confirming still high wall thickness and decades of reliable service life ahead. Where no problems exist, ultrasound will provide greater security, and most importantly, establish a solid baseline from which future and even more accurate and reliable estimates of corrosion rate and remaining pipe life can be made.We offer on our site a large photo gallery of common corrosion conditions at domestic water and fire storage tanks. Although generally unseen, any older water storage tank has the potential to suffer similar corrosion loss to some degree.
For many domestic cold water tanks where insulation is not provided, surface moisture condensation is mild but sufficient enough to produce deep and severe pitting to the exterior over time. As we show through past examples in this Tank Photo Gallery, such outer tank corrosion, although easiest to observe and control through simple maintenance, will often cause the greatest damage.
© Copyright CorrView International, LLC
P.O. Box 8513Landing, NJ 07850 www.corrview.com Ph: 973-770-7764 Fax: 973-770-6576
For More Information
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How many times have I hiked the same route never to discover angelica? Probably more than a hundred. Of course, this is very much in keeping with what I have come to expect from wild plants—I almost always find something good when I’m out foraging, but it’s often not what I set out to find.
“Cow parsnip is related to angelica, no?” a friend commented at the end of one of my cow parsnip rants a few months ago, where I plotted the candying of cow parsnip stalks. “And I believe candied angelica was a thing back in the day.”
Indeed, garden angelica (Angelica archangelica) has a long history of use, but there are many wild species in the eastern and western United States as well–approximately 60 total. Some are considered endangered or threatened on the margins of their range, particularly in the eastern US, so check the USDA listing for angelica before foraging those. Similarly, if a wild population is small, it is best to steer clear whether or not the species is considered endangered.
It turns out foragers have been making candied angelica with wild angelica too, for I found a recipe in a 1974 cookbook (Krockmal and Krockmal) using a different species not found in these parts, the taller Angelica atropurpurea. Shortly thereafter, I was hiking in what I like to call “the secret meadow” at the end of a hidden footpath off one of our usual routes here in Colorado, when I spied what I thought was angelica.
Not an Identification to be Taken Lightly
Angelica and cow parsnip are related, as both are members of the Umbelliferae family. The angelica plant is reminiscent of cow parsnip in its scale and in the large, thick flower stems emerging mightily from its leaves in summer. All Umbelliferae family members produce umbels, which are umbrella-like flower clusters where all of the floret stalks radiate from a single point. Angelicas differ from cow parsnip, however, in that their leaves are made up of many leaflets, to cow parsnip’s three (occasionally two) large leaflets.
The Umbelliferae family includes many cultivated vegetables—parsnip, carrots, parsley, dill, coriander, fennel and anise, to name a few—but it also has some poisonous family members too. The angelicas could be confused with water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii), which is not only poisonous but also deadly poisonous. Compounding matters, angelica enjoys moist habitats, as does water hemlock.
There is also a passing resemblance to poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), although this plant produces significantly smaller and more numerous umbels and often has purple-blotched stems with a white bloom that can be rubbed off. Poison hemlock also has much more finely divided leaflets such that the foliage looks carrot-like, compared to the wider leaflets of the angelicas.
But suffice it to say that this is absolutely, definitely one plant to know before you try it—because mistaking the hemlocks for angelica could be a deadly mistake.
One clue as to whether or not you have angelica is the leaflet veins. “The leaf edges of angelica are serrate and pinnately divided into opposing pairs, like water hemlock, except that the leaf veins extend from the midribs to the outer tips of the serrations,” writes Tilford (1997). In contrast, water hemlock’s veins generally (but not always) go to the valleys of the leaf serrations. Having a good guidebook in hand is essential for picking out other characteristics that separate angelica from its poisonous cousins, as identifications should be made on multiple traits, especially when the stakes are high.
It is also a good idea to positively identify angelica and your local water hemlock(s) and poison hemlock before eating an angelica, just so you are sure you can tell the difference.
Collecting Angelica in Late August
I started experimenting with angelica earlier this summer but figured I’d give it a few go-rounds before posting about it on account of the whole mistake = deadly poisoning thing.
Now that it’s late August some of flower-stalk-producing plants are starting to go the way of fall here at 11,000 feet in the Colorado high country, although I’m finding that the pattern recognition skills I’ve established with the leaves are coming in handy, as it has become easy for me to spot the first-year plants—without flower stalks or umbels—growing near the older ones, allowing me to collect fresh green leaves and leaf stalks of these non-flowering plants.
For a More Complex Bathtub Gin Try…
Since angelica is a botanical used in some gins, and since I am a new fan of the beverage now that I can make my own by flavoring vodka with wild ingredients, I decided to make a more complex batch than my original juniper and coriander experiment. This time I added angelica leaves and leaf stalks along with the aforementioned ingredients, let it sit out of the sun for a week, and voila—more freshly-flavored gin to enjoy.
Angelica Leaf Candy Clusters
I also tried making candied angelica leaf stalks using the Krockmals’ recipe, boiling them until slightly soft, covering them in sugar, and then letting it stand overnight before boiling off the sugar water. The angelica candy sticks have a great spicy-sweet flavor.
The last time I made them, however, I had a few extra leaves left over from gin-making, so I threw them in the pot. “Are you supposed to do that?” Gregg asked. “Is it in the recipe?” It wasn’t, but I have to say—I like the angelica leaf “candy clusters” even better than I did the stalks. I can’t get enough of them. Go figure.
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HEADACHES & MIGRAINES
Almost everyone gets headaches. Headaches can be caused by exercise, food, stress, changes in sleep, hormones, medication, and triggered by other illnesses. Most respond to over-the-counter pain medication, lifestyle changes, or a combination of both. Headaches of any severity can be a nuisance, but frequent, increasingly painful, or sudden and severe headaches should be evaluated by a physician.
What is a Migraine?
Migraines are the most severe and debilitating type of recurring headache. A migraine can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine attacks can last for hours to days, and the pain can be so severe that it interferes with daily activities. Migraines affect more than 37 million people in the U.S. The World Health Organization lists migraine as one of the 10 most disabling medical illnesses on earth. Despite this data, fewer than five percent of those affected have been seen by a health care provider, received an accurate diagnosis, and obtained appropriate care.
Diagnosis & Treatment
If you have a family history of migraines, your doctor will likely diagnose your migraines based on your medical history, symptoms, and a physical and neurological examination. If your condition is unusual, complex, or suddenly becomes severe, your doctor will want to rule out other reasons for your pain by ordering an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan, CT (computerized tomography) scan, or both.
Migraine treatment is primarily aimed at stopping symptoms and preventing future attacks. Medications designed for these purposes fall into two categories: pain-relieving medications, and preventive medications. Pain-relieving medications are taken during a migraine episode and are designed to stop symptoms. Preventive mediations are taken regularly – often daily – to reduce the severity or frequency of migraines. Many migraine patients use a combination of medications to treat their condition. Coupled with the right medication, alternative treatments such as acupuncture, biofeedback, cognitive therapy, vitamins, exercise, even Botox injections, can produce excellent results and give headache and migraine patients the relief they are looking for.
Doing Your Part
It is often advised that patients try to understand and avoid their migraines by keeping a “headache journal”. By logging daily activities, food choices, sleep patterns, and emotions, patients can begin to understand what triggers their migraines and how to take steps to avoid them. If you think you might benefit from peer support, your doctor can put you in touch with local and national groups that provide compassion and networking for those living with migraines.
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人教版九年级 Unit 9 when was it invented ?教学设计（课时一）
Language goals 语言目标
1. Words & expressions生词和短语
invent, scoop, adjustable, operate, mistake, thin, sprinkle, sweet, salty, crispy, sour, discover, annoying, special, ancient, legend, boil, fire, nearby, remain, notice, produce, pleasant, throw, thousand, century, taste, smell, create, divide, shoot
2. Key sentences重点句子 (P71)
Who invented them?
They were invented in 1863.
Enable the students to understand and use the new words of this unit. Emotion & attitude goals 情感和态度目标
Enable the students to be aware of different inventions around them. Strategy goals 策略目标
Enable the students to use what they know to explain new words. Teaching important points教学重点
Understand and use the new words and phrases.
Teaching procedures and ways 教学过程与方式
(1) Key Vocabulary: invent
(2) Target Language: When was the telephone invented?
I think it was invented in 1876.
(1) Teach the students to use the new words.
(2) Train the students to talk about the history of inventions.
(3) Train the students' listening and speaking skills.
Many important inventions have changed the world a lot. Do you know the inventors of them? And when were they invented?
Teaching Key Points
1．Key Vocabulary: invent
2．Target Language： Talk about the history of inventions.
Teaching Difficult Points
1．Train the students to talk about the history of inventions.
2．Train the students to understand the target language in spoken conversation. 教学过程：
Section A (1a ~ 1c)
1．学会使用含有被动语态的不同句型结构“When was it invented?” 和“Who was it invented by?”来谈论各种发明物的历史。
2. 能用被动语态正确表达发明物的历史。如：It was invented in 1876. It was invented by Bell.
Teaching important points:
1. When was / were ? invented? It was / They were invented in ? Who was / were ? invented by? It was / They were invented by ?
2. topic: Inventions.
Teaching aids: multi-media, a recorder
Step I: Greetings
T: Good morning, class! Ss: Good morning, Mr. Luo.
T: Who is on duty today? Ss: Yes, I am. ?
Step II: Lead-in
T: Good morning, boys and girls. Today we will a new unit about inventions. You can see inventions all around us, from TV to car, from food to clothing. We should say nobody can live without them. Don’t you think so? Can you imagine one day without inventions?
Ss: That’s impossible.
T: Yes, we live in a world of inventions. These inventions make our life easier and more comfortable. In this unit, we will learn some inventions and their history.
First, say the ancient China was very great in the world. It was famous for the four great inventions. Do you know the famous inventions in the ancient China? Guess Ss to talk about it. 火药（gun powder），指南针( compass )，造纸术( paper making )，印刷术( printing )。
Show four great inventions’ pictures to Ss.
Second, do you know Edison? Do you know what Edison was invented in his life? Get Ss to talk about Edison’s inventions.
Step III: Listening
Do you know the modern inventions in the world? They have changed our life more. Get Ss to guess what they are. Show some modern inventions’ pictures to Ss.
Get Ss to listen to the tape, and number from one to five (Which kind of invention is in front, which kind of invention is in after).
Get Ss to listen to the tape again. Listen and match the inventions with the dates.
Step IV: Practice the conversations.
Practice 1: Get Ss to practice this conversation. And ask some students to practice in class.
--- When was the phone invented? --- I think it was invented in 1876. Practice 2: Show another modern invention to Ss. For example, bike, camera ? Ask some students to practice the conversation in class.
A: When was the phone invented? B: It was invented in 1876. A: Who was it invented by? B: It was invented by Bell. Step V: Some pictures about Chinese Spaceflight
Show some pictures to students. Let Ss guess who they were invented by. Raises student's national sense of pride.
Step VI: Exercises
There are some exercises about the lesson. Review the important points in class.
Step VII: Homework
Review new words and finish the exercises in Page99-100(课时作业第一课时
The names of the five inventions:
Computer, car, calculator, telephone, TV set
A: When was the telephone invented?
B: I think it was invented in 1876.
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Monday, 7 September 2015
Mini History Blogs: The Vittoria the first ship to Circumnavigate the World.
The first voyage round the world ended in 1522 with the return of the Vittoria to Spain.
The Vittoria was one of Ferdinand Magellan’s five ships, she arrived back at the Spanish port of Sanlucar de Barrameda, after she had become the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
The Vittoria was commanded by Juan Sebastian de Elcano, who took over the command of the vessel after the murder of Magellan in the Philippines in April 1521.
The journey was a difficult one, and only Elcano, 17 other Europeans, and four Indians survived when it finally reach Spain.
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Long-Kept Secret Human Remains Found In 150-Year-Old Diorama At Carnegie Museum
Scientists were surprised when routine restoration works for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History's famous diorama, the "Lion Attaquant un Dromadaire," revealed a secret that's been kept — for the past 150 years — on display.
Though the piece is already known to have taxidermy elements in the camel and lions, the human element in the diorama has since been believed to be a mere mannequin and nothing more. However, a CT scan revealed that the mannequin had a more human component to it in the form of a complete human skull.
Lion Attaquant un Dromadaire
The Carnegie Museum's popular display features a man atop a camel defending itself against what is believed to be a Barbary lion, now extinct in the wild, while a female lion lay on the ground.
The piece was made by the Verreaux brothers, specifically Edouard Verreaux, in 1867. It was then displayed at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1867, then at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. There it stayed until Andrew Carnegie purchased the piece for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1899 for $50 where, until today, it has remained silent about its secret.
In all its years of existence, no record of the skull was ever made. This was problematic for scientists debating proper action over the skull. They find that it is unlikely for them to repatriate the skull to its country of origin given the little information that they currently have.
DNA testing is also seen as unlikely to give conclusive results, but the method is being used to see whether the lions on display are, indeed, Barbary lions.
The Verreaux Brothers' Reputation
The piece in question was first believed to be created by Jules Verreaux, but it was later known that it was his younger brother Edouard who indeed made the creation.
Though skilled in their craft, the Verreaux brothers were notorious for keeping vague and inaccurate archives, and have been alleged questionable manners of acquiring specimens.
They have even been rumored to falsify information to increase the sale value of their pieces. In this particular piece, scientists believe that the skull may have been stolen from catacombs in Paris.
Some of the brothers' works include Prints of Oceania, or geographical and historical description of all the islands of the Pacific Ocean and the continent of New Holland (1832) and Catalog of birds found in the house of E. Verreaux (1868).
Celebrating With A New Name
To mark the 150th year the "Lion Attaquant un Dromadaire" has been on display, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History partnered with the University of Pittsburgh to organize the celebration of the relocation and the new, more accurate name of the piece with a symposium.
From being called "Arab Courier Attacked By Lions," the piece will now be called "Lion Attacking A Dromedary." The new name addresses the previous question on accuracy of the human element of the piece: his garments did not accurately represent an Arab of the time.
The diorama is now on display at the Carnegie Museum in a more prominent place on the first floor, near the grand staircase.
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Tools for Parents
Activities that may seem fairly harmless to your child can lure the many dangers of technology. There are some precautions your child can take, along with your help, that may help youth be safe with technology.
Different ages, maturity levels and special circumstances dictate what’s appropriate for each child. Banning youth from certain sites may motivate them to sneak time on them. The most important thing parents can do is stay involved with kids.
- Limit device usage to a well-trafficked area in your home. Consider having your child check-in their devices at a certain time at night away from bedrooms.
- Schedule times when a child can be on technology
- Insist on access (including passwords) to social networks, email, gaming, and devices. Monitor periodically.
- Watch for changes in your child’s relationships with adults. Adults who work with youth have professional boundaries; cultivating significant technological relationships with individual children is not appropriate.
It’s important for youth to know that anything they post can be saved. Viewers can screenshot or save and distribute photos or text. This means sexual images, photos depicting drug use, gang signs, threats or criminal behavior are all potentially permanent for their classmates, friends, enemies, parents and strangers.
- The images, opinions and personal information shared can be used by others to manipulate, blackmail, or physically locate a person. Choose a neutral profile photo that doesn’t show faces. Consider an image of an object or landscape.
- Never take nude or semi-nude photos of yourself or allow someone else to do so
- Never give out names, addresses, phone numbers or school information
- Select gender-neutral and age-appropriate screen names. You can inadvertently give out unwanted information with a screen name like “britt03” (Brittany, born in 2003). Screen names that suggest sex, violence or drugs, which might seem fun, can draw attention from the wrong people.
- Lock down your privacy settings so that only approved friends can see photos, video and updates
- Only accept friend requests from people you actually know, and trust and meet with face to face
- If you are contacted, in any format, by someone you don’t know, do not respond. Use your settings to block that person from contacting you
- Never agree to meet someone in person whom you met through technology. If you’re contacted by an adult you know, talk to your parents about the communication
Install Safety Software
Software is an effective way to filter dangerous content. This software usually comes with tools like time management, remote monitoring and reporting, and keystroke recognition. Check with your Internet Service Provider (ISP). Some ISP’s have filters you can purchase or they may provide filters for free. Visit a local electronics or computer store to examine and purchase a filtering software program or research and order a filtering software package. There are safety features available for cell phones as well, such as My Mobile Watch Dog.
Foster Open Communication
Open communication and trust is key. If your child comes to you about stumbling upon pornography or being approached by a stranger, they should be applauded. Many parents overreact out of fear and love. They tell their child they cannot go to that specific site or prohibit technology use altogether. That defeats all trust and closes the door to communication. After all, tech-savvy youth can easily delete incoming text messages and images. Parents must be vigilant.
- You may control your child’s environment at home, but when they are away from home someone else might not share your same rules and concerns. Set guidelines as well as consequences.
- Make sure you are clear with your youth about what you consider appropriate technology behavior. Just as certain clothing is probably off-limits and certain language is unacceptable in your house, let your children know what is and is not allowed with technology.
- Make sure your kids understand that messages and pictures they send are not private or anonymous and could be shared with school administrators and potential employers. Also, ensure they understand the short-term and long-term consequences of their actions.
- Teach your child that if they encounter pornography to quickly power off and get an adult. This can prevent a child from attempting to stop the situation by clicking more buttons and thereby spreading the attack. Talk with your child about the dangers of pornography. The addiction to pornography can become just as dangerous as an addiction to drugs.
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- Pronunciation: EE-meer
- Origin: Norse
- Other Names: Aurgelmir, Brimir, Blainn
- Children: Generations
Who Is Ymir?
In Norse mythology, Ymir is known as the first being. He was a giant created from drops of water that formed when the ice of Niflheim mixed with the heat of Muspelheim. He was considered the father of all ice giants. The Norse creation narrative says that his hermaphroditic body produced beings that would go on to bear countless generations. His journey ended in tragedy, but because of his evil nature, no one can feel pity for the giant. His demise led to the creation of humans and the Earth.
In the Norse creation myth, the story starts as many other creation stories do. In the beginning, there was nothing. There was no sand, sea or waves. Neither heaven nor Earth existed. However, long before the Earth was made, Niflheim was created. It contained a spring that flowed into 12 rivers. In the southern part was Muspell, which was incredibly hot and guarded by a giant named Surt who carried a flaming sword. In the north, there was Ginnungagap. The rivers froze here, and everything was covered in ice. The warm air of Muspell reached the coldness of Ginnungagap, causing the ice to thaw and drip. The drops thickened and began to form into the shape of a man. This was the creation of Ymir, the ancestor of all frost giants.
The ice continued to drip and eventually formed a cow. Her name was Audumla and she produced four flowing rivers of milk that Ymir fed from. The cow was nourished by licking the salty, rime-covered stones surrounding her. The myth says that as the days progressed and Audumla began to lick away the stones, a man began to appear. On the first day, the hair of the man was uncovered. On the second, his entire head emerged from the stones. On the third day, he was completely uncovered and came out from the stones. His name was Buri and he eventually had a son named Bor, who proposed marriage to a daughter of a giant named Bestla. They had three sons, Ve, Vili and Odin. Odin would become known as one of the most powerful gods, while the brothers together are known as the rulers of heaven and Earth.
Legends and Stories
The creation of Ymir is fascinating on its own, but he is also responsible for the creation of the Earth, just not in the way that one might think.
The Creation of Earth
Ymir eventually turned into an evil being. Bor’s three sons found themselves in an altercation with the frost giant and were eventually forced to kill him. So much blood flowed from his body that all but one frost giant drowned, and he only survived by building an ark for himself and his family. Odin and his brothers dragged the giant’s body to the center of Ginnungagap, where they made the Earth from his body. His blood became the sea and his bones became the rocks and crags. His hair became the trees. His skull was turned into the sky, where the brothers added sparks and molten rock from Muspell to make the stars. Ymir’s brains were thrown into the sky to form clouds. The earth was flat, so they used Ymir’s eyelashes to block the areas of the earth that they wanted to keep the giants contained in.
Odin and his brothers found two logs on a seashore and made people out of them. One brother gave the people life and breath, while another gave them movement and consciousness. The last brother gave them speech, hearing, sight and faces. This was the beginning of humans. All the generations to follow could be traced back to these two people.
Odin and his brothers left the heavens unlit during their creation. One of the descendants of the two people created from the logs had two children. These children were simply stunning, and the father honored them with the names Sol and Moon. The gods were said to be jealous of the children and when their father seemed less than worthy of them, they took it as a sign to snatch away the children and put them in the sky. Sol was commanded to drive a chariot, carrying the sun across the skies. She drives so fast in the north because she is chased by a giant wolf. Moon takes the same path across the sky after his sister but is not as rushed as she is.
The brothers did make sure that there was a pathway between heaven and the Earth during their creation. A rainbow is meant to serve as a bridge between the two worlds. Its perfect shape and vibrant colors are meant to symbolize its origins from the gods. It is said that the rainbow will break apart when the men of Muspell try to scale it to get to heaven.
Ymir did not marry, or have children in the traditional sense. However, his myth says that while he slept, he perspired. From this perspiration, a male and female emerged from his arms. Together, his legs produced a six-headed son. While Ymir was a giant, his existence is indirectly responsible for the human race as his body was turned into the Earth, and logs on the Earth were turned into humans.
Ymir is typically depicted with his cow, which can be said to be his main symbol. The cow was both his companion and his source of nourishment. Other well-known artistic tributes to Ymir show him in the battle with the three brothers that would end with the loss of his life but the creation of the Earth.
The story of Ymir and creation often serves as a lesson for those who have heard it. It is speculated that his death represents the taming of the wild and the unstoppable force in humans that is necessary for the creation of anything progressive. His death also symbolizes how something that is ugly and chaotic can be reformed and reimagined into something beautiful.
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CC-MAIN-2018-30
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https://mythology.net/norse/norse-creatures/ymir/
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In the spring of 1934 the Germans began to consider their requirements for further capital ship construction following the building of Gneisenau and her sister. The Treaty of Versailles remained in force, but was being secretly disregarded by the High Command. So when preliminary sketch designs were being discussed, the displacement was already put at 35,000 tons. Early requirements called for a ship of this displacement armed with eight 13in (33.02cm) and twelve 6in (15.24cm) guns, having an armour belt of 350mm and a maximum deck armour of 120mm. There was to be 50mm on the upper deck, 350mm for the barbettes and 400mm for the conning tower, but this scale of protection was impossible to achieve on 35,000 tons and as usual, compromise had to be made. But displacement continued to rise because of a demand that speed be superior to that of the French Dunkerque. After displacement had grown to as much as 37,500 tons, Admiral Raeder specified that 35,000 tons was not in fact to be exceeded, not least because of the problems of the shallow estuaries in the approaches to the main German bases and the need to dock the ships somewhere. By the end of the year the problem was still unresolved in that the demands on the design still required a displacement of 37,200 tons. Despite consideration of turbo-electric and steam options, with either eight 13in (33.02) or 13.7in (35cm) guns, the dimensions of the ship could not be reduced, which was a purely academic state of affairs, because there were no slips large enough for ships of this size. Even so, it was decreed that slip availability was not to be allowed to dictate design parameters, and that water depth and lock gate dimensions (i.e., in the Kiel Canal) would influence the design. In practice this meant a length of no more than 799ft, beam of 119ft and a draught of 33ft. By the beginning of 1935 a published displacement of 35,000 tons had been decided upon, armed with 35cm guns and capable of 28 knots. Germany's position became a little more clear in March that year when Hitler abrogated the Treaty of Versailles, although the fact that other existing treaties limited the displacement of capital ships to 35,000 tons was also tacitly ignored. Displacement was now some 39,000 tons, and in the aftermath of the abrogation of the treaty the main calibre was again increased to 15in (38cm) guns, leading to yet another jump in displacement, this time to 42,500 tons. At this size the ship would be unable to use the largest lock at Wilhelmshaven. This in turn led to various compromises being examined, with comparisons made against the Dunkerque. Inevitably it was found that 15in guns were impossible. In April 1935 the displacement was set at 41,000 tons and the main armament at eight 13.7in (35cm) guns in twin turrets and it was hoped to place an order for the lead ship in one year's time. Then, barely a month later, 15in (38cm) was selected for the main armament, following which there was considerable discussion about the main propulsion plant, both turbo-electric and steam designs being still in the frame. In June 1936 high-pressure steam turbines finally won the day. In the meantime there had been an interminable round of increases and decreases of armour thickness made in compromises to other demands, particularly that of the armament, and it is interesting to note that even casemates were considered for the secondary guns at one stage. The side armour was now reduced to 320mm in thickness. The order for the first ship had in fact already been placed, before the design was finalised, on 16 November 1935, and the modifications made between that date and the summer of the following year when the ship was laid down, caused considerable extra drawing office work.
The final design displaced 41,700 tons standard and 50,900 tons full load, the longitudinally-framed hull, 797ft long, being divided into twenty-two water-tight compartments. Beam to length ratio was 6.71. The protective scheme included a 320mm side belt, which was full thickness for 70 per cent of its depth, tapering at its lower edge to 170mm and backed by 60mm of wood. The depth of this belt was 15ft 10in and it extended between frames 32 and 202, being closed off forward and aft by transverse armoured bulkheads having a maximum thickness (below the main armoured deck) of 220mm. Above this 320mm belt was a 145mm strake which extended for the same length. Aft of the main belt was a shallow 80mm belt which reached as far as the after 150mm armoured bulkhead at frame 105. Forward, the armour belt was 60mm in thickness and reached the stem. These forward and aft belts formed the ship's side plating in these areas. Inboard of the main belt was a longitudinal splinter bulkhead, inclined inwards from top to bottom, the spaces between this and the side belt being normally void. The main torpedo protection was a vertical bulkhead, 45mm thick, which extended from the bottom plating up to the armoured deck. At its maximum the depth of the anti-torpedo protection was just over 20 feet. There were two armoured decks, the upper of which was 50mm, extending from frames 10 to 224. The main deck was 80mm inboard of the torpedo bulkhead and sloped outboard of it at 22° in 110mm thickness (120mm in way of the 15in magazine spaces) to join the side belt towards its lower edge. Aft of the aftermost transverse armoured bulkhead was a lower armoured deck of 110mm which protected the steering gear, while forward the lower deck was only 20mm. Barbette armour was 220mm thick below the upper deck and 340mm above, the 38cm turrets had 360mm fronts, 220mm sides and 130-180mm roofs. Secondary turrets were not as heavily armoured as those in Gneisenau.
The main machinery comprised a triple-shaft geared steam turbine arrangement, with twelve oil-fired Wagner boilers operating at 450°C, 825psi. The boilers were in six separate spaces, each housing two boilers, and occupied two main compartments of the ship, i.e., three units abreast in each. Those for Bismarck were built by Blohm & Voss and for Tirpitz by Deschimag. The main turbines, of Wagner pattern, were built by Blohm & Voss for Bismarck, and by Brown-Boverie for Tirpitz. The wing shafts were powered by the forward turbine rooms, immediately aft of the boiler rooms, and the centre shaft by the aftermost turbine room. Designed power was 163,000shp for a maximum speed of 30 knots.
This class was the first to mount the 15in gun since the First World War Baden, but it was a new design, designated 15in SK C/34, built by Krupp, which fired a l,7641b projectile to a range of 38,880 yards at 30° maximum. The twin turrets were disposed on the centre-line with 'B' and 'C superfiring. Training was electric, elevation hydraulic, with loading at 2.5°. Each turret weighed about 1,047 tons. The secondary armament was designed for LA use and had limited value for barrage HA fire. The 15cm (5.9in) SK C/28 were the same as those carried by Gneisenau but their gunhouses were less heavily armoured. The six twin turrets were shipped three on each beam amidships on the upper deck. Main and secondary batteries could be controlled by any of three directors, which were located in a similar pattern to Gneisenau. The unit on the conning tower had a 7m range-finder, those on the tower and after control, 10m base sets. Each 15in turret had a 10m base RE Heavy AA defence was provided by sixteen 10.5cm (4.1in) in fully stabilised twin 8.8cm LC mountings in four groups of two at shelter deck level. This mounting was the same as that shipped by Gneisenau, i.e., originally designed for the 3.9in gun, but in fact only Bismarck received these, and then only in the four forward (port and starboard) positions because the improved 4.1in mounting (10.5cm LC/37) had become available. Tirpitz received a complete outfit of this mounting which had faster elevation and was of slightly different appearance from the earlier model, though its capabilities were similar. HA fire control was provided by four fully stabilised director range-finders in their distinctive cupolas, one each to port and starboard abreast the tower structure and two on the centre-line aft, one forward and one aft of the after main battery control. There were eight twin 3.7cm disposed as follows: two on 'B' gun deck, two above the navigating bridge, two abreast the after control and two on 'C' gun deck. Finally there were twelve single 2cm. No torpedo tubes were included in the original design. The aircraft installation was originally to have comprised two rotatable catapults on towers abaft the funnel, with no hangar facilities. This was altered so that the ships completed with a double athwartships fixed catapult at upper deck level amidships, with two single hangars abreast the funnel forward of the catapult and a double hangar under the mainmast aft of it. Maximum aircraft stowage was six (which would have included two on the catapults) and the type issued was the Arl96, but in practice no more than four were ever carried because aircraft maintenance on the exposed catapult deck was difficult.
While under construction Bismarck was given an 'Atlantic' bow, and she completed without the foretop and conning tower range-finder positions, the after group of 4.1in guns and the splinter protection domes to the two after HA director-range-finders. The latter were never in fact fitted, but the missing 4.1in guns (in modified LC/37 mountings) were fitted at Gotenhafen together with the foretop and conning tower range-finder positions in October or November 1940. Radar was fitted to the foretop and after range-finders after completion, probably while the ship was at Gotenhafen. The range-finder in 'A' turret was removed after trials, being needed to make up delivery commitments of fire control equipment to the USSR under the German-Soviet Trade Agreement. (Originally it was thought that both 'A' and 'D' turret equipments might have to be sacrificed in both Bismarck and Tirpitz, but Zeiss must have improved deliveries in the end.) As completed, the ship carried twelve single 2cm guns, but in March 1941 one more single in an army-pattern mounting was fitted to the roof of 'A' turret. Two more were fitted around the after command position in April-May 1941 while the ship was in the Baltic. Finally, early in May, two quadruple 2cm were fitted to the searchlight platform on the conning tower and the three single army-pattern mountings were landed. Her relatively early loss precluded further modifications.
Tirpitz received the Atlantic bow prior to launching and completed with all splinter domes to the HA range-finders but without the range-finder in 'A' turret. Early in 1942 she was given two banks of quadruple torpedo tubes, in all probability salvaged from a destroyer sunk at Narvik, and these were fitted on the upper deck just forward of the aftermost 5.9in (15cm) twin mounting. At the same time she received four quadruple 2cm and the singles were increased to fourteen for a total of thirty. After her arrival in Norway, two further quadruple 2cm were added, one on 'B' turret and one on the navigating bridge, the former replacing two singles. Later the singles on the funnel platform were replaced by two more quads and two more fitted abaft 'D' turret. By 1944 her outfit was sixteen quadruple and sixteen singles, but some of the latter may have been converted to twin before her loss. In 1943-4 a Wurzburg height-finding radar set was fitted at the base of the mainmast but removed some time before her sinking.
Bismarck left Hamburg for the first time on 14 September 1940, still lacking many items of equipment, for example range-finders and directors. She went to Kiel where she stayed until 28 September before sailing to the eastern Baltic to work-up. She remained here at Gotenhafen on trials and work-up until 5 December when she went back to Kiel and on to Hamburg for some yard attention. Severe winter weather delayed matters so that it was not until 6 April 1941 that she left Blohm & Voss, never in fact to return. After some further yard work at Kiel, Bismarck returned to Gotenhafen to finish her training. On 1 May, she was inspected by Hitler and on 19 May sailed for Operation 'Rheinubung', a sortie into the Atlantic, in company with the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen. The German squadron was reported by a Swedish cruiser in the Kattegat, but by 21 May they had reached Korsfiord near Bergen. The two ships left the same day and sailed north, passing down the Denmark Strait between Iceland and Greenland to reach the Atlantic. Shadowed by British cruisers, on leaving the strait they were intercepted by the British battle-cruiser Hood and battleship Prince of Wales on the morning of 24 May 1941. In the brief action that followed, Hood, hit by several 15in shells, blew up and sank with only three survivors, and the new Prince of Wales broke off the action with damage. Bismarck was hit three times by 14in shells from Prince of Wales, one of which caused extensive flooding forward and, more importantly, rendered inaccessible or unusable some 1,000 tons of oil fuel. A second hit damaged a generator room and boiler room. The third was unimportant. A huge hunt was now launched against the German ships but Prinz Eugen was successfully detached unobserved that evening, while the flagship continued alone towards Brest. An air strike sent against them from Victorious towards midnight on 24 May resulted in one hit on Bismarck's armour belt which caused no damage, except that her manoeuvring increased the flooding caused by the action in the Denmark Strait and one boiler room had to be closed down. Early on the morning of 25 May the shadowing cruisers lost contact, but she was spotted by a Catalina in mid-morning on 26 May. Another air strike was launched against her, this time from Ark Royal, whose force of fifteen Swordfish found their target later that night. Two or possibly three torpedoes hit, one of which, striking aft, proved decisive, having jammed the steering. Bismarck was now only able to steam in circles - despite mammoth efforts to free the rudders, all attempts failed. By midnight the British 4th Destroyer Flotilla (which included one Polish ship) had made contact and for the next six hours or so made torpedo attacks until all were expended but achieved no hits, while the battleship was equally unsuccessful in hitting her opponents. During the morning of 27 May the British battleships King George V and Rodney gained contact and in an action lasting a couple of hours Bismarck was reduced to a wreck. She finally sank, either as a result of torpedoes from the cruiser Dorsetshire or from her own scuttling charges.
Tirpitz, having escaped the concerted efforts of the RAF to destroy her while under construction, commissioned at Wilhelmshaven on 25 February 1941 and ran preliminary trials in the Scheerhafen until sailing for Kiel on 9 March, reaching Gotenhafen in the eastern Baltic on 14 March to begin work-up. This continued until January 1942, interrupted only by a brief deployment (23-25 September) to the Aaland Islands as part of the Baltenflotte, formed in September, against the possibility of a break-out by the Soviet fleet in Leningrad after the German invasion of Russia a couple of months earlier. When it became obvious that the Soviet Fleet was not going to come out, Tirpitz sailed west on 12 January 1942 and, escorted by destroyers, made passage for Norway, arriving in Assenfiord near Trondheim by the 17th. Apart from a brief trip to the entrance to the fiord on 21 February for the purpose of supporting the arrival of Prinz Eugen and Admiral Scheer, her activities were limited to training until she sortied to attack convoy PQ12 on 6 March. Failing to find it and having evaded British air attacks, she put into Narvik on the 9th and had returned to Trondheim by the 13th. On 2 July she sailed again, this time to attack PQ13, accompanied by Admiral Scheer and Admiral Hipper as well as destroyers (Lutzow had run aground). Vacillation in high places delayed the ships' departure until 5 July, and then, because of the U-boat successes already achieved, it was decided that surface attack would not be required and they returned to harbour at Kaafiord. Tirpitz remained in Arctic waters as the core of the 1st Battle Group, acting mostly as a 'fleet in being', tying down the British Home Fleet and wasting the RAF's time, without putting to sea. On 11 March 1943 she moved to Bogen Bay, arriving on the 13th, but by the 24th she was back in Altenfiord. Not until 6-9 September did she mount another offensive operation, this time in company with Scharnhorst, for an attack on the Island of Spitzbergen. On 22 September she was very badly damaged in an attack by British X-craft midget submarines. Repairs under the difficult and limited conditions in Altenfiord took until mid March 1944 after which she began trials. While still so engaged she was again badly damaged on 3 April by a force of naval aircraft from the British carriers Victorious and Furious. Hit by fourteen bombs, the ship's superstructure was decimated but the armoured deck was not penetrated. Another attack by RAF Lancasters from a base in Russia on 15 September using Tallboy 6-ton bombs achieved one hit in the bows which caused severe shock damage, buckled the hull and lifted machinery off its foundations. The resultant damage was so bad that the ship was finished as a fighting unit and, after temporary repairs, she steamed slowly to a berth inshore near Tromso, where she arrived on 16 October. Her role was reduced to that of a floating battery, but now in range of home-based RAF bombers, she was attacked on 29 October but sustained no major damage, and again on 12 November when, hit and near-missed by several Tallboys, she blew up and capsized. The wreck was broken up in situ post-war.
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<urn:uuid:ef1393db-f7d5-4bbe-af34-3c1c93785f4f>
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CC-MAIN-2015-32
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http://www.world-war.co.uk/bb/bismarck_class.php3
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The most revolutionary messaging device that you’ve never heard of.
The teletype is a mechanical marvel that dramatically changed telecommunications. Never mind that it’s been long forgotten and somewhat neglected in history books. In the age of the telegraph and Morse code, this machine automated the process of sending written communications, making a vital imprint on how we connect with each other. Type a message on a teletype keyboard, and out it would clatter from a printer—or thousands of printers—across the globe. No postage, no railroads, no messengers needed to send. No operators needed to interpret. And no delay: it was impressively fast.
Until just a century ago, the most advanced telecommunications system still relied on a human interface: telegraph operators. In order to send a message, one needed to go through this intermediary who would translate your missive into Morse code and beep it across the wire to another operator who would decode it into text and hand it off to a delivery boy to track down the recipient. Telegraph operators were the gatekeepers to communication. But they still had all of the foibles and failures of average people. They might be bribed to divulge their advanced knowledge on business deals or stocks. They might not have time to accurately transcribe a message before the next came dotting and dashing down the line. They might make mistakes.
For decades, inventors endeavored to create a machine that would eliminate the possibility of human error from long-distance communication. History saw automated, printing telegraphs as early as 1848, many with piano-like “key” boards. By the time salt magnate Joy Morton and electrical engineer Charles Krum took up the challenge in 1902, the world was ready. The duo invented the teletype machine as we know it, and founded what would later become the Teletype Corporation.
Their creation is complicated but elegant:
Pressing a key on the teletype’s keyboard initiates a mechanical action translating the letter into a series of seven bits: a start signal telling the receiving machine to “listen,” then the five bits of code indicating the letter, and an end signal. These bits are conveyed over an electrical wire running to the destination unit which then converts the electrical signal back into mechanical movement, translating the sequence of five bits into the proper letter, which it types onto the page with a distinctive clickety-clacking.
The teletype was fast, accurate, and didn’t require the complication of a human mediator. Its keyboard interface democratized the transmission of telegraph messages by enabling anyone who could use a typewriter to send a message. And, unlike typewriters, teletypes had the remarkable capacity to connect. The devices could instantly transmit their text over hundreds of miles, at a speed and rate that was four times faster than the average telegraph message.
It was an invention that changed the world. In 1914, the Associated Press began using the machines. They had previously sent individual dispatches to their member newspapers via Morse code and messenger boy. With the teletype, a single individual could feed a pre-typed punch tape through the device, instantly and simultaneously sending a news item to hundreds of newsrooms. Information spread faster than ever. When World War II started and Morse operators were scarce, teletype machines became an integral component of the communications infrastructure, enabling the coordination of millions of people across the globe. It was through teletype machines that newsrooms and then the public learned of the allied invasion on D-Day. Within decades, the teletype made the world a more connected one, not only sending and disseminating vital information, but changing the way companies and governments processed data. Some of the earliest computers used teletypes as a programming interface and the machine’s influence is still evident in the structure of modern coding.
It was the rise of fax machines, personal computers, and ink jet printers that nudged the teletype into obsolescence. Hundreds of thousands of teletypes are currently gathering dust in basements and junkyards across the world. But in a few circles, appreciation for the machines has grown. Airlines continue to use teletype technology for some communications, and groups of teletype enthusiasts have emerged to refurbish the machines and communicate over Radio Teletype (RTTY). The members of one Brooklyn hacker space have used their Teletype Model 15 as a gaming console and, somewhat ironically, as a printer for their Twitter feed.
Today, any college level programmer with a palm-sized Arduino can replicate the function of a teletype. But to the trained eye, the teletype remains a mechanical marvel, one of the most democratizing communication tools of the pre-electrical age.
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<urn:uuid:ca098fea-26bb-4a63-a4c8-775790d1912e>
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://realart.com/thought-lab/newfangled-nostalgia-the-teletype-machine/
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Eye emergencies cover a range of incidents and conditions such as; trauma, cuts, scratches, foreign objects in the eye, burns, chemical exposure, photic retinopathy, and blunt injuries to the eye or eyelid. Since the eye is easily damaged, serious complications can occur from an eye injury thus, any of these conditions without proper treatment can lead to a partial loss of vision or even permanent blindness. Likewise, certain eye infections, other medical conditions, such as blood clots or glaucoma, and eye problems such as a painful red eye or vision loss that are not due to injury also need urgent medical attention.
Bleeding or other discharge from or around the eye
Loss of vision, total or partial, in one eye or both
Pupils of unequal size
New or severe headaches
Redness or bloodshot appearance
A sensation of something in the eye
Sensitivity to light
Stinging or burning in the eye
One eye is not moving like the other
One eye is sticking out or bulging
Nausea or headache occurring with eye pain (this may be a symptom of glaucoma or stroke).
A black eye is usually caused by direct trauma to the eye or face, causing a bruise resulting from bleeding under the skin. The skin around the eye turns black and blue, gradually becoming purple, green, and yellow over several days. Swelling of the eyelid and tissues around the eye may also occur. The abnormal color usually disappears within 2 weeks.
A blow to the eye can potentially damage the inside of the eye. Trauma is also a common cause of hyphemia, which is blood inside the front of the eye and is often due to a direct hit to the eye from a ball. Besides, certain types of skull fractures can cause bruising around the eyes, even without direct injury to the eye.
A chemical injury to the eye can be caused by a work-related accident, common household products such as cleaning solutions, garden chemicals, solvents, or other types of chemicals. Fumes and aerosols can also cause chemical burns. With acid burns, the haze on the cornea often clears and there is a good chance of recovery. However, alkaline substances such as lime, lye, drain cleaners, and sodium hydroxide found in refrigeration equipment may cause permanent damage to the cornea. It is important to flush out the eye with large amounts of clean water or salt water (saline).
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CC-MAIN-2022-40
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https://www.greateyedoctor.com/eye-emergencies.html
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|
en
| 0.939725
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| 3
|
What is a Pseudosection?
A pseudosection, also called an equilibrium phase diagram, is a type of phase diagram that shows the fields of stability of different equilibrium mineral assemblages for a single bulk-rock composition.
Why is it Useful?
Pseudosections are generally simpler and much easier to interpret than standard phase diagrams that show many reactions.
Isn't it the Same as a Petrogenetic Grid?
No. A petrogenetic grid shows all the reactions that will occur in a model system (e.g., ASH, or Al2O3-SiO2-H2O). However, some bulk compositions will not "see" those reactions.
For example, the diagram on the left above is a standard PT phase diagram for the Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (ASH) system. The diagram on the right is a pseudosection for one particular composition (shown by the red dot in the inset triangular diagram). The PT diagram shows reactions; the pseudosection shows fields of different stable phase assemblages.
Other examples of pseudosections, similar to the one above, can be found in the Metamorphic Phase Diagram/Pseudosection Page
The reason that pseudosections are not the same as phase diagrams is because of the composition chosen. Two AFM diagrams (for the system KFMASH, or K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O) are shown below.
The difference between the two is that there is a tie-line flip reaction of Grt+Chl=St+Bt. However, if the rock has composition that plots in the Chl+Ky field near the top right, then it is unaffected by this reaction. So, the reaction will be included on a standard phase diagram but would not appear on a pseudosection for a rock with composition in the Chl+Ky field.
Another reason why standard phase diagrams and petrogenetic grids differ from pseudosections is that standard diagrams do not include continuous reactions, only discontinuous ones. However, as a field sweeps across a ternary diagram, new phases may be introduced into or removed from a rock with a particular bulk composition. These changes in mineralogy are shown explicitly in a pseudosection, and not at all on a petrogenetic grid. This is shown in the animated AFM diagram shown here (above right; click on the diagram to see animation.) The bulk composition signified by the small circle initially contains only Chl + Bt, but as temperature rises, it gains Cld as well. This change in mineralogy would not be evident at all on a petrogenetic grid.
Pseudosections for Complicated Systems
The example ASH pseudosection shown at the top of this page can be easily calculated by starting with a standard phase diagram, creating compatibility diagrams for each field, and checking to see what happens for a particular bulk composition. However, when the number of components is larger than 3, and especially when minerals are complex solid solutions, drawing compatibility diagrams and creating pseudosections are much more difficult.
The drawing shown here (left) is a pseudosection for the 6-component KFMASH system. Equilibria involving 10 phases were considered.
Pseudosections like this one are extremely difficult (really, they are impossible) to calculate by hand. They involve many phases and the phases change composition as P and T change. So, to calculate diagrams of this sort, petrologists routinely use phase equilibria modeling programs.
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<urn:uuid:31bf3b59-b8c5-48e7-ba7d-668c9e03357d>
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/equilibria/pseudosections.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463613738.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530011338-20170530031338-00007.warc.gz
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Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica
Print version ISSN 0102-7972
CUNHA, Neide de Brito and SANTOS, Acácia A. Angeli dos. Reading comprehension and writing production among undergraduates. Psicol. Reflex. Crit. [online]. 2006, vol.19, n.2, pp. 237-245. ISSN 0102-7972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722006000200009.
Some researches have demonstrated that a lot of undergraduates do not have the desirable competence in reading and writing skills. The aim of this study is to verify, among undergraduates, the relations between reading comprehension and writing production. The participants were 134 freshmen studying in the humanities, exact and natural sciences. A traditional Cloze text was used and some texts written by the students were analyzed in order to evaluate the correction in the use of orthography, verb and subject agreement, according to the Portuguese Language standard. The results showed that the poorer the reading comprehension the bigger the number of mistakes in grammatical rules, therefore confirming the relation between reading comprehension and writing. The Cloze technique was useful to detect at what level the readers are, bringing elements for either eventual intervention programs or pedagogical practices of faculty members that want to help their students to develop linguistic skills.
Keywords : Basic skills; Cloze Test; psychoeducational assessment.
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<urn:uuid:bc5744a8-9a73-403d-8504-f964dfcc05db>
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0102-79722006000200009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
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en
| 0.912295
| 303
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Course material 2010–11
An Algebraic Approach to Internet Routing
A great deal of of interesting work was done in the 1970s in generalizing shortest
path algorithms to a wide class of semirings — called ”path algebras” or ”dioids”.
Although the evolution of Internet Routing protocols does not seem to have
taken much inspiration from this work, recent reverse engineering efforts have
demonstrated that an algebraic approach is very useful for both understanding
existing protocols and for exploring the design space of future Internet routing
protocols. This course is intended present the basic mathematics needed to
understand this approach. No previous background will be assumed. The course
will start from scratch and end with open research problems. Many examples
inspired by Internet Routing will be presented along the way.
The course takes a high-level, top-down approach to the analysis and design of Internet routing protocols. We ask "WHAT problem is being solved?" before asking "HOW do we solve it?".
On completion of this module students should:
- understand the basics of semigroups and semirings,
- be able to reason about and prove various properties of such algebraic structures,
- understand applications of semirings and related structures in diverse fields of computer science and operations research,
- have a deeper understanding of the applications of semirings and related structures to Internet routing.
- (Evolving) Outline
- pre-term recommended reading : [BC1975]
- Week 1: Basics General introduction. Brief account of Internet routing. Introduction to semigroups, associated order relations, and semirings. [BC1975,GM2008,BT2010]
- Week 2: More on semirings Solving path problems in graphs using matrix methods. [BC1975,GM2008,BT2010]
- Week 3: constructions Semiring Constructions. [JS2002,GM2008,GG2007,RM2006]. Focus on lexicographic product [GG2007] and why "bisemigroup" framework [GG2008] is easier to work with for building semirings than directly implementing Manger's approach [RM2006].
- Week 4: Review and Semimodules Modeling route redistribution with semimodules [BG2009].
- Week 5: A mini-metalanguage for bisemigroups Applying some of the ideas of [GG2007] to semirings/bisemigroups, but with necessary AND sufficient conditions for each property of interest.
- Week 6: Beyond Semirings Algebras of Monoid Endomprhisms (AMEs) [GM2008]. Using AMEs to define scoped product (a metric-dependent partition). Then we consider metric-neutral partitions.
- Week 7: Living without distributivity Global vs. local optimality. Using Dijkstra's algorithm for computing local optima [SG2010]. Matrix methods, algorithms in the Bellman-Ford family, distributed versions [JS2003,JS2005,GG2008,SG2010].
- Week 8: Return to mini-metalanguage
- Lecture Slides
- Slides from last year : http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/0910/L11/.
- Slides rewritten for this year will be produced and posted here during the term.
- Lectures 1-4: (Updated 18 Oct.) One slide per page : L11_2010_01_04.pdf. Two slides per page : L11_2010_01_04_2up.pdf.
- Lectures 5 and 6: One slide per page : L11_2010_05_06.pdf. Two slides per page : L11_2010_05_06_2up.pdf.
- Lecture 7 : Review, no slides.
- Lecture 8: Semimodules and route redistribution. One slide per page : L11_2010_lecture_08.pdf. Two slides per page : L11_2010_lecture_08_2up.pdf.
- Lecture 9: A mini-metalanguage. One slide per page : L11_2010_lec09.pdf.
- Lectures 10 and 11: Algebras of Monoid Endomprhisms (AMEs). One slide per page : L11_2010_lec10.pdf. Two slides per page : L11_2010_lec10_2up.pdf.
- Lectures 12: Clean (metric-neutral) partitions. One slide per page : L11_2010_lec12.pdf. Two slides per page : L11_2010_lec12_2up.pdf.
- Lectures 13 and 14: Routing in Equilibrium : L11_2010_lec13_14.pdf. (Corrections made on Friday, 26 November).
- Assessment Problem sets are here L11_problem_sets_2010.pdf (currently contains only problem set 1).
- set 1 due 22 October, 2010.
- set 2 due 12 November, 2010.
- set 3 due 1 December, 2010.
- set 4 due 15 December, 2010.
- Core Bibliography
Clearly we will not have time to cover all of these papers in depth!
- [BC1975] Regular Algebra Applied to Path-Finding Problems. R.C. Backhouse and B.A.Carr J.Inst.Maths.Applics (1975) 15, 161–186.
- [GM2008] Graphs, Dioids and Semirings : New Models and Algorithms, by Michel Gondran , Michel Minoux. (On reserve in Lab Library) Chapter 8 is on-line : Collected Examples of Monoids, (Pre)-Semirings and Dioids.
- [BT2010] Path problems in networks. John S. Baras and George Theodorakopoulos. Morgan and Claypool, 2010. (On reserve in Lab Library)
- [GS2005] Metarouting. Timothy G. Griffin and João Luís Sobrinho. SIGCOMM 2005.
- [RM2006] R.Manger, A Catalogue of Useful Composite Semirings for Solving Path Problems in Graphs. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Operational Research, KOI 2006, Pula, Croatia, September 27 – 29, 2006. Page 13 of http://www.oliver.efpu.hr/koi06/koi06_proceedings.pdf
- [GG2007] Lexicographic Products in Metarouting. Alexander Gurney, Timothy G. Griffin. ICNP, October 2007, Beijing.
- [BG2009] A model of Internet routing using semi-modules. John N. Billings and Timothy G. Griffin. RelMiCS11/AKA6, November 2009.
- [LXZ2010] Theory and New Primitives for Safely Connecting Routing Protocol Instances. Franck Le, Geoffrey Xie, Hui Zhang. SIGCOMM 2010.
- [SG2010] Routing in Equilibrium. Joao Luis Sobrinho and Timothy G. Griffin. The 19th International Symposium on Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems (MTNS 2010).
- Additional (routing related) reading
- [JS2002] J. L. Sobrinho, ”Algebra and Algorithms for QoS Path Computation and Hop- by-Hop Routing in the Internet,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking , pp. 541-550, August 2002.
- [JS2003] J. L. Sobrinho, ”Network Routing With Path Vector Protocols: Theory and Applications” in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 2003, pp. 49-60, Karlsruhe, Germany, August 2003.
- [JS2005] J. L. Sobrinho, ”An Algebraic Theory of Dynamic Network Routing,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, pp. 1160-1173, October 2005.
- [RFC4264] RFC 4264: BGP Wedgies. Timothy G. Griffin and Geoff Huston.
- [TG2009] A model of configuration languages for routing protocols. Philip J. Taylor and Timothy G. Griffin. PRESTO workshop (at SIGCOMM 2009)
- [GG2008] Increasing Bisemigroups and Algebraic Routing. Timothy G. Griffin and Alexander Gurney, RelMiCS10, April 2008.
- Additional reading (path algorithms, applications of semirings in Computer Science)
- [LeBT2004] Network Calculus Jean-Yves Le Boudec and Patrick Thiran
- Transitive closure and related semiring properties via eliminants. S. Kamal Abdali and B. David Saunders. Theoretical Computer Science Volume 40, 1985, Pages 257-274 Eleventh International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming. From ScienceDirect
- Interprocedural Dataflow Analysis over Weight Domains with Infinite Descending Chains. Morten Kühnrich, Stefan Schwoon, Jiří Srba, Stefan Kiefer. http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.0501
- An Incremental Algorithm for a Generalization of the Shortest-Path Problem. G. Ramalingam, Thomas Reps. (1992) http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.10.6796
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|When is the best time to exercise?||01/18/23|
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|Lower risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes with a Mediterranean diet||12/28/22|
|Stay sharp with flavonols||12/14/22|
|Salting at the table||12/07/22|
|On time - and Velveeta||11/30/22|
|Cut calories vs. cut protein intake: the results will surprise you||11/16/22|
|Mediterranean Diet Improves Symptoms of Depression in Young Men||11/09/22|
|Weight and vision||10/26/22|
|When you eat might matter more than previously thought||10/19/22|
|All Health and Nutrition Bites|
Eat Less, Reduce Your Risk of Heart Disease
We know that eating a low-calorie diet for the long term can slow aging in laboratory animals. We also know that in the short term, a low-calorie diet can improve a person's blood pressure, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, all risks for heart disease.
Low Calorie Diets and Atherosclerosis
I have written two columns recently on the positive effect that a calorie restricted diet can have on one's health. In one study people on a reduced calorie diet had dramatically lower cholesterol levels. In another very well designed trial researchers showed that those on low calorie diets had better heart function than those on a standard American diet.
Eat Less, Have a Younger Heart
Research has shown that eating fewer calories decreases the risk of heart disease. While there are also theories that calorie restriction can slow the effects of aging, none have yet been proven. Dr. Timothy Meyer and his colleagues looked at the question of what effect reducing calories might have on the heart by evaluating a group of 25 people who had been following a calorie restricted diet.
Get the latest health and diet news - along with what you can do about it - sent to your Inbox once a week. Get Dr. Gourmet's Health and Nutrition Bites sent to you via email. Sign up now!
It's been a while since I wrote about Caloric Restriction (CR), a diet that deliberately minimizes caloric intake (usually 1200 to 2000 calories per day) while still consuming 100% or more of the recommended daily allowance of all the essential nutrients. Those following CR will avoid processed foods, trans-fats, refined carbohydrates, desserts, snacks, and soft drinks, while consuming about 26% of their calories from protein, 46% from complex carbohydrates, and 28% of their calories from fat.
Research has found that compared to those following a more usual American diet (which averages between 2000 and 3500 calories per day), those following a Caloric Restriction diet have lower cholesterol levels, better heart function and cholesterol scores, lower markers of inflammation, and markedly less plaque in the coronary arteries.
By now you're probably thinking, "That's all very nice, but wouldn't a Caloric Restriction diet suck all the joy out of life? Sure, I might live longer, but how happy am I really going to be?"
It's true that much of the research surrounding Caloric Restriction has focused on the physical effects of CR. Today's article looks at overall quality of life, including mood, sleep quality, and even sexual function. A multi-center team of researchers recruited 188 men and women who were healthy and not clinically obese (having a Body Mass Index under 28) to participate in a two-year study of Caloric Restriction (JAMA Intern Med 2016;176(6)743-752). The participants were all a minimum of 20 years of age with a cut-off of 47 (for women) and 50 (for men) at the start of the study.
Two-thirds of the participants followed a Caloric Restriction diet for two years, with their goal being to consume 25% fewer calories than they had previously been accustomed to. The other third of the participants followed their usual diets. At the start of the study, after one year, and at the end of the study both groups responded to a battery of tests measuring mood, stress levels, overall quality of life, amount and quality of sleep, sexual function.
Much of the existing research on Caloric Restriction has focused on its effects on those who are overweight or obese, so the authors were somewhat surprised to see that the results in these normal and somewhat-overweight persons were similar to other studies of those who were overweight or obese. In short, compared to those who continued with their usual diet, those who followed a Caloric Restriction diet lost more weight (of course), but also significantly improved their overall mood while decreasing their level of tension. Those on their usual diet actually experienced increased depression and slept for less time than those on CR, whose levels of depression or amount of sleep did not change significantly.
We know that for those who are clinically obese, losing weight can improve overall quality of life, decrease depression, and improve sleep quality; it's great to know that these positive effects are available to those who are already of clinically normal weight. A higher overall quality of life allows you to enjoy what you have: friends, family, your work or avocation, and yes, even a good meal. While Caloric Restriction has well-documented positive effects, that doesn't mean that Caloric Restriction is the only diet that can have these effects for you - as I like to say to my patients, "Perfect is the enemy of better." Work on the quality of the calories you consume by choosing the best fats, lean protein, and complex carbohydrates in reasonable amounts. You'll feel the effects in both body and mind.
First posted: July 6, 2016
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Our engineering volunteers have been busy over the past few months. Gressenhall Farm and Workhouse has been awarded funding by the Arts Council England PRISM fund to restore two washing machines in the laundry. This has paid for cleaning materials, new belts and bespoke parts to be made.
The washing machines in the laundry date from 1950 and 1953 and are amongst the first automatic washing machines in Europe. Automatic washing machines are now the norm, but in the 1950s this was revolutionary technology that overhauled institutional and domestic laundry practices.
The washing machines clearly demonstrate this revolutionary technology by having a clock face on the front of the machine with hands which would turn to the different cycles in the wash; 1st wash, 2nd wash, boil, 1st rinse, 2nd rinse, 3rd rinse, breakdown. Using a boil wash was normal then but now we are encouraged to wash at 15°C.
These washing machines had not been used since the building was a County Care Home, which closed in 1975. Our engineering volunteers have done a brilliant job carefully restoring them and getting them working. So when the new workhouse displays open this summer keep your eyes peeled for the cleaned up machines and join us on an event day to see them running.
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An overview of the women in burmese days by george orwell
Introduction to burmese days preliminaries peter davison: have been were he to spend his days in the jungle without a wife to minister to him, limit his drink, and ward off women peter davison edited the complete works of george orwell. If you are searching for a ebook burmese days: a novel by george orwell in pdf form, then you've come to the loyal site we furnish the utter option of this ebook. The paperback of the burmese days by george orwell at barnes & noble free shipping on $25 or more board books buy 2 get 1 free grow kits - $795 with purchase select romance novels: buy overview burmese days by george orwell. Overview overview and history mission and vision exploring burma through george orwell a new book explores myanmar's people and brutal military junta by retracing george orwell's path through burma orwell based his first novel, burmese days. Summary and reviews of finding george orwell in burma by emma larkin burmese days - but in fact he wrote three and of three women haunted by the past and the secrets they hold about the book. Review george orwell's shooting an elephant ask students to read george orwell's essay shooting an elephant available through the edsitement-reviewed web resource center for the liberal arts orwell's first novel, burmese days.
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Burmese days study guide contains a biography of george orwell, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Burmese-days-a-novel-studyguide from hss 2006 at babson college burmese days study guide burmese days by george orwell (c)2014 bookrags, inc all rights plot summary in meanwhile, the arrival of a beautiful young english woman sets many heads turning and complicates the. Essay on racial boundaries in burmese days by george orwell 1460 words oct and beautiful english woman who has come to burma to be with her aunt and technology through the eyes of george orwell summary of the story the novel 1984 published in 1949 takes a look at society of future. Women's history modern chinese history asia george orwell: burmese days (1934) overview by michael documents george orwell: burmese days accessed february 15, 2018 log in to continue reading or. The aim of this article is to analyze the representations of the other in george orwell's burmese days in burmese days, women are not 1220 to conclude, in burmese days george orwell deconstructs kipling's white man's burden and he is bold enough to say openly that. Burmese days by george orwell in chm, djvu, fb2 download e-book.
An overview of the women in burmese days by george orwell
Shmoop guide to george orwell childhood & burma smart, fresh history of george orwell childhood & burma by phds and masters from stanford, harvard, berkeley a bitter look at the corruption and prejudice of imperial burma entitled burmese days in 1927 he contracted dengue fever. Early years george orwell is the pen name of eric arthur blair, born in 1903 in summary and analysis part 1: chapter 1 part 1: chapter 2 orwell gave up teaching and spent almost a year in southwold writing his next book, burmese days during this time, he worked part time in a. Burmese days george orwell this web edition published by [email protected] last updated wednesday, december 17, 2014 at 14:20 to the best of our knowledge, the text of this.
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Download the app and start listening to burmese days today - free with a 30 day trial keep your (aka david case) as a narrator his range of dialects can accommodate any british setting and does justice to women's voices as well i give george orwell's burmese days is 0/10.
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What is Money Laundering?
- A process where criminals convert cash or property derived from unlawful activities.
Definition of Money Laundering
Section 4(1) of Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001 (“AMLATFPUAA 2001”) provides that any person who:
- Engages, directly or indirectly, in a transaction that involves proceeds of an unlawful activity;
- Acquires, receives, possesses, disguises, transfers, converts, exchanges, carries, disposes of or uses proceeds of an unlawful activity;
- Removes from or brings into Malaysia, proceeds of an unlawful activity;
- Conceals, disguises or impedes the establishment of the true nature, origin, location, movement, disposition, title of, rights with respect to, or ownership of, proceeds of an unlawful activity.
How does Money Laundering works?
Money laundering commonly involves three (3) steps hide their illegal proceeds:
- Placement: Placing money derived from illegal activity into a legal financial institution;
- Layering: Concealing the source of the money through multiple transactions; and
- Integration: Completes the money laundering process where converted funds are back into the financial world as legitimate proceeds.
What is the consequence if a person commits money laundering? Pursuant to Section 4 of the AMLATFPUAA 2001, any person who commits a money laundering offence, shall on conviction be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fifteen (15) years and shall also be liable to a fine of not less than five (5) times the sum or value of the proceeds of an unlawful activity or instrumentalities of an offence at the time the offence was committed or five million ringgit (RM5,000,000), whichever is the higher.
How does money laundering affect the legal profession in the real estate practice area?
- Lawyers are obliged under Part IV of the AMLATFPUAA 2001 to report any suspicious transaction under Section 14 of the AMLATFPUAA 2001.
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Islam in America (Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series)
By: Jane I. Smith (author)Hardback
1 - 2 weeks availability
Most Americans are only vaguely aware of the Muslim community in the United States and know little about the religion itself, despite Islam's increasing importance in international affairs and the rapid growth in the number of Americans who call themselves Muslims. Now, a foremost authority in the field has crafted a richly textured portrait of the Muslim community in the United States today. Jane I. Smith introduces the basic tenets of the Muslim faith, surveys the history of Islam in this country, and profiles the lifestyles, religious practices, and world views of American Muslims. The volume pays particular attention to the tension felt by many in this community as they attempt to live faithfully, adhering to their traditions while at the same time adapting to an alien culture that appears to many Muslims to be excessively secular and materialistic. The book also covers the role of women in American Islam, the raising and educating of children, the use of products acceptable to Muslims, appropriate dress and behavior, concerns about prejudice and unfair treatment, and other issues related to life in a country in which Islam is often misunderstood.
Jane I. Smith is professor of Islamic Studies at Hartford Seminary in Connecticut. The coeditor of The Muslim World and an editor of the Encyclopedia of Women in World Religion, she is the author of The Concept of Islam in the History of Qur'anic Exegesis and coauthor of Mission to America, and serves as a member of the Commission on Interfaith Relations of the National Council of Churches.
Introduction One: Muslim Faith and Practice Two: Contributors to the Development of Islam Three: Islam Comes to America Four: Islam in the African American Community Five: Women and the Muslim American Family Six: Living a Muslim Life in American Society Chapter Seven: The Public Practice of Islam Chapter Eight: Looking to the Future Profiles: American Muslims of Note Chronology Notes Glossary Resources for the Study of American Islam
Number Of Pages:
- ID: 9780231109666
- Saver Delivery: Yes
- 1st Class Delivery: Yes
- Courier Delivery: Yes
- Store Delivery: Yes
Prices are for internet purchases only. Prices and availability in WHSmith Stores may vary significantly
© Copyright 2013 - 2017 WHSmith and its suppliers.
WHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36
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By Rae Jefferson
If gratitude only makes an appearance once a year over a steaming plate of turkey and stuffing, something may be way off, a recent Baylor study found.
“Why are materialists less happy? The role of gratitude and need satisfaction in the relationship between materialism and life satisfaction” is a study lead by Dr. Jo-Ann Tsang, associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at Baylor. The study looked at the correlations between gratitude, materialism and happiness and found that gratitude helps lead to a happier life.
“Materialism is related to less life satisfaction and gratitude is related to more life satisfaction,” Tsang said.
The study began in 2012 and was published in February 2014. Tsang said 246 undergraduate marketing students participated in the study and were required to complete a 15-minute online survey that assessed patterns in materialism and happiness levels.
According to the study, life satisfaction is negatively impacted by materialism because materialist people tend to neglect important psychological needs. These needs, also called need-satisfaction, include innate human needs like belonging to social groups, making decisions autonomously and being competent.
“By making life satisfaction contingent on the acquisition of material possessions, materialists may be likely to neglect other important needs, fostering dissatisfaction with life,” the study said.
Dr. James Roberts, the Ben H. Williams professor of marketing and study co-author, said the study was of particular interest to him because of his 15-year-long history of studying gratitude and materialism.
“It’s a topic that’s very near and dear to my heart,” Roberts said.
Materialists tend to struggle more with greed, selfishness and an inability to make deep connections with others, Roberts said.
According to the study, materialists may be less happy because they focus on the things they do not possess, which creates feelings of longing for more possessions and an overwhelming dissatisfaction with life.
Tsang said she speculates that many Americans tend to believe a lie that having more will lead to increased life satisfaction.
“We get a lot of that from our society,” she said. “People want to try and sell you stuff, so they tell you it will make you happy so that you buy it.”
Roberts said he agreed that Americans have falsely begun to think wealth equates to happiness.
“That’s just not the case,” Roberts said. “Helping others and having healthy relationships makes us happier. Nothing’s wrong with money — we need money — but it’s when we get out of balance that it leads to lower life satisfaction.”
The study has very practical implications, Roberts said. Learning how to foster a life filled with gratitude can help people to become happier and more fully satisfied.
“Gratitude is a good way to appreciate what we have and the role other people have in our lives,” he said. “We can increase life satisfaction with gratitude.”
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