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By WILLIAM K. ALCORN
If you are a black child born in Ohio, you have the worst chance of surviving until your first birthday of any state in the nation.
The statistics are so grim, in fact, that Erin Bishop, acting health commissioner of the Youngstown Board of Health, noted “Our numbers are similar to those of a Third World country.”
As of 2012, the latest statistics available, Ohio had the worst infant mortality rate, or IMR, in the United States — 50th out of 50 — for black babies who die before they are a year old, according to the National Center for Health Statistics.
Nationally, the overall mortality rate for all babies that die in the first 12 months of their lives is 6.05 per 1,000 births, compared with 7.7 per 1,000 births overall in Ohio, which ranks the state 47 out of 50 in that category.
The disparity between the rate for black and white babies in Ohio is more startling, however, local health officials say.
The death rate for black infants in the state in 2012 was nearly 14 per 1,000 births compared with 6.4 per 1,000 white births, said Dr. Elena Rossi, neonatologist and associate chairwoman of pediatrics at Akron Children’s Hospital Mahoning Valley in Boardman.
In Mahoning County, the disparity between the black and white IMR is even wider
than in the rest of the state. As Patricia Sweeney, commissioner of the Mahoning County Health District, put it “The outcomes are abysmal.”
The white mortality rate was 6 per 1,000 births compared with 23.6 per 1,000 black births in Mahoning County, where the overall mortality rate was 10.8 per 1,000 births. The black mortality rate is up after averaging 16.74 per 1,000 births between 2008 and 2012, Dr. Rossi said.
“What’s facing us is that the rest of the country is improving, and we are getting worse,” Dr. Rossi said.
According to Ohio Department of Health, Ohio’s overall IMR has remained stagnant or gotten worse for more than a decade, while the U.S. overall IMR declined 12 percent from 2005 through 2011.
“Clearly, this is a wake-up call telling us that we need to increase our energy and efforts to direct resources to reduce the infant mortality rate locally and statewide,” Dr. Rossi said.
The first steps for local officials is gathering hard data to identify the causes and set priorities and then apply solutions.
Poverty and the lack of social support (a place to live, healthy food, etc.) play major roles in the worsening infant mortality rate among blacks and whites, but the largest problem is that too many premature babies are being born, health officials said.
“It follows, that the more severely at-risk premature babies that are born, the more infant deaths there will be,” Dr. Rossi said.
Using data, the Mahoning-Youngstown Birth Outcome Equity Team, co-chaired by Sweeney and Bishop, has identified and prioritized areas to improve the overall infant mortality rate.
Bishop also is a member of the Ohio Institute for Equity in Birth Outcomes Leadership Team representing all the Ohio Equity Institute Teams.
The Birth Outcome Equity Team — consisting of public and medical health officials, community leaders, representatives of Women Infant and Children and Mahoning County Family and Children First Council — and other groups and individuals are developing a plan to reduce the disparity between white and black infant mortality rates in Mahoning County.
Local health officials said data reveal not just one cause for Ohio’s and Mahoning County’s high rates.
As a result, they have identified several major areas in which they believe progress can be made through education and medical practices.
On average, three babies die a week in Ohio from sleeping issues, and two of these deaths are potentially preventable, Dr. Rossi said.
Parents need to ensure that babies have a safe sleep environment in a crib and are not in a more-dangerous environment such as a parent’s bed.
Also, women living in poverty and with low education are experiencing poorer birth outcomes than people with more resources, said Sweeney, who noted that a group of 12 to 15 at-risk women who are entering pregnancy is being formed so that the women can go through prenatal care together.
They will be a support system for each other, she said.
“I feel the need to react ... to respond ... to educate and get more people involved. Some of the high IMR is preventable. Fiftieth worst out of 50 states is terrible for black infant mortality rates,” Dr. Rossi said.
“It’s going to be tough to reverse the trend, but we can make improvements. We’re in this for the long haul,” the doctor said.
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There is a surge in people taking up tennis due to Wimbledon fever and Andy Murray’s astounding straight set win over Novak Djokovic. We’re seeing a lot of kids taking up tennis through their local coaching academy and being referred in to us by their coach for a biomechanical assessment, as well as more seasoned players picking up niggling injuries. So let’s talk about tennis and the particular demands it can place on your body, and how podiatrists can prevent and treat tennis injuries or even improve your game with appropriate therapies.
Tennisis a sport of very high physical demand and over the past decade has seen an increase in lower limb injuries. The surface of a tennis court, whether clay, composition, hard, astroturf or grass, can have a significant effect on the players form (as was the case during this year’s Wimbledon and many of the players falling and being injured).
As with other court sports, tennis is a multidirectional game, involving medial and lateral (side to side) as well as forward and backward movements. Players will train to adapt their game depending on the court terrain and physical demand, failure to do so will result in injury. Some commentators cite a lack of preparation for moving to grass from say clay, taking too large side to side steps resulting in nasty falls, for example at this year’s Wimbledon.
Many acute injuries in tennis occur from;
1) Repeated lateral movement,
2) Sudden powerful movement from a stationary position
3) Stopping abruptly
4) and (as recently seen at Wimbledon this year) poor surface judgment.
Frequent injuries include ligamentous tears or ruptures, stress fractures and dislocations. Tennis leg, groin tear, ankle sprain, Achillie’s tendonitis and plantar fasciitis are all common complaints of the tennis player, whether professional or amateur.
Groin injuries most often result from lateral (side to side) movement. Lateral momentum is naturally decelerated by the contraction of the hip adductors and flexor muscles but wrong footing or poor surface judgment will lead to muscle tearing rather than deceleration.
A tear to the medial head of Gastrocnemius (one third of the calf muscle), known as tennis leg, is the most common injury to occur in tennis. Players often describe this as feeling as though they have been hit on the back of the leg.
Overuse and Biomechanics
Muscles and tendons continually extend and contract during play, which can result in fatigue and overuse syndrome. A degenerative process often occurs in overused muscles whereby tissue breakdown is faster than tissue repair.
Many of the injuries are attributed to micro trauma “a consequence of the aforementioned overuse, resulting in chronic inflammation and subsequent structural degeneration. Such is the case with microtearing of the plantar fascia = heel pain syndrome”. Achilles tendonitis is another example of overuse injury.
Although ground terrain and physical intensity play a significant role, underlying abnormal biomechanical mal alignment is often the predisposing factor to injury. An underlying biomechanical mal alignment will see increased contraction in overcompensating muscle groups. The biomechanics of tennis place constant tension on muscles, tendons and ligament “ thus players with an underlying malalignment are more likely to bear an injury “ acute or chronic.
If, like many of us, Wimbledon fever has inspired you to play more or take up tennis then pay particular attention to muscle strain and general aches “ early treatment will prevent serious injury.
At Dubai Podiatry Centre we specialize in sports biomechanics, including the in-house manufacture of fully custom made orthotics designed specifically for tennis players, both amateur and professional. Contact us for an expert opinion, assessment, diagnosis or treatment, and we can help you rally back to full fitness.
Call: + 971 4 3435390
WhatsApp: + 971 50 355 3024
To book online: Click here
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What are the parts of a shield volcano?
Shield volcanoes consist largely of thin lava flows, with minor pyroclastic (mainly ash) layers. Their subaerial (above sea-level) slopes are mostly 4-8 degrees, having steep-walled summit calderas and also pit craters (sinkholes) that are similar to calderas in form but much smaller.
What shape is a shield volcano?
Shield volcanoes have a convex shape as they are flatter near the summit. Shield volcanoes are truly massive with volumes that dwarf other types of volcanoes, even large composite volcanoes.
How is a shield volcano formed step by step?
It is formed by the eruption of highly fluid (low viscosity) lava, which travels farther and forms thinner flows than the more viscous lava erupted from a stratovolcano. Repeated eruptions result in the steady accumulation of broad sheets of lava, building up the shield volcano’s distinctive form.
What is the description of shield cone?
: a conical or domical shield volcano.
What is the structure of a volcano?
erupting volcano The main parts of a volcano are 1) the crater, a depression at the top of the volcano from which volcanic material has been ejected; 2) the vent, the conduit between crater and the magma; and 3) the cone, the area around the crater at the top of the volcano, made up of material ejected during an …
What type of eruptions do shield volcanoes have?
Among the various types of volcanoes, the shield volcano is the least violent and has really only one form of eruption: that of a spilling and flowing of magma — lava — moving outward from its point of origin.
What type of magma do shield volcanoes have?
Shield volcanoes are composed almost entirely of relatively thin lava flows built up over a central vent. Most shields were formed by low viscosity basaltic magma that flows easily down slope away form the summit vent.
How is a shield volcano formed kids?
Shield volcanoes – world wide A new shield volcano forms when a crack on the surface of the Earth begins erupting thin layers of basalt lava. Over a long period of time the thin layers of lava erupted from the volcano’s vent creates a shield shaped volcano. Shield volcanoes have gently sloping sides.
How is a shield volcano formed GCSE?
Shield volcanoes are usually found at constructive or tensional boundaries. They are low, with gently sloping sides. They are formed by eruptions of thin, runny lava. Eruptions tend to be frequent but relatively gentle.
What is volcano explain with diagram?
A volcano is an opening in the surface of the Earth from which hot magma flows out. The following are the structural features of a volcano: Vent: It is an opening from which hot magma flow out to the surface of the Earth. It is a circular pipe like structure.
What is a volcano explain with diagram?
What does a shield volcano produce?
Eruptions at shield volcanoes are only explosive if water somehow gets into the vent, otherwise they are characterized by low-explosivity fountaining that forms cinder cones and spatter cones at the vent, however, 90% of the volcano is lava rather than pyroclastic material.
What are the hazards of a shield volcano?
– Pyroclastic flows. These flows are mainly associated with volcanoes that have explosive eruptions, and they move down the volcanic slope at speeds greater than 50 miles per hour (80 kilometers – Debris flows. They can occur either during an eruption or at other times in response to high rainfall events. – Landslides. – Tephra and ash. – Volcanic gases.
What is an example of a shield volcano?
What are facts about shield volcano?
There are three types of volcano. These are the cinder cone volcano,the stratovolcano,and the shield volcano.
What is the description of a shield volcano?
Shield volcanoes are large volcanoes that are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows, and have broad sloping sides and are generally surrounded by gently sloping hills in a circular or fan-shaped pattern that looks like a warrior’s shield.
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Nearly any waterproof container that holds 4 or more gallons of water can be transformed into a lily pond. The Texas A&M AgriLife Extension recommends planting one lily for every 10 square feet of pond surface area. Water lilies, characterized by their floating lily pads and colorful flowers, add visual appeal to any water feature, transforming it into a focal point for your outdoor space.
Design your lily pond to fit your outdoor space. Options include transforming an existing pond, excavating an area and installing a prefabricated pond liner or creating a container pond with a waterproof container that holds at least 4 gallons of water. According to the University of Illinois Extension, a 15- to 25-gallon container or larger is ideal.
Fill the pond with water. If you are using city water, allow it to sit for 24 to 48 hours to allow any traces of chlorine to evaporate from the water before adding plants.
Select water lily varieties according to the size and scope of your lily pond. Small ponds need small-spread plants, such as Indiana hardy water lily (Nymphaea "Indiana"), hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture zones 5 through 10. Indiana hardy water lilies bloom cup-shaped flowers that are 2 to 3 inches in diameter. They start pink and turn to dark red as the flower matures. Larger ponds can accommodate large-spread varieties, such as the Cape Blue water lily (Nymphaea capensis), with a spread of up to 8 feet. Cape Blue water lilies are hardy in zones 5 through 10.
Plant each water lily in a sturdy plastic container that is 15 to 20 inches in diameter and 6 to 10 inches deep, depending on the size of the lily being planted. Fill the container two-thirds full with damp, clay loam soil. Avoid using a commercial potting mix since these formulas are lightweight and tend to float to the surface of the water.
Insert the rhizome into the container and add enough soil to nearly cover the rhizome. It should be just above soil level. Cover the soil with a 1/2- or 3/4-inch layer of pea gravel to keep the soil particles in place. Water the plant thoroughly.
Lower the container slowly into the pond. Hardy water lilies should be placed in water that is deep enough to cover the top of the pot by 12 to 18 inches. According to the University of Illinois Extension, tropical varieties prefer to be placed with 12 inches of water covering the pot, although they can tolerate shallow planting with 6 to 8 inches of water covering them. Arrange bricks or overturned pots as needed to adjust the depth of each water lily.
Add 4 ounces of slow-release or granular fertilizer when you plant water lilies. According to the University of Illinois Extension, 20-10-5, 5-10-5, 10-6-4 or 12-8-8 formulas can be used. Fertilize plants every two to four weeks throughout the growing season.
Remove the potted lilies from the pond before the first frost, trim any dead foliage and place the container in a plastic bag. Store the pots in an area with temperatures between 32 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Check each pot every week or two to maintain soil moisture until spring.
Things You Will Need
- Clay loam soil
- Pea gravel
- Brick or inverted planting container
- Although tropical water lilies are planted in the center of the pot, hardy water lilies should be placed on the side of the container with the growing point facing the center of the pot to allow plenty of room for the roots to spread out across the pot. The growing point is marked by buds that appear similar to potato eyes.
- University of Illinois Extension: Water Gardening
- University of Minnesota Extension: Container Water Gardening
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension: Plant Life
- Backyard Gardener: Nymphaea (Indiana Hardy Waterlily)
- Backyard Gardener: Nymphaea Capensis (Cape Blue Waterlily)
- University of Illinois Extension: Container Water Gardening
- Complete Guide to Water Garden Plants; Helen Nash and Steve Stroupe
- Medioimages/Photodisc/Photodisc/Getty Images
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Afraid of bats? Admire and protect them instead
Bats significantly assist us because they eat half their weight in insects, including mosquitoes after their dormancy during winter. They also help pollinate and fertilize crops.
Bats locate their food using echolocation, meaning that they emit a high-frequency sound and monitor the returning sound waves to determine the size and location of their prey. When we consider their prey is a small flying insect, these mammals’ echolocation and acrobatic capabilities are truly astonishing.
But bats – particularly the Little Brown Bat – are endangered now, because of White Nose Syndrome (Pseudogymnoascus destructans), a fungus that’s killed more than 5.7 million bats in North America. Because of this staggering population decline, WNS earns the reputation of being one of the world’s worst wildlife diseases of modern times.
Little Brown Bat
One of 19 bat species in Canada, the little brown bat is 8-10 cm long, weights 7-9 grams, and has a wingspan of 25-27 cm. (Nature Conservancy of Canada: bit.ly/3Q11o3i) Its range includes most of Quebec, where the only provinces and territories in Canada in which it doesn’t exist are PEI, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland (they exist in parts of Labrador) and Nunavut.
Female Little Brown bats help with insect management more than the males because they eat more than their body weight in insects when feeding their pups.
Where did WNS come from?
Its origin remains unknown.
The fungus was first seen on bats (as a white, powder-like “dust” on their muzzles) in 2006 in New York State.
Is WNS always a killer?
After its discovery in North America, scientists discovered it in Asia and Europe, where for some reason bats don’t succumb to it quite as much.
Here in North America, however, some roosting sites have been 90-100 percent eradicated by WNS. (whitenosesyndrome.org)
On its website, the Nature Conservancy of Canada explains how WNS affects bats: “This fungus thrives in cool, moist environments and infects the exposed skin of the muzzle and wings of hibernating bats. It causes bats to use more energy than they can afford during hibernation and to wake up more frequently than healthy bats, usually leading to death.”
Scientists are trying to develop a vaccine to help dwindling populations survive WNS infection.
In addition, research is being conducted on how to change and improve bat habitats.
As a researcher from the Canadian Wildlife Federation (CWF) told CBC Ottawa Morning radio host on August 4, there’s little point in purchasing bat boxes for the mammals to roost in, if they’re unsuitable. Researchers from the CWF were heading out to band bats at the Macskimming Outdoor Education Centre that day so that, among other research, they can identify where bats actually are roosting so that better bat boxes can be constructed.
Building bat houses
Meanwhile, if you’re interested in building bat boxes, the CWF offers free downloadable plans on how to construct them at: bit.ly/3SobtsB.
Purchasing bat houses: What to look for
The CWF website (bit.ly/3Qh1ELc) presents tips regarding a well-built bat house:
“Like us, they don’t want leaky roofs, but they do need some airflow coming in from air vents on the sides. In northern climates like Canada, bats prefer a house that warms up quickly, especially for maternity roosts. That means using dark wood or dark non-toxic paint, easily warmed by the sun. And just like their human counterparts, it’s all about location!”
Do what we can
Bats need protection and often, we can help. Perhaps the biggest help? Explain to your kids that bats help us control mosquitoes and other insects – in the ultimate “natural way” using that fascinating echolocation capability.
Katharine Fletcher is a freelance writer, author, and visual artist. Contact her: email@example.com and view her art at facebook.com/KatharineFletcherArtist/
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Social Not-Working: The Perils of Too Much Communication
"It can be exhilarating, at least at first, to connect with long-lost friends," says network science expert Steven Strogatz, PhD, a professor of applied mathematics at Cornell University. But the downside, he worries, is growing confusion between our weak ties (people who might be useful in referring us to a good dentist or helping us find a job) and our strong ties (those we're very close to). "The distinction between genuine friends and acquaintances is becoming blurred. Users are spending time maintaining relationships with people they don't really care about."
And who are these people, anyway? Electronic relationships make it easy for "friends" to misrepresent themselves—always showing their best side, for instance—notes Pauline Wiessner, PhD, a University of Utah anthropologist who studies social networks. Anonymity also allows darker impulses to flourish. In one tragic case, 13-year-old Megan Meier hanged herself after being cyberbullied on MySpace by Josh Evans—not a real boy, it turned out, but a creation of neighbors.
High-speed connecting may even affect the way we react to people. In a recent study out of USC, brain scans showed that volunteers needed at least four to six seconds to process stories of virtue or social pain in others. "It takes a certain amount of time to fully experience complex social emotions," says the lead author, cognitive neuroscientist Mary Helen Immordino-Yang. Heavy reliance on the rapid intake of certain information—especially in younger, developing minds—could have consequences on our morality. It could also be "a whole new source of unhappiness," says Strogatz. "On Twitter the conversation never stops. You start to feel that if you're not involved in it, you're missing out."
It's enough to make you long for the good old days of connecting over a cup of coffee.
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We carry on with the new features of gvSIG 2.3 related to Dynamic Segmentation. In this post we will see the “Create routes” tool.
This tool is useful to create routes from a linear layer. It works grouping the geometries of the input layer in one unique entity (linear), using a common attribute.
This layer must have an attribute capable of identifying the routes to be created.
Once the tool is activated, gvSIG shows the following dialog:
- “Source”, the input layer.
- “Route identifier field”, the attribute from the table of the layer “Source” containing the route ID.
- “Output file”, the file to save all the results.
- “Measure source”, it will show 3 options, from where the measures will be taken for the M dimension:
- Length, the measure will be based on the graphic length of the original line
- One field, the original layer must have a field which indicates the length of each sections to reroute and the measure will be based on that field.
- Two fields,the original layer must have two fields indicating the M coordinate of the first and last vertex of each section and the measures will be based on those M using interpolations.
- “From-measure or length field”. It will be enabled when the options “One field” or “Two fields” was selected in “Measure source”:
- with “One field”, that one will be used as measure of the section
- with “Two fields” that one will be used as M coordinate of the first vertex of the section
- “To-measure field”, the M coordinate will be used as the last vertex of the section. It will be enabled when the option “two fields” was selected in “Measure source”.
- “Coordinate priority”. It will be enabled only when “Length” or “One Field” was selected in “Measure source”. This value will be key to decide the vertex from which the measures will be accumulated and it will have 4 options:
- Up – left
- down – left
- up – right
- down – right
- “Measure factor”, the user can set a factor to multiply the measures before introducing them in the M coordinate of the vertex. By default the value is 1.
- “Measure offset”, the user can introduce one value to be added to the measures before introducing them in the M coordinate of the vertex. By default the value is 0,0.
- “Ignore spatial holes”, to decide if the size between the holes of the geometries has to be taken into account for the calculation of the measures. It will be enabled only when “Length” or “One Field” was selected in “Origin of measures”. If this is selected, the distance between the last vertex of one section and the first one of the next will not be taken into account. If it is not selected, the distance between them will have an effect on the calculation of the M coordinate of the first vertex (and further ones) of the next section.
When accepting the dialog box, gvSIG will create the “output layer” file containing the lines of the original layer grouped by the new entities according to the “Route ID” value and the rest of options already introduced by the user.
If, before the tool execution, the origin layer has a selection, the process only will take place in those selected elements.
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“Wait, you’re trusting students with real, sharp knives?” That was one of the questions teachers heard most often at the Edible Schoolyard Project kitchen classroom in Berkley, CA.
Since schools closed, their Edible Education for the Home Classroom is a huge hit, with lessons on topics such as “Growing Food From Your Food Scraps”, and the “Five Ingredient Recipe Lesson”. They shared one of the most well-done knife lessons for young people, and adults, that this chef has seen.
Go to https://youtu.be/T4Q2RepMc1I to watch Nick from The Edible Schoolyard demonstrate some knife safety practices.
*Check in with an adult at home before using a knife.
*Lessons shared by permission of the Edible Schoolyard Project.
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- The definition of fierce is cruel, violent or intense.
- An example of fierce is the nature of an angry bear.
- An example of fierce is storm with very high winds.
A fierce dog.
- of a violently cruel nature; savage; wild: a fierce dog
- violent; uncontrolled: a fierce storm
- intensely eager; intense; ardent: a fierce embrace
- ☆ Informal very distasteful, disagreeable, bad, etc.
Origin of fierceMiddle English fers ; from Old French fers, fier ; from Classical Latin ferus, wild, savage ; from Indo-European base an unverified form hwer-, wild animal from source Classical Greek thēr, animal
- a. Hostile and violent, especially by nature or temperament; ferocious: The Huns were fierce warriors.b. Characterized by or showing hostility: gave us a fierce look.
- Extremely powerful or destructive: a fierce storm; a fierce flood.
- Intense in activity or feeling; vigorous or ardent: a fierce debate; fierce loyalty.
Origin of fierceMiddle English fiers, from Old French, from Latin ferus; see ghwer- in Indo-European roots.
(comparative fiercer, superlative fiercest)
- Extremely violent, severe, ferocious or savage.
- A fierce storm battered the coast.
- Resolute or strenuously active.
- We made a fierce attempt to escape.
- Threatening in appearance or demeanor.
- The lion gave a fierce roar.
- (slang, Ireland, rural) very, excellent.
- It was fierce cold.
- Q: "How was the party last night?" A: "Fierce!"
- (slang, US) Of exceptional quality, exhibiting boldness or chutzpah.
- Tyra said to strike a pose and make it fierce.
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As a left hander I am intrigued by the way that different languages use words to explain what a southpaw is. If you are right handed then bear with me a few minutes as I pull up my left handed mouse and keyboard and explain about the adventures of left handed language studying for curious southpaws.
The Negative Words
One interesting aspect of just about every language I have come across is that words concerning the left side are usually negative and those to do with the right positive. For example, back home in the UK I was familiar with words like cack handed and even cow pawed. However, I never paid that much attention to this until I realised that the word sinister comes from siniestra in Latin, which meant “left” as well as “evil”. I then did some research and discovered that in Spanish right (derecho/a) means wholesome things like straight, right of law and direct. Meanwhile, all across the world the word which means left translates additionally as things like sneaky (Belarus), awkward (Germany) and even unfaithful (Portugal). Try it. Pick a language and see what right and left mean. I bet that lefties are evil or sneaky and that right handers are faithful and upstanding.
The same sort of theory applies to many popular expressions across the globe. The idea of “having two left feet” translates directly to several languages and we can add in the expression to do with getting out of bed on the wrong side. In a number of languages this translates as getting out of bed on the left side or standing up on your left foot. Again, when you are learning a new language just check out some phrases and I’ll pretty sure that you will start to agree with me about there being a global conspiracy against southpaws.
The Art of Studying
So, we are evil, clumsy and unfaithful but do we make good language students? This is a blooming interesting point. One piece of evidence suggests that right handers concentrate their language activity on the left side of the brain, while lefties often have it distributed more evenly. Other studies suggest that evil cack handers learn more on a visual basis than on a strictly language basis, which might help explain why I like to use visual mnemonics a lot. Basically, there are different studies with different answers and as nothing appears conclusive you will need to give it a try for yourself and see how you get on.
Take on the exciting challenge of learning a new language and enjoy finding interesting phrases and expressions which make you think about things which had never crossed your mind before.
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Investing in commercial real estate requires unique dependence on and understanding of a fluctuating market, as supply and demand constantly shift. As a transactional market, real estate relies on the fixtures, buildings and properties on land which then creates distinct interactions between buyers and sellers.
What is Supply and Demand?
Supply and demand depend on the relationship between a buyer and a seller and is inarguably a fundamental principle of economics. Supply is the concept that a higher price will persuade sellers and producers to increase the number of products or services on the market. When market interest causes the price of an item to go up, sellers invest in producing more of that item to increase their revenue. On the other hand, when supply is low, prices will rise as consumers hurry to purchase the available supply.
Supply and demand are directly related. Demand is the idea that consumers will urge for a lower quantity of a good if it’s set at a high price. This means that as prices rise, fewer consumers will acquire that service or product. However, the opposite occurs when prices are lowered, as consumers flock to purchase the good when it’s cheaper.
Supply and demand work against one another until a product, service or property reaches equilibrium price. This price is the closest estimate of the worth of a tangible material investment property.
Real Estate Supply and Demand
When the demand for housing and commercial properties is high — due to increased popularity in a community or particular market — prices rise. This puts property sellers in the ideal position of accepting bids at or above the asking price which, in turn, raises prices across the market.
However, when the supply of real estate properties is high, the demand drops, forcing prices to lower cross-market and putting sellers in the position to accept lower bids for properties on the market. In real estate, this decrease in demand is often a reaction to a previous increase that created a housing market many buyers cannot afford. When buyers aren’t bidding, the seller is forced to drop prices again and invest in increasing supply in new investments, which keeps the real estate market ever fluctuating. Since real estate is hard to buy and sell quickly, the market is susceptible to illiquidity, lower interest rates and borrowing costs.
Commercial real estate is just as susceptible to supply and demand as residential real estate. Scarcity can be both a detriment and a benefit to commercial property transactions, as low supply can increase prices and induce higher supply. However, high demand in commercial land development is often tied to property scarcity as well.
The financial crisis in the mid-2000s was a result of the influx of supply and demand in the real estate market. An oversupply of housing after a particular uptick in demand in 2007 led to several investors, buyers and sellers pulling out of real estate transactions, resulting in the Great Recession from late 2007 to 2009.
Real estate supply is dependent on the amount of housing, buildings and properties available for transaction. This industry relies on tangible material assets — something dependent on the physical construction and ownership of property. As commercial real estate prices rise and fall with the market, supply and demand continue to flux.
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Alcohol History to America
Cabinet des Médailles [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
As far as we know, beer was first made in 8000 BCE, wine in 6000 BCE, and spirits for consumption in 1192. However, they are believed to have been consumed many years before. Medicinal alcohol distillation was first discovered in 900 CE, and the first known word for a consumable distilled spirit was “aqua vitae” (AH-qua VEE-tee or sometimes pronounced VEE-ti), which translates from Latin to “water of life.” Arnaud de Ville-Neuve coined the word in 1310 after he distilled wine with an alembic still. The French translation is eau-de-vie (o-duh-VEE).
According to esteemed alcohol and cocktail historians Anistatia Miller and Jared Brown, thirty-three-year-old French explorer and missionary William de Rubruquis, aka William of Rubruck (1220–1293), was the first to mention a spirit called arrack (uh-RACK). In 1292, Marco Polo (1254-1324) commented about arrack in his travel memoir Il Millione, and it is recorded that Genoese merchants brought arrack to Russia a century before. Arrack is distilled from molasses and water using dried cakes of red rice and botanicals containing yeast and other fungi spores that trigger the fermentation process. It was produced on the island of Java, Batavia, and the technique can be traced back thousands of years to China—and even predates the birth of distillation. The island went through many name changes throughout history, but today is named Jakarta (or Djakarta) and is located in Indonesia. Slowly through the years the distilled spirits vodka, gin, whisk(e)y, rum, tequila, and liqueurs each made a commercial appearance.
The Top Things to Know about Alcohol
The first alcohol known to humankind is beer, then wine, and then spirits.
There are several types of alcohol, but ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is the only potable one.
Distilled spirits were first used as medicine. The first distilling efforts were for oils and perfumes.
Vodka, gin, and rum are allowed to be produced anywhere in the world. However, tequila must be produced in Mexico, Scotch whisky in Scotland, Irish whiskey in Ireland, Canadian whisky in Canada, Bourbon in America (and so on with the whiskeys), pisco in Peru and Chile, and cachaça in Brazil.
One twelve-ounce beer has as much alcohol as a five-ounce glass of wine and one-and-a-half ounces of a spirit.
Grain makes whisky and beer; fruit makes wine and brandy; grapes grown in the Cognac region of France makes Cognac; grapes grown in the Champagne region of France makes Champagne; honey makes mead; sugarcane makes rum; agave makes tequila; Brazilian sugarcane makes cachaça; the discarded leftovers from Chilean and Peruvian winemaking makes pisco; and anything can make vodka.
When you take a drink of alcohol, it passes through the walls of your stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream. Your blood then takes the alcohol to your brain, and then the liver filters out the alcohol from your blood.
The discovery of distillation provided convenience, portability, and preservation. No longer did one need to worry about spoilage (like with beer and wine), and traveling with a bottle of brandy—or port, sherry, and Madeira—was much easier than lugging a barrel of it.
Most spirits range around 80 proof (40 percent). The highest legal limit for spirit proof is 190 (95 percent), but who would want to drink that is up for debate.
The most popular alcoholic cocktails in the world today include Martini, Margarita, Mojito, Manhattan, Old-Fashioned, Daiquiri, Bloody Mary, Mint Julep, Piña Colada, Cosmopolitan, Whiskey Sour, Sazerac, Tom Collins, Caipirinha, and Negroni.
Public Domain painting of Marco Polo and his travels.[CC BY-SA 2.5 from Wikimedia Commons]
Ancient Beer Recipe tablet by BabelStone [CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikimedia Commons]
Ancient oil and perfume still. Public domain via Wikimedia Commons
Ancient Wine Making tablet By Editor at Large [CC BY-SA 2.5 from Wikimedia Commons]
Public Domain painting of Marco Polo and his travels.
Alcohol Timeline to America
At age thirty-nine, Persian alchemist and chemist Al Jabir (Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan) invents the al-ambiq still as part of his laboratory equipment.
Muslim Arab philosopher, physician, and polymath Al-Kindi (801–873) distills a digestible elixir from an alembic still.
Persian polymath, philosopher, and physician Al-Razi (854–925) discovers many compounds and chemicals in his medicinal experimentations—and one of them is alcohol.
The Moors (the name given to a large population of Arabs, Berber North Africans, and Muslim Europeans) introduce alembic distillation methods in France and Spain.
Englishman and Arabic translator Robert of Chester translates the written works of distillation from Al-Jabir, Al-Kindi, and Al-Razi from Arab to Latin.
Genoese merchants bring an India spirit called arrack to Russia.
German friar and Catholic bishop Albertus Magnus (also known as Saint Albert the Great) documents his experiments in making aqua vitae.
King Louis IX of France sends William de Rubruquis to convert the Tartars to Christianity. During his journey, he becomes the first European traveler to mention koumis (distilled female horse milk) and arrack.
German poet Jacob van Maerlant publishes twenty books in his lifetime and Der Naturen Bloeme mentions juniper-based tonics and medicines.
English philosopher and Franciscan friar Roger Bacon translates Al-Razi’s distillation process into Latin.
While traveling home from Beijing to Italy, Venetian merchant Marco Polo discovers a spirit indigenous to Samara in Indonesia called “arrack,” which is made with sugar palm juice. He records the spirit in the second volume of The Travels of Marco Polo (II Milione in Italian).
Philosopher and writer Ramon Llull explains the secrets of distillation to Britain’s King Edward II.
Physician Arnaud de Ville-Neuve distills wine with an alembic still and coins the term “aqua vitae.”
In 2008, The Red Book of Ossory (published in 1320) becomes the first book to be digitalized at the RCB Library in Dublin, Ireland—aqua vitae is documented in the book.
A grain-based aqua vitae that is produced throughout Poland is mentioned in Poland’s Sandomierz Court Registry.
Armagnac goes into full-scale production in France.
Armagnac is registered as a commercial product in Saint-Sever, France.
Geneose merchants pass through Russia and give Vasily Vasiliyevich, the Grand Prince of Moscow (known as Vasily II the Blind) a bottle of their arrack. It’s believed that within a few years, monasteries are ordered to produce a grain-based version called bread wine.
Austrian-born and Viennese-trained physician Michael Puff von Schrick writes A Very Useful Book on Distillations, which describes eighty-two herbal liquors. In 1466, it is printed and published. Even though Schrick dies in 1473, the book goes through thirty-eight editions from 1476–1601.
Arnaud de Ville-Neuve’s Liber de Vinis (“Book of Wines”) is translated into English, printed, and published. The book is filled with recipes on how to make therapeutic wine using herbs, spices, metal compounds, syrups, and flavored spirits.
A German physician in Nuremburg writes about kirshwasser, a cherry eau-de-vie made from Black Forest morello cherries: “In view of the fact that everyone at present has got into the habit of drinking aqua vitae it is necessary to remember the quantity that one can permit oneself to drink and learn to drink it according to one’s capacities, if one wishes to behave like a gentleman.”
The first recorded mention of Scotch whisky is from a June 1 entry in the Exchequer Rolls of Scotland (accounting records). The entry says, “To Friar John Cor, by order of the King James IV, to make aqua vitae VIII bolls of malt.” Four years later, the Lord High Treasurer’s account recorded payment: “To the barbour that brought aqua vitae to the King in Dundee.”
German surgeon and alchemist Hieronymous Brunschwig publishes Liber de arte distillandi: Das buch der rechten kunst zu distillieren (“The Book of the Art of Distillation”) in Strasbourg. It is a groundbreaking book that inspires numerous Holland distilling houses to begin producing brandewijn (burnt wine) from malted grain.
Others had tried, including Christopher Columbus, but Pedro de Atienza is the first to successfully import sugarcane seedlings to Hispaniola. He harvests his first crop four years later.
Scotland’s King James IV grants a monopoly to the Guild of Surgeons and Barbers to produce aqua vitae.
Bénédictine monk Dom Bernardo Vincelli creates a herbal eau-de-vie at the Abbey of Fecamp. DOM Bénédictine is still sold today and used in popular cocktails such as the Singapore Sling, Vieux Carré, and Bobby Burns.
One year before he dies, King Louis XII of France licenses vinegar producers to distill eau-de-vie.
In Santiago de Tequila, Mexico, Spanish settlers construct alquitaras (stills) and distill pulque—a local fermented beverage made from the agave plant. They call the result mexcalli (mezcal).
Martim Afonso de Sousa and four partners set up three confectioneries and they make a sugarcane wine into aguardiente de caña (sugarcane eau-de-vie)—which is later known as cachaça.
Fourteen-year-old Italian Caterina de’ Medici marries fourteen-year-old Henry, the second son of King Francis I of France. She brings bottles of Tuscany Liquore Mediceo, Fraticello, and Elixir Stomatico di Lunga Vita, which are made by monks in the mountains surrounding Florence.
Polish pharmacist Stefan Falimirz publishes the lavishly illustrated book of medical treatments O Ziolach / O Mocy Ich (“On Herbs and Their Potency”), which is one of the first to document the word “vodka” and details the preparation of over seventy vodka-based medicines.
King Francis I of France grants wholesale grocers a license to produce eau-de-vie.
Spanish settlers in Peru begin to harvest and export wine, and the non-suitable harvests are given away to farmers who make what we know of today as pisco.
In the book Constelijck Distilleer Boek, Philippus Hermanni refers to a juniper-infused eau-de-vie.
Lucas Bulsius moves to Amsterdam and sets up his own distillery. He changes his family name to Bols and begins making jenever. Twenty-five years later, Bols becomes a preferred supplier to the Seventeen Gentlemen, the inner circle of the powerful Dutch East India Company, which means he gets first rights on cargos of herbs and spices, giving him an advantage.
Spanish settlers begin distilling aguardiente de caña (rum) from molasses.
The Pilgrims bring brandy and gin with them to America on the Mayflower. In 1657, they begin to import molasses from the Caribbean to open the first American distillery in Boston. In addition, by 1664, they build a second rum distillery in New York City.
Fun Alcohol Facts
Slang terms for distilled alcohol include “aqua vitae,” “ardent spirits,” “belt,” “booze,” “firewater,” “giggle juice,” “grog,” “hard stuff,” “hooch” (refers to it being homemade), “John Barleycorn,” “liquid courage,” “moonshine” (made by the light of the moon), “nightcap,” “sauce,” “snort,” “swill,” “swish,” “tipple,” “toddy,” and tot.
In the United Kingdom, it is legal for children to drink at home with their parents from age six and up. They can be in a pub if accompanied by a parent and, at age sixteen, drink beer or wine in a pub with their parents.
Dr. David Kimball, the lead historian at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, found a 1787 farewell party bar tab at the City Tavern for George Washington in 1985. The bar tab showed that fifty-five attendees drank sixty bottles of claret, fifty-four bottles of Madeira, eight bottles of whiskey, twenty-two bottles of porter, eight bottles of hard cider, twelve bottles of beer, and seven bowls of alcoholic punch.
According to Wikipedia, the country that drinks the most alcohol in the world is the Republic of Belarus, which is bordered by Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, and Lithuania. The country who drinks the most spirits is Haiti.
The youngest drinking age in the world is sixteen and the oldest is twenty-five. There are twenty-three countries whose drinking age is sixteen years old (a couple include Cuba and Switzerland), and there are seven states in India where the drinking age is twenty-five. Alcohol is illegal in thirteen countries.
The alcohol drinking habits of vervet monkeys were studied on St. Kitts island (the monkeys stole drinks from sunbathing tourists). They learned that the monkeys’ drinking behaviors were similar to humans’: teetotaler, social drinker (the majority, who only drink with other monkeys), regular drinker, and binge drinkers that will drink themselves into a coma or death.
Whiteclay, Nebraska, has a population of fourteen. They also have four liquor stores and their yearly beer sales are $3 million (the county next to them is dry).
All Playboy bunnies working at Playboy Clubs were required to know 143 brands of liquor.
Make your own flexible ice packs in the freezer with your choice of plain vodka, gin, rum, tequila, or whiskey. Simply pour a cup of water and a cup of spirit into a freezer plastic bag, squeeze out the air, then seal. Seal that bag into another bag, then place in the freezer. Since the spirit will not freeze solid, it will create a flexible, slushy consistency.
Finding the proof of a spirit dates back to the 1500s. They discovered if you soak a pellet of gunpowder in the spirit and the gunpowder could still burn, the spirits were rated above proof. In the 1800s, the gunpowder test was replaced by a specific-gravity test.
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The Vogelsberg volcanic massif is located in the Rhine graben, a plain 35 km wide on average x 300 km. length, between Basel in the south and Frankfurt to the north.
The Rhine Graben forms the central segment of the European Cenozoic rift system that stretches over 1,000 km from the Mediterranean to the North Sea.
The opening of the Rhine graben began during the Tertiary (there are about 33 million years ago), at the beginning of the Oligocene. The gap formed is quickly invaded by the sea, first in conjunction with Alpine Ocean. It is deposited sediment in particular economic interest: sodium salts and potassium, also marl and sandstone where oil has accumulated (deposit Pechelbronn). The gap then opens into the North Sea. Then a regional tilting due to the uplift of the Alps causes the retreat of the sea and only freshwater lakes remain.
The Rhine Valley has all the geological characteristics of a continental rift:
- The Rhine Valley is located in intra-plate area.
- The presence of an axial sedimentary plain where sedimentation was very important.
- Curbs structured in "tilted blocks" by playing normal faults. This reflects a tectonic extension. The presence of these faults, mostly inactive, explains the existing residual seismicity in this area.
- An important volcanism but of alkaline type : there is no ocean floor that was put in place.
- A rise in the Moho at the origin of the crustal thinning and the birth of magmas.
Volcanic fields in central-western Europe: in the vicinity of Frankfurt, the Vogelsberg and Rhön - Eifel is referred WEVF (West Eifel volcanic field) HEVF (Hocheifel VF) EEVF (East Eifel VF) - map in "Volcanism" / H.U.Schmincke.
The peri-alpine alkaline volcanism produced in Germany the massive of Eifel, Vogelsberg and Rhön. The last two massive are dated from 20 to 14 Ma, a short time, geologically. (18-10 Ma Vogelsberg - pic 17-15 Ma)
Magmas issued have a composition ranging from basanite to quartz tholeiitic; from trace elements and isotopic composition of Nd, Sr and Pb, we deduce three different mantle sources:
- A source of a typical asthenospheric plume enriched in trace elements, the composition similar to that of European asthenospheric tank in connection with the tertiary volcanic level.
- A depleted mantle source, located in the upper lithospheric mantle or the asthenosphere,
- A veined mantle source (marbled).
This suggests three stages of training:
1. Mixtures melt from the mantle back to the magma chamber and moving towards eruptions characterized by differentiated lavas.
2. Molten rocks from a depleted mantle source, and a progressive mixing with asthenospheric source.
3. After exhaustion of depleted mantle source, the molten rock are coming from an asthenospheric source.
... a shift towards sources less profound.
To the left, the Rhine Graben - doc.CNRS / C.Brunet - Jolivet & Nataf - to the right, ECVP (European Cenozoic Volcanic Province) subareas Vogelsberg - Age data from Abratis et al. - Click to enlarge.
Location and assumed mechanism of implementation :
Areas of volcanism are located perpendicular to the rift system of the upper Rhine valley, oriented NNE-SSW.
The lithosphere has a uniform average thickness of 100 to 140 km. in the Western Europe and Central Europe. In contrast, this thickness is only 60 km. in the Rhenish Massif, in relation to the former Variscan welds. Crustal lithosphere has a thickness less than 30 km. under the Vogelsberg and is penetrated by numerous dykes at a depth of 20 km (Braun & Berckhemer 1993)
An uprising of the asthenosphere-lithosphere boundary could have been caused by a local thinning of the ductile lower crust under extension resulting from the subduction of the Alpine lower crust.
The peri-Alpine Tertiary volcanism (purple) - extensive areas of tectonic uplift induced by the Alps (shaded red) - Doc. by Bellon & Brousse / Aurelienb
Geodynamic model proposed for the origin of the ECVP - Alpine subduction thinner crust at the welds Variques in the pre-Alps. Thinning allows asthenospheric ascent and movement of small-scale convection in the Rhine graben - doc. in "The European Cenozoic Volcanic Province is not Caused by mantle plumes" / by R.Meyer & G.Foulger
- Eduterre : Un rift continental, le fossé Rhénan - link
- CNRS - Le fossé Rhénan, un océan avorté - link
- Petrogenesis of basanitic to tholeiitic volcanic rocks from the Miocene Vogelsberg, Central Germany - by P.J.F. Bogaard & G. Wörner / Journal of Petrology.
- Petrogenesis of tertiary continental intra-plate lavas from the Westerwald region, Germany / Journal of Petrology.
- The European Cenozoic Volcanic Province is not caused by mantle plumes / by R.Meyer & G.Foulger
- Der Vogelsberg - Geotope im grössten vulkangebiet mitteleuropas - Th. Reischmann & Ad. Schraft.
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Steps to Initiate Cognitive Restructuring: Implement these steps during times of stress or negative self-talk. Remember Cognitive Restructuring is an ongoing process that will get easier with practice.
- Awareness: identify the stressor, why the situation/event (and what emotional attitudes associated with event) is stressful, and acknowledging the stressors presence.
- Reappraisal of the situation: try to think about the situation objectively.
- Adoption and substitution: substitute a positive attitude towards the situation.
- Evaluation: Identify if the positive attitude you adopted in step 3 is useful. If not, return to step 2 and create a new reappraisal.
- Initiate a relaxation technique to calm your mind (meditation, deep breathing, Progressive Muscle Relaxation, etc.)
- Take responsibility for your own thoughts
- Adjust expectations
- Give yourself positive affirmations
- Accentuate the positive
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New Exhibit Honors The Life Of Nelson Mandela And Encourages Community Service
Nelson Mandela is known as one of the most important civil rights activists in the world. His life and fight for equality is the subject of the newest exhibit at the Milwaukee Public Museum in partnership with America’s Black Holocaust Museum.
Ellen Censky is the president and CEO of the Milwaukee Public Museum, which is hosting Nelson Mandela: The Official Exhibition until August 1 both in-person and virtually.
“[Mandela’s life] is this story of this man who is, when you read about him he’s such a humble man, but so driven and never gave up,” says Censky.
Robert Davis is the president of America’s Black Holocaust Museum, located in Milwaukee’s Bronzeville neighborhood. He says the exhibit is not just focused on the triumphs of Mandela’s life but telling the entire story of the civil rights legend.
“Most people only focus on the very end of someone’s life or some significant moments, but they don’t understand how all of those experiences created those significant moments,” says Davis.
There are many parallels that Davis ties from Mandela’s life to Milwaukee today, but he says the most obvious one is protest. After a year of renewed protests against police violence enacted against Black people across the United States, he looks at the violence that Black people in South Africa were facing and how Mandela fought to change the system of apartheid.
“What I’m drawn to in terms of the parallels is what can we take from how he evolved and how South Africa evolved,” he says.
Davis hopes the exhibit will encourage people to have more direct conversations about race in the United States. In Milwaukee he says, people need to “come clean with each other” about the truth of racism and injustice in the community.
“I really hope that this exhibit just reverberates these discussions through our community — our different, diverse community,” he says. “If not the life of Nelson Mandela as this kind of springboard than who or what?”
At the end of the exhibit, attendees are challenged to take part in the My Mandela Pledge. Censky explains that the pledge asks people to take 67 minutes and use that time to complete an act of service.
“It’s in recognition of the 67 years that he fought for equality in South Africa, but it’s — our challenge is to take that 67 minutes and do something for the betterment of the community,” she says. “We’re hoping that it just inspires people to engage in the community and make the community better.”
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From WebRef.orgJump to navigationJump to search
- Cassiterite is a tin oxide mineral, SnO2. It is generally opaque, but it is translucent in thin crystals. Its luster and multiple crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite was the chief tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the most important source of tin today.
- Ore of tin with specific gravity 7; nearly 75 percent of world's tin production is from placer deposits, mostly from cassiterite.
Source: Leet, L. Don. 1982. Physical Geology, 6th Edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
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In early 1781, Revolutionary War militia leader Francis Marion and his men were camping on Snow's Island, South Carolina, when a British officer arrived to discuss a prisoner exchange. As one militiaman recalled years later, a breakfast of sweet potatoes was roasting in the fire, and after the negotiations Marion, known as the "Swamp Fox," invited the British soldier to share breakfast. According to a legend that grew out of the much-repeated anecdote, the British officer was so inspired by the Americans' resourcefulness and dedication to the cause—despite their lack of adequate provisions, supplies or proper uniforms—that he promptly switched sides and supported American independence. Around 1820, John Blake White depicted the scene in an oil painting that now hangs in the United States Capitol. In his version, the primly attired Redcoat seems uncomfortable with Marion's ragtag band, who glare at him suspiciously from the shadows of a South Carolina swamp.
The 2000 movie The Patriot exaggerated the Swamp Fox legend for a whole new generation. Although Francis Marion led surprise attacks against the British, and was known for his cunning and resourcefulness, Mel Gibson played The Patriot's Marion-inspired protagonist as an action hero. "One of the silliest things the movie did," says Sean Busick, a professor of American history at Athens State University in Alabama, "was to make Marion into an 18th century Rambo."
Many of the legends that surround the life and exploits of Brigadier General Francis Marion were introduced by M. L. "Parson" Weems, coauthor of the first Marion biography, The Life of General Francis Marion. "I have endeavored to throw some ideas and facts about Genl. Marion into the garb and dress of a military romance," Weems wrote in 1807 to Peter Horry, the South Carolina officer on whose memoir the book was based. Weems had also authored an extremely popular biography of George Washington in 1800, and it was he who invented the apocryphal cherry tree story. Marion's life received similar embellishment.
Fortunately, the real Francis Marion has not been entirely obscured by his legend—historians including William Gilmore Simms and Hugh Rankin have written accurate biographies. Based on the facts alone, "Marion deserves to be remembered as one of the heroes of the War for Independence," says Busick, who has written the introduction to a new edition of Simms' The Life of Francis Marion, out in June 2007.
Marion was born at his family's plantation in Berkeley County, South Carolina, probably in 1732. The family's youngest son, Francis was a small boy with malformed legs, but he was restless, and at about 15 years old he joined the crew of a ship and sailed to the West Indies. During Marion's first voyage, the ship sank, supposedly after a whale rammed it. The seven-man crew escaped in a lifeboat and spent a week at sea before they drifted ashore. After the shipwreck, Marion decided to stick to land, managing his family's plantation until he joined the South Carolina militia at 25 to fight in the French and Indian War.
Most heroes of the Revolution were not the saints that biographers like Parson Weems would have them be, and Francis Marion was a man of his times: he owned slaves, and he fought in a brutal campaign against the Cherokee Indians. While not noble by today's standards, Marion's experience in the French and Indian War prepared him for more admirable service. The Cherokee used the landscape to their advantage, Marion found; they concealed themselves in the Carolina backwoods and mounted devastating ambushes. Two decades later, Marion would apply these tactics against the British.
In 1761, after his militia had defeated the area Cherokees, Marion returned to farming. He was successful enough to purchase his own plantation, Pond Bluff, in 1773. In 1775, Marion was elected to the first South Carolina Provincial Congress, an organization in support of colonial self-determination. After the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, the Provincial Congress voted to raise three regiments, commissioning Marion a captain in the second. His first assignments involved guarding artillery and building Fort Sullivan, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. When he saw combat during the Battle of Fort Sullivan in June 1776, Marion acted valiantly. But for much of the next three years, he remained at the fort, occupying the time by trying to discipline his troops, whom he found to be a disorderly, drunken bunch insistent on showing up to roll call barefoot. In 1779, they joined the Siege of Savannah, which the Americans lost.
Marion's role in the war changed course after an odd accident in March of 1780. Attending a dinner party at the Charleston home of a fellow officer, Marion found that the host, in accordance with 18th-century custom, had locked all the doors while he toasted the American cause. The toasts went on and on, and Marion, who was not a drinking man, felt trapped. He escaped by jumping out a second story window, but broke his ankle in the fall. Marion left town to recuperate in the country, with the fortunate result that he was not captured when the British took Charleston that May.
With the American army in retreat, things looked bad in South Carolina. Marion took command of a militia and had his first military success that August, when he led 50 men in a raid against the British. Hiding in dense foliage, the unit attacked an enemy encampment from behind and rescued 150 American prisoners. Though often outnumbered, Marion's militia would continue to use guerilla tactics to surprise enemy regiments, with great success. Because the British never knew where Marion was or where he might strike, they had to divide their forces, weakening them. By needling the enemy and inspiring patriotism among the locals, Busick says, Marion "helped make South Carolina an inhospitable place for the British. Marion and his followers played the role of David to the British Goliath."
In November of 1780, Marion earned the nickname he's remembered by today. British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, informed of Marion's whereabouts by an escaped prisoner, chased the American militia for seven hours, covering some 26 miles. Marion escaped into a swamp, and Tarleton gave up, cursing, "As for this damned old fox, the Devil himself could not catch him." The story got around, and soon the locals—who loathed the British occupation—were cheering the Swamp Fox.
Biographer Hugh Rankin described the life of Francis Marion as "something like a sandwich—a highly spiced center between two slabs of rather dry bread." After the war, Marion returned to the quiet, dry-bread life of a gentleman farmer. At 54, he finally married a 49-year old cousin, Mary Esther Videau. He commanded a peacetime militia brigade and served in the South Carolina Assembly, where he opposed punishing Americans who had remained loyal to the British during the war. Championing amnesty for the Loyalists was "among the most admirable things he ever did," says Busick. In 1790, Marion helped write the South Carolina state constitution, and then retired from public life. After a long decline in health, Francis Marion died at his plantation, Pond Bluff, on February 27, 1795.
Francis Marion never commanded a large army or led a major battle. Histories of the Revolutionary War tend to focus on George Washington and his straightforward campaigns in the North, rather than small skirmishes in the South. Nevertheless, the Swamp Fox is one of the war's most enduring characters. "His reputation is certainly well deserved," says Busick. Though things looked bad for the Americans after Charleston fell, Marion's cunning, resourcefulness and determination helped keep the cause of American independence alive in the South.
In December 2006, two centuries after his death, Marion made news again when President George W. Bush signed a proclamation honoring the man described in most biographies as the "faithful servant, Oscar," Marion's personal slave. Bush expressed the thanks of a "grateful nation" for Oscar Marion's "service…in the Armed Forces of the United States." Identified by genealogist Tina Jones, his distant relative, Oscar is the African-American cooking sweet potatoes in John Blake White's painting at the Capitol. Oscar likely "helped with the cooking and mending clothes, but he would also have fought alongside Marion," says Busick. "We have no way of knowing if Oscar had any say in whether or not he went on campaign with Marion, though I think it is safe to assume that had he wanted to run away to the British he could have easily done so." Historians know very little about Oscar, but the few details of his story add new interest to the Swamp Fox legend.
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Ecole Militaire historical military school in Paris
The Ecole Militaire was constructed as a military training school and still has the same purpose today, although it is now called the School of War, and this monument in Paris with its impressive facade is located right by the Champ de Mars and the Eiffel Tower.
About the Ecole Militaire and its history
The idea to first found a military school for you gentleman from poorer families and those without means was first thought of back in 1750 by Madame and Marquise de Pompadour along with the financier, Joseph Paris Duverney.
This was discussed with King Louis XV who agreed, especially after the lacklustre victory in 1748, and he signed the edict for such a school to be constructed in the January of 1751, and the site chosen was close to Les Invalides on grounds that were designated for vegetable farming at that time.
Ange-Jacques Gabriel, who is also sometimes known as Jacques-Ange Gabriel, was the chief architect for King Louis XV and he was chosen to design the Ecole Militaire. And this incredible French architect also went on to design some other famous and historical buildings in Paris such as the Hotel de Crillon at the Place de la Concorde and the Petit Trianon at the Chateau de Versailles.
But getting back to the Ecole Militaire, construction was started in 1752 and the first pupils were admitted to the military school in 1760, even though the building was far from complete, yet because the Champ de Mars, which had been vegetable gardens, became a military training ground, so the main facade of the buildimg was designed to face this way.
Yet the grand scale of the original designs, which Ange-Jacques Gabriel had produced to outstrip Les Invalides, had been scaled down many times due to lack of funds. And so, even when the chapel was constructed, this was then integrated into the centre of the building, and eventually the first part of the construction of this complex was fully completed in 1773 even though pupils were already there several years prior.
In 1777, the Ecole Militaire was reorganised and named the Ecole des cadets-gentilshommes, which generally translates in English to the School of young gentleman, and this is where Napoleon Bonaparte studied in 1784.
The Ecole Militaire military school closed in 1787, but in 1795 Napoleon Bonaparte came back to the school where he established his command headquarters and then became home to the Imperial Guard a few years later.
However, when you look at this magnificent building, you will see two wings or pavilions as they are known, one bearing the name Cavalry and the other stating Artillery, but these were only added during the Second Empire.
Becoming a military training school once more, it eventually had a name change to the Ecole de Guerre, or School of War, and even today it enrols junior officers from the French forces and other allied countries to train in defence, joint warfare, international relations, etc.
Attendance to the school through a competitive examination is normally a necessary step to achieve a field officer position, and although the official name of the school has changed, it is still referred to as the Ecole Militaire in Paris.
Discovering the Ecole Militaire
Unfortunately, the inside of the Ecole Militaire is not normally open to the public, unless you have prior written authorisation or there is a special event taking place, however, there is still much to admire on the outside of this building and historical monument in Paris.
You can discover the central part of the front facade of the Ecole Militaire that faces the Champ de Mars park, with its porch that has eight Corinthian columns, which supports a pediment and an entablature that holds four statues representing Victory, Peace, France and Power.
Not forgetting the impressive pavilion dome with its original clock, which was produced by the French clockmaker Jean-Andre Lepaute back in the 1700s, and this masterpiece is still keeping time today.
Yet in front of this facade you can see an equestrian statue of Joseph Joffre, who was a Marshal and French General during World War I, and the area in front of the Ecole Militaire has been renamed the Place Joffre in his honour.
By going round to the back of the Ecole Militaire, by the Place de Fontenoy with the Eiffel Tower looming up behind, you can also get to see the double colonnades that are located either side of the pavilion dome, again with a Lepaute clock, and it is via this entrance that you would reach the Cour d’Honneur.
Now because of its location close to some of the most famous tourist attractions in Paris, getting to the Ecole Militaire is very easy via public transport, and the nearest Metro station is called the Ecole Militaire stop via line 8.
However, in the opposite direction you have the La Motte-Picquet - Grenelle Metro stop serving lines 6, 8 and 10, yet there is also the Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel train station for the RER trains via the RER C Line.
Yet the Bus Lines 28, 42, 69, 80, 82, 87 and 92 will get you close by, as will the Batobus water bus, which has a stop at the foot of the Eiffel Tower by the Pont d’Iena bridge, plus there are numerous tours in Paris such as L'OpenTour that have a stop close by.
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Deep in the untamed lowlands, we search for artifacts buried under hundreds of years of sediment. We are excavating two ancient Maya sites nestled in the sacred landscape of Cara Blanca in central Belize. Both date to A.D. 800-900, when prolonged and severe droughts struck this region, disrupting the daily life of the Maya.
These two structures – a platform teetering on the edge of a 60-meter-deep pool and a sweatbath compound – were part of a ritual pilgrimage circuit traversed by the ancient Maya to pay tribute to the rain god Chahk during the extended droughts.
Openings in the earth like this pool were thought to be portals to the underworld, places where deities and ancestors resided. In previous years studying this poolside platform, we discovered a massive burning event and thousands of ceramic sherds purposely placed on the plaster floor.
Burnings and offerings of this nature were a common practice with the ancient Maya. These were part of termination rituals, meant to “deanimate” objects or spaces and remove them from the life cycle. Everything was believed to contain a life force, making deanimation a critical process for the Maya.
Our aim this year is to garner a deeper understanding of this ritual space. We scrape away at the soil, trowel by trowel, filling buckets and sifting each one to avoid missing any bit of data. The deeper we go, the harder it becomes to hoist the dirt out of this trench.
It isn’t long before we unexpectedly uncover another platform. The ceramics at this layer seem to be from a much earlier time period – about A.D. 600! This suggests the Maya were ritually engaging with the Cara Blanca landscape before the drought period began – much earlier than we anticipated.
This older, deeper platform has thin floors and few walls. No human remains are buried here. This might reflect a wetter, less socially trying time.
As we walk from the trench to a sweatbath compound 10 minutes away, tiny pink petals fallen from flowering trees paint the walkways. The sweatbath appears heavily looted; our goal is to salvage whatever information remains. But when we start to excavate, we find no looters’ debris. We also find no large stones, which are usually present in a building collapse. This suggests the Maya dismantled this structure themselves during a termination ritual prior to their total abandonment of the area.
As we leave the site, driving off-road for 20 minutes down a rocky ravine, we ponder the importance of Cara Blanca to the ancient Maya. The intense effort they made to build and terminate these structures may reflect just how dire their circumstances were in the time of the droughts.
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General Nathaniel Lyon Steel Engraving - Housed in a wonderful original period deep well frame with gold filet. Steel engraving of Lyons with vinaigrette of St. Louis.
Nathaniel Lyon (July 14, 1818 – August 10, 1861) was the first Union general to be killed in the American Civil War and is noted for his actions in the state of Missouri at the beginning of the conflict.
Lyon, Nathaniel, brigadier-general, was born in Ashford, Conneticut, July 14, 1818. He was graduated at the United States military academy in 1841, served in the Seminole war, and afterwards, until the Mexican war, on garrison duty. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, Feb. 16, 1847, and took part in all the principal engagements of the Mexican war, winning the brevet of captain for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and being slightly wounded at the Belen gate, City of Mexico. In the interval between the close of the Mexican war and the beginning of the Civil war he served on garrison and frontier duty in the western states, being promoted captain in 1851. He was in Washington while the debates were going on in Congress over the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and, whereas he had formerly been a loyal Democrat, his sympathies were now engaged in behalf of the negro. Capt. Lyon was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on May 17, 1861, and succeeded Major Hagner in command of the St. Louis arsenal. On the President's call for troops, Gov. Jackson of Missouri, who had been active in promoting the organization of state militia for the Confederate army, prepared to plant batteries on the hills overlooking the armory. Gen. Lyon then secured three regiments of Illinois troops and subsequently secretly removed from the arsenal all arms except those needed for the arming of the citizens. The Confederate militia forces under General Frost, now numbering only 700 men, went into camp at St. Louis, at Camp Jackson, on May 6, and on May 1O Lyon surrounded the camp and took as prisoners of war the entire force. Later in the day an encounter between the U. S. troops and the citizens resulted in the death of several unarmed citizens and caused great excitement in St. Louis. General Lyon succeeded Harney as commander of the Department of the West on May 31, and two weeks later he overtook Jackson's state troops and scattered them at Boonville. Then followed the action at Dug springs, Aug. 2, after which he retreated to Springfield, upon learning that the three Confederate columns had joined.
On Aug. 9, considering a retreat more hazardous than a battle, he decided to surprise the enemy at their camp on Wilson's creek at daybreak the next morning. He turned their position and attacked their rear, while Gen. Franz Sigel assailed the right flank. Sigel was defeated through mistaking one of the Confederate regiments for Iowa troops, and Lyon, perceiving new troops coming to the support of the Confederate forces, brought all his men to the front in a final effort. His horse had been killed and he had been wounded in the head and leg, but he mounted another horse and dashed to the front to rally his wavering line, when he was shot through the breast, dying almost instantly. Soon afterwards Maj. Samuel D. Sturgis, who had succeeded to the command, ordered a retreat. Lyon's movement, although resulting in defeat, had enabled the Union men to organize a state government and array the power of the state on the national side, and in recognition of the services of himself and his troops Congress passed a resolution of thanks, and each regiment which took part in the battle was permitted to "bear upon its colors the word 'Springfield' emblazoned in letters of gold." General Lyon bequeathed $30,000 which constituted almost his entire property, to the government to aid in preserving the union.
Inventory Number: PRI 076
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A sense of history
In 1877, a reconnaissance detail of U.S. army scouts and cavalrymen was sent to the Mule Mountains to search the area for renegade Apaches. What civilian tracker Jack Dunn found instead were signs of mineralization indicating the presence of lead, copper and possibly silver. The first mining claim was staked in what would later become the City of Bisbee. The filing of this claim, and a multitude of others sent prospectors and speculators scurrying to the Mule Mountains in hopes of striking it rich. Numerous ore bodies were located, and Bisbee soon became known as the "Queen of the Copper Camps."
Early mining years
Mining in the Mule Mountains was quite successful, and Bisbee proved to be one of the richest mineral sites in the world, producing nearly three million ounces of gold and more than eight billion pounds of copper, not to mention the silver, lead and zinc that came from these rich lands.
By the early 1900's, driven by the booming mining industry, Bisbee had become the largest city between St. Louis and San Francisco. With a population of over 20,000 people by the beginning of the century, Bisbee was one of the most cultured cities in the west. The town is still home to the the nation’s (arguably) oldest ballfield (Warren Ballpark), Arizona’s first golf course (Turquoise Valley), and the state's first community library (Copper Queen), all dating from this period, and all still currently in operation, and open to the public.
Along with Bisbee's cosmopolitan character, the colorful, rough edges of the mining camp could still be found in the notorious Brewery Gulch, with its saloons and brothels. In its heyday, the Gulch boasted nearly 50 saloons and was considered the one of the liveliest spots in the west. Historic taverns still retain the rich character and boom-town flavor of this period.
The Bisbee Deportation
Not all of Bisbee's colorful history is rosy, however. The Bisbee Deportation of 1917 was not only a pivotal event in Arizona's history, but one that had an effect on labor activities throughout the country. The notorious anti-labor crime involved the illegal kidnapping and deportation of about 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters, and citizen bystanders by 2,000 members of a deputized posse on July 12, 1917.
The action was orchestrated by Phelps Dodge, the major mining company in the area. When miners attempted to organize to gain better working conditions and wages, the company, attempting to prevent unionization, made allegations that the workers were members of the Socialist-affiliated Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies).
The arrested were first held at the Warren ballpark before being loaded onto cattle cars and deported 200 miles (320 km) to Tres Hermanas in New Mexico, for a 16-hour journey through desert without food or water. Once unloaded, the deportees, most without money or transportation, were sternly warned against returning to Bisbee.
Late mining period
Beginning in 1917, open-pit mining was successfully introduced to meet the copper demand during World War I.
During almost a century of mining, 8 billion pounds of copper, 102 million ounces of silver and 2.8 million ounces of gold along with millions of pounds of zinc, lead and manganese were produced. By 1974 ore reserves had been depleted and December brought the announcement of the impending closure of mining operations in Bisbee. Phelps Dodge curtailed open pit operations that year and ceased underground operations in 1975.
Bisbee remained an active mining community until the mid-1970's. When the mine closed, a tremendous shift occurred in the local population. As many mining employees and their families left to pursue work elsewhere, an influx of creative free spirits found Bisbee's historic district to be an attractive, inspiring, and inexpensive location to settle and pursue their artistic endeavors.
The cosmopolitan present
Today, Bisbee is known as a culturally rich community that includes an active and varied population. Bisbee retains its welcoming spirit, offering visitors a rich mix of art, music, history, architecture, outdoor activities, dining and nightlife.
The Smithsonian-affiliated Bisbee Mining and Historical Museum has welcomed, educated and entertained more than a half-million visitors over recent decades. Featured among its exhibits is "Bisbee: Urban Outpost on the Frontier", an in-depth look at the lives of the miners and settlers of this unique area of the southwest. And the world-famous Queen Mine Tour offers a fascinating, up-close experience of the underground world of the miners who carved their community and a living out of bedrock.
Yearly events like the Bisbee 1000, Bisbee Pride Festival, and the Historic Home Tour draw crowds from around the region and across the globe. Ongoing Bisbee highlights include the monthly Bisbee After Five artwalk and a weekly farmer's market featuring regional artisanal goodies.
Come be refreshed, be inspired, be yourself ... Come be Bisbee for awhile.
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DNA StudiesDNA Studies
Khan Academy is a free world-class education for anyone anywhere.
Khan Academy is an organization on a mission. The goal of Khan Academy is changing education for better by providing a free world-class education. All of the site’s resources are available to anyone. It doesn’t matter if you are a student, teacher, adult returning to the classroom after 20 years.
Khan Academy’s resources are available to you completely free of charge.
In Khan Library https://www.khanacademy.org/library you can learn about anything in:
- Arts & Humanities
- Economics & Finance
- Math & statistical.
- Science topics: such as biology: DNA.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA).
The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.
You can find this video in:
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This document belongs to Manual Full System Encryption (with Extras).
1. What is the CLI?
The Command Line Interface (CLI) is also called the terminal.
The CLI is roughly analogous in Windows to the PowerShell, the Command Prompt or the DOS window — but it's much more powerful.
It is a text-based screen where you can enter commands (type a command and press the Enter key) to the computer.
In these instructions, you will enter only very simple commands in the terminal.
2. Why use the terminal?
People coming from Windows often feel that the GUI (graphical user interface, or windowed programs) is easier.
When doing technical work like installation, everything here can be done through the GUI. However, not only is it painfully slow and tedious to use the GUI for this sort of work, but also it is hugely difficult me to document and for you to follow! A single command often takes the place of several screens' worth of GUI work.
Therefore, there will be quite a few terminal commands in the instructions.
If you're a newcomer, don't worry: commands might seem a bit scary at first, but you'll quickly find out how easy they are.
3. How do I use the terminal?
Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal.
- If you prefer, you can instead open the Dash (press the Super key, also known on most keyboards as the Windows key), type the word "terminal", and select the Terminal icon to open the terminal.
When these instructions give you a command, type the command. After checking that you have typed it correctly, press Enter.
To close a terminal when finished, you can press the usual x at the top of the window to close it.
You can read a more comprehensive answer to this question, and practice a little if you choose.
When entering a command, it may be easier to use the mouse to cut-and-paste. Don't use Ctrl+C or Ctrl+V in the terminal, because they mean something different there!
What if I press Ctrl+C or Ctrl+V by mistake in the terminal when I'm trying to copy or paste?
Ctrl+C simply cancels your command, so you have to start typing it again.
Ctrl+V takes the next keypress, whatever it is, and puts it into the command line. Simply use Backspace to rub it out; you might have to press Backspace more than once, depending on what you've pressed.
If you prefer keyboard shortcuts in the terminal, you can use Ctrl+Shift+C for copy, and Ctrl+Shift+V for paste.
4. A bit about the commands
Commands will be presented to you similar to this:
You should enter the command exactly as shown, unless told otherwise.
A hash sign, and anything after the hash sign, is solely for your information, and is not intended to be entered into the terminal. In addition, a blank line is also ignored. Thus, the following three lines are in fact identical to just the previous one.
# This command will show the current LVM setup. sudo lvscan # Needs root permissions.
- Ignore blank lines in commands.
- Ignore the hash sign and anything after it (they are there only to help explain things).
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Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have announced that, using inexpensive components from a liquid crystal display (LCD) projector, they're able to control the brain circuits in tiny laboratory animals, including freely moving worms.
This is a first in the field of optogenetics, a mix of optical and genetic techniques that has allowed researchers to probe and control genetically targeted neural circuits in laboratory animals.
Until now, the technique could be used only with larger animals by placement of an optical fiber into an animal's brain, or illumination of an animal's entire body.
But the experiments from Georgia Tech demonstrate that it is possible to control brain activity by the red, green and blue lights from a projector. The lights activate light-sensitive microbial proteins that are genetically engineered into the worms, allowing the researchers to switch neurons and muscles on and off.
"This illumination instrument significantly enhances our ability to control, alter, observe and investigate how neurons, muscles and circuits ultimately produce behavior in animals," said Hang Lu, an associate professor in the School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
The illumination system is described in a recent edition of the journal Nature Methods. The prototype system includes a modified off-the-shelf LCD projector, which is used to cast a multi-color pattern of light onto an animal. The independent red, green and blue channels allow researchers to activate excitable cells sensitive to specific colors, while simultaneously silencing others.
"Because the central component of the illumination system is a commercially available projector, the system's cost and complexity are dramatically reduced, which we hope will enable wider adoption of this tool by the research community," explained Lu.
The researchers connected the illumination system to a microscope and combined it with video tracking, enabling them to track and record the behavior of freely moving animals, while maintaining the lighting in the intended anatomical position. When the animal moves, changes to the light's location, intensity and color can be updated in less than 40 milliseconds, according to a news release.
For their first experiment, the researchers illuminated the head of a worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) at regular intervals while the animal moved forward. This produced a coiling effect in the head and caused the worm to crawl in a triangular pattern as illustrated in the image above. To see a video of the worm's motion click here.
In another experiment, the team scanned light along the bodies of worms from head to tail, which resulted in backward movement when neurons near the head were stimulated and forward movement when neurons near the tail were stimulated.
Additional experiments showed that the intensity of the light affected a worm's behavior and that several optogenetic reagents excited at different wavelengths could be combined to control a variety of functions.
"This instrument allowed us to control defined events in defined locations at defined times in an intact biological system, allowing us to dissect animal functional circuits with greater precision and nuance," said Lu.
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The Thirteenth Word : How does the Qur'an expose the miraculousness in things which are known as ordinary? The ways of taking pleasure from the style of the Quran
In the Name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate.
And We send down [stage by stage] in the Qur’an that which is a healing and a mercy to those who believe.(1) * We have not instructed [the Prophet] in poetry, nor is it meet for him. (2)
If you want to compare the results yielded by the wisdom of the All-Wise Qur’an and of the sciences of philosophy, and their instruction and teaching and the degrees in their knowledge, then listen carefully to the following words:
With its acute expositions, the Qur’an of Miraculous Exposition rends the veil of familiarity and the habitual cast over all the beings in the universe, which are known as ordinary things but are all extraordinary and miracles of Divine power, and reveals those astonishing wonders to conscious beings. It attracts their gazes and opens up before their minds an inexhaustible treasury of knowledge.
As for philosophy, it conceals within veils of the commonplace all the miracles of power, which are extraordinary, and passes over them in an ignorant and indifferent fashion. It only puts forward to be noted freaks, which have fallen from being extraordinary and deviated from the order of creation, and sheered away from the perfections of their true natures; it offers them to conscious beings as objects of wise instruction. For example, it says that man’s creation is ordinary, despite its being a comprehensive miracle of power, and looks on it indifferently. But then with cries of astonishment, it points out as an object of instruction a person who has diverged from the perfection of creation, and has three legs or two heads.
And for example, it considers ordinary the regular sustenance of infants and young, bestowed from the treasury of mercy, which is a most delicate and general miracle of mercy, and draws a veil of ingratitude over it. Whereas, on spotting an insect under the sea which is an exception from the general order and is alone and isolated from its fellows, being fed with green sea-weed, it wants to make the fishermen weep for it, because of the Divine favour and munificence manifested on it. (3)
So see the wealth and riches of the Holy Qur’an in regard to knowledge, wisdom, and knowledge of Allah, and the poverty and bankruptcy of philosophy regarding learning, instruction, and knowledge of the Maker! See them, and take a lesson!
It is because of this, because the All-Wise Qur’an contains infinite brilliant, elevated truths, that it is free of the fancies of poetry. Another reason the Qur’an of Miraculous Exposition is not in verse, despite the perfection of its word-order and orderedness and its expounding with its well-ordered styles the order and art of the book of the universe, is that by not entering under the restrictions of metre, each star of its verses can be a sort of centre to the most of the other verses, and be a brother to them, and each can form a connecting line with the verses within the sphere encompassing it in order to be a bond in the relationships which exist between them. It is as if each independent verse has an eye which looks to most of the other verses, and a face turned towards them. Thousands of Qur’ans are present within the Qur’an, each of which it offers to followers of the different paths. As is described in the Twenty-Fifth Word, in Sura al-Ikhlas is a treasury of knowledge about Divine unity comprising thirty-six Sura al-Ikhlas’s, formed of a compound of six phrases, each winged. Indeed, like with the stars in the sky which are apparently without order, each is unrestricted and as a sort of centre extends a line of connection to all the stars in the area surrounding it, indicating a hidden relation between beings. It is as if, like the stars of verses, each single star has an eye which looks to all stars and a face which is turned to them. See then the perfect order within the apparent lack of order, and take a lesson! Understand one meaning of the verse,
We have not instructed [the Prophet] in poetry, nor is it meet for him! (4)
Understand also from it that the mark of poetry is to adorn insignificant and dull facts with big and shining images and fancies, and make them attractive. Whereas the truths of the Qur’an are so great, elevated, shining and brilliant, that even the greatest and most brilliant imaginings are dull and insignificant in comparison with them. Innumerable truths like the following verses testify to this. For example:
The Day that We roll up the heavens like a scroll rolled up for books [completed]. (5) * He draws the night as a veil over the day, each seeking the other in rapid succession. (6) * It will be no more than a single blast, when lo! they will all be brought up before Us! (7)
If you want to see and appreciate how, like shining stars, each of the Qur’an’s verses scatters the darkness of unbelief by spreading the light of miraculousness and guidance, imagine yourself in the age of ignorance and desert of savagery where everything was enveloped in veils of lifelessness and nature amid the darkness of ignorance and heedlessness. Then suddenly from the elevated tongue of the Qur’an, you hear verses like:
Whatever is in the heavens and earth declares the praises and glory of Allah, the Sovereign, the Most Holy One, the Mighty, the Wise. (8)
See how those dead or sleeping creatures of the world spring to life at the sound of declares the praises and glory in the minds of those listening, how they awake, spring up, and mention Allah’s Names! And at the sound of,
The seven heavens and the earth and all within them extol and glorify Him, (9)
the stars in those black skies, all lifeless pieces of fire, and the wretched creatures on the face of the earth, present the following view to those listening: the sky appears as a mouth and the stars each as wisdom-displaying words and truth-uttering lights. The earth appears as a head, the land and sea as tongues, and all animals and plants as words of glorification. Otherwise you will not appreciate the fine points and pleasure at looking from this time to that. For if when you consider its verses, you see them as having scattered their light since that time, and become like universally accepted knowledge with the passage of time, and as shining with the other lights of Islam, and taking their colour from the sun of the Qur’an, or if you look at them through a superficial and simple veil of familiarity, you will not truly see the darkness each verse scatters or how sweet is the recital of its miraculousness, and you will not appreciate this sort of miraculousness among its many varieties. If you want to understand one of the highest degrees of the Qur’an of Miraculous Exposition’s miraculousness, listen to the following comparison:
Let us imagine an extremely strange and vast and spreading tree which is concealed beneath a veil of the unseen and hidden in a level of concealment. It is clear that there has to be a relationship, harmony, and balance between a tree and all its members like its branches, fruits, leaves, and blossom, the same as between man’s members. Each of its parts takes on a form and is given a shape in accordance with the nature of the tree. So if someone appears and traces a picture on top of the veil corresponding to the members of the tree, which has never been seen, then delimits each member, and from the branches to the fruit, and the fruit to the leaves draws a form proportionately, and fills the space between its source and extremities, which are an infinite distance from one another, with drawings showing exactly the shape and form of its members, certainly no doubt will remain that the artist sees the concealed tree with an eye that penetrates and encompasses the unseen, then he depicts it.
In just the same way, the discriminating statements of the Qur’an of Miraculous Exposition concerning the reality of contingent beings (that is, concerning the reality of the tree of creation which stretches from the beginning of the world to the farthest limits of the hereafter, and spreads from the earth to the Divine Throne and from minute particles to the sun) have preserved the proportion between the members to such a degree and have given all the members and fruits a form so suitable that all investigative scholars have declared when they have concluded their researches into its depictions: “What wonders Allah has willed! How great are Allah’s blessings!” They have said: “It is only you who solves and unravels the talisman of the universe and riddle of creation, O All-Wise Qur’an!”
“And Allah’s is the highest similitude” (10) –and there is no error in the comparison– let us represent the Divine Names and attributes, and dominical acts and deeds as a Tuba-tree of light, the extent of whose grandeur stretches from pre-eternity to post-eternity, and the limits of whose vastness spread through infinite, endless space, and encompass it, and the compass of whose deeds extend from,
It is Allah Who splits the seed-grain and date-stone, (11) and, Comes between man and his heart, (12) and, It is He Who shapes you in the wombs as He wishes, (13)
Who created the heavens and the earth in six days, (14) and, And the heavens rolled up in His right hand, (15) and, He has subjected the sun and the moon. (16)
The All-Wise Qur’an has described that luminous reality, the truths of those Names and attributes, and acts and deeds, together with all their branches and twigs and aims and fruits in a way so harmonious, so fitting for one another, so appropriate for one another, without marring one another or spoiling the decree of one other, or their being remote from one another, that all those who have discerned the reality of things and penetrated the mysteries, and all the wise and the sage who have journeyed in the realm of the inner dimension of things, have declared: “Glory be to Allah!” in the face of that Discriminating Exposition, and have affirmed it, saying: “How right, how conformable with reality, how fine, how worthy!”
Take, for example, the six pillars of belief, which resemble a single branch of those two mighty trees which look to the entire sphere of contingency and sphere of necessity: it depicts all the branches and boughs of those pillars –even the farthest fruits and flowers– observing such a harmony and proportion between them, and describes them in a manner so balanced, and illustrates them a way so symmetrical that the human mind is powerless to perceive it and stands astonished at its beauty. And the proof that a beauty of proportion and perfect relation and complete balance have been preserved between the five pillars of Islam, which are like one twig of the branch of belief, down to the finest details, smallest point of conduct, furthest aims, most profound wisdom, and most insignificant fruits, is the perfect order and balance and beauty of proportion and soundness of the Greater Shari’a of Islam, which has emerged from the decisive statements, senses, indications, and allusions of the comprehensive Qur’an; they form an irrefutable and decisive proof and just witness that cannot be doubted. This means that the expositions of the Qur’an cannot be attributed to man’s partial knowledge, and particularly to the knowledge of someone unlettered. They rest rather on a comprehensive knowledge and are the word of One able to see all things together and observe in one moment all truths between pre-eternity and post-eternity. The verse:
Praise be to Allah, Who has revealed to His servant the Book, and has allowed no crookedness therein.(17)
concerns this fact.
O Allah! O Revealer of the Qur’an! For the sake of the Qur’an and for the sake of the one to whom You revealed the Qur’an, illuminate our hearts and our graves with the light of belief and the Qur’an. Amen. O One from Whom help is sought!
(1) Qur’an, 17:82.
(2) Qur’an, 36:69.
(3) Just such an event occurred in America.
(4) Qur’an, 36:69.
(5) Qur’an, 21:104.
(6) Qur’an, 7:54.
(7) Qur’an, 36:53.
(8) Qur’an, 62:1.
(9) Qur’an, 17:44.
(10) Qur’an, 16:60.
(11) Qur’an, 6:95.
(12) Qur’an, 8:24.
(13) Qur’an, 3:6.
(14) Qur’an, 7:54, etc.
(15) Qur’an, 39:67.
(16) Qur’an, 13:2, etc.
(17) Qur’an, 18:1.
Please click on the following link to continue reading;
- Third Light, First Gleam: The order, harmony and wondrousness of the Qur’an’s exposition concerning the reality of the realm of living beings and Divine names, acts and attributes.
- Fourth Point: It explains why the style in the spiritual miraculousness of the Quran cannot be translated.
- Fifth Glow: The comprehensiveness of the Qur'an that gathers all supreme qualities either with its content or style without any confusion.
- A Significant Point and Important Mystery: The relation between the branches of science and Divine names.
- First Point: The levels of people in understanding the miraculousness of the Quran.
- A Flower of Emirdağ: The answer given to the objections for the repetitions in the Qur’an.
- Third Gleam: A comparison between the works of scholars who take lessons from the Qur’an and the Qur’an itself.
- Introduction: Three different definitions of the Qur'an.
- First Addendum: The miraculous aspects of the Qur’an and the proofs that it is the Word of Allah.
- Fifth Point: The wondrousness in the Qur'an's manner of exposition.
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THE BATTLE OF LOS ANGELES, 1942
“The Mystery Air Raid”
On Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese Navy bombed the U. S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the United States officially entered World War II.
Within days, a top-secret device called radar began picking up signals, thought to be those of enemy aircraft, up and down the Western Coast of North America. Blackouts were ordered, on several occasions, of the various coastal cities.
On Feb. 25, 1942, a Japanese submarine surfaced and fired on an oil field near Santa Barbara, California.
The following night (2/26/42), two million people watched as anti-aircraft batteries fired 1,400 anti-aircraft shells at a slow moving unidentified object in the night skies above Los Angeles.
In August of 1945, the United States detonated a nuclear bomb over Hiroshima, and a second bomb over Nagasaki, forcing Japan to end the war, and ushering in the nuclear age.
In June of 1947, Kenneth Arnold, while flying his plane across Washington State, made his historic daytime sighting of what he called “flying saucers.” One month later the infamous Roswell crash is said to have occurred in New Mexico.
In Sept. 1992, author-lecturer Terrenz Sword spoke at the Whole Life Expo in Los Angeles. In his lecture he describes a time-line of events, which if taken seriously, would seem to indicate that these events might have been the beginnings of a covert, interplanetary war! You be the judge!
White-CD - MSRP: $10 US
2-Audio Tracks = 57:11 minutes
Black-CD Plus - MSRP: $15 US
2-Audio Tracks Plus
60th Anniversary Edition book in Adobe.PDF format
(add $5 for shipping and handling)
(wholesale discount 40% minimum 25 copies)
Check or money order only to:
Michael G. Skordelis
P.O. Box 11041
Marina Del Rey
For more info email:
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Biomega Dilos K
Potassium in plants
Potassium is vital to many plant processes. A review of its role involves understanding the basic biochemical and physiological systems of plants. While K does not become a part of the chemical structure of plants, it plays many important regulatory roles in development. More specifically potassium helps in:
- Enzyme Activation
- Stomatal Activity (Water Use)
- Transport of Sugars
- Starch Synthesis
How potassium works to increase crop yields
- Increases root growth and improves drought resistance
- Activates many enzyme systems
- Maintains turgor; reduces water loss and wilting
- Aids in photosynthesis and food formation
- Reduces respiration, preventing energy losses
- Enhances translocation of sugars and starch
- Produces grain rich in starch
- Increases protein content of plants
- Builds cellulose and reduces lodging
- Helps retard crop diseases
Potassium deficiency, also known as potash deficiency, is a plant disorder that is most common on light, sandy soils, because potassium ions (K+) are highly soluble and will easily leach from soils without colloids. Potassium deficiency is also common in chalky or peaty soils with a low clay content. It is also found on heavy clays with a poor structure.
Potassium deficiency symptoms
Typical symptoms of potassium deficiency in plants include brown scorching and curling of leaf tips as well as chlorosis (yellowing) between leaf veins. Purple spots may also appear on the leaf undersides. Plant growth, root development, and seed and fruit development are usually reduced in potassium-deficient plants. Often, potassium deficiency symptoms first appear on older (lower) leaves because potassium is a mobile nutrient, meaning that a plant can allocate potassium to younger leaves when it is K deficient. Deficient plants may be more prone to frost damage and disease, and their symptoms can often be confused with wind scorch or drought. The deficiency is most common in several important fruit and vegetable crops.
Specific plant symptoms
Potatoes: Tuber size is much reduced and crop yield is low. The leaves of the plant appear dull and are often blue-green in color with internal chlorosis. Leaves will also develop small, dark brown spots on the undersides and a bronzed appearance on the upper surfaces.
Brassicas: Leaves are blue-green in color and may have a low degree of internal chlorosis. Scorching along the outside edges of leaves is common, and leaves are often tough in texture due to slow growth.
Tomatoes: The stems are woody and growth is slow. Leaves are blue-green in color, and the internal area often fades to a pale gray color. Leaves may also have a bronzed appearance and yellow and orange patches may develop on some of the leaflets. Fruits often ripen unevenly and sometimes have green patches near the stalks.
Apples: Leaves are scorched around the edges, and internal chlorosis is common. Apple fruits often have a slightly acidic or woody taste.
Biomega is offering Dilos K, a liquid product which contais 30% potassium & 10% aminoacids for faster absorption of the nutrients and stimulation of the plant.
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A compound found in oil-rich fish such as salmon reshaped the blood lipid profiles of volunteers in an Agricultural Research Service-led study.
Research chemist Darshan S. Kelley of the ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center in Davis, Calif., and federal and university co-investigators conducted the study of DHA, or docosahexaenoic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid thought to improve cardiovascular health.
The research, reported earlier this year in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, is likely the first to analyzein high-triglyceride malesDHA's effects on both fasting and post-meal triglycerides, and on quantities and sizes of HDL, LDL and VLDL cholesterol particles. High triglycerides, high cholesterol and a high number of small particles of LDL cholesterol in the blood increase risk of cardiovascular disease, the nation's leading cause of death, according to Kelley.
The study is also one of only about a dozen, in humans, to probe the effects of DHA alone, rather than in tandem with another natural oil, EPA, or eicosapentanoic acid. EPA occurs with DHA in fish oil.
Half of the studys 34 volunteers, age 39 to 66, consumed about one-half teaspoon of DHA daily, in addition to regular meals, for 90 days. The other half received olive oil in place of DHA oil.
Blood samples taken after fasting, and within eight hours after meals, showed that DHA reduced by 22 percent the number of small LDL (low-density lipoprotein) particles. LDLs small particles are the size most harmful to the cardiovascular system. DHA increased the number of large LDL particles by 127 percent. Since large LDL particles are less harmful than small ones, some researchers believe large LDL particles do not harm the arteries.
DHA also lowered triglycerides by 24 percent in both the fasting and post-meal samples. The after-meal effect, shown in only a few other studies, may be of particular interest to medical professionals looking for alternatives to conventional triglyceride-lowering therapies, according to Kelley.
ARS is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.
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Ok, so first we made a very hard-coded sqrt, then we improved it by adding the concept of fixed points, which made the algorithm easier to see in the code. Here’s how we can improve it even further. Go to 32:30 in this video (stop at the break at 43:00):
First we define an average-damp function. This function takes a function as its argument and returns another function which takes a number and returns the average of that number and result of calling the function argument on the number. It’s easier to say that in clojure:
(defn average-damp [f]
(fn [x] (average x (f x))))
f is a function, average-damp creates a new function that takes x (a number) and that new function averages x and f(x).
Now that I have that, I define sqrt like this (you can find average and fixed-point in yesterday’s post):
(defn sqrt [x] (fixed-point (average-damp (fn [y] (/ x y))) 1))
Tomorrow, we’ll use this to implement another way of finding sqrt.
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Kymppi in English 3A
Kymppi in English makes learning maths easy and motivating. With Kymppi there is ample time for insight, learning and practice. Kymppi provides each pupil with lots of interesting study material.Lue lisää
The chapters in Kymppi in English 3A consist of two double-page spreads. On the first spread, the concept is illustrated with clear models that facilitate comprehension. Practice is provided by easy-to-understand basic exercises, and similar kinds of exercises are used throughout the book. The second double spread features a new set of basic exercises, exercises where pupils can apply what they have learned, a challenging problem for advanced learners and homework. Each unit ends with a Play and test your skills section that can be used to ensure that the content has been fully mastered. Kymppi in English 3A units are Addition and subtraction with numbers up to 1000, Multiplication, Division, Geometry, and Revision.
|Painosnumero ja -vuosi||1.-5. painos, 2018|
|Tekijät||Sari Rinne, Ann-Mari Sintonen, Markku Uus-Leponiemi, Tuula Uus-Leponiemi|
|Kurssi / luokka||3. luokka|
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basaltic lava in the form of a chaotic assemblage of angular blocks; aa.
volcanic lava occurring as rough-surfaced jagged blocks
Printing. a sans-serif typeface or letter, usually compressed and having tight curves. . a simple, hand-printed capital letter. noun Also called block capital. a plain capital letter
a rope or chain running through the blocks of a tackle.
a short mast from the head of which a lateen yard is suspended.
a mountain formed by the uplift of blocks of the earth’s crust.
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a barrier between the brain itself and the blood supply of the brain, which prevents most substances from moving from the blood to brain tissue. Substances like glucose that are important to brain function are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, along a small collection of other substances like lipid-soluble molecules (e.g. psychoactive drugs). The blood-brain barrier plays a protective role, keeping potentially harmful substances from invading the brain.
Watch this 2-Minute Neuroscience video to learn more about the blood-brain barrier.
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In March 2020, emerging gender impacts and trends were highlighted in an Advocacy Brief developed by GiHA resulting in key recommendations. Good practices from across the Asia Pacific Region have seen these recommendations being put into action and six weeks on, due to the scale and rapidly changing nature of the pandemic, it was seen as crucial to continue to document evidence of gender impacts across Asia Pacific and to update analysis and recommendations.
Exacerbated burdens of unpaid care work on women and girls: Evidence from the Pacific shows that women have already indicated feeling unprepared for the additional role of home schooling which has the potential to increase tension and stress within the household, with regards to the balance between women and men’s roles. In the Philippines, Pakistan and Bangladesh, women are more likely to experience increases in unpaid domestic and unpaid care work since the spread of COVID-19: for example, in Bangladesh, 55% of women reported increases in unpaid domestic work compared to 44% of men. The significant increase in unpaid care and domestic work for women may be a major contributing factor to the pandemic disproportionately affecting women’s mental and emotional health in Pakistan and the Philippines. At the same time, there are signs of hope for beginning redistribution of household chores, with more than half of women surveyed in all countries noting that their partners help more at home.
Meeting the needs of women healthcare workers: In Hubei province, China, more than 90% of the healthcare workers on the front line response to COVID-19 were women. In South-East Asia, 79% of nurses are women and 81% in Western Pacific. Women, being a greater proportion of front line workers are therefore disproportionately at risk of indirect impacts resulting from punishing schedules and burnout as well as direct risks of the virus. This is compounded by often inadequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and essential supplies. Emerging reports in the Philippines indicate women healthcare workers (who make up 75 percent of health workers) are experiencing increased discrimination during COVID-19 and are being refused access to basic services and transportation. The increase in unpaid care and domestic work for women also impacts women healthcare workers and may further compromise their ability to provide health care services, decreasing the health sector’s capacity to effectively respond to and prevent further spread of COVID-19.
Increased risks of gender-based violence (GBV): Evidence suggests an increase in GBV during COVID-19, in part, due to lockdowns and quarantine measures meaning women are confined with their abusers. The number of domestic violence cases reported to a police station in Jingzhou, a city in Hubei Province, tripled in February 2020, compared to the same period the previous year.9 Service providers in India, Indonesia, and Singapore also report staggering increases, with a Women’s Helpline in Singapore noting a 33% increase in February over calls received in the same month last year. Consultations with Rohingya women and adolescent girls in Cox’s Bazar refugee camps have shown an increase in household tensions and GBV since measures to prevent the spread of the virus have been implemented.
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“Earthing” also known as walking barefoot, to the laymen, has transformed from a playful trend to a scientific practice with a plethora of health advantages. It was seen to increase antioxidants in the body, improving sleep and reducing inflammation.Let us look a little deeper into the benefits, but first know what is the theory behind walking barefoot.
Walking Barefoot: An Introduction
Walking Barefoot or earthing, is just walking on grass, sand, or soil barefoot. You need to get off the sidewalk and place your feet on a natural surface.
Studies show that the benefits came from the somatic relationship with the electrons in the Earth.
Our planet has its own charge and we do better when we are in direct contact with this charge.
The Benefits Of Walking Barefoot
A paper published in the Journal of Environmental and Public Health highlighted how absorbing electrons from the planet can improve one’s health.
In another, patients suffering from chronic pain used grounded carbon fiber mattresses and were observed to have better sleep and lesser pains.
Another study discovered that walking barefoot altered the electrical activity of the brain, as measured by EEG. Other benefits that were observed included skin conductivity, moderated heart rate variability, improved glucose regulation, reduced stress, and supported immune function.
We have presented some potential benefits in detail:
1: Better Sleep
As per this study, if you are suffering from insomnia then try walking in the park instead of taking pills. You can also present it and improve your sleep cycle, by walking barefoot on grass for approximately 30 minutes, every morning.
2: Can Reduce Inflammation
Earthing can improve the functioning of your organs. This can be multi-fold. One can be due to reflexology, the next can be that you’re getting Vitamin D from sunlight (anti-inflammatory property), and lastly, due to the electrons of the magnetic field of the Earth.
3: Can Regulate Your Heart’s Health
Walking barefoot on grass can also help you synchronize your heartbeat. This has several benefits that range from regulating your body’s temperature to hormone secretion.
4: Surface Charge Of RBCs
A study published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine stated that walking barefoot increases the surface charge of red blood cells. These cells then avoid clumping which then decreases blood viscosity. [High viscosity is a significant factor in heart disease.] Walking should ultimately become just more than an exercise. It should become a form of relieving stress, healing, and replacing the worn-out parts with well-being, on a mental and physical level.
This is actually a win-win situation for everyone. Once you start walking, you will be exercising your heart and muscles, improving your mental health, reducing stress, and eventually improving your overall wellness. You can easily multiply these benefits of walking by taking off your shoes and connecting with the Earth’s natural electric charge.
It is of utmost importance that you need to be aware of your surroundings. Make sure that it is safe for you to walk barefoot.
You can also consult your primary doctor if you are wondering if walking barefoot will be the right move for you.
In a nutshell, it is best for you to just kick off your shoes for a short period of time.
This makes great sense on an evolutionary level too. We have evolved close to this planet and it is recent that we have been keen to remove ourselves from nature. This is perhaps the best time to take a step back and synchronize with the planet.
Originally Published: truththeory.com
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The sound of the Mosquito Research Control Unit plane buzzing the bush once again is welcomed.
While the noise has the tendency to scare those new to the Islands, those of us who are familiar with the sound know it’s the signal that rainy season is about to start.
And along with rainy season comes a very unwelcome visitor – the mosquito.
MRCU staff is on a mission this year to reduce the population of mosquitoes that carry dengue fever.
Dengue is usually isn’t fatal, but it can be a very unpleasant disease that usually lasts between 10 days to a month.
It can be dangerous if contacted more than once by a person
There is no vaccine for dengue.
The disease is manifested by a sudden onset of fever, with severe headache, muscle and joint pains and rashes. The dengue rash is characteristically bright red and usually appears first on the lower limbs and the chest. In some patients, it spreads to cover most of the body. There may also be gastritis with some combination of associated abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea.
Sounds unpleasant, doesn’t it?
That’s why it is so important for MRCU to keep up efforts to eradicate the mosquitoes.
But it’s not just a problem for MRCU to tackle. The public can also make a big difference.
The mosquito is known as a domestic, which means it is found primarily near people’s homes in fresh, clean water where it breeds.
A good breeding place could be an empty bucket, a blocked roof gutter, a dog dish, a child’s toy or anywhere rainwater accumulates without draining.
Before rainy season actually sets in residents should make a diligent effort to take a walk through their yard to make sure there is no place for rainwater to accumulate.
They should also make sure gutters are slanted properly and not clogged with debris.
Remember that the mosquito usually bites just after dawn and just before sunset.
With that in mind, residents and visitors who are outside at those critical times should wear long sleeve shirts and long pants. Mosquito repellents are also an option.
While the mosquito is the vector that transmits the disease, it is not the carrier. Mosquitoes get the disease by biting humans infected with the disease.
People travelling from the tropics to other parts of the world can easily carry the disease to the country they’re visiting.
So get out there, be vigilant and help MRCU in its battle against the dengue mosquito.
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- Printout of the prepared material
- Pair of scissors
- Markers or crayons (optional)
With Christmas and New Year approaching, this craft with Santa Claus is one of the easiest ones for our little ones!
All you have to do is print the material we have prepared for you or let your little ones paint the black and white outline with Santa Claus and his hat and add eyes and a red nose. Then separate the cotton into small balls, put glue around Santa Claus's face, on his cheeks and on the top of his hat and place the cotton. If you want to hang it on the Christmas tree, you could glue or sew a simple string or even a rubber band on the back.
Santa Claus is ready!
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|Søk i stiler|
British politics since 1945
Oppgaven handler om det som skjedde med Storbritannia etter 1945, The end of empire, the economy, Building a welfare state, The Thatcher years and the impact of Thatcherism, Tony Blair and New Labour, third way, between Europe and the Atlantic.
Consensus(agreement) politics= an agreement between government, parties and the public over values and policies. There was an agreement between parties about foreign and domestic policies. this Consensus came under strain in 1970s and was challenged by Thatcher from 1979- divisions over the role of the state and the delivery of public services, and over foreign and defence policies, and Britain"s role in the EU.
A third way= partnership between the public and private sectors, instead of the unrestricted free market associated with(tilknyttet, omgås) Thatcher, and the centralised state planning and public service delivery linked with old labour.
The post-war years: the end of empire and the imperial legacy
In 1945 Britain saw itself as a world power. The distinctive features of Britain"s international position in 1945 were:
1. one of the 3 victorious powers in the second World War
2. possessor of a huge empire
3. having a special relationship with USA: strong cultural and linguistic links between the two anglo-Saxon powers underpinned their cooperation in both world wars.
Lend-Lease agreement= in 1941-it provided a system of credits enabling Britain to obtain a continnous(uavbrutt-bestandy) supply of American goods and materials in order to sustain(støtte-opprettholde) its war effort(forsøk-anstrengelse)
Bevin-he was Labour"s Foreign Secretary-patriot-he based his policies on tow principles A) a British foreign policy was vital to world peace. B) Britain still was a great power with important global interests to protect. Bevin presided over(lede) the development of a system of treaties for the global containment(the action of keeping something harmful under control) of communism, the emergence of e comlex imperial policy combining the development of the Empire, the creation of the Commenwealth, and a system of global bases and strong points, and powerful defence forces backed by a British atomic bomb.
involvment of USA in defence of Europe against possible Soviet aggression.
Treaty of Rome=European Economic Community in 1957- Britain held aloof from membership of the Common Market at its foundation. Reasons: A) Britain saw itself as a great power with a world role B) its belief that its most important international relationships were with the USA and the Commenwealth and that closer economic ties with continental Europe were not in its long-term interest.
Decolconisation after 1950 and 1960
Nationalization of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian leader-Britain, France and Israel conspired to launch(sette i gang) a joint military expedition against Egypt. Pressure from USA and internationa opinion forced Britain to withdraw.
The rise of nationalism throughout many Britsh-governed countries and demands for independence, increasing defence costs in the cold war, the costs of nuclear weapons and their delivery system, the impact of Suez and the increasing role of the USA in maintaining global order, led to much rethinking regarding Britain"s role in the world.
Britain after Second World War was a world power. Some saw Britain as junior world policeman cooperating with the USA to pursuing Western interests. Some people in Britain argued that Britain"s future role lay within Europe, not within Commenwealth beacuse Britain no longer had the resources to maintain a role east of suez.
The under-performing economy
Britain dominated the world economy during the 19th century. Empire costed little. Britain"s dominance in world trade was challenged in the early years of the 20th century as other industrial nations increased their output(produksjon) and trade. They tried to stopp it, but her industrial rivals were getting richer quicker. The huge burden of defence expenditure were damaging the country"s economy.
The major theme of post-war economic policy in Britain was closer government involvment in running the economy. State involvment had 3 main aspects:
1. The creation of a mixed economy. This was done by a series important nationalisation measures.
2. Government responsibility for economic management, to manage the economy to ensure full employment, to stable prices, economic growth and .....
3.Corporate bias= to describe the close relationship between government and the peak(topp) organisations of industry and trade unions.
After war the main was to achieve a peacetime economy, to negotiate foreign loans to cover the huge balance-of-payments deficits(underskudd)-the US Marshall Aid- Britain"s economy got better.
Building a welfare state
Wartime changes prepared the way for the development of the post-war welfare state. A massiv expansion in the role of government. The government took on powers over the production and distribution of resources and over the labour force.
Beveridge Report: 1942- it called for a new social security system based on compulsory social insurance and fixed subsistence-level(standard of living that provides only the bare necessities of life) (eksistens-liv-livsnødvendigheter) benefits in return for flat-rate(enhetspris) contributions.
The pendulum years: from crisis to doubt
The collapse of the world role, the displacement(forskyvning) of the Commenwealth by Europe, and the increasing reliance(avhengighet-tillit) upon the USA. Britain was no longer a world power-it had lost its empire and not found a role.
EEC= European Economic Community.
In 1955 Britain proposed a grand design to reorganise Western Europe. Britain wanted to create a wide free trade area which could embrace most of Western Europe, including the 6 counties in EEC too. This was oposed by EEC members. reason--->free trade would destroy their common external tariff and threaten the process of integration. Britain organised an alternative trading bloc in 1959--->EFTA= The European Free Trade Association.(Norway,Britain, Denmark, Portugal , Sweden, Austria and Switzerland.
In 1960 some said that Britain"s national interest would be served by full membership of the EEC. Britain joined EEC in 1973.
The Thatcher years=1970--crises for the British economy--government hd lost political authority because of their incapacity to reverse(endre-snu) national decline--wage restraint policies in the decade before 1979 engendered(vekke-frembringe) a sense of ungovernability, chaos and mounting public frustration--the main objectives(mål-hensikt) of Thatcherism: A)to restore British prestige and assert(hevde-forfekte) British interests more abroad B)to roll back the frontiers(grense) of the state in economic and welfare policy.
Privatisation= denationalisation of aerospace or ...-----a massive transfer of asserts from the public to the private sector--the goals were to increase efficiency-the creation of a free enterprise society---competition into welfare services, lower income taxes, to cut back on public spending.
Thatcherite Britain in Europe=Thatcher reduced the contribution to the European Community budget.
Monetarism= controlling inflation(heving av prisnivået med tilhørende nedgang av pengeverdien) through controlling the money supply.
Thatcher administration had 3 goals: the search for greater efficiency and value for money in welfare provision(forsyning)---the targeting of benefits on the most needy---encouragement of an enhanced(øke-forbedre) role for the private sectore in housing, healthcare, education and pensions provision.
But the roles of local authorities and public sector professionals weakened and increased social inequality-higher rates of unemployment--increased insecurity for many workers.
The impact of Thatcherism= no miracle took place during Thatcher, increasing in indirect taxes, unemployment.
Tony Blair and New Labour= The transformation of Labour to New Labour---Internal reforms, constitutional amendments, policy reviews--Tony Blair set out to forge(forme,skape) New Labour as a democratic, market-oriented, efficiency-conscious , inclusive(samlet) party of the radical centre.
New Labour"s philosophy was---->third way------>between free market capitalism(associated with Thatcher) and centralised state socialism(associated with old Labour). The third way ment a large role for government and it stressed the resposibilities of individuals for their own welfare and the welfare of their families. The message of the third way was that New Labour would help individuals to help themselves. Some said that The third way was an electoral device(påfunn,knep,plan) to win the Conservatives in 1997. New Labour"s third way recognised government in its traditional role of attempting to solve the problems of society. Third way policies are disigned to destroy poverty.
The third way= a middle way between Thatcherism and old Labour socialism, something between unrestricted free market capitalism and centralised state socialism, partnerships or networks involving the public sector, private sector and voluntary. New Labour relied on new patterns of collaboration(samarbeid).
Between Europe and the Atlantic= Blair has shunned(unngå, sky,holde seg unna) euro-federalism, calling for the EU to become a superpower, not a superstate. Bush has put the British prime minister in a difficult position in his relations with his European equals. The policies of America First on the national missile defence system have angreed EU leaders. Blair"s ambition is for the UK to act as a bridge between the two, and avoid Britain ever being in a position of having to choose between Europe and America. The US wants Britain to be at the heart of th EU, in a position to influence EU policy. Yet the more Britain becomes integrated into EU institution, the more it will put strain on Britain"s special relationship with the USA. Therefore EU governments are suspicious of Britain"s commitment to Europe.
The new British state-changing political processes= complex processes have changed assumptions(antakelse) about the nation state. New post-war structures such as NATO and EU have diluted(make weaker or less forceful by modifying or adding other elements) national sovereignty resulting from the interaction(veksel-virkning)interact(påvirke hverandre) of thousands of national representatives engaged in multiple(fler-sammensatt) negotiations, information exchange, informal trade-offs among like-minded(like-sinnet) officials and ministers in different governments. If these structures attacked sovereignty from above, devolution eroded it from below.
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Fluorescent tubes are used in different variants in many places both in the private and in the commercial sector. T5 and T8 fluorescent lamps are most frequently used in garages, workshops or as hall lighting. In this article you will find out how well the old fluorescent tubes perform compared to modern LED tubes.
- Comparison of fluorescent tube vs LED tube
- Comparison of functionality
- LED vs fluorescent tube?
- Advantages of LED tubes
- Disadvantages of LED tubes
- Advantages of fluorescent tubes
- Disadvantages of fluorescent tubes
- Comparison table: fluorescent vs LED
Comparison of fluorescent tube vs LED tube
Fluorescent tubes are available in a wide variety of types and sizes. T5 and T8 fluorescent tubes are the most commonly used types today. These are used in private households, for example to illuminate basements or garages. In the commercial sector, fluorescent lamps are often used to illuminate offices, workshops or halls.
The larger fluorescent tubes are usually used where large-area and uniform lighting is required. Smaller sizes can be found in mirror cabinets or as ring lights in mirrors or magnifier lamps.
Common names for the tubes are:
- Fluorescent tube
- Fluorescent lamp
- Neon tube
The modern LED variants are called LED tubes. In the following sections you will find a comparison of the old and new technology as well as the advantages and disadvantages of both variants.
Comparison of functionality
Even if in many cases the fluorescent lamps can easily be exchanged for LED tubes, the internal function of both techniques is completely different.
How does a fluorescent tube work?
A fluorescent tube contains a noble gas which is ignited by a high voltage when switched on. This ignition voltage is generated by a choke or electronics in the ballast. During this process, the gas in the glass body is ionized and the fluorescent material on the inner wall of the glass begins to glow.
The first generation of fluorescent lamps was filled with neon gas, which is why the colloquial term neon tube is still frequently used today. Due to better properties, other noble gases such as argon or krypton are usually used in today’s fluorescent tubes.
How does an LED tube work?
A modern LED tube in principle is a normal LED illuminant. The special feature here is only the design. Due to the tube shape, the LED lamps fit into the sockets of existing lighting systems and can therefore be converted without much effort. The function of the LED lamp is otherwise identical to other LED illuminants:
The light-emitting diode is a semiconductor component. The LED chip emits photons, which we perceive as visible light. An LED tube contains a carrier board on which a large number of LEDs are soldered in a row. Furthermore, there is a power supply for generating the low voltage as well as an LED driver in the tubular housing.
LED vs fluorescent tube?
In terms of efficiency, the fluorescent tube is pretty good compared to incandescent and halogen lamps. But what does it look like compared to LED tubes? In the next sections you will find a detailed comparison of all important details.
Advantages of LED tubes
Very high efficiency
Depending on the type, LED tubes have a very high efficiency of 90 to 150 lumens per watt.
Good color rendering
Many LED tubes have a color rendering index of Ra > 80. There are also LED tubes with a Ra > 90 or even Ra > 95. The disadvantage is the decreasing efficiency at high CRI values.
LED tubes must be marked as dimmable so that they can be easily adjusted in brightness. The used dimmer must also be suitable for LED lamps.
Very long lifespan
LED tubes have a very long lifespan of 30,000 – 50,000 hours, depending on the type. Also the number of switching cycles is usually 100,000 and more.
No switch-on delay
LED tubes produce their full brightness immediately after switching on. There is no preheating phase or the typical flickering of fluorescent lamps.
The beam angle of LED tubes is 160° for most tubes. Thus they radiate their full light completely into the room. There is no need to use or clean the reflectors.
The LEDs in an LED tube are supplied with DC voltage by the LED driver. The output current is regulated with high frequency in kilohertz range. So no flickering is visible.
No mercury contained
There is no toxic mercury in LED tubes. Due to the electronic components, defective LED tubes must still be disposed of as electrical scrap.
LED tubes are often made of impact-resistant polycarbonate. This makes them insensitive to impacts and shocks.
Disadvantages of LED tubes
Higher purchase costs
The acquisition costs of LED tubes are currently several times higher than those of fluorescent tubes. Due to their long lifespan and high energy efficiency they pay for themselves after just a few years.
Advantages of fluorescent tubes
Depending on the type, fluorescent tubes have a quite high efficiency of 45 to 100 lumens per watt.
Many fluorescent tubes have a color rendering index of Ra 75 to Ra 85. There are now also fluorescent lamps with a Ra > 90. The disadvantage is the decreasing efficiency at high CRI values.
Dimmable with electronic ballast
Whether a fluorescent tube can be dimmed is depending on the used ballast. Conventional ballasts are not suitable for this, but there are special electronic ballasts which can adjust the brightness of the connected tubes.
Relative long lifespan
The lifespan of fluorescent tubes is between 5,000 and 20,000 hours, depending on the type and used ballast. On conventional ballasts, the lifespan of the tubes is more in the range of the lower value. The upper value can most be achieved on an electronic ballast with few switching cycles.
The fluorescent tubes themselves are very cheap. The ballasts, on the other hand, are more expensive, but they have a rather long lifespan.
Disadvantages of fluorescent tubes
Flickering on power-up
Fluorescent tubes with conventional ballasts are known to flicker when switched on. Electronic ballasts also enable fluorescent lamps to be switched on without flickering. However, a short switch-on delay of about one second due to the preheating phase still remains.
360° all-round radiation
Thanks to their design and functional principle, fluorescent tubes radiate their light uniformly in all directions. This is only advantageous in a few situations. In most cases, the light must be directed in the desired direction by a reflector. This also reduces energy efficiency.
120 Hz flickering
When operated with conventional ballasts, fluorescent tubes flicker at each zero crossing of the mains frequency of 60 Hz. The resulting 120 Hz flicker can lead to fatigue and headaches. The strobe effect is particularly dangerous in conjunction with rotating machines:
Despite the high speed, the impression can arise that the shaft of the machine only rotates slowly or even stands still. Electronic ballasts work in the kilohertz range and can reduce the flickering effect.
Contains toxic mercury
Fluorescent tubes contain toxic mercury. Make sure that the tubes do not break when they are replaced. They must also be disposed of as hazardous waste if defective.
The elongated tube is made of thin-walled glass and is sensitive to shocks and vibrations. The tubes must be handled with care, especially because of the toxic substances they contain.
Comparison table: fluorescent vs LED
In the following table you will find a compact overview of the most important details of the fluorescent tube compared to the LED tube.
|Property||LED Tube||Fluorescent Tube|
|Power-up Delay||immediately 100% light||flickering when switched on|
|Beam Direction||directional radiation||360° radiation|
|Efficiency||90 – 150 lm/W||45 – 100 lm/W|
|Color Rendering||up tp Ra 95||up to Ra 90|
|Lighting Quality||flicker-free||120 Hz flickering|
|Dimmability||dimmable type available||with dimmable ECG only|
|Harmful Substances||no mercury||contains toxic mercury|
|Lifespan||30,000 – 50,000 hours||5,000 – 20,000 hours|
|Robustness||resistent polycarbonate||fragile glass|
|Costs||higher acquisition costs||low-cost tubes, expensive ECGs|
LED tubes have almost only advantages compared to fluorescent tubes. After being switched on, these tubes light up immediately with their full light output without flickering. The environmental balance is also very positive due to the absence of mercury and the savings of 40 – 60% in energy consumption. The higher acquisition costs are quickly amortized due to the high efficiency and the long lifespan.
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AISNE Diversity Booklist
Early Childhood Teacher Recommended Diversity Book List
In our world today, we constantly face issues regarding diversity. Sometimes, in the moment, we do not have the words to respond to the many teachable moments our children present. Books can often be used as a tool to facilitate the important discussions needed to raise awareness, affirm thoughts and ideas, and promote a culture of acceptance and inclusivity for our children. The hope is that this list is a resource to all.
Someone Special, Just Like You by Tricia Brown
Photographs and text express the importance of accepting one another and not judging people on the basis of physical appearances or limitations.
Around the World Series: Bread, Bread, Bread / Houses & Homes/ Families/ Shoes, Shoes, Shoes/ Hats, Hats, Hats/ Loving/ Tools by Ann Morris
Each book shows different types of bread, houses, families, shoes and work from all over the world and how people enjoy them.
Whoever You Are by Mem Fox
Despite our differences, people from around the world share many things in common, such as pain, joy and love.
It’s OK To Be Different by Todd Parr
Illustrations and brief text describe all kinds of differences that are ìokayî and that make a person special and important.
Koala Lou by Mem Fox
Koala Lou remembers longingly of the days when she was an only child and the center of her motherís attention. Amongst the many brothers and sisters, Koala Lou cleverly manages to win her mother’s undivided attention once again.
Peter’s Chair by Ezra Jack Keats
When Peter’s baby sister arrives, he is not happy to share any of his old furniture with her. He gradually accepts the changes that having a new sibling brings and willingly helps his father paint his furniture pink for his sister.
Whistle for Willie by Ezra Jack Keats
Peter wants more than anything to learn how to whistle. He is determined and practices blowing till his cheeks are tired. Once he learns, Peter finds amusement in playing a little trick on Willie, his dog.
Wilfrid Gordon McDonald Partridge by Mem Fox Ages 5-8
A little boy uses all sorts of objects from his memory box to help a friend remember special times in her past.
I Love My Hair! by Natasha Anastasia Tarpley
A young African American girl gains appreciation for her hair when she explores the many different ways she can style her hair.
Teammates by Peter Golenbock (Jackie Robinson and Pee Wee Reese)
Ish by Peter Reynolds (ability and getting over perfectionism)
Whoever you are Mem Fox 5-8
Mufaro’s Beautiful Daughters John Steptoe 5-8
The Cay Theodore Taylor 9-12
Pinky and Rex and the Bully James Howe 5-8
The Colors of Us Karen Katz 4-8
Grandfather and I Helen Buckley 3-6
Uncle Jed’s Barbershop Margaree Mitchell 4-8 We have a class set
The Hundred Dresses Eleanor Estes 5-8 We have a set.
Tomas and the Library Lady by Pat Mora Available in English and Spanish.
When Marian Sang Beautiful Picture Biography of Marian Anderson by Pam Munoz Ryan
Sounder William Armstrong (race) Used in Great American Reading Program (GARP) 4thGrade
Bud, Not Buddy Christopher Paul Curtis (Great Depression ) GARP
The Watsons go to Birmingham-1963 Christopher Paul Curtis (Civil Rights Race/) GARP
Esperanza Rising Pam Munoz Ryan (Mexican culture, socio-economic difference) GARP
Maniac Magee Jerry Spinelli (race, ability) GARP also liked by 5th Graders
Number the Stars Lois Lowry (Holocaust) Used in 4th Grade
Applewild Upper School Grades 6-8
- The Misfits by James Howe (Sexual Orientation)
- Loser by Jerry Spinelli (Ability)
- The Boy in the Striped Pajamas by John Boyne (Holocaust)
- The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros (Mexican-American culture, gender, socio-economic differences)
- To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (race, class, ability)
- The Legend of Hong Kil Dong: The Robin Hood of Korea by Anne Sibley O’Brien.
- Holes by Louis Sachar
- Farewell to Manzinar by Jeanne Watkatsuki Houston and James D. Houston (race, internment of Japanese during WWII)
- Night and other books by Elie Wiesel ( religious /ethnic persecution)
- The Help by Kathryn Stockett
- Colored People Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (Race) Autobiography
- Black Boy Richard Wright Race, autobiography, (Used effectively with our 8th graders)
- Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave by Frederick Douglas ed 2006 by Core Knowldege Foundation With notes, extensions and vocabulary for the student reader.
- Booker T. Washington and Education. Lucent Library of Black History 2008
- Nat Turner: Slave Revolt Leader by Terry Bisson
- Liberty or Death: The Surprising Story of Runaway Slaves who sided with the British during the American Revolution by Margaret Whitman Blair
Advanced or higher level books/resources for Teachers/Adults
- Jordan Roll: The World the Slaves Made by Eugene Genovese
- Many Thousands Gone: The first two centuries of Slavery in North America by Ira Berlin
- Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and ìRaceî in New England, 1780-1860 by Joanne Pope Melish
- Clotel or the President’s Daughter: A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States( 1853) by William Wells Brown
- Harlem Book of the Dead Photos by James Van Der See Prose and poems and layout by Owen Dodson and Camille Billips
- Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl(1861) by Harriet Jacobs
- Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell
- The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot
- Let It Shine : Stories of Black Women Freedom Fighters by Andrea David Pinkney
- On The Trail of Sacagawea by Peter Lourie
- Let's Talk About Race by Julius Lester
- Heart and Soul: The Story of America and African Americans by Kadir Nelson
- We Shall Remain: America through Native Eyes.
- Traces of the Trade: A Story from the Deep North
- Something the Lord Made (R rated)
- Glory (R rated)
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Dr. Arturo Menchaca
The search of hidden vaults in historical sites is one of the most exiting tasks in archaeology which has led to surprising discoveries as much in Egypt (Giza) as in Mexico (Monte Albán and Palenque). This fascinating research is complicated in sites where excavation is not allowed and the penetrability of standard techniques, such as radar, is not sufficient. To tackle this problem, 40 years ago the Nobel Price Luis Alvarez proposed the use of modern cosmic ray detection technologies to carry out radiographic style measurements in the Great Pyramid of Chefren, in Egypt, eliminating speculations about undiscovered royal chambers, arisen from the similarity of Chefrén with its neighboring Pyramid of Cheops. These transmission measurements required the unusual existence of a tunnel running under the investigated monument. In Mexico, a tunnel located 8 meters under the Pyramid of the Sun (Teotihuacan) reaching near the center of its base, represented an extraordinary opportunity to carry out an Alvarez-type experiment there. As in Chefren, such a project should serve to test a long standing speculation about the possible existence of a ceremonial burial in the famous Mexican pyramid.
The presentation includes a brief description of the detector, and shows the first images taken during the first two years of operation, discussing their interpretation.
Dr. Arturo Menchaca is the Former President of the Mexican Academy and current director of UNAM's Institute of Physics, the largest research center on this subject in Mexico. He is also the Head of the Experimental Nuclear and High Energy Physics Group at Ifunam. His main research projects include the use of cosmic radiation for the search of hidden chambers on the pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan Mexico, and the development of the V0A detector for the ALICE collaboration in CERN, Geneva. Dr. Menchaca´s talk will describe his fascinating research in the Pyramids of Teotihuacan (Mexico).
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Ideally, for Muslims, every day should be Thanksgiving day. I try to remember that, but of course sometimes I fall short of even spending 2 minutes a day reflecting on God's blessings and expressing my appreciation in simple straightforward words. As such, Thanksgiving is a good reminder.
Despite all of the above, I think it is important people realize the true history behind Thanksgiving. Below are excerpts of an excellent article by Mike Ely which summarizes the often-'forgotten' facts about the early settlers and the origins of some of the American 'values' prevalent today (everything from racism to capitalism). I would say the whole article is a MUST read.
In mid-winter 1620 the English ship Mayflower landed on the North American coast, delivering 102 Puritan exiles. The original Native people of this stretch of shoreline had already been killed off. In 1614 a British expedition had landed there. When they left they took 24 Indians as slaves and left smallpox behind. Three years of plague wiped out between 90 and 96 percent of the inhabitants of the coast, destroying most villages completely.
The Puritans landed and built their colony called "the Plymouth Plantation" near the deserted ruins of the Indian village of Pawtuxet. They ate from abandoned cornfields grown wild. Only one Pawtuxet named Squanto had survived--he had spent the last years as a slave to the English and Spanish in Europe. Squanto spoke the colonists' language and taught them how to plant corn and how to catch fish until the first harvest. Squanto also helped the colonists negotiate a peace treaty with the nearby Wampanoag tribe, led by the chief Massasoit.
These were very lucky breaks for the colonists. The first Virginia settlement had been wiped out before they could establish themselves. Thanks to the good will of the Wampanoag, the Puritans not only survived their first year but had an alliance with the Wampanoags that would give them almost two decades of peace.
John Winthrop, a founder of the Massahusetts Bay colony considered this wave of illness and death to be a divine miracle. He wrote to a friend in England, "But for the natives in these parts, God hath so pursued them, as for 300 miles space the greatest part of them are swept away by smallpox which still continues among them. So as God hath thereby cleared our title to this place, those who remain in these parts, being in all not 50, have put themselves under our protection."
The deadly impact of European diseases and the good will of the Wampanoag allowed the Puritans to survive their first year.
In celebration of their good fortune, the colony's governor, William Bradford, declared a three-day feast of thanksgiving after that first harvest of 1621.
Read on at CounterPunch
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The Most Courageous Woman to Ever Live in the PNW Has a Bridge Named After Her in Wallula
As you approach the junction of Highway 12 and Highway 730 there is a park and an abandoned bridge named in memory of Marie “Madame” Dorion.
Who was Marie Dorion and why is there a park named after her in Wallula Gap?
Marie Dorion was one of the strongest women to ever live. Her amazing story is filled with feats of near-death survival, mass murder, and heartache, but against all the odds, somehow she survived multiple harsh and horrific journeys through what is now Oregon and Washington. Her story is so heroic it is surprising Hollywood hasn’t put it on the big screen.
According to the National Women’s History Museum, Marie Dorion was a Native American woman born in 1786. When she was in her teens she met and married French Canadian fur trader, Pierre Dorion, who was known as the first white resident of South Dakota. Marie and Pierre spoke many variations of Native American languages. This afforded them offers to act as guides and interpreters and they accepted a job on the second long expedition to the Pacific coast. The first long expedition to the coast was the well-known Lewis and Clark expedition which included another famous Native American woman, Sacajawea. History shows Marie Dorion’s journey was long and wildly more challenging than Sacajawea’s, as Dorion traveled over 3500 miles and persevered through incredible odds, and suffered great losses along the way.
Marie Dorion is most notably remembered for helping lead a group of fur traders (all men) through the Oregon Trail. She was only in her mid-20s and during the long journey, the group was repeatedly attacked by gangs and Native American tribes which eventually would leave her alone in the frigid wilderness fighting for her life.
1811 The Loss of a Child
In 1811, Marie became pregnant with their third child, and in December, during the group’s trek to the Pacific coast, Marie and Pierre were left behind in North Powder, Oregon while she gave birth. Tragically, the baby died. After taking only a few days to mourn their loss, they began their journey again and eventually caught up with the group, making it to Astoria, Oregon in February of 1812.
“Bad Snakes” and Murder
After the expedition ended in Astoria, Oregon, the Dorions joined another fur trading group and made their way to Idaho where they built a trading post at the mouth of the Boise River. They also constructed remote trapping camps in the surrounding mountains. And, while Pierre and another fellow were in these remote camps, the Shoshone tribe, who Marie had a good relationship with, warned her that Pierre was likely in danger from a gang called, the “Bad Snakes”. It was cold with heavy snow, yet Marie grabbed her children and horses and made a three-day journey to the remote camps, where she found her husband gruesomely murdered. Distraught and cold, Marie left her dead husband and traveled back to the main camp. When she arrived she discovered that all the men involved with the fur trading group had been scalped and brutally murdered by the “Bad Snakes”.
A Cold and Lonely Journey
Now, she was alone in the wilderness with her two boys, surrounded by the remains of her fellow fur trading members. Marie rounded up what supplies they had and left the area, traveling for months through frigid temperatures and heavy snow in the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. Running out of provisions, Marie had no choice but to slaughter her horse to feed herself and her sons. She even used parts of the horse hide as shelter from the cold. Miraculously, they survived through winter and they continued west for 250 miles - stopping at the Columbia River where the Walla Walla tribe welcomed them into their camp.
Marie Dorion’s Final Years
Marie married again in 1819 and moved to what is now known as Okanogan, WA. Not long after, her second husband was also killed by Native Americans. From there, she and her children moved to the Willamette Valley in Oregon. She remained there until her death in 1850.
There are many tributes to “Madame Dorion” along the Walla Walla River, including a memorial park and bridge near highway 12 and highway 730 junction in Wallula. Marie Dorion will always be known as, “the Madonna of the Old Oregon Trail”.
Why is the original Madame Dorion Bridge abandoned and separated?
I wasn’t able to find an answer to this question. The bridge was only in use from 1931 to 1949 when it was partially dismantled. It remains in the same condition today and is viewable from the park and the overpass on Highway 12. The image below was taken in 1961. It's amazing to see how much the area has changed.
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As a parent of 2 young children myself, I am acutely aware of the importance of looking after children’s teeth and getting them into good habits. It’s never too early to start.
We encourage you to bring your child along with you as early as possible so they can get used to the surroundings, preparing them for future visits. We are very accustomed to having children in the surgery and like to build relationships with families, working in partnership with you to help protect your child’s teeth.
As Dentists, our number one concern is to conserve the natural teeth for as long as possible. Following a good daily Oral Hygiene routine is the key to this but we can also, as Dentists, provide additional protection through treatments like fissure sealing.
Fissure Sealants offer a simple way of protecting a child’s permanent molar teeth against decay, as it’s easy for food particles to get stuck in the tiny fissures on the chewing surface, meaning decay can set in. Treatment involves the tooth surface being chemically cleaned and a thin film of liquid plastic being run into the fissures which then sets hard thereby sealing the fissures. The plastic naturally wears away over time.
Following a good daily Oral Hygiene routine is essential for everyone, young or old. And it’s down to us, as adults, to make sure children’s teeth are protected – by monitoring brushing and diet, by being aware of things that could damage teeth or cause decay and by making children comfortable about coming to the surgery.
Tooth decay is the main cause of toothache in children. In fact, you will probably be alarmed to learn that around a third of children aged 5-12 have visible signs of decay, according to the British Dental Health Foundation.
So, please ask us if you’d like any tips or advice and feel free to bring your child along with you to your next appointment, so they can get used to the surgery, or book them in for a Check-up of their own.
For Under-16s General Dental Treatments, please refer to our Price List.
Want to learn more? Then why not check out our Children’s Teeth FAQs.
Please visit the Testimonials site to see what our Patients have to say.
© Copyright 2014 The Whyte House Dental Practice. All Rights Reserved.
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(CNN)Here's some background information about the 1965 Selma to Montgomery March in Alabama.
Throughout March of 1965, a group of demonstrators faced violence as they attempted to march from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand the right to vote for black people.
One of the pivotal days was March 7, when 17 people were injured by police, including future Congressman John Lewis. Since that time, March 7th has been known as "Bloody Sunday."
The march has been reenacted many times on its anniversary.
It is about 50 miles (80km) from Selma to Montgomery.
February 1965 - Marches and demonstrations over voter registration prompt Alabama Governor George C. Wallace to ban nighttime demonstrations in Selma and Marion, Alabama.
February 18, 1965 - During a march in Marion, state troopers attack the demonstrators. State trooper James Bonard Fowler shoots and kills Jimmie Lee Jackson. Fowler was charged with murder in 2007 and pleaded guilty to manslaughter in 2010.
March 7, 1965 - About 600 people begin a march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama, led by John Lewis and Hosea Williams. Marchers demand an end to discrimination in voter registration. At the Edmund Pettus Bridge, state and local lawmen attack the marchers with billy clubs and tear gas, driving them back to Selma.
March 9, 1965 - Martin Luther King, Jr. leads another march to the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The march is largely symbolic; as arranged previously, the crowd turns back at a barricade of state troopers. Demonstrations are held in cities across the U.S. to show solidarity with the Selma marchers.
March 9, 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson speaks out against the violence in Selma and urges both sides to respect the law.
March 9, 1965 - Unitarian Universalist minister James Reeb, in Selma to join marchers, is attacked by a group of white men and beaten. He dies of his injuries two days later.
March 10, 1965 - The U.S. Justice Department files suit in Montgomery, Alabama asking for an order to prevent the state from punishing any person involved in a demonstration for civil rights.
March 17, 1965 - Federal District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. rules in favor of the marchers. "The law is clear that the right to petition one's government for the redress of grievances may be exercised in large groups."
March 18, 1965 - Governor Wallace goes before the state legislature to condemn Johnson's ruling. He states that Alabama cannot provide the security measures needed, blames the federal government, and says he will call on the federal government for help.
March 19, 1965 - Wallace sends a telegram to President Johnson asking for help, saying that the state does not have enough troops and cannot bear the financial burden of calling up the Alabama National Guard.
March 20, 1965 - President Johnson issues an executive order federalizing the Alabama National Guard and authorizes whatever federal forces the Defense Secretary deems necessary.
March 21, 1965 - About 3,200 people march out of Selma for Montgomery under the protection of federal troops. They walk about 12 miles a day and sleep in fields at night.
March 25, 1965 - The marchers reach the state capitol in Montgomery. The number of marchers grows to about 25,000.
August 6, 1965 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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A dental implant is a replacement for the root of your tooth.
A dental implant provides the perfect solution to replace a missing or many missing teeth. Once placed, the implant can provide a platform on which to build. It can then help support the visible part of the tooth that you can see. For example, it can hold a new crown, part of a fixed bridge or removable denture.
Dental implants are made of biocompatible titanium. The surface of the implant has been specially treated and roughened to allow your own bone cells to grow onto the implant, fixing it to the bone, so that the implant becomes rock solid. This process is called osseo-integration.
Dental implants were first used over 30 years ago. There is now a wealth of clinical research to show that dental implants can provide the best long term solution to missing teeth.
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Quick facts and care essentials
Colorado Spruce Quick facts:
- Climate zones 1-6, 10, 14-17, 32-45
- Full sun
- Regular to moderate water
- Growth rate: slow to moderate
This is a broadly pyramidal conifer with stiff, regular, horizontal branches; it eventually reaches 60 feet or higher and 25 feet across. Depending on the variety, the sharp needles vary in color from dark green through all shades of blue green to steely blue and silver. Colorado spruce is the only spruce that will succeed in the Southwest and lower Midwest.
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You are probably aware that the role of technology and its use in the current and in the future education system in linked and will be more interconnected in future.
In the 21-st century, an increasing number of teachers are using different classroom technologies like smart boards, tablet computers, smartphones, projectors, digital videos, and games which are undoubtedly are great tools for helping students learn.
Technology as an aid that should solve problems for students and teachers, but we will have to wait for the time when we will have the technology fully replacing the current educational scheme.
So far I can say that these are the top reasons to say “Yes” to technology integration in education.
Students love using technology
It is a proven fact, they do. The interest of all students in technology allows teachers to vary activities of the day and engage students. Most of the students spend hours using smartphones, and other technologies like laptop, tablets, and television when they get home from school, so why not use these tools in their learning through these devices?
Power of collaboration
The power of internet used in the direction of collaborating is not new to the world. It provides a unique opportunity to engage a group of students, makes them more interested and bringing better results in the learning process. Whether it is a case where a student has to read an audio book, to get help in storytelling, view video lectures, clear any doubts, test listening skills, or doing a custom activity, there are so many useful tools for student-to-student and student-to-teacher interaction and collaborative learning, that it will be negligence not to make use of them.
Communication in real time
Some areas of studying, for example, language learning and special education, spend more time on auditory listening skills, due to the nature of the study. This will provide students an opportunity to hear native speakers have a conversation and with this help, they learn the best way possible of coping in real life. Good tools like Duolingo, Starfall and Babbel are of great help to students for language learning.
Real-World Experts lessons
When you want to connect the students to real-world experts and rich resources, only the sky is the limit. Students can use tools like Twitter for research, and with the growth of open online resources, MOOCs, you can engage them with content from the smartest and best teachers in the world. With the help of podcasts and free online videos in the digital age, learning never stops and improves all the time.
By using new technologies students learn skills’ set that will help them in their future career and life development. It is not only students who benefit from technology. The teachers are using technology for their own development, as well. One of the great places for them is Google Hangout for Teacher Development.
The education technology industry is getting larger and the educational institutions with the help of educational professionals using technology should utilize it properly for the development of their students and teachers – so that they can better know and understand technology and its role in education (teaching and learning).
Making life easier for teachers
Teachers have a variety of tasks outside of teaching. They have to plan the lessons, attend it, grade the students, take care of the discipline, meet with the parents, and plus some administrative work.
For all these purposes they can they use tools like Learnboost, Engrade, BetterLesson, EduCreations, and Eliademy to ease their tasks.
Learning should be fun
The use of technology in education can help learning fun through gamification, game-based learning or quest-based learning. Educators in schools and colleges who have practiced game-based learning have been mesmerized to see the results.
Teachers, who never believe that students can be encouraged for their homework, now believe in this. This is the reason why teachers should be encouraged for flipping their classrooms.
With the concept of Flipped Classroom, students easily overcome barriers during the class, by quickly removing frustration and irritation that is sometimes developed in the learning process. Teachers are using various tools like TEDEd and Khan Academy to flip their lessons and have time in the classroom to clear the doubts and try it.
Students who want to go home and rest after school are not usually eager to put their head in a book, but would rather spend time on the Internet playing games. This is why we should channelize the learning process of students through the Internet and games.
Students need to be surrounded by good teachers wherever they go, whether physically or virtually. By encouraging the students to use social media in education the vital role is to stay connected with your students and to encourage them for their homework with guidance.
Although using new technology has an initial investment, it will save money to the schools by multiplying the number of teachers in a classroom. So, instead of having one teacher teaching twenty students, adding technology will increase the number of functional-teachers in the classroom and free up the real teacher to answer questions and help students. With the ability to use free content online, teachers will not have to spend as much on curriculum or resources.
This infographic shows why technology should be used in education.
“Teachers will not be replaced by technology, but teachers who don’t use technology will be replaced by those who do.”
Tell me what you think on the education and teachers interconnections? What are your reasons to use or not to use technology in education?
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More than 50% of devices running Google's Android mobile operating system (OS) have unpatched vulnerabilities, opening them up to malicious apps and other attacks.
Security provider Duo Bulletin assessed 20,000 Android devices worldwide with its X-Ray scanner. The scanner is a mobile app that performs vulnerability assessments by identifying known, yet unpatched, vulnerabilities on the device that could be exploited.
Duo Bulletin says this statistic is a “fairly conservative estimate” which identifies the importance of expedient patching. The company also points to carriers and device manufacturers for poorly addressing this element of mobile security.
Android is one of the most used platforms in the world, yet it is very susceptible to security attacks.
In August, Google introduced stricter rules for applications on its Android mobile OS to reduce the number of malicious apps in the Google Play app market and improve its reputation. The revised Google Android developer policy includes new rules on app naming and a ban on apps that disclose personal information without permission.
More about Android security
Prior to this tightening of Google Play regulations, 100,000 Android devices in China were affected by a Trojan malware, called MMarketPay.A. The virus, hidden in applications which appeared to be legitimate, was designed to purchase apps and content without the consent of the device user, running up high mobile bills.
Additionally, at the beginning of September, an Android SMS malware firm was fined £50,000, by the UK premium phone services regulator PhonepayPlus. The company, SMSBill, produced a malicious Facebook link that led to malware being downloaded onto Android smartphones.
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WHAT IS ANXIETY?
Anxiety is a state of agitation or restlessness of the soul, this means that it is a psychic disturbance characterized by a state of extreme insecurity and restlessness. The main signs and symptoms of anxiety are sweating, tachycardia, blushing, piloerection, apprehension, fear, restlessness, shocks, tremors, among others. There is talk of pathological anxiety when responses far from being adaptive become a problem due to their exaggeration. Thus, anxiety can be exogenous primary, whether it is childhood phobias, or endogenous primary due to an anxiety crisis. Stress can be one of the triggers of anxiety. Stress increases the heart and respiratory rate, and the release of catecholamines (before the possibility of aggression) that causes an increase in blood pressure and an increase in oxygen consumption at the muscular level. So the pain threshold decreases.
Stress and anxiety, related to the dental office visit, can trigger anginal attacks in the office. Therefore, staff must be prepared / trained for these situations. Stress causes:
- Increased blood pressure
- Increased muscle function
- Increased secretion of endogenous catecholamines.
Before an effort, the coronary patient increases his myocardial oxygen demands, just like the normal subject but, unlike this, loses the ability to increase the flow.
THE FORMS OF ANXIETY RELATED TO DENTISTRY
Pain has a purpose: to warn that the environment represents a danger for the organism itself; in this way the individual reacts with a defense mechanism that, in the long run if repeated, ends up being a reflex. Thanks to this repetitive experience, and also, above all, to mechanisms of association, anxiety protects the organism by anticipating danger, first stimulating a state of alertness or an evasion reaction that precedes the defense or fight phase already declared. The anxious note more pain. In addition to this decrease in pain threshold there is also an increase in medication tolerance. That’s why the dentist has to know how to treat that anxiety.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRATEGY OF THE DENTIST
When the dentist-patient interaction is very good, we could risk saying that there are plenty of other pain control methods that are not purely local anesthesia. It is the dentist (not parents or relatives etc.) who has to play the role of “driver” and provide all the necessary and accurate information about what is going to happen and who verbally explains what has happened and why that pain has occurred. The participation of the patient is very important, for example, to tell him to raise his hand when it hurts (he becomes in control of the pain), to inform him exactly when the intervention will last, the steps that we will follow … Then, the patient when checking that the The intervention has come out as the dentist had said, he is gaining confidence.
MECHANISMS OF STRESS CONTROL
In the office there should be a relaxing music with adequate coloration to provide patient relaxation and avoid anxious situations. In addition, at a higher age there is a high percentage of polymedicated patients, which increases the likelihood of drug interactions. There should be good pain control, being able to guarantee patient analgesia. All this can increase anxiety, anxiety is transformed into stress. So for the control of pain and to ensure the non-perception of pain by patients, good analgesia should be done.
A local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor is used for local analgesia. A slow injection with a continuous aspiration, avoiding making quarters of rotation so that if you are inside a glass, when you perform the aspiration you can collapse this glass and have a false negative aspiration, that is why, when making small turns it can be ensured that it is not inside a glass. The total dose of adrenaline should never exceed 0.2mg in a healthy adult or 0.04mg in a cardiac patient, that is, a maximum of 4 carpules of local anesthesia.
METHODS AND ATTITUDES TO TAKE TO REDUCE ANXIETY IN THE DENTIST
In the attitudes that must be taken by the dentist, three parts are distinguished:
- Before treatment
- During treatment
- Anxiety at the dentist
Before treatment, the patient should be listened carefully to the patient. Find all possible causes of anxiety in the patient and thus be able to combat them. It is important to explain to the patient in a clear way the treatment plan, attending to it according to their intellectual level. The environment in the office should be a relaxing environment. Finally, treatments should be carried out progressively and always taking into account the use of anxiolytics when necessary.
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A major new discovery about the sea levels of the planet 100,000 years ago could have major implications for how we understand the current state of our planet.
A new study published recently comes to the incredible conclusion that ocean temperatures are now about where they were more than 100,000 years ago, when sea levels were 20 or even 30 feet higher than they are now. It’s a head-scratching finding that causes scientists to question why we are not seeing those sea levels today, and if our understanding of sea levels from ages ago are even accurate given what we now know about climate change.
The Earth has fluctuated between warming and cooling trends over the billions of years it has been around. Scientists have been able to identify these trends and when they happened by examining ancient rock and ice. But there’s a problem: based on what we now know about climate change, its effects aren’t spread out over the globe equally, as some areas get hotter than others, meaning that perhaps we are often getting an inaccurate snapshot of one area when we look into the past.
That’s why a lot more work will need to be done to understand this latest, study, which claims that the last interglacial period that happened between 129,000 and 116,000 years ago had similar temperatures to our current planet, but with a global sea level that was much, much higher.
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The bones of the foot are one of the most commonly broken bones in your body, making a broken foot one of the most common types of bone fractures. A foot fracture is also one of the most difficult types of injuries to heal from because you cannot avoid using your feet, hence the healing process is lengthier. Recovery is often much longer than a comparable fracture to your hand or arm. If as the result of the carelessness or neglect of another person you have fallen from a height or had an object come into contact with your foot and suffered a broken foot, a San Diego foot fracture lawyer can help you. A broken foot attorney will help you obtain the medical treatment you need and see to it that your medical bills are paid, and also hold accountable the negligent parties who caused your injuries.
A very in intricate structure of bones, muscles ,and tendons, and having a skeletal structure quite similar to the hand, the human foot is made up of 26 bones called phalanges, tarsals, and metatarsals. The phalanges are 14 small bones that make up the skeletal structure of your little toes and big toe, similar to the 14 phalanges of the hand that make up the skeletal structure of your fingers and thumb. The metatarsals are 5 bones that make up the skeletal structure of your forefoot, similar to the 5 metacarpals that make up the skeletal structure of the hand. The tarsals are 7 bones that make up the midfoot and hindfoot, much like the carpals make up the part of the hand that connects to the wrist.
The bones of the foot are made to withstand a lot more pressure and stress than the bones of the hand, and can support the force of many times your body weight, such as when you jump or land on your feet. Still, these bones are not indestructible. Quite the contrary, they can and do break frequently. Even the heel bone, called the calcaneus, which one of the tarsals and is the biggest and strongest bone in your foot, is prone to being fractured.
When your foot becomes broken, you become immobilized. You cannot walk, cannot drive, and if your job involves standing on your feet, you cannot even work. For this reason, foot injuries, no matter the degree of severity, are a serious type of injury that can have a serious effect upon your normal daily activities and duties. A broken foot is a very debilitating injury that can really inhibit and restrict your daily life.
If you have suffered a broken foot as a result of an accident caused by someone else’s negligence or carelessness, a San Diego broken foot lawyer at Injury Law Group will fight vigorously for your legal rights in order to obtain full payment of all of your medical bills and the maximum financial compensation for your pain and suffering or lost wages for the time you were unable to work.
If your work involves working on your feet and as a result of a foot fracture of foot injury cannot return to your normal job duties, you may be entitled to additional compensation for your loss of future earning capacity. An experienced foot fracture and broken foot attorney can hold accountable the person who caused you injuries and obtain financial compensation for you and your family to compensate you for your future loss of earning capacity at your normal job.
Contact Injury Law Group today to speak with a San Diego foot fracture attorney and ensure that your legal rights are protected. Our injury lawyers will fight hard for you and your family’s legal rights so that you can focus on recovery.
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Pulmonary embolusVenous thromboembolism; Lung blood clot; Blood clot - lung; Embolus; Tumor embolus; Embolism - pulmonary; DVT - pulmonary embolism; Thrombosis - pulmonary embolism; Pulmonary thromboembolism; PE
A pulmonary embolus is a blockage of an artery in the lungs. The most common cause of the blockage is a blood clot.
A pulmonary embolus is most often caused by a blood clot that develops in a vein outside the lungs. The most common blood clot is one in a deep vein of the thigh or in the pelvis (hip area). This type of clot is called a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The blood clot breaks off and travels to the lungs where it lodges.
Less common causes include air bubbles, fat droplets, amniotic fluid, or clumps of parasites or tumor cells.
You are more likely to get this condition if you or your family has a history of blood clots or certain clotting disorders. A pulmonary embolus may occur:
- After childbirth
- After heart attack, heart surgery, or stroke
- After severe injuries, burns, or fractures of the hips or thigh bone
- After surgery, most commonly bone, joint, or brain surgery
- During or after a long plane or car ride
- If you have cancer
- If you take birth control pills or estrogen therapy
- Long-term bed rest or staying in one position for a long time
Disorders that may lead to blood clots include:
- Diseases of the immune system that make it harder for the blood to clot.
- Inherited disorders that make the blood more likely to clot. One such disorder is antithrombin III deficiency.
Main symptoms of a pulmonary embolism include chest pain that may be any of the following:
- Under the breastbone or on one side
- Sharp or stabbing
- Burning, aching, or a dull, heavy sensation
- Often gets worse with deep breathing
- You may bend over or hold your chest in response to the pain
Other symptoms may include:
- Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting
- Low oxygen level in blood (hypoxemia)
- Fast breathing or wheezing
- Fast heart rate
- Feeling anxious
- Leg pain, redness, or swelling
- Low blood pressure
- Sudden cough, possibly coughing up blood or bloody mucus
- Shortness of breath that starts suddenly during sleep or on exertion
- Low grade fever
- Bluish skin (cyanosis) -- less common
Exams and Tests
The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms and medical history.
The following lab tests may be done to see how well your lungs are working:
- Arterial blood gases
- Pulse oximetry
The following imaging tests can help determine where the blood clot is located:
- Chest x-ray
- CT angiogram of the chest
- Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan, also called a V/Q scan
- CT pulmonary angiogram
Other tests that may be done include:
Blood tests may be done to check if you have an increased chance of blood clotting, including:
- Antiphospholipid antibodies
- Genetic testing to look for changes that make you more likely to develop blood clots
- Lupus anticoagulant
- Protein C and protein S levels
A pulmonary embolus requires treatment right away. You may need to stay in the hospital:
- You will receive medicines to thin the blood and make it less likely your blood will form more clots.
- In cases of severe, life-threatening pulmonary embolism, treatment may involve dissolving the clot. This is called thrombolytic therapy. You will receive medicines to dissolve the clot.
Whether or not you need to stay in the hospital, you will likely need to take medicines at home to thin the blood:
- You may be given pills to take or you may need to give yourself injections.
- For some medicines, you will need blood tests to monitor your dosage.
- How long you need to take these medicines depends mostly on the cause and size of your blood clot.
- Your provider will talk to you about the risk of bleeding problems when you take these medicines.
If you cannot take blood thinners, your provider may suggest surgery to place a device called an inferior vena cava filter (IVC filter). This device is placed in the main vein in your belly. It keeps large clots from traveling into the blood vessels of the lungs. Sometimes, a temporary filter can be placed and removed later.
How well a person recovers from a pulmonary embolus can be hard to predict. It often depends on:
- What caused the problem in the first place (for example, cancer, major surgery, or an injury)
- The size of the blood clot in the lungs
- If the blood clot dissolves over time
Some people can develop long-term heart and lung problems.
Death is possible in people with a severe pulmonary embolism.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911), if you have symptoms of pulmonary embolus.
Blood thinners may be prescribed to help prevent DVT in people at high risk, or those who are undergoing high-risk surgery.
If you had a DVT, your provider will prescribe pressure stockings. Wear them as instructed. They will improve blood flow in your legs and reduce your risk for blood clots.
Moving your legs often during long plane trips, car trips, and other situations in which you are sitting or lying down for long periods can also help prevent DVT. People at very high risk for blood clots may need shots of a blood thinner called heparin when they take a flight that lasts longer than 4 hours.
Do not smoke. If you smoke, quit. Women who are taking estrogen must stop smoking. Smoking increases your risk of developing blood clots.
Goldhaber SZ. Pulmonary embolism. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 84.
Kline JA. Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 78.
Morris TA, Fedullo PF. Pulmonary thromboembolism. In: Broaddus VC, Mason RJ, Ernst JD, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 57.
Lungs - illustration
Respiratory system - illustration
Pulmonary embolus - illustration
Review Date: 9/24/2019
Reviewed By: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris), largest and most marine weasel, lives exclusively in shallow seas of the N Pacific, formerly from Japan to California. Ruthless hunting for their valuable pelts almost exterminated sea otters before 1900. A few survived in Alaska and California. Protection has permitted them to increase and reoccupy much of their former range. Transplants to SE Alaska and British Columbia have been successful.
Males reach 1.6 m in length and 36 kg in weight; females about 3/4 of this. The body is long; tail and legs short. Forefeet are padlike and have sharp claws; hind feet are flippers and fully furred. The head is broad, flattish with small ears. The animal is dark brown, frequently with a whitish face. Fur so dense that water cannot penetrate provides insulation; there is no blubber.
Reproduction and Development
Although concentrated in June, some breeding occurs in all months; most births occur in summer. The single pup may be born ashore (Alaska) or at sea (California) and is nursed about 11 months. Pups are carried on the female's chest as she swims belly up. They are groomed frequently to maintain waterproofing. Females breed in alternate years. See also Endangered animals; Fur trade.
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
A summary of the important points of a longer document. An abstract of a published judicial opinion prepared by a law student as part of an assignment in the Case Method study of law. A written document drawn up by an attorney for a party in a lawsuit or by a party himself or herself appearing pro se that concisely states the following: (1) issues of a lawsuit; (2) facts that bring the parties to court; (3) relevant laws that can affect the subject of the dispute; and (4) arguments that explain how the law applies to the particular facts so that the case will be decided in the party's favor.
A brief may also contain a synopsis of the evidence and name the witnesses to be presented during the trial. Copies of briefs must be submitted to the court where the case will be heard and to the opposing party.
An appellate brief is a writing that must be filed with an appellate court so that the court may evaluate whether the decision of the lower court should be reversed because of some error or impropriety that occurred during the trial. A statement of the issues presented for review, a summary of how pertinent laws affect the facts, and a statement of the relief being requested are essential elements of an appellate brief. The appellee's brief will argue that the lower court acted properly in its judgment and request its affirmance, while the appellant's brief will attempt to convince the court to reverse or vacate the lower court's judgment because it acted improperly.
See also the Milestones in the Law and Appendix volumes for examples.
1) n. a written legal argument, usually in a format prescribed by the courts, stating the legal reasons for the suit based on statutes, regulations, case precedents, legal texts, and reasoning applied to facts in the particular situation. A brief is submitted to lay out the argument for various petitions and motions before the court (sometimes called "points and authorities"), to counter the arguments of opposing lawyers, and to provide the judge or judges with reasons to rule in favor of the party represented by the brief writer. Occasionally on minor or follow-up legal issues, the judge will specify that a letter or memorandum brief will be sufficient. On appeals and certain other major arguments, the brief is bound with color-coded covers stipulated in state and/or federal court rules. Ironically, although the term was originally intended to mean a brief or summary argument (shorter than an oral presentation), legal briefs are quite often notoriously long. 2) v. to summarize a precedent case or lay out in writing a legal argument. Attentive law students "brief" each case in their casebooks, which means extracting the rule of law, the reasoning (rationale), the essential facts, and the outcome. 3) to give a summary of important information to another person. (See: precedent)
briefadjective abbreviated, abridged, aphoristic, bare, brisk, close, cometary, compact, compendious, compressed, concise, condensed, contracted, cursory, cut short, elliptical, ephemeral, epigrammatic, epitomized, exact, fading, fleeting, hasty, hurried, laconic, limited, meteoric, momentary, not protracted, passing, pithy, precise, quick, reduced, sententious, short, short-term, slight, small, sparing of words, speedy, succinct, sudden, summarized, summary, swift, temporary, to the point, transient, transitory, trenchant, unprolonged, volatile
Associated concepts: brief description, brief statement, brief summary
briefnoun abridgment, account, argument, capsule, compendium, condensation, conspectus, depiction, digest, extract, legal abstract, legal document, legal epitome, legal memorandum, memorandum, memorandum of law, outline, outline on the law, profile, representation, sketch, statement of the case, summary, summary on the law, synopsis, thumbnail sketch, vignette
Associated concepts: amicus curiae, appellate brief, brief of evidence, points and authorities, reply brief, responsive brief
See also: abridgment, abstract, account, apprise, capsule, compact, compendium, concise, cursory, digest, direct, disabuse, dossier, edify, educate, ephemeral, impart, indicate, inform, instruct, laconic, memorandum, minimal, note, notify, outline, paraphrase, pithy, report, restatement, scenario, succinct, summary, synopsis, temporary, transient, transitory, volatile
It usually involves a history of the case in question and presents arguments and authority.
BRIEF, eccl. law. The name of a kind of papal rescript. Briefs are writings sealed with wax, and differ in this respect from bulls, (q. v.) which are scaled with lead. They are so called, because they usually are short compendious writings. Ayl. Parerg. 132. See Breve.
BRIEF, practice. An abridged statement of a party's case.
2. It should contain : 1st. A statement of the names of the parties, and of their residence and occupation, the character in which they sue and are sued, and wherefore they prosecute or resist the action. 2d. An abridgment of all the pleadings. 3d. A regular, chronological, and methodical statement of the facts in plain common language. 4th. A summary of the points or questions in issue, and of the proof which is to support such issues, mentioning specially the names of the witnesses by which the facts are to be proved, or if there be written evidence, an abstract of such evidence. 5th. The personal character of the witnesses should be mentioned; whether the moral character is good or bad, whether they are naturally timid or over-zealous, whether firm or wavering. 6th. If known, the evidence of the opposite party, and such facts as are adapted to oppose, confute, or repel it. Perspicuity and conciseness are the most desirable qualities of a brief, but when the facts are material they cannot be too numerous when the argument is pertinent and weighty, it cannot be too extended.
3. Brief is also used in the sense of breve. (q. v.)
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Antoninus, or Little Antony, as he was called from his small stature, was born at Florence in 1389.
After a childhood of singular holiness, he begged to be admitted into the Dominican house at Fiesole; but the Superior, to test his sincerity and perseverance, told him he must first learn by heart the book of the Decretals, containing several hundred pages.
This apparently impossible task was accomplished within twelve months; and Antoninus received the coveted habit in his sixteenth year.
While still very young, he filled several important posts of his Order, and was consulted on questions of difficulty by the most learned men of his day; being known, for his wonderful prudence, as “the Counsellor.”
He wrote several works on theology and history, and sat as Papal Theologian at the Council of Florence.
In 1446 he was compelled to accept the archbishopric of that city; and in this dignity earned for himself the title of “the Father of the Poor,” for all he had was at their disposal.
St. Antoninus never refused an alms which was asked in the name of God.
When he had no money, he gave his clothes, shoes, or furniture.
One day, being sent by the Florentines to the Pope, as he approached Rome a beggar came up to him almost naked, and asked him for an alms for Christ’s sake.
Outdoing St. Martin, Antoninus gave him his whole cloak.
When he entered the city, another was given him; by whom he knew not.
His household consisted of only six persons; his palace contained no plate or costly furniture, and was often nearly destitute of the necessaries of life.
His one mule was frequently sold for the relief of the poor, when it would be bought back for him by some wealthy citizen.
He died embracing the crucifix, May 5th, 1459, often repeating the words, “To serve God is to reign.”
(SOURCE: Lives of the Saints, by Alban Butler, Benziger Bros. ed. )
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As a general rule, consult a copy of Perrin (Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 4th Ed; http://books.google.com/books?id=SYzm1tx2z3QC) for further details on how to purify your solvents. These days many laboratories will use a commercially available solvent purification system, others will distil solvents using more traditional techniques.
Tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, dimethylformamide, chloroform, acetonitrile, methanol, diethyl ether and toluene are all commonly used solvents, and in many cases they are required in anhydrous form. In some cases there are multiple ways to dry a given solvent. Here are some suggestions:
- THF (Tetrahydrofuran): distilled from sodium benzophenone ketyl. Add sodium wire and benzophenone to a volume of THF (pre-dried over calcium hydride or 4A molecular sieves), heat at reflux/under nitrogen for several hours until the solvent turns deep blue in colour. This indicates the solvent is dry, and you can distill off the volume you require. With time (weeks-maybe months if used correctly) the still will turn orange, this indicates that it is time to make a new one!
- DCM (Dichloromethane): pre-dry over calcium hydride, then distil over calcium hydride... unfortunately no colorimetric indicator to tell you when the solvent is dry.
- MeCN (Acetonitrile): pre-dry by shaking with type 4A molecular sieves, the distil over calcium hydride. Dried acetonitrile can be stored over 4A molecular sieves.
- Diethyl ether: distilled from sodium benzophenone ketyl (see THF), will turn a deep purple/blue colour when dry.
- Methanol: For most purposes, drying over 3A molecular sieves overnight followed by distillation is sufficient. Alternatively, the methanol can be dried from magnesium methoxide. Magnesium turnings (5 g) and iodine (0.5 g) are refluxed in a small (50-100 mL) quantity of dry methanol (from a previous batch) until all of the magnesium has reacted. The mixture is diluted (up to 1 L) with reagent grade methanol, refluxed for 2-3 hours then distilled under nitrogen.
- DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide): Decomposes slowly at room temperature and more rapidly at reflux, releasing dimethylamine and carbon monoxide. This decomposition is catalysed by acidic and basic impurities, and standing DMF for several hours at room temperature with basic drying agents such as calcium hydride or sodium hydroxide leads to noticeable decomposition. Dry DMF can be prepared by drying overnight over barium oxide or 4A molecular sieves, followed by decantation of the drying agent and vacuum distillation (~20 mmHg is a sufficient vacuum to lower the boiling point over DMF to a reasonable value). Dry DMF can be stored over 4A molecular sieves.
As a general precaution ethers can produce explosive peroxides, making distillation of these solvents hazardous. If one is available, use a blast guard (really thick piece of pyrex? attached to a stand), and do not use stills once they have passed their use-by date. The process of distillation also removes the stabilisers that are added to the ethers, consquently distilled ethers should not be stored for long periods of time. For directions on handling sodium etc. consult 'reagant specific hazards'.
How to quench a solvent still
Stills that use metals (THF) should be quenched by pouring any excess solvent into a large container fileld with isopropanol or tert-butanol. The reaction may become exothermic, so addition of the solvent to the alcohol must be done slowly. The remaining metal in the still can be quenched like normal.
You can reuse 4A molecular sieves from most applications, though you should discard those used in the perperation of DMF. Sieves can be regenerated by heating at 350° C for 24 hours or under vacuum. The seives should cool in a desicator or they will become saturated with moisture again.
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The problem with diagnosing and treating pain is that it’s so subjective. But a new paper in Pain says that brain structure may hold some answers.
Adding cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to the treatment of migraines in children and adolescents resulted in greater reductions in headache frequency and migraine-related disability compared with headache education, according to a new study.
Scientists have discovered how salt acts as a key regulator for drugs used to treat a variety of brain diseases including chronic pain, Parkinson’s disease, and depression.
Research focused on the amygdala can help identify children at risk for anxiety disorders and depression.
Whales, bats, and even praying mantises use ultrasound as a sensory guidance system – and now a new study has found that ultrasound can modulate brain activity to heighten sensory perception in humans.
Scientists have shown that there are widespread differences in how genes, the basic building blocks of the human body, are expressed in men and women’s brains.
A new study shows a leftward asymmetry of the choroid plexus in two-thirds of first-trimester human fetuses. This is the earliest brain asymmetry so far identified and may be a precursor to other asymmetries, including that of the temporal planum, which is evident from the 31st week of gestation.
Researchers have discovered the mechanism in the brain responsible for the motor and vocal tics found in Tourette Syndrome. The study, published in the British Psychological Society’s Journal of Neuropsychology, could at some point lead to new non-drug therapies.
A new study by neuroscientists is the first to directly compare brain responses to faces and objects with responses to colors.
A study begun in Mexico with the collaboration of university students has analysed the effect of weekend alcohol consumption on the lipids comprising cell membrane and its genetic material, i.e. DNA.
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"In 672 an Arab governor of Sistan, Abbad ibn Ziyad, raided the frontier of Al-Hind and crossed the desert to Gandhara, but quickly retreated again. The marauder Obaidallah crossed the Sita River and made a raid on Kabul in 698 only to meet with defeat and humiliation. Vincent Smith, in Early History of India, states that the Turkishahiya dynasty continued to rule over Kabul and Gandhara up until the advent of the Saffarids in the ninth century. Forced by the inevitable advance of Islam on the west, they then moved their capital from Kapisa to Wahund on the Indus, whence they continued as the Hindushahiya dynasty. This was in 870 A.D. and marks the first time that the Kingdom of Shambhala actually came under Moslem domination. The Hindushahis recaptured Kabul and the rest of their Kingdom after the death of the conqueror Yaqub but never again maintained Kapisa as their capital."....http://www.dharmafellowship.org/biographies/historicalsaints/lord-padmasambhava.htm#eightcentury
"There is also a tradition that Dzogchen,and Padmasambhava, come from a place called Oddiyana in Shamballa. Texts from this same Tun huang site identify Oddiyana as "Shamis en Balkh" in modern day Balkh, Afghanistan where many ruins, Buddhist stupas and monasteries exist. This is the town oft associated with Padmasambhava, and Rabia and Rumi as well. Although Padmasambhava is usually thought to be Indian, it is possible that he is from the Afghanistan region also associated with his name.
Elevated/raised is Persian bala and sham is Persian candle. ...CANDLE (Pers.-Ar. šamʿ). The Arabic word (Ar. also šamaʿ) literally means “beeswax” (Ebn Manẓūr; Dehḵodā), for which Persian uses mūm (Dehḵodā, Moʾīn, s.v.).
The shamash – the "attendant" candle that is used to kindle the other lights – sits a bit higher or lower than the other candles, on the ninth branch of the menorah.
shams means in Arabic is sun some people are called shams in Egypt and their name means sun
Balkh was referred to as the “Mother of Cities” and the “Elevated Candle” (Sham-i-Bala) and it was in Balkh that the great Prophet Zoroaster was born. It is said he is also interred there, according to the Persian poet Firdousi. For many years, Balkh was the central hub of the Zoroastrian religion.
Zarathustra was killed by an invading Scythian party in front of his fire-altar, in Balkh.
Balkh (Bactria)....The Old Iranian name of Paktra, which the classical writers named it Bactria and their language was known as Bactrian, and after invasion of Iran by Arabs in 7th century CE it has come to be called Balkh;
Bactria was the center of the Kushan Kingdom. Walled palace cities existed in 900 BC near the present sites of Termez, Merv (Gyaur-Kala), Samarkand, Afrasiab and Bactra (Balk) in southern Bactria." (Gafurov:1968)
Bactria was especially important between 600 BC and 600 AD, serving as a meeting place not only for overland trade between East and West but also for the crosscurrents of religious and artistic ideas. Bactria’s capital was Bactra, also called Bactra-Zariaspa (modern Balkh, Afghanistan). Bactria was a fertile country, and a profusion of mounds and abandoned sites abound.
Cold forced the Aryans to leave Aryan em Vaejo. They moved to Sughda (Soghdiana) and Muru (Margiana). Hostile forces made them go to Balkdhi (Balkh), 'the country of lofty banners'.
"Just to the west of Zhang-zhung there once existed the vast Kushana empire ....... an area in which Indian Buddhism and the Bon teachings interacted with various strands of the great Iranian and Central Asian religions-- Zoroastrian, Zurvanist, Mithraist, Manichean, as well as Indian Shaivism and Nestorian Christianity.......
To the west of Tibet in a larger country called Tazig is Mount Yungdrung Gutseg. At its bas springs 4 rivers flowing in the four directions. The mountain is surrounded by temples, cities and parks."...
"In Sanskrit literature there are remarkably few references to Shambhala. The Kalachakra Tantra and its traditional origin in Shambhala is referred to in Indian tantric literature, where Shambhala tends to be located in the Himalayas and usually in the Swat-Kashmir region according to D.C. Sircar. As Monier-Williams' Sanskrit dictionary gives the meaning of shamkara as "relating to or belonging to Shiva" and as bala in Sanskrit means "child", Shambhala would mean "child of Shiva." However, Danielou gives three attributes of Shiva as translations of the word shambhu; Shiva as "the changeless state", as "the giver of peace", and (with Kali) as "the abode of joy.".....http://www.chronicleproject.com/james_george_searching_for_shambhala.html
".... the country of Olmo Lungring where Tonpa Shenrab descended from the celestial spheres and took up incarnation among human beings as an Iranian prince. The mysterious land of Olmo Lungring (`ol-mo lung-rings) or Olmoling (`ol-mo`i gling) is said to be part of a larger geographical region to the northwest of Tibet called Tazig (stag-gzig, var. rtag-gzigs), which scholars identify with Iran or, more properly, Central Asia where in ancient times Iranian languages such as Avestan and later Sogdian were spoken. According to the “gZer-mig” the traditional etymology of the name Olmo Lungring is as follows: “`ol” means “unborn”, “mo” “undermined”, “lung” “the prophetic words of Shenrab”, and “rings” “everlasting compassion”. According to the “gZi-brjid”, Olmo Lungring was also known as Shambhala in Sanskrit and it continues to be known by this name among Tibetan Buddhists even today. Moreover, it is said that in ancient times it encompassed fully one-third of the known world a statement which could apply to the historical Persian empire.
The houses in the villages of Shambhala are two storied. The people have fine bodies and appearances and they are very wealthy. The men of Shambhala wear caps, and white or red cotton clothes. Women wear white or blue garments pleated and patterned with beautiful designs." (John R. Newman....1985)
BALKH...(Bactra)...(67E..36N)..."Mother of Cities'. A beautiful city in northeastern Persia. Four leagues to the mountains called Jabal Ku. Had 7 gates. Destroyed by the Turks in 1155 AD. Rebuilt. Destroyed by Mongols in 1220. Great Fire Temple. Shrine to rival the Ka'abah in Mecca. Castle was called Kal'ah Hinduwan. (Castle of teh Hindus). Balkh is currently an important town in modern Afghanistan." (Le Strange: 1966..pg 423)..."Balkh is a large and magnificent city. It was here that Alexander married the daughter of Darius." (Marco Polo in Waugh: 1984..pg 42).."the Saka rulers left India and returned to Balkh"..(Soucek..pg 19)..
The tragedy of Csoma's quest is he was wrong in his life-long belief that the Uighurs were somehow connected with the origins of the Hungarian people. The irony is that later Shambhalists would identify the ancient Uighur kingdom of Khocho, centered around the Turfan Depression, as one of the prime candidates for the physical location of Shambhala,
In the Bon myth, Olmolungring was northwest of My Kailas, twice as far from it as the peak is from Shigatse, a major town in central Tibet. (Newman, 1985)
PAMIRS or Hindu Kush: Numerous city-states and fortresses with names beginning with 'Kala' ('Quallah'), all traces of which seem to have 'completely disappeared'...A extremely rich mixture of Shambhalians of all spiritual and cultural traditions....The entire region was considered a "Pagan Enclave" by the Arab mapmakers. Tremendous silk route influences. Crossroads between the Indian Tantric traditions moving northward and the Vedic Mithraic traditions of Persia. Tazik. Bon moved into Tibet via this region. Padmasambhava. Early teachings of Dzogchen in the Bon and Nyingma traditions appeared here in the 8th century AD.
He is fairly specific about the location of Shambhala, placing it "beyond the Sita or Jaxartes" between 45º and 50º longitude. "Jaxartes" is the name given by ancient Greek historian-geographers to the river now known as the Syr Daria, which begins at the confluence of the Naryn and Qoradaryo rivers in the Fergana Valley of current day Uzbekistan and flows northwestward through Kazakhstan before debouching into the Aral Sea. Including the Naryn, which begins in Kyrgyzstan, the river system measures in length 1,876 miles, the longest in Central Asia. Only the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, below the city of Qaraghandy, extend northward of the 45º parallel. In this area the river flows through the northeastern outskirts of the Qizilqum Desert. North of the Syr Daria-the region "beyond the Sita or Jaxartes"-the desert grades into the Kazakh steppe; thus the Qizilqum Desert straddling the lower Syr Daria could represent Csoma's "great desert" or "white sandy plains", mentioned in Csoma's 1825 letter, which must be passed through to reach Shambhala.
PERSIA (Tazik)..."The ancient Persian conception of the sun (hvar) was that of a ruling power." (Campbell: 1968..pg 209)...The lotus blossom on the tomb of Cyrus dated to 540 BC seems identical to the ring of petals in the Shambhala cosmology. One of the gardens surronding the tomb was a lotus garden.]..(Acta: 1984..pg 68)(Bryant: 1992..pg 65)...
TAJIK...."between Urgyan and Khache near Chilas." (Vitali: 1996).....the 'dKar nag bkra gsal' Temple in sTag gzig means: "The White, Black, Parti-Coloured and the Clear"...(Karmay: 1972...pg 78)....
YANS PA CA...."Shen Rab Miwo was born in Sam bha la (sTag gzigs) in the west, in the town called Yans pa can in the palace Bar po so brgyad."...(Kvaerne: 1971...pg 220)....
dBAN-CHEN-SA-bDAG...."Shenrab taught the Kalachakra tantra in the palace dBan chen sa bdag." (Kvaerne: 1971..pg 221)...
KHONG-MA-NE'U-CHUNG..."Palace north of Mt Yung drung" (Karmay: 1975..pg 173)...
"Nava Vihara, the main monastery at Balkh, soon became the center of higher Buddhist study for all of Central Asia, comparable to Nalanda Monastery in central northern India. It emphasized study primarily of the Vaibhashika abhidharma and admitted only monks who had already composed texts on the topic.......Balkh had been the birthplace of Zoroaster in about 600 BCE. It was the holy city of Zoroastrianism, the Iranian religion that grew from his teachings and which emphasized the veneration of fire. Kanishka followed the Graeco-Bactrian policy of religious tolerance. Thus, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism peacefully coexisted in Balkh, where they influenced each other's development. Cave monasteries from this period, for example, had wall paintings of Buddhas with auras of flames and inscriptions calling them "Buddha-Mazda." This was an amalgam of Buddha and Ahura Mazda, the supreme god of Zoroastrianism.....The Han Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang) visited the Western Turks in approximately 630 on his way to India. He reported that Buddhism was flourishing in the Bactrian portion of their empire, especially at Nava Vihara Monastery in Balkh. He cited the monastic university not only for its scholarship, but also for its beautiful Buddha statues, draped with silk robes and adorned with jewel ornaments, in accordance with local Zoroastrian custom. The monastery had close links at the time with Khotan, a strongly Buddhist kingdom in East Turkistan, and sent many monks there to teach. Xuanzang also described a monastery near Nava Vihara dedicated to advanced Hinayana meditation practice of vipashyana (Pali: vipassana) - the exceptional perception of impermanence and of a person's lack of independent identity." .......http://www.theosophy.com/theos-talk/200912/tt00010.html
John Hopkins.....Northern New Mexico….October 2012
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Solve Input Device Problems
Under Boot Camp, the keyboard and mouse, trackpad, or trackball that function perfectly in Mac OS X may not work correctly in Windows. Users of notebook computers and Bluetooth input devices have additional problems. But you can solve them with a few easy steps.
Right-Click with a One-Button Mouse
Many actions in Windows require right-clicking. In Mac OS X, you can press the Control key while clicking to display a contextual menu (the Mac equivalent of a Windows right-click menu), but this doesn't work under Boot Camp. If you're using a Magic Mouse, Apple Mouse (previously called "Mighty Mouse"), or a third-party mouse or trackball that has two or more buttons, you can right-click just as you would under Mac OS X. Similarly, ...
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Le Système international d'unités) is the modern form of the metric system and is the world's most widely used system of measurement, used in both everyday commerce and science. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built around seven base units, 22 named and an indeterminate number of unnamed coherent derived units, and a set of prefixes that act as decimal-based multipliers. It is part of the International System of Quantities.
The standards, published in 1960 as the result of an initiative started in 1948, are based on the metre–kilogram–second (MKS) system, rather than the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system, which, in turn, had several variants. The SI has been declared to be an evolving system; thus prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves. The 25th CGPM meeting in the fall of 2014 will change the definitions of some base units, particularly the kilogram.
The driving force behind the development of the Système international was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the CGS system of units and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that made extensive use of units of measurement. In addition to defining a new realisation of the metric system, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, an organisation set up by the Convention of the Metre in 1875, succeeded in bringing together many international organizations to agree not only the definitions of the SI, but also rules on writing and presenting measurements in a standardised manner around the globe.
The system has been adopted by most countries in the developed world, though within English-speaking countries, the adoption has not been universal. In the United States metric units are not commonly used outside of science, medicine and the government; however, United States customary units are officially defined in terms of SI units. The United Kingdom has officially adopted a partial metrication policy, with no intention of replacing imperial units entirely. Canada has adopted it for most governmental and scientific purposes, but imperial units are still legally permitted and remain in common use throughout many sectors of Canadian society, particularly in the building trade and railway sectors.
The metric system was first implemented during the French Revolution (1790s) with just the metre and kilogram as standards of length and mass[Note 1] respectively. In the 1830s Carl Friedrich Gauss laid the foundations for a coherent system based on length, mass and time. In the 1860s a group working under the auspices of the British Association for the Advancement of Science formulated the requirement for a coherent system of units with base units and derived units. The inclusion of electrical units into the system was hampered by the customary use of more than one set of units, until 1900 when Giovanni Giorgi identified the need to define one single electrical quantity as a fourth base quantity alongside the original three base quantities.
Meanwhile, in 1875, the Treaty of the Metre passed responsibility for verification of the kilogram and metre against agreed prototypes from French to international control. In 1921 the Treaty was extended to include all physical quantities including electrical units originally defined in 1893.
In 1948 an overhaul of the metric system was set in motion which resulted in the development of the "Practical system of units" which, on its publication in 1960, was given the name "The International System of Units". In 1954 the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) identified electric current as the fourth base quantity in the practical system of units and added two more base quantities—temperature and luminous intensity—making six base quantities in all. The units associated with these quantities were the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, degree Kelvin and candela. In 1971 a seventh base quantity, amount of substance represented by the mole, was added to the definition of SI.
The metric system was developed from 1791 onwards by a committee of the Académie des sciences commissioned by the Assemblée nationale and Louis XVI of France to create a unified and rational system of measures. The group, which included Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (the "father of modern chemistry") and the mathematicians Pierre-Simon Laplace and Adrien-Marie Legendre,:89 used the principles for relating length, volume and mass that had been proposed by the English cleric John Wilkins in 1668 and the concept of using the earth's meridian as the basis of the definition of length, originally proposed in 1670 by the French cleric Gabriel Mouton.
On 30 March 1791, the Assemblée adopted the principles proposed by the committee for the new decimal system of measure and authorized a survey between Dunkirk and Barcelona to establish the length of the meridian. On 11 July 1792, the committee proposed the names "metre", "are", "litre" and "grave" for the units of length, area, capacity and mass respectively. The committee also proposed that multiples and submultiples of these units were to be denoted by decimal-based prefixes such as "centi-" to denote "one hundredth" and "kilo-" to denote "one thousand".:82
The law of 7 April 1795 (loi du 18 germinal) defined the terms gramme and kilogramme, which replaced the former terms gravet (correctly milligrave) and grave, and on 22 June 1799, after Pierre Méchain and Jean-Baptiste Delambre completed the meridian survey, the definitive standards, the mètre des Archives and the kilogramme des Archives were deposited in the Archives nationales. On 10 December 1799 (a month after Napoleon's coup d'état), the law by which the metric system was to be definitively adopted in France (loi du 19 frimaire) was passed.
During the first half of the nineteenth century there was little consistency in the choice of preferred multiples of the base units – typically the myriametre (10000 metres) was in widespread use in both France and parts of Germany, while the kilogram (1000 grams) rather than the myriagram was used for mass.
In 1832 Carl Friedrich Gauss, assisted by Wilhelm Weber, implicitly defined the second as a base unit when he quoted the earth's magnetic field in terms of millimetres, grams, and seconds. Prior to this, the strength of the earth’s magnetic field had only been described in relative terms. The technique used by Gauss was to equate the torque induced on a suspended magnet of known mass by the earth’s magnetic field with the torque induced on an equivalent system under gravity. The resultant calculations enabled him to assign dimensions based on mass, length and time to the magnetic field.
In the 1860s James Clerk Maxwell, William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and others working under the auspices of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, built on Gauss' work and formalised the concept of a coherent system of units with base units and derived units. The principle of coherence was successfully used to define a number of units of measure based on the centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units (CGS), including the erg for energy, the dyne for force, the barye for pressure, the poise for dynamic viscosity and the stokes for kinematic viscosity.
A French-inspired initiative for international cooperation in metrology led to the signing in 1875 of the Metre Convention.:353–354 Initially the convention only covered standards for the metre and the kilogram. A set of 30 prototypes of the metre and 40 prototypes of the kilogram,[Note 3] in each case made of a 90% platinum-10% iridium alloy, were manufactured by the British firm Johnson, Matthey & Co and accepted by the CGPM in 1889. One of each was selected at random to become the International prototype metre and International prototype kilogram that replaced the mètre des Archives and kilogramme des Archives respectively. Each member state was entitled to one of each of the remaining prototypes to serve as the national prototype for that country.
The treaty established three international organisations to oversee the keeping of international standards of measurement:
In 1921 the Metre Convention was extended to include all physical units, including the ampere and others defined by the Fourth International Conference of Electricians in Chicago in 1893, thereby enabling the CGPM to address inconsistencies in the way that the metric system had been used.:96
At the close of the 19th century three different systems of units of measure existed for electrical measurements: a CGS-based system for electrostatic units (also known as the Gaussian or ESU system), a CGS-based system for electromechanical units (EMU) and an MKS-based system (the "International system") for electrical distribution systems. Attempts to resolve the electrical units in terms of length, mass and time using dimensional analysis was beset with difficulties—the dimensions depended on whether one used the ESU or EMU systems. This anomaly was resolved in 1900 when Giovanni Giorgi published a paper in which he advocated using a fourth base unit alongside the existing three base units. The fourth unit could be chosen to be either electric current or voltage or electrical resistance.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries a number of non-coherent units of measure based on the gram/kilogram, the centimetre/metre and the second, such as the Pferdestärke (metric horsepower) for power,[Note 4] the darcy for permeability and the use of "millimetres of mercury" for the measurement of both barometric and blood pressure were developed or propagated. All these units incorporate standard gravity in their definitions.
At the end of the Second World War, a number of different systems of measurement were in use throughout the world. Some of these systems were metric system variations, whereas others were based on customary systems of measure. After representations by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and by the French Government, the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), in 1948, asked the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) to conduct an international study of the measurement needs of the scientific, technical, and educational communities and "to make recommendations for a single practical system of units of measurement, suitable for adoption by all countries adhering to the Metre Convention".
On the basis of the findings of this study, the 10th CGPM in 1954 decided that an international system should be derived from six base units to provide for the measurement of temperature and optical radiation in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic quantities. Six base units were recommended: the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, degree Kelvin (later renamed kelvin), and candela. In 1960, the 11th CGPM named the system the International System of Units, abbreviated SI from the French name, Le Système international d'unités.:110 The BIPM has also described SI as "the modern metric system".:95 The seventh base unit, the mole, was added in 1971 by the 14th CGPM.
In 2009, the International System of Quantities (ISQ) was completed with the publication of ISO Standard ISO 80000-1:2009. The SI forms an integral part of the ISQ.
The CGPM have published a brochure, the 8th edition of which appeared in 2006, in which the various recommendations that make up SI have been codified. The official version of the brochure, in line with the provisions of the Metre Convention, is the French version.:102 This brochure leaves some scope for local interpretation, particularly in respect of language. The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology has produced a version of the CGPM document (NIST SP 330) which clarifies local interpretation for English-language publications that use American English and another document (NIST SP 811) that gives general guidance for the use of SI in the United States.
The writing and maintenance of the CGPM brochure is carried out by one of the consultative committees of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM): the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU). The CIPM nominates the chairman of this committee, and the committee includes representatives of various other international bodies rather than CIPM or CGPM nominees.[Note 5] This committee also provides a forum for the bodies concerned to provide input to the CIPM in respect of ongoing enhancements to SI. In 2010 the CCU proposed a number of changes to the definitions of the base units used in SI. The CIPM meeting of October 2010 found that the proposal was not complete, and it is expected that the CGPM will consider the full proposal in 2014.
The definitions of the terms "quantity", "unit", "dimension" etc. that are used in the SI Brochure are those given in the International Vocabulary of Metrology, a publication produced by the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), a working group consisting of eight international standards organisations under the chairmanship of the director of the BIPM. The quantities and equations that define the SI units are now referred to as the International System of Quantities (ISQ), and are set out in the ISO/IEC 80000 Quantities and Units.
The International System of Units consists of a set of base units, a set of derived units with special names, and a set of decimal-based multipliers that are used as prefixes. The term "SI Units" includes all three categories, but the term "coherent SI units" includes only base units and coherent derived units.:103–106
Base units are the building blocks of SI – all other units of measure can be derived from the base units. When Maxwell first introduced the concept of a coherent system, he identified three quantities that could be used as base units – mass, length and time. Giorgi later identified the need for an electrical base unit – theoretically electrical current, potential difference, electrical resistance, electrical charge or any one of a number of other units could have been used as the base unit, with the remaining units being then defined by the laws of physics – the unit of electric current was chosen for SI. The remaining three base units were added later.
|Definition (Incomplete)[n 1]||Dimension|
|mole||mol||amount of substance||N|
The original definitions of the various base units in the above table were made by the following authorities:
All other definitions result from resolutions by either CGPM or the CIPM and are catalogued in the SI Brochure.
Derived units are formed by powers, products or quotients of the base units and are unlimited in number;:103:3 Derived units are associated with derived quantities, for example velocity is a quantity that is derived from the base quantities of time and distance which, in SI, has the dimensions metres per second (symbol m/s). The dimensions of derived units can be expressed in terms of the dimensions of the base units.
Coherent units are derived units that contain no numerical factor other than 1—quantities such as standard gravity and density of water are absent from their definitions. In the example above, one newton is the force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram by one metre per second squared. Since the SI units of mass and acceleration are kg and m⋅s−2 respectively and F ∝ m × a, the units of force (and hence of newtons) is formed by multiplication to give kg⋅m⋅s−2. Since the newton is part of a coherent set of units, the constant of proportionality is 1.
For the sake of convenience, some derived units have special names and symbols. Such units may themselves be used in combination with the names and symbols for base units and for other derived units to express the units of other derived quantities. For example, the SI unit of force is the newton (N), the SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa)—and the pascal can be defined as "newtons per square metre" (N/m2).
other SI units
SI base units
|joule||J||energy, work, heat||N⋅m||kg⋅m2⋅s−2|
|watt||W||power, radiant flux||J/s||kg⋅m2⋅s−3|
|coulomb||C||electric charge or quantity of electricity||s⋅A|
|volt||V||voltage (electrical potential difference), electromotive force||W/A||kg⋅m2⋅s−3⋅A−1|
|ohm||Ω||electric resistance, impedance, reactance||V/A||kg⋅m2⋅s−3⋅A−2|
|tesla||T||magnetic field strength||Wb/m2||kg⋅s−2⋅A−1|
|degree Celsius||°C||temperature relative to 273.15 K||K|
|becquerel||Bq||radioactivity (decays per unit time)||s−1|
|gray||Gy||absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)||J/kg||m2⋅s−2|
|sievert||Sv||equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)||J/kg||m2⋅s−2|
1. The radian and steradian, once given special status, are now considered dimensionless derived units.:3
2. The ordering of this table is such that any derived unit is based only on base units or derived units that precede it in the table.
Prefixes are added to unit names to produce multiple and sub-multiples of the original unit. All multiples are integer powers of ten, and above a hundred or below a hundredth all are integer powers of a thousand. For example, kilo- denotes a multiple of a thousand and milli- denotes a multiple of a thousandth; hence there are one thousand millimetres to the metre and one thousand metres to the kilometre. The prefixes are never combined, and multiples of the kilogram are named as if the gram were the base unit. Thus a millionth of a metre is a micrometre, not a millimillimetre, and a millionth of a kilogram is a milligram, not a microkilogram.:122:14
Although, in theory, SI can be used for any physical measurement, the CIPM has recognised that some non-SI units still appear in the scientific, technical and commercial literature, and will continue to be used for many years to come. In addition, certain other units are so deeply embedded in the history and culture of the human race that they will continue to be used for the foreseeable future. They have catalogued a number of such non-SI units accepted for use with SI and published them in the SI Brochure, thereby ensuring that their use is consistent across the globe. These units have been grouped as follows::123–129:7–11 [Note 6]
Before 1948, the writing of metric quantities was haphazard. In 1879, the CIPM published recommendations for writing the symbols for length, area, volume and mass, but it was outside its domain to publish recommendations for other quantities. Beginning in about 1900, physicists who had been using the symbol "μ" for "micrometre" (or "micron"), "λ" for "microlitre", and "γ" for "microgram" started to use the symbols "μm", "μL" and "μg", but it was only in 1935, a decade after the revision of the Metre Convention that the CIPM formally adopted this proposal and recommended that the symbol "μ" be used universally as a prefix for 10−6.
In 1948, the ninth CGPM approved the first formal recommendation for the writing of symbols in the metric system when the basis of the rules as they are now known was laid down. These rules were subsequently extended by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and now cover unit symbols and names, prefix symbols and names, how quantity symbols should be written and used and how the values of quantities should be expressed.:104,130 Both ISO and the IEC have published rules for the presentation of SI units that are generally compatible with those published in the SI Brochure. As of August 2013[update] ISO and IEC were in the process of merging their standards for quantities and units into a single set of compatible documents identified as the ISO/IEC 80000 Standard. The rules covering printing of quantities and units are part of ISO 80000-1:2009.
Names of units follow the grammatical rules associated with common nouns: in English and in French they start with a lowercase letter (e.g., newton, hertz, pascal), even when the symbol for the unit begins with a capital letter. This also applies to "degrees Celsius", since "degree" is the unit. In German, however, the names of units, as with all German nouns, start with capital letters. The spelling of unit names is a matter for the guardians[Note 8] of the language concerned – the official British and American spellings for certain SI units differ – British English uses the spelling deca-, metre, and litre whereas American English uses the spelling deka-, meter, and liter, respectively.
Likewise, the plural forms of units follow the grammar of the language concerned: in English, the normal rules of English grammar are used, e.g. "henries" is the plural of "henry".:31 However, the units lux, hertz, and siemens have irregular plurals in that they remain the same in both their singular and plural form.
In English, when unit names are combined to denote multiplication of the units concerned, they are separated with a hyphen or a space (e.g. newton-metre or newton metre). The plural is formed by converting the last unit name to the plural form (e.g. ten newton-metres).
In English, a space is recommended between the number and the unit symbol when used as an adjective, e.g. "a 25 kg sphere".
The normal rules of English apply to unit names, where a hyphen is incorporated into the adjectival sense, e.g. "a 25-kilogram sphere".
Chinese uses traditional logograms for writing the unit names, while in Japanese unit names are written in the phonetic katakana script; in both cases symbols are written using the internationally recognised Latin and Greek characters.
A set of characters representing various metric units was created in Japan in the late 19th century. Characters exist for three base units: the metre (米), litre (升) and gram (克). These were combined with a set of six prefix characters – kilo- (千), hecto- (百), deca- (十), deci- (分), centi- (厘) and milli- (毛) – to form an additional 18 single-character units. The seven length units (kilometre to millimetre), for example, are 粁, 粨, 籵, 米, 粉, 糎 and 粍. These characters, however, are not in common use today; instead, units are written out in katakana, the Japanese syllabary used for foreign borrowings, such as キロメートル kiromētoru for "kilometer". A few Sino-Japanese words for these units remain in use in Japanese, most significantly 平米 heibei "square meter", but otherwise borrowed pronunciations are used.
These characters are examples of the rare phenomenon of single-character loan words – a foreign word represented by a single Japanese character – and form the plurality of such words. Similar characters were also coined for other units, such as British units, though these also have fallen out of use; see Single character gairaigo: Metric units and Single character gairaigo: Other units for a full list.
The basic units are metre (米 mǐ), litre (升 shēng), gram (克 kè), and second (秒 miǎo), while others include watt (瓦 wǎ). Prefixes include deci- (分 fēn), centi- (厘 lí), milli- (毫 háo), micro- (微 wēi), and kilo- (千 qiān). These are combined to form disyllabic characters, such as 厘米 límǐ 'centimeter' or 千瓦 qiānwǎ 'kilowatt'. In the 19th century various compound characters were also used, similar to Japanese, either imported or formed on the same principles, such as 瓩 for 千瓦 qiānwǎ (kilowatt) or 糎 for 厘米. These are generally not used today – for example centimetres is usually written 厘米 límǐ – but are occasionally found in older or technical writing.
Although the writing of unit names is language-specific, the writing of unit symbols and the values of quantities is consistent across all languages and therefore the SI Brochure has specific rules in respect of writing them.:130–135 The guideline produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) clarifies language-specific areas in respect of American English that were left open by the SI Brochure, but is otherwise identical to the SI Brochure.
General rules[Note 9] for writing SI units and quantities apply to text that is either handwritten or produced using an automated process:
Metrologists carefully distinguish between the definition of a unit and its realisation. The definition of each base unit of the SI is drawn up so that it is unique and provides a sound theoretical basis on which the most accurate and reproducible measurements can be made. The realisation of the definition of a unit is the procedure by which the definition may be used to establish the value and associated uncertainty of a quantity of the same kind as the unit. A description of the mise en pratique[Note 10] of the base units is given in an electronic appendix to the SI Brochure.:168–169
The published mise en pratique is not the only way in which a base unit can be determined: the SI Brochure states that "any method consistent with the laws of physics could be used to realise any SI unit.":111 In the current (2012) exercise to overhaul the definitions of the base units, various consultative committees of the CIPM have required that more than one mise en pratique shall be developed for determining the value of each unit. In particular:
The preamble to the Metre Convention read "Desiring the international uniformity and precision in standards of weight and measure, have resolved to conclude a convention ...". Changing technology has led to an evolution of the definitions and standards that has followed two principal strands – changes to SI itself and clarification of how to use units of measure that are not part of SI, but are still nevertheless used on a worldwide basis.
Since 1960 the CGPM has made a number of changes to SI. These include:
In addition, advantage was taken of developments in technology to redefine many of the base units enabling the use of higher precision techniques.
Although, in theory, SI can be used for any physical measurement, it is recognised that some non-SI units still appear in the scientific, technical and commercial literature, and will continue to be used for many years to come. In addition, certain other units are so deeply embedded in the history and culture of the human race that they will continue to be used for the foreseeable future. The CIPM has catalogued such units and included them in the SI Brochure so that they can be used consistently.
The first such group comprises the units of time and of angles and certain legacy non-SI metric units. Most of mankind has used the day and its subdivisions as a basis of time with the result that the second, minute, hour and day, unlike the foot or the pound, were the same regardless of where it was being measured. The second has been catalogued as an SI unit, its multiples as units of measure that may be used alongside the SI. The measurement of angles has likewise had a long history of consistent use – the radian, being 1/ of a revolution, has mathematical niceties, but it is cumbersome for navigation, hence the retention of the degree, minute and second of arc. The tonne, litre and hectare were adopted by the CGPM in 1879 and have been retained as units that may be used alongside SI units, having been given unique symbols.
Physicists often use units of measure that are based on natural phenomena such as the speed of light, the mass of a proton (approximately one dalton), the charge of an electron and the like. These too have been catalogued in the SI Brochure with consistent symbols, but with the caveat that their physical values need to be measured.[Note 11]
In the interests of standardising health-related units of measure used in the nuclear industry, the 12th CGPM (1964) accepted the continued use of the curie (symbol Ci) as a non-SI unit of activity for radionuclides;: 152 the becquerel, sievert and gray were adopted in later years. Similarly, the millimetre of mercury (symbol mmHg) was retained for measuring blood pressure.: 127
SI has become the world's most widely used system of measurement, used in both everyday commerce and science. The change to SI had little effect on everyday life in countries that used the metric system – the metre, kilogram, litre and second remained unchanged as did the way in which they were used – most of the changes only affected measurements in the workplace. The CGPM has a role of recommending changes, but no formal role in the enforcement of such changes—another inter-governmental organisation, the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) provides a forum for harmonisation of national standards and legislation in respect of metrology.
Both the degree and rate of adoption of SI varied from country to country—countries that had not adopted the metric system by 1960 and subsequently adopted SI did so directly as part of their metrication programs while others migrated from the CGS system of units to SI. In 1960, the world's largest economy was that of the United States, followed by the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, Japan, China and India. The United States and the United Kingdom were non-metric, France and Germany had been using the metric system for about a century, and China had been using the metric system for 35 years, while India and Japan had adopted the metric system within the preceding five years. Other non-metric countries were those where the United Kingdom or the United States had considerable influence.[Note 12] These differences are brought out in the examples below:
Even though the use of metric units was legalised for trade in the UK in 1864, the UK had signed the Metre Convention in 1884 and the UK Parliament had defined the yard and the pound in terms of the metre and the kilogram in 1897, the UK continued to use the imperial system of measure and to export the imperial system of units to the Empire.[Note 13] In 1932, the system of Imperial Preference was set up at the Ottawa Conference. Although Ireland left the Commonwealth in 1948 and South Africa in 1961, both continued their close economic ties with the Commonwealth.
When the SI standard was published in 1960, the only major Commonwealth country to have adopted the metric system was India. In 1863, the first reading of a bill that would have made the metric system compulsory passed its first reading in the House of Commons by 110 votes to 75. The bill, however, failed to make the statute book because of lack of parliamentary time.:136 In 1965, after this and similar false starts the then Federation of British Industry informed the British Government that its members favoured the adoption of the metric system. The rationale behind the request was that 80% of British exports were to countries that used the metric system or that were considering changing to the metric system. The Board of Trade, on behalf of the Government, agreed to support a ten-year metrication programme. The government agreed to a voluntary policy requiring minimal legislation and costs to be borne where they fell. SI would be used from the outset. The rest of the Commonwealth, South Africa and Ireland followed within a few years; in some countries such as South Africa and Australia metrication was mandatory rather than voluntary.
By 1980 all apart from the United Kingdom, Canada and Ireland had effectively completed their programs. In the United Kingdom the breakdown of voluntary metrication in the mid-1970s:§1.8 coincided with the United Kingdom's obligations as part of the EEC to adopt the metric system, resulting in legislation to force metrication in certain areas and the Eurosceptic movement adopting an anti-metrication stance and the United Kingdom seeking a number of derogations from the relevant EEC directives. Once the metrication of most consumer goods was completed in 2000, aspects of British life, especially in government, commerce and industry used SI.:§1.6 & §1.10 Although SI or units approved for use alongside SI are used in most areas where units of measure are regulated[Note 14] imperial units are widely encountered in unregulated areas such as the press and everyday speech. Canada has adopted it for most purposes, but imperial units are still legally permitted and remain in common use throughout a few sectors of Canadian society, particularly in the buildings, trades and railways sectors. The situation in Ireland, apart from road signs which were metricated in the early 2000s, is similar to that in the United Kingdom.
Even though Congress set up a framework for the use of the metric system in the nineteenth century,[Note 15] the United States continues to use customary units for most purposes apart from science and medicine, though as a result of their Spanish heritage, metric units are used widely in Puerto Rico.
On 10 February 1964, the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) issued a statement that it was to use SI except where this would have an obvious detrimental effect. In 1968 Congress authorised the U.S. Metric Study the emphasis of which was to examine the feasibility of adopting SI. The first volume was delivered in 1970. The study recommended that the United States adopt the International System of units, and in 1975 Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 which established a national policy of coordinating and planning for the increased use of the metric measurement system in the United States. Metrication was voluntary and to be coordinated by the United States Metric Board (USMB).
Efforts during the Ford and Carter administrations to force metrication were seized on by many newspaper editorialists as being dictatorial.:365 Public response included resistance, apathy, and sometimes ridicule. The underlying reasons for this response include a relative uniformity of weights and measures inherited from the United Kingdom in 1776, a homogeneous economy and the influence of business groups and populists in Congress caused the country to look at the short-term costs associated with the change-over, particularly those that would be borne by the consumer rather than long-term benefits of efficiency and international trade. The Metrication Board was disbanded in 1982.:362–365
The 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act removed international trade barriers and amended the Metric Conversion Act of 1975, designating the metric system as "the Preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce". The legislation stated that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry, especially small business, as it voluntarily converts to the metric system of measurement. Exceptions were made for the highway and construction industries; the Department of Transportation planned to require metric units by 2000, but this plan was cancelled by the 1998 highway bill TEA21. However, the U.S. military uses the metric system widely, partly because of the need to work with armed services from other nations.
Although overall responsibility for labelling requirements of consumer goods lies with Congress and is therefore covered by federal law, details of labelling requirements for certain commodities are controlled by state law or by other authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency and Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. The federal Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA), originally passed in 1964, was amended in 1992 to require consumer goods directly under its jurisdiction to be labelled in both customary and metric units. Some industries are engaged in efforts to amend this law to allow manufacturers to use only metric labelling. The National Conference on Weights and Measures has developed the Uniform Packaging and Labeling Regulations (UPLR) which provides a standard approach to those sections of packaging law that are under state control. Acceptance of the UPLR varies from state to state – fourteen states accept it by merely citing it in their legislation.
During the first decade of the 21st century, the EU directive 80/181/EEC had required that dual unit labelling of goods sold within the EU cease by the end of 2009. This was backed up by requests from other nations including Japan and New Zealand to permit metric-only labelling as an aid to trade with those countries. Opinion in the United States was split – a bill to permit metric-only labelling at the federal level was to have been introduced in 2005 but significant opposition from the Food Marketing Institute, representing U.S. grocers, has delayed the introduction of the bill. During a routine decennial review of the directive in 2008, the EU postponed the sunset clause for dual units indefinitely.
Meanwhile, in 1999 the UPLR was amended to permit metric-only labelling and automatically became law in those states that accept UPLR "as is". By 1 January 2009, 48 out of 50 states permit metric-only labelling, either through UPLR or through their own legislation. As of February 2013[update] the use of metric (and therefore SI) units in the United States does not follow any pattern. Dual-unit labelling on consumer goods is mandatory. Some consumer goods such as soft drinks are sold in metric quantities, others such as milk are sold in customary units. The engineering industry is equally split. The automotive industry is largely metric, but aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner were designed using customary units.
In 1960, all the largest industrialised nations that had an established history of using the metric system were members of the European Economic Community (EEC).
In 1972, in order to harmonise units of measure as part of a programme to facilitate trade between member states, the EEC issued directive 71/354/EEC. This directive catalogued units of measure that could be used for "economic, public health, public safety and administrative purposes" and also provided instructions for a transition from the existing units of measure that were in use. The directive replicated the CGPM SI recommendations and in addition pre-empted some of the additions whose use had been recommended by the CIPM in 1969, but had not been ratified by the CGPM.[Note 16] The directive also catalogued units of measure whose status would be reviewed by the end of 1977 (mainly coherent CGS units of measure) and also catalogued units of measure that were to be phased out by the end of 1977, including the use of obsolete names for the sale of timber such as the stere, the use of units of force and pressure that made use of the acceleration due to gravity,[Note 17] the use of non-coherent units of power such as the Pferdestärke (PS), the use of the calorie as a measure of energy and the stilb as a measure of luminance. The directive was silent in respect of units that were specific to one or two countries including the pond, pfund, livre (Dutch, German and French synonyms for 500 g), thereby effectively prohibiting their use as well.
When the directive was revisited during 1977, some of the older units that were being reviewed (such as millimetre of mercury for blood pressure)[Note 18] were retained but others were phased out, thereby broadly aligning the allowable units with SI. The directive was however overhauled to accommodate British and Irish interests in retaining the imperial system in certain circumstances. It was reissued as directive 80/181/EEC. During subsequent revisions, the directive has reflected changes in the definition of SI. The directive also formalised the use of supplementary units, which in 1979 were permitted for a period of ten years. The cut-off date for the use of supplementary units was extended a number of times and in 2009 was extended indefinitely.
India was one of the last countries to start a metrication programme before the advent of SI. When it became independent in 1947, both imperial and native units of measure were in use. Its metrication programme started in 1956 with the passing of the Standards of Weights and Measures Act. Part of the act fixed the value of the seer (a legacy unit of mass) to 0.9331 kg exactly; elsewhere the Act declared that from 1960 all non-metric units of measure were to be illegal.
Four years after the Indian Government announced its metrication programme, SI was published. The result was that the initial metrication programme was a conversion to the CGS system of units and the subsequent adoption of SI has been haphazard. Fifty years later, many of the country's schoolbooks still use CGS or imperial units. Originally the Indian Government had planned to replace all units of measure with metric units by 1960. In 1976 a new Weights and Measures Act replaced the 1956 Act which, amongst other things, required that all weighing devices be approved before being released onto the market place. However, in 2012, it was reported that traditional units were still encountered in small manufacturing establishments and in the marketplace alongside CGS, SI and imperial measures, particularly in the poorer areas.
The use of the Indian numbering system of crores (10,000,000) and lakhs (100,000), which do not map onto the SI system of prefixes, is widespread and is often found alongside or in place of the western numbering system.
When the metre was redefined in 1960, the kilogram was the only SI base unit that relied on a specific artifact and thus the only unit that was subject to "periodic comparisons of national standards with the international prototypes". After the 1996–1998 recalibration, a clear divergence between the various prototype kilograms was observed.
At its 23rd meeting (2007), the CGPM mandated the CIPM to investigate the use of natural constants of nature as the basis for all units of measure rather than the artefacts that were then in use, thus involving a change from explicit unit definitions to explicit constant definitions. At a meeting of the CCU held in Reading, United Kingdom, in September 2010, a resolution and draft changes to the SI Brochure that were to be presented to the next meeting of the CIPM in October 2010 were agreed to in principle. The proposals that the CCU put forward were:
The CIPM meeting of October 2010 found that "the conditions set by the General Conference at its 23rd meeting have not yet been fully met. For this reason the CIPM does not propose a revision of the SI at the present time". The CIPM did however sponsor a resolution at the 24th CGPM in which the changes were agreed to in principle and which were expected to be finalised at the CGPM's next meeting in 2014.
Standards and conventions
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Biography essay format
Dr apj abdul kalam essay , biography, speech , article, books - a p j abdul kalam essay | apj abdul kalam speech | abdul kalam biography. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Writing an academic essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into an argument because essays are essentially linear—they offer one idea at a time—they must present their ideas in the order that makes most sense to a reader successfully structuring an essay means attending to a reader's logic. Personal essays may seem simple, but can be much more difficult than you think check out some tips and tricks to write a stellar personal essay.
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Fill the body of your biography with material that gives insight to your subject's personality for instance, in a biography about meriwether lewis, you would ask what traits or events motivated him to embark on format mla apa chicago your citation fleming, grace how to write a biography thoughtco, mar 1, 2017. Biography sample paper timeforkidscom details file format pdf size: 461 kb download biography report template for middle school abcteachcom details file format pdf size: 48 kb download the middle school students often need templates or guidance to write a biography related report, study etc for this purpose, this. Examples of biographical statement and abstract biographical statement once articles have been selected and accepted for publication each year, authors will be asked to submit a biographical statement to be included in the advocates’ forum the biographical statement should include the author(s) full name in addition, it is also.
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You would think that out of all the industries in the world, the one that would be most concerned with climate change would be the insurance industry. Take a look at the costs for Superstorm Sandy alone. The extreme hurricane caused damage estimated at nearly $75 billion. According to a press release last month by the Property Casualty Insurers Association of America, 2012 cost insurers $35 billion in privately insured property losses, which is $11 billion more than the average over the last decade.
Insurers, and the reinsurance companies that shoulder much of the ultimate risk in the industry, heavily rely on scientific thought and not which way the political wind is blowing on global warming. They are comfortable with the scientific consensus that the rampant burning of fossil fuels is the main cause of climate change. Despite their confidence, the question remains, what is the insurance industry doing about global warming considering the problem directly impacts their own interests?
Surprisingly, the answer is not much. Insurers mainly focus on zoning regulations and disaster alleviation since the industry is disinclined to enter energy policy’s controversial fray. Furthermore, insurers are more insulated from climate change’s devastation than at first meets the eye. The federal government covers flood insurance, which is an enormous risk during extreme weather. Additionally, insurers adjust to higher risks by raising premiums or dropping coverage. So successfully that despite Superstorm Sandy and the protracted drought that ravaged the Midwest Corn Belt, property and casualty insurance in the United States was more profitable in 2012 than in 2011.
However, there are signs that the insurance industry is looking increasingly favorably on a carbon tax. The true costs are placed on the polluters with a carbon tax rather than being passed on to the rest of us. Also, they’re encouraged to pollute less. Most insurers would prefer a carbon tax over a host of additional regulations from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Although the industry is warming to the idea of a carbon tax, they’re still hesitant to throw all of their weight behind it. Again, money talks; insurers haven’t yet experienced heavy losses from climate change. The exception is 2004 and 2005 when a series of hurricanes including Katrina, the costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States, caused damage worth more than $200 billion.
So the bottom line is that if these storms continue to hit people and businesses in the wallet, then eventually even the staunchest global warming disbelievers will admit the obvious. However, we need to do what we can in the meantime to avert global disaster. We don’t want to pass the point of no return.
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Attributes of Papilio aristodemus
Papilio aristodemus Esper, 1794
Identification: Upperside of forewing has narrow central yellow band. Tails edged with yellow, filled with black.
Wing Span: 3 5/8 - 4 5/8 inches (9.2 - 11.8 cm)
Life History: Males patrol in tree canopy for receptive females. Females lay single eggs on top of young host plant leaves. Caterpillars feed on young leaves and shoots. Hibernate as chrysalids, which can remain dormant for up to 2 years. Adult emergence is triggered by rainfall.
Flight: Primary flight from late April to mid-June; some adults fly in late July and early September.
Caterpillar Hosts: Plants in the citrus family (Rutaceae) including Citrus species, hop tree (Ptelea trifoliata), Zanthoxylum spp., and torchwood (Amyris elemifera).
Adult Food: Nectar from flowers of cheese-shrub, wild coffee, and guava.
Habitat: Found only in tropical hardwood hammocks and neighboring scrub areas.
Range: North Key Largo and the larger Keys in Biscayne National Monument (subspecies ponceanus), south to the Greater Antilles (other subspecies).
Conservation: Listed in 1984 as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the Endangered Species Act.
NCGR: Subspecies ponceanus has The Nature Conservancy Global Rank of T1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences, or very few remaining individuals), or because of some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable to extinction. (Critically endangered throughout its range). The species as a whole has The Nature Conservancy Global Rank
Management Needs: For subspecies ponceanus, maintain hardwood hammocks on upper keys, prevent mosquito fogging, and reintroduce to vacant habitats.
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The origin of the moon is a mystery as old as the tides. No other planet boasts such a singular and striking companion: Mercury and Venus have no moons at all, Mars has two tiny spud-shaped satellites, and the many moonlets of the gas giants are tiny in comparison with their mother planets. Pluto has, in Charon, a mate that rivals its relative size, but two or three Charons—or Pluto itself, for that matter—could fit inside the moon. Ours is bigger. Even if the Apollo samples hadn't dashed all hopes, certain inconvenient laws of physics make the old lunar-origin theories suspect. The main problem has to do with angular momentum, a measure of rotation in a system. In the Earth-moon system, Earth spins on its axis in the same direction that the moon travels in its orbit. Physical laws require that the combined momentum of these two intimately linked rotations stay the same over time.
Now consider another aspect of this pas de deux: The moon is moving away from Earth by more than an inch a year. Scientists in the 1930s calculated that rate from ancient astronomical records, and laser reflectors planted on the lunar surface by Apollo astronauts confirmed it. The moon was much closer to its parent when it formed more than 4 billion years ago—probably 15 times closer. Today it's about 240,000 miles away. Originally the distance might have been only 16,000 miles—just four Earth-radii away. It would have loomed 15 times larger in the sky, had anyone been around to see it.
The laws governing angular momentum insist that, if the moon was once closer to Earth, then Earth must have been rotating faster. The same principle makes a figure skater twirl more quickly when he tucks in his arms and legs. The days back then probably lasted just five hours, Canup says. Even so, dynamic models reveal that the ancient Earth was spinning too slowly to toss off a chunk of its own heft, as in the fission model. It was spinning too quickly, on the other hand, to make the capture of a moon in a close orbit likely. And co-accretion wouldn't have put enough spin on the system. When these failings became evident, shortly after Apollo, lunar scientists' disillusionment was complete. Planetary scientist William Hartmann went back to the drawing board.
Hartmann works at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson studying the surface features of terrestrial planets for clues to their formation and composition. Among the most conspicuous features is cratering, the pockmarks left by cosmic collisions. The largest craters tend to be the oldest ones, hinting at a pugilistic past for the solar system. That past began 4.56 billion years ago, when the first solids cooled and congealed from the hot gas and dust swirling in the newborn solar nebula. Early on, the clumps were harmless lightweights that stuck together on impact. About 100 million years later, those clumps had become big bruisers likely to bust up anything that got in their way. Some would survive long enough to be named Mercury, Mars, Venus, and Earth.
"For those first few hundred million years, there was a lot of this stuff in interplanetary space," says Hartmann. "So once you had an Earth-size planet, it was constantly being pelted by the last few percent of this material that was still out there. And that is what led me to the idea that a really whopping big one might have formed and survived while Earth was growing, crashed into the planet fairly late in Earth's growth, and blown off enough material to make the moon."
Hartmann recognized that such a cataclysmic impact could account for the moon's superficial similarity to Earth if it blasted only the planet's crust and upper mantle into space and left the iron core intact. And if the blast was hot enough, water and other volatiles would have burned off the lofted material and been lost to space. When Hartmann and his colleague Donald Davis presented the giant-impact hypothesis at a conference in 1974, they learned that a team of Harvard astronomers had come up with the same idea. Alastair Cameron, now at the University of Arizona, and William Ward, now at the Southwest Research Institute, were proposing that a giant impact could have created the angular momentum of the early Earth-moon system.
"It was neat, because the two groups really came at it independently, from different directions," says Hartmann. "Cameron was sort of a god in the field, and I thought he was going to trash our whole concept. But he said, 'You know, Bill Ward and I are working on the same idea.' "
In Cameron's most promising simulations, the ejected rock fragments into minute particles that encircle Earth in a spiral-shaped ring. But collisions between the orbiting fragments soon pack many of them together again, assembling a sizable satellite in a matter of decades—or even just a month. For geologists, the idea of a rapid assembly hit the mark. The lunar samples had been found to contain a large proportion of low-density minerals, and the only plausible explanation anyone had proposed was that the moon's surface had once been almost entirely molten. In this putative magma ocean, the mineral lightweights would have floated to the top of the liquid rock like milk foam on cappuccino. A slow sweep-up of cooling dust is unlikely to have produced a molten moon. But the heat of a large impact could have—if the ejected material melted and quickly clumped together.
"Basically what we found from Apollo and the subsequent missions is that the initial moon had a magma ocean," says geologist Paul Spudis of the Applied Physics Laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University in Laurel, Maryland. "And the only way to get a magma ocean is to assemble the moon very rapidly. And the only way to do that is to have a debris of material in Earth orbit that's put there by something like the giant impact."
Although it could explain many of the moon's observed properties, the giant-impact theory didn't jibe with what was known of early Earth. The theory assumed, for example, that at the time of the impact, Earth already had a core—that the heavy iron in the young accretion had already separated from lighter elements and migrated to the planet's center, where it was hidden when the impactor struck. Experts have argued for decades about exactly when Earth's core differentiated. Some terrestrial records indicate that the core formed after the oldest moon rocks did. If that is the case, the impact theory can't explain the iron deficit in lunar samples.
If Earth's core was present at the time of the impact, geologists faced another problem. A collision big and hot enough to yield the moon's magma ocean would have melted at least part of Earth's surface as well. But geologists could not find any evidence that the mantle had ever melted. If it had, they expected to find that iron-loving elements such as nickel, tungsten, and cobalt had been drawn from Earth's upper layers into its iron core. Instead, the concentration of iron-loving elements, called siderophiles, remains relatively high in Earth's mantle. And other elements that should have segregated in a liquid mantle were instead commingled.
"Every conceivable variation of the giant-impact theory had the mantle melting, and as long as the geochemists were telling us that the mantle never melted, we were stuck," says Melosh.
Over the last several years, parallel developments have converged to remove this obstacle. Robin Canup came to the moon problem from studies of planetary rings such as those girding the gas giants. She knew that gravity's effects on lofted debris differ depending on how near the debris is to the planet. Very close in, orbiting particles rain back down to the surface. A little farther away, where stable rings reside, the particles stay aloft but don't stick together when they collide. At really long distances, ejected material escapes gravity and gets lost in space. There is only a certain band of space encircling planets in which colliding debris particles can stick together and stay stuck. Some of the impact's jetsam must have wound up in that band, where it could decently clump. But lots of it didn't. Canup's computer models show that to produce a single moon-size satellite, an impact would have to eject material with at least twice the mass of the moon.
"It basically said to the people modeling the impact, Hey, you need to produce a more massive disk," Canup says.
That idea made moon geologists ecstatic. There are two ways to get more mass in orbit: a bigger impactor or a glancing blow rather than a direct hit. Either case would generate much more heat than smaller, head-on collisions. Some simulations imply temperatures topping 18,000 degrees Fahrenheit. And such extreme temperatures could explain the lack of geologic evidence for a melting mantle. In the mid-1990s, technical advances in so-called multi-anvil devices allowed researchers to subject minerals to extremely high temperatures and pressures in the lab for the first time. Under those conditions, siderophiles didn't move as earth scientists had believed they would, so it's no longer clear what the siderophile signature of a melted mantle would be. Other recent computer simulations suggest that a giant impact would cause such vigorous stirring of the mantle that no distinctive separation of geologic elements during melting could occur.
At the same time, improvements in mass spectrometry have enabled geologists to use new radioisotope pairs to estimate when Earth's core formed. The latest data suggest that iron did migrate to the planet's interior early on, maybe just 50 million years after Earth formed. Conclusions based on the technique, called the hafnium-tungsten clock, are still controversial. But geologists—the impact theory's most persistent skeptics—are more at ease with the hypothesis.
"We'll be able to work at higher pressures and temperatures. The simulations will be revised, and the isotope measurements, too, will be revised," says geochemist Kevin Righter, the curator of Antarctic meteorites at the Johnson Space Center. "The story's not over with this."
In fact, the story of the moon's origin is still slim on details. Experts are divided over whether the collision happened before or after Earth had grown to its present size. Many questions surround the identity of the ill-fated impactor, which some sentimentalists have nicknamed Theia, after the Greek deity who mothered the goddess of the moon. Theorists and empiricists alike want to know how much of Theia's mass went into Earth, how much eventually congealed into the moon, and how much just got tossed into space. If the impactor contained an iron core, it probably glommed onto Earth's during the Mixmaster physics that followed the collision. But of all the mysteries surrounding the moon's origin, the size and composition of hapless Theia is perhaps the most intractable. We say that Theia collided with us, but Earth, more surely, obliterated Theia.
For now, the story scientists tell about the origin of the moon goes something like this. It's 4.5 billion years ago. The very young Earth is circling the very hot sun with a bunch of other newly formed planets. Out of nowhere an object half as big as Earth comes hurtling in at several miles per second. The mega-meteor is so huge it takes half an hour to plow fully into the planet. In the heat of the collision, much of the impactor and a good portion of Earth melt and vaporize into surrounding space. Then all that atomized rock begins to recondense as dust in the primitive heavens. Within a month, a year, or a century, Earth's significant other emerges from the detritus of disaster. The two have been inseparable ever since.
But it may be too soon to say that they lived happily ever after.
"Most people don't grasp the idea that the origin of the moon by a big impact is part of the same process that formed the basins and craters on the moon, and that's part of the same process that wiped out the dinosaurs, and that's part of the same process that causes shooting stars every night," says Hartmann. "All of these things are related—they're just different scales, different time intervals, different frequencies. Shooting stars are just the last little tiny bits of debris that are still out there falling onto Earth."
It's clear, from Hartmann's gloss, that luck alone has put Earth on the winning end of impacts. So far.
How Other Moons Compare
Earth Moon Diameter: 2,160 mi. The giant-impact theory can account for the high angular momentum of the Earth-moon system, which is greater than that of any known planet-satellite system. Also, because the time it takes the moon to rotate once nearly matches the time it takes to revolve around Earth, we always see the same face. This constancy is a common feature of planetary satellites. Jupiter Europa Diameter: 1,945 mi. Ice-encrusted Europa is the most likely moon in the entire solar system to have harbored life, perhaps in oceans beneath the icy surface. Cryovolcanism—eruptions of ices and gases—may also be present. Io Diameter: 2,262 mi. Traces of an intensely volcanic history dot Io's surface—some calderas are 120 miles wide. The volcanic activity may be influenced by the gravitational pulls of neighboring Ganymede and Europa. Callisto Diameter: 3,007 mi. Pelting by asteroids has left Callisto with the most heavily cratered surface of any moon. Although it lacks volcanoes or large mountains, it may have a salty ocean six miles deep beneath its icy crust. Ganymede Diameter: 3,281 mi. The largest of Jupiter's 39 moons and the largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede is the only planetary satellite known to have patches of grooved terrain that resemble formations on Earth. Saturn Titan Diameter: 3,200 mi. The largest of Saturn's 30 satellites, Titan has the distinction of being the only gas-enshrouded moon in the solar system. Nitrogen is the primary component of Titan's opaque atmosphere, which may be like that of the infant Earth but with a pressure 50 percent greater than Earth's today. Titan's atmosphere may be the result of the accrual of methane and ammonia during its formation in a cold region of the solar system. Uranus Miranda Diameter: 292 mi. The origin of Miranda, one of Uranus's 21 moons, is mysterious. Miranda is half rock and half ice, and its patchy terrain may have been shaped by upwellings of partially melted ice. Neptune Triton Diameter: 1,678 mi. Eight moons orbit Neptune, and Triton is the largest. One of the coldest objects measured in the solar system, Triton orbits Neptune in the opposite direction of Neptune's rotation. Because it is the only large satellite in the solar system to do so, Triton is suspected of having been captured by Neptune's gravitation. Triton has icy fields of lava. Pluto Charon Diameter: 741 mi. Charon is so distant that astronomers haven't gotten a good look at it. A giant impact may have formed the satellite. Some scholars view Charon and Pluto as a double-planet system.
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Stress is an amazing thing. It is your body’s automatic response to protect you. It works in life and death situations to bring you to safety. Stress does lead to some physical suffering, but it’s to save your life.
Unfortunately, daily and harmless events can now trigger this beautiful mechanism. In the absence of lion’s hunting us down, we now see the loss of our job and fights with our loved ones as stressful leading to the same automatic response. This is dangerous because the physical suffering that accompanies stress is not meant to last too long. If it does, it can damage your health, your body and your memory.
To fix this, all you need to do is change the way you see the situation. Stress is a response to a stressful situation. If you don’t perceive a situation as stressful, your brain does not trigger the stress response.
The amygdala is the part of your brain that processes inputs and identifies potential threats. However, it operates on context. If you’re at a construction site, and you hear a bang, your amygdala does not fire of the stress response. If you’re at home and you hear a bang, then your heart starts racing. Why? Because, in context, there shouldn’t be a bang at home.
This is a powerful tool that you can employ today. When your past or future plagues you, change the way you see it. Your past can’t harm you. It only has a lesson. Learn it and then ignore the memory. Your future can’t harm you either. You have time now to prepare for whatever is coming. When the present is storming you, step away from the task at hand, look at the sky and take a few deep breaths. You have conquered every bad day since you were born. This is just another day to make you a greater person.
Learn more about stress from this article from Psychology Today.
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Dengue virus structure revealed
A group of American scientists have unveiled the first three-dimensional structure of the dengue virus, opening new avenues for research into how the virus is transmitted, and hopefully how to prevent infection.
"It's a breakthrough scientifically, because these viruses haven't really been described before, said Professor Ed Westaway, from the Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre at Royal Children's Hospital in Brisbane.
"It's a very difficult task a great achievement in that sense."
Dengue fever is a severe, flu-like illness that causes high fever, rash, and extreme pain in the head, muscles, and joints. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a potentially lethal complication that can cause internal bleeding, vomiting, severe abdominal pain and death.
The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions, causing more than 50 million cases of infection and 24,000 deaths worldwide each year. It is a member of the flavivirus family which also includes yellow fever, Murray Valley encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and the West Nile virus.
The newly-discovered shape of the dengue virus is unusual because the surface is smooth the researchers liken it to a golf ball with small indentations stamped upon the shell where the protein structures come together.
Most viruses have spikes on their surface when looked at under electron microscope. These are used as part of the attachment process in the cell. The spikes find a matching receptor in the host cell.
"Because the flavivirus surface is smooth, it obviously attaches to the cell in a different way," said Professor Westaway. Exactly how they attach will probably be the next question for research.
This smooth surface is even more surprising given that all the old electron micrographs of flaviviruses showed spikes on their surface, he said.
"It became obvious four or five years ago that [the spikes] were artefacts they had been produced artificially when the virus was prepared for the electron microscope," he explained.
Flaviviruses are a big family of viruses. Professor Westaway defined the family in 1985, when he was chairing an international study group.
"Previously they had been lumped together with another group of viruses togaviruses the group that includes Ross River Virus," he said.
"But it became clear that we were looking at another group of viruses, so a separate family was established. Since then two other genres have been added, Hepatitis C and some veterinary viruses."
Togaviruses, with their close resemblance to flaviviruses, probably share a similar cell entry method, said Professor Westaway.
While it is difficult to say exactly where dengue virus research will go next, Professor Westaway believes the new discovery could be useful in disease control.
"This finding may provide opportunities for preventing virus infection or somehow disabling the virus."
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|Wikinews has related news: Tabletop fusion may lead to neutron source|
Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), is a crystalline solid which possesses unique optical, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties which make it valuable for nonlinear optics, passive infrared sensors such as motion detectors, terahertz generation and detection, surface acoustic wave applications, cell phones and possibly pyroelectric nuclear fusion. Considerable information is available from commercial sources about this salt.
According to an April 2005 Nature article, Brian Naranjo, Jim Gimzewski and Seth Putterman at UCLA applied a large temperature difference to a lithium tantalate crystal producing a large enough charge to generate and accelerate a beam of deuterium nuclei into a deuteriated target resulting in the production of a small flux of helium-3 and neutrons through nuclear fusion without extreme heat or pressure. Their results have been replicated.
It is unlikely to be useful for electricity generation since the energy required to produce the fusion reactions exceeded the energy produced by them. It is thought that the technique might be useful for small neutron generators, especially if the deuterium beam is replaced by a tritium one. Comparing this with the electrostatic containment of ionic plasma to achieve fusion in a "fusor" or other IEC, this method focuses electrical acceleration to a much smaller non-ionized deuterium target without heat.
Water and freezing
A scientific paper published in February 2010 shows a difference in the temperature and mechanism of freezing water to ice, depending on the charge applied to a surface of pyroelectric LiTaO3 crystals.
- B. Naranjo, J.K. Gimzewski and S. Putterman (2005). "Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal". Nature 434 (7037): 1115–1117. doi:10.1038/nature03575. PMID 15858570.
- D. Ehre, E. Lavert, M. Lahav, I. Lubomirsky (2010). "Water Freezes Differently on Positively and Negatively Charged Surfaces of Pyroelectric Materials". Science 327 (5966): 672–675. doi:10.1126/science.1178085.
- "Fusion seen in table-top experiment" Physics Web, 27 April 2005
|This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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Washington, D.C. – Finally, the State Department of the United States seems to have understood the situation in Catalonia about the coexisting of the two legally official languages, Catalan and Spanish. In the just released Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011 (Spanish chapter), the Department of State shows a more independent point of view than in previous reports, less politicized, and more accurate when it referring to the Catalan language.
The Catalan society is mostly bilingual. Almost 95% of its citizens understand Catalan and 99.9% Spanish, but only a 35.6% uses Catalan as their everyday language in front of a 46% that uses Spanish.
Historically, the Catalan has been the common language of Catalonia; however, since Spain returned to democratic rule in 1978, the different Catalonian governments (from diverse political ideologies) have all actively promoted the recovery and use of the Catalan language. This was due to the language’s fragile situation in the late 70’s after being banned for more than 40 years during Franco’s dictatorship (1939-1975). Today, even though the strength of the Spanish language (and the threatens to a minority language like Catalan in a globalized world) society manages the use of both Catalan and Spanish in an exemplary manner, and only is put in question —for political reasons—, in very isolated cases; and precisely, those cases are the ones that found echo for the same political reasons in some Madrid-based newspapers with high influence in other parts of the Kingdom of Spain (and until now, it seemed also among the U.S. officials).
In previous U.S. Department of State human rights reports, those isolated cases were reported in a biased manner, highlighting a conflict that did not match the reality in Catalonia but matched the Madrid’s delusional conflict which alleges a supposed Catalan language imposition. This time, however, when you read the Spanish chapter of the 2011 Human Rights report, the reader only finds one paragraph dedicated to this linguistic conflict — it is located at the end of Section 6, Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons and under the subtitle of Other Societal Violence or Discrimination. The length of the paragraph is less than five lines, and just talk about the willing of the Catalan government to disregard a judiciary decision (that ruled in favor of making Spanish a vehicular language in Catalonia’s public schools) and its defense of “the current educational model”.
It is highly surprising that even though this supposed ‘human right violation’, the report does not cite a single case of discrimination. Furthermore, and to make things more interesting, the paragraph ends highlighting the point of view of advocates of the Catalan immersion model which “cited studies showing that Catalan public school students performed as well as their counterparts in other parts of Spain on Spanish language proficiency tests”.
In my opinion, the U.S. officials have finally understood that there is no real conflict in Catalonia even though the Madrid-based newspapers ‘cases’. Nevertheless, since in past reports they wrote about this fictitious conflict, this year’s report had to have at least one small paragraph about the language ‘conflict’.
I really hope that the 2012’s report will focus on the real human rights issues that sadly still occur in Spain and Catalonia, and will avoid contributing to the made-up language conflict that never existed within the Catalan society.
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Clicking on an image will open a new window with a bigger picture.
One of the first major bridges on the National Road, the Casselman River Bridge, at 354 feet, was the longest single-span stone arch in the United States when built. Skeptics were sure it would collapse when the supports were removed, but the 80-foot-long arch proved equal to the tidal wave of stagecoaches and cargo wagons that poured over it, carrying goods and people from Cumberland to the western frontier. Today the National Historic Landmark bridge is a pedestrian crossing in a state park. From the bridge one can see the march of progress: a 1930s metal truss on US 40, which supplanted the 1813 stone arch, and a modern steel-beam bridge, which carries IS 68 and the bulk of traffic in far western Maryland.
Back to Historic Bridges of Maryland
707 North Calvert Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21202-3601
Main Business Line – 410-545-0300
Safety Campaigns – 1-800-323-6742
Frequently Asked Questions
Public Information Act
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Leaf rot slows after droughts, hindering plant growth
The study was run as part of the Boston Area Climate Experiment, set up specifically to look at how the trees and plants of the Massachusetts region would respond to drier, hotter summers. Several experimental field plots have been divided up, and scientists from the project are able to control the heat, precipitation and humidity experienced by using heaters and sprinklers.
One way I which trees adapt to a lack of water is to produce more tannins. These are normally produced to protect leaves from being grazed, as well as attacks by diseases and pests. But under drought conditions, it is known that the tannin levels rise - and this research, published in New Phytologist, has confirmed that tannin levels double under hot dry conditions, for the Red Maple tree.The study also confirms that there are changes in the make-up of the leaf's tannin complex, which produces more 'condensed tannins'. Together, these two drought-related effects have big knock-ons for the rotting of the leaves, the nutrients in the soil, and so future plant growth.
Firstly, the high levels of tannin mean that leaves, gathered on the forest floor, decompose more slowly. That reduces the nutrient flow back into the soil, and slackens the pace of the CO2 being released from the leaf litter. And secondly, those extra 'condensed tannins' soaked up to 5 time more, of important soil enzymes, than normal tannins.
Those soil enzymes are a great aid plant growth, so less of them will probably mean less growth for plants and trees alike - so prolonging the influence of the drought. But it also means less CO2 is absorbed from the atmosphere as plants grow - so balancing out, somewhat, the lower carbon-dioxide released from slower rotting leaves.
How these two hooks into the carbon cycle, due to the drought-increased leaf tannins, will play out long-term is unknown. Dukes reflected the uncertainty of what might happen, saying that ''this is an issue that could affect many natural processes. We just don't know what the net result will be.''
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Kids with ADHD have many creative ideas though they usually have trouble planning them as well as placing them down on paper. Pupils with ADHD take some time to start creating a buy paper cheap since they’re overwhelmed with available essay topics, encounter troubles choosing the proper options, and also have difficulty sequencing the thoughts of theirs and planning the ideas properly.
Do not let these hurdles keep the child of yours from accomplishing his or maybe the writing assignment of her. Allow me to share a few things you are able to do to help your kid write a paper.
Teach the child of yours a note system
Notes that have identical ideas must be grouped together. This can help your kid identify the major themes which must be incorporated in the paper.
Help select topics
Kids with ADHD have inquisitive minds which are quickly fascinated. Although this’s usually a great trait, it also helps it be hard for them making choices and limit topic ideas. Help your kid think of a paper issue by having him or maybe the list of her all possible things. The child of yours is going to have a simpler time creating a paper on a topic that he or maybe she finds stimulating or maybe that he or perhaps she already knows anything about. Review each concept in unison and also eliminate topics 1 at a time until just you are left.
Encourage journal writing
Provide the child of yours a blank notebook like a present and push him or maybe her to jot down thoughts.
Work on the papers slowly
If the task is divided into much more manageable portions, the child of yours will not be very overwhelmed by the efforts. Map out a routine for the task and also share due dates. Consult the child of yours to spend around an hour daily working on the newspaper and aim to have parts of it completed in a span of a few days.
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3 Green Myths, Busted. What Do You Really Know About The ‘Environmental Folklore’?
In my work, I do a lot of myth-busting around what is ‘green’ and what is not. Years of scientific research across a variety of fields has allowed me to uncover a range of fascinating and often counterintuitive facts about what's ‘sustainable’ and what’s not. I have compiled the three most compelling and misunderstood myths and busted them for you below:
01 | BIODEGRADABILITY IS BEST
We continuously hear people say things like, “But, it’s biodegradable... So, it’s obviously way better.” Terms like biodegradable, recyclable, and renewable are used interchangeably to mean good for the planet. Yet, these words simply describe a material's property – not an environmental benefit and are often used by marketers to misdirect consumers into thinking that just because something is capable of biodegrading, then it will also have an opportunity to do so. The fact is that in the hands of the wrong systems, these properties can actually have a negative environmental impact. Allow me to explain: Nature has created a pretty spectacular closed system where everything has its place, and waste from one thing is turned into food for something else. Unfortunately, humans have not been quite as good at replicating these natural closed-loop systems and instead have produced a myriad of linear systems, where resources go in and waste comes out—often ending up as a landfill.
Take a tree for example. Through the process of photosynthesis, a tree stores carbon dioxide and creates oxygen for us to breath. In a natural system, over its lifetime parts of the tree (leaves and branches) will be shed, and eventually, the entire tree will die. As it degrades, it also slowly releases the carbon it has stored up during its life back into the atmosphere—only ever the amount it had stored—and this is a carbon neutral cycle. Alternatively, in the modern scenario of a tree being cut down and used within an industrial system, the story and outcome is entirely different. Let’s say a tree gets turned into paper coffee cups. Every year, over 200 billion paper coffee cups are trashed in the States alone! (Source: FastCompany.com) So, our coffee cup gets used and quickly discarded, and since paper cups are lined with a thin film of plastic, they don't fall apart the moment hot liquid is poured inside; it is very unlikely it will actually be recycled. The fact is that once it is trashed, it will end up in a landfill, which is an entirely different environment to the natural cycle. Landfills are anaerobic environments—meaning that they are completely devoid of oxygen—they are tightly compacted and are hot places where microorganisms turn the cellulose fibers in organic materials into methane, which is 24 times more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
So, biodegradability may be good within a closed-loop system, but when it comes to the industrial systems humans have cobbled-together, the outcome has far greater impacts. Increasingly, we are capping and tapping methane from landfills to generate power, but the US EPA still attributes a third of all atmospheric methane to landfills. (Source: epa.gov)
02 | PAPER IS BETTER THAN PLASTIC
Plastic has been heralded as one of the biggest environmental villains of the twentieth century, and whilst plastic in the natural environment is terrible, most of it does not end up in nature. Plastic in all its forms will most likely end up in the trash and thankfully, for some cases in recycling. As societies, when we are making big decisions intended to create positive change, such as banning plastic bags, we must take into consideration the entire system, so that we don’t accidentally replace one problem with another. Over the past twenty years, many studies comparing paper versus plastic bags have been carried out with overwhelmingly similar (and somewhat unexpected) results. In countless life cycle assessments, plastic shopping bags score way better than their paper counterparts—and even more so than the recycled paper option! Why? Because paper weighs more, 4 – 10 times more—which means that there are up to ten times more materials that require extraction from nature, processing, shipping, and that are eventually discarded. So, in this example the weight dictates the impact—that’s one thing that we have learnt from countless studies into the whole of life environmental impacts of products and materials. I speak more about bags in my TEDtalk and provide links and sources here.
To put this in perspective, if we compare two equal volumes of plastic and paper, we see that plastic has a far worse environmental impact per unit than paper, but when we take these materials and put them to use in a functional way—which is always the case with a bag or a cup, having been designed to perform a specific function—then we need to look a bit deeper—at the ability for the material to deliver on its functionality and how it exists within the world. The reality is that most paper bags are not recycled—paper can only be recycled up to 5 times, so in the grand scheme of things, your paper bag is causing way more damage to the planet than a plastic alternative!
What both of these examples teach us is that the real issue here is one of disposability, and in the wider context, the systems that are set up to facilitate our disposable lifestyles. This is what must change; it is not enough to simply change the materials we use.
03 | RECYCLING IS GREAT
Recycling is an amazing way to utilize materials and thus protect the environment, right? Common sense would suggest that for every ton of recycled paper, a ton of trees are saved from being cut down. But, we are now coming to understand that recycling can create a negative rebound effect whereby recycling validates disposability, thus increasing the amount of disposable products being produced, used and discarded, as well as requiring more natural materials to be extracted to cope with the demand. The net result is more 'stuff' being produced and with it, more waste.
This is particularly problematic as we down-cycle many recyclable materials. For example, due to health issues, takeout containers have to be made from virgin materials and food containment packaging—especially paper products—are often trashed rather than recycled, as food waste left on containers contaminates the recycling process. Now, I’m not actually saying that recycling is bad. I’m just raising the critical point that interventions, which appear to be solving the problem have a habit of placating people, resulting in what’s called the Javon’s effect —whereby an efficiency gain results in an increased use of a particular resource. What this all boils down to is that instead of saving materials, we actually start using more materials, which in turn increases the associated environmental impacts. Again—what this points to is the fact that current systems are flawed, and that the choices we all make as individuals greatly impact the health of the planet.
So, what should we do? Firstly, I would say the most important thing is to start thinking differently about the problems and the solutions. Things are never as simple as they first appear. Question what you think you know rather than automatically believing the ‘environmental folklore’—that fuzzy feel-good glow you get when you ‘do the right thing’—and instead, try follow the old but very effective mantra of do more with less.
FROM THE EDITOR
At Conscious, remarkable people and organizations inspire us, and so we set out to tell stories that highlight human interest stories, global initiatives, innovation, community development, and social impact. You can read more stories like this when you subscribe.
Editor's Note: Leyla Acaroglu joins Conscious to teach us about Design Sustainability. Leyla, from Australia, rallies an actively engaged creative community in New York to curate experiences that evoke positive change for us all. Read her interview here. Discover her series here.0
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As of January 1, 2017, new minimum wage laws have gone into effect that will increase the minimum amount paid to employees across 22 states, including the District of Columbia and numerous cities around the country. These laws are effective for companies who staff people in more than one city or state.
Raising minimum wages have been a political issues for a number of years now. However, what makes these particular wage increase changes so surprising is the fact that they were not solely a product of legislative actions—but rather many were directly passed by the voting public. The working public from these states turned out en masse to the polls to ensure that their pay would be increased.
Much of this turnout was in response to the Republican-led Congress. Voters felt the need to take matters into their own hands because Congress seemed unwilling to broach the subject of a wage increase.
The 15 states who used ballots to increase minimum wage included:
- New Jersey
- South Dakota
Another 7 states (Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York and Vermont) increased their minimum wage via legislatures. Additionally, those living in Oregon, Maryland and Washington D.C. will have to wait several years before they begin seeing an increase on their paychecks.
In terms of how large the minimum wage increases will be, it varies across states. Minimum wage in New York, for instance, varies across employer size and region. In New York City, minimum wage has increased to $11 per hour; however, downstate the increase went to $10 and the increase topped out at $9.70/hr everywhere else in the state.
Hopefully, these minimum wage changes will not impact small businesses too aggressively. As always, stay on top of the many changes happening the small business world by checking back to the MaxFilings’ blog.
Find out the minimum wage laws in your state.
Continue Reading: Which States Have the Best Business Tax Climate?
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The Giants-Dodgers rivalry originated during the teams’ early days in New York, when the Giants played at the Polo Grounds in Manhattan and the Dodgers played at Washington Park in Brooklyn before later moving to Ebbets Field. The rivalry intensified after both teams moved west to California in 1958.
However, back in what has come to be known as professional baseball’s “dead-ball era”—a period from 1900 to 1919, when games were typically low-scoring and relied on small ball strategies rather than power hitting and home runs (i.e., the pre-Ruth era)—the then New York Giants had another bitter rival: the Chicago Cubs. Never was that rivalry nastier than in 1908, the year the Cubs would go on to win its last World Series. As the Giants and Cubs finish their four-game series in Chicago today, I thought I would dredge up that nearly forgotten rivalry.
In the early 1900s, each league in baseball, American and National, consisted of eight teams. There were no separate divisions, and therefore no division or championship playoff series. The pennant in each league went to the team with the best record, and these two teams would face off in the World Series.
The Cubs won the pennant in 1906 and 1907. The Giants won it the two previous years.
The end of the 1908 season saw a three-way fight for the National League pennant involving the Cubs, Giants, and Pittsburgh Pirates. On September 23, 1908, with only eleven games left in the season, the Giants played the Cubs at the Polo Grounds. Christy Mathewson pitched for the Giants, Jack Pfiester for the Cubs. It was a typical dead-ball game that went into the bottom of the ninth a 1-1 tie. However, what happened in the bottom of the ninth was anything but typical.
With the Giants at bat and two outs in the inning, pinch-hitter Moose McCormick came to the plate and singled. Rookie first baseman Fred Merkle, who started his first game that day only because the Giants’ regular starting first baseman, Fred Tenney, had come down with lumbago, lined a single to right that moved McCormick to third base. With men on first and third, Giants shortstop Al Bridwell swung at the first pitch from Pfiester and lined it up the middle into center field. The ball was hit so hard that field umpire Bob Emslie had to dive out of the way to keep from getting hit. McCormick scored, seemingly giving the Giants a 2-1 win.
But as fans poured onto the field, Cubs second baseman Johnny Evers noticed Merkle never touched second base. In the excitement of the win, Merkle made a beeline for the clubhouse to avoid the mob of fans. Major League Baseball’s rule 4.09 states that “[a] run is not scored if the runner advances to home base during a play in which the third out is made … by any runner being forced out”. However, it was customary in baseball not to enforce this rule. Three weeks earlier, in a game between the Cubs and Pirates, Evers had tried to press the rule when a similar situation arose. The umpires refused Evers’ appeal.
Evers decided to give it another try. He called for Cubs center fielder Solly Hofman to throw him the ball. When Giants pitcher Joe McGinnity saw what Evers was up to, he rushed over and grabbed the ball from Evers and threw it into the stands.
The story of how Evers got the ball back is murky. Some accounts say that either he or another Cubs player went into the stands and wrestled the ball from the fan who caught it. Others say Evers simply picked up another ball. Whatever the case, Evers stood with the ball on second again and called Emslie over to contest the win, pointing out that Merkle never touched the base. Emslie, in his avoidance of Bridwell’s line drive, had failed to see whether Merkle touched second. He appealed to home plate umpire Hank O’Day. O’Day confirmed that Merkle hadn’t touched the base and was therefore out. The game was ruled a tie, 1-1.
The Giants were already in the clubhouse when they heard about the decision. At first, they assumed someone was pulling a prank. When they learned it was no joke, they became angry. “That dirty son of a bitch. O’Day is trying to rob us,” Giants manager John McGraw is reported to have fumed.
National League President Harry Pulliam later upheld the call. The Giants appealed to the league’s board of directors. Several days later, the board came back with its decision: Merkle was out. The game was a tie, 1-1.
Merkle was devastated and blamed himself for the Giants’ failure to win. His teammates and McGraw supported him. Fans and New York sports writers, however, weren’t so kind. Sports writers referred to Merkle as “a bonehead.” Fans booed him whenever he took the field or came to bat. The base running error came to be known in baseball lore as “Merkle’s Boner.” The end of the season was hard on Merkle. Depressed, he lost 20 pounds. He begged for McGraw to trade him or send him to the minors. But McGraw’s support of Merkle never flagged.
As the last ten games of the season were played, the Cubs knocked the Pirates out of contention for the pennant, finishing with a record of 98-55. The Giants had to win their last two games against Boston to tie the Cubs, which they did. The league then gave the Giants a choice: they could either play a best of five series against the Cubs to decide the pennant or play one winner-take-all game. Ailing with injuries at the end of the season, the Giants decided on the single winner-take-all game.
The game took place at the Polo Grounds on October 8, 1908. “The air crackled with the excitement and baseball,” Mathewson later wrote. The nerves of players were “rasped raw with the strain” and fans “wore a fringe of nervous prostration.”
40,000 of these nervous fans packed the stadium that day. If one includes the surrounding bluffs, rooftops, telegraph poles, and elevated train tracks, estimates placed the crowds anywhere from 100,000 to 250,000. The train line on 155th Street overlooking the stadium couldn’t run trains that day because fans were sitting on the tracks. One unfortunate fan, an off-duty fireman by the name of Harry McBride, fell from the tracks 25 feet to his death. Christy Mathewson’s wife, Jane, who was carrying their small child, was nearly trampled to death in the stands.
Tensions ran high. Mounted police were called in to control the crowds. Firefighters used hoses to push back fans who tried to enter through holes punched in the fence. Fistfights broke out in the stands. Cubs players feared for their lives in the dugout as irate fans taunted and threatened them. Before the game, a number of Cubs players had received death threats. A fight broke out between the Giants and Cubs players when the Giants went over their allotted time for field practice.
Mathewson and Pfiester were again the starting pitchers. Before the game, Mathewson warned McGraw that he didn’t have his best stuff that day and his curveball wasn’t breaking. But McGraw wasn’t about to bench his best pitcher in a game that would decide the pennant.
Pfiester immediately gave up a run in the first inning, so Cubs manager Frank Chance replaced him with Three-Fingered Brown. Mordecai Peter Centennial Brown received his nickname as a result of a farming accident when he was a boy that left his right hand disfigured. Brown’s hand gave him an unusual grip that caused his curveball to break sharply. This and his remarkable control made him practically unhittable.
Mathewson held the Cubs scoreless for the first couple of innings, but in the third inning, the Cubs put up four runs against him. “What I can’t understand to this day is why it took them so long to hit me,” Mathewson later wrote. He hung on until the seventh inning before being replaced by a pinch hitter. The Giants, who had been blanked by Brown since the first inning, managed to get another run in the seventh. It would be their last. The game ended in the bottom of the ninth with the Giants going three up, three down. The Cubs won, 4-2, sending them to the World Series against the Detroit Tigers.
Cubs players had to immediately rush off the field to avoid the angry Giants fans pouring onto it. A few Cubs players got beat up. Frank Chance was hit in the throat with a bottle and couldn’t speak for two days. The door of the clubhouse was barricaded and a line of police stood outside it to keep the unruly mob from bursting in. Eventually, police escorted Cubs players to their hotel in a patrol wagon.
Now that’s a rivalry.
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OUT WITH THE OLD TERM-INOLOGY
Perinatal healthcare professionals have traditionally used the word “term” to apply to infants born from 3 weeks before until 2 weeks after the 40-week gestation mark. Infants born during this 5-week span were generally thought to have the same good outcomes. However, the evidence increasingly shows that lumping all of these infants together is not appropriate, because the outcomes of infants born 3 weeks before “term” (37 weeks) can be significantly different from those born at 40 weeks.
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine convened a workgroup to consider the definition of the term pregnancy.1 This group recommends that the label “term” be replaced with the following designations:
* Early term: 37 weeks through 38 weeks and 6 days;
* Full term: 39 weeks through 40 weeks and 6 days;
* Late term: 41 weeks through 41 weeks and 6 days; and
* Postterm: 42 weeks and older.
The full committee opinion, “Definition of Term Pregnancy,” is available on the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist's Web site at http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Definition_of_Term_Pregnancy.
For the best possible care and communication between neonatal, obstetric, and pediatric providers, it is important to have uniformity in the terminology used to characterize our patients. Use of the same language will also improve conformity in clinical research and public health reporting of birth statistics and outcomes. Neonatal nurses should endeavor to adopt the new, more specific terminology when speaking or documenting the care of the newborn.
1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Definition of term pregnancy: committee opinion no. 579. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:1139–1140. Cited Here...
RETHINKING PRIVATE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ROOMS
Private rooms for infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) have become common, almost becoming a standard of care. Many benefits for infants and families were anticipated, such as reduced exposure to noise and light, more privacy, more space, and improved infection control. We did not necessarily need a lot of studies to tell us that private rooms were better for the babies.
Or, did we? A recent study1 calls into question the commonsense view that private rooms are better for infants than the traditional ward-style NICU. This particular study evaluated associations between NICU room type (open ward and private room) and medical outcomes; neurobehavior, electrophysiology, and brain structure at hospital discharge; and developmental outcomes of the infants at 2 years of age.
This prospective longitudinal cohort study enrolled 136 preterm infants (<30 weeks' gestation) from an urban, 75-bed level III NICU from 2007 to 2010. Each infant was admitted to a bed space in an open ward (containing 8-12 beds) or private room (according to space and staffing availability) and remained in that room for the duration of hospitalization. It was standard practice in the NICU to dim overhead lights, cover incubators, and attempt to minimize noise. The primary outcome was developmental performance at 2 years of age (86 infants returned for testing, which was 83% of the survivors). Secondary outcomes included neurobehavior and cerebral maturation assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography.
They found that at term equivalent age, the private room infants showed reduced normal hemispheric asymmetry and a trend toward lower amplitude-integrated electroencephalography cerebral maturation scores (P = .02). At the age of 2 years, private room infants had lower language scores (P = .006), a difference that was even more pronounced in infants with moderate-severe cerebral injury. Private room infants also exhibited a trend toward lower motor scores (P = .02) and significantly higher arousability scores than open ward infants.
The investigators concluded that their findings highlight the need for further research into the potential adverse effects of different amounts of sensory exposure in the NICU environment. They raise the possibility that the relative “sensory deprivation” of a private room might explain the differences in the study groups. They acknowledge that parental visiting and holding in their urban NICU might have been below average, although controlling for parental visitation and holding in the NICU, did not alter the findings. Still, it is impossible to know from this study whether higher levels of parental interaction, particularly vocalization, might be able to counteract the relative sensory deprivation of a private room.
1. Pineda RG, Neil J, Dierker D, et al. Alterations in brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants hospitalized in different neonatal intensive care unit environments [published online ahead of print October 9, 2013]. J Pediatr. Cited Here...
PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE
Pediatric palliative care programs are becoming more common in children's hospitals, a positive development. A recent survey1 found that approximately 70% of children's hospitals have pediatric palliative care programs, although there is marked variation in how the programs operate, suggesting a need for formal guidance on how to deliver high-quality pediatric palliative care.
A new guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics2 is a timely and welcome response to this need. The goal of pediatric palliative care is to relieve suffering, improve quality of life, facilitate informed decision-making, and assist in care coordination. It should be patient-centered and family engaged, respecting and partnering with patients and families. Among the principles of high-quality pediatric palliative care outlined in the guidance document are the following:
* Hospitals and health care organizations that frequently care for children with life-threatening illness and routinely provide end-of-life care should have dedicated interdisciplinary specialty teams to address physical, psychosocial, emotional, practical, and spiritual needs of the child and family.
* Palliative/hospice care should involve various modes of integrated care: cure-seeking, life-prolonging (when in the child's best interest), and comfort-enhancing.
* Specialists should facilitate clear, compassionate discussions with patients and families and support them through the process.
* Psychological and bereavement counselors should be available to help siblings express their thoughts and emotions.
* All health care professionals should be supported via peer-to-peer discussions, debriefings, and other counseling and educational programs.
* Institutional policies should address ethical considerations on topics such as withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment and the relief of severe symptoms.
1. Feudtner C, Womer J, Augustin R, et al. Pediatric palliative care programs in children's hospitals: a cross-sectional national survey [published online ahead of print November 4, 2013]. Pediatrics. 2013;132:1063–1070. PubMed | CrossRef Cited Here... |
2. Section on Hospice and Palliative Medicine and Committee on Hospital Care. Pediatric palliative care and hospice care commitments, guidelines, and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2013;132:966–972. PubMed | CrossRef Cited Here... |
WHAT IS A CLINICAL NURSE LEADER?
The clinical nurse leader (CNL) is a master's educated nurse, prepared for practice across the continuum of care within any health care setting in today's changing health care environment. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, which originally developed the role, a CNL oversees the care coordination of a distinct group of patients and actively provides direct patient care in complex situations. The CNL puts evidence-based practice into action to ensure that patients benefit from the latest innovations in care delivery. The CNL evaluates patient outcomes, assesses cohort risk, and has the decision-making authority to change care plans when necessary. The CNL is a leader in the healthcare delivery system, and the implementation of this role will vary across settings.
A new document from the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Competency and Curricular Expectations for Clinical Nurse Leader Education and Practice, delineates the entry-level competencies for all CNLs. The document also includes a curriculum framework and clinical/practice expectations for CNL programs. These components provide the basis for the design and implementation of a master's or postmaster's CNL education program and prepare the graduate to sit for the Commission on Nurse Certification CNL Certification Examination.
PREVENTING CLABSI: TAKE OUT THE PICC
A new study1 suggests that a good strategy to prevent central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in neonates is to remove the catheter after no longer than 2 weeks, if possible.
To assess the daily risk for CLABSIs associated with catheter dwell time, Milstone and colleagues1 conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study looking at 3967 patients who had a total of 4797 peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) placed between 2005 and 2013. Of 89,946 catheter-days, 149 CLABSIs were diagnosed (incidence 1.66 per 1000 catheter-days).
In adjusted analysis, the average predicted daily risk for CLABSI after PICC insertion increased during the first 2 weeks after PICC insertion and remained elevated for the dwell time of the catheter. Dwell times longer than 2 weeks were associated with a higher risk for CLABSI than shorter dwell times. CLABSI risk was increased in neonates with concurrent PICCs, and the incidence of gram-negative CLABSIs was higher in PICCs with dwell times greater than 50 days.
The researchers recommend that clinicians should review PICC necessity daily, optimize catheter maintenance practices, and investigate novel CLABSI-prevention strategies in PICCs with prolonged dwell times.
1. Milstone AM, Reich NG, Advani S, et al. Catheter dwell time and CLABSIs in neonates with PICCs: a multicenter cohort study [published online ahead of print November 11, 2013]. Pediatrics. 2013;132:e1609–e1615. PubMed | CrossRef Cited Here... |
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Imagine a beautiful summer's day by the lake - birds singing sweetly, flowers swaying gently in the breeze, and the familiar buzz of dragonflies as they skip across the surface of the water.
These little creatures have captured our imagination for centuries and have been the inspiration for many pieces of artwork.
Dragonflies belong to the Odonata
family, along with Damselflies
. Legend has it that they descended from dragons, as such, they were named in honor of their mythical ancestors. Dragonflies have been a large part of many Asian cultures. The beautiful islands of Japan were once known as Akitsushima or the Dragonfly Islands
in honor of the noble insect that helped Japan's mythical founder, Emperor Jinmu
. Since then, dragonflies have had a special place in the Japanese culture. They are the focal characters of many cultural pieces of art and literature and are symbols of Courage, Strength, Prosperity, and Happiness.
In parts of China, dragonflies are emblems of Purity, Harmony, and the subconscious mind. As a creature of the natural element, Water, dragonflies are emblems of emotions and their presence represents the purity of our deepest thoughts and dreams
. They are tools of meditation and many yogis and spiritualists believe that the dragonfly shows humans how to live in the moment.
Dragonflies have also inspired various works of art. Native American tribes like the Zuni
and the Navajo
see dragonflies as symbols of Speed and Agility, and often depict their image on tribal pottery, rock art, and necklaces. During the Art Noveau Revolution
in the early 1900s, dragonflies and beetles were the main feature of haute accessories.
However, Dragonflies didn't always have such a positive reputation. In parts of Europe, they were seen as the Devil's Advocates, sent to create chaos. In Portugal, they are known as 'eye catchers'
and in Sweden, they are said to buzz around and judge the worthiness of the souls of naughty children and evil adults. The Dragonfly would then stitch up their mouths, ears, and eyes to prevent them from doing more misdeeds.
Whether you're seeking inner harmony or confessing your misdeeds before the Dragonfly comes to get you, Dragonfly Tattoos always make great works of body art.
The Meaning of Dragonfly Tattoo Designs
Dragonflies have an air of mysticism and charm about them that is hard to ignore. These spritely little creatures have, over the years, come to embody traits like:
- Meditation and the Subconscious
- Freedom and Frivolity
- Elegance and Grace
- Prosperity and Abundance
Dragonfly Tattoo Design Variations
Dragonflies are vibrant and lively little things and to bring out the beauty of these tiny creatures, many artists tend to create designs that incorporate bright colors and whimsical elements like delicate flowers, butterflies, and bees. Popular Dragonfly Tattoo variations include:
Dragonfly Fairy Tattoos
Fulfill your innermost wishes and dreams with a Dragonfly Fairy Tattoo.
dwell in the realm of our imagination, playing tricks and granting wishes to humans who are worthy off their favors. Much like the Dragonfly, they spend their days fluttering about with nary a care in the world, which explains why both creatures are considered to be emblems of Frivolity and Freedom. Dragonflies
live near bodies of water, the natural element associated with the Subconscious and human emotions. They embody Prosperity and Luck. Dragonfly Fairy Tattoos represent your connection to Nature, Innocence, and show off your fun side, and are particularly popular with women.
Dragonfly and Flower Tattoos
Flowers are Nature's symbols of Femininity, Youth, and Beauty
, whereas Dragonflies are emblems of Freedom, Frivolity, and the Subconscious. The type of flower in the artwork is of great significance and changes the overall meaning of the design. Dragonfly and Flower Tattoos embody Feminine Beauty and Freedom.
Dragonfly and Butterfly Tattoos
Dragonflies and Butterflies
are creatures of Transformation. Both go through a period of metamorphosis, changing from a seemingly ghastly pupa to a breathtakingly beautiful being. Both spend their days roaming the skies and are a sign of Freedom and Frivolity. On the other hand, a Dragonfly
is also an element of Water, as such, it represents our latent emotions hidden beneath the surface. This design is popular with women.
Tribal Dragonfly Tattoos
The beautiful black stripes of a tribal tattoo carry cultural and spiritual meaning for the indigenous people living in the region where the pattern originates. The exact meaning of each tribal pattern is a closely guarded secret of the tribe's elders, but in general, tribal patterns help to identify your spiritual and mental connection with a particular culture. Depicting a dragonfly using tribal images is also a way of infusing the unique spiritual elements of the little insect into the region's cultural identity. Tribal Dragonfly Tattoos
signify the deeper mental and emotional connection
with a culture and its people, as well as your quiet inner power.
The right design is the cornerstone of every great tattoo. When coming up with a good design, it's best to think about what your new ink will symbolize, where it'll be placed on your body, and whether or not you'll use other elements in your design.
The best artwork is one that you'll be proud to wear twenty years from now, so take the time to get your design perfect. For inspiration, visit our design page at www.itattoodesigns.com and take advantage of our Custom Design Service. Our team can design a one-of-a-kind piece that you'll truly love.
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As the world becomes increasingly aware of the environmental impacts of human activities, many people are seeking ways to live a more sustainable lifestyle. Ecofriendly living has gained popularity, not only because it benefits the planet but also because it promotes better health and savings in the long run. In this article, we will discuss some ecofriendly living tips that can help you adopt a sustainable lifestyle.
One of the first steps towards an ecofriendly lifestyle is reducing energy consumption. Conserving energy not only reduces carbon emissions but also helps you save money. Start by switching to energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs. LED bulbs consume significantly less energy and last longer than traditional incandescent bulbs. Additionally, unplug electronics and chargers when they are not in use as they continue to draw power even in standby mode.
Another crucial aspect of ecofriendly living is conserving water. This precious resource is scarce in many parts of the world, making it essential to use it wisely. Start by fixing any leaks in your home and installing water-saving devices such as low-flow showerheads and faucets. Furthermore, practice simple habits like turning off the tap while brushing your teeth and collecting rainwater for watering plants. These small changes can make a significant impact on water conservation.
Reducing waste is yet another important aspect of ecofriendly living. Strive to minimize your consumption and opt for reusable products rather than single-use items. For example, bring your own cloth bags to the grocery store instead of using plastic bags. Similarly, carry a reusable water bottle and coffee cup instead of relying on disposable options. Additionally, start composting food waste, as this can significantly reduce the amount of garbage that goes to landfills. Composting also creates nutrient-rich soil, which is excellent for gardening.
Speaking of gardening, it is an excellent way to practice ecofriendly living. Growing your own food not only ensures access to fresh and organic produce but also reduces your carbon footprint. Choose native plants for your garden, as they require less water and are better suited to the local climate. Furthermore, avoid using synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers and opt for natural alternatives. Composting food waste, as mentioned earlier, helps in creating nutrient-rich soil for your garden.
Transportation is another area where we can make ecofriendly choices. If possible, consider alternatives to driving alone in a car. Carpooling, walking, biking, or using public transportation whenever feasible can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If you must use a car, consider investing in an electric or hybrid vehicle, as these produce fewer emissions compared to traditional gasoline-powered cars.
Finally, educate yourself and others about sustainability. Stay informed about environmental issues and share your knowledge with friends and family. Encourage others to make ecofriendly choices and engage in sustainable practices. Together, we can make a significant impact on the health of our planet.
In conclusion, ecofriendly living is about making conscious choices that reduce our impact on the environment. By following these simple tips, such as conserving energy and water, reducing waste, gardening sustainably, choosing eco-friendly transportation, and educating ourselves and others, we can all contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle. Remember, every small ecofriendly action counts – and collectively, we can make a difference for generations to come.
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When you gift money or property to someone you may owe tax on the value gifted. For tax purposes, a gift is a transfer of property for less than its full value. In other words, if not paid back, at least not fully, it is a gift. The federal gift tax exists for the main reason of preventing citizens from avoiding the federal estate tax by giving away their money before they die. When invoked, the federal gift tax is owed by the giver of the gift, the recipient never owes anything. There is usually no gift tax when given to one's spouse or a charity.
A federal income tax return is usually unaffected by making a gift to someone. The value of gifts other than deductible charitable contributions cannot be deducted.
The following gifts are considered to be taxable when they exceed the annual gift exclusion amount of $13,000 (as of 2012).
· Adding a joint tenant to real estate
· Loaning $10,000 or more at less than the market rate of interest. This rule does not apply to loans of $10,000 or less
· Canceling indebtedness
· Making a payment owed by someone else
· Making a gift as an individual to a corporation
· A gift of foreign real estate from a U.S. citizen
· Giving real or tangible property located in the United States
The following gifts are not taxable:
· Gifts not more than the annual exclusion for the calendar year
· Tuition or medical expenses paid directly to an educational or medical institution for someone
· Gifts to one's spouse
· Gifs to a political organization for its use and
· Gifts to charities
In addition, there are certain transactions not considered as gifts, and hence, not taxable:
- Adding a joint tenant to a bank or brokerage account or to a U.S. Savings Bond
- Making a bona fide business transaction
Payments to 529 state tuition plans are gifts, so one can exclude up to the annual $13,000 amount. In fact, it can go up to $65,000 in one year, using up five year's worth of the exclusion, if the individual agrees not to make another gift to the same person in the following four years.
Alongside one's spouse, one can make a gift of up to $26,000 to a third party without it turning taxable. The gift can be considered as made one-half by self and the other half by spouse. If splitting a gift, a gift tax return must be filed to show that the spouse was also in agreement to use gift splitting.
A Form 709 (United States Gift and Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax Return) must be filed in certain cases. The gift value given should be such that kiddie tax does not kick in. To learn more please email email@example.com
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10 Reasons To Eat Dark Chocolate! The world has always been having a universal love affair with chocolate and every now and then we find a way to justify eating it so we feel a [...]
A clinical study reported in Journal of Diabetic Medicine shows the difference between the good chocolate with high polyphenols (high flavanoids or plant based antioxidants) and bad chocolate with low polyphenols. Dark chocolate is good for diabetics.
This is music to chocoholics ears....Dark chocolate has medicinal properties and what we know that has been reported is dark chocolate helps your heart health, promotes weight loss, helps keep blood sugars in diabetics stable and reduces the chance for diabetes, improves mood, improves cognitive function, helps to protect the skin from UV damage, promotes and increases energy levels and aids in reducing inflammation inside the body.
Raw, cold pressed Gourmet Healthy Chocolates contain many vitamins and minerals that are high in antioxidants as well as flavanoids. Exactly what makes gourmet healthy chocolate healthy, and what's the big deal anyway? Learn just how healthy these chocolate are for you.
Prevention of oxidative stress and free radical damage to DNA is an area that science has been studying. One of the most harmful free radicals that exist in the human body is the 'hydroxyl radical'. Left unattended this radical seeks and destroys cell tissue and molecules.
Inflammation in the body is something we cannot readily see yet it is responsible for a multitude of ailments. A high carbohydrate diet with little protein is directly linked to inflammation and also related to a high intake of sugar.
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The History of Venetian Blinds: Not so Venetian after all.
In the earlier post Venetian Blinds: What Are They? we mentioned that the history of Venetian blinds goes back several centuries. As we continued to research a vast and rich history unfolded before us. We’re nerds about blinds around here, so we were excited to dig into the harrowed past of these iconic window coverings and share it with you!
Image thanks to bertc.com
Venetian Blinds appear in Edmund Charles Tarbell’s painting from the turn of the 18th century,” The Venetian Blind.”
Although the early history of Venetian window blinds is mostly conjectural, they are thought to have originated in Persia, not Venice. Venetian traders discovered the window coverings through their trade interactions in the East and brought them back to Venice and Paris. To this day, the French call Venetian blinds “Les Persienes,” and remain loyal to their true place of origin. After their introduction to Europe in 1760, they became popular window coverings across the continent.
Image thanks to cr.nps.gov
The Visit of Paul Jones to the Constitutional Convention- J. L. Jerome
John Webster was the first to introduce Venetian blinds in the United States. The high society in America took to them quickly and the blinds were installed in many of the government and public office buildings. Venetian blinds can be seen in the background of J. L. Jerome’s painting, “The Visit of Paul Jones to the Constitutional Convention,” and illustrations of Independence Hall at the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. In 1761 St. Peter’s Church in Philadelphia was fitted with Venetian blinds.
Image thanks to the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Tea- James Tissot, 1872
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Venetian blinds were widely adopted in office buildings to regulate light and air. The Painting, “Tea” by James Tissot includes Venetian blind and is dated to 1872. In the 1930s Rockefeller Center’s RCA Building, better known as Radio City, adopted Venetian Blinds. One of the largest orders for Venetian blinds ever placed was to the Burlington Venetian Blind Co., of Burlington, Vt., which supplied blinds for the windows of the Empire State Building in New York City.
Venetian Window Blinds still give your windows a sophisticated look.
Venetian Blinds have obviously stood the test of time, and are still a functional and stylish window covering choice for your home. Although many of the historical versions we have seen are wood blinds, Venetian blinds are also now produced from aluminum and faux wood. If you’re looking to buy cheap venetian blinds, these two alternatives are more lightweight and cost effective than wood, and will be long lasting even in high humidity spaces like kitchens and bathrooms because they have no risk of warping.
If you’re looking for a classic window covering that harkens back to the historical look, Wood Venetian Blinds like the Bali Northern Heights 2″ Blinds are a great choice.
A lightweight aluminum Venetian blind like our Bali 2″ Heritage Aluminum Blind gives your window a clean line and is a very economical choice.
Faux Wood Venetian Blinds give you the look of wood at a fraction of the cost and with improved durability. Our pick is the Blinds.com Brand Premium 2″ Faux Wood Blinds.
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When Dr. Robert Heaney, a calcium expert at Creighton University in Omaha, recently examined the health records of 575 women, he was astonished at the results. "We were looking at mid-life weight gain and found that women with the highest calcium intakes didn't gain weight and those with the lowest did," Dr. Heaney said.
Similarly, at the University of Tennessee, Michael Zemel, Ph.D., reported that because calcium plays a key role in metabolic disorders linked to obesity and insulin resistance, a diet low in calcium literally stockpiles fat cells while higher calcium diets depletes them. Dr. Zemel discovered that a high calcium diet released a hormone which sends signals that are read by the body's fat cells to lose weight.
A two-year Purdue University study in West Lafayette, Ind. that involved 54 women ages 18 to 31, found that women with a daily intake of at least 780 milligrams of calcium showed no increase in body fat or lost body fat mass during a two-year period. Women who averaged less than 780 milligrams of calcium gained weight during the same period.
Both exercisers and couch potatoes seemed to benefit unless they consumed more than 1,900 calories daily. All researchers said that dining on calcium-rich dairy products such as milk, cheese and yogurt achieved greater weight loss than leafy green vegetables, nuts, beans and supplements.
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There has always been a gap between the capabilities of men and machine. While computers were able to perform complex multiplications or store large amounts of data, humans beat them on rather intuitive tasks like natural language or perception. The research area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) aims to bridge this gap by bringing consciousness and genuine intelligence into machines and programs. Recent developments in a subfield of AI promise to reduce the existing gap. This subfield of AI is called Deep Learning (DL) and its impact reaches out to different domains of application, like computer vision or machine translation.
Just imagine a little robot rephrasing one of the most famous sentences in human history, just because he got a software update that included DL:
That’s one small step for [a] man … one … giant leap for AI.
This blogpost provides an overview on DL and discusses how it fits into the framework of AI. Thereby it will serve as an introduction into the topic and a reference point for more advanced contributions in this blog. For this purpose, we will answer the following questions:
- What makes up learning for a computer program?
- How are Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning related?
- What are the building blocks of Deep Learning?
- Why is all of this happening right now?
- Where are we going next?
How do Computer Programs Learn?
In order to gain a first intuition of computer programs that learn, we will have a look at a definition provided by Tom Mitchell :
A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.
According to this definition, learning comprises three components. First of all, learning is always assessed in connection to a specific task T. Henceforth, we will use the example of a simple classification task to support our explanations. Let’s assume we have a large stack of images that either show a single dog or a cat. We are interested in building a model that is able to assign one of these two classes at the moment we show it a specific picture. In other words, our task T is defined as a classification problem with two classes („cat“ and „dog“).
Furthermore, we want to evaluate our model based on its performance P. Typically, one relies on quantitative metrics to specify the performance of a model. In our case, we want the model to label as many images as possible with the correct class. Therefore, we will use a metric called accuracy. This metric measures the share of correct classifications over all processed samples. Let’s stick with our example and suppose we have a set of 1000 images (500 „cat“ and 500 „dogs“). Since our model is not perfect yet, it will confuse some cats with dogs and some dogs with cats. E.g., our model gets 540 out of the labels correctly (correct „cats“: 300, correct „dogs“: 240). This corresponds to an accuracy of 54% (share of correct classifications).
The third component that matters for computer programs that learn is experience E. In order to stimulate a learning process we provide a dataset to our model. In our example the dataset consists of our image stack (1000 images) annotated with the corresponding ground truth labels („cat“, „dog“). For training purposes, we let our model predict the class for a certain image and compare the prediction to the ground truth. Based on this comparison we provide a feedback (loss) to our model, which uses it to adjust its parameters. Thereby, our model aims to improve its predictive behaviour for future predictions based on similar inputs. In other words: the more images our model has seen, the more experience it gains and the better it becomes at recognising cats and dogs.
So far, we have introduced what it means for a computer program to learn. In a next step, we will discuss different concepts that incorporate learning and show their relations within the field of Artificial Intelligence.
How are Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning Related?
There are two important frameworks that incorporate computer programs that learn, namely Machine Learning (ML) and DL. In order to understand the relation between those concepts and AI, one should have a basic understanding of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Below we present brief explanations of the different concepts.
- Artificial Intelligence: deals with intelligent agents, which perceive their environment and derive actions in order to maximise chances to accomplish a certain goal.
- Machine Learning: describes computer programs that learn to solve tasks (e.g. distinguish between two classes based on a set of features) without being explicitly programmed.
- Deep Learning: algorithms learn to solve tasks by exploring the latent structure of the data with the help of ANNs that have several hidden layers.
On the first glance, it appears that these definitions are very similar. Indeed, there is an overlap between the different concepts as shown in the following figure and which will be discussed now.
Our intuitive expectation of Artificial Intelligence is mainly shaped by our experience with natural intelligence. We expect a machine with human-like cognitive capabilities. In this regard, the machine should e.g. act smart, plan in advance, learn and be creative. If we combine the formal explanations of the previous section and this initial expectation, we end up with an agent (a physical machine or a program) that adjusts its behaviour towards a goal based on observations about its environment.
Apple’s digital assistant Siri is designed to carry out tasks through interaction with humans. As long as the focus of a task is to schedule calendar entries or retrieve the weather forecast, there is no clue that Siri is a program. Although, I guess every iPhone owner successfully tried to push Siri beyond its limits. These little experiments show that the system is neither conscious nor genuinely intelligent. Hence, Siri can be described with the concept of weak or narrow AI. Instead of investigating the reasoning process behind actions, the observed behaviour itself is assessed. This allows us to attribute intelligence to agents that are applied in narrow domains and with limited focus. The term of narrow AI is particularly interesting within business context, since it can be used to summarise all kinds of automated decision making tools.
Strong or general AI goes beyond automated decision making and is concerned about machines that actually think. Thereby it is a closer match to our initial expectation based on natural intelligence. A key capability of strong AI is to transfer acquired knowledge in order to perform on more general tasks and adapt to new problems.
A Narrow AI Based on a Set of Rules
With this in mind, we will draft a narrow AI that allows us to classify our image stack. At this point, we will make a naive assumption about the world of cats and dogs. We suppose that we can distinguish them based on two features only, their snouts and their tails. While cats tend to have flat snouts as well as long but thin tails, the appearance of dogs is more diverse.
In order to perform a classification, we need to extract those two features from the raw pixels of the images. For now, we will rely on a blackbox pre-processing step that provides us with the features form_of_snout and form_of_tail. This pre-processing step is performed by an external component, which is not part of our classifier. This assumption represents a drastic simplification of the real problem, but it allows us to formulate our narrow AI by the following rules:
if form_of_snout == 'flat' and form_of_tail == 'long':
label = 'cat'
label = 'dog'
As soon as we aim for a more realistic version of our use case the complexity of our model increases. In order to improve our AI, it would require more rules and more features. We would need to make sure that every exception (e.g. dogs with flat snouts and long-thin tails) is captured by a corresponding rule. As one can imagine, we would spend a vast amount of time formulating these rules and end up with a large system. However, the resulting system would have almost no flexibility and the occurrence of unknown examples would require us to re-write the code.
Machine Learning is a subset of AI that overcomes this limitation of rule-based AI systems. Instead of using a set of pre-defined rigid rules, ML algorithms learn to find patterns in the data based on previous observations. In other words, we assume that there is a (more or less complex) function which explains the data and ML algorithms infer decision rules that approach this function. Learning from experience means nothing else than adjusting these decision rules over time.
The power of ML comes from the fact that algorithms learn from the data passed to them. Thereby, they can be re-used without being re-written. If we collect another dataset that captures the distinction between elephants and giraffes, we could train a similar type of classifier as we used for our cat-dog classification problem. Due to their design, the power of ML algorithms heavily depends on quality of the input data. Algorithms cannot predict what they have not seen before. E.g. without re-training, our cat-dog classifier would assign either „cat“ or „dog“ to an image that shows an elephant.
A (Shallow) ML-based Approach
As we did for our rule-based AI, we will stick to our assumption of how one can distinguish between cats and dogs. Furthermore, we rely on the same blackbox pre-processing tool which extracts the features from our images. Based on the extracted features we could then apply standard ML algorithms like Decision Trees, Logistic Regression or Support Vector Machines to classify samples from our dataset.
The illustration below gives you an intuition how ML algorithms learn. Let’s say we decided to use a model allowing us to split our data linearly. After seeing some samples, the algorithm detects a relation between the snout of the animal and its class. Therefore, the model will predict „dog“ for images where the feature form_of_snout is long and „cat“ if is flat.
At some point in time, our model needs to classify the image of a pug. As one can see, pugs do have a flat snout but belong to the class „dog“. Hence, there is a mismatch between the prediction of the model and the ground truth of the image. This mismatch is quantified by a loss function and fed back into the model. Based on this feedback, the model adjusts its parameters (changes intersection and slope of the decision rule). Over time, the model’s decision rule approaches the latent function that explains the data.
So far, we showed the advantage of learnable models over programs that make use of rigid rules. Nevertheless, rule-based models as well as shallow ML algorithms rely on pre-processing in order to extract features like form_of_snout from the images. Instead of relying on feature engineering, DL leverages artificial neural networks to learn the features itself (also known as representation learning) and build feature hierarchies from it.Learning feature hierarchies and the classification itself is possible since ANNs are universal function approximators . This means that even for complex functions, like translating speech into text or object recognition, there are neural networks which can do the job. It was found that deep neural networks (at least two hidden layers) capture different levels of abstract representations of the data within their layers.
A Deep Cat-Dog Classifier
Using artificial neural networks to build our classifier allows us to process raw images instead of engineered features. In our case, we feed the raw pixels of an image (i.e. its numeric representation: RGB-value) into the input layer. Neurons of the first layer typically respond to simple shapes such as edges or straight lines. These features are then used to detect more complex structures within the higher layers of the network. As you can see here, there might be neurons that respond to a dogs snout, a cats tail or a dogs chest. In the top layer of the network, activations of higher level neurons are combined in order to predict the most likely class of the image.
Let’s compare this to what we have learned about ML in general. Shallow ML models learn to make predictions based on a set of features that obtained by an additional pre-processing step. In contrast, deep neural networks do also learn to capture characteristics of the data that are important to solve a task.
What makes up Deep Learning? — The Building Blocks
Deep Learning builds on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) which mimic the behaviour of the human brain. First attempts to simplify and formally describe the way human brains work date back to the 1950’s and 1960’s. In this blog post you will find an introduction into ANNs in general. Recent developments in the field of Deep Learning are based on more advanced neural architectures. Subsequently, we will summarise two families of networks that deviate from standard feedforward networks.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
The idea behind CNNs is to make use of grid-like inputs, e.g. images. They were introduced in 1980 by Fukushima and firstly deployed by LeCun et al. in 1989 . CNNs resolve two limitations of feedforward networks. Firstly, CNNs drop the concept of fully connected layers and thus reduce the amount of weighted connections in the network. Thereby, training a model requires less time due to fewer adjustable parameters. Furthermore, it allows to train CNNs in a highly parallel manner. Secondly, pixels in an image turn out to be highly related to pixels of their neighbourhood. Unlike fully connected networks, CNNs make use of the neighbourhood of pixels to capture these dependencies.
CNNs drew attention due to their success in the ImageNet challenge in 2012. Alex Krizhevsky won the challenge with his CNN called AlexNet and outperformed all of the competing models by far . Since then, CNNs have been the most favourable neural architecture when it comes to image recognition. AlexNet consisted of eight layers with about 500’000 neurons and 60 million trainable parameters. Five of its layers were so called convolutional layers and three were fully connected ones. Some of the convolutional layers were followed by pooling layers. As one can imagine, AlexNets complexity goes way beyond something that we can achieve with systems we discussed before (rule-based and shallow ML).
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
Sequential data is characterised by the dependencies between different elements of the sequence. Let’s consider a tangible example: natural language is nothing else than a sequence of words. If we use the word „bank“ in the same sentence with „money“ it will have a another meaning than within a sentence that contains „sitting“. In other words, the meaning „bank“ depends words that were used prior to it.
Since feedforward networks treat their input independently, they are not able to grasp these nuances. RNNs overcome this limitation due to cyclic connections. These connections incorporate a memory capability and enable RNNs to capture temporal dependencies within the data. Hence, RNNs have been successfully applied to tasks like speech recognition, time series prediction and gesture recognition.
Above a simple example of a RNN is shown. As you can see on the left side, the neural network consists of three layers. The network has an input layer that consists of five neurons and an output layer that consists of three neurons. Input and output layer are connected through a single hidden layer with three neurons in it.
All neurons of the hidden layer have cyclic (recurrent) connections to themselves. Their meaning becomes more clear if we add time as a dimension into our consideration. A look on the right side reveals that the neurons in the hidden layer at t do not only depend on the input layer at t. In addition, they receive the state of the neurons in the hidden layer at t-1. Both inputs are concatenated and processed by a non-linear activation function. The resulting hidden state is then used to compute the output at t and to update the hidden layer at t+1.
Machine Translation with RNNs
A popular example that uses RNNs is machine translation. In 2016, Google announced that their Neural Machine Translation (NMT) improved the state-of-the-art and approached human performance .Google’s NMT makes use of an encoder RNN (\(e_0\) to \(e_6\)) and a decoder RNN (\(d_0\) to \(d_3\)). In a first step, the encoder reads the input sequence (in Chinese) token by token. At each time step, the hidden states of the RNN are updated based on the current input token and the hidden state of the previous time step. As soon as the encoder reads <end> it terminates and passes its final hidden state to the decoder. One can think of this final hidden state as a summary of the input sequence in vector form.
Afterwards, the decoder RNN predicts a sequence of words (now in English) based on this summary and its previous predictions. E.g. at \(d_2\), the decoder knows about the context of the input and is aware that it already predicted: „Knowledge is“. Hence, it predicts that „power“ as the token with the highest probability to continue that sequence. When the decoder predicts the end-of-sequence symbol <end>, the decoder terminates and the produced sequence is presented to the user.
Advanced RNNs: Long-Short Term Memory networks (LSTMs)
In practice, standard RNNs have difficulties to capture long-term dependencies. LSTMs are an RNN-architecture designed to overcome this limitation due to the use of connecting weights which work as gates. In particular, those gates enable the LSTM to decide whether it should keep old information or update its memory with new information. When compared to standard RNNs, LSTMs show better performance especially on longer sequences. Due to this advantage LSTMs gained popularity and have been applied in a variety of tasks. This blogpost gives a well written introduction into LSTMs that will help you to gain compelling insights.
Why is Deep Learning happening right now?
The underlying concepts of artificial neural networks are not new. Already in 1958, Rosenberg proposed the Perceptron, which is the predecessor of today’s ANNs. Even more advanced architectures like CNNs (1980) or LSTMs (1997) date back before the millennium. But if the recent hype about DL and AI is not due to new disruptive models, why is it happening right now?
Availability of large-scale datasets
In order to answer this question, one needs to take a glance on tasks that have been solved with the help of DL. AlexNets breakthrough in computer vision was based on about 1.2 million training images from the ILSVRC (Imagenet Large Scale Visual Recognition Competition). Another example is Stanford’s pre-trained GloVe model . In order to retrieve vector representations for words (embeddings), they trained their model on different corpora that consisted of billions of tokens and millions of distinct words. These are only two of many examples where DL models developed their full potential in the presence of large-scale datasets and thereby helped to solve challenging tasks.
A large share of our life happens to be digital. We order online via Amazon. We communicate via What’s App or Facebook. We share our knowledge in platforms like Wikipedia. We translate via Google Translate or DeepL. Already for our private life, this seems to be a never ending story. This story grows even more if we take companies and their daily business into account. Since life moved from the analogous world to the digital one, it is easier to collect and create large-scale datasets. The availability of these datasets is one of the main reasons that cause the current hype around DL and AI.
Ian Goodfellow refers to the following rule of thumb : for a classification task it requires about 5,000 labeled examples to achieve a acceptable performance. A model trained on a dataset with at least 10 million labeled examples will match or exceed human performance.
Reduced training times due to an improved infrastructure
Another important development are improvements within the infrastructure that is required to perform DL experiments. On a first glance one would fully attribute this to more available computational power. Indeed, this is a very important fact. Faster CPUs and the integration of GPUs into the training process significantly reduced training times. In case of the GPUs this was achieved by a massive parallelisation of computations.
Additionally, progress have been made due to advances in the software infrastructure. Publicly available libraries like Tensorflow, Keras, Pytorch and others represent interfaces with a pleasant level of abstraction. Thereby, it becomes easier for developers to build and deploy DL models. Furthermore, entry barriers for beginners shrink. The resulting demand for education is covered by an endless amount of online tutorials and courses across many platforms.
Advances in training ANNs
Eventually, we should not fully ignore the underlying models. While the different ANN-architectures do have a few years on their hump, there have been advances in the way of training them. Since 2006, the general interest in ANNs increased after Geoffrey Hinton presented an efficient strategy to pre-train deep belief nets . Later work applied these insights to other kind of deep neural networks.
Furthermore, there have been advances that improved certain characteristics of ANNs in general. For instance, the introduction of a method called dropout allows ANNs to switch off some of their neurons during computation. Since the corresponding information now needs to be captured by other neurons, dropout increases the generalisation of the respective ANN .Another interesting concept is called attention and is inspired by human perception. Attention-mechanisms allow a neural network to focus on specific subsets of the input. So while predicting if an image shows a cat or a dog, the model will focus on the pixels that contain an animal and ignore pixels showing grass or sky. Likewise, using attention in NLP tasks leads to better results as shown in e.g. machine translation . In this case, the model can focus on important input words while predicting the most likely word in the other language.
In 2016, Google’s subsidiary DeepMind developed a program called AlphaGo and challenged the world champion in Go, Lee Sedol. Tech enthusiasts and members of the Go community all over the world were watching when AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol in four out of five matches. This is astonishing since Go is a board game comparable to chess, but with way higher complexity. Shortly thereafter, Demis Hassabis (founder of DeepMind) draw an interesting conclusion about the impact of AlphaGo.
Lee Sedol has won every single game he has played since the #AlphaGo match inc. using some new AG-like strategies – truly inspiring to see!
— Demis Hassabis (@demishassabis) 5. Mai 2016
From his point a view, Lee Sedol was able to improve his performance as a professional by learning from AI. Hassabis‘ statement is evidence of a mindset that points into a future where AI augments our world instead of being an apocalyptic threat.
Our experience with Deep Learning
The list below provides an overview on our hands-on experience with DL. Don’t worry, have a closer look to get an intuition of what is possible.
- Text Spotting using semi-supervised Generative Adversarial Networks
- Machine Learning as a Service
- From Exploration to Production — Bridging the Deployment Gap for Deep Learning, (2)
- Generative Adversarial Networks explained
- Dark Side of AI/ML
- Mitchell, T. M. (1997). Machine learning. WCB.
- Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., Courville, A., & Bengio, Y. (2016). Deep learning (Vol. 1). Cambridge: MIT press.
- Explanation of Universal Function Approximation: Link
- Fukushima, K. (1988). Neocognitron: A hierarchical neural network capable of visual pattern recognition. Neural networks, 1(2), 119-130.
- LeCun, Y., Boser, B., Denker, J. S., Henderson, D., Howard, R. E., Hubbard, W., & Jackel, L. D. (1989). Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition. Neural computation, 1(4), 541-551.
- Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2012). Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In Advances in neural information processing systems (pp. 1097-1105).
- GNMT Google 2016: Link
- Pennington, J., Socher, R., & Manning, C. (2014). Glove: Global vectors for word representation. In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP) (pp. 1532-1543).
- Hinton, G. E., Osindero, S., & Teh, Y. W. (2006). A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets. Neural computation, 18(7), 1527-1554.
- Srivastava, N., Hinton, G., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Salakhutdinov, R. (2014). Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 15(1), 1929-1958.
- Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473.
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Sitting too much can take a serious toll on your health, even raise your risk of early death. But if you’re stuck in your chair at a desk job all day, don’t despair — a new study suggests there is something you can do to reverse the damage.
It comes down to fitting in an hour of walking or other physical activity a day. It doesn’t have to be a super-intense fitness routine to offer benefits, say the authors of a new study.
Researchers from the Norwegian School of Sports Sciences in Oslo, Norway, and the University of Cambridge in the U.K. analyzed data on more than one million people drawn from 16 different studies. Their goal was to find out how many hours of physical activity would be needed to counteract the negative health effects of sitting on your tush all day at the typical eight-hour-a-day office job.
Most of the people studied were over 45 and from the U.S., Western Europe and Australia. The scientists divvied up data on them into four groups according to how active they were, ranging from those who were in motion less than five minutes a day to those who were able to fit in 60 to 75 minutes of physical activity per day. Their activities included brisk walking (at about a 3.5 mph pace) or cycling for pleasure (at almost a 10 mph pace).
The increased risk of death linked with sitting for eight hours a day was eliminated for people who were physically active for at least one hour a day.
What’s more, the eight-hour-a-day sitters who exercised had a significantly lower risk of death compared to people who sat for fewer hours a day but weren’t active, the authors found.
Those who sat for most of the day were at the highest risk for death.
The researchers say what they found was a simple recipe for better health. “Our message is a positive one: it is possible to reduce – or even eliminate – these risks if we are active enough, even without having to take up sports or go to the gym,” the study’s lead researcher, Ulf Ekelund, of the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, said in a statement.
But he noted that, unfortunately, only 25 percent of the people in the study exercised one hour a day or more.
This is just the latest research to look at the health issues raised by sedentary lifestyles. A study out last year in the Annals of Internal Medicine showed less rosy results. It found sitting for prolonged periods of time increased the risk for heart disease, diabetes, cancer and early death even in people who got half an hour to an hour of exercise a day. It found sitting for prolonged periods raised the risk of cardiovascular disease by 14 percent, cancer by 13 percent, and diabetes by a whopping 91 percent.
Another 2014 study in Mayo Clinic Proceedings found that prolonged sitting affected people’s fitness levels, regardless of whether they exercised or not. Two hours of sitting cancelled out the benefits of 20 minutes of exercise when it came to cardio-respiratory fitness, the authors said.
Heart expert Dr. Suzanne Steinbaum, a preventive cardiologist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, said any exercise is good for you. It can improve cardiovascular health and help fend off health problems such as diabetes and obesity.
“Our lives have become so sedentary. Often people’s sitting time is significantly more than eight hours a day,” said Steinbaum, who noted that the size of the latest study makes its findings especially significant.
“I love this study because it really is showing that we can do something. There were a lot of people involved. It shows how relevant exercise is in our lives. It’s no longer a leisure activity, and it’s not just a treat to get a workout in, it’s not an option not to. It’s something we have to put in our lives,” she said.
Steinbaum said the study also showed that you don’t have to go to the gym and follow a hard-core fitness regimen to reap benefits; just walking at a brisk pace — enough to get your heart rate up — is an option, too.
“It’s not hanging out and window shopping, but it’s a really nice walk and it can help with stress reduction. You can go outside with a friend and get your heart rate up for one hour and talk about life and laugh,” she said.
The researchers also looked at six studies on daily television watching in half a million people and found that watching for more than three hours a day was linked with an increased risk of death in all but the most active people. The death rate was significantly higher in people who watched TV for five hours or more a day.
Study author Ekelund added, “For many people who commute to work and have office-based jobs, there is no way to escape sitting for prolonged periods of time. For these people in particular, we cannot stress enough the importance of getting exercise, whether it’s getting out for a walk at lunchtime, going for a run in the morning or cycling to work. An hour of physical activity per day is the ideal, but if this is unmanageable, then at least doing some exercise each day can help reduce the risk.”
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The 111th Congress is poised to usher in the largest expansion of the nation's wilderness in a generation, with 2.1 million acres of public land in line for the strictest environmental protections allowed under federal law.
An omnibus lands bill that could receive final congressional approval this month would create new wilderness areas in nine states -- from the San Gabriel Mountains of California to Michigan's Lake Superior shoreline to a portion of the Appalachian Trail in Virginia -- covering almost as much land as the 2.4 million acres designated during the entire eight years of the Bush presidency.
Meanwhile, Reps. Carolyn Maloney (D-N.Y.), and Raúl Grijalva (D-Ariz.) last month introduced the Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act, which would designate 24 million acres of mostly Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service land in five states as wilderness area.
The wilderness proposals carry significant implications, particularly for BLM and the Forest Service, which must manage public lands for multiple uses, including oil and gas drilling, minerals mining, timber harvesting and a variety of recreational uses.
By contrast, wilderness areas are by their very definition sanctuaries of quiet solitude, or as the 1964 law states, areas "where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." In practical terms, that means wilderness is off limits to all human activities except hiking, canoeing and some hunting and fishing.
The surge in congressional interest in wilderness designations, particularly by Democrats but also some Republicans, is a tonic to many conservation groups who are still angered by Bush administration policies that they say favored natural resource extraction priorities like mining and drilling over land preservation.
"If you've ever gone out and taken a look at areas intensively drilled for oil and gas, you're talking about lands that look like a moonscape. They're ecologically devastated," said Paul Spitler, national wilderness campaigns associate director for the Wilderness Society. "These designations are significant because people don't realize that public lands are open to a wide variety of uses that can be just as damaging as putting up a bunch of condos."
There are, however, potential drawbacks to expanding wilderness designations, especially when it comes to energy production.
Roughly a third of the country's domestic energy is produced on lands managed by the Interior Department, officials say, and those numbers are expected to grow as more wind and solar energy projects are approved on public lands.
But wind farms, solar arrays and geothermal plants are forbidden in wilderness areas, said Mike Olsen, a former Interior senior administrator now with the environmental strategies group at the law firm Bracewell & Giuliani.
That is a huge concern, Olsen said, because the $787 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act includes billions of dollars in incentives and tax breaks to encourage the development of renewable energy.
"You are in effect closing these lands off to domestic energy development," Olsen said. "In this world, where domestic energy production is so important, what does this mean to have additional public land taken off the table for energy development? I'm not placing value on one over the other. But we need to consider these impacts."
Spitler acknowledged the wilderness designations could affect some alternative energy development. He also is sensitive to the concerns of those who worry the wilderness designations could lessen their enjoyment of public land. Motorized vehicles such as snowmobiles are forbidden in wilderness areas.
But he and other conservationists say the increased protections are necessary.
"Between energy production and off-road vehicles we're losing land at a rapid pace," Spitler said. "We need these areas to receive permanent protection before they're lost."
A new vision
At issue is the National Wilderness Preservation System and attempts to add to the 107 million acres of public land already designated as wilderness.
The centerpiece of the latest effort to expand wilderness designations is the "Omnibus Public Land Management Act," which the Senate approved in January. The bill consolidates dozens of individual wilderness bills, from designating 37,000 acres within the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia to 700,000 acres and 105 miles of rivers and streams in California.
If Congress approves the measure, it will be the single largest wilderness designation since the 1994 California Desert Protection Act, which extended the highest federal protection to 3.5 million acres of BLM lands in the Mojave Desert.
The new push for wilderness represents a stark change from the Bush administration and 12 years of the Republican-controlled Congresses, which tended to view public lands as resources that should be tapped for their abundant fossil fuels, timber and minerals, said Myke Bybee, a public lands representative for the Sierra Club.
"The wilderness designations in the omnibus bill will add a level of protection that's far more extensive than what they are now, and I think it's necessary," said Bill Wade, executive council chairman of the Coalition of National Park Service Retirees, which was critical of the Bush administration's conservation policies.
Some of the wilderness designations in the bill, such as expanding the 14,000-acre Little River Canyon National Preserve in northeast Alabama, would have tremendous environmental value. Little River, atop Lookout Mountain, is one of the nation's longest mountaintop rivers and proponents want to ensure it stays pristine.
Other designations, like the expansion of the Fort Davis National Historic Site in west Texas, are vulnerable but have cultural significance as well. The fort, built in 1854, housed the Army's all-black regiments known as the Buffalo Soldiers.
Most of the proposed wilderness areas in the bill are the result of lengthy negotiations between interest groups, and in some cases the new designations involve trade-offs between preservation and development interests.
For example, Zion National Park in southwest Utah is in the fastest-growing county in the state, and large developments have been proposed to the east and north of the park that could hamper the quality of the natural resource, said David Nimkin, director of the southwest region for the National Parks Conservation Association.
The omnibus lands bill would designate 123,743 acres -- more than 90 percent of the park -- as wilderness. In exchange, lawmakers agreed to sell 9,300 acres of public land to developers and use the money to purchase private parcels within the park boundaries, Nimkin said.
"Getting this thing done is a big deal," he said. "It codifies the protections for the national park into law. There are different administrations, different land managers, and various degrees of local pressure. This takes the administrative decisionmaking and discretion out of the hands of the public land manager."
Planning for global warming
One reason environmentalists are pushing to expand wilderness areas is to protect plants and animals from the damaging effects of climate change.
Scientists have calculated that for every increase in temperature of 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, the vegetation belt shifts 60 miles north or 550 feet higher in elevation. As vegetation shifts, so too will thousands of species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Those species whose habitat is not obstructed by highways, subdivisions and other development should be able to migrate to more hospitable climates; those that cannot will die.
The Interior Department and Forest Service have worked the past several years with a conservation effort know as the Wildlands Network to develop and maintain carefully plotted corridors connecting already preserved lands to one another. The network's goal is to create a 5,000-mile-long wildlife corridor stretching from Mexico to Alaska -- an effort that would take decades.
To succeed, the program must connect protected parcels that would allow for northward migration of at-risk species, said John Kostyack, executive director of wildlife conservation and global warming for the National Wildlife Federation.
"Global warming is leading to a complete transformation of how we look at conservation," Kostyack said.
Congress acknowledged that fact last year in the failed Climate Security Act of 2008 sponsored by Sens. Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.), and John Warner (R-Va.). The bill, which would have been the first to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, included a provision to allocate as much as $7.2 billion a year to BLM, the Park Service, Forest Service and other agencies to purchase conservation easements and restore degraded habitats.
President Obama pledged support for the creation of such a fund during the 2008 campaign. And House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) has listed the creation of such a fund as a priority in any future greenhouse gas legislation.
"All the science tells us that we'll need to have connected landscapes for animals and plants to move as the climate warms, and we've already seen in some cases massive shifts of vegetative communities northward," Kostyack said. "It's certainly a key rationale for expanded wildlife designations."
Another reason cited by environmental groups for expanding U.S. wilderness areas is to protect wildlife and habitat from damage caused by off-highway vehicles like dirt bikes, snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles, which have surged in popularity in recent years.
Snowmobiles in Yosemite National Park, for example, have sparked controversy and court battles, with park managers ultimately setting a daily cap on the number of snowmobiles allowed in the park because their engines scare away wildlife. And in Southern California's Mojave Desert, use of off-highway vehicles on BLM land have crushed hundreds of endangered desert tortoises.
"On the fragile ecosystem in the deserts in the West, where we don't get a lot of rain, the vegetation is already making a living in a very harsh environment," said Ileene Anderson, staff biologist for the Center for Biological Diversity in Los Angeles. "So having somebody come riding their motorcycle or [all-terrain vehicle] through a pristine desert and running over everything, it has a cascading effect on the plants, insects and animals. These fragile lands can't take this continuous assault."
While acknowledging "there are a few knuckleheads" who cause damage to natural resources, Bill Dart, director of land use for the Bakersfield, Calif.-based Off-Road Business Association, a national trade group, said such incidents do not justify a federal prohibition on OHV use by law-abiding citizens on public lands.
"The impacts of off-road vehicles on wildlife have been overblown," Dart said.
Still, Dart said he is encouraged by the fact that federal officials and some advocacy groups have been willing to work with his group when developing wilderness area proposals.
For example, Rep. Buck McKeon (R-Calif.) consulted the Off-Road Business Association when developing a proposed 27,000-acre wilderness designation in the San Gabriel Mountains in Northern California. The proposed Pleasant View Ridge Wilderness Area is one of the projects in the omnibus lands bill.
"They were willing to take out all the [off-road trails] that were of interest to us," Dart said. "Wildlife designations are appropriate as long as they don't get carried away. There is a way to do this that's a win-win situation for everyone."
A sign of things to come
While larger than anything proposed under the last several Congresses, the 2009 wilderness proposals are just a glimpse of things to come, congressional watchdogs and conservation leaders say.
Once the omnibus lands bill is approved, the floodgates will open and lawmakers will introduce dozens of wilderness proposals covering potentially millions of acres, experts say.
"There's a whole suite of bills ready to go," said Spitler of the Wilderness Society.
Many of the proposals will come as reintroduced bills from the past six years "that just never got their day in their sun," said Bybee, the Sierra Club official.
Many of the proposals will be modest and noncontroversial, such as a bill by Rep. Dave Reichert (R-Wash.) to add about 22,000 acres to the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area in Washington.
Others are huge proposals covering vast expanses of public land. They include:
- California Wild Heritage: Sponsored by Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-Calif.), the bill seeks to designate 2.5 million acres of wilderness, and an additional 400 miles of national wild and scenic rivers across the state. Originally introduced in 2002, Boxer is expected to revive the bill this spring.
- America's Red Rock Wilderness: By far the largest proposal, this bill would designate 9 million acres across Utah as wilderness. The proposal has been introduced in every Congress since 1989 but has never won support from a majority of of Utah's congressional delegation. Nevertheless, plans are under way to reintroduce the bill this session.
- Boulder-White Clouds Wilderness: Proposed by Rep. Mike Simpson, (R-Idaho), the bill would extend wilderness protection to roughly 315,000 acres in the Sawtooth and Salmon-Challis national forests in east-central Idaho.
"Up until recently you had a Congress that wasn't very receptive to wilderness designations, particularly on the House side," Spitler said. "We're finally starting to unclog the pipeline on wilderness designations."
Scott Streater is a freelance journalist based in Colorado Springs, Colo.
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The 45-year history of NET4GAS is a history of economically efficient, safe and reliable transmission services provided to customers 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Thanks to its advantageous location in the heart of Europe, Czechoslovakia and later on the Czech Republic has always played an important role on the European gas market.
First thoughts of transit through Czechoslovakia
The first records of the export of Russian natural gas to Central and Western Europe were published in the mid-1960s. The possibility of export was at first rejected by the Russian side due to the objective rationalization of falling production in Ukraine, and later it was confirmed, but only in the amount of 1 billion cubic meters per year for the whole of former Czechoslovakia. Based on this decision, construction of the first international gas pipeline called Bratrství (“Brotherhood”) with a nominal diameter of 700 mm and a nominal pressure of 5.5 MPa was started. It was put into operation in 1967, beginning the distribution of Russian natural gas in Czechoslovakia (Slovakia and South Moravia) and consequently the first transit testing of this gas to Austria. This resulted in the transition from coal gas to natural gas in Czechoslovakia.
The further development of Russian gas supplies to Central and Western Europe was considered in several scenarios. After technical and political negotiations, it was decided in 1970 that the gas pipeline for the supplies would lead through Czechoslovakia. After this decision had been made, further progress was unusually quick. And it was Transgas, which contributed to its execution in the following years.
Foundation and transmission system development in Czechoslovakia
Following the intergovernmental agreement of December 1970, the national enterprise Tranzitní plynovod Praha (operating abroad under the name of Transgas) was founded in April 1971. It was charged with being the direct investor and operator of the future gas transit system. Over the next two years, approximately 1,100 km of DN 1200 and DN 900 gas pipelines and three compressor stations were built and put into operation in order to meet the deadlines of the first gas transmission to Austria (Baumgarten), West Germany (Waidhaus), and East Germany (Hora Svaté Kateřiny).
The oil crisis in 1973 emphasized the importance of natural gas as an alternative clean energy from a new source. After the first phase of the construction of the transit gas pipeline, other phases followed, gradually increasing the performance of the system. This was also connected with the requirements of higher gas pipeline capacities in the former USSR, in the construction of which Transgas also participated.
The growth rate in the transmission capacity of the Czechoslovak natural gas transit system in the 1980s and 1990s was stunning. Of the original 28.0 billion m3 per year, which many thought would be the long-term final volume, transport capacity gradually increased during the period to 80.0 billion m3 per year.
Separation of Czechoslovakia
As of 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia was divided into two separate countries – the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The same date was also the date of asset allocation for the Czechoslovak transit system on a territorial basis. The same principle was also used in dividing the transit contracts. Completion of the commercial division of the Czechoslovak transit system took place one year later, on 1 January 1994, when a new border transfer station was put into operation at the Czech-Slovak border at Lanžhot.
In 2001, the Czech government decided to privatize the Czech gas industry and RWE Gas became the new shareholder of the company. As a result of legislative requirements for “legal unbundling”, the TSO business was separated and began operations as RWE Transgas Net, s.r.o. from 2006. In 2010, RWE Transgas Net was re-named NET4GAS, s.r.o. as part of a continuing process of unbundling gas transmission from gas trading activities, in compliance with the regulatory policy of the European Union, which required the complete separation of branding strategies for transmission activities from the trading activities of vertically integrated gas companies.
In 2013, the RWE Group sold its shares in NET4GAS to a consortium of Allianz Capital Partners and Borealis Infrastructure. Allianz is the Europe’s largest insurer and the world’s second largest asset manager, investing into alternative assets such as infrastructure and renewables since 1998. Borealis is the infrastructure arm of OMERS, one of Canada’s leading pension funds, investing in infrastructure since 1998.
New connections in Central Europe
Until the late 1990s, the transit corridor through Ukraine, Slovakia and the Czech Republic / Austria was the only export route for Russian natural gas to Europe. In 1999, the YAMAL pipeline through Poland started operation, denoting the starting point for the partial shift of Russian gas export to new routes. This trend continued in 2011/2012 with the implementation of the Nord Stream pipeline project through the Baltic Sea and its connection to the Czech gas transmission system via the OPAL pipeline in Germany. For this purpose, NET4GAS built the GAZELLE pipeline together with the Brandov Border Transfer Station, one of the largest energy infrastructure investments in the Czech Republic in recent years.
In order to further increase the security of energy supplies in Europe, from 2011 to 2015 NET4GAS carried out additional projects aimed at enhancing reverse flow capacities in the West-East direction and improving connections with underground gas storage facilities as well as with neighbouring transmission system operators.
NET4GAS continues to play an active role in connecting and integrating European gas markets, enabling the connection of the Czech transmission system to new supply routes and sources of natural gas.
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For those thinking about digital photography as an occupation, there are several things that need to be recognized. The first thing that needs to be recognized is that digital photography does not call for a special video camera. Most people believe that a high megapixels video camera is essential to appropriately picture pictures but that is not real. The cam that is utilized for picture photography does not need to have a high megapixel matter. A lot of cameras that get on the market today have adequate resolution to capture an image with a lower mega pixel.
As you can see from this post, there are lots of points to find out about digital photography. Digital photography is a fun leisure activity that provides a great deal of complete satisfaction. Along with being a relaxing pastime, digital photography is additionally a means to reveal your creativity. Many people that have an interest in digital photography spend hrs exercising as well as developing their strategies. With every one of these things in mind, it is simple to see why photography is very important and satisfying.
Photography is an art, the discipline, and technique of taking very long lasting photographs by catching light, typically through an optical lens, by a film-or also by utilizing an electronic sensor. Words “photography” stems from the Greek work” photon” as well as “sophron.” Professional photographers utilize light to capture images as well as therefore record time. It has been stated that digital photography is the procedure of seeing. It may be contrasted with visual art, which is the manipulation of noticeable things to produce an effect, such as a paint. In digital photography, noticeable items are adjusted in order to offer an impact, such as a still-life.
Digital photography has ended up being extensively accepted in the current years as an industrial as well as individual expression. Digital photography can be utilized to improve homes, construct social capital, produce aesthetic appeal and provide info on important issues. Today, photography is utilized for advertising, service objectives, advertising and marketing, public news, security and also to keep an eye on traffic. Furthermore, digital photography is increasingly being made use of to keep an eye on contamination, safeguard natural resources, collect data on endangered varieties as well as to check police tasks.
Digital photography is not a specific scientific research. Professional photographers do not know exactly what light-sensitivity a topic will certainly take, or what the structure will certainly resemble, at any type of offered time. But, they can capture an exact representation of points with their video camera. With this expertise, they have the ability to make specific changes, such as darkness and sunbursts, in their photographs which provide the pictures an aesthetic look. Lilburn GA
Digital photography is the creation of digital pictures through making use of electronic sensors. Digital photography has actually currently gotten to an entire brand-new degree in the quality of the photos taken, as well as the effects can be remarkable. This type of photography is typically referred to as “portrait photography,” as well as the term landscape photography typically refers to any sort of photography that takes photos in landscapes.
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Your mother may have eaten McDonald’s in high school but she didn’t have a drive-thru. Your grandmother probably walked to the ice cream shop after school. Modern technology has changed the way we live over the last 75 years by creating many labor saving devices. Has the energy we saved gone right to our hips?
If you are reading this, you are probably sitting at your computer and your most vigorous activity is mouse clicking — not very calorie demanding. With industrialization and financial growth, there has been a shift in the typical activities people do daily. Less walking and manual labor replaced by more TV watching and computer use. We have systematically engineered activity out of lives to the point where do don’t even need to get up to change the TV channel or get out of the car to open the garage door.
A research study looked at life in the 1920s compared to life today, to quantify the amount of calories saved through modern labor-saving devices. Half of the difference in energy expenditure between modern and older times was in walking. We simply don’t walk anymore. The average American clocks a quarter mile a day. Living in a city is an advantage because city dwellers walk far more than their suburban or country cousins. In fact many suburbanites walk very little because neighborhoods laid out in the 1950s are sidewalk-less and designed for automobile use. Many towns are addressing that issue today, by providing more bike paths and pedestrian walkways to encourage activity.
After walking, the biggest changes from the good old days to now are that we no longer wash clothes by hand, wash dishes by hand or climb stairs. It takes 2.07 calories/minute to wash clothes by hand, and 1.32 calories/minute to use a washing machine. It takes 1.83 calories/minute to wash dishes by hand and 1.31 calories/minute to use a dishwasher. Walking stairs burns 4.2 calories/minute but taking an elevator uses only 1.3 calories/minute. When the researchers put all these differences together they came up with 111 calories saved daily through mechanization. The difference may not seem significant but over years it can add up to an enormous calorie reserve that winds up being stored as excess weight, unless we reduce our food intake.
When you do less labor you use fewer calories. We are not suggesting that you take your clothes down to the local stream and beat them on a rock. But the next time you use the electric can opener think about what’s happening to those calories you’re saving. Cumulative energy saved, without a reduction in food intake adds up to pounds gained.
Let’s look at what you can gain from 10 minutes of activity a day. If you weigh 150 pounds, 10 minutes of lying on the couch watching TV burns about 15 calories. If you sit up, you’ll burn 20 calories. Walking in place for 10 minutes burns 40 calories; jogging bumps you to 90. Just adding a leisurely 10-minute walk to your daily routine can burn 14,600 calories a year! On any given day, just a little extra effort will help you make up that 111 calorie difference.
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Job Outlook for:
This Job Outlook and Career Forecast covers:
Camp counselors; Activity specialists; Recreation leaders; Recreation supervisors; Directors, recreation and parks
Highlights For Recreation Workers
- The recreation field offers an unusually large number of part-time and seasonal job opportunities.
- Educational requirements range from a high school diploma to a graduate degree.
- Opportunities for part-time, seasonal, and temporary recreation jobs will be good, but competition will remain keen for full-time career positions.
Nature of the Work For Recreation Workers
People spend much of their leisure time participating in a wide variety of organized recreational activities, such as arts and crafts, the performing arts, camping, and sports.
Recreation workers plan, organize, and direct these activities in local playgrounds and recreation areas, parks, community centers, religious organizations, camps, theme parks, and tourist attractions. Increasingly, recreation workers also are found in businesses where they organize and direct leisure activities for employees.
Recreation workers hold a variety of positions at different levels of responsibility. Workers who provide instruction and coaching in art, music, drama, swimming, tennis, or other activities may be called activity specialists.
Camp counselors lead and instruct children and teenagers in outdoor recreation, such as swimming, hiking, horseback riding, and camping. In addition, counselors teach campers special subjects such as archery, boating, music, drama, gymnastics, tennis, and computers. In residential camps, counselors also provide guidance and supervise daily living and socialization. Camp directors typically supervise camp counselors, plan camp activities or programs, and perform the various administrative functions of a camp.
Recreation leaders, who are responsible for a recreation program?s daily operation, primarily organize and direct participants. They may lead and give instruction in dance, drama, crafts, games, and sports; schedule the use of facilities; keep records of equipment use; and ensure that recreation facilities and equipment are used properly.
Recreation supervisors oversee recreation leaders and plan, organize, and manage recreational activities to meet the needs of a variety of populations. These workers often serve as liaisons between the director of the park or recreation center and the recreation leaders. Recreation supervisors with more specialized responsibilities also may direct special activities or events or oversee a major activity, such as aquatics, gymnastics, or performing arts.
Directors of recreation and parks develop and manage comprehensive recreation programs in parks, playgrounds, and other settings. Directors usually serve as technical advisors to State and local recreation and park commissions and may be responsible for recreation and park budgets. (Workers in a related occupation, recreational therapists, help individuals to recover from or adjust to illness, disability, or specific social problems; this occupation is described elsewhere in the Handbook.)
Work environment. Recreation workers may work in a variety of settingsfor example, a cruise ship, a woodland recreational park, a summer camp, or a playground in the center of a large urban community. Regardless of the setting, most recreation workers spend much of their time outdoors and may work in a variety of weather conditions. Recreation directors and supervisors, however, typically spend most of their time in an office, planning programs and special events. Directors and supervisors generally engage in less physical activity than do lower level recreation workers. Nevertheless, recreation workers at all levels risk suffering injuries during physical activities.
Some recreation workers work about 40 hours a week. However, many people entering this field, such as camp counselors, may have some night and weekend work, irregular hours, and seasonal employment.
Job Training / Job Education Requirements For
The educational and training requirements for recreation workers vary widely depending on the type of job. Full-time career positions usually require a college degree. Many jobs, however, can be learned with only a short period of on-the-job training.
Education and training. Educational requirements for recreation workers range from a high school diplomaor sometimes less for those seeking summer jobsto graduate degrees for some administrative positions in large public recreation systems. Full-time career professional positions usually require a college degree with a major in parks and recreation or leisure studies, but a bachelor?s degree in any liberal arts field may be sufficient for some jobs in the private sector. In industrial recreation, or ?employee services? as it is more commonly called, companies prefer to hire those with a bachelor?s degree in recreation or leisure studies and a background in business administration. Some college students work part time as recreation workers while earning degrees.
Employers seeking candidates for some administrative positions favor those with at least a master?s degree in parks and recreation, business administration, or public administration. Most required at least an associate degree in recreation studies or a related field.
An associate or bachelor?s degree in a recreation-related discipline and experience are preferred for most recreation supervisor jobs and are required for most higher level administrative jobs. Graduates of associate degree programs in parks and recreation, social work, and other human services disciplines also enter some career recreation positions. High school graduates occasionally enter career positions, but this is not common.
Programs leading to an associate or bachelor?s degree in parks and recreation, leisure studies, or related fields are offered at several hundred colleges and universities. Many also offer master?s or doctoral degrees in the field. In 2006, about 100 bachelor?s degree programs in parks and recreation were accredited by the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA). Accredited programs provide broad exposure to the history, theory, and practice of park and recreation management. Courses offered include community organization; supervision and administration; recreational needs of special populations, such as the elderly or disabled; and supervised fieldwork. Students may specialize in areas such as therapeutic recreation, park management, outdoor recreation, industrial or commercial recreation, or camp management.
Specialized training or experience in a particular field, such as art, music, drama, or athletics, is an asset for many jobs. Some jobs also require certification. For example, a lifesaving certificate is a prerequisite for teaching or coaching water-related activities.
The large number of seasonal and part-time workers learn through on-the-job training.
Licensure and certification. The NRPA certifies individuals for professional and technical jobs. Certified Park and Recreation Professionals must pass an exam; earn a bachelor?s degree with a major in recreation, park resources, or leisure services from a program accredited by the NRPA or earn a bachelor?s degree and have at least 5 years of relevant full-time work experience. Continuing education is necessary to remain certified.
Many areas require lifeguards to be certified. Training and certification details vary from State to State and county to county. Information on lifeguards is available from your local Parks and Recreation Department.
Other qualifications. People planning recreation careers should be outgoing, good at motivating people, and sensitive to the needs of others. Excellent health and physical fitness are often required, due to the physical nature of some jobs. Volunteer experience, part-time work during school, or a summer job can lead to a full-time career as a recreation worker.
Advancement. Recreation workers with experience and managerial skills may advance to supervisory or managerial positions.
Recreation workers held about 320,000 jobs in 2006, and many additional workers held summer jobs in the occupation. About 32 percent of recreation workers worked for local governments, primarily in park and recreation departments. About 16 percent of recreation workers were employed by nursing and residential care facilities and another 10 percent were employed in civic and social organizations, such as the Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts or the Red Cross.
Job Outlook / Job Forecast
Jobs opportunities for part-time, seasonal, and temporary recreation workers will be good, but competition will remain keen for career positions as recreation workers. Average growth is expected.
Overall employment of recreation workers is projected to increase by 13 percent between 2006 and 2016, which is about as fast as the average for all occupations. Although people will spend more time and money on recreation, budget restrictions in State and local government will moderate the number of jobs added. Many of the new jobs will be in social assistance organizations and in nursing and residential care facilities.
Growth will be driven by retiring baby boomers who, with more leisure time, high disposable income, and concern for health and fitness, are expected to increase the demand for recreation services.
Job prospects. Applicants for part-time, seasonal, and temporary recreation jobs should have good opportunities, but competition will remain keen for career positions because the recreation field attracts many applicants and because the number of career positions is limited compared with the number of lower-level seasonal jobs. Opportunities for staff positions should be best for people with formal training and experience in part-time or seasonal recreation jobs. Those with graduate degrees should have the best opportunities for supervisory or administrative positions. Job openings will stem from growth and the need to replace the large numbers of workers who leave the occupation each year.
Job Demand Forecast
Projections data from the National Employment Matrix
Earnings / Compensation
In May 2006, median annual earnings of recreation workers who worked full time were $20,470. The middle 50 percent earned between $16,360 and $27,050. The lowest paid 10 percent earned less than $14,150, while the highest paid 10 percent earned $35,780 or more. However, earnings of recreation directors and others in supervisory or managerial positions can be substantially higher. Most public and private recreation agencies provide full-time recreation workers with typical benefits; part-time workers receive few, if any, benefits. In May 2006, median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of recreation workers were as follows:
|Nursing care facilities
|Individual and family services
|Other amusement and recreation industries
|Civic and social organizations
The large numbers of temporary, seasonal jobs in the recreation field typically are filled by high school or college students, generally do not have formal education requirements, and are open to anyone with the desired personal qualities. Employers compete for a share of the vacationing student labor force, and although salaries in recreation often are lower than those in other fields, the nature of the work and the opportunity to work outdoors are attractive to many.
Part-time, seasonal, and volunteer jobs in recreation include summer camp counselors, craft specialists, and after-school and weekend recreation program leaders. In addition, many teachers and college students accept jobs as recreation workers when school is not in session. The vast majority of volunteers serve as activity leaders at local day camp programs, or in youth organizations, camps, nursing homes, hospitals, senior centers, and other settings.
Recreation workers must exhibit leadership and sensitivity when dealing with people. Other occupations that require similar personal qualities include counselors; probation officers and correctional treatment specialists; psychologists; recreational therapists; teachersself enrichment education; athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers; and social workers.
For information on jobs in recreation, contact employers such as local government departments of parks and recreation, nursing and personal care facilities, the Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts, or local social or religious organizations.
For career, certification, and academic program information in parks and recreation, contact:
- National Recreation and Park Association, 22377 Belmont Ridge Rd., Ashburn, VA 20148-4501. Internet: http://www.nrpa.org
For career information about camp counselors, contact:
- American Camping Association, 5000 State Road 67 North, Martinsville, IN 46151-7902. Internet: http://www.acacamps.org
Jobs and Job Outlook for Recreation Workers
ONET Codes: 39-9032.00
Career Test Video
Personality Test Video
Click here for the
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A shed is one type of freestanding, small, external or "outbuildings". It's frequently used for gardening supplies or equipment used in outdoor activities.
When purchasing or building a shed, some considerations are
- your skill level, if you intend to build it
- what you are storing
- neighborhood or city regulations
Depending on what you are storing, you may want hooks or shelving. If you'll be working in the shed, you may want windows and better lighting than if you are just storing items there.
Some neighborhoods or cities have regulation about exterior buildings that may restrict putting up or changing exterior buildings like sheds.
- DIY Storage Shed Plans - Considerations For Finding the Right Shed Plans Online
- Sheds, Playhouses and Gazebos on UltraSheds.com (commercial site)
- Build a Storage Shed In 10 Steps Steps to build a simple shed.
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Whether you carry a love of studying” torch or tend toward a learn or die” mentality, lifelong studying is really the only option. People are ready to study generatively and transformatively when they’re excessive in such traits as self-efficacy, inside locus of management, extraversion, mastery studying orientation, cognitive potential, conscientiousness, self-monitoring, suggestions seeking, openness to new experiences, and public self-consciousness (London & Smither, 1999a ). The most commonly cited areas of casual learning have been laptop abilities for employment, communications abilities by group volunteer actions, dwelling renovations and cooking abilities, and basic interest studying about health issues. Other chapters within the section contemplate tools and technologies such as assessment center applications, 360-degree survey suggestions and training processes, digital learning, and rising wireless purposes for entry to learning by means of digital environments. He has since studied and developed ways to improve particular person and group studying.
Learning to be – training contributing to an individual’s full growth: thoughts and body, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic appreciation and spirituality. The new academic imperative is to empower folks to handle their own studying in a wide range of contexts throughout their lifetimes (Sharples, 2000 , p. 178; see additionally Bentley, 1998 ). Learning experiences have to be structured to acknowledge how folks interpret events and cope with challenges that require a higher degree of cognitive and emotional functioning. It examines strategies to encourage and facilitate productive studying (studying that leads to goal accomplishment and meets life’s demands).
Non-formal studying has intended training and coaching outcomes, however, the setting is outside devoted learning establishments, most frequently in places the place studying is not the primary business. Claxton ( 2000 ), examining the problem of lifelong studying, focuses on resilience, resourcefulness, and reflectiveness and the learner’s toolkit of learning strategies including immersion in experiences. Sessa and London ( 2006 ; London & Sessa, 2006 ; 2007 ) distinguished between adaptive, generative, and transformative studying. The distinction between formal and non-formal studying environments is about the place learning takes place.
Adaptive learning is reactive, changing in minor methods or not at all depending on pressures or alternatives within the setting. I famous that support for learning consists of the corporate setting and culture, the emergence of learning organizations, empowerment for self-improvement, and formal and informal strategies of development. Students in on-line learning conditions carried out better than those receiving face-to-face instruction. It appears at studying in younger and previous, in work and in life past the job, in Western and Eastern cultures throughout the globe. It considers technological and cultural issues that form studying in our quick-paced world.
The life-huge dimension is more complicated, as it embraces an extensive vary of learning settings and contexts, such as set out in Table 1. Lifelong learning is about assembly the various and context-specific studying needs of all age groups, together with the acquisition of fundamental literacy technical abilities via both formal schooling and effective various pathways to studying. There are several advantages to being a lifelong learner, and in this lesson, you may study in regards to the financial advantages, comfort, satisfaction, and growth you may get from being a lifelong learner. This handbook takes an expansive view of lifelong studying drawing from a number of fields, including psychology, sociology, gerontology, and biology.
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What happens when 400 innovative farmers, a team of agronomy and extension specialists, and a leading soil compaction researcher descend on an Ontario farm? You get Compaction Action – likely the most ambitious and insightful ‘hands-on’ farm research day ever attempted in the province.
The event, hosted by the Innovative Farmers Association of Ontario (IFAO), featured compaction researcher Matthias Stettler from Bern University, Switzerland.
After two days of preparation at the demonstration site at Shawridge Farms in Arthur, Ontario, Stettler and his team unveiled a host of tools and technology to measure compaction damage caused by farm equipment. Throughout the day, farmers watched as $20 million worth of assembled equipment – from combines to pickup trucks and many different tractor-implement configurations – were tested to assess their compaction footprint using in-ground sensors that produced instantaneous results, which were posted on a large video screen.
As the equipment rolled over the sensors, Stettler and his team evaluated the compaction impact of tractors, grain carts, sprayers and manure tankers, and also compared tires versus tracks.
In this video, Stettler and Real Agriculture resident agronomist Peter Johnson review and wrap-up the day’s events and insights. Stettler offers a harsh assessment of the impact compaction can have on crop yield. He says tire inflation pressure is the most important factor in managing topsoil compaction and recommends that farmers run their tires at a maximum 15 psi.
As he demonstrated with stress tests conducted at a six-inch soil depth, running above the 15 psi level will compact the root zone and cause up to five per cent yield loss annually, which can accumulate to 20 per cent yield loss long term.
Throughout the testing, soil stress levels were also measured at the subsoil, a 20-inch depth. Stettler says at this level, compaction takes place when pressure exceeds 7.5 psi. Here, soil stress can produce a permanent three per cent yield loss each year.
Stettler also tells Johnson how impressed he was with Nuhn’s “Rubber Railroad” slurry tank unit and how a 43-tonne tank can move across the field at 10 psi tire pressure.
When it comes to the tracks versus tires debate, Stettler says rubber tracks, and their larger soil contact area, offer the possibility to reduce soil stress. However, he points out that tracks are typically used on very heavy machinery, which deliver high levels of subsoil stress despite the large contact area. He also notes that stress distribution is not uniform on tracks with clear peaks under the wheels and rollers.
Compaction Action research results will be posted on the IFAO website as soon as they have been compiled.
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In an inspired act of literary invention, Alice Randall explodes the world created in Margaret Mitchell's famous 1936 novel, the work that more than any other has defined our image of the antebellum South. Imagine simply that the black characters peopling that world were completely different, not egregious, one-dimensional stereotypes but fully alive, complex human beings. And then imagine, quite plausibly, that at the center of this world moves an illegitimate mulatto woman, and that this woman, Cynara, Cinnamon, or Cindy, beautiful and brown, gets to tell her story.
Cindy is born into a world in which she is unacknowledged by her plantation-owning father and passed over by her mother in favor of her white charges. Sold off like so much used furniture, she eventually makes her way back to Atlanta to take up with a prominent white businessman, only to leave him for an aspiring politician of her own color. Moving from the Deep South to the exhilarating freedom of Reconstruction Washington, with its thriving black citizenry, Cindy experiences firsthand the promise of the new era at its dizzying peak, just before it begins to slip away. Alluding to events in Mitchell's novel but ingeniously and ironically transforming them, The Wind Done Gone is an exquisitely written, emotionally complex story of a strong, resourceful black woman breaking away from the damaging world of the Old South to emerge into her own, a person capable of not only receiving but giving love, as daughter, lover, and mother. A book that gives voice to those history has silenced, The Wind Done Gone is an elegant literary achievement of significant political force and a novel whose time has finally come.
©2001 Alice Randall; (P)2001 Houghton Mifflin Company
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Unquestionably endurance sport leads to an improvement in health. But why? Basically, a daily workout of at least 10 minutes, no more than an hour, has been shown to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The cardiovascular system is stimulated by the sport and prevents heart attacks and strokes.
Studies show that squats and deadlifts with body-adjusted weights stimulate the production of many important hormones. These two exercises are often referred to together with the bench press, as "basic exercises" of long bar and barbell training...
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noun, plural: agranular leukocytes
Leukocytes may be classified as either granular or agranular in terms of cytoplasmic granules. Agranular leukocytes lack the apparent granules when viewed under a light microscope. In comparison, granular leukocytes have evident granules in their cytoplasm. Although agranular leukocytes seem to lack granules they do, in fact, have non-specific azurophilic granules. However, these granules are much less evident under the light microscope.
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Onchan Internment Camp Tokens 1/2 Penny
The Onchan Internment camp was located on the Isle of Man. The camp contained mostly people that were considered enemy aliens because they were German or Austrian nationals. In truth most were Jewish refugees that had fled the Nazis. Tokens were issued in denominations of 1/2 penny, 1 pence, and 6 pence. The tokens are made of brass. Pictured on the obverse is the triquetra which also appears on regular Isle of Man issues. The reverse has the camp name and denomination. Over 17,000 internees were housed in Onchan and the other camps on the Isle of Man.
✦ Have more information about this note? Let me know! ✦
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PINE BLUFF, Ark. – All bulls sold in Arkansas for breeding must now be tested for trichomoniasis, says Dr. David Fernandez, Cooperative Extension Program livestock specialist at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB).
Until this announcement on June 14 by Arkansas State Veterinarian Dr. George Pat Badley, testing was only required for bulls brought into the state, says Dr. Fernandez who advises producers who have recently purchased bulls to have them tested before turning them out with the cows. “This will help avoid significant economic losses,” says Dr. Fernandez.
Trichomoniasis, commonly called “Trich” (pronounced trick), is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a microscopic parasite called a protozoan (Tritrichomonas foetus). These parasites are found in the fluids produced in the bull’s sheath and in the cow’s entire reproductive tract. There are no signs of the disease in infected bulls, but the disease causes early abortions in cows, says Dr. Fernandez.
In most cases the abortion is not noticed because it occurs at such an early stage. A small number of cows may exhibit a noticeable uterine infection with an odorous discharge in addition to aborting. As many as half of the cows exposed to an infected bull may contract the disease.
No treatment is available for the disease, says Dr. Fernandez. Cows will develop a natural immunity within a month or so, but once infected, bulls never overcome the infection and will transmit the disease for the rest of their lives. Cows should be vaccinated yearly before the breeding season begins. Infected bulls should be identified and sold for slaughter, advises Dr. Fernandez.
Young bulls are not especially susceptible to the disease, but as they age beyond three years of age, the potential for infection increases. Trich testing costs about $50 and requires about two weeks to obtain results. Bulls should not be used until their infection status is known. Artificial insemination can be an effective way to reduce the transmission of Trich and has been shown to be the best available control method available.
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As anticipated, an elevated number of influenza cases have been circulating the Bloomington-Normal area since the holiday season.
Pamela Bierbaum, infection specialist at Advocate BroMenn Medical Center, said this recent trend is a part of the traditional seasonal influenza increases that occurs annually. The peak of the flu season can vary between December through February.
Dr. Jean Swearingen, medical director at Student Health Services (SHS), said influenza usually begins in the southern states and spreads northward over a steady period of time.
“Every year when it starts circulating, the spread can be tracked as it moves forward,” Bierbaum said.
Two influenza patients have been admitted to the Critical Care Unit, which were both reported to the McLean County Health Department and the Illinois Department of Health (IDPH).
Bierbaum said there have been 80 positive influenza tests this season, which is comparable to last year’s numbers.
All upper respiratory infections, such as colds and bronchitis, have also been frequently diagnosed over the past few weeks, Bierbaum said.
Swearingen said she expects to see some influenza cases appear on campus and reported to SHS due to the recent uprise in the state.
SHS began offering free flu shots to students last fall, and will continue to do so as long as supplies last.
This year’s flu shot protects against H1N1, which typically affects people 40 years old and younger.
Bloomington-Normal health institutions like Advocate BroMenn have been using preventative methods to avoid further spreading of the season’s common illnesses.
“In the hospital, we separate ‘sick’ people from ‘non-symptomatic’ people in waiting areas,” Bierbaum explained. “Patients with influenza are placed in special precautions while admitted.”
Along with distributing flu shots to students if they decide to take advantage of the free service, Student Health Services also posted information on its website regarding flu prevention and treatment.
Bierbaum and Swearingen said individuals can prevent retracting influenza by maintaining their immune systems and practicing good health habits.
Some of the habits Bierbaum and Swearingen suggest Bloomington-Normal residents begin to develop include avoiding close contact with sick people, staying home if you are ill, covering your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing and sneezing, washing hands often and, of course, getting plenty of sleep, eating healthy, drinking water and frequently cleaning touched surfaces.
Swearingen stresses the importance of getting the flu shot as well as avoiding smoking and consuming too much alcohol.
“In the end, it is up to the individuals to prevent spread of influenza,” Swearingen said.
For more information on how to prevent a trip to SHS this flu season, visit HealthServices.IllinoisState.edu.
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Singing highwaysby Sino Concept
Are you tired of listening to the same old songs on the radio? Then it is time to try out one of the world's musical roads.
These are stretches of road that use well spaced bumps or grooves to create tunes that vibrate throughout your car.
The principle is similar to those 'rumble strips' that prevent you from falling to sleep on the highway, but these are much more tuneful.
A HISTORY OF MUSICAL ROADS
The first known musical road, the Asphaltophone, was created in October 1995 in Gylling, Østjylland, Denmark, by two Danish artists.
The Asphaltophone is made from a series of raised pavement markers, spaced out at intervals so that as a vehicle drives over the markers, the vibrations caused by the wheels can be heard inside the car.
You can see the ashpaltophone in action towards the end of this video. Unfortunately there aren't any subtitles, so if you don't speak Danish skip to 1:30.
an interview with the inventor of the asphaltophone, the first musical road
Melody Roads in Asia
Japan's Shizuo Sinoda claims credit for independently discovering the effect after he drove over some grooves he had scraped into the road with a bulldozer. He realised that it was possible to create different notes and then tunes by varying the depth and spacing of the grooves.
In 2007, he continued his experiments with the Hokkaido National Industrial Research Institute
The results can be seen in the video below.
Musical roads in Hokkaido, Japan
There is also a musical road in Anyang, South Korea...
The "Amazing" singing road of Anyang, South Korea
Unlike the Japanese roads, however, which were designed to attract tourists, the Korean road is an experiment in keeping motorists awake. It seems that 68% of traffic accidents in South Korea are due to inattentive, sleeping or speeding drivers.
musical roads in the usa
The Civic Musical Road was built in Lancaster, California on 5 September 2008.
The Musical Road used grooves cut into the asphalt to replicate part of the Finale of the William Tell Overture - as long as you are driving slower than 70km/h.
Unfortunately, this brilliant invention was paved over on 23 September after nearby residents complained to the city council about noise levels.
Traffic calming solutions from sino concept
If you are looking for more traditional approaches to traffic calming we can help.
Sino Concept is a French owned and operated manufacturer of street furniture and traffic safety devices.
Take a look at our new vulcanized rubber Speed Cushions pages.
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By rajablog. Worksheets. At Saturday, July 04th 2020, 22:23:28 PM.
The simply constructed traditional math worksheets only require students to focus on answering the problem. We need children to understand the concept, be engaged, and have fun doing it.
Benefit-5 - Educationists create sets of worksheets as per the academic curriculum of the learners. The learning objectives are set as per the kid's level of understanding. Therefore, worksheets for Class 1 will vary from nursery worksheets.
The 1st grade worksheets can also used by parents to bridge between kindergarten lessons & 2nd grade program. It happens on many occasions that children forget or feel unable to recollect the lessons learnt at the previous grade. In such situations, 1st grade worksheets become indispensable documents for parents as well as students.
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Trees are under threat in cities - and Dulwich is no exception. Big street trees are being replaced by smaller ones, many people are worried about subsidence (and blaming trees) and new residents often can't seem to wait to get their hands on the chain saw once they move in - whatever the rules of the Dulwich Estate say to the contrary. In an effort to stem the creeping erosion of Dulwich's arboricultural heritage, the trees and wildlife committees have compiled an A4 information sheet for distribution to householders.
The idea is that members of the society can, if they wish, distribute the sheet to friends and neighbours or post it through letterboxes in their street - particularly if somebody has just moved in. Many residents, particularly new ones, seem unaware of the estate rule banning the lopping or felling of trees without permission and the fashion for garden makeovers often means people want to redesign everything from scratch as soon as they arrive. By the time their neighbours wake up to the destruction, it's too late. Intervening personally can also be awkward: many people do not relish it. Popping a leaflet through somebody's door is one way of forestalling this, and correcting a few misconceptions at the same time.
The information sheet reminds people of the estate's rules on trees and also details the huge benefits trees bring to city-dwellers. These range from increasing property values - by as much as 18 per cent - to combating dust and pollution, preventing respiratory disease, providing shade and generally air-conditioning urban areas. A mature tree, for example, has a cooling and moisturising capacity equivalent to five room-sized air conditioners left on for 19 hours every day. The leaflet makes the point that trees are often wrongly blamed for subsidence and suggests householders get expert second opinions if an insurance company claims a tree has to go.
Trees are also vital for wildlife. More of us, the leaflet suggests, could help avert the national and global biodiversity crisis by making our gardens greener.
If you would like copies of the sheet for distribution, please contact 0208 693 5789 or 0208 693 1447.
Trees and Wildlife committees
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