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On December 18, 2009, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly proclaimed the year beginning on 1 January 2011 the International Year for People of African Descent (IYPAD). The proclamation came out of an almost 10 year process which began in 2001 at the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, held in Durban in 2001 (August 31 - September 7.) The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action (DDPA) was adopted during the conference with a commitment by member countries (which includes Canada) to work to eradicate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. Paragraph 7 of the DDPA requested the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) to “consider establishing a working group or other mechanism of the United Nations to study the problems of racial discrimination faced by people of African descent living in the African Diaspora and make proposals for the elimination of racial discrimination against people of African descent". The Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent was established by the UNCHR resolution 2002/68 of 25 April 2002.
The Working Group made several recommendations including a “strong” recommendation “that the international community declare an International Decade for People of African Descent to “make the challenges they face more visible, to identify solutions, and to engage in a sustained campaign to eradicate structural discrimination against people of African descent.” It seems that from that recommendation we have an International Year for People of African Descent instead of the Decade the Working Group recommended. They also recommended that: “States examine and revise laws and practices that have a disproportionate impact upon people of African descent in the criminal justice system and lead to their overrepresentation in prisons and other places of detention.” The Working Group called for: “a UN interagency global study to collect data on people of African descent in their respective areas of work and to develop concrete recommendations that address the structural racism against people of African descent.” They also called for: “a UN interagency global study to collect data on people of African descent in their respective areas of work and to develop concrete recommendations that address the structural racism against people of African descent.”
The Working Group of five people included Dr. Verene Shepherd who on April 13, at the 3rd meeting of the Working Group made a presentation on structural discrimination in education. Dr. Shepherd emphasized that racism could masquerade as “classism” even in contexts where people of African descent constituted a majority. She pointed out that in many post-colonial societies problems did not arise from the formulation of legal measures but from the occurrence of insidious practices. The professor further emphasized that contents of textbooks and curricula were important for the empowerment, self-esteem and identity of people of African descent and other racialized peoples and stressed that it was essential to ensure that textbooks and other didactic materials were free from racism and sexism that perpetuate stereotypes and prejudices. She noted that knowledge of the past played an important role for mental liberation.
Dr. Shepherd, professor of social history and Director of the Institute for Gender & Development Studies (IGDS) at the Mona Campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI) with oversight responsibility for the Mona, Cave Hill and St. Augustine Units of the IGDS is an activist scholar. In 2007 she was appointed Chair of the Jamaica National Bicentenary Committee. In 2007 Dr. Shepherd also published I Want to Disturb My Neighbour: Lectures on Slavery, Emancipation and Post-Colonial Jamaica. Thetitle of this book comes from Bob Marley's Bad Card (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk4RLyFNDi8) Dr. Shepherd is the author of several other books about the history of Africans and other racialized people in the Caribbean including: Slavery without sugar: Diversity in Caribbean economy and society since the 17th century, Emancipation and immigration: A pan-Caribbean overview, Women in Caribbean history, The ranking game: Discourses of belonging in Jamaican history, Working slavery, pricing freedom: Perspectives from the Caribbean and Africa and the African Diaspora.
Since this year is an opportunity for us to educate ourselves (or continue to) and others about our culture and history, reading some of Dr. Shepherd’s books would be a start. Involvement with organizations that are planning events for the year (attending or volunteering) is another way to celebrate/observe this year that recognizes Africans internationally.
African descendants in Nova Scotia, Canada and Linden, Guyana have already launched plans to involve their communities in a process to ensure that many of the hidden stories about Africans are publicized.
On November 19, 2010 in Linden, Guyana the Region Ten Organizing Committee for the 2011 International Year for People of African Descent launched its programme of activities which according to the chair Jonathan Adams will give effect to the UN Resolution that calls for “strengthening (of) national actions and regional and international cooperation for the benefit of people of African descent.” The group is dedicated to facilitating the nurturing of a wholesome African self identity with a theme for the year of “Commemorating the African past, Acknowledging the present, Creating the future.” The launch which took place at the Linden Enterprise Network (LEN) building’s Macaw Training Room was attended by students from several area secondary schools, members of youth and sports groups, representatives of regional government, business and religious communities. The launch was also attended by Pan-African historians Dr. Kimani Nehusi and Dr. Tony Martin author of Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association.
In a recent conversation with Adams, chair of the recently launched Region Ten Organizing Committee in Guyana, he shared that educating about African culture is a large part of the group’s plans. He feels that bringing African culture to the people will help to educate and also address mental slavery by relocating those of us who have been dislocated from our African roots. Adams also sees the year as an opportunity for: “commencement of remedial actions necessary to cure the regressive effects of African peoples of a more than 1,500-year long genocide against Africans.”
On December 15, 2010 Percy Paris, Minister of African Nova Scotian Affairs launched the International Year for People of African Descent in Nova Scotia. Representatives from the African Diaspora Heritage Trail (ADHT) Foundation and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) were at Province House to help Mr. Paris and Lt.-Gov. Mayann Francis with the official launch. During the launch Mr. Paris reportedly said: "In 2011, we will step up and lead the way in celebrating the International Year for People of African Descent. Not just in Canada, but in the world. I am very excited about this celebration." Mr. Edmond Moukala, a UNESCO program specialist based in Paris who attended the launch added: "It is wonderful to see Nova Scotia embrace this theme of celebrating heritage and culture of African descent. You have a rich history here that may not be well known around the world, but it will certainly become known in 2011."
As part of its celebrations, Nova Scotia will also host the ADHT Conference (September 22-24) in Halifax. The annual conference designed to educate visitors and safeguard the core values and creativity of African culture and history attracts hundreds of visitors including scholars who are focused on preserving and promoting important sites and stories throughout the African Diaspora and the movement of Africans and their descendants throughout the world.
Incidentally Dr Martin Luther King Junior would have been 82 years old on Saturday, January 15 (born January 15, 1929). His birthday will be celebrated with a National Holiday in the USA on Monday, January 17. Since January 20, 1986 his birthday has been a National Holiday in the USA on the third Monday of January. King is one of the Africans of the Diaspora whose story is well known. We need to ensure that the stories of many other Africans from the continent and of the Diaspora are heard throughout this year.
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Ramses Ii Essay, Research Paper
While visiting the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology, I found numerous works of art that interested me. I was able to appreciate these works more than before because of the knowledge I now possess after having taken this class thus far. Understanding the background, time periods, and history of the works that I was practically analyzing at the museum, made the pieces even more interesting and valuable to behold. The piece of work that captured my eyes the most was the statue of Ramesses II (?).
This statue was found at the Heracleopolis, Temple of Harsaphes, in Egypt. This sculpture was made somewhere between 1897 and 1834, during Egypt?s Middle Kingdom. The artist was probably an ancient Egyptian who was patroned by the Pharaoh Ramesses II himself. According to the museum?s description of the work, Ramesses II seized this sculpture from a former ruler and the head was replaced to fit Ramesses? satisfaction. This is a historical piece to preserve his power and immortality.
This statue is an example of freestanding sculpture or sculpture in the round. It has been carved and chiseled out of Quartzite stone. This particular stone is composed mainly or entirely of quartz. ?The stone is compact and is a form of metamorphosed sandstone in which silica, or quartz, has been deposited between the grains of quartz of which the sandstone is essentially composed?.* Quartzite has a smooth fracture and is found primarily among ancient rocks.*
The subject and iconography of the work is to emphasize the success, reign and power of Ramesses II. According to the museum?s description, the sculpture also functioned as a place for the non-priests of the community to place votive offerings for the gods of the temple. The non-priests were not allowed in the temples hence the sculpture must have been near the entrance of the temple. There is a slab in front of the pharaoh?s feet where offerings would have been placed.
The statue is rather large and stands approximately 10 feet high and 5 feet wide. The mass of the sculpture is almost overpowering to the observer. Egyptian art is known to be very compact, and this characteristic is evident in the statue of Ramesses II. The sculpture stays within the frame of the stone, nothing in this piece protrudes outside of its frame. The pose of the Pharaoh is consistent with Ancient Egyptian art as well. The Pharaoh is seated with his hands placed on his upper legs. His arms are close to his body at both sides, and his legs are close together and connected to the throne he sits upon. He sits upright in a tranquil manner reflecting power and kingship as well. * His body is bilaterally symmetrical while his pose is frontal and his movement is suppressed.*
Ramesses II wears a headdress and a fake detachable beard (which is missing) to denote
his rank. This visual evidence, (hairstyles, clothes, objects), is common in Ancient Egyptian art to symbolize the status of the figure. When the pharaoh is portrayed, he usually has an elaborate headdress, is larger in scale than other figures around him, wears an elaborate patterned kilt, and is in perfectly fit form. The Ancient Egyptians idealized the body of the pharaoh and were not realistic when it came to portraying the actual facial characteristics of the pharaoh. Although the statue is not being compared to other figures in the work, one can tell by its stance, dress, and mass that the figure is important. Another characteristic of this sculpture is the bull?s tail on the back of his kilt, which is visible hanging between his legs. The bull, in Ancient Egypt, was accepted as a sign of power and was associated with the status of the pharaoh. The bull can be seen in many other Ancient Egyptian works of art involving the pharaoh.
The sculpture?s space and form takes up a three dimensional quality and is meant to be viewed from all sides. It is composed into a block of stone. This three-dimensional sculpture occupies both mass and volume. The carving technique used in the sculpture is known as subtractive, taking away from the original form of the stone. The slab of stone the Pharaoh sits upon is utilized as a throne. The back is flat although it ends at the lower back.
The works composition is not realistic. The space and atmospheric perspective that the statue encompasses is again compact. Almost all Ancient Egyptian pharaohs are portrayed in this form. The ?lines? and linear perspective of this sculpture follow a simple geometric shape. They are merely to define the simple shape of the body. The lines are somewhat more defining for the headdress but not to the extreme. The body is not as realistic as modern day works but is most similar to the kouros of Ancient Greece. The body is idealized as youthful and physically fit as this was common in Ancient Egyptian art. All royalty and pharaohs were shown in this idealistic state to symbolize their power, reign, and godliness.
There is no color visible except for the hue of the stone but it was most likely painted at one point in history. This is because the Ancient Egyptians were known for decorating their sculptures with pigment of some sort. The sculpture being three-dimensional somewhat provides its own light. The grooves of the muscles and face cast some shadow and leave room for depth. The statue of Ramesses II is not proportional. The head, since it was replaced, is small for the work?s massive body. The feet are awkwardly long for his body along with the hands.
This statue represents the historical period of the time. Ramesses II name appears in deeply cut inscription in hieroglyphics on the throne and bases of the statue. According to the museum, there is an inscription on the left side of the throne where an error was made by the sculptor. The duck and sun disc in the title ?Son of the Sun? were reversed and as a result needed to be recarved. The lines involved in the Hieroglyphics are deeply imbedded in the base and all around the sculpture. The hieroglyphics give insight to the historical occurrences of the time.
I find that all of the art from Ancient Egypt is very important in providing historical accounts of the time. The Egyptians were a very advanced culture for their time period. This sculpture of Ramesses II is just one example of the numerous artifacts found from the time period. The Egyptians knew what materials to use to preserve their works of art. Their technology and tactics amaze me given their prehistoric classification.
Ramesses II is a clear and definite example of the characteristic one would find in many other works of Ancient Egypt. The sculpture of Ramesses II provides us with the knowledge of his status as a pharaoh and the power he held. This was the function that it was intended to give and this is understood by the observer. This is all clear by his composition, size and visual evidence. Ramesses II youth, power and immortality lives on in our knowledge.
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Origins and Nature of the Institution
The Order of Odd Fellows is a benevolent and social society, sometimes classified as a friendly benefit society having initiatory rites and ceremonies, gradation or degrees in membership, and mystic signs of recognition and communication.
While Odd Fellowship is not a religious institution, many of its principles, tenets, practices, and objectives are based upon the teachings of the Holy Bible. Many of the rites and ceremonies, of ritual and lectures, the secret passwords, signs, and counter-signs, have a Biblical origin or significance.
Any friendly and benevolent society is a mutual association of individuals which has as its chief purpose the welfare of its members. One of its primary aims is to provide its members with aid when suffering for the needs of life because of illness, unemployment, or other misfortunes. The relief or sustenance of members, of their families and close relatives, of their widows and orphans in case of death, appears to have been the chief purpose of the organization of Odd Fellowship in its beginning. These aims and purposes have been consistently and faithfully maintained throughout the history of the Order.
By 1796 Odd Fellow organizations were numerous in England, and each was independent from the others. Fraternal groups such as the Odd Fellows were suppressed in England for a time, but by 1803 the Odd Fellows were revived by an organization called "London Union Odd Fellows," which later became known as the "Grand Lodge of England" and assumed authority over all Odd Fellow lodges in that country.
Victory Lodge in Manchester declared itself independent of the Grand Lodge of England in 1809. In 1814, the six Odd Fellows lodges in the Manchester area met and formed The Manchester Unity of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, which elected officers and proceeded to standardize degree work of the lodges.
Why the Name Odd Fellows?
There are several different reasons given for our strange name. One old and apparently authoritative history of Odd Fellowship gives the explanation, "That common laboring men should associate themselves together and form a fraternity for social unity and fellowship and for mutual help was such a marked violation of the trends of the times (England in the 1700's) that they became known as 'peculiar' or 'odd,' and hence they were derided as 'Odd Fellows.' Because of the appropriateness of the name, those engaged in forming these unions accepted it. When legally incorporated the title 'Odd Fellows' was adopted."
Another, similar explanation is that the original Odd Fellows were men who were engaged in various or odd trades, as there were organizations for some of the larger trades.
Modern references state that the true reason for the name Odd Fellows isn't known or documented. Whatever the reason may have been, the unusual name has been the object of public curiosity (and on occasion derision or mirth) for well over 200 years.
Odd Fellowship In North America
Among the first records of the Order in America is that of five Brothers of the English Order who met in New York City in 1806 and formed Shakespeare Lodge No. 1.
The founders were three boat builders, a comedian, and a vocalist - a group befitting the name "Odd Fellows," indeed. The lodge was self-instituted, a common practice in those times. Their first candidate was a retired actor who was the keeper of the tavern where they met. Accounts state that lodge meetings were accompanied by merry making and mirth and that the wares of the tavern were freely indulged in. This lodge was dissolved in 1813 due to poor attendance brought on by controversy over the War of 1812.
Another lodge of which little is known existed briefly in New York in 1816. In 1818, Shakespeare Lodge in New York was re-instituted in the Red Cow tavern, operated by a former member who had in his keeping the books and papers of the former lodge. They claimed to have received a charter from the Manchester Unity which gave them authority over all other Odd Fellows Lodges in the United States, but this authority was not accepted by other lodges. Several more lodges were founded in the New York City area and one in Philadelphia, due to the efforts of the Brothers of Shakespeare Lodge.
The Independent Order of Odd Fellows as we know it today began in Baltimore, Maryland, where five members of the Order from England founded Washington Lodge No. 1 on April 26,1819, by self-institution. One of these Brothers was Thomas Wildey, the first Noble Grand and the man revered as the founder of Odd Fellowship in North America. A charter was received from Duke of York Lodge in Preston, England, in 1820, a year and a half after its self-institution.
A second lodge was formed in Baltimore in 1819, but these two lodges and those in New York were unaware of each others' existence for some time, communications being slow in those days, and there being no reason such information would travel from one city to another except by pure chance.
In 1821, the "Grand Lodge of Maryland and of the United States of America, of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows," was founded. Brother Wildey also served as the first Grand Master/Grand Sire of the first Grand Lodge, for a period of 12 years. Several more lodges were established, and in 1824, the "Grand Lodge of the United States" now termed "The Sovereign Grand Lodge," was separated from the Grand Lodge of Maryland. The Independent Order of Odd Fellows in North America (United States and Canada) became independent from the Order in England in 1834.
Order of Odd Fellows and Rebekahs
Grand Lodge in Tennessee
P.O. Box 323
Ridgetop, TN 37152-0323
Page Last Updated: July 2, 2017
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Homeopathy is an alternative medicine system pioneered and developed by a German physician, Samuel Hahnemann, around the end of the 18th century. The alternative medicine industry takes advantage from this and keeps evolving and developing due to the constant need for natural remedies. Yoga benefits are seen as an alternative medicine, helps relieve the upshots of chronic stress in a variety of ways.
It is rather the application of magnetic fields to the body that has shown to have healing effects. This is because alternative medicine works WITH the body, not in suppressing symptoms, as modern medicine does. A pretty important disadvantage states the idea that, even though the expenses of using acupuncture or chiropractic are sometimes covered by health insurances, the majority of alternative treatments are not reimbursed.
The Alternative Medicine Foundation is a nonprofit organization that provides consumers and professionals with responsible, evidence-based information on the integration of alternative and conventional medicine. The faith in alternative medicine is rising very steeply and it is estimated that as much as 50% of the American people are using some form of alternative treatment.
Even with years of prescription treatments, patients may still become debilitated or even die. 3. Alternative medicines are generally ‘green’. The term “alternative medicine” refers to traditional and other methods of treatments for which there is no discernible scientific basis.
Maybe your doctor recently broke the news that you have diabetes. Treatments like homeopathy, and other interventions such as yoga, rhythmic breathing exercises, meditation, relaxation, and chanting techniques other complementary treatment, many of which have significantly reduced stress-induced psychological disorders.
For lots of people, yoga is regarded as a sacred practice that calms the nerves and balances the body, mind, and spirit. An advantage of using herbal remedies concerns the effectiveness related with chronic health issues that don’t respond well or even at all to traditional medicines.
6. Alternative medicine recognizes the true nature of disease and sickness. People might abuse of natural medicines the same way as they do it in the case of synthetic drugs. Today doctors and other health professionals are taught to respect their patients and their opinions.
Homeopathy As Alternative Medicine
Homeopathy is an alternative medicine system pioneered and developed by a German physician, Samuel Hahnemann, around the end of the 18th century. Holistic health is an alternative medicine approach to treatment and natural healing of the ‘whole being’ (body, spirit and mind), considering mental well-being is as important as physical and that they are closely interconnected. In Germany, half of the doctors write herbs, an office of alternative medicines.
Many the treatments and techniques in alternate medicine are taken from Chinese, Indian and other Asian culture. Patients who engage in these practices may develop a better attitude and recover faster. Some medical facilities now have such professionals on staff and offer many alternate treatments to their patients on a regular basis.
Another reason why complementary medicine has become popular is the changing attitude towards patients on the part of doctors and other health professionals. One of the surveys conducted on alternative medicine concluded that people felt there were added benefits from alternative medicine use, lower cost, and perceived fewer side effects.
Alternative medicine is any practice that is outside of normal Western medicine. This is the United States, alternative medicine is usually taught in medical schools and not generally in U.S. hospitals. Lyme doctors in the U.S. who treat their patients with anything outside of conventional treatments, like Cat’s Claw, run the risk of government investigation and losing the right to practice medicine.
Some of these medical practices have integrated some scientific evidence of effectiveness. Thus, in some countries, alternative therapies and medicine as an alternative to meet the requirements can be obtained by conventional methods to be seen. Since doctors have to respect their patients opinions they have to listen to their ideas about medicine.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Alternative Medicine
There are reasons why people chose alternative medicine and reasons why they avoid it, preferring conventional medicine. When an alternative medicine therapy is used in addition to – not instead of – conventional therapy, it’s called complementary. The term “scientific medicine” which is also called modern medicine, conventional or Western medicine refers to methods of medical treatment based purely or largely on science.
Many people assume that herbal medicines are better than synthetic drugs simply because, well, they are natural and not synthetic, therefore present no risk. This science is a combination of all the unconventional practices that are used to prevent, diagnose, improve, and treat any form of illness.
They have the misconception that if unconventional medicine consists of herbal products which are natural, then there is no harm done if they triple the dosage or more.
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So this week I thought I'd focus on something that we all have...
Good news though - Fat doesn't make you FAT!
In fact it is essential to our ongoing good health.
Not only does it help our body to absorb vitamins and minerals, it also produces and releases hormones that affect your organs.
But now don't get all complacent about your body fat.
There are 2 different types of fat.
And where they are found is critical.
Just like in real estate, it's a case of Location, Location, Location!
There is subcutaneous fat.
This is the fat that lies below your skin. It keeps you warm and cushions you from a fall or bump. It stores calories.
It is PINCHABLE.
The other type of fat is Visceral Fat.
It stores calories too.
It is found deep inside your abdominal cavity. It surrounds your organs. It is Firm to press.
It is not squishy and pinchable.
When you have too much visceral fat it can increase your LDL cholesterol. That is the bad kind.
It can also increase your blood pressure.
Visceral fat makes your body less sensitive to insulin which can increase your chances of Type 2 diabetes.
How do you know if you have too much visceral fat?
It is all about apples and pears!
What does fruit have to do with it, you ask...
Well think of the shapes of these 2 fruits.
And apple is round and a pear is triangular.
They give you a picture of where fat is stored on your body.
Pears store weight on their hips, thighs and bum.
And it is subcutaneous fat.
It is surface level fat.
Apples on the other hand, store fat around their bellys. Hence the name Belly Fat.
To get a more specific confirmation of whether you could be an apple or pear, there are 2 measurements to take.
The first is your waist measurement.
Feel where your hip bone is.
Feel the top of it and measure around from this point.
Take a couple of measurements
and Don't Hold Your Breath!
You want an accurate measurement!
It is best to have a waist circumference of less than 89cm (35in) if you are a woman.
If you are a man then your waist circumference should be less than 102cm (40in).
The second measurement is your hips.
Measure 20cm down from the top of your hips. That is the point at which to measure your hips.
Take the measurement with your feet together.
Now for a bit of maths!
Take your Waist Circumference and divide it by your Hip Circumference to get your waist to hip ratio.
WC/HC = WHR
e.g. 74cm/97cm = 0.77
Women should have a WHR of less than 0.8 and men should have a ratio of less than 1.
Having a greater ratio of visceral fat is linked to heart disease, type 2 diabetes, strokes and other chronic diseases like Alzheimers.
Belly fat also produces inflammatory molecules that go into your blooldstream.
Continuous long term inflammation puts your body under severe stress.
As a result we become one big hormonal imbalance.
And that is a topic for another day.
So since you can't spot reduce fat around your tummy what can you do?
1) Keep track of your measurements. They are far more telling than the scale ever will be.
I have been tracking my measurement for 19 years, off and on!!
When you lose cm you're losing FAT.
If you're losing Fat then your risk of Type 2 diabetes and other lifestyle diseases are decreased.
2) Sweat each day.
Belly fat responds well to endurance exercise that raises your heart rate. Running, biking, swimming, rowing are going to help.
3) Choose to eat foods that are whole i.e. they aren't packaged and processed - vegetables, lean protein and healthy fats.
4) Sleep - get 7 - 9 hours of sleep per night. Your body needs time to repair itself. Lack of sleep affects your appetite.
And now I'd like to invite you to book a Free 20 minute strategy session so that we can work out some ways to help you move forward & start losing your belly fat.
Click the button below to book your session on my scheduler. It sounds fancy but it's not really!
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GCSE - Component 1 Section A - Week 1
Posters - Media Language and Representation
The powerpoint used in Week 1's lessons is to the right. You can look through this on this page or you can download it to your computer.
This week's lessons covered the following;
To understand the conventions associated with film posters.
Apply media terminology to two key texts.
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Software engineer Chris Beaumont visualized the strength of opponent hands in Texas hold ’em, given any other hand. This is based on counting about 1.3 trillion possible combinations.
Simply enter a card combination, and the grid shows the win-loss percentage differences for all possible opponent hands. Each card value (e.g. 2 or a King) pair is represented as a four by four grid to show each suit (e.g. heart or spade). The above is the strengths of an opponent’s hand given you have a four of hearts and a queen of spades. Red indicates higher chances of you losing and blue indicates higher chances of you winning.
See also the grids for hand frequency and average hand strength.
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Printer friendly version
Type of submission: Oral
Conference track: Practice
Topics: Harm Reduction Services and Service Provision; Viral Hepatitis and Tuberculosis
Presenting author: Jiten Singh Asem
Jiten Singh Asem, Peter Selestino
Issue: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are most commonly transmitted by sharing contaminated injecting equipment among people who inject drugs (PWID). It can cause chronic infection, resulting in cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. HBV is one of the key component of nine interventions of comprehensive harm reduction package for PWID endorsed by WHO. Although the HBV vaccine is inexpensive, safe and effective, vaccination rates among PWID remains poor in Tanzania due to unavailability of free vaccination, lack of awareness and chaotic lives of PWID.
Setting: National AIDS Control Programme estimate 30,000 PWID in Tanzania. According to some independent studies (ref in footnote? Or directly quote the author) the prevalence of HCV among PWID is reported 35%. Reliable data for HBV prevalence among PWID is unavailable. However, programme data of methadone clinics found HBV prevalence among its attendees as ~ 29.1% (N=1028).
Project: Médecins du Monde implements peer led comprehensive harm reduction programme in Dar E Salaam. The programme sought to improve HBV vaccination among PWID through four steps.
- Trained peer educators provide education on viral hepatitis including importance and benefit of HBV vaccination.
- Outreach team identified PWID who needs vaccination and categorize the priority groups.
- Vaccination was provided at hot-spots at time convenient to the PWID.
- Rapid or accelerated schedule i.e. at 1, 7, and 21 days recommended by WHO for PWID was employed.
These effort improves the knowledge about viral hepatitis and enable PWID to get vaccination in their own setting, which helped increase uptake of HBV vaccination.
Outcome: During April to September 2016, 469 PWID were vaccinated and out of this 301 completed all the doses an increase from baseline of 26. This strategy can be adapted elsewhere to increase HBV vaccination among PWID.
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Green groups said Thursday that one of the world's biggest pulp mills which started production on Indonesia's Sumatra island last month was causing enormous environmental damage.
The groups said the $3 billion mill belonging to industry giant Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) was sourcing raw materials mostly from trees grown on drained peatlands, where haze-belching fires occur every year.
The mill produces a raw material which can later be made into paper.
Woro Supartinah, whose NGO was among the groups protesting the mill, called on the Indonesian government to "promote a broader set of interests" than just helping major companies reap profits.
"Restoring peatlands will generate economic growth and environmental security over the long term," she said.
RELATED: Sumatran Orangutan Count Higher than Thought, But Threats Loom
The groups who protested the mill included Wetlands International, Eyes on the Forest and Rainforest Action Network.
APP said it was aiming to responsibly increase its production capacity.
It said in a statement that its pulpwood suppliers were bound by its conservation policies, which include committing to "no new development on peatland since February 2013 as well as the implementation of responsible, peatland best management practice."
Vast areas of peatland, which store carbon, have been drained in recent years using networks of canals to convert them into plantations for trees to produce pulp and palm oil.
The drained peatlands emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and also create arid tracts of land that are vulnerable to going up in flames.
Huge fires erupt on and around plantation land every year on Sumatra, much of it in peat.
RELATED: A Peat Swamp as Big as England Has Been Found in Africa
The fires in 2015 were among the worst on record and cloaked Southeast Asia in toxic haze for weeks, causing many to fall ill, schools to close and flights to be cancelled.
About three-quarters of the plantations supplying APP's mil l- 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 square miles) - are on peatlands, the groups said.
Indonesia's government has in recent years stepped up efforts to protect peatlands, especially after the fires in 2015, which according to the World Bank caused $16 billion in losses to the archipelago's economy.
Photo: An aerial photo of a road running through a palm plantation in Dumai, Riau, on Sumatra island. Antara Foto/Rony Muharrman/via Reuters/File
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The largest tropical forest in North America yields to perfect rows of corn and soy. Light-haired women with blue eyes in wide-brimmed hats bump down a dirt road in a horse and buggy, past simple brick homes and a whitewashed schoolhouse: A Mennonite community in southern Mexico.
Here, in the state of Campeche on the Yucatan Peninsula at the northern edge of the Maya Forest, the Mennonites say they live to traditional pacifist values and that expanding farms to provide a simple life for their families is the will of God.
Lifting his cap to wipe sweat from his brow, Dyck Thiessen, the Mennonite leader, doubted organic methods proposed by the government would be successful Tension with officials has stalled his plans to acquire more land, he said.
Still, he has faith.
"If the government shuts us down," he says, "God will open for us."
(Photo Editing Kezia Levitas; Additional Reporting Adrian Virgen and Jose Luis Gonzalez; Text Editing Stephen Eisenhammer and Frank Jack Daniel; Layout Kezia Levitas)
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Bullying : a guide to research, intervention, and prevention
- Mishna, Faye.
- Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, c2012.
- Physical description
- 207 p. ; 25 cm.
BF637 .B85 M57 2012
- Unknown BF637 .B85 M57 2012
- Includes bibliographical references (p. -200) and index.
- 1. The Context of Bullying: Definition, Prevalence, and Controversies -- 2. Individual, Family, and Social Factors Associated with Bullying -- 3. Theories that Help to Understand Bullying -- 4. Pinning the Tail on the Donkey: Conceptualizing, Identifying, and Responding to Bullying -- 5. The School: Multiple Levels and Systems -- 6. Cyber Bullying in a Cyber World -- 7. Bullying within Friendships -- 8. Challenges and Obstacles: Intervention and Treatment -- 9. Intervention and Treatment: Relationships -- 10. Treatment Intervention, Collaboration, and Consultation -- Notes -- References -- Index.
- (source: Nielsen Book Data)
- Publisher's Summary
- With the increased recognition of the devastating effects of bullying, there is now a tremendous amount of information available on its prevalence, associated factors, and the evaluation data on well known school-wide anti-bullying education, prevention, and intervention programs. Yet numerous complex issues span individual and societal variables--including individual characteristics and vulnerability, peer and family relationships and dynamics, classroom and school milieus, and stigma and discrimination--making the task of understanding, assessing, and responding to bullying on the ground complicated for researchers and nearly impossible for school-based practitioners. Untangling some of the thorny issues around what causes and constitutes bullying, including how to think differently about overlapping phenomena such as racism, sexism, homophobia, or sexual harassment, Faye Mishna presents an exhaustive body of empirical and theoretical literature in such a way as to be accessible to both students and practitioners. Chapters will equip readers to think critically about contexts, relationships, and risk and protective factors that are unique to individual students and schools, and to effectively assess and design multi-level interventions for a variety of aggressive behaviors. Paying particular attention to emerging types of victimization, such as cyber bullying, and to vulnerable groups, such as LGBTQ youth and students with disabilities, Mishna distills the key elements of successful interventions with both victims and aggressors and includes case examples and practice principles throughout. The result is an integrated, nuanced synthesis of current and cutting-edge scholarship that will appeal to students, practitioners, and researchers in social work, education, and psychology.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)
- Publication date
- Faye Mishna.
- 9780199795406 (hardcover : alk. paper)
- 0199795401 (hardcover : alk. paper)
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Grand Duchess Olga and her husband Nicholas Kulikovsky refused to leave Russia at that time. Instead, they decided to head for the Kuban, then still free of Bolsheviks, to the large Cossack village of Novominskaya, where Timofei Ksyenofontovich Yatchik, bodyguard of Empress Maria Feodorovna, was from. They wanted to rent a farm there and live among the relatives of this honest Cossack. Gury, their second son, was born in the spring of 1919 in Novominskaya. He was named in honour of one of the Panayev brothers, Boris, Gury and Leo, heroes of the First World War who had fallen in the battlefields early in 1914 while serving in the Akhtyrsky Regiment.
It should be kept in mind that the Emperor and his family, as well as Grand Duke Michael and seventeen other members of the Romanoff family were savagely murdered, leaving only Grand Duchess Olga as the sole survivor of the imperial family in all of Russia. She was very popular among the simple Russian people, since word had spread throughout the country about her initiatives in organizing hospitals and schools at Olgino, as well as her genuine care for the wounded soldiers and the sacrifices she made while working in the hospitals on the front during the war. The idea naturally arose to proclaim her Empress and was widely supported in the monarchist circles of the White Army. The fact that she was married to a "mere mortal" was considered a positive factor by Senator Count Geiden, in light of the democratic trends stirred up by the revolution. It stands to reason, however, that the very modest Grand Duchess Olga shunned this kind of ambition and declined the offer outright.
With Red Army units fast approaching Novominskaya, Grand Duchess Olga, together with her husband and sons, had to set out on what was to be their last journey across Russia. Upon reaching Rostov-on-the-Don, they took refuge with Thomas Nikolaevich Schutte, the Danish Consul, who informed the Grand Duchess that Empress Maria Feodorovna had already safely reached Denmark.
After their evacuation to the Island of Prinkipo in the Dardanelles, Olga and her family made their way to Belgrade, capital of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenians (Yugoslavia), which had been considerably destroyed during the war. At the hotel where Grand Duchess Olga was staying with her family, she received a visit from Regent Alexander Karageorgevich (later to become King Alexander I), who suggested she settle permanently on one of the royal estates located on former Austro-Hungarian territory. However, Empress Maria Feodorovna summoned her daughter to her estate in Denmark where the Grand Duchess lived until her mother died in 1928.
After this sad event, the family of the Grand Duchess acquired a farm equipped with a comfortable house, located some seventeen kilometres from Copenhagen. It became the centre of the Russian monarchist community in Denmark. Here, Grand Duchess Olga managed to remain in touch with the world she had left behind, maintaining extensive correspondence with her old friends, officers of the Equipage of the Guard, escorts, cuirassiers, Akhtyrsky Hussars, Rifles of the Imperial Family and many others. At this time, her artistic talent was appreciated for its true worth. She displayed paintings not only in Denmark, but also in Paris, London and Berlin. A considerable portion of the money she earned from the sale of her pictures was donated to charity.
The Grand Duchess took a great interest in decorating porcelain. Famous Copenhagen porcelain factories would send her, in particular, state purchases such as cups, plates and other types of china which she would paint. These articles would then be fired in a special oven. These items not only decorated her family home, but were also sold at charity bazaars and auctions. The icons she painted were never for sale, however. She would invariably give them away in Christ's name.
The peaceful, prosperous life the family experienced in Denmark came to an abrupt end on April 9, 1940, when the country was invaded by Germany. During the five-year occupation, Grand Duchess Olga continued to help exiled Russians who found themselves in need. Despite the restrictions of ration cards and the danger of conflict with the invaders, some supplies were passed on to famished prisoners through the camp's barbed wire.
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This research investigation is focused on the use of Cost-Volume-Profit analysis as a Management tool for decision making using Nigerian Breweries Plc as a case study.
Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis narrowly called break-even analysis, is the application of marginal costing and seeks to study the relationship between costs, volume and profits at differing activity levels and can be a useful guide for short-term planning and decision making.
There are series of relationship between costs, volume of production and profit. An understanding of these relationship are useful to management. Cost-volume-profit relationship as a decision making device that considers the inherent relationship between cost, volume of production and the profit that is made.
This research study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is introduction which includes background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, research questions, hypothesis, scope and limitation of the study and definition of terms.
Chapter two deals with review of related literatures on cost-volume-profit analysis as a management tool for decision making.
Chapter three deals with research design and methodology.
Chapter four involves presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.
Finally chapter five is summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of contents
1.1Background of study
1.2Statement of the problem
1.3Objectives of the study
1.4Significance of the study
1.7Scope and Limitation of the study
1.8Definition of terms
2.1An Overview of Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
2.3Break-Even Analysis A Traditional View of the
2.4Graphical Approach to break-even Analysis
2.5Formular method of finding break point
2.6The multi- product cost-volume-profit analysis
2.7Decision making function
2.8Other tools for decision making and control
3.0Research design and methodology
3.1Sources of data
3.2Primary sources of data
3.3Secondary sources of data
3.4Population and sample size determination
3.5Method of data collection
3.6Method of validating the instrument
3.7Method of data analysis
4.0Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
4.3Testing and interpretation of hypothesis
5.0Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1Summary of findings
Subscribe to access this work and thousands more
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Bermudagrass in Georgia (B 911)Download PDF
- Quality Hay Production
- Grazing Management
- Weed Control
Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) Is an important warm-season, perennial, sod-forming forage grass in Georgia and throughout the southeast. Bermudagrass is productive from spring until fall and is well-suited for grazing or hay production. It is a high-yielding grass: 5 to 7 tons of hay per acre can be produced with good management when there's ample moisture.
Several varieties of bermudagrass are used in Georgia, ranging from Common bermudagrass to the high-yielding, good quality hybrid bermudagrasses. The best variety to use depends on your location in the state and the intended use.
Significant advancements have improved berudagrass yields and forage quality. Dr. Glenn Burton, principal geneticist at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, released several hybrid bermudagrasses for use in the south. His releases include Coastal, Midland, Coastcross I, Tifton 44, Tifton 78 and Tifton 85.
Coastal bermudagrass was the first hybrid forage bermudagrass developed for use in southern forage programs. Coastal, an F1 hybrid of Tift common bermuda and a bermudagrass introduced from Asia, was released more than 55 years ago and has been established for hay and grazing on approximately 15 million acres in the southern United States. In Georgia, Coastal is best adapted to the Coastal Plain and lower Piedmont areas. It is not as cold tolerant as Tifton 44 and may winter-kill in the mountains.
Coastal produces high yields of good quality forage when properly fertilized and managed but, like the other hybrid bermudagrasses, Coastal produces few viable seeds and must be estab-lished from vegetative planting material.
Tifton 85 bermudagrass is the latest release from the USDA program in Tifton. It has excep-tional yield and produces high quality grazing and hay. Tifton 85 was released in 1992 as a highly digestible hybrid cross of Tifton 68 and an introduction from South Africa. It has larger stems and broader leaves than most other bermudagrasses. Its large rhizomes and stolons spread rapidly and, under good growing conditions, may grow 2 to 3 inches a day. Hay yields and digesti-bility are considerably better than Coastal, Tifton 44 and Tifton 78 hybrid bermudagrass. Tifton 85 is not as cold tolerant as Coastal and is best adapted to the Coastal Plain region. Although Tifton 85 might survive most winters in the Piedmont region, a severe winter would severely damage stands.
Tifton 44 bermudagrass is a winter-hardy hybrid bermudagrass released in 1978. Tifton 44 is a cross between Coastal and a winter-hardy bermudagrass from Germany. This hybrid produces more rhizomes than Coastal and is better adapted to the northern areas of the bermudagrass growing regions of the country. Tifton 44 bermudagrass produces higher quality forage than Coastal or Alicia, averaging 7 percent higher in digestibility than Coastal and 10 percent higher than Alicia. Hay yields are similar to Coastal. Tifton 44 starts to grow earlier in spring and grows later into the fall than Coastal or Alicia. Tifton 44 must be established from vegetative planting material (sprigs) and is more difficult to establish than the other forage bermudagrasses.
Tifton 78 bermudagrass was released in 1984. Tifton 78 is the best of many crosses made between Tifton 44 and Callie. Compared with Coastal, Tifton 78 grows taller, has larger stems and a similar rhizome system, spreads much faster, is more easily established, and starts growth earlier in the spring.
Tifton 78 is less winter-hardy than Tifton 44. It is well adapted throughout the Coastal Plain and may be grown in the lower Piedmont. Plantings in north Georgia experience some winter-kill during severe winters. The potential for winter injury can be reduced with good management. Do not apply nitrogen after September 1, and do not cut hay after mid September. Tifton 78 pastures can be grazed in the fall, because grazing does not put as much pressure on the stand as does the complete defoliation of a hay cutting. Recent plantings of Tifton 78 have been difficult to maintain. Special attention should be made to maintain good fertility levels and to control insects to reduce stand losses.
Russell bermudagrass was released by Auburn University and Louisiana State University. The origin can be traced to a long-established field of bermudagrass in Seale, Alabama. It is a dense, lower-growing productive hybrid. Limited testing shows Russell yields well (similar to Coastal) and is winter hardy. Forage quality appears to be similar to Coastal. It exhibits morphological characteristics similar to common bermudagrass.
Florakirk bermudagrass is a fine-stemmed hybrid cross between Tifton 44 and Callie. Test results show that it has slightly higher digestibil-ity than Coastal. This bermudagrass is not very winter hardy and is susceptible to leaf rust. It is more suited to Florida than to Georgia.
Midland bermudagrass is a winter-hardy hybrid (Coastal x a winter-hardy Indiana common) best adapted to the upper Piedmont and Mountain regions. Midland is similar to Coastal in yield, growth habit and forage quality. Some Midland stands still exist in north Georgia; however, the variety has largely been replaced by Tifton 44.
Alicia bermudagrass was selected from a group of bermudagrasses introduced from Africa and marketed by a Texas businessman in the early 1970s.
Alicia is relatively easy to establish and produces high hay yields (similar to Coastal and Tifton 44), but its forage is lower in quality than Coastal (about 10 percent less digestible). Alicia is susceptible to rust, a foliage disease that destroys leaf tissue and reduces yields and quality. Alicia can be grown throughout the Coastal Plain and lower Piedmont areas. Coastal, Tifton 44 and Tifton 85 are better choices than Alicia for new plantings.
Grazer and Brazos bermudagrasses are two other hybrids grown in the southern United States. Grazer was released from Louisiana State University and is a cross of selections from Italy and Kenya. It has large stems with wide leaves but is not as productive as Coastal. Brazos was released in Oklahoma in 1982. Brazos also has larger stems and leaves than Coastal but does not perform as well as Coastal. Neither is well suited to Georgia conditions.
CoastCross I and Callie are two hybrid bermudagrasses previously grown in Georgia. More productive hybrids have replaced their acreage. Both were subject to winter-kill and loss of stands.
Common bermudagrass was introduced into the United States from India or Africa more than 150 years ago. It proved to be well-adapted to the humid south and quickly became a widespread weed in cultivated crops. Common produces viable seed and also spreads by stolons and rhizomes so, once it is established in a pasture, it is difficult to eradicate. Common bermudagrass usually is present in combination with fescue or as a contaminant in improved bermudagrass pastures on more than 400,000 acres in Georgia. Because it is hardy, forms a dense sod, can be established from seed, and can be maintained on infertile soils, Common is well-suited to conservation uses.
Selections from Common have been made and are sold as varieties. Several varieties on the market may also be blends of different types of Com-mon. Although Common does not usually provide high yields -- only 50 to 60 percent as much hay per acre as Coastal -- it can be effectively used in forage programs to provide summer grazing. In north Georgia, it is best used in combination with fescue and clover. Seed Common in spring (April to June) on a prepared seedbed at the rate of 5 to 8 pounds of seed per acre. Research is underway in Georgia to compare yields and persistence of newly-marketed varieties with the hybrid bermudagrasses.
Bermudagrasses are deep-rooted, sod-forming grasses best adapted to fertile, well-drained soils. They can be grown in north Georgia on bottom land that floods in winter provided the soil has good internal drainage and water does not stand on the soil surface for several days. They are not suited to poorly-drained flatwood soils in south Georgia, but because bermudagrasses use water efficiently, they can grow on sandy upland soils that are not well-suited for row crop production.
Bermudagrasses is established best on a well-prepared, weed-free seedbed. Soil test before preparing the seedbed and apply the recommended amounts of lime, phosphorus and potassium. Tilling, which is necessary to prepare the soil for planting, will incorporate the lime and fertilizer nutrients into the soil.
Prepare the seedbed at least two to four weeks prior to sprigging to allow the soil to settle. If it is necessary to plow shortly before sprigging, pack the soil by cultipacking or using a heavy roller. Freshly-plowed coarse soils dry quickly, reducing the chance of sprig survival.
Bermudagrass varieties that produce rhizomes such as Coastal, Tifton 85, Tifton 44, Tifton 78 and Alicia can be planted from late January until late July. Early sprigging of bermudagrass (before the grass breaks dormancy) has some very significant advantages. Soil moisture conditions are usually more favorable in late winter, and sprigs dug before breaking dormancy will have a higher level of stored food reserves to initiate growth once temperatures are warm enough for growth to occur. Bermudagrass plants depend on stored food reserves for winter survival and for the energy to grow in early spring until sufficient leaf area has developed to sustain growth. Sprigs dug in early spring -- just after the plants have broken dormancy -- will have lower levels of food reserves.
With dormant sprigging, the rhizomes are in the soil and ready to grow as soon as temperatures are warm enough. This also allows more time for the soil to "settle" and to achieve good soil-sprig contact.
You can plant bermudagrass successfully throughout the spring and summer, but good moisture is essential for warm season plantings. Extended periods of dry weather that may occur from May to July can reduce sprig survival and plant growth. Plantings made after late July in north Georgia and after late August in south Georgia may not develop a rhizome system sufficient for winter survival.
Hybrid bermudagrasses produce few viable seeds and must be established from vegetative plant material. Freshly dug sprigs (rhizomes or stolons) are your best source of planting stock for the bermudagrasses. Coastal, Tifton 85 and Alicia can also be established from topgrowth (mature stems). Tifton 44 does not establish easily from topgrowth.
Dig good quality sprigs from pure, well-maintained stands of bermudagrass and plant soon after digging. To ensure hybrid purity and quality, consider purchasing sprigs from certified fields. A list of certified bermudagrass growers can be obtained from your local county extension office or by calling the Georgia Crop Improvement Association.
Do not let sprigs freeze, dry out or go through heat before planting. Although properly stored sprigs can remain viable for several days after digging, their vigor will decline. If you have to store the sprigs, spread them out in a thin layer (12 inches or less), moisten them, cover them with burlap or a tarpaulin and keep them in a shaded area. Exposure of sprigs to the sun and wind after digging will increase dessication and rapidly reduce their viability.
If topgrowth is used for planting material, the stems should be six to seven weeks old and have six or more nodes. Planting should take place quickly after cutting the stems. Scatter tops and disk them into moist soil; pack the soil with a heavy roller or tractor tires to decrease moisture loss and ensure good soil contact.
Plant 30 to 40 bushels of fresh, good-quality sprigs per acre 2 to 3 inches deep. Properly adjusted commercial sprigging machines will do an acceptable job. Firm the soil around the sprigs by using the press wheels on the sprigging machine or with tractor wheels. On soils with a high clay content, do not cover sprigs with more than 1 inch of soil.
Apply 35 to 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre after the bermudagrass sprigs start to grow. With early planting dates, a second nitrogen application will be necessary to promote rapid coverage. Do not apply nitrogen after mid August.
Bermudagrass sprigs can be successfully planted with no-till sprigging machines. Since the soil does not need to be plowed, the erosion potential is reduced and fields that are too hilly to plow can be established in hybrid bermudagrasses with this equipment. The existing vegetation on fields that will be established should be killed with a herbicide before the field is sprigged. After sprigging, management is similar to that for fields established with conventional equipment.
Weed Control in Newly Sprigged Bermudagrass
Good weed control during the establishment phase is critical. Newly-established bermudagrass is unable to compete with rapidly growing annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. A thick cover of weeds prevents the bermudagrass stolons from rooting and slows stand establishment.
Options to control weeds in newly-established bermudagrass include timely mowing, grazing and herbicides. As of February, 1997, and with the exception of certain formulations of 2,4-D, there are not preemergence herbicides labeled for use at the time of planting bermudagrass sprigs. 2,4-D can be applied immediately after sprigging and will provide short-term (two to four weeks) control of some annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. A second application will be needed three to four weeks later. Rainfall will be needed to obtain satisfactory weed control. Preemergence applications of 2,4-D have generally been less effective in controlling annual grasses than other herbicides previously labeled for this use. In contrast, post-emergence applications of 2,4-D at rates of 0.5 to 1.0 pounds of active ingredient per acre are highly effective for the control of broad-leaf weeds such as common cocklebur, common ragweed and morningglories.
Research is being conducted by agrichemical companies and land grant universities to identify herbicides for the control of annual grasses during bermudagrass establishment. For example, Zorial® effectively controls annual grasses during establishment. As of February, 1996, however, Zorial is not registered for this use. The registration status of Zorial is subject to change. Check with your county extension agent or agrichemical dealer for the latest information on herbicides labeled for this use.
Newly-established bermudagrass spreads as stolons (above-ground runners) and develops roots at nodes on stems to form new plants. These new plants and stolons may die during the winter, leaving only the original plants, unless the new plants have formed rhizomes. Rhizomes are large underground stems that serve as food storage organs and as sources of vegetative buds for forming a thick sod. Bermudagrass planted early is more likely to develop sufficient rhizomes for winter survival than grass planted in late summer.
Bermudagrasses start to store food reserves in the rhizome system during late summer. You should not cut new plantings for hay in late summer, so the plants can accumulate considerable growth to supply the food reserves necessary for winter survival.
Most failures in establishing fields usually are caused by:
- Poorly prepared seeds bed.
- Inadequate moisture at planting.
- Planting sprigs too dry or desiccated.
- Not using enough planting material.
- Not firming soil around planting material.
- Planting too deep or too shallow.
- Severe weed competition.
You need a sound fertilization program to produce high yields of good quality forage for hay or grazing and to maintain healthy, productive stands.
Bermudagrass grows well at a soil pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. High rates or nitrogen increase soil acidity, making frequent applications of limestone necessary. Test your soil each year and apply lime when needed.
Bermudagrass is a heavy user of fertilizer nutrients. A 6-ton per acre hay yield will remove significant quantities of fertilizer nutrients (see Table 1), which must be replaced to maintain soil fertility levels.
Table 1. Fertilizer Nutrients Removed in 6 Tons of Bermudagrass Hay
Nitrogen (N) stimulates plant growth and increases the crude protein content of the forage. With adequate moisture, bermudagrass responds to high rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Several applications of nitrogen will be used more efficiently than a single large application. The quantity of nitrogen and frequency of application depend on how the crop is used -- for hay or grazing -- and how intensively the crop is managed.
N rates for hay production: Apply 75 to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre in the spring before rapid growth begins and apply a similar quantity after each harvest except the last harvest in the fall. Since bermudagrass grows more rapidly in late spring and early summer and is higher in quality during that period than in late summer, some hay producers prefer to apply heavier rates of nitrogen in spring and early summer than in late summer.
N rates for grazing: When bermudagrass is used for grazing, the amount and frequency of application of nitrogen depend on the stocking rate. With moderate stocking rates, an application of 50 to 75 pounds of nitrogen per acre in April, June and July is adequate. Heavily stocked pastures may require 60 to 80 pounds of nitrogen every four to six weeks.
Three major nitrogen sources are used on ber-mudagrass in Georgia. These are solid ammonium nitrate AN (34 percent N), urea-AN solutions (30 to 32 percent N) and AN solutions (19 to 21 percent N). Other nitrogen sources used in Georgia include anhydrous ammonia (82 percent N), solid urea (46 percent N) and ammonium sulfate (21 percent N). All sources can be used successfully if applied correctly.
Since nitrogen is applied topdressed to bermudagrass, there is a potential during warm weather for some volatilization loss of nitrogen from any material containing urea. Urease enzymes, found in plants and soils, can convert the N in urea to a gas. This occurs at the soil surface but not after the urea leaches into the soil. Approximately ¼ inch of rainfall is needed to incorporate urea and essentially eliminate volatilization. Under field conditions, if there is ½ inch of rainfall within 72 hours after application, N losses from urea-based fertilizers are negligible. Surface-applied nitrogen in forms other than urea will not be volatilized under Georgia conditions.
You need to take certain precautions when using anhydrous ammonia. Because it is a gas, it must be injected approximately 6 inches beneath the soil surface, and the injection slot must be properly sealed to prevent significant losses of N. Because injection equipment is required, most anhydrous ammonia is applied by custom applicators.
You can use ammonium sulfate on bermudagrass; however, it is very acid-forming when com-pared to other N sources. It forms three times as much acidity as urea, urea-AN, AN and anhydrous ammonia. Growers can compensate for this additional acidity by maintaining a good liming program.
In summary, any commercially available N source will be effective if applied correctly. Select an N source based on cost per pound of N and/or convenience of application.
Potassium (K) is second only to nitrogen in the concentration found in bermudagrass. Potassium is essential for high yields and to maintain healthy stands. The rates of potassium needed vary with soil K levels, cropping intensity and rates of nitrogen used. (See Table 2.)
Table 2. Pounds of Potassium (K2O) Needed per Acre for Hay Production or Grazing with Different N Rates and Soil Test K Levels
|Nitrogen Rate lbs/A||Low||Medium||High|
lbs of K2O to apply per acre
Potassium is more efficiently used with multiple applications. Applying potassium in the spring before rapid growth begins and after every other harvest should be satisfactory.
Many bermudagrass stands in Georgia have slowly declined over a period of years to the point that the stands are too thin to be productive. As the stand thins, weeds encroach and further reduce the value of the hay field or pasture. The one factor usually consistent in situations when bermudagrass stands have lost vigor and productivity is low soil K levels. Bermudagrass uses large quantities of potassium, which is removed when the grass is harvested for hay. High rates of nitrogen stimulate forage growth and increase hay yields. When high N rates are coupled with low rates of potassium fertilization, K levels decline due to the high rate of removal. In effect, we are mining the soil of K.
Bermudagrass that is K deficient is less winter-hardy and stands may thin during harsh winters. Keep K rates up to maintain stands.
Phosphorus (P) is essential for many plant processes and is necessary for high forage yields. Phosphorus does not leach readily from the soil, so one application per year is sufficient. You can apply phosphorus any time during the year. Rates of phosphorus needed for grazing and hay production are shown in Table 3.
|Table 3. Pound of Phosphorus (P2O5) Needed per Acre for Hay Production or Grazing with Different N Rates and Soil Test P Levels|
|-||Soil P Levels|
|Nitrogen Rate lbs/A||Low||Medium||High|
lbs of P2O5 to apply per acre
Bermudagrass that is well fertilized, harvested at the proper time and stored to minimize losses can produce high yields of good quality hay. Bermudagrass hay is widely used in rations for beef and dairy cattle and horses.
A good fertilization program is essential for successful hay production. Fertilization guidelines are in the section on fertilizers.
The harvest interval affects forage yields and forage quality. Forage quality (digestibility and protein content) is highest when the grass is very young and declines as the grass matures (see Figure 1). Total dry matter yields per acre, however, increase with time. Harvesting bermudagrass at four- to five-week intervals represents the best compromise between forage yields and forage quality. This harvesting interval produces hay that has a high proportion of leaves to stems and is easy to cure.
Because close clipping will not harm stands, bermudagrass can be cut as low as the mower and terrain will allow.
You need a mower in excellent mechanical condition to obtain a clean cut. Bermudagrass has relatively fine stems, so mechanical conditioning -- crimping or crushing stems -- is not necessary for rapid curing. A hay tedder used to fluff the swath or windrow after 4 to 6 hours of drying time will increase the rate of drying. In good hay drying conditions, the moisture content should be low enough for baling (less than 20 percent) in 24 to 36 hours.
High quality, leafy hay is more difficult to retain in bales than longer, stemmy hay. As moisture content and other factors change, periodic baler adjustments are necessary to obtain a tight bale that will withstand handling.
Bermudagrass pastures should be managed to keep young, leafy forage available for grazing. Cattle consuming young, leafy forage will gain weight faster and produce more milk than cattle grazing older, stemmy grass that is lower in digestibility and protein content. Animal weight gains on poor quality forage are limited by reduced forage quality (digestibility and protein content) and reduced intake of forage by the animal.
You should manage bermudagrass pastures to keep forage growth 2 to 4 inches in height. When pastures are understocked, a tall growth of bermudagrass will accumulate. Cattle will then start to "spot graze," continuously grazing small areas in the pasture where the grass is kept shorter by repeated grazings. When this occurs, the pasture is not being used efficiently. When Tifton 85 is grazed, different management is needed. Tifton 85 will be more productive and carry more cattle when at least 4 inches of growth is maintained in the pasture.
The key to good grazing management is matching the stock rate to the grass growth rate. Since bermudagrass growth is affected by moisture, fertilization and the season of the year, the growth rate is not constant throughout the grazing season. To maintain forage growth within the desired limits, vary the stocking rate by adding or removing animals from a pasture or by reducing the area available for grazing.
A vigorous, well-maintained stand of bermudagrass is the first line of defense against a weed infestation. Cultural practices such as liming, fertilizing, proper grazing and hay practices should be closely followed to promote a dense cover of bermudagrass. Most broadleaf weeds can be effectively controlled with properly timed applications of 2,4-D (numerous trade names), dicamba (Banvel) and triclopyr (Remedy). Two-way mixtures of 2,4-D and dicamba (Weedmaster) or 2,4-D and picloram (Grazon P+D) may also be used to control a wide spectrum of broadleaf weeds in bermudagrass pastures and hay fields. Metsulfuron (Ally) can be used to control "Pensacola" bahiagrass and several broadleaf weed species. If necessary, hexazinone (Velpar) is avail-able for the control of smutgrass. Paraquat (Gramaxone Extra) can be used on dormant bermudagrass for the control of winter annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds.
As of February, 1997, no selective preemer-gence or postemergence herbicides are labeled for control of annual grasses such as crabgrass, goosegrass and sandbur in pastures and hay fields. Research is being conducted by agrichemical companies and land grant universities to identify herbicides for the control of annual grasses. Results of this research are promising. Refer to the current edition of the Georgia Pest Control Handbook, your county extension agent or an agrichemical dealer for the latest information regarding herbicides labeled for annual grass control in bermudagrass hay fields and pastures. Spot applications of glyphosate (Roundup) may be used to control annual grasses; however, the bermudagrass will be severely injured or killed in areas treated with glyphosate. Wick-bar applications of glyphosate are very useful to control johnsongrass in hay fields. Delay the use of the wick-bar until a suitable height difference exists between the bermudagrass and the johnsongrass so the wick-bar does not come in contact with the bermudagrass foliage.
Depending on the herbicide, there if often a time period that much elapse between application and animal grazing or hay removal from the field. This period is known as a grazing or haying restriction. Since grazing and haying restrictions vary among the various herbicides, the individual herbicide label should be read carefully and fully understood before use. Additionally, grazing and haying restrictions are also shown in the current edition of the Georgia Pest Control Handbook.
Diseases have not been a major limiting factor for bermudagrass in Georgia. Two fungus diseases caused by Helminthosporium and Rhizoctonia occur periodically in bermudagrass fields.
This fungus can attack roots, crowns, stems and leaves and is considered by far the most critical disease attacking bermudagrass. Helminthosporium causes reddish-brown to purplish-black spots to appear on the foliage. The spots enlarge, becoming longer than they are wide and frequently merge together to kill the entire leaf. Dead leaves are tan in color and appear in circular areas in the field. Black streaks appear on infected stems. The fungus works its way from the stem into the crown and roots, causing a dark brown discoloration. Infected stems tend to become spindly and lodge but do not break off.
Low potassium levels in the soil predispose bermudagrass to Helminthosporium. Spittlebug injury also increases losses due to this disease. Helminthosporium is easy to control if the following practices are followed:
- Keep potassium levels up.
- Burn bermudagrass fields each year four to six weeks before new growth begins.
- Control spittlebug injury.
- Remove hay as soon as it is ready.
This disease is caused by the soil fungus Rhizoctonia, which is responsible for a lawn disease known as brown patch. In hot, wet weather, the fungus infects stems and leaves causing brown circular patches varying from a few inches to several feet in diameter.
A fungicide treatment for Rhizoctonia control is not practical under field conditions. The best control is to avoid excessive rates of nitrogen and remove hay as soon as it is ready.
Bermudagrass is a productive, warm-season, perennial forage crop that can be used effectively in forage programs throughout Georgia. Good management is necessary to produce and use good quality forage and maintain healthy, productive stands.
Seven Keys to Managing Bermudagrass:
- Select the variety best suited to your area and intended use.
- Prepare a good seedbed; plant fresh, good quality sprigs; and control weeds.
- Test your soil and apply recommended rates of fertilizer.
- Harvest for hay at four- and five-week intervals.
- Manage grazing pastures to keep the forage young and leafy.
- Use only herbicides that are labeled for use on bermudagrass pastures and hay fields.
- Follow all approved cultural practices to improve bermudagrass competition with weeds.
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4. Yamaga Toro Matsuri (Kumamoto)
Held in Yamaga City in Kumamoto Prefecture (known as the “land of fire”), the Yamaga Lantern Festival (Yamaga Toro Matsuri) is considered one of the area’s most prominent summer events. The festival has legendary roots in a visit by Emperor Keiko (71-130), the 12th emperor of Japan, who was hindered by a dense fog that was then illuminated by pine torches held by the townsfolk, who guided him to his destination.
The festival takes place on August 15 and 16, and is centered around Omiya Shrine and along the nearby Kikuchi River. The main event happens on the second night on the grounds of Yamaga Elementary School, where 1,000 women wearing ornate yukata with lighted gold and silver lanterns on their heads perform a Bon dance while chanting at a low tempo. Men reenact the welcoming of the emperor, lining up for the Pine Torch Procession in period attire. The closing ceremony sees lanterns offered to the gods at Omiya Shrine at midnight.
3. Yoshida Fire Festival (Yamanashi)
The Yoshida Fire Festival, or Yoshida-no-Himatsuri, is a two-day event held on August 26 and 27 in Fujiyoshida City, Yamanashi Prefecture. For over 500 years the festival has been held to appease the goddess of Mount Fuji, Konohanasakuya-hime-no-mikoto, in order to keep volcanic eruptions at bay and celebrate the end of the climbing season.
The event involves two large mikoshi paraded through the streets from Kitaguchi Hongu Fuji Sengen Shrine and back again, with 3-meter (9.8-ft) torches called taimatsu lining the streets as night falls on the first day.
2. Nachi-no-Ogi Matsuri (Wakayama)
The Nachi-no-Ogi Matsuri, or Nachi Fire Festival, is one of the three largest fire festivals held in the country. The idyllic Kumano mountains of Wakayama Prefecture are a registered World Heritage Site, and it’s at the 133-meter (436-ft) Nachi Falls that the event takes place.
The falls are worshiped in their own right, and there are a dozen 6-meter (40 ft) mikoshi, or portable shrines, created in its likeness. The mikoshi house nearby Nachi Taisha Grand Shrine's 12 deities, and are carried on men's shoulders to the foot of the falls to be purified by 12 enormous, 50-kilogram (110-lb) torches.
The event takes place on July 14, and is quite popular, so it's best to arrive early to get a good view of the spiritual spectacle.
1. Daimonji Gozan Okuribi (Kyoto)
Perhaps an event that needs no introduction, the Daimonji Gozan Okuribi, or Daimonji Bonfire, takes place yearly on August 16 on the slopes of the mountains in the Kyoto Basin, and is synonymous with Japanese summer. The fires are said to be lit for the safe return of the souls welcomed back during Obon, Japan's summertime festival of the dead. Droves of people visit Kyoto to see this event every year.
The event kicks off with the lighting of the symbol for “large” (大, dai) on the side of Nyoi-ga-take, also referred to as Daimonji-yama. Four other massive fires are lit over the next 20 minutes in the surrounding hillsides, making for a brilliant spectacle that can be seen throughout the city.
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Karen Collins, MS, RDN, CDN, FAND
American Institute for Cancer Research
Q: When eating vegetarian meals, is it important to choose food combinations that provide complementary protein?
A: You are referring to the fact that most plant foods have incomplete protein, meaning they are low in one or more of the essential amino acids that we need to form muscle and other body tissues, enzymes, hormones and more. Amino acids are the building blocks that make up protein. For example, rice and beans each supply amino acids that are low in the other. In the past, it was thought that these needed to be eaten at the same meal for the body to use the amino acids. Now studies show that the body can get needed amino acids from protein eaten throughout the same day.
Different types of plant foods vary in amino acid content. That’s why it is important, especially if you are eating primarily vegetarian meals, to get a variety of protein sources. For example, grains, nuts and vegetables might not be able to meet needs for the amino acid called lysine without the help of legumes (dried beans and peas). If you eat a variety of whole grains, legumes (dried beans and peas), seeds, nuts and vegetables throughout the day, and in amounts that meet your calorie needs, you should meet protein and amino acid needs without focusing on creating specific combinations in each meal.
The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) is the cancer charity that fosters research on the relationship of nutrition, physical activity and weight management to cancer risk, interprets the scientific literature and educates the public about the results. It has contributed over $100 million for innovative research conducted at universities, hospitals and research centers across the country. AICR has published two landmark reports that interpret the accumulated research in the field, and is committed to a process of continuous review. AICR also provides a wide range of educational programs to help millions of Americans learn to make dietary changes for lower cancer risk. Its award-winning New American Plate program is presented in brochures, seminars and on its website, http://www.aicr.org. AICR is a member of the World Cancer Research Fund International.
Published on 09/15/2014
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Cycas revoluta, height 110-130 cm.
Plant with an erect stem, very interesting from a decorative point of view, in fact, it has the appearance of a palm tree. The leaves are pinnate, evergreen, about 1.5 m long, a little arched and formed by many leathery leaflets of bright intense green color, linear and pointed at the tip. In both cases, the inflorescences are gathered in the center of the tuft of leaves. The seeds are fleshy and reddish in color, they can be eaten as food.
The flowers are formed at the center of the clump of leaves.
Area of Origin: Japan, Madagascar, and Oceania. Exposure and brightness if you live outdoors, can be exposed to direct sun or partial shade. Indoors ensure optimum brightness, avoiding direct exposure to sunlight, if filtered by glass.
Temperature: although a plant of tropical origin, it bears also quite low temperatures. Do not grow outdoors where the climate is too rigid. Can tolerate ranging from -10 ° C to 40 ° C in this way we can say that has no problem adapting. In milder climates is grown in the ground in the garden, in the coldest places, it should be cultivated in pots and can also be held flat. As a houseplant is much appreciated for its elegant demeanor. You usually need to repot the plant every 2 or 3 years.
Water: the water even in the hottest periods should be quite low. Allow the soil to dry out between waterings. This slow-growing plant has an excellent environmental resistance.
Fertilization: from March to September, adding fertilizer to the watering once a month, also very welcome mature manure. Pruning: In the spring you should remove older branches and dry parts, or damaged.
Diseases: may be subject to fungal foliar diseases and root rot if you create stagnant water, these problems can be avoided by following the proper care and choosing appropriate substrates.
Take care: Pay particular attention to watering in order to avoid the excess water and exposure, avoiding direct sunlight. Clean the leaves with a damp cloth if necessary and with monthly spraying. Do not use polishes leaf.
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Capital of Sicily, founded by Phoenicians under the name of “Ziz” (= Flower, but the meaning is still doubtful), later renamed by Greeks “Panormos” which means “all port”, it reached its golden age during the Arab domination (IX-XI centuries A.C.) when it became one of the most prosperous cities in the Mediterranean and Europe, known as “city of delights” for its marvelous and lavish gardens, as well as for magnificent mosques and palaces. After being conquered by the Normans (1060-1080 A.C.), most of palaces and mosques were destroyed, but the new rulers exploited the cosmopolitan environment of Palermo and the artists, architects and masters from different cultural roots giving the birth to a unique architectural style, the so-called “Arab-Norman Style of Sicily”, which is an original mixture of arabesque decorations, Romanesque architecture and Byzantine mosaics. After being home to one of the most famous Emperors of the Middle Ages, Frederik II fo Swabi, named “Stupor Mundi” by contemporaries, Palermo began its decadence under the influence of several dominations (French, Aragonians, Spanish and Borbons from Naples. In the mid of XIX century, during the so-called “Italian Risorgimento” Palermo was one the leading revolutionary cities in Italy, strongly contributing to the success of the “Mille” (literally “one thousand”) patriots’ expedition lead by the famous Italian national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi which ended with the reunification of Italy under the Savoy dynasty from Turin (1860). Nowadays Palermo faces several problems affecting its economic development, mainly because of the presence of the very powerful criminal organization known worldwide as “Mafia” or “Cosa Nostra”. The city’s economy is based on local government institutions, port, shipbuilding industry and the mechanical industry. It is also seat to some important Sicilian wine making companies (like Tasca d’Almerita, Duca di Salaparuta, Corvo, Planeta, etc.) whose popularity in the world is growing.
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As we navigate our way through these unprecedented times, it’s important to take care of our mental health while maintaining our physical health and safety. The disruption and uncertainty that COVID-19 has caused is challenging on many levels, and a healthy mindset is crucial to overcoming these challenges.
In particular, anxiety is a common issue that we should all be mindful of. Getting groceries is no longer a simple task. We have to contend with lineups outside grocery stores to maintain physical distancing, and there’s often a sense of general uneasiness felt throughout the whole shopping process. If you’re an essential service worker, the stress of caring for others as well as you and your loved ones can be overwhelming. And for people staying at home, it’s understandable to feel rising anxiety from isolation or loneliness and uncertainty of the future.
However, there are tools we can use to stay positive and get through COVID-19. Here are five ways we can all manage anxiety and care for our mental health and wellness.
1) Practice meditation and mental health exercises
Our mental wellbeing directly affects our physical health, so it’s important to try to keep ourselves in a calm, positive state of mind. Taking a few moments each day to meditate and practice some simple mental health exercises can help you calm your mind and recharge your energy. This is critical, because negative feelings of anxiety, stress, and loneliness can give us mental fatigue.
Some good online resources are Headspace and Calm, which provide guided meditations and mental health exercises. One great thing about these practices is that they can be done regularly or whenever you feel moments of anxiousness.
2) Stay connected
While we continue to practice physical distancing, remember that we don’t have to be socially isolated. Our current technology allows us to stay connected with co-workers, family, and friends. For example, Zoom is a popular tool that businesses use to host videoconferences, and is also great for family and social chats as well.
While accessible on various devices, Zoom is best used on a laptop, as the widescreen provides better viewing capabilities, and you can easily take your laptop with you should you wish to move around. It also saves you the trouble of having to hold onto a mobile device. Other videoconferencing options include Skype and Houseparty, the latter being more suited for social purposes.
For quick, spur-of-the-moment chats, FaceTime and WhatsApp video chats can also do the trick.
Virtual social activities and gatherings are trending like never before, including virtual happy hours, book club meetings, fitness training, theme parties, and just about everything. If you haven’t already, try one to join in on the fun.
3) Keep active
Being physically active not only benefits your body, but also releases endorphins which can improve your mood and help you respond positively to stress.
Simple activities such as going for a walk or jog alone outside (when safe to do so) can be good for both your physical and mental health. Just remember to practise physical distancing if you choose to go outside. Taking a few moments each day to enjoy the air and sunlight at a safe distant from others can make a big difference to your overall wellbeing, including improving your mood and reducing stress.
You can also stay indoors and do a fitness class online. There many different types of classes available, many of which are free at the moment. Apartment Therapy offers a list of free virtual workout providers of activities such as boxing, yoga, Pilates, boot camp, dance and much more. If you are a member at a fitness studio, keep in mind that some of them may also be offering online options.
4) Keep your mind active
Just as it’s important to keep your physical body engaged, we also need to keep our minds active. Whether it’s doing puzzles, playing board games, or catching up on reading, these activities are more accessible than ever before. For example, if reading is your thing, many libraries are currently offering free downloadable books.
This also might be a great opportunity to learn something new, such as picking up a new language. Duolingo offers free online language training through its website and app.
5) Schedule your time
Some of us may be managing more than we’re used to in our daily lives – perhaps you might be helping your children with their online studies, in addition to working full-time – while some of us may have far less to do than usual.
Whatever the case may be, it’s important to create a regular routine and stick to it as much as possible. This includes waking up, going to bed, working, and having meals at the same time every day. By creating structure to our daily lives, we can manage our time, reduce stress, and make us feel less like we’re in limbo while we’re at home. This will also help us to shut off from work mode every day by creating boundaries.
While COVID-19 has disrupted our lives, we can do our part in containing the disease and keeping ourselves mentally healthy at the same time. Let’s stay healthy and strong together.
Additional mental health resources
Vince Kanasoot is a communications specialist with the Chartered Professional Accountants of British Columbia.
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- General Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Diagnosis in Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Pubic Louse
- Genital Herpes
- Hepatitis B
- AIDS (HIV)
- HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
- Molluscum Contagiosum
- Sarcoptes scabiei
- Gonorrhea (the clap)
- Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases are communicable diseases which are transmitted from one person to another through vaginal, oral or anal sex. In addition, they may also be transmitted through the needles that are not properly sterilized. They may be transmitted from the mother to the baby during the birth as well as through breast feeding. They can be transmitted by blood as well. The transmitting agents are bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. They can cause disease both in men and women. They can be dangerous in women, especially the pregnant ones. Most diseases are transmitted after sexual intercourse without condoms. (safe sex)
General Symptoms of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Discharge from the female genital organ, discharge (in small or greater amounts) from the male urinary canal, ulceration on the external genital organ and burning sensation during urination are among the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases.
Diagnosis in Sexually Transmitted Diseases
A physician can diagnose most of the sexually transmitted diseases with a simple examination and treat them easily. The blood test is crucial for the diagnosis of syphilis. Some sexually transmitted diseases may be asymptomatic. For this reason, the use of condoms is critical.
What are preventive methods?
Condom use, circumcision, and vaccination against hepatitis A-B and human papillomavirus (HPV).
Chlamydia is among the most frequently sexually transmitted diseases. They are generally asymptomatic in women. When it gives symptoms, they may be in the form of change in the vaginal discharge, cystitis and light abdominal pain. Without treatment, it may cause pain in the pelvic region (lower abdominal zones) and during sexual contact. Light bleeding may be seen in between menstrual periods.
Syphilis is a bacterial disease characterized with pain in the genial zone and it is transmitted through sexually. It is common in the countries with backward healthcare systems and in the countries where sex trade is widespread. It is more common among women. It can be easily treated with antibiotics.
These lice are found in the pubic hair that grows in the skin above the public. They cause itchiness. These lice feed on human blood. Their treatment is simple.
This virus is found in the male and female genital skin and cervix. It has two types. It is a chronic disease. As the disease is asymptomatic, most patients do not know that they are ill. Its first type is transmitted from person to person with direct contact, or vaginal, oral and anal sex. The other type can be transmitted with commonly used materials such as handkerchief. Its rare symptoms include vaginal discharge, tiny wounds in the cervix, painful urination and lassitude. Small, red and painful pustules may be seen in the genital region.
Hepatitis B is transmitted with the semen, blood, saliva or other body fluids of a virus infected person. It may also be transmitted through the needles that are not properly sterilized. It may further be transmitted through breastfeeding. The disease affects the liver and may create serious liver disorders, including cancer. For this reason, blood donors are always tested for Hepatitis B blood transfusion.
It is a virus that attacks the immune system. It is progressive. It is transmitted via semen, blood, breast milk and vaginal discharge. It may be transmitted with vaginal, oral or anal sex or blood transfusion, breastfeeding or birth. The medical professionals who treat the patients with the AIDS must act with caution because the disease can be transmitted by blood. There is no cure for the disease; only its progress can be slowed down.
HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is caused by a virus which lives in wet areas in the human body. There are more than 100 types of HPV. Some 40 types of it live in genital areas. These types may cause cervical cancer. The genital wart form of HPV is widespread usually in developed countries. It is spread via vaginal and anal sex. As the disease is asymptomatic, the ill person may transmit it to other person without knowing that they are ill. Vaccines provide protection against this virus.
It is transmitted via a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis via sexual contact. Its symptoms are seen generally in women. Foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse and painful urination are among the symptoms of Trichomonas. The virus spread to men during sexual contact with a woman infected with the virus. It can be treated easily with drugs.
One of its four types is transmitted through sexual contact. It is a widespread disease. It becomes visible with small rounded pustules on the skin. Without treatment, they will disappear. But they may reappear 2 years later. These pustules are treated with chemicals, electrical current and freezing therapy. Some drugs may prove useful.
This parasite leaves its eggs inside the skin. It is characterized with excessive itchiness. It quickly spreads around the body. It can be transmitted via body contact or sexual contact. Excessive itching may result in inflammation. It may be seen in the genital areas, armpits, and many areas in the body. Its treatment is easy.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease. It can be transmitted from mother to baby. It may lead to pre-term birth and congenital anomalies. Symptoms are seen 21 days after the infection with the bacterium. In its early stages, it can be easily treated. It can be treated easily with antibiotics.
Gonorrhea (the clap)
It is second most frequently sexually transmitted disease after chlamydia. The disease is asymptomatic in most women. If left untreated, they may give rise to serious disease findings in pelvic organs. In men, it may cause diseases in the urinary canal, testicles and prostate. In men, a dark, inflammatory discharge comes from the urinary canal. It causes pain in the testicles. First symptoms appear usually 2-10 days, and, in some cases, 30 days, after the sexual contact. Its treatment is simple as it is bacteria-induced.
Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomonas, sarcoptes scabiei and public louse are the diseases that can be treated. It must be noted that the other sexual partner should be treated as well. These diseases can be easily treated using antibiotics.
Hepatitis B, herpes simplex (HSV), HIV (AIDS), human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are viral and dangerous diseases. They cannot be treated with drugs. It is crucial to use condoms in order to prevent these diseases. Circumcision has been reported to be preventive against several sexually transmitted diseases.
What happens is sexually transmitted diseases are left untreated?
The complications include miscarriage, male and female infertility, arthritis, cardiac disease, and cervical cancer (in particular human papillomavirus).
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Welcome to Jill Murphy Class!
At Weston Mill Community Primary Academy we follow the International Primary Curriculum (IPC). Each term we will be following a different topic. Our topic this term is – Family and Friends.
Communication, Language and Literacy
In Nursery the children will be following phase 1 of letters and sounds which is all about listening skills and tuning into sounds. They will be focusing on aspects 1 and 2 in which children learn to discern individual sounds and to notice the differences between sounds. Children will do a lot of really careful listening in order to prepare them to begin to hear initial letter sounds in words. The children will be introduced to elements of Read Write Inc.
In Reception we will begin our Read Writer Inc. phonics programme introducing letter sounds each week. We revise them regularly and this is the order in which we teach them:
m, a, s, d, t, i, n, p, g, o, c, k, u, b, f, e, l, h, sh, r, j, v, y, w, th, z, ch, qu, x, ng, nk
In Nursery the children will be focusing on number recognition and being able to recognise and talk about the properties of different shapes. There will also be a focus on colour recognition. We will be encouraging children to use mathematical language in their play and to begin to notice the numbers that are all around them and to understand that these numbers perform all kinds of different functions. The children will be introduced to elements of the Maths Makes Sense programme.
In Reception the children will be following the Maths Makes Sense programme. This term we will be focusing on number recognition, counting, positional language, such as over, under etc. and using vocabulary related to size e.g. big, huge, little etc.Personal, social and emotional development
Through all areas of the curriculum we will support the children to become confident and independent learners. They will be encouraged to follow class rules that will make their environment a happy and safe place to be. Each week the children will take part in a whole class circle-time; this encourages the children to listen to each other and helps to increase confidence. General Information
PE kit is required in Foundation. Please ensure this is in school at all times. Miss Evenden’s class have PE on a Tuesday. Mrs Ingram’s class have PE on a Wednesday.
Children in Nursery/Foundation should not wear earrings to school. If your child is wearing earrings, we will ask for them to be removed. All long hair must be tied back and headbands/clips will need to be removed for PE.
It is very important that all children wear school uniform on a daily basis. This consists of white/blue polo shirt, grey/black trousers and a navy jumper/cardigan. School shoes should be worn with white/dark socks, and not trainers.
All children in reception are eligible for free school meals. Our pupils thoroughly enjoy a wide range of 'home-cooked, hot food' at lunchtime. Each day the children have a choice of 3 meals which operate on a three week cycle. They are encouraged to try new things but leave something if they dislike it. We also offer a daily vegetarian choice and through consultation can cater for pupils who require specific diets. The children also have the option to have a school packed lunch.
Children are also encouraged to eat a healthy fruit snack at snack times. This is supplied for children in Foundation Stage. As a ‘Healthy School’, children’s packed lunches should not contain sweets or chocolate bars.Homework
(Learning Together) will be sent home weekly on a Thursday and to be returned on a Tuesday. Book bags should be brought to school every day.
The children all have their own water bottle in the classroom. So there is no need for children to bring in their own.
From time-to-time we may ask for a voluntary contribution for a school trip/visit. The school will continue to support these activities but without your support, we will be unable to run them as frequently. Thank you for your continued support. If you are able to provide support for school trips, please speak to your child’s class teacher. Again, we do appreciate your support.
At some time during the year the children will be participating in Forest Schools. You will receive a separate letter when your child’s class will have Forest School. For Forest School children are to bring appropriate clothing and footwear for each session; it must be clothes/sturdy footwear that they can get dirty/muddy. They will need:
- Long sleeved top, long trousers (not jeans), socks
- A waterproof coat
- Wellingtons or sturdy shoes/boots (not sandals or dolly shoes)
- Hat (sunny or cold weather)
- Sunscreen (sunny weather)
Please note children must come to school in their uniform and will change into their outdoor clothes before the session.
Forest school is linked to the children’s theme and therefore part of the curriculum; this means that children are expected to partake in all forest school sessions. Unfortunately we only have a limited amount of spare clothing available to lend out which may result in children without appropriate clothing having to do the session in their school uniform.
I hope this information in useful. If you have any queries or concerns, please direct them through your child’s class teacher in the first instance.Things for you to practice at home.
- Children to dress independently for school, including zips and buttons on coats.
- Name writing using a capital letter at the beginning and all other letters in lower case.
- To begin to recognise numbers out and about e.g. on buses, on doors, on birthday cards etc.
- Read Write Inc. sounds that are sent home.
- Using different tools such as scissors for cutting.
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The pig, poultry and cattle populations in South Korea have been on the decline due to disease and culling as a result. It has been reported that 15% of the cattle and pig population combined have been culled thus far because of Foot-and-Mouth disease.
3% of the poultry population has also been slaughtered in order to stop the spread of bird flu.
Disease confirmed/ culling
The Agriculture Ministry has stated that there are 120 cases of Foot-and-Mouth disease which has been confirmed recently and 26 cases of H5N1 avian influenza.
The ministry further added that 2.1 million animals, mostly pigs, and 3.6 million poultry, mostly chicken were killed so far.
In the light of the outbreaks and the market closures, wholesale and retail prices of pork increased 43% and nearly 10%, respectively, from December average prices.
Financial loss According to reports the FMD outbreak has created a financial burden and cost farmers more than USD one billion in the past month-and-a-half – farmer’s say it will take years to recover financially from the situation.
Because of the disease outbreaks, all the livestock markets across the country have been shut for more than a month. Disease vaccinations have been on the increase across the country. However, there have been concerns by animal rights activists who say most of the pigs and cows ordered destroyed have been buried alive.
On Sunday, South Korea’s president visited the east of the capital, Seoul, to inspect quarantine activities against FMD.
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Peascod form which was fashionable at the time with medial ridge terminating in an abdominal protrusion. The upper edge rolled with double line chevron chiseled decoration below. Beveled edge gussets. The lower flared for a fauld. The right with double holes to mount a lance rest. 18” greatest dimension. 11 ¾” height standing on the base flare. Weight reflection its place in the evolution of firearm effectiveness. The surface is mostly smooth with isolated pitting in patches. Struck with three musket ball impacts and two other smaller impacts, perhaps pistol or glancing shots, or perhaps hammer strikes. This breastplate served through the late 16th century and almost certainly through the Thirty Years War (1618-48). In all, as much as 60 years service during which the effectiveness of gunpowder and the proliferation of firearms increased dramatically. It originally would have served a lancer, likely a knight, able to defend against the edged and percussion weapons of the late century. The bullet impacts (not to be confused with musket ball proofs) surely date well into the 17th century.
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Whether you are renovating a space in your yard or simply over-seeding, there are some things that would be advantageous for you to know before beginning, especially if you have never worked with grass seed before. Laying down grass seed is certainly less expensive than laying sod. It will take a little more time and effort with the grass seed than with simply putting in sod.
Grass seed is used to start new lawns from scratch, to over sow existing lawns, or to simply reseed a bare spot in the landscape. There is a little disagreement as to the ideal time for sowing seed. It will certainly depend on the part of the country that you live in, as well as the type of grass seed that you are sowing. It is preferable that the temperature to be at least in the 70’s and not too hot. In colder climates, people are usually ready to sow seeds in April when the soil is just warming up.
The other optimum time to plant is in August or September. In the southern states August would still be too hot to plant seed, so this will vary according to your location. The warm weather, along with the proper amount of moisture, will be prime seed planting time. This is when seeds can germinate quickly. By growing in the fall the grass can establish itself before the drought and wear and tear of the following year’s summer. If you plant in April, you will need to water more often and will have to deal with traffic on, or around the seeding site.
Choosing the right type of grass
There are many different kinds of grass each with its own specifications. If you live in a cool, or temperate zone, you should choose cool-season grasses such as fine fescue. If you live in a mild climate you can choose a warm-season grass such as bermuda or bahia.
Before over-sowing or reseeding, be sure to clear off the area that you are going to seed. All weeds should be cleared. Make sure you level the ground and break up the soil. Then, you should apply a special fertilizer that is for starter grasses. This will be labeled on your fertilizer so be sure to read the directions to make sure of the application amount. You can use a small spreader or, for a small patch or area, you can do it by hand.
Spread the seed by whichever method you choose. Water your seeded area to get it wet enough, but not so much as to have the seeds float to the top of the soil. Your newly seeded area will need to be watered everyday until the grass reaches about 2 inches tall. It is very important that the soil not dry out. If your soil is dry, your seed will dry up and you will have no grass develop from the seed.
You might find that you will only need to reseed areas, such as bare area next to a path or coming off of a deck or patio. Over-sowing is sometimes needed in places where there is still some grass,but where it is sparse. These areas, may be next to your canvas gazebo, or pergola, or where ever the traffic has damaged existing grass.
Reseeding is used for bare spots or small areas that has no grass. Rake or fork through the soil to get it cleaned and level. Then, add a starter fertilizer and then your seed. Water lightly and cover with a netting or material that is specific for helping seeds to germinate. This type of material can usually be purchased from a lawn and garden center or a hardware store. Be sure to water daily and not let the soil dry out.
Let grass reach 2” before mowing. Wait a while before you add any other fertilizer. This will allow time for your grass to become established. Trying to add regular lawn fertilizer too soon will result in burning your grass seed because fertilizer will be too strong for the young plants and could even kill your grass.
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The Flight of the Gossamer Condor tells the inspiring true story of history's first successful human-powered flight. Renowned inventor Dr. Paul MacCready and his team were filmed creating the world-famous pedal-powered airplane as it happened. Producing this film which documents the development of a man's dream into a scientific and historic achievement was, in itself, an extraordinary effort. There was an immense risk involved in making a commitment to film a scientist's effort at achieving something which had never done before successfully. Written by
Ben Shedd <email@example.com>
Did You Know?
Has been remastered in HD and digitally restored from a new preservation print made by the Academy Film Archives for the 30th Anniversary of the Gossamer Condor's 1977 landmark human powered flight into aviation history. See more
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Profiles of Pioneer Women
Life for Women in the Southwest in the 1800s
by Jay W. Sharp
My grandmother, a woman named Minnie Fargier, was born in a dugout on the Rolling Plains in 1893. She lost her father when she was about seven because of the lack of any medical care. She married at 16 and bore five children, including my mother, and lost one child to an early death. She lived in the same small frame wooden farmhouse in an isolated rural area on the plains until the final years of her life.
Minnie had few "modern conveniences" before the 1940's. I remember, during the late 1930's, that she drew her water from a cistern. My grandmother lit her home with kerosene lanterns and heated it with a cast iron, wood-burning stove. She made lye soap and washed her clothes in a great iron kettle. She and the family used an outhouse. Minnie cooked three meals a day on that same stove, for her family and the day worker cowhands. Working beside my grandfather, she tilled the fields with mule-drawn plows. She hauled newly harvested cotton in mule-drawn wagons.
After my grandfather died in 1954, she ran her 1000-acre farm with 100 head of cattle until she reached her late 80s. She got bitten by a rattlesnake, which had crawled into her living room, when she was 90, and she fetched a butcher knife and separated the rattler from its head before she called for help. She rode horses until her early 90s. As a young woman, she had gotten herself "churched," that is, expelled, by her Protestant congregation for dancing. The devil was in the fiddle. I loved my grandmother very much.
Many young women who later became pioneers began life in a relatively sheltered environment, living with their parents and several brothers and sisters in a rural hamlet, where they occupied a small wooden frame or brick house with a cistern, an outhouse, candle light, cast iron cooking and heating stoves, glass windows and plank floors. Most had never traveled more than a few dozen miles from their homes. Women could expect their lives to revolve around marital submissiveness, a clean house, well-tended children, a productive garden, thrift, modesty and stern Protestant valueswhat Barbara Welter called the “Cult of True Womanhood” in American Quarterly.
And then they may have gotten married, probably in their mid- to late teens. Three years and two babies later, they might discover that their hard working and moderately successful husband had heard the siren call of the West, with its fields of gold and silver, its acres of free and bountiful land, its tantalizing promise of prosperity, its summons to adventure. He found the lure of the West irresistible. They must, he said, go West, where he could fulfill his dreams for her, their children, himself.
The Hardship of the Trail
In the February 1, 1847, entry in her diary, Down the Santa Fe Trail and Into Mexico, 18-year-old new bride Susan Shelby Magoffin spoke of the hardship of the trail: "We are almost at the mouth of the Jornada (the long journey without water) [a passage on a desert trail through New Mexico] have been traveling slowly the roads being exceedingly heavy, with two or three severe hills; one we passed this morning, about a half mile in length, and the sand so heavy all the teams doubled and were then just able to get over with resting half a dozen times... ...the poor animals work so hard."
In her 1849 chronicle, published by Kenneth L. Holmes in his Covered Wagon Women: Diaries & Letters from the Western Trails, 1840-1849, 28-year-old Louisiana Strentzel said of a passage over the trail along southern Arizona's Gila River: "We found that the only way to get through was to travel slowly in the cool of the day, save the animals as much as possible and stop at every little grass we could find. We soaked corn in water and gave each a small ration every day...
"A great many [people], when their teams began to fail, left their wagons and packed what they could..."
In one stretch of 16 miles, said Strentzel, "I counted 27 dead animals immediately by the road, besides those that wandered off in search of water and died."
In a quote published by Linda Peavy and Ursula Smith in their Pioneer Women: The Lives of Women on the Frontier, 18-year-old Esther Hanna, a minister's wife, said, "It is very trying on the patience to cook and bake on a little green wood fire with the smoke blowing in your eyes so as to blind you..."
When they reached the desert in their journey west, the pioneer women, with larders beginning to run low, discovered that prickly pear cactus pads, rich in vitamin C, could be incorporated into their family diets, according to Peavy and Smith. They boiled the pads and the red fruit, making it easier to remove the spines and the skins. The pad fibers, served fried, tasted something like green beans. The fruit fiber, served raw, tasted like a mix of watermelon and cucumbers.
In addition to the hardships of the trail, pioneer women often had to endure a humiliating lack of privacy. Between campsites, they sometimes used their long skirts to shield a companion from inquiring male eyes. In camps, they sometimes turned to flimsy canvas latrines. At the occasional watering holes, available to men as well as women, they had to wash rags that had served as sanitary napkins.
As caravans rolled westward through the desolate desert landscape, water was limited and rationed. First it had to answer the thirst of the pioneers and their livestock. Then, should there be a spare tubful, a woman might make it serve multiple purposes — washing dishes, washing clothes and bathing children in the same water.
With poor sanitation and the punishing environment taking an inevitable toll on the health of the travelers, women often became the principal caregivers, treating the sick, setting broken bones, amputating limbs, delivering babies. Knowing the risks of cholera, typhoid, smallpox, pneumonia and other diseases, they came as prepared as they could. One pioneer woman, according to Peavy and Smith, said, "no one should travel this road without medicine, for they are sure to have the summer complaint. Each family should have a box of physicking pills, a quart of castor oil, a quart of the best rum, and a large vial of peppermint essence." When the women got sick, they often treated themselves. "...I had an ugly cold...which required two or three nights' sweating, and onion poltice before I found relief," said Susan Magoffin.
Even if they never experienced actual Indian "depredations," the women felt constantly haunted by the shadows of Comanches, Kiowas, Apaches, Navajoes, Utes and other tribes. In El Paso, said Strentzel, "Mules and oxen were not to be had. The Indians [probably Mescalero Apaches] were constantly making incursions on the inhabitants and driving off their stock." In Santa Cruz, a village of some 300 in southern Arizona, residents were "unprotected and exposed to the mercy of the [Chiricahua or Western] Apache Indians who come in at times and drive off all their stock; kill and make them prisoners..." She knew that the same Apaches loomed as a threat over the wagon trains.
Some women, distraught by the unremitting rigors of the trail, tried to turn back, according to Cathy Luchetti and Carol Olwell in their book, Women of the West. "There are accounts of women setting fire to their wagons, stealing horses and riding east, even threatening their own children" in a maddened effort to escape their ordeals. Others, thrilling to the adventure, "urged their husbands ever forward".
A New Home
When the young pioneer women, with their husbands and children drew near the end of the journey through the desert, they emerged forever from the sheltering cocoon of their childhood homes. A litany of hardships had hardened them. Perhaps a prematurely newborn infant had been left in a sheltering grove of oaks beside the trail, resting in a shallow grave, swaddled in a blanket, covered with river cobbles, and marked with a rude cross. The pioneers may have abandoned oxen, exhausted, to die beside the trail. Discouraged prospectors might have revealed that the fields of California yielded more disappointment than gold. The young women may have longed for the greenness of home, the richness of the fields, the rains of summer. Most of all, they probably yearned to be through with the damnable trail.
At some point for each family, a choice was made to stop and build their new home. Desert grasslands, near a spring seep and drainage beside a small mountain range a few miles from neighbors on other lands, and from a budding hamlet of Mexican and Anglo people might have looked like a good choice. They would buy a few longhorn cows and start a frontier ranch. They would plant a garden. Perhaps they, with future neighbors, might someday build a church and a school. The husband would do a little prospecting. They might yet strike gold. Another chapter in pioneering history had begun: the isolated and self-sufficient lifestyle of the early American settlers.
While the family lived in the shelter of the wagon, the husband and wife shoveled a small dugout into the side of a hill. With small timbers cut by hand ax from the flanks of the nearby mountains, they built low and windowless walls around the dugout perimeter. They topped the structure with a roof of logs, grass and mud. At first, they had to carry the family's water from the spring seep, storing it in the wooden barrels they had used on the trail. A cistern would have to come later. The family relieved themselves in a nearby growth of desert shrubs. An outhouse would have to come later. The darkness of the outhouse was lit only with candles the women made of tallow. Kerosene lanterns would have to come later. The wife bedded her family and stored her goods on the dirt floor of the outhouse. Beds, closets and shelving would have to come later. They all kept a close watch out for rattlesnakes, scorpions, tarantulas and centipedes. Those would always be there.
The pioneer woman in her new home cooked in front of the dugout on an open fire, which sometimes seared the hems of her long dresses and blistered the bare skin of her arms and face. In the early days, before her husband could buy livestock or they could raise a garden, she had to prepare meals from what few vegetables she could buy in the local hamlet, the wild greens she could gather from the nearby drainage, and the game her husband could kill in a hunt.
Buying or weaving her own cloth, she made her family's clothes, sewing the garments by hand. It came hard for many. One pioneer woman, quoted by Sandra L. Myres in her book Western Women and the Frontier Experience 1800-1915, said, "I never learned how to make dresses or to fit garments, and the result was something like a bag." Some learned, like Indian women, to tan hides of mule deer and fashion clothes of leather. The typical young pioneer woman washed her family's clothes in a wooden barrel using water she had carried from the spring and heated over the open fire. She used lye soap she had made from lime, ash and tallow.
Within a year, another child was often born, with no anesthesia, but with a neighboring woman's help. Pioneer women usually found the event to be a difficult trial, accompanied not only by the pain of the delivery but also the risk of injury, infection and disease, both for her and the infant. "So here I was," said one Arizona frontier woman, according to Myres, "inexperienced and helpless, alone in bed, with an infant a few days old... I struggled along, fighting against odds."
Pioneer woman found that their families, and sometimes their neighbors, looked to them for medical assistance. She saw one of every four newborns die of diseases or other causes. "My Babes all snatched from me one by one," said a pioneer woman quoted by Myres, "it is hard to bear." Pioneer woman turned to folk medicine, home remedies, love and prayer to heal family and neighbors. There were no doctors.
Newly arrived mothers were advised to give their children something like a teaspoonful of Dr. Gunn's recipe of saffron, sage leaves, tanzy leaves and brandy a couple of times a month. The children, according to Helen Wiser Stewart (quoted by Luchetti and Olwell), "will never be troubled with worms as long as you do this."
Though pioneer women lived in dread of sickness and injury, they may have feared Indians and vagrants even more, especially when their husbands had to leave them alone with the children. Alice J. Van Winkel, a desert pioneer interviewed during the Federal Writers' Project for American Life Histories, recalled that, "To my horror I saw five Indians all dressed up in their blankets and war paint, coming towards the house. I stepped out in the yard to meet them, for the children and I were all alone... ...one of the Indians said to me: 'Indians no hurt white squaw she give Indians something to eat.'" The Indians, probably Comanches or Mescalero Apaches, appropriated bread and half a mutton and left. "I did not say anything for I was only too glad to get rid of them." Recalling another instance, Van Winkel said, "One night while I was alone with my two children, I heard the dogs barking about midnight. I got up and got the six shooter and I looked out the window and could see three dark objects [apparently vagrants bent on robbery] prowling around the house." Van Winkel locked the door. They tried to break it down. "I told them that the first person that came through the door would certainly get shot." They left, but, she said, "I was very much frightened."
As a ranch became established, demands on time and energies would double, then double again. Since supplies were bought perhaps only two or three times a year, a shopping list had to be planned with care. Typically, according to Ruth White Burns' "Experiences on the H-Bar Ranch," Roosevelt County History and Heritage, 1975, purchases might include: flour in wooden barrels, bacon slabs in wooden boxes, coffee by the case, dried fruit in wooden boxes, molasses by the keg, navy beans in 50-pound sacks. "Of course," said Burns, "such things as sugar, salt, soda, tobacco, matches were also brought by the wagons." The pioneer ranch woman also now had to cook for the cowhands as well as her family: bacon or beef, navy beans, sourdough biscuits, molasses, dried fruit and coffee—three times a day. In addition, wearing a bonnet, a long dress and high-top shoes, she tended the garden, raised hogs and chickens and canned fruit—all while she kept house, made and mended clothing, saw after her children, healed and comforted the sick and injured, and protected her home. Often, during the roundup season, she herded cattle, doctored sick animals and branded calves. As Olive Ozanne said in Robert L. Hart's "She'll Be Coming Around the Mountain," Southern New Mexico Historical Review, January 1996, I "found that my little white hands could do lots of things besides crochet and play the piano."
In spite of the distances between neighbors, it was possible to make friends through the church and social events. "Quilting bees, barn raisings, even communal butcherings of livestock rose spontaneously from the neighborly desire to help out and see one another. Dances, too, were a reflection of this shared excitement, and were a favorite pastime of nearly all women," said Luchetti and Olwell.
"Weddings were also grand affairs, with chivarees held afterwards that many a newlywed remembers for years to come.
"But even without dances and weddings, some women managed to find occasions for joy in their lives... Such a woman was Frances Clack. 'She loved the outdoors,' wrote her daughter Tommie, ' and would tell us about trees, the flowers, the rocks, the birds and the animals that lived up and down the creek... At night she would take her astronomy book out into the moonlight and teach us to recognize Ursa Minor and Ursa Major, and how to locate the North Star.'"
Westward to Freedom
While a pioneer woman certainly followed her husband on the difficult journey westward through a sense of duty to him and to her family, many would discover a larger role in life, a new sense of identity and self-worth that became an unexpected dividend of independence and freedom. One immigrant, quoted by Susan G. Butruille in her Women's Voices from the Western Frontier, said that, when she grew up, "...my folks wouldn't let me go to dances. They held that the devil was in the fiddle and that if a girl danced, she was dancing her way to hell." Once they came West, many women danced. They took their places, not only as the heads of their households, but as owners and managers of ranches, operators of mines, proprietors of businesses, teachers in one-room schoolhouses, performers on the stages, madams of bawdy houses, and stakeholders at the gaming tables. They gave new dimension to the meaning of what it could mean to be a woman. An immigrant woman quoted by Butruille said, "At last I understand why the birds sing. ...The real life is to be free."
My thanks to Claire Odenheim and Ralph Wilcox, New Mexico Farm & Ranch Heritage Museum library for their help in locating source material for this article.
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Table of contents
About this book
This book explores the geography of the everyday roadway and contemplates how regulation and design shape our streets. People may question the hegemony of cars, but reimagining public streets is a major conceptual and technical challenge. Drawing from “new mobilities” and transport studies, Prytherch addresses how streets are structured by policy standards; what it means to have a right to the street; and how a more just street would look—in both theory and practice. He summarizes key traffic statutes, case laws, and engineering manuals, and interprets these in relation to mobility rights and justice. At its core, the book moves beyond criticism to highlight emerging movements which aim to develop more complete and livable streets for everyone.
Urban Planning Urban Geography Urban Mobility Transportation Studies Transportation Planning Social Justice Transit Equity Ethics and Policy-making Public Policy Transport Geography Social-spatial Relations
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NEW YORK – The annual spring meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have provided a window onto two fundamental trends driving global politics and the world economy. Geopolitics is moving decisively away from a world dominated by Europe and the United States to one with many regional powers but no global leader. And a new era of economic instability is at hand, owing as much to physical limits to growth as to financial turmoil.
Europe’s economic crisis dominated this year’s IMF/World Bank meetings. The Fund is seeking to create an emergency rescue mechanism in case the weak European economies need another financial bailout, and has turned to major emerging economies – Brazil, China, India, the Gulf oil exporters, and others – to help provide the necessary resources. Their answer is clear: yes, but only in exchange for more power and votes at the IMF. As Europe wants an international financial backstop, it will have to agree.
Of course, the emerging economies’ demand for more power is a well-known story. In 2010, when the IMF last increased its financial resources, the emerging economies agreed to the deal only if their voting share within the IMF was increased by around 6%, with Europe losing around 4%. Now emerging markets are demanding an even greater share of power.
The underlying reason is not difficult to see. According to the IMF’s own data, the European Union’s current members accounted for 31% of the world economy in 1980 (measured by each country’s GDP, adjusted for purchasing power). By 2011, the EU share slid to 20%, and the Fund projects that it will decline further, to 17%, by 2017.
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The purpose of these research articles is to give a brief overview of the three fundamental research type questions, descriptive, correlational, and causal research and summarize the purpose, hypotheses, methods, results, and conclusion. ARTICLE SUMMARYSchrempft, Stephanie, Jackowska, Marta, Hamer, Mark &Steptoe, Andrew (2019). Associations between social isolation, loneliness, and objective physical activity in older men and women: BMC Public Health 19, (74) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6424-y According to Schrempft et al. (2019), references the link between social relationships and objective physical activity in men and women aged 50-81 years old and the impact it has on health. The purpose of this descriptive article summary is to give a brief overview of the descriptive study. The study tested the alternative hypothesis that social isolation and loneliness related to less object physical activity and more inactive behavior in older adults. The article states that social isolation and loneliness can lead to chronic medical illnesses. The research consisted of several measures to help refine statistical results; social isolation, loneliness, objective physical activity, health and mobility impairment, depressive symptoms, and socioeconomic factors. Additional variables taken into consideration because it relates to an individual’s activity level were; marital status/cohabitating, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and age. Procedures utilized in the study population included; data collection from self-completion questionnaires, computer-assisted personal interviews every two years, home visits every four years from a research nurse professional (biomarkers collection) (objective- a subcategory of medical signs). Also, a random sample of older adults wore the accelerometer (device that measures movement) on the wrist for eight days with a daily sleep log. The results suggest that social isolation connects better with health behaviors rather than loneliness. Also, that social isolation and physical activity were not a direct link because the association could be secondary to other factors. The article similarly states that social isolation were associated with inactive behavior and low levels of physical activity. Loneliness did not have a connection with physical activity or inactive behavior. The null hypothesis – if there is no link between social isolation, loneliness, then chronic medical illnesses will not affect older adults. Schrempft et al. (2019) conclude that social isolation is related to reduced physical activity. They also state that nd increased idle time, and variations in physical activity may contribute to increased health risks associated with isolation.ARTICLE SUMMARY Bajaj, Mohani-Preet K, Burrages, Daniel R., Tappouni, Andrew, Dodds, James W., Jones, Paul W.& Baker, Emma H. (2019). COPD patients hospitalized with exacerbations have greater cognitive impairment than patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14 https://www.dovepress.com/by184.108.40.206Bajaj et al. (2019) state that people with COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder) suffer from cognitive dysfunction, which is higher in those hospitalized for exacerbations than in stable outpatients. The purpose of this article summary is to give a brief overview of the correlational study. The alternative hypothesis in this study is that; patients with COPD severities are more likely to have cognitive weakening over patients with other chronic illnesses due to COPD-specific factors. The method utilized for this study was a prospective-case-control study (observing subjects with similar backgrounds for any outcome over a long period). The test compared cognition between 20 hospitalized patients with acute COPD and 20 patients with decompensated heart failure (HF). Patients selected were comparable with age and two or more existing medical conditions. Clinical and demographic characteristics of participants included age, smoking history, white blood cell count, drugs for heart failure, drugs for COPD, drugs affecting cognition, oxygen saturation, to name a few. The cognitive assessment included the use of the confusion assessment method (CAM), a bedside tool consisting of 9 operationalized criteria, and the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) assessing, visual and motor skills, executive function, naming, delayed recall, attention, language, abstraction, and orientation. The results showed that both groups have a mild case of cognitive impairment; however, people with COPD had a more significant case of cognitive impairment. The null hypotheses – if patients with increased severity of COPD are not cognitive impaired, then patients with Heart Failure overload are not cognitive impaired. There are no clinical characteristics that contribute to cognitive impairment. To conclude the summary, the study also revealed that smoking and blood glucose levels (diabetes) could be potential contributing factors for cognitive dysfunction.ARTICLE SUMMARYKnežević, Jasmina & Krstić, Tatjana (2019). The role of basic psychological needs in the perception of job insecurity. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology- Arh Hig Rada Toksikol, 70, 54-59. DOI:10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3156The study article by Knežević & Krstić (2019), seeks to find out if basic psychological needs decrease the perception of threats generated by job insecurity. The purpose of this causal article is to summarize the findings and state a null hypothesis. The study further states that job insecurity is one of the most significant sources of work-related stress and has negative consequences for both the employer and employee. The alternative hypotheses (tested with multiple regression analysis) states that better satisfaction of basic psychological needs in a working environment diminishes the sense of threat and powerlessness. The experiment method included 310 participants employed at 24 companies in the following eight descriptive categories; gender, age, company ownership (state, private), position in the company, level of education, marital status, socioeconomic status, and previous experience of job loss. All participants completed the Perception of Job Insecurity Scale and Need Satisfaction Scale questionnaires. The results revealed that multiple regression analysis (understanding which among the IV is related to the DV) pointed out to two basic needs. Perception of choice and a sense of one’s initiative behavior and action (autonomy) and sense of success in completing challenging tasks and achieving the desired goal (competence) as factors that reduce the levels of perceived job insecurity. The null hypotheses -if basic psychological needs are not satisfied in a working environment, feeling of threats and powerlessness increases.The article concludes that self-perceived autonomy and competence are recipes for confidence-building and that one can perceive a threat as a challenge and use effective coping mechanisms to eliminate stress in the workplace. Further examination is suggested to understand the causal relations between satisfying basic psychological needs and perception of job insecurity.
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Since it's made out of old newspapers, paper mache is an environmentally sustainable art form. You can shape anything out of paper mache, and the result is strong enough to be used as furniture. Though paper mache is typically made from cutting strips of newspaper and dipping them into a glue-like starch or flour-based liquid to wrap a surface, you can also make them without using an existing surface. This technique involves making a clay-like mold you can work with out of the newspaper and glue-like mixture.
Things You'll Need
- Acrylic Paint
- Paint Brush
- Starch- Or Flour-Based Liquid
- Several Empty Paper Towel Rolls
- 2 X 20-Inch Cardboard Box, 6 Inches Thick
- Masking Tape
You can include a drawer in your table by cutting out a gap in the table top's side using a box cutter and wrapping the cut edges using paper mache. Create another box for a drawer and insert it into the gap.
Use your empty paper towel rolls as the four table legs. You'll want to use tape to stack rolls on top of each other to get your desired height. To keep the table legs from wobbling, squash the end of one roll so you can fit it inside the end of another roll.
Close and seal with masking tape your cardboard box, which will be your table top.
Cut out four circular holes at each of the four bottom corners of your cardboard box. The diameter of the holes should be just a bit smaller than that of the cardboard tube ends. Use your measuring tape to help with accuracy.
Push one leg into each of the four holes. You want the height of your table to be approximately 28 inches from the ground to the table's top. Once the legs are at the right height, fasten the legs in with masking tape.
Dip newspaper strips into your flour-based or starch-based paper mache liquid and cover the table's exterior with them.
Allow the paper mache to dry overnight.
Cover the table with a few more coatings of paper mache to create a firm, sturdy surface. Allow it to dry and harden again.
Use acrylic paint to paint your table your desired color.
Finish it off with a coating of varnish. Let dry.
Lindsay Haskell began writing fiction and nonfiction in 2008. Her debut novel, "Grace," is to be published in January 2011. Having lived in five different countries and traveled across five continents, Haskell specializes in Third World social and political issues, with a concentration in the Darfur conflict. She is currently a first-year student at Wellesley College studying history, Africana studies and English.
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The dietary sodium in table salt is essential to electrical nerve and muscle body functions, but over-consuming sodium is a health risk. When your blood sodium is too high from eating salty foods, your kidneys must work to restore a balance of electrolytes and fluids. If it remains chronically high, your kidneys can sustain damage that might not cause symptoms until their function is seriously impaired.
Video of the Day
How Sodium Affects the Blood Vessels
The sodium in salt directly affects the amount of pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels. As you consume salt from foods, the balance of electrolytes and fluid in your blood changes. Your kidneys excrete less urine, and retained body water shifts to the bloodstream, increasing the fluid in blood. Your heart must pump more blood and work harder, raising the pressure against blood vessels. Over the years, this action can stiffen and damage the blood vessels that serve your organs, including the kidneys.
How High Blood Pressure Affects the Kidneys
People who consume too much salt on a chronic basis cause the kidneys to struggle with electrolyte balance continually. Meanwhile, high blood pressure places vascular stress on the kidneys. In this compromised state, the damage to small blood vessels in the nephrons, the parts of the kidney that filter toxins and wastes from digested food for excretion, decreases normal kidney function. This loss of function, known as chronic kidney disease, may progress little by little for years or decades.
Both high blood pressure and chronic kidney disease are incurable, so controlling your salt intake throughout life is an important preventive measure. Severe kidney damage requires life-sustaining hemodialysis treatment or surgical organ replacement to avoid death. People with chronic kidney disease also have greater risks for potentially fatal heart attacks and strokes.
Dietary Sodium Guidelines
The U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends daily sodium intakes of less than 2,300 milligrams for healthy people without high blood pressure or kidney damage. That’s about 1 teaspoon of salt. Most Americans consume about 1,000 milligrams over that safe limit. If you have high blood pressure and related kidney problems, consume 1,500 milligrams of sodium or less. The quickest way to reduce sodium in your diet is to eat less canned, frozen and fast food.
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Valentine’s Day, second only to Christmas, is the western holiday that causes the most damage to the environment and exploitation of human health and well-being. Regardless of the holiday’s origins or original sentiments, today Valentine’s Day is utilized as a highly commercialized expression of love in many commonwealth countries around the world. What many consumers don’t know is that each of the traditional accoutrements of Valentine’s Day – chocolate, flowers, diamonds, gold and cards –come with a serious impact on the environment.
Many children working on cocoa farms never eat a chocolate bar in their lifetime.
Much of the worlds’ major chocolate ingredient is grown in developing nations by poor farmers. 70% of the world’s cocoa production is grown in West Africa, with the Ivory Coast producing 40% of the world’s estimated 6.5 billion pound crop of cocoa beans. More than half of the country’s 15 million people make a living directly on cocoa according to the International Labor Rights Fund (ILRF). The ILRF works to raise awareness about the bitter side of the global chocolate industry. Most of the world’s cocoa production includes child labor and starvation level wages for farmers. ILRF reports children work long hours, face frequent exposure to pesticides and child labor slaves face physical beatings and other cruel treatment. Many children working on cocoa farms never eat a chocolate bar in their lifetimes.
Global Exchange, a global human rights’ organization, reports US chocolate manufacturers have deflected responsibility for the conditions on cocoa plantations, citing lack of ownership of the plantations. But the $13 billion chocolate industry is heavily consolidated with two major American firms — Hershey's and M&M/Mars — controlling two-thirds of the US chocolate candy market.
Fair trade chocolate organizations work to ensure the certified chocolate you buy does not involve slave labor, is pesticide-free, grown and manufactured without genetically modified ingredients, and farmers and cocoa workers receive fair wages. Global Exchange reports currently less than 1% of the $13 billion dollar chocolate market is fair trade certified. However these figures are only expected to increase as consumers become better educated about the ethics of chocolate.
If all the roses purchased for Valentine’s Day in the USA were organically grown, it would prevent the use of 22,700 pounds of pesticides.
US consumers spend more than $18 billion on cut flowers each year reports Labor in the Americas Project. Yet flowers, considered an expression of love, have an ugly side most consumers don’t know about. There are an estimated 40,000 flower workers in Ecuador, and more than 100,000 in Colombia, working to grow, harvest, and package flowers and carnations for North Americans. Flower workers are routinely prevented from organizing unions, experience sexual harassment, forced pregnancy testing, and numerous health and safety violations according to the International Labor Rights Forum.
Flowers are one of the top pesticide-intensive agricultural crops. The Green Book estimates if all the roses purchased for Valentine’s Day in the USA were organically grown, it would prevent the use of 22,700 pounds of pesticides. A joint report between US Labor Education in the Americans and the International Labor Rights Fund found flower companies in Ecuador use more than 30 different chemicals, in addition to fertilizers, in the production of their cut flowers. The report also indicated flower workers experience higher-than-average rates of premature births, congenital malformations and miscarriages. This is in addition to inordinately high incidents of headaches, asthma attacks, frequent colds, vomiting and weight loss. In some areas more than 50% of flower workers have symptoms of pesticide poisoning.
A single gold ring leaves behind more than 20 tons of mine waste.
In every area where industrial flower growing takes place, the environmental impact is evidenced through loss of animal and plant species, water resources running out and high levels of deadly chemicals leaching into local water and the surrounding land. In addition to worker’s health concerns and the environmental impact of purchasing non-organic flowers, greenhouse gases produced from the transportation of cut flowers need to be taken into consideration as part of the environmental costs of purchasing flowers for Valentine’s Day. UPS, a North American courier and freight company, shipped more than 14.8 million stems of fresh cut flowers to North America from various South American countries in 2005. From Kenya to Holland to Columbia, the flower industry is having deadly repercussions for the environment.
Diamonds & Gold
More than 4 million people have been killed in diamond-fueled conflict and wars reports Amnesty International. The Conflict Free Diamond Council explains a diamond can be certified conflict free if its profit is not used to fund war, and it is mined and produced under ethical conditions. The certification process involves monitoring a diamond during its entire lifespan, from the mine to the consumer. The majority of blood diamonds come from Sierra Leone, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. According to the World Press ‘…conflict diamonds are valued at between 4% and 15% of the world total and generate annual trade revenues of $7.5 billion’.
It is not just diamonds that create problems; mining gold has a deadly impact on the environment. Gold mining has changed since the early prospecting days when the precious substance was mined from a stream by hand. Mining has become much more industrialized as the gold is increasingly found in smaller concentrates, about 10 grams of gold for each ton of earth or rock mined.
Today’s industrial gold mining is done by open pit method, blasting into rock to find the gold while simultaneously destroying the landscape and ecological systems. No More Dirty Gold, an education and advocacy group, reports that a single gold ring leaves behind more than 20 tons of mine waste. Gold production also destroys land through open pit mining and utilizing deadly cyanide to separate gold from ore. Metals mining is considered to be the number one toxic polluter in the USA, responsible for 89% of arsenic releases, 85% of mercury releases, and 84% of lead releases in 2004 according to No More Dirty Gold. Purchasing environmentally certified gold and conflict-free diamonds is the only way to ensure you are not destroying the environment when you buy jewelery.
Valentine’s Day Cards
Although a Valentine’s card might not have the same impact on the environmental as chocolate and roses, each time you purchase a card made from non-recyclable paper you are contributing to the erosion of forests. More than 370 million tons of paper products are used each year in the world. The paper trade is considered to be a non-sustainable industry as there are not enough wood resources to continue to supply global paper demand indefinitely—more than 50% of the world’s forests have been destroyed or converted to non-forest use.
Cards made from sustainable materials like hemp, animal dung, cotton rags, hosiery cuttings, bananas, flowers and straw, are just a few of the materials papermakers around the world recycle into tree-free cards and paper. Finding alternative sources for paper production is becoming increasingly urgent as current global paper consumption cannot be sustained indefinitely —93% of paper still comes directly from trees.
Fairtrade Labeling Organizations (FLO) International: http://www.fairtrade.net/
La Siembra Co-operative: http://www.lasiembra.com/
International Labor Rights Fund: http://www.LaborRights.org/
Rainforest Alliance: http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/
Online Organic Florist: http://www.OrganicBouquet.com/
Sierra Eco Flowers: http://www.SierraEco.com/
Flower Label Program: http://www.fairflowers.de/
US Labor in the Americas Project: http://www.usleap.org/
War on Want: http://www.waronwant.org/
Diamonds & Gold
Amnesty International: http://www.amnestyusa.org/
Basel Action Network: http://www.ban.org/
Blood Diamond Action: http://www.blooddiamondaction.org/
Brilliant Earth Conflict Free Diamonds: http://www.brilliantearth.com/
Conflict Free Diamond Council: http://www.conflictfreediamonds.org/
Green Karat: http://www.greenkarat.com
Global Witness: http://www.globalwitness.org/
Mercury Policy Project: http://www.mercurypolicy.org/
No Dirty Gold: http://www.nodirtygold.org/
Canadian Cocoa Camino Company offers fair-trade certified organic chocolate and pays farmers a fair price for their cocoa beans: http://www.lasiembra.coop/en
Find out how the world’s largest chocolate companies are treating their farmers in the International Labor Rights Fund global overview of the chocolate trade. The ugly reality of chocolate is the thousands of Africa’s children are forced to labor in the production of cocoa, chocolate’s primary ingredient. Low cocoa prices and lower labor costs drive farmers to employ children as a means to survive: http://www.LaborRights.org/
To find out more about the flower trade read Flower Confidential: The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful in the Business of Flowers by Amy Steward: http://www.amystewart.com
The Conflict-Free Diamond Council is dedicated to stopping the trade of conflict diamonds by creating consumer demand for Certified Conflict-Free Diamonds: http://www.conflictfreediamonds.org/
A single gold ring leaves behind more than 20 tons of mine waste. Gold production also destroys the land through open pit mining and deadly cyanide used to separate gold from ore. Metals mining is considered to be the number one toxic polluter in the USA, responsible for 89% of arsenic releases, 85% of mercury releases, and 84% of lead releases in 2004: No Dirty Gold Campaign: http://www.nodirtygold.org/
When you purchase non-organic flowers, your loved one may be inhaling toxic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, nematocides and plant growth regulators. Flowers are not regulated for pesticide levels yet they must be free of insects when crossing North American borders. The result is mass quantities of unregulated pesticides on your flowers: http://www.organicconsumers.org/
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Charles Darwin - evolution and adaptation
First Year English – Legacy of the Meditteranean
Prof. Margaret Vandenburg
Draft 1 – Charles Darwin
April 15th, 2014.
Darwin’s definition of progress in terms of adaptation and evolution
In his papers, Charles Darwin emphasizes the ‘quality of species’ rather than the ‘quality of life’. Darwin presents to readers that each kind of living thing is or is becoming exquisitely adapted both to other living things and to its physical environment. However, several species existing in the world today have been modified in order to acquire “perfection of structure and coadaptation”. This perfection of structure seems to imply that every species makes progress as it moves toward this idealistic perfection. According to Darwin, perfection is achieved through the famous ‘survival of the fittest’, the idea that species adapt and change by natural selection with the best suited mutations becoming dominant. The phrase "Survival of the fittest" is sometimes claimed to be a tautology. The reasoning is that if one takes the term "fit" to mean "endowed with phenotypic characteristics which improve chances of survival and reproduction" then "survival of the fittest" can simply be rewritten as "survival of those who are better equipped for surviving". (Spencer). Darwin has been criticized in the past due to his ambivalence towards evolutionary progress and his failure to incorporate it into his theory of human evolution. However, Darwin claims again and again, that due to the unceasing work of natural selection, “all corporeal and mental endowments will tend to progress towards perfection.” Even though Darwin was skeptic about his views on progressionism and made an attempt to break away from it there are times when his words implied otherwise.
Species may evolve but they don’t necessarily progress. Darwin points out that the Feugian’s he met on his voyage “enjoy[ed] a sufficient share of happiness, of whatever kind it may be, to render life worth having.” Their wants didn’t exceed their needs and they were content with what they had already achieved. Darwin states that, “Their skill in some respects may be compared to the instinct of animals; for it is not improved by experience: the canoe, their most ingenious work, poor as it is, has remained the same, as we know from Drake, for the last two hundred and fifty years.” This once again shows the unprogressive attitude of the Feugians, who without determination to explore and invent wouldn’t move forward once they were satisfied with subsistence.
While claiming this point Darwin also reiterates the fact that the Feugians, who were the savages were evolving mentally. Human Beings were considered to be the most superior of all species, with the ‘civilized ones’ at the top of this chain. Even though the ‘savages’ were essentially all human beings, they are assumed a negative connation when Darwin, “can hardly make oneself believe that they are fellow creatures.” Furthermore, he claims that,
It was without exception the most curious and interesting spectacle I ever beheld: I could not have believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilized man: it is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, inasmuch as in man there is a greater power of improvement.
Savages are shown inferior to ‘civilized men’ of their own species, highlighting Darwin’s theory of struggle among species. They are portrayed synonymous to animals who were considered inferior to men in every way.
However, this statement is contradicted when these ‘savages’ readily showed a capacity to become civilized.
“They could repeat with perfect correctness each word in every sentence we addressed them, and they remembered such words for some time. Yet we Europeans all know how difficult it is to distinguish apart the sounds in a foreign language. Which of us, for instance, could follow an American Indian through a sentence of more than three words? All savages appear to possess, to an uncommon degree, this power of mimicry.”
This comparison of the knowledge of savages versus civilized men hihlights the superiority of the savages. The choice of the word, ‘appear’ implies that savages only seemed superior to the civilized humans but because the civilized humans actually ‘appeared’ superior due to their tidy looks and clothes, they possessed a certain hierarchy to the savages. This could be a reference to Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein where the monster was lower on the hierarchy because he ‘appeared’ ugly. Darwin thus emphasized human unity and dwelt upon superficial differences, while acquiescing in the contemporary assumption that some races were superior to others.
Does appearance qualify as superiority then? If perfection is superiority then superiority should be determined by survival of the fittest. Civilized men are considered most superior because they are considered, ‘most evolved.’
However, “Man by selection can certainly produce great results,and can adapt organic beings to his own uses, through the accumulation of slight but useful variations, given to him by the hand of Nature. – natural selection superior to man’s efforts.”
Men don’t adapt to their natural environment and attack the savages because civilized men would lose. As we go higher up the hierarchy species in their natural environments become weaker as they cant fight or defend without, ‘the accumulation of slight but useful variations’ such as ‘the dreaded fire arms.’ Technologically, civilized men were more evolved than the savages whose best invention was the canoe. However, independent of their extensions or variations of weapons, bare handed civilized men were weak. The artificial extensions used by men only appear to make ‘civilized men’ superior to other species thriving bare handed in their natural environments. Further more, these extensions are used only to destruct in order to weaken other species in their natural habitats, but still they are considered as a means of progress for the civilized men. In the Descent of Man, Darwin even states that the civilised races of man will almost certainly exterminate, and replace, the savage races throughout the world.” Destruction is inevitable.
“ A struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high rate at which all organic beings tend to increase. Every being, which during its natural lifetime produces several eggs or beings, must suffer destruction during some period in its life, and during some season or occasional year, otherwise on the principle of geometrical increase, its numbers would quickly become so inordinately great that no country could support the product.”
Without destruction and the struggle for survival there would be an abundance of species. However, with civilized men having added advantages of fire arms, there could be an over abundance of destruction which would eventually lead to the monopoly of just one invincible species. Destruction is necessary for progress in the case that, ‘The flesh of the animal is largely employed, both fresh and salted, and a beautifully clear oil is prepared from the fat,” as this contributes to the food chain. When destruction is not caused by a beast of pray but instead with the use of fire arms to annihilate forests to build infrastructure, there is a sudden destruction of indigenous species and natural habitats that can never be reclaimed.
“So profound is our ignorance, and so high our presumption, that we marvel when we hear of the extinction of an organic being; and as we do not see the cause, we invoke cataclysms to desolate the world, or invent laws on the durations of the forms of life.”
The increase in technology and decrease of the natural environment around us is not progressive when the only means of adaptation is through destruction. Evolution is not adaptive and therefore makes species destructive. Maybe species were meant to be immortal but the constant destruction and struggle amongst every species leads to ‘cataclysms’ which eventually lead to species surrendering and dying. These gradual deaths of the different endurance levels of certain species then form lifetimes or life limits. Therefore even though destruction is intended toward progression it is an advance toward the death of species around the world and could eventually curb even evolution. It could be possible that Darwin’s references to progress and perfection were more rhetorical strategies than science and that he was trying to fly under the radar of religion and other potential lenses espousing man as what Shakespeare originally called the ‘paragon of animals’.
Darwin was heavily influenced by William Paley whose Natural Theology confidently argued that nature contains “every manifestation of design…[that] design must have had a designer … That designer must have been a person [and] that person is God." Christianity for Darwin was primarily a proof to be established and Paley did that admirably. On his voyages, Darwin’s emerging theories begin to undermine these ideas, it undermined the Christianity built on them. Evolution wrecked special creation, but the idea that God had made each species spearetely was more appealing. But was it not grander to see all life emerging through a continuos process of law – governed evolution than o believe that “since the time of the Silurian [God] has made a long succession of vile molluscous animals"? Special creation was nothing to boast about. Suffering, however, was a problem. Natural selection emphasised the ubiquity and apparent necessity of suffering in the natural world and for someone who had been brought up on William Paley's "happy world … [of] delighted existence" this was a serious issue. In his ‘Origin of Species’ Darwin balanced the extraordinary grandeur of life with the pain inherent in natural selection.
"From death, famine, rapine, and the concealed war of nature we can see that the highest good, which we can conceive, the creation of the higher animals has directly come."
If "higher animals" – with all their splendour and sophistication, their grace and their grandeur, ultimately their minds, metaphysics and morality – if they were indeed "the highest good, which we can conceive" then maybe evolution by natural selection was not simply compatible with the idea of God but actively supportive of it. Everything hung on how the scales balanced between life's grandeur and its potential for grief. Progress is defined as ‘the movement to a further or higher stage.’ Evolution through adaptation could be considered progressive, as species evolve into more complex beings in their natural habitats, but evolution through destruction can not be considered progress. Even though man may be progressing economically, and accelerating on the chain of being. Charles Darwin cited the Fuegians as evidence to support of his two-fold thesis, that “man is descended from a hairy, tailed quadruped” and that “we are descended from barbarians”. Therefore the descent of man could be considered progressive but it’s also a fall from grace, as men use their power to reason to destroy ‘less beings’. Darwin concluded that while progress was not inevitable or the result of any innate tendency, it was general and the somewhat chancy product of the manifold operations of natural selection. To render Darwin’s theory as bereft or antithetic to the notion of organic and social progress is to make him into a thoroughly modern neo-Darwinian, which he certainly was not.
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The key to playing chess is understanding checkmate. One of the best instructional books of all time, Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess uses chess diagrams to offer instructive problems that become progressively more difficult. Do these exercises and you will improve your game.
In The Chess Tactics Workbook, Al Woolum presents 160 pages of puzzles (6 per page) concentrating on mates in 1, 2 or 3 moves. Lots of great practice for the beginning student.
Because these books are not filled with illustrations, they are great choices for beginners of any age.
An additional resource for early learners is free thanks to our friends at the St. Louis Chess Club and the World Chess Hall of Fame. Dr. Jeanne Cairns Sinquefield has created a wonderful booklet, Learn to Read & Write Chess. It is free to download or you can purchase print copies for just $2.
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Grasping a handle and pouring water or grains helps children develop fine motor control. These simple activities isolate single skills children will later need, in combination, for more complex processes. One principle behind the activities Montessori designed was that “control of error” be evident. Children learn to correct themselves in their work, eliminating the need for adults to point out mistakes. In this spirit, most of the pitchers and dishes we offer are breakable.
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The reporting of asbestos related deaths has sadly become commonplace in the modern age. However, there was once a time when very little was known about the substance and the maladies it can spawn.
To learn about the evolution of asbestos knowledge, a journey back in time is required. The year is 1924. The town is Rochdale, Greater Manchester. Nellie Kershaw, a 33-year old textile worker, dies on 14th March after a harrowing illness. Her passing sparks an inquest that will change the world forever.
Born in 1891, Kershaw left school at the age of 12 to work in a cotton mill. She later moved into the asbestos industry, transferring to Turner Brothers, a local firm, in 1917. There, she worked as a factory rover, spinning raw asbestos fibre into yarn. That trade would eventually truncate her life in tragic circumstances.
Kershaw first encountered health complications aged 29. Nevertheless, she continued to work with asbestos until 1922, when illness finally thwarted her. The National Health Insurance certificate declaring her unfit for work referred to ‘asbestos poisoning,’ a rather generic term betraying the rudimentary knowledge prevalent in society at that time.
As this was not a recognised occupational disease, Kershaw failed to qualify for any significant benefits. To compound the problem, Turner Brothers refused to make any financial contributions, leaving Kershaw to spiral towards destitution as her illness deteriorated.
After a harrowing struggle, Kershaw died at 6.30 am on the aforementioned date. Again, Turner Brothers accepted no liability for her injuries, paid no compensation to her family, and even refused to help out with her funeral expenses.
Details of Kershaw’s death were recorded in the British Medical Journal. Perhaps more importantly, EN Molesworth, coroner for Rochdale, launched a formal inquest into Kershaw’s case, kick-starting the journey to industry regulation.
Dr FW Mackichan completed an autopsy and returned ‘pulmonary tuberculosis and heart failure’ as the cause of Kershaw’s death. However, the inquest was subsequently adjourned to allow for a closer inspection of the lungs. After completing that process, Dr William Edmund Cook testified that “mineral particles in the lungs originated from asbestos and were, beyond reasonable doubt, the primary cause of the fibrosis of the lungs and, therefore, of death.”
Walter Joss, the man who made the initial diagnosis of ‘asbestos poisoning,’ contributed a written testimony to the inquest. He explained how “previous experience of such a lung condition for many of his patients who were asbestos workers” contributed to the diagnosis, and said that up to twelve cases per year came before him.
As such, when Nellie Kershaw’s death certificate was issued on 2nd April 1924, it cited ‘fibrosis of the lungs due to the inhalation of mineral particles’ as the cause of death. Three years later, in a more detailed reporting of Kershaw’s case by the British Medical Journal, Dr Cook gave the disease a name that will echo for eternity: ‘pulmonary asbestosis.’
Following Cook’s paper, Parliament launched an inquiry into the effects of asbestos dust. The resultant report – Occurrence of Pulmonary Fibrosis & Other Pulmonary Affections in Asbestos Workers – concluded that asbestosis was irrefutably linked to the inhalation of asbestos dust. It also contained the first significant health study of asbestos workers, and found that 66% of those employed as such for more than 20 years suffered from asbestosis.
In turn, such shocking discoveries led to the first Asbestos Industry Regulations, which came into effect in March 1932.
More than seven decades later, in April 2006 – seven years after a final ban on the supply and use of asbestos in Britain – a relative of Kershaw unveiled a memorial stone to all asbestos victims around the world. It was a fitting tribute to the first publicly-known victim of asbestos, and a timeless reminder of its horrific consequences.
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The word ‘Night vision’ itself means the ability to see in low light conditions. Humans have poor night vision compared to many other animals.So we all might have a question in our mind that is this really possible to see in the dark night? The answer is most definitely yes. With the proper night-vision equipment, you can see a person standing over 200 yards (183 m) away on a moonless, cloudy night!. Originally developed for military use, it has provided the United States with a strategic military advantage, the value of which can be measured in lives. Federal and state agencies now routinely utilize the technology for site security, surveillance as well as search and rescue. Night vision equipment has evolved from bulky optical instruments in light weight goggles through the advancement of image intensification technology.
Two technologies are used for night vision:-
This work by collection the tiny amounts of light including the lower portion of infrared light spectrum that are present but may be imperceptible to your eyes, and amplifying it to the point that we can easily observe the image.
This technology operates by capturing the upper portion of the infrared light spectrum, which is emitted as heat by the objects instead of simply reflected as light. Hotter object, such as warm bodies, emit more of this light than cooler objects likes trees or buildings.
2. Types of Night Vision
There are two type night vision such as
2.1. Biological Night Vision
In biological night vision, molecules of rhodopsin in the rods of the eye undergo a change in shape as light is absorbed by them. The peak rhodopsin build-up time for optimal night vision in humans is 30 minutes, but most of the adaptation occurs within the first five or ten minutes in the dark. Rhodopsin in the human rods is insensitive to the longer red wavelengths of light, so many people use red light to preserve night vision as it will not deplete the eye's rhodopsin stores in the rods and instead is viewed by the cones.
.Some animals, such as cats, dogs, and deer, have a structure called tapetumlucidum in the back of the eye that reflects light back towards the retina, increasing the amount of light it captures. In humans, only 10% of the light that enters the eye falls on photosensitive parts of the retina. Their ability to see in low light levels may be similar to what humans see when using first or perhaps second generation image intensifiers
2.2. Technical Night Vision
A night vision device (NVD) is an optical instrument that allows images to be produced in levels of light approaching total darkness. They are most often used by military and law enforce agencies but are available to civilian users. In this technology various types of instruments are used.Details descriptions of this technology is described in next page.
3. Working of Technical Night Vision
Night vision can works in two very different ways depending on the technology used. Before discussing about the types of night vision technology first known basic things of light.
3.1. Light Basics
In order to understand thermal imaging, it is important to understand something about light. The amount of energy in a light wave is related to its wavelength: Shorter wavelengths have higher energy. Of visible light, violet has the most energy, and red has the least. Just next to the visible light spectrum is the infrared spectrum.
Infrared light can be split into three categories:-
3.1.1. Near-infrared (near-IR)
Closest to visible light, near-IR has wavelengths that range from 0.7 to 1.3 microns, or 700 billionths to 1,300 billionths of a meter.
3.1.2. Mid-infrared (mid-IR)
Mid-IR has wavelengths ranging from 1.3 to 3 microns. Both near-IR and mid-IR are used by a variety of electronic devices, including remote controls.
3.1.3. Thermal-infrared (thermal-IR)
Occupying the largest part of the infrared spectrum, thermal-IR has wavelengths ranging from 3 microns to over 30 microns.The key difference between thermal-IR and the other two is that thermal-IR is emitted by an object instead of reflected off it. Infrared light is emitted by an object because of what is happening at the atomic level.
Night vision can work in two very different ways, depending on the technology used.
3.2. Thermal Imaging
A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the objects in view. The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrared-detector elements. The detector elements create a very detailed temperature pattern called a thermogram..
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Clear biology offers tips for answering ap biology free response questions review a list of power words to prepare for the ap biology test. Past ap exams ap central -old ap exams 1999-2012 ap central essay exams-2013-present past essay 's from mr knight's ap bio page past ap free. Ap® biology study guide evolution of the horse (short free-response question) frq mechanisms of cellular respiration (short answer free response.
Review our examples to help you with your writing ap bio essays old ap bio essays ap bio essays evolution ap bio essays dna ap bio essays by topic scribd.
In answering any of the four free-response questions, students may need to analyze and below are free-response questions from past ap biology exams.
General tips: you must write in paragraph form there is room on the test for you to create an outline to guide your answer, but outlines are not graded. You can download and preview ap biology test questions and answers in text format or you can download in essay questions and standards (1959-1995). 2004-2005 ap biology ap biology essay 1992 a laboratory assistant your answer, include a discussion of the relationship between the structure and the.
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January 17, 2024
3 min read
Educators are always looking for ways to nurture innovation in the classroom. This article explores four ways to create innovative learning environments that support student development and achievement.
With the plethora of new and diverse edtech tools available for teaching and learning, it is an exciting time to nurture innovation in our classrooms. Innovation is connected to the creation of novel ideas that have meaningful societal impacts, and involves essential skills that all students should master, such as the 4Cs of critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration.
As we prepare students for careers that do not yet exist, curating innovative learning environments will provide the space for them to develop their creative capacities. Many ways that we as teachers can approach fostering innovation are available within teaching and learning spaces. Here are four practical and actionable ideas to get you started.
1. Nurturing Innovation in the Classroom: Cultivate Entrepreneurial Mindsets
Our mindsets impact the ways in which we think and act. And while successful entrepreneurs have different business and goals, they usually have similar mindsets in terms of thinking outside the box, trying new and different ways of approaching problem-solving, and being relentless in working toward making their dreams realities.
We want our students to think in this way too, and to do, it is important to cultivate that entrepreneurial mindset as we nurture their creative spirits and encourage them to innovate while learning. This means designing learning activities that ask them to solve problems, question existing approaches, and create different ways of doing things.
2. Focus on Digital Fluency
Technology has made innovation possible in ways that were once not even imaginable. We are already using generative AI use in the classroom with many more developments each day.
Many of our classroom learning activities focus on helping students develop their digital literacy skills, which is great for growing their understanding of what digital tools are and how to use these. However, in classrooms that nurture innovation, we must move from digital literacy to a focus on digital fluency, which is necessary in building students’ capacity to use digital tools to create what does not yet exist.
Students who are digitally fluent produce new, original, and exciting creations that are at the heart of innovation.
3. Leverage Design-Thinking Stages
Many stages in the design process allow for the space and time to reflect on problems, think of ideas and test any, and come up with a final product. By leveraging similar design-thinking stages in our classrooms, we can nurture innovation in a systematic way, while using tried-and-true principles.
Start at the problem setting stage where you ask students to reflect and think about their environment, what they would want to create, and who that creation will serve. For example, Siri and Alexa were developed to provide humans with information based on questions they have, eliminating the need for manual research of the weather, traffic conditions, recipes, etc.
After students come up with a problem, they can engage in the ideation phase, in which they brainstorm and think through ideas for solving it. What would follow is prototyping and testing, and through all these design-thinking stages, innovation can evolve naturally.
4. Motivate through Mistakes
With so much focus on grades, assessments, and standardized tests, students are often stressed about perfection. This can stifle creative thinking, as students may focus on doing only what needs to be done to secure an “A” grade.
To provide an environment for students to truly innovate, they need to be encouraged to take risks and try something new, even if that means they make mistakes along the way.
You can model this approach, showing when you make a mistake and using it as motivation. Students can then think about doing something in a different way, taking away or adding a component, or using alternative digital tools and materials in a design. This is what learning is all about, and what better way to approach it than using previous experiences and outcomes as a base for improvement?
I hope you will be able to try one or all four of these ideas to nurture innovation in your classroom. Not only will cultivating entrepreneurial mindsets, focusing on digital fluency, leveraging design-thinking stages, and motivating through mistakes help build students’ interest and engagement inquiry, they will also have a stronger stake in the lesson, which will result in meeting learning outcomes.
This article was written by Ph.D. And Stephanie Smith Budhai from Tech and Learning and was legally licensed through the DiveMarketplace by Industry Dive. Please direct all licensing questions to firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Self-Esteem and Self Worth – Exploring The Difference
How you feel about yourself is self-esteem.
- Self-esteem is your perception of how you are doing in the world. It may go up or down
depending upon what is happening to you: validation by others.
- Get an "A" on a test, for example, and you feel great, but if you fail you feel terrible.
- Self-esteem is based on being validated by other people, and other things, not on you.
Self Esteem depends on just a few basic factors (that always involve external things and people).
- The amount of achievements you have accomplished
- The weight that you place on those achievements
- The emotional support that you have around you.
These externally derived factors provide a sense of:
* Belonging * Uniqueness * Purpose * Hope
Self-esteem is changeable – it is always dependent on external factors – and other people:
|Geoffrey Dahmer and Charlie Manson “felt good” about what they had
done – that’s how they deny the value and worth of their victims.
Self Worth gives you rights as a human being:
- the right to food and shelter,
- the right to safety (including freedom from abuse and violence),
- the right to dignity and respect,
- the right to have your value and worth recognized and acknowledged,
- the right to be loved, and to love.
You may have come to not like yourself and believe that you don’t deserve anything good. Self-
esteem suffers while self-worth is forgotten because you rely on what others think of you to maintain
your self-esteem (external validation).
That turns control of you over to others. It gives up ownership of your worth and value, and allows
others to control and manipulate you instead: you will have given away your most precious
You must love and value yourself if you are to love others.
- You have to respect yourself and acknowledge your own self-worth (do not confuse this with
conceit or vanity – those are sick inner validations, too).
- You must take responsibility for your actions and their consequences, and ownership of your
value and worth.
- You must take care of yourself - so that you can love and help your “neighbor”.
This does not make you selfish. It makes you responsible.
Also read "The Awakening"
Self Esteem - Self Worth: the Difference
Self-worth is what you are born with.
As one of the creations in the universe you have worth and value:
value and worth that remain yours throughout your life.
They are your most precious belongings and are yours to nourish and protect.
- You cannot lose your worth, but you can lose sight of it,
- You cannot give your worth away
- Your value and worth cannot be taken from you,
- You can forget your worth and value,
- Your validation comes from within.
If you found this page helpful and know someone else who could benefit from it, please tell them
NOTE: For Recovering/Healing from a dysfunctional family, coping with or overcoming a dysfunctional
(alcoholic) family/relationship, help is available here - Online, distance help/counselling works!
|Dawn Cove Abbey
Roadside Assistance For Your Journey Through Life
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From the eBook: "One! The Journey hOMe", by Klaas Tuinman MA, © 2007-2017
Questions and comments welcomed.
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Geostatic Pressure Gradient
Definition - What does Geostatic Pressure Gradient mean?
Geostatic Pressure Gradient is the rate of change in geostatic pressure with depth. A geostatic pressure gradient of 1 psi per feet results from an average density of 2.3 gram per cubic centimeter. Geostatic pressure is the stress or pressure exerted by overlying rock or sediments above a depth or formation of interest. It is usually considered to be about 1.0 psi per feet although the value can vary depending on the geographical area. Hence this value can be considered for approximations.
Petropedia explains Geostatic Pressure Gradient
When the geostatic pressure changes with depth, the geostatic pressure gradient also changes. This means that with higher depths, the geostatic pressure increases and thus the gradient also increases. Geostatic pressure is commonly referred as overburden pressure. In order to estimate the overburden pressure at any point, it is important to first determine the material density, i.e., the density of rocks and fluids at that point. The equation for estimating the overburden pressure at depth z is given by:
p(z) = density of overlying rocks at depth z
g = acceleration due to gravity
po = datum pressureThere are certain assumptions made while deriving the above equation, such as the acceleration due to gravity is considered to be constant at depth z which is why it is kept outside the integral. However, in actual scenario, acceleration due to gravity will not be constant and changes when moved deeper into the earth. The reason for keeping “g” outside the integral part is to practice most near surface applications which need the determination of lithostatic pressure.
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New wonder material could be used in car battery technologies
Battery designers in China are looking at the possibility of a new battery design from the use of recently discovered material called “graphene”. The new design will make a similar type of Litheum battery but will charge up at a more faster rate, in fact the new type of car battery should charge up and discharge in about 30 seconds ?. The material is known as graphene foam and is very flexible and easy to bend. The charge and discharge will in fact be as fast as a capacitor and will bring the development of this type of car battery a great leap forward.
Properties of graphene are explored for exciting uses
Graphene has been extensively re-searched at Manchester University here in the the UK. And now they are very excited about the future every day possibilities for this new wonder material, including the further development of batteries and ultra fast transistors and smart windows including new types of touch screens.
More reading …
“To create it, graphene is “grown” on the surface of a metal foam, a three-dimensional mesh of metal filaments. When the metal is processed away, you’re left with graphene foam. The resulting material is both flexible–just like regular graphene–light, and strong”…
Manchester University have helped to bring forward a truly fantastic material that is said to be harder than a diamond yet stretches like rubber, it is also unbreakable and it is said that the new material will be fundamental in changing our lives. The material is incredibly strong and light in structure. It is made up from sheets of a carbon material that is only a single atom in thickness and there is great potential for the new material to be used in the development of new batteries.
Graphene though is not yet at a standard of development where it could be used at full scale for making batteries for electric cars and a cheaper way must be found to make the material much cheaper.
More reading about the possible future of car battery technology…
“The material graphene was touted as “the next big thing” even before its pioneers were handed the Nobel Prize last year. Many believe it could spell the end for silicon and change the future of computers and other devices forever”… http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/click_online/9491789.stm
Blog by Eric Roberts www.batteriesontheweb.co.uk
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Epilepsy (Convulsive and Non-Convulsive)
Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior. Convulsions, or muscle spasms may occur during the seizure period.
For more information on this and other related conditions, or to contact us directly, please visit the Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Center .
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Every time our society takes steps forward, segregation becomes illegal, child labor is exposed, and companies that poison our air are called to account. Behind those steps are people who identified problems, worked together, and created change. Lifelong environmental activists, Jane Drake and Ann Love present the nine steps to social change and much more. From fascinating accounts about the founding of organizations such as Amnesty International, Pollution Probe, and Greenpeace to the nuts and bolts of how to run an effective meeting or write a petition, to words of inspiration, Yes You Can! Your Guide to Changing the World is great reading and encouragement for every person who wants to make the world a better place.
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A new species of snake found in northern Vietnam, southern China and central Laos
Nagao Kukri snake
New snake found in South East Asia. Photo courtesy of Truong Nguyen
October 2012. A new species of snake, Oligodon nagao
or the Nagao Kukri Snake, has been discovered in in South East Asia. With about 75 currently recognized species the genus, Oligodon remains one of the largest genera of Asiatic snakes. It is widespread throughout tropical Asia but is especially speciose in the large area known as the Indochinese Peninsula.
Laos, Vietnam & China
Three specimens recently collected in Lang Son and Cao Bang provinces, extreme northern Vietnam, one specimen found in Khammouane Province, central Laos, and the fifth one from extreme southwest Guangxi Autonomous Region, southern China, proved to be morphologically distinct from all other species known from this region. Especially noteworthy is the fact that all these specimens were collected in karst hills. Oligodon nagao is currently known from a small area straddling over Vietnam and China, and from central Laos.
This species has been found only in karst environment. The Vietnamese and Chinese specimens were all collected at night in karst forests. The specimen from Cao Bang was found at night near the limestone cliff surrounded by secondary forest made of short hardwood, shrubs and vines. No water was observed in the vicinity. The Laotian specimen was collected in a large cave of a karst massif located in the corridor connecting Phou Hin Boun National Park to Nakai Nam Theu National Park. The Oligodon specimen did not attempt to bite when it was collected but it showed the usual behaviour of many species of the genus Oligodon when they feel threatened, i.e. showing the bright colour of the ventral side of its tail curled in a spiral.
The paper was published in Zootaxa
Classic Karst scenery where the new snake was found - Photo credit Truong Nguyen
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At the center of a galaxy cluster, 1 billion light years from Earth, a voracious, supermassive black hole is preparing for a chilly feast.
For the first time, astronomers have detected billowy clouds of cold, clumpy gas streaming toward a black hole, at the center of a massive galaxy cluster. The clouds are traveling at speeds of up to 355 kilometers per second — that’s almost 800,000 miles per hour — and may be only 150 light years away from its edge, almost certain to fall into the black hole, feeding its bottomless well. The observations, published today in the journal Nature, represent the first direct evidence to support the hypothesis that black holes feed on clouds of cold gas.
The results also suggest that fueling a black hole — a process known as accretion — is a whole lot messier than scientists had once thought.
“The simple model of black hole accretion consists of a black hole surrounded by a sphere of hot gas, and that gas accretes smoothly onto the black hole, and everything’s simple, mathematically,” says Michael McDonald, assistant professor of physics in MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research. “But this is the most compelling evidence that this process is not smooth, simple, and clean, but actually quite chaotic and clumpy.”
Given the new observations, McDonald says black holes probably have two ways of feeding: For most of the time, they may slowly graze on a steady diet of diffuse hot gas. Once in a while, they may quickly gobble up clumps of cold gas as it comes nearby.
“This diffuse, hot gas is available to the black hole at a low level all the time, and you can have a steady trickle of it going in,” McDonald says. “Every now and then, you can have a rainstorm with all these droplets of cold gas, and for a short amount of time, the black hole’s eating very quickly. So the idea that there are these two dinner modes for black holes is a pretty nice result.”
McDonald is a co-author on the paper, which was led by Grant Tremblay, an astronomer at Yale University.
The researchers made their detection using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, or ALMA — one of the most powerful telescopes in the world, designed to see the oldest, most distant galaxies in the universe. The team focused ALMA’s telescopes 1 billion light years away, on the central galaxy in the Abell 2597 Cluster, a galaxy that is some tens of thousands of light years across. This particular galaxy is among the brightest in the universe, as it is likely producing many new stars.
The team originally wanted to get a sense for how many stars this cluster was churning out, so they mapped all the cold gas within the cluster. This cold gas has cooled and condensed out of the diffuse halo of hot gas surrounding a cluster, forming clumps. It is the collapse of cold gas that creates new stars, especially in the cluster’s central galaxy.
“In the center of a cluster, there’s a single massive galaxy, the big daddy galaxy of the cluster,” McDonald says. “It’s sitting at the bottom of a gravitational funnel, and all the gas from a thousand galaxies is available to it. These are the galaxies that are the most massive, with the most massive black holes in the universe, and the most potential for star formation.”
The researchers used ALMA to map the spectral signatures, or radio emissions, from the galaxy cluster, looking specifically for signatures of carbon monoxide, the presence of which usually indicates very cold gas, of minus 200 degrees Fahrenheit and below. They mapped carbon monoxide across the entire galaxy cluster and found that as they looked further into the cluster, they encountered progressively cooler gas, from millions of degrees Fahrenheit to subzero temperatures.
At the very center, just at the edge of the cluster’s supermassive black hole, the researchers discovered something quite unexpected: the shadows of three very cold, very clumpy gas clouds. The shadows were cast against bright jets of material spewing from the black hole, suggesting that these clouds were very close to being consumed by the black hole.
“We got very lucky,” McDonald says. “We could probably look at 100 galaxies like this and not see what we saw just by chance. Seeing three shadows at once is like discovering not just one exoplanet, but three in the first try. Nature was very kind in this case.”
Richard Mushotzky, professor of astronomy at the University of Maryland, says the results prove that seeing is better than simply believing.
“In astronomy and astrophysics, there are a lot of good ideas out there likely to be true, but it’s important to prove they’re actually true,” says Mushotzky, who did not contribute to the paper. “That’s the big deal here. We believe [cold gas fuels black holes], it fits the models, but it’s much different to actually know than to believe.”
A high-energy feast
The team estimated the velocities of the three clouds to be 240, 275, and 355 kilometers per second, with all three headed toward the black hole. McDonald says these three cold gas clouds will likely not stream straight into the black hole but instead be absorbed into its accretion disc — the massive disc of material that will eventually spiral into the black hole.
He adds that while ALMA was only able to see three clouds of cold gas near the black hole, there may be even more in the vicinity, setting the black hole up for quite a feast.
“We’re only seeing this tiny sliver,” McDonald says. “If there are three clouds in just our line of sight, there might be millions of clouds all around. And there’s a tremendous amount of energy in just these three clouds. So if we were to look at this thing a million years later, we might see that the black hole is in outburst — much brighter, with more powerful jets, because all this high-energy material is landing on it.”
“ALMA has only been working for three years, turning on slowly,” Mushotzky adds. “It’s a very big and complex instrument, and this is very early data, but already things are turning out to be very exciting.
This research was funded, in part, by NASA, the European Research Council, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Science and Technology Facilities Council.
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Before you start writing your summer bucket list, check these things off your list for the school year. Your plan to go scuba diving can wait (for now!). Take these simple steps not only to change the lives of animals but also to make a difference for your peers as well as future students at your school. Leave behind the cruelty-free legacy you’ve always dreamed of.
1. Cut Out Dissection
You’ve been a hero to animals all throughout the school year, and your legacy can continue. Change the game by cutting out dissection at your school! When 98 percent of medical schools don’t use animal dissection, it’s safe to assume that cutting open dead animals isn’t necessary to become a brilliant doctor. In fact, studies show that being forced to participate in animal dissection can actually scare students away from pursuing a career in science!
2. Leave on a Good Note (With a Great Note!)
Sign off from school for the summer with one of the best messages you can think of. Leaving an animal rights message in your friends’ yearbooks can make a hefty difference for animals. Just think of all the other students who will see your message when they sign those yearbooks, too.
3. Celebrate Prom Cruelty-Free
YAY! One of the last events of the school year is coming up. Make sure your prom dress or tux is cruelty-free (no silk or wool!). If you’re going to wear makeup, use only cruelty-free products, because hurting bunnies is never beautiful. Have a heart when you’re dancing your heart out by choosing vegan shoes, because no one wants to dance on the dead.
4. Shoot Selfies With Your Friends
Can selfies really help animals? Duh! You already know you’ll be taking selfies with all your friends before the year ends, so why not help animals at the same time? Go the extra mile for animals who need your help while wearing a “Shoot Selfies, Not Animals” T-shirt.
5. Get Rid of Gross Grub
If you’ve ever wished your school had better vegan options, take the initiative and make a difference for animals, yourself, and future students by getting veggie burgers offered in your school cafeteria. No more mystery meat—bless! Being a vegan superhero isn’t about helping only animals. 😉
6. If you want to continue helping animals throughout the summer, join peta2!
Peta2 is an awesome network of activists who speak up for animals through completing missions and raising awareness. It’s free and easy to join—just click here to start helping all animals everywhere. There’s even an app now, so you can start savin’ lives anywhere with just a few clicks.
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Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus. Without treatment most people with hepatitis C will have it forever and can pass it to others. Over time hepatitis C will cause liver damage, and can cause cancer and death. Hepatitis C can be cured. While there is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C, but there are strategies that can help to keep from getting or transmitting hepatitis C.
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“There are moments in life, when the heart is so full of emotion
That if by chance it be shaken, or into its depths like a pebble
Drops some careless word, it overflows, and its secret,
Spilt on the ground like water, can never be gathered together”
--Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (American Poet, 1807-1882)
With some people, you never have to guess what they are feeling, and it's not because they have chosen to display their emotions to the world, it's that they simply cannot do otherwise. Their emotions are the water in which they live and move and by which they navigate their daily lives. Emotions, being inconstant and very powerful, are often mistrusted and therefore thought to be a poor way to make one's decisions, but I wish the Greeks had never disparaged the passions that way and ascribed them to the realm of "women." For in the dualistic Greek philosophies, all things untameable, wild, free and mysterious were seen as base and therefore "feminine." The Greeks did not deny the existence of emotion in men, obviously, but being ruled by one's emotions was believed to be a shortcoming, not a strength. Control over one's passions was a much loftier goal, lest one be found too "womanly."
"Men are no more immune from emotions than women; we think women are more emotional because the culture lets them give free vent to certain feelings, "feminine" ones, that is, no anger please, but it's okay to turn on the waterworks," wrote Una Stannard, feminist author. Here is where the nuances of this Queen as well as her glaring stereotype crystalizes. She represents both the way patriarchal influences have disparaged emotions as being weaker and "feminine" (read: bad), but she also demonstrates the value of emotions and the strength of allowing them to guide and shape our lives.
The negative beliefs about emotionalism still reigns in our attitudes today, and as such the Queen of Cups is often seen as someone who indulges "too much" in waves of feelings, illustrated above as the Queen of Cups from the Tarot of Durer drinks deeply and sensuously from her cup. She's viewed as inconstant, prone to too much idealism and flights of fancy, she's romantic, dreamy, and otherworldly. She cries a lot, laughs a lot, and seems a bit too childlike. Personally, I do not find anything negative about someone who is so in touch with their emotions that they wouldn't understand how to live without them being so prominent and on the surface. This Queen is double water as she embodies the Queen's element of water as well as the cups' water element, so she is "water of water" and yes, that's a lot of water. If one is comfortable and accepting of one's own emotions, this Queen can be seen as more positive than negative, and even honored for her abilities to navigate her own as well as others' emotions with skill and familiarity.
This queen makes a tremendous counselor, artist, mother, and therapist. She is empathic and intuitive, often to a freakishly psychic degree. She may come across as naieve, but she isn't. She has sailed the rough seas and knows how to survive the onslaught of stormy emotional waves. If someone is in crisis, she is the one to call. She'll talk you down from the ledge, soothe your fears, and make sense of the chaos in your heart and soul. She knows the secrets of the heart and honors the pulse of it as it overtly or covertly moves you. Though many of us wish to deny it, she knows the strength of emotions and doesn't try to rationalize or whitewash their importance in logical sounding theories and formulas. In the Queen of Cup's embrace, you are accepted fully.
True enough, she is apt to drown her sorrows in too much drink, too many heartfelt displays of dramatic weeping and wailing, and yet it's not the "drama queen" put on of say, Scarlett O'Hara whose crocodile tears were simply a mechanism of emotional manipulation. Scarlett, I think, is much more a Queen of Wands, but we can debate that if you like. The Queen of Cups truly feels the pain as deeply as is being displayed, though the crisis may only have been a torn hangnail. While the Queen of Cups can and will use emotional manipulation, it is less calculated. It comes so naturally to her, she may not even realize she is doing it, but her skillful knowledge of the emotional landscape of others gives her the advantage that way, and if her emotions turn sour, she is likely to use that knowlege to her own ends. When ill-aspected at her worst, this queen can show symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder, a pathological clinging vine that blows hot and cold emotions as a way of getting her own emotional needs sated.
As an advisor, the Queen of Cups urges getting in touch with your own heart and feeling your way through a situation. She recommends showing how you feel, not hiding your emotions, and recognizing and honoring the emotions of others. She asks you to walk sensitively around your own heart and the hearts of others and to use the emotional lessons you have learned not to grow a hardened shell of emotional protection, but to allow your emotions their just due and respect. Realize that when she shows up in your readings, if she is not representing another person playing a part in the situation, she is telling you to acknowledge emotions first and rather than think your way through things, but turn to your empathic intuition and feel what the right course will be. For emotions, if walled or dammed, will eventually work their way through the slightest opening and forcefully rush and flood the entire landscape. Directing the flow of emotion through one's life is more productive and there's a lot less of a mess to clean up afterwards.
The Tarot of Durer Published by Lo Scarabeo December 2002
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India is currently undergoing a rapid economic and demographic transformation. Since 1980, average living standards have experienced a sustained and rapid rise. The gross domestic product per capita has risen by 230 percent; a trend rate of 4 percent annually. Poverty declined at an annual rate of 0.88 percent from 1983-94, and at a slightly lower rate of 0.77 percent from 1993-05. Life expectancy has risen from 54 years to 69 years while the (crude) birth rate has fallen from 34 to 22 between 1980-2008. Rapid economic growth has been accompanied by rising urbanization. Between 1980-2000, the share of the urban population rose from 23 to 28 percent. By 2030, it is likely to be as high as 41 percent.
The growth momentum was accelerated by wide ranging domestic and external liberalization of the Indian economy in the 1990s. A key feature of the economic transformation has been the change in the nature of the Indian diet. As the global markets integrate and communication becomes better, diet transitions are unavoidable. This results in a move away from inferior to superior foods and a substitution of traditional staples by primary food products that are more prevalent in western diets. These shifts are reflected in higher consumption of proteins, sugars, fats and vegetables.
Some of the underlying factors of this dietary transition include expansion of the middle class, higher female participation, the emergence of nuclear two-income families, a sharp age divide in food preferences (with younger age groups more susceptible to new foods advertised in the media), and a rapid growth of supermarkets and fast-food outlets.
Based on FAOSTAT, some dietary changes observed since the 1980s include:
- The sharp rise in consumption of both animal and vegetable products during the 1980s.
- The consumption of milk as the largest proportional increase among animal products.
- Rice, pulses, wheat, spices, and oils comprising the largest increases among vegetable products.
During the 1990s, significant changes in the pattern of food consumption included:
- A marked increase in the consumption of animal products (especially animal fats) but a relatively modest increase in that of vegetable products.
- Among vegetable products, a large increase in the consumption of wheat, starchy roots, vegetable oils, sugar and sweeteners, and fruits (while that of rice, pulses and other cereals declined).
- Among starchy roots, a sharp increase in potato consumption, given its salience in energy-dense food products (e.g. fries and potato chips).
- A change in the use of wheat due to a move away from the traditional chapatti to more commercialized and westernized bread products.
The health implications of the dietary transition are not clear-cut. A more varied and nutritionally balanced diet and higher levels of food hygiene are associated with better health. But there is a trade-off as more energy-dense foods are linked to a higher incidence of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, coronary heart disease and certain types of cancer. Although India lags behind other developing countries in the epidemiological transition – decline in infectious disease mortality compensated increasingly by higher mortality from chronic degenerative NCDs – there is some evidence of the transition taking place. The estimated deaths from NCDs are projected to rise from 3.78 million in 1990 (40.46 percent of all deaths) to 7.63 million in 2020 (66.70 percent of all deaths).Worse, many of these deaths occur at relatively early ages; about a quarter of the deaths occurred in the 35-64 age group in urban areas.
From this perspective, findings on eating out are based on an analysis of a nationwide household survey, India Human Development Survey 2005 (IHDS), conducted jointly by the University of Maryland and the National Council of Applied Economic Research. The focus is on the socio-economic status of households eating out, and their spatial distribution. The latter disaggregates household locations into rural and urban areas, and urban slums. A further disaggregation separates six metros from the rest.
Let us first consider a classification of households eating out by amounts spent. Eating out is pervasive going by the fact that more than a quarter of the households (about 28 percent did so). However, a large majority of those eating out (about 69 percent) spent under 99 rupees per month, and about a quarter spent over 200 rupees per month.
About a quarter of the Scheduled Castes (SCs), about 27 percent of the Scheduled Tribes (STs), and about 31 percent each of the Other Backward Classes (OBCs), and others ate out. It is significant that even some of the most deprived and socially excluded groups – especially the SCs and STs – have switched from traditional staples to fast foods and opted for greater variety in food consumption. This is further corroborated when the sample is split into the poor and non-poor households using the official poverty line. While a much larger proportion of the non-poor households (about 32 percent) ate out, those among the poor (about 14.50 percent) were far from negligible. A more disaggregated classification of the households into four monthly per capita expenditure classes (less than 300 rupees, between 300-500 rupees, between 500-1000 rupees, and greater than 1000 rupees) further dispels any doubts that eating out as a manifestation of dietary transition is mostly a middle-class phenomenon. About 21 percent of the households eating out had expenditures below 500 rupees, with the majority (about 79 percent) from the lower and upper-middle income classes (i.e., between 500-1000 rupees, and greater than 1000 rupees, with the median expenditure being 633 rupees). Within the low income households too (less than 500 rupees), the share of those eating out was 17 percent, as opposed to double that among the lower and upper-middle income households.
Additionally, eating out was not confined to the urban areas. About two-thirds of the households that ate out were rural, about 31 percent were urban, and the remaining (about 3 percent) were in urban slums. About 35 percent ate out among rural households, about 34 percent among urban households, and, surprisingly, about 45 percent in urban slums.
Confining to the six largest metros (Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, and Hyderabad), some additional insights are obtained. About 34 percent of the households in these cities ate out, as compared with about 27 percent elsewhere. Over 47 percent of the former spent 200 rupees or more per month on eating out, and less than one-quarter of the latter did so. Eating out is thus more pervasive among the metro residents, who also spent larger amounts. A majority of the upper-middle income class households in the metros (about 56 percent) ate out, far in excess of those elsewhere (about 40 percent). Also, while more than half of the former spent amounts exceeding 200 rupees per month, about 43 percent of the latter did so.
In conclusion, eating out as a manifestation of dietary transition in India is far more pervasive than a middle-income class urban phenomenon. That this is more typical of large metros is hardly surprising, given the more rapid lifestyle changes, greater exposure to the media, and easier access to eating-out facilities. However, there are also unmistakable signs of dietary changes in the rural areas and among low-income households in response to growing affluence and the ease of eating out.
Vani S. Kulkarni is a Lecturer in South Asian Studies at Yale University. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Raghav Gaiha is a Professor of Public Policy, Faculty of Management Studies at the University of Delhi. Email: email@example.com
This piece draws upon an ongoing study (jointly with Raghbendra Jha) of Dietary Changes, Malnutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases in India.
India in Transition (IiT) is published by the Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) of the University of Pennsylvania. All viewpoints, positions, and conclusions expressed in IiT are solely those of the author(s) and not specifically those of CASI.
© 2010 Center for the Advanced Study of India and the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. All rights reserved.
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Aurora - Fire in the Sky
February 01, 2017
In Earth’s polar regions, the aurora — a ghostly flicker and colorful glow — mysteriously brightens the night sky. One of the most incredible natural phenomena in the world, the array of colors of the aurora is a source of endless theory and wonder. This program investigates the causes of the aurora while highlighting the scientific background and scientific aspects.
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Students discover how a person's environment changes with regards to their identify. Students compare/contrast various environments and cultures. They create a report on one of the most 30 populated countries in the world.
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Economics is the study of the process through which individuals and societies solve a particular human problem. It is the discussion of, and research into, how to ensure that limited resources are put to their most efficient use.
Economics is primarily an analytical discipline. Therefore, the economics curriculum begins with a core of theory and research methods that students will need in order to analyze economic problems. Since many areas of economics have broad social implications, it also provides the opportunity to study economics as a social science and to discover the interrelationships economics has with other disciplines.
The St. Mary’s Economics Department is committed to the academic development of the students as individuals. Members of the economics faculty will advise each student on the composition of an appropriate program, given the student’s interests and objectives.
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The first major astronomical facility of the National Observatory was the No. 1 36-inch, which became operational in March 1960. Since then, the telescope has been used for a wealth of spectroscopic, photographic, and photometric programs.
A CCD camera was installed in 1984, and quickly became the instrument of choice for observers doing deep, wide-field imaging and photometry.
The No. 2 36-inch telescope became operational in 1966 (shortly after the 84-inch was commissioned), and has primarily been used for photoelectric photometry.
During the summer of 1990 the site of the No. 1 was cleared for use by the 3.5-m WIYN telescope, and a single 0.9m facility was made using the best of both telescopes; the old No. 1 telescope is housed in the old No. 2 dome. At that time, operation of the telescope was moved to a control room located downstairs, in order to remove heat-sources from the telescope area, and in order to provide a more comfortable and efficient observing environment.
In 2001 the WIYN Consortium took over operations of the 0.9m telescope. Upgrading the control system and installing new motors and encoders in all axes was performed by Astronomical Consultants and Equipment, Inc.
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Heigh-ho, Heigh-ho, It's Off to the Asteroid Mines We Go?
There's gold in them there asteroids, and many other minerals as well, and though it won't be easy to extract it, the challenge isn't on the unobtanium scale. In fact, asteroid mining could begin as early as 2021. "Technical questions center on 'How much will it cost?' rather than 'How can it be done?'" said Leslie Gertsch, deputy director of the Rock Mechanics and Explosives Research Center.
Researchers in the UK recently identified 12 small asteroids close enough to Earth to be used in mining operations that could begin as early as 2021.
The research was part of a larger effort by both private and public institutions to learn more about the potential for tapping into asteroids that could contain large deposits of valuable resources including platinum, iron-nickel ore or gold. Even if some of the resources were too expensive to carry back to Earth, certain minerals could be tapped to help refuel spacecraft already in orbit.
"If material or volatiles extracted from an asteroid could be used in space to feed an engine or to save launched mass from Earth -- water for life support, for radiation shielding -- the costs of space operations may drop considerably," said Daniel Garcia Yarnoz, PhD Researcher at the Advanced Space Concepts Laboratory at the University of Strathclyde and the lead researcher on the paper.
Of course, mining for those precious and industrial metals far away from Earth comes with several challenges. One of the technical difficulties is to find "easily retrievable objects," or EROs, that can be transported to Earth by changing their velocity by less than 500 meters per second. The EROs also must be maneuvered into an accessible orbit, meaning an L1 or L2 Lagrangian point, an area in space where the gravity of the Earth and the sun balance out.
The researchers at the University of Strathclyde scoured a list of about 9,000 near-Earth objects and identified 12 that fit the criteria for possible mining. One of the asteroids, 2006 RH120, could be sent into orbit by changing its velocity by as little as 58 meters per second, according to the scientists, who said it could be done as soon as February of 2021. If it were set into motion then, the researchers calculated it could reach its destination in five years.
Since that mission would be on a smaller scale and using today's technology, that is a realistic time frame, said Leslie Gertsch, senior research investigator and deputy director of the Rock Mechanics and Explosives Research Center at the Missouri University of Science and Technology.
"Retrieving an asteroid of 2-5 meters diameter is certainly realistic in that time frame, within the constraints laid out in the Yarnoz et al. paper," Gertsch told TechNewsWorld. "Mining enough asteroids of that size to be economically viable is another thing altogether."
NASA Wants In, Too
The research was released around the same time NASA announced plans for a mission designed to help scientists learn more about the resources and experience needed to mine asteroids. The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft is set to launch in September of 2016 and is expected to reach the asteroid Bennu in October of 2018.
Once there, it will scout the asteroid, looking for clues about its formation and the path of its orbit to better determine if mining could pose any threats to Earth. The OSIRIS-REx is then scheduled to return with samples from Bennu that will provide scientists with more clues about the possibilities for mining asteroids.
NASA's effort, together with research that is currently under way, will aid scientists and potential investors in understanding both the challenges and possibilities associated with asteroid mining, said Gertsch.
"The biggest hurdles from the commercial perspective are poorly known costs and poorly known markets; both aspects must be well understood to make a viable case to investors," she told TechNewsWorld.
"Technical questions center on 'How much will it cost?' rather than 'How can it be done?' In the beginning, it will be very expensive and inefficient. Costs will go down and efficiency will go up as experience is gained."
The overall lessons about space exploration that could develop from studying asteroids could also be a catalyst for helping interest and public funding in asteroid mining, said Garcia Yarnoz.
"Some of the main limitations can also be the driving forces or part of the solution," he told TechNewsWorld.
"The cost per kilogram in orbit -- of the order of US$10,000 -- and the limitation in volume on a rocket fairing [are] pushing the industry either towards more efficient launch systems, smart deployable structures, and/or hopefully in the near future, in-site resource utilization," Yarnoz explained.
"The synergies between other asteroid manipulation endeavors may also aid the growth in the industry," he continued.
"The current threat posed by asteroids can spark international efforts to detect, catalog, monitor and characterize the asteroid family of NEOs," Yarnoz observed. "Several deflection techniques, such as laser ablation, have additional applications for opportunistic science or material extraction. Their development could kill two birds with one stone."
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2.2 The case against Milgram
Before you go on to read about the criticism of Milgram’s obedience studies, try to think through all the issues relating to ethics that are raised by this work. In what way were the participants deceived, or harmed? Did they have the right to withdraw? Do you think that in Milgram’s case the ends justify the means? Do the benefits of the study justify the costs? Do you think that the results of the study are worth the pain and discomfort caused to the participants?
Among those who were highly critical of Milgram’s study was fellow psychologist Diana Baumrind. She started her critique by noting the dilemma that all research psychologists face: ‘Certain problems in psychological research require the experimenter to balance his career and scientific interests against the interests of his prospective subjects’ (Baumrind, 1964, p. 421).
Baumrind challenged Milgram on whether he had properly protected the welfare of the participants. She used direct quotes from Milgram’s original report to illustrate the lack of regard she said was shown to the participants. In particular, she noted the detached manner in which Milgram described the emotional turmoil experienced by the volunteers. For example:
In a large number of cases the degree of tension [in the participants] reached extremes that are rarely seen in sociopsychological laboratory studies. Subjects were observed to sweat, tremble, stutter, bite their lips, groan, and dig their fingernails into their flesh. These were characteristic rather than exceptional responses to the experiment.
In Baumrind’s view, and in the view of numerous others, the levels of anxiety experienced by participants were enough to warrant halting the experiment. What is more, just because someone volunteers to take part in the study (i.e. gives informed consent at the start of the study), it does not mean that the researcher no longer has responsibilities towards them and their wellbeing. On the principle of cost–benefit, Baumrind challenged the view that the scientific worth of the study balanced out the distress caused to the participants. She acknowledged that some harm to participants might be a necessary part of some research – for example, when testing out new medical procedures – as in those cases results cannot be achieved in any other way. Social psychology, however, is not in the same game as medicine and is unlikely to produce life-saving results. The strength of the conclusions does not, therefore, justify harming participants. Milgram related his study to the behaviour of people who worked in the Nazi death camps and suggested that his study illuminated the way that ordinary people living ordinary lives are capable of playing a part in destructive and cruel acts. Baumrind dismissed this justification for the study and suggested there are few, if any, parallels between the behaviour in the study and the behaviour in the death camps.
Baumrind went on to make a further criticism by considering the effect of this work on the public image of psychology, and suggested that it would be damaged because the general public would judge that the participants were not protected or respected.
A further potential problem with Milgram’s experiment concerns the participants’ right to withdraw. Do you think that this principle, embedded in the Nuremberg Code, was sufficiently observed in Milgram’s research? Recall that one of the key aspects of the experimental procedure was that whenever a participant demonstrated a reluctance to carry on with administering the shocks, they were told by the ‘experimenter’ in the grey coat ‘you must go on’, or ‘you have no choice; you must go on’. It might be argued that telling a participant that they ‘have no choice’ but to continue with the experiment contravenes the right to withdraw, which is enshrined in the ethics code. To be fair, fourteen of the forty participants in the original study did withdraw, in spite of being told that they had no choice, so it could be argued that, ultimately, the participants did have a choice. It is just that making that choice was made more difficult by the presence of the ‘experimenter’ and by his prods. After all, the study was about obedience, and the instructions from the ‘experimenter’ were essential to the investigation. Exercising or not exercising the right to withdraw is what the study was about.
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Within a few days of a tsunami striking Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactors on March 11, a fierce debate had been fueled about the implications for energy policies around the world. Although the primary focus of most observers has rightly been on the immediate health risks in Japan and on stabilizing the reactors, some media commentators and political figures are already using the incident to argue that nuclear power is unacceptably risky. Some governments have made pronouncements that encourage the antinuclear lobby. Conversely, some observers are offering blanket assurances, saying that the industry’s commendable safety record over the last 30 years should be enough, in itself, to counter the public’s misgivings. Unfortunately, we will hear many such oversimplified, rhetorically heated arguments in the weeks and months to come.
As of April 2011, any debate about the implications of this crisis for the energy industry is premature. It will take into the summer to gather enough facts about the incident to draw reasonable conclusions about the safety and operating practices at this facility — and several more months to establish how those findings should apply to other nuclear plants and other countries. We cannot ignore the risk that a politicized overreaction would lead to hasty bans on nuclear power, and then to further energy shortages, just when the demand for electricity is growing rapidly around the world. The stakes are too high right now to base either political or business decisions on any rush to judgment.
But the events at Fukushima Daiichi do give us an opportunity for more thoughtful discussion on the role of nuclear power in general. This discussion should take into account the technical aspects of reactor design and operation, and the broader implications of energy supply and demand. It should acknowledge the extent to which nuclear energy has provided power that is free of greenhouse gases, while fully recognizing the concerns that people around the world have raised about this energy source.
Most of all, we need to look dispassionately at the trade-offs among the various options available for energy policy, and their impact on safety, cost, and the environment. A hasty, large-scale movement away from nuclear power at this juncture, even if it were practical and possible, would not resolve most of the issues. We can ask two questions as a good starting point for the needed discussion. First, how critical is nuclear energy as a long-term power source for countries around the world? Second, how should the energy industry and policymakers adapt in the aftermath of events at Fukushima Daiichi?
Accepting the Source as Essential
Any sober analysis of the global energy situation would have to conclude that nuclear power is an essential fuel source for many geographies. In a growing global economy, new advances in other forms of energy generation are not sufficient to keep pace with demand, especially if there is a consensus that coal generation should be reduced. Put simply, we cannot afford to turn away from any single option at this point (other than the most aging and inefficient coal plants), and nuclear power must be part of the balance.
In many countries, a long-term shift away from coal to lower-emission fossil fuels and some renewables is in progress; this shift has already brought environment-related protests over natural gas drilling, changes in land use, and higher power prices. To turn away from nuclear energy now would require more use of all other fuels. New technologies such as renewables are viscerally and emotionally appealing; they will surely play an increasing role in power generation around the globe. But, at least for now, they can only contribute to meeting demand; they cannot supplant current sources. Even if solar and wind energy sources became far more prevalent and economically attractive, the sun and wind are intermittent and cannot ensure “always on” power. Widespread use of renewables will require dramatic technological developments in energy storage and production, which are not currently available or even foreseeable in the near term.
That leaves traditional fossil fuels, such as coal, gas, and oil. These all involve short- and long-term trade-offs among environmental concerns, costs, resource availability, and supply security. Certainly, there are many uncertainties that stymie clear decision making; for example, it is not clear whether available oil and natural gas resources will be sufficient to meet the world’s growing demand for transportation or electricity. In addition, in the developed world, a significant amount of coal generation is slated to be retired during the next 10 years, because of aging facilities and relative inefficiency, which further exacerbates future supply gaps.
Moving rapidly away from nuclear power would lead directly to higher power prices, unless a dramatic increase in coal (typically a cheaper option) is accepted. The most extreme price increases would result from forced early retirements of nuclear facilities, because utilities would have to replace lower-priced nuclear power with higher-priced power from other sources.
Given these factors, many nations — especially those where nuclear power is already prevalent — will continue to see nuclear power as a necessary component of their long-term energy portfolio. Though nuclear energy currently makes up only 15 percent of electricity generation worldwide, it constitutes 20 to 30 percent of the energy supply in the U.S., Japan, and Germany, and 75 percent in France. If these countries, and others that rely partially on nuclear power, decide that it should not be part of their long-term energy mix, they will need to engage in challenging and broad new efforts in pursuit of other forms of energy generation. Japan (with some units forced offline since the March 11 earthquake) and Germany (which has already opted to take its pre-1980 reactors offline temporarily to perform safety checks) will be interesting test cases to observe.
It is also important to watch rapidly growing countries such as China and India, which have relatively few good alternatives to meet their expanding energy needs. China, in particular, had planned to build 110 new reactors during the next few years. Those plans have been scaled back for now; only the 27 units already under construction will continue, pending completion of new safety reviews in the wake of the Fukushima incident. Backing off on nuclear energy in any meaningful way would force China to rely more on energy imports and legacy coal production, and its high rate of GDP growth might be constrained.
In short, in every conceivable future, nuclear power is a necessary long-term power source, if only because so many nations count it as part of their short-term portfolio now.
Adaptation and Evolution
How, then, should the energy industry and policymakers adapt after Fukushima Daiichi? First, the public will certainly place a high burden of proof on the industry to demonstrate that nuclear reactors will stand up to human-induced catastrophes or unavoidable forces of nature more effectively — even extraordinary “black swan” events like the tsunami that struck Japan. This must, however, be considered in the context of the existing industry. Continuous safety improvement is already entrenched in its culture. For example, as a response to the events in Japan, the U.S. nuclear industry has begun a self-imposed review of all existing American reactors, without waiting for regulators to mandate one. This includes inspections of equipment and verification of plants’ capability to handle a prolonged loss of power during and after seismic and flooding events, and reassessment of storage protocols for spent fuel to help plants avoid the unexpected dangers that stymied Japanese authorities. In that context, one lesson to draw from the events in Japan is the capability of the industry (and its regulators) to mitigate and recover from adverse events, even in those rare cases when catastrophe is not prevented.
That does not mean we can be complacent about future risks. Both government regulators and the industry should be prepared to improve plant designs and operating protocols still further, with the aim of strengthening long-term safety and reliability. Industry participants need to step back and approach self-assessment and public scrutiny with an open mind, as a welcome step toward an even safer operating environment and thus a more secure long-term industry. They may also need to accept that for current designs and projects, despite significant investments and licensing progress, delays for regulatory review and analysis of potential safety concerns are likely. Even if this adds a few months to the certification and licensing process, the industry has plenty to focus on in the meantime to ensure preparedness for planned construction and to mitigate future delays.
Transparency will be a major factor in gaining acceptance. Safety improvements and focused design enhancements will require open collaboration and meaningful cooperation among all stakeholders, including the public. Risk mitigation of low-probability, high-impact natural disasters needs to be openly assessed and improvements incorporated into site protection and reactor design evolution, where practical. Policymakers and regulators will need to emphasize solutions that genuinely advance the state of industry performance and reduce risk, rather than simply layer on new requirements with dubious safety and public benefits.
Regulators and industry leaders also need to make greater distinctions among different facilities, because risks vary from one location and one plant design to another. Not all nuclear reactors are alike; the lessons gleaned from Fukushima Daiichi will not apply to all plants in Japan, let alone across the globe. Safety reviews should factor in reactor age, geographic context, and the type of technology — several different types of water-cooled and gas-cooled reactors are in use now — to avoid painting all plants with the same brush. The first facilities to review should be those that are most susceptible to low-probability, high-impact events such as hurricanes and earthquakes, and those with the least passive safety in their design. (Passive safety features are those that make use of designed-in operational and equipment controls, rather than relying on human intervention.) At the same time, industry should recognize the global nature of the market and explore ways in which lessons can be shared effectively across geographies. For example, some practices already prevalent in the U.S. (such as having diverse backup power sources and improved spent fuel storage protection) could be more widely applied to the benefit of the industry at large.
Where possible, safety reviews should accelerate a shift to newer technologies. Existing plants have proven to be safe, but the most current “Generation 3” and the proposed “Generation 4” reactor designs have incorporated further significant safety improvements. For example, passive decay cooling, found in the new generation of light water reactor designs, would have broken the chain of cascading failures (of backup power systems and coolant pumps) at Fukushima Daiichi and thereby eliminated some of the factors that precipitated problems there. It will still take several years to bring new plants online, and all existing power sources will be needed in the meantime — but it would be beneficial if the crisis could lead to a measured, well-designed plan to further enhance the world’s nuclear energy footprint. Conversely, if the crisis results in a slowdown in new nuclear plant construction, it could paradoxically result in extending the operating lives of older plants.
For the long term, countries will need to intensify emerging energy technology research and development. Because R&D investment in a single, unproven technology is risky, countries will likely have to invest in a wide range of alternatives, including renewable energy and storage options, as well as coal with carbon sequestration.
Finally, public communication about nuclear power — on the part of both government and industry — will need greater effort. No matter what specific technical outcome emerges, increased investment in nuclear safety will increase the costs of capital investment and operations. To be sure, the economics of new nuclear investment, at least for the first few facilities (which, by definition, face the steepest learning curves), are currently challenged by low natural gas prices. But taking a longer-term view on energy supply — in which a balanced portfolio is a preferred outcome — shows us that it would be premature and risky to turn away from nuclear power. The cost of investing in increased safety will probably force energy prices somewhat higher, but not nearly as high as would a wholesale shift away from nuclear power. Ultimately, energy customers and regulators alike will need to better understand the causes of price changes, the trade-offs involved among energy supply sources, and the recognized risks of related policies.
One potential positive legacy of this situation — a way to commemorate those who have been personally affected by it — would be a comprehensive and thoughtful energy policy that would align government objectives, industry development, and consumer impact. Such a result is going to require more tempered and extended conversation than the current debate has elicited. Instead of arguing for immediate advantage, energy advocates and industry leaders have a chance to think pragmatically about the future. Crises have sometimes led to breakthroughs in capability. Is there some similar possibility here? If so, it must include a recognition of the platform that nuclear power provides for the world’s economy already — and all the ways in which the world’s energy mix needs to develop over the next 15 to 20 years.
- Tom Flaherty is a senior partner with Booz & Company based in Dallas. He works with clients in the electric and gas sectors.
- Joe van den Berg is a partner with Booz & Company based in Washington, D.C., who focuses on strategic opportunities available to energy companies.
- Nicolas Volpicelli is a principal with Booz & Company based in Florham Park, N.J., who works with the aerospace and defense industries. Previously, he served with the U.S. Navy as a first lieutenant and reactor propulsion division officer.
- Also contributing to this article was Booz & Company Senior Associate Owen Ward.
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Centuries of economic theory have been based on one simple premise: when given a choice between two items, people make the rational decision and select the one they value more. But as with many simple premises, this one has a flaw in that it is demonstrably untrue.
The fields of psychology and behavioral economics have experimentally identified a laundry list of common biases that cause people to act against their own apparent interests. One of these biases â the mere fact of possessing something raises its value to its owner â is known as the âendowment effect.â
A new interdisciplinary study from the University of Pennsylvania has delved into whether this bias is truly universal, and whether it might have been present in humanityâs evolutionary past.
The study was led by Coren Apicella, an assistant professor in Pennâs School of Arts and Sciencesâ Department of Psychology, and Eduardo Azevedo, an assistant professor in Whartonâs Department of Business Economics and Public Policy. They collaborated with Yaleâs Nicholas Christakis and the University of California, San Diegoâs James Fowler.
It will be published in the American Economic Review.
A classic endowment effect experiments involves giving participants one of two items, such as a chocolate bar and a mug, and then asking whether they would like to trade for the other. As the starting item is selected at random, there should be a 50 percent chance that participants initially receive the item they like best and thus a 50 percent chance that they will trade.
âWhat we see, however, is that people trade only about 10 percent of the time,â Azevedo said. âSimply telling someone they own something makes them value it more. That is, the way you ask the question changes what item people prefer, unlike what you would expect from rational economic behavior.â
One problem with these experiments is that they generally involve participants from so-called âWEIRDâ â western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic â societies. Apicella drew on her decade-long study of the Hadza people of Tanzania to provide a new perspective. The Hadza are one of the last hunter-gatherer societies on Earth, living in small, nomadic camps that communally share nearly all their possessions.
âWe wanted to examine whether the endowment effect was something that occurs in non-WEIRD societies, since they represent the vast majority of human populations that have ever existed,â Apicella said. âEven if itâs not a perfect window into our past, itâs at least a different perspective than what you get when you study your average college student. The fact that the Hadza remain relatively isolated from Western culture, media and ideals makes them a good group with which to investigate the history and universality of biases like the endowment effect.â
The history of the endowment effect is of particular interest to evolutionary psychologists, as experiments to test its presence in non-human primates, such as orangutans, chimpanzees and gorillas, has been met with mixed results. That some non-human primates exhibit the bias could mean that it was present in the last common ancestor between them and humans, but it could also mean that they learned the behavior by participating in other reward-based studies.
The area of North Tanzania where the Hadza live provided a natural way to further investigate the role of culture in transmitting this bias, as a large lake separates some, but not all, of the camps from a nearby village. People living in the camps on the near side of the lake have much more frequent interactions with tourists and commerce, often buying items from stores in the village, or selling bows and arrows to visitors.
The researchers conducted versions of the endowment effect experiment in several different camps, and compared the results.
In order to avoid bias from items that might be more or less valuable in the environment the Hadza live in, the researchers constructed the experiments so that participants chose between items that had only cosmetic differences. Participants would be given either a package of cookies, with the option to trade it for a different flavor, or given a lighter, with the option to trade it for a different color. They also ensured that the participant knew that the variety he or she received at the start was a random choice, and varied whether the participant got to physically hold the item before given the option to trade it for another variety.
âWe wanted to use both food and tools, as experiments with non-human primates show an endowment effect for the former but not the latter,â Apicella said. âHowever, we saw that it didnât make a difference whether a person was choosing between cookies or lighters. The difference-maker was their relative level of isolation from modern life.â
âThe more isolated Hadza traded about 50 percent of the time â which is what rational people should do,â Azevedo said. People near the village traded about 25 percent of the time, which is much closer to the 10 percent we see with Western students.â
âTo make sure this wasnât a case of the more capitalistic people moving closer to the village, we also asked the people about their social networks,â Azevedo said. âThe percentage of people who named someone in a distant camp was very small. Quantitatively, it seems impossible that the difference in endowment effect between two camps could be explained by migration.â
With that potential caveat accounted for, one explanation for the apparent lack of an endowment effect in the more isolated camps is that the bias is a learned behavior that comes with exposure to capitalistic societies. However, an alternative explanation could be that both groups experience the effect, but it is suppressed in the more communal groups by social pressures.
âWe need to study this further to see which explanation holds,â Apicella said. âEither way the results suggest that these isolated hunter-gatherers are more rational than the average western consumer when it comes to economic decisions.â
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Rosetta’s missing Philae lander has finally been found – less than a month before the end of the spacecraft’s historic mission to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The tiny lander went missing during its touchdown on the surface of the five kilometre wide comet back in November 2014.
New Trans Neptunian objects found in the search for Planet Nine
Astronomers searching the outer solar system for a proposed ninth planet have detected several never-before-seen small trans Neptunian objects at extreme distances from the Sun in the outer solar system. The new discoveries could help planet hunters narrow down the size and distance from the Sun of the predicted ninth planet.
Scientists predict the existence of a new force particle to explain dark matter
Physicists say a new theoretical particle called the Madala boson might help explain dark matter.
Understanding dark matter is one of the biggest puzzles in science today.
Sentinel-1A Struck by Space Debris
The European Space Agency’s Sentinel-1A Earth Observation has been damaged by impacting space junk.
On August 23rd something crashed into one of the spacecraft’s solar arrays.
Expedition 48 returns home
Three expedition 48 crew members have returned safely to Earth following their 172 day mission aboard the International Space Station.
The Soyuz TMA-20 M capsule parachuted down to an early morning landing of the windswept Kazakhstan Step three hours and 22 minutes after undocking from the orbiting outpost’sPoisk docking module.
A SpaceX dragon cargo ship carrying over 1400 kilograms of scientific experiments and equipment has successfully splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean less than six hours after undocking from the International Space Station. The Dragon CRS-9 capsule had been berthed at the orbiting outpost for just over a month on a resupply mission.
Jonathan Nally is the editor of Australian Sky and Telescope magazine joins us to check out the night skies of September on Skywatch.
NASA successfully test-fires its new rocket engine
NASA has successfully tested its RS-25 rocket engine which will power the agency’s massive new Space Launch System -- SLS rocket designed for deep space missions to the Moon, Mars and beyond. The seven and a half minute full thrust engine test took place at NASA’s Stennis Space Centre in Mississippi.
New rocket engine record set
NASA and the United States Naval Research Lab have just set a new Guinness World record for the most rocket engines installed on a single launch vehicle. The Charged Aerosol Release Experiment rocket was fitted with 44 small rocket engines.
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The show notes for SpaceTime with Stuart Gary podcast
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Use a moisture meter prior to watering to see if watering is really necessary, or if it can wait two or three more days. It’s best to water your roses early in the morning or in the evening when the temperatures are cooling off. After a day or two of heavy watering, rinse the bushes off with good, clean water.
When you first start watering your rose bushes, make sure you are watering them in a well-ventilated area. If you don’t have a vent, you may need to use a hose to get the water to the plants. Be sure to water the roses at the same time every day, even if the weather is hot and humid.
This will keep the leaves from drying out and will also help keep your plants from getting too much sun. You can also water them at different times of the day. For example, if you want to plant a new rose bush in late summer or early fall, it may be best to wait until the last day of summer before you water it.
Why are my rose plant leaves turning yellow?
Rose leaves turn yellow as a result of too much fertilizer, nutrient-deficient soil, drought stress, saturated soil, not enough light or because of fungal disease. Rose leaves become yellow in the winter as they enter a period of dormancy. If you notice that your Rose has stopped growing, it is most likely due to a number of reasons.
The most common reason is a lack of light. If you are growing a Rose in a sunny location, you should be able to see the leaves from a distance. You may also notice a change in the color of the foliage.
In some cases, this may be a sign of a fungus or insect infestation, but in other cases it may simply mean that the soil is too nutrient-poor to support the growing Rose. It is also possible that you have over-fertilized your plant, which can lead to yellowing of leaves and a loss of vigor.
Should yellow leaves be removed from roses?
Remove the leaves and stems and put them in the garbage bag. These leaves and stems should not be composted. If you do not have access to a trash bag, you can place the leaves, stems, and branches in a plastic bag and place them in the trash. You can also place them in an airtight container, such as a glass jar, to keep them from drying out.
How often should roses be watered?
It is advisable to water newly planted roses every two or three days. Watering your roses is easy. Just place them in a bucket of water and let them soak for a few minutes. You can also use a spray bottle or a garden hose.
If you’re using a hose, make sure the hose is wide enough to reach the top of the rose, and that the nozzle is not too close to the stem.
Why are my rose bush leaves turning yellow and brown?
Some parts of the country are affected by chlorosis. It can be caused by a lack of oxygen when the plants are overwatered or exposed to too much sunlight. Yellowing of leaves can be a sign of a number of problems, including root rot.
Root rot is a fungus that eats away at the roots of plants, causing them to wilt and eventually die. If you notice yellow leaves on your roses, it’s a good idea to check your soil pH and iron levels to see if the problem is iron-deficiency anemia.
Does rose plant need direct sunlight?
Roses love an open sunny space with no overhanging branches of trees. It is not always possible to have partial shade in the summer.
What does banana peel do for roses?
They help the rose fight off any damage that can come from severe weather conditions by providing the plant with potassium, which can help the plant’s overall immune system. They also provide vitamins A, C, E, and K, as well as minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and pyridoxine.
In addition to potassium and potassium-rich fruits and vegetables, bananas are also a good source of vitamin C and vitamin B6, both of which are important for the health of the skin, eyes, liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart and nervous system.
In fact, a banana peel contains more antioxidants than a cup of broccoli, according to a study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. The antioxidants in bananas include anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids and flavanones. These antioxidants help protect the body from free radical damage and help prevent the formation of free radicals that are linked to cancer and heart disease.
What does Epsom salt do for roses?
Rose enthusiasts use Epsom salts to help strengthen their plants. It is possible to build lush, dark green foliage as a beautiful backdrop to dazzling, bright, abundant blooms. The added magnesium levels help increase the production of chlorophyll in the plant for strength and deep, rich green color.
How can you tell if a rose is overwatered?
Poor drainage and too much water can cause rose bushes to droop. If your rose bush is getting too much water, the leaves will turn yellow. Don’t overwater your roses because it can lead to root rot and cause the plant to die.
If you have a lot of roses growing in your garden, you may want to consider watering them less often. In this case, it may be best to water the roses once a week or once every other week. If you do not have many, then you can water them as often as you like.
Do roses grow well in pots?
Most roses grow well in containers as long as root space is sufficient and care is appropriate. For full-sized rose varieties, containers of at least 2 to 2.5 feet in depth and at least 15 to 20 inches in diameter are recommended, and generally the deeper the better.
Plant in well-drained soil and allow the soil to dry out between waterings. Do not water more than once or twice a week, as excessive watering can lead to root rot, which can be fatal to the plant. Avoid overwatering or overwintering in a warm, dry location.
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The Fascinating Production, Use, and Industry of Petrochemicals
If I told you petrochemicals are an important part of your daily life, would you believe me? After all, it doesn’t sound like something you use. It sounds complicated and technical.
But in fact, petrochemicals are commonplace. In fact. They’re an essential part of modern society. Whether you know it or not, you use petrochemicals all the time.
How do you use them, though? What are they, and what are they used for? We’re going to take a deeper look at petrochemicals, to examine what they are and how we use them in our daily lives.
What Are Petrochemicals?
Petrochemicals are chemicals that come from oils and natural gases. They’re a by-product of the production and use of petroleum and other oils and gases. Beyond that, there are three categories of petrochemicals; primaries, intermediates, and derivatives.
Primary petrochemicals come straight from petroleum and other gases and oils. These include several common substances, such as ethylene, benzene, and methanol.
Intermediates are the step between a simple petrochemical and a more complex derivative. Intermediate petrochemicals are usually created by a chemical reaction. Mixing the petrochemical with another chemical converts the primary chemical into the intermediate.
Petrochemical derivatives are more complex chemicals. They are usually made by combining an intermediate with another chemical. Sometimes this second chemical is another petrochemical. Other times it’s another chemical altogether.
Let’s look at an example of this process. We can start with the petrochemical methanol. By modifying methanol, we can get formaldehyde. If we go a step further, by combining our formaldehyde with phenol, we get our derivative, a resin.
How Do Petrochemicals Work?
Part of the use of petrochemicals is that they’re relatively simple. The chemistry behind them isn’t a difficult as many other examples.
Petrochemicals are molecules that are mostly made up of carbon and hydrogen. These molecules are called hydrocarbons. They share this with many natural gases and oils, including their namesake, petroleum. This is why we synthesize petrochemicals from natural oils or gases.
Hydrocarbons are separated into two categories, saturated and unsaturated molecules. A molecule is in one of these categories based on the kinds of bonds that link its atoms together. A single bond makes a saturated molecule. Double bonds are considered unsaturated.
Most petrochemicals are made out of unsaturated petrochemical molecules. Unsaturated molecules are generally preferred in industry and manufacturing. Unsaturated molecules are more reactive than saturated molecules. That makes them more useful for creating other materials.
From here, petrochemicals divide further, into one of three different categories. The most prominent difference between categories is the shape of the molecule.
Unsaturated molecules that form a straight chain are called olefins. An example of an olefin is the chemical ethylene. Ethylene is the most widely used petrochemical in modern industry.
Hydrocarbons that create ringed molecules are called aromatics. Some common examples of aromatic petrochemicals are xylene and benzene. Benzene is another widely used chemical.
The third and final category of a petrochemical molecule is a synthesis gas. These molecules are your inorganic compounds and are used in things such as methanol. Inorganic synthetic molecules are widely used in the production of things like fertilizers.
The beautiful part of petrochemical production is that this is relatively simple chemistry. It doesn’t take much to understand the processes at work or to produce a specific result. This makes them extremely efficient and useful for industrial applications.
What Are Petrochemicals Used For?
Petrochemicals have a wide variety of uses, from industrial to manufacturing. In fact, petrochemicals see use in different industries all around the world.
Beyond that, petrochemicals are used in the manufacturing of a huge number of products that you use in your daily life. We already talked about how inorganic petrochemical molecules are frequently used in the production of fertilizers. But the number of products containing petrochemicals extends far beyond just fertilizer.
Ethylene, the most common petrochemical, has uses in countless consumer products. Derivatives of ethylene can be found in everything from polyester to antifreeze. It’s also used in the production of most plastics and rubbers as well. Glue, meanwhile, is made from another ethylene derivative, propylene.
Aromatic molecules, such as benzene, are used in the production of paints, glues, and other adhesives. They are also a common ingredient in most pesticides and insecticides.
And inorganic synthetic molecules aren’t used for fertilizer alone. They, too, are often used in the production of plastics and rubbers.
In fact, the manufactures of plastic, rubber, polyester, and other synthetic materials is one of the most common uses of petrochemicals in the industrial world.
From there, these products and materials have countless applications all over the world. Fertilizers, plastics, rubber, and countless other materials and products are directly created using petrochemicals.
And without petrochemicals, we wouldn’t have the countless products made using petrochemical products and this page about boiler tub is a perfect example. Tubes like this are often made from plastics and other materials that are created using petrochemicals.
Without the use of these molecules in industry, the world would look like a very different place. If you aren’t in manufacturing, you might not realize it. But these chemicals help create countless products that you use every day.
Petrochemicals Are an Invaluable Resource
Petrochemicals have been a part of the industry for decades now. And it’s a good thing, too. Petrochemicals are simple and versatile compounds. Without them, countless things that we take for granted wouldn’t be possible.
They’re used in everything from fertilizer to car oils, and from plastics to polyester. Countless modern tools and products rely on petrochemicals for their production.
So whether you work in industry or are curious, take the time to learn more about petrochemicals. We have plenty of resources available to help you do exactly that.
These little molecules are some of the most important chemicals in the industry today. Our world would look very different without them. Let’s give them some appreciation for their work.
Check out the rest of our site to find answers to the rest of your finance and technology questions today!
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Many of these withdrawn lands, referred to as d-1 withdrawals because the public land orders withdrawing these lands were authorized under Section 17(d)(1) of the Alaska Native Settlement Act, are selected by the State of Alaska or Native corporations and are included in other administrative or Congressional withdrawals. Even if withdrawals are lifted, selected lands will remain segregated until the land is conveyed or selections are relinquished. Some lands under study include national wildlife refuge, park and forest systems and conservation units that may have more restrictive or additional administrative procedures to follow before mining or leasing could occur.
The public can review maps depicting withdrawn lands at BLM offices in Anchorage, Fairbanks, Kotzebue, Nome, and Juneau. A 90-day comment period ends on Sept. 15, and people are encouraged to visit the BLM offices to view maps of the withdrawn areas. Additional information and copies of the maps can be obtained by calling Dave Mushovic at (907) 271-3293 or Susan Lavin at 271-3826.
The report BLM is preparing is advisory in nature and no environmental analysis is required under the National Environmental Policy Act. The BLM will focus its recommendations on BLM managed lands, but will incorporate recommendations from other federal land management agencies into the report.
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Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and the men of the Corps of Discovery (Lewis & Clark Expedition) wintered over 1805-06 at Fort Clatsop, located a few miles south of what is now Astoria, Oregon, along the Lewis & Clark River. Nearing the western terminus of its expedition to explore newly purchased territories of the Louisiana Purchase, the Corps traveled along the northern side of the Columbia River. Finding the Native American Indians troublesome and pesky in their attentions, the Corp crossed the river to set up its winter encampment. Little did they know that the Indians also wintered on the south side of the mighty Columbia.
Their stay was marked by the same miserable, cold drizzle that North Coast residents still endure. The men quickly grew tired of the monotonous diet of elk and dog. From Fort Clatsop, Clark and a party including Touissant Charboneau and Sacagawea ventured out to see a beached whale, the cause of much excitement among the local Indians, and possibly trade for blubber. By the time they reached the beach near modern-day Cannon Beach, Oregon, the whale had already been stripped. The site is now commemorated as Ecola State Park. The salt cairn where men from the Corp boiled seawater for salt is located just south of Seaside, Oregon. According to North Coast legend, Lewis & Clark encountered a fair-skinned red-haired freckled Indian, believed to be the descendant of the survivor of a Spanish shipwreck. When Lewis & Clark left for the return journey, they made a gift of the fort to the local Clatsop Indians.
The site of the fort is now a US national park and features a replica of the 50’ x 50’ fort, built in 1955 by the local community. Visitors to the 1250-acre park are free to wander through the fort and enjoy recreations of the mens lives and activities, including flintlock demonstrations. Little known fact: the replica is turned 90 degrees from what is believed to be its original orientation toward the river, in order to make it more inviting to park visitors.
Update In early October 2005, the replica fort was utterly and completely destroyed by fire. Investigators ruled out arson.
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In my previous article about texture filtering I mentioned that scaling down images using point sampling, or scaling to less than half size using linear filtering, looks bad because some source pixels are discarded.
Why exactly is this a problem?
Try this thought experiment:
We have a 256×256 texture, which is being scaled down by a factor of 1/256, so the entire image covers just a single screen pixel. What color should this pixel be?
If we use point sampling, only one pixel of the 256×256 image will be used, and the others discarded. This can give pretty random results depending on which specific pixel happens to be chosen!
Consider what happens if we tile our texture, so the scaled down image is repeated 100 times. If each repetition lines up exactly with one screen pixel, they will all choose the same source pixel, but if repetitions and screen pixels do not line up (maybe you are scaling down by 1/255 or 1/257 rather than 1/256, or using a 3D perspective projection), each repetition will end up choosing a different random location in the source texture. This is basically the same thing as:
for each destination pixel: destination = sourceTexture.GetPixel(random.GetNext(), random.GetNext());
which is not going to give the best looking results 🙂
It would obviously be better if we could average all the pixels from the source texture, rather than having to choose just one of them. But averaging 256×256 color values is too slow to do in realtime.
When you can’t afford to compute something on the fly, it is time to precalculate…
A mipmap is a precalculated copy of an image that has been shrunk to a lower resolution using a more accurate, higher quality filtering algorithm than would be possible in realtime on the GPU. Mipmaps are arranged in a chain where each image is half the size of the previous one, for instance:
- Original = 256×256
- Mip 1 = 128×128
- Mip 2 = 64×64
- Mip 3 = 32×32
- Mip 4 = 16×16
- Mip 5 = 8×8
- Mip 6 = 4×4
- Mip 7 = 2×2
- Mip 8 = 1×1
The GPU will automatically choose the appropriate image depending on how much the texture is being shrunk down.
To draw with mipmaps, you need two things:
- You must include mipmap data when creating your textures (for instance by setting the Generate Mipmaps content processor parameter)
- You must set SamplerState.MipFilter
- TextureFilter.None = do not use mipmaps
- TextureFilter.Point = low quality (but sometimes faster) mipmapping
- TextureFilter.Linear = higher quality mipmapping
- If you draw using BasicEffect, this will automatically set MipFilter = Linear
The difference between Point and Linear mip filtering is how the mipmap level is chosen:
- MipFilter = Point
- Chooses the appropriate mip level depending on how much the texture is being shrunk
- If this is a fractional value, rounds up to the next larger mip level
- This means the mip image may still need to be shrunk by a small amount
- But linear filtering is good for shrinking as long as we don’t go below half size
- To shrink below half size, we’d just choose a smaller mip level instead
- There can sometimes be visible artifacts when switching between mip levels
- MipFilter = Linear
- Samples from both the next larger and next smaller mip levels
- Interpolates between them based on how close the current image scale is to the two mip levels
- Avoids artifacts along boundaries between mip levels
- But we must now sample 8 rather than 4 source pixels for each destination, so this can cost more if your app is texture fetch limited
Let’s see this in action. Here is the linear filtered terrain from my previous post:
And now using mipmaps:
Note how the distant hills appear smooth and free from noisy aliasing.
Popular urban myth #1
"Mipmaps take up too much memory"
Actually, mipmaps use little extra memory, thanks to the power of powers:
- Mip 1 = 1/4 the original size
- Mip 2 = 1/16 the original size
- Mip 3 = 1/64 the original size
- Mip 4 = 1/256 the original size
If you continue this sequence, you’ll see that an entire mipmap chain all the way down to 1×1 takes up just 1/3 more memory than the original texture. So it’s a negligible overhead, especially once you get past that first mip.
Popular urban myth #2
"Mipmaps are slower for the GPU to render"
In fact, they are often much faster! If you aren’t scaling down a texture, having mipmaps won’t cost anything. But when you are scaling down, mipmaps can save crazy amounts of memory bandwidth.
Remember our example of a tiled 256×256 texture, where each repeat is being scaled down to 1×1 (a common situation in things like terrain rendering). Without mipmaps, every destination pixel will sample a radically different location in the source texture, so the GPU must jump around fetching colors from different areas of memory. GPUs typically have very small texture caches, relying on the fact that textures tend to be accessed sequentially, so this access pattern will thrash the cache and can bring even a high end card to its knees. But with mipmaps, the GPU can simply load a small mip level which will easily fit in the cache, and can then render many destination pixels without having to go back to main memory.
So mipmaps are not just for reducing aliasing: they can actually speed up rendering, too.
Shawn’s Recommendation™: if you are going to draw a texture in 3D, or planning to scale it down to less than half size, you should always use mipmaps.
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Three-dimensional mixer is a new type of material mixing equipment widely used in pharmaceutical, chemical, food, metallurgical, light industry and scientific research units and other industries
- Working Principle
- Data Sheet
- Matchable Accessory
Three-dimensional mixer is a new type of material mixing equipment widely used in pharmaceutical, chemical, food, metallurgical, light industry and scientific research units and other industries. It is suitable for mixing powdery or granular materials with good fluidity. At the same time of mixing, you can add some grinding balls for mixing, grinding and mixing effects shall be much better. Furthermore, it is also suitable for mixing varieties of materials, and now it is widely used in mixing more than two kinds of materials in various fields such as electronics (lithium cobalt oxide), ceramics, chemicals, medicine, daily chemicals, organic and inorganic and so on.
The three-dimensional mixer is supported by the universal joints of the
drive shaft and the driven shaft for three-dimensional movement of the
mixing barrel in the X, Y, and Z axis directions and making revolution
movement. The materials inside the mixing barrel do diffusing, flowing
and shearing movements from time to time to strengthen mixing effect of
the materials. Due to three-dimensional movement of the mixing barrel,
it overcomes influences of centrifugal force generated by other types of
mixers and reduces the specific gravity of the materials,enhances the
mixing efficiency of materials.
When the machine is working, the mixer has a three-dimensional movement, and it revolves while rotating. On the one hand, the mixer has a strong turbulent effect, accelerating the flow and diffusion of materials, and on the other hand, it has flipping and translational motions. Overcoming the influence of centrifugal force, the material will not produce specific gravity segregation and agglomeration, and there is no dead angle, ensuring uniform mixing.
1. The 3D mixer has a three-dimensional movement, so that under the action of flow, shear, translation, and diffusion, the material will be aggregated to dispersed and complete the process of mutual doping, ensuring that the material is uniformly mixed, and the uniformity can reach 99.9 % or more. For ordinary mixers, the materials inside the mixing barrel only makes simple movement of separation and recombination, efficiency is low, and mixing quality is poor;
2. The effective loading rate of the barrel reaches 80%, mixing time is short, and it has high efficiency (ordinary mixers only have 40% loading rate );
3. 3D mixer has small height of the machine body and has not special requirements for the plant, which reduces investment in infrastructure;
4. The mixing barrel and the transmission part of the fuselage can be installed on the partition wall, which is convenient to achieve GMP requirements;
5. For the model of SYH-2 mixer, mixing containers in various shapes can be placed in the mixing position for mixing, which is convenient to use;
6. It realizes stepless speed regulation, and is easy to load and unload;
7. 3D mixer has long life and low noise;
8. It realizes vacuum feeding or elevator feeding for users.
|Max Loading Co-efficient||Max Loading Weight(KGS)||Power Supply|
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Lake Tahoe History
Before John C. Fremont found Lake Tahoe in February 1844, the alpine mountain lake was known only to nomadic Native American tribes who journeyed to Tahoe to collect medicinal plants, fish the cool blue water, hunt and gather materials for tools. Then Fremont sighted Tahoe while making his way west, marking Tahoe as a crossing-over point in the Sierras for explorers, settlers and revelers. But with harsh snowy winters, the numbers flocking to the Tahoe Basin remained small, generally guided by legends like Snowshoe Thompson over the treacherous mountain passes.
In the 1860s, though, that all changed. When silver struck in nearby Virginia City, a vibrant lumber community prospered along the shores and into the mountains surrounding Lake Tahoe, with settlers cutting timber, processing in the lake, and then shipping it via flume and later rail to Virginia City. As transportation to and from the lake improved — the first car to survive the pass was in 1905 — intrepid adventurers and those seeking the respite of the great outdoors began to wind their way through the Sierra Nevada range and into the basin.
North Lake Tahoe swiftly became a winter mecca for sports enthusiasts and sightseers alike. Lodges, taverns and casinos thrived, as did restaurants and guided outdoor excursions, and in the summer months, visitors flocked to the sandy expansive beaches and into the crisp air of the mountains cradling the lake.
With the not-so-famous folks came the famous — Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr. and Cher, to name a few — and Tahoe was on the map. When the winter Olympic Games were held at Squaw Valley in 1960, the winter sport’s mania really settled into Tahoe, bringing world-class downhill, cross-country and teleskiing, as well as development of incredible mountain resorts. Eventually snowboarding and downhill mountain-biking also made their niche in the Lake Tahoe basin.
Today, Tahoe beckons people from all over the world to enjoy the natural beauty, crisp clean air, frigid water and all the art, music, sport and entertainment that go along with the world’s most beautiful alpine lake.
Tahoe.com Recommends: The Quirky Side of Lake Tahoe
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Did You Know: The Word “Ketchup” Is Borrowed From Hokkien And Malay Words
Tomatoes were not even introduced into early ketchup recipes until the 19th century.
For a long time, and probably like many of you, I grew up believing that ketchup is an entirely ang moh creation
At least, I believed so of the tomato variant, which is more commonly known as "tomato sauce" everywhere else but America.
After all, the sweet and tangy condiment is often paired with hot and greasy "Western" fare (e.g. fried chicken, fries, nuggets, and hamburgers) and is always on hand at any Western-style eatery, fast food restaurant, and even Ramly burger stall.
That is, until I found out that the word "ketchup" is believed to have originated from the Hokkien word "kê-chiap" and started off as a fermented fish sauce brought over to Southeastern China in the 17th century
The earliest version of ketchup, a thin sauce made from salted and fermented anchovies, is said to have been brought over to China from Vietnam by Fukien (present day Fujian) and Canton (present day Guangdong) traders in the 17th century.
Chinese seamen call it "kê-chiap", meaning brine of pickled fish in the Zhangzhou dialect, a Hokkien dialect spoken in southern Fujian. The caramel-coloured sauce is still being made today, now called nuoc mam in Vietnamese and nam pla in Thai.
In addition to fermented fish sauces, the Chinese would also make sauces and pastes from fermented beans, which Hokkien Chinese traders would eventually bring over to Southeast Asia.
Another prominent theory is that the word "ketchup" entered the English lexicon from "keh jap", literally meaning "tomato juice" in Cantonese. However, historians have argued against this theory in favour of the former, as Chinese traders and merchants back then were mostly of Hokkien descent.
Hokkien traders eventually brought the fish- and bean-based sauces to Malay states, where locals in Malaysia and Indonesia began calling the table sauces "kechap" or "ketjap" respectively
As you would have guessed by now, the word(s) eventually evolved into "kicap", which is now generalised to include sweet and savoury soy sauces in Southeast Asia.
So, how did "kicap" end up entering the English lexicon as "ketchup"?
A popular theory is that British travellers first tasted the sauce in Southeast Asia, and in borrowing from the Malay word, began referring to it as "catchup" and "ketchup".
Later on in 1711, the first known mention of "ketchup" appeared in print in British merchant Charles Lockyer's An Account of the Trade in India (excerpt below), in which he wrote that the "best Ketchup" can be found in Tonqueen (present day Tonkin in northern Vietnam).
At some point, British traders and sailors brought the sauces back to their home country and even tried to replicate the fermented dark sauce they encountered in Southeast Asia
As such, ketchup began adopting British flavours, with recipes calling for ingredients like mushrooms, walnuts, shallots, and oysters replacing anchovies as well as assorted spices like cinnamon, mustard seeds, and cayenne pepper.
Early ketchup recipes in Great Britain, some of which are still in production today, were mostly thin and dark sauces made primarily from mushrooms and walnuts that are often added to soups, sauces, meat, and fish.
Later on in the 18th century, British colonists brought their version of ketchup to English-speaking colonies in America. Funnily enough, tomatoes weren't even introduced into ketchup recipes until the 19th century.
The earliest form of tomato ketchup (or tomato sauce) was probably invented in the United States, as tomatoes are native to North America.
The first known and published recipe for tomato ketchup was written by Philadelphia scientist and horticulturalist James Mease in 1812, which contained for tomato pulp, spices, and brandy. It probably tasted pretty different from the sweet and tangy sauce we're used to, as the recipe did not call for vinegar nor sugar.
Tomato ketchup quickly took off. By the turn of the 20th century, commercial manufacturers began adding sugar and vinegar to prolong the condiment's shelf life, creating the flavour we know and love today.
Apart from "ketchup", these English words were also believed to have borrowed from the Malay lexicon:
It seems unlikely, but Malaysians seem to share the same expression with the Japanese when sh*t hits the fan:
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How did the painting by Edouard Manet "Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe" help to launch Impressionism?
2 Answers | Add Yours
The painting helped to spark Impressionism because it turned away from realism and painted the thoughts of the artist. The painting features two men fully clothed having a picnic with a naked woman. The picture caused a huge controversy. It was the first time that a naked woman was shown with clothed men. While the content of the painting was unusual, so was its style. The lighting in the painting was unnatural and the figure in the background, another naked woman, is way too large for the figures in front. This lack of realistic perspective as well as the controversial topic and the large size of the painting all made a distinct break from the salon style of realistic paintings.
This painting helped to launch Impressionism for a number of reasons. Like Impressionism, the subject was of a moment in time, a genre painting. It captured ordinary people sitting in a park eating lunch, rather than the typical Historical, Royal, Religious or Miltitary subject matter of the time. The painting style is flat, with little modelling of the figures. It was controversial for its placement of the nude woman, who boldly looks out directly at the viewer as if to challenge them to enter the scene. It is the artist, perhaps challenging the established salon of the day to accept or reject this work. Manet is metaphorically slapping the face of the established salon, which was what the Impressionists did in order to establish a new kind of painting outside of the accepted order.
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Big Oil vs. Big Auto: Who gets the easy ride on climate change?
Do we let automakers off easy for contributing to greenhouse gases?
Originally published June 24.
Canada's oil industry would sure love to receive the same level of support from Canadians that the country's auto sector receives. Especially as decisions by politicians over the next few years will have a vitally important influence on the oilpatch's future.
Governments and regulators will have to decide whether to approve two export pipelines, of which the outcome is about as difficult to predict as the recent Brexit vote in Europe.
It's a question of whether you want to be poor. It's a pretty relevant question. I think most Canadians understand the wealth that is generated from the energy sector.- Robert Cooper, Acumen Capital
The oilpatch doesn't want a subsidy or bailout, but it does want the level of goodwill from politicians, support from Canadians and minimal encounters with environmentalists that the country's auto sector enjoys.
The argument goes like this: The vast majority of Canadians burn gas or diesel every day in their cars and trucks, but they aren't all labelled "dirty." Somehow, auto manufacturers seem to avoid the label that plagues the oil industry, even though about 80 per cent of the emissions from a barrel of oil come from the combustion. Energy companies extract the oil, pipelines carry it, and drivers burn it.
So let's ask the question — is the oil industry treated unfairly?
- Oilpatch lowers expectations for future growth
- NEB approves Trans Mountain pipeline with 157 conditions
The feeling of unfairness has come up most recently with the federal government adding new environmental regulations on proposed export pipelines, which extended the process of evaluating Kinder Morgan's Trans Mountain and TransCanada's Energy East projects.
The policy includes considering upstream emissions and further consultation with First Nations.
Cooper suggests an east-west divide is at play considering the oil industry is centred in Western Canada, while auto manufacturing is in Ontario.
Pointing the finger
Canadians have put much more importance on the environment in recent years. In fact, 71.7 per cent of Canadians think governments should take action to protect the environment even if it increases energy costs and hurts some industries, according to a recent CBC/EKOS Research poll.
"Right now people are hyper aware of the impacts of oil and petroleum. They are aware of the climate change effects," said Warren Mabee, director of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Policy at Queen's University, in Kingston. "Pipelines have been saddled with that whole negative impact."
Mabee notices a disconnect in society around climate change. People are less likely to associate cars with climate change, compared to oil production, pipelines and fracking.
Protesting Big Oil
At least one environmental group in Canada admits to spending much more time focused on the oil industry compared to other causes. Greenpeace Canada says it's because it can have more of an impact that way.
For instance, Greenpeace works internationally on reducing aviation emissions and in the U.S. for reduced auto emission legislation.
In Canada, there are campaigns to reduce auto emissions and promote improved public transit, but they don't receive as much media attention.
"Oil and gas emissions are the largest source of emissions, higher than all tailpipe emissions in the country. And they are also the fastest rising source of emissions. So they are the biggest problem in Canada and the one we really have to face," said Keith Stewart, with Greenpeace Canada.
- ANALYSIS: First Nations say they have the power to stop Trans Mountain expansion
- Hundreds opposed to Trans Mountain pipeline rally in Burnaby
The argument behind not protesting outside a GM plant in Oshawa, Ont., or a Bombardier facility in Saint-Laurent, Que., is that environmentalists see a future for those industries.
Who is to blame?
If the oil industry is unfairly treated, it has to accept some of the blame. It's often associated with tailings ponds and massive oilsands mines, while auto plants can conjure images of high-tech tools and, most importantly, workers.
"I don't think the industry has done a particularly good job of humanizing the production side, the development side," said Mark Scholz, president of the Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors.
The oilpatch is spending millions to repair the image. Just about every ad campaign includes faces of workers.
Meanwhile, the industry could promote itself as a high-tech sector and combat any stereotypes that it is stubborn and unwilling to change.
Future of oil
Canada will be an oil-producing country for decades to come, but the decisions on the Trans Mountain and Energy East pipeline proposals, in particular, are critical.
"I think if we get this right, Canada will position itself to take advantage of billions of dollars of global investment," said Scholz. "We can also get things wrong."
There are ways to level the playing field among all sectors. Broad-based carbon pricing systems, like the one in B.C., place the burden on everyone who emits carbon.
In addition, every large government decision should consider climate change, whether it's the Energy East pipeline or an investment in Bombardier, says Mabee, with Queens University.
"Every new piece of government spending, one billion dollars is a big piece, should be subject to an environmental test, and the environmental test should say that you will not add to the emission burden, that we won't make the problem worse."
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English and German are equally important, both as languages of instruction and in other parts of day-to-day school life. Generally, each subject is taught exclusively in one language at least for the duration of one academic year. However, great care is taken to ensure that our students learn important specialist vocabulary in both languages and that the overall distribution of subjects in German and English is as equal as possible.
Computer Skills and Language Certificates
In addition to gaining the ability to participate in multilingual classes in a natural way, our students acquire solid and hands-on computer skills as well. They also enjoy a general education that is both broad and deep and have the opportunity to prepare for language certificates in French.
Our students sit national and international benchmarking tests in mathematics, German and English on a regular basis. Our students sit national and international benchmarking tests in mathematics, German and English on a regular basis. Some students also take part in international competitions in mathematics, history and other subjects.
Transfer to College
SIS Basel offers two paths for students wishing to continue their education after finishing secondary school:
- Students whose performance meets the necessary requirements can transfer to the Bilingual College without needing to sit admission examinations. After another four years, they can graduate with the nationally recognised Swiss bilingual Matura and, optionally, the globally recognised International Baccalaureate Diploma (IB).
- Students can transfer to our International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, which, if successfully completed after three years, qualifies them for admission to university studies in Switzerland or abroad.
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From Ohio History Central
During the late 1800s, support for Prohibition-the outlawing of alcohol's manufacture, transportation, and consumption-gained tremendous support within the United States, including in Ohio. One of the leading organizations that called for Prohibition was the Anti-Saloon League. For the first fifteen years of its existence, this organization and its subsidiaries focused on implementing anti-alcohol laws in local communities. As support grew, including among such prominent Americans as Ohioan John D. Rockefeller, the League began a national campaign to implement Prohibition. In 1913, the League sponsored a parade in Washington, DC. At the gathering's conclusion, the League's superintendent, Purley Baker, presented an amendment to the United States Congress and to the House of Representatives. This amendment would be the basis for the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Anti-Saloon League of America and its state organizations inundated the United States Congress with letters and petitions, demanding the prohibition of alcohol. With the outbreak of World War I, the League also used anti-German sentiment to fight for Prohibition. Many brewers in the United States were of German extraction. Utilizing patriotism and morality, the Anti-Saloon League succeeded in getting the Eighteenth Amendment passed by the Congress and ratified by the necessary number of states in 1919.
Prohibition divided Ohioans. While voters in many communities, including Westerville, openly embraced the Eighteenth Amendment, other Ohioans liked to drink alcohol and actively campaigned against the amendment's ratification. The amendment found especially strong support in rural areas, where Methodism and other evangelical religious groups dominated. Urban Ohioans proved to be much more opposed to the amendment. Undoubtedly, this was because a majority of bars, distilleries, and breweries were located in urban areas. Illustrating this division within the state, when Ohio voters voted to ratify the Eighteenth Amendment, the issue carried by only 25,759 votes.
With Prohibition in effect, anti-alcohol supporters, especially the Anti-Saloon League, entered a tumultuous period. Wayne Wheeler, a prominent League member, believed that the League should focus on enforcing Prohibition by enacting more stringent laws. Ernest Cherrington disagreed and argued that educating children about the evils of alcohol would prevent consumption of liquor and the flaunting of the law in the future. This division dramatically weakened the Anti-Saloon League and allowed opponents to Prohibition to build momentum. Many temperance advocates believed that the struggle was over once Prohibition went into affect, causing many of these people to no longer participate in anti-alcohol organizations. Prominent financial backers withdrew their support as well. Many Ohioans believed that Prohibition supporters were forcing their moral beliefs onto others. Other residents opposed the amendment because many bars, breweries, and distilleries had to close, leaving thousands of people unemployed, once states ratified the amendment. In Ohio, Prohibition opponents actually revoked the state's approval of the Eighteenth Amendment in a statewide referendum in 1919. In Hawke v. Smith, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the state legislature's approval of Prohibition could not be overturned by the referendum. As a result of this declining support for Prohibition, anti-temperance supporters were able to introduce the Twenty-First Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1933. That same year, a sufficient number of states, including Ohio, ratified the amendment, ending Prohibition.
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During the last few weeks we have been covering the section on Gases during our Grade 11 online lessons. This section often sends shivers down the spines of many Grade 11 students all around South Africa! We are here to tell you that this doesn’t have to be the case with you!
- Don’t panic – Most of the questions in this section are long and you need to read your questions properly before you start your calculations.
- Use hi-lighters – Now is the time to grab those hi-lighters or coloured pens! Hi-light or underline the important information if you are given a question in a paragraph form, this will help you to see the values quickly and clearly.
- Write a list – As we do in our online lessons, always write a list with the information that you have been given. Once your list has been written you will then be able to clearly decide which equation to use.
- Choose your equation correctly – If your question uses a change in condition then you will often need to use the combined gas equation, but be sure to check carefully!
- Use the correct units – When using the gas equations remember to always convert your temperatures to Kelvin, as you cannot substitute a temperature in degrees Celsius directly into the equations! Also remember that when using the Ideal Gas Equation you should always use Pa and dm3!
- Don’t rush the maths – Just because you are writing a Chemistry test, don’t think that you can neglect the maths behind each calculation! Many students rush this part and re-arrange their equations incorrectly, resulting in errors in the final answer. Solve your equations step-by-step and always go back and check to see that you haven’t made any mistakes – especially when typing on the calculator!
- Get some help – Still confused? Sign up with Amanda Owen Online Education for extra lessons in Physical Science! Read more about the benefits of our tuition here: Tuition.
WANT TO TRY OUT OUR ONLINE TUITION?
SPECIAL OFFER!! Try one FREE GRADE 11 ONLINE LESSON by using the coupon code below when you book a lesson on our website.
Instructions: Click on the link below to go to our website; click “add to cart”; follow the instructions and fill in your details and coupon code when asked for it. You will be emailed a confirmation.
To book a Grade 11 lesson, CLICK HERE
COUPON CODE: grade11science
Coupon valid until 31/08/2017!
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What Is an Abdominal Aorta Ultrasound?
An abdominal aorta ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging test that uses high-frequency sound waves to view the structure condition of your abdominal aorta. The abdominal aorta is the largest blood vessel in your abdomen. It starts at your diaphragm and follows the curvature of your lumbar spine, supplying oxygenated blood and nutrients to all your abdominal and pelvic organs.
Your doctor orders an abdominal aorta ultrasound to confirm suspicions of any problems with the main blood vessel branching away from your heart. At the Medex Diagnostic and Treatment Center in Queens, New York, a diagnostics team uses the latest technology for imaging testing. Whether your primary care physician, an internist or a vein specialist orders the test, your doctor can detect any disorders of your abdominal aorta.
Why Is My Abdominal Aorta So Important?
Your abdominal aorta is the largest blood vessel in the abdominal cavity. It’s a continuation of the descending thoracic aorta that carries blood directly from your heart. This large blood vessel:
- Conducts blood to the vital organs in your abdominal cavity
- Supplies blood to your pelvic organs
- Directs blood to your legs and feet
- Controls your blood pressure through dilations and constrictions
If your doctor in Queens suspects any blockage or a disease that affects your abdominal aorta, you can undergo an abdominal aorta ultrasound to confirm or dismiss the diagnosis. If you complain of persistent abdominal pain, an abdominal ultrasound may become necessary.
When Do I Need an Abdominal Aortic Ultrasound?
Because of the critical nature of the abdominal aorta in your body, many doctors, including the specialists who practice in the Medex Diagnostic and Treatment Center, request an abdominal aorta ultrasound as part of preventive care. The non-invasive test reveals any abnormal conditions within this critical blood vessel. Abdominal aorta problems pose a risk to your life. An abdominal aorta ultrasound allows your doctor to:
- Find an enlargement of the artery, a condition known as abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Detect blockages or constrictions that arise due to plaque on the aorta walls
- Monitor existing aneurysms or any other known arterial conditions
- Review your condition as a follow-up to an abdominal aorta surgical procedure
Your doctor has the latest medical technology on hand to conduct diagnostic tests. The best way to treat medical issues is by catching them early, when treatment may not be so invasive. So the Medex team of doctors carry out diagnostic tests, including abdominal ultrasounds, CT scans, x-rays and MRIs to get the best picture of a suspected aneurysm or constriction. Early treatment also prevents damage to other parts of your body.
What Symptoms Signal a Need for an Abdominal Aorta Ultrasound?
During your initial consultation for an abdominal problem, your doctor reviews your symptoms and medical history before requesting an abdominal aorta ultrasound. Symptoms that may trigger the need for an abdominal aorta ultrasound include:
- General gut pain or discomfort that’s not from a gastrointestinal cause
- Pain spreading from your abdomen to your legs, pelvis or buttocks
- Back pain
- Shortness of breath
- Tenderness or pain in your chest
- An increased heart rate
- Loss of consciousness
- Sweaty skin
- A noticeable pulse near your bellybutton
- A black or blue toe, which may be a sign of diabetes
These symptoms may point to an abdominal aortic aneurysm, the most common problem associated with your abdominal aorta. This condition causes swelling and bulging of the weakened walls of your abdominal aorta. If not treated early, the aneurysm is in danger of rupturing, leading to internal bleeding. The ultrasound provides your doctor with the needed confirmation to start treatment.
What’s Involved with an Abdominal Aorta Ultrasound?
Unlike some other imaging tests, an abdominal aorta ultrasound doesn’t use ionizing radiation. Instead, the ultrasound machine sends waves into your abdomen to check the abdominal aorta. The quick and painless procedure follows a series of steps, including:
- You’re made comfortable on an exam table in your doctor’s office.
- A sonographer applies some gel onto your abdomen, which helps produce a sharper image.
- The sonographer then rubs a handheld device called a transducer onto your abdomen.
- High-frequency sound waves emit from the transducer. What bounces back are translated into live images through a computer.
Your doctor views the images, but they’re also recorded and sent to a radiologist for a precise interpretation. Your doctor later contacts you with the results and a follow-up treatment plan, if warranted.
How Can I Prevent Abdominal Aorta Conditions?
To prevent any damage to your abdominal aorta, doctors advise preventive measures that include:
- Stop smoking, as this increases the risk of cardiovascular disease
- Eat a healthy diet of whole grains, low-fat dairy products, fruits and vegetables, poultry and fish
- Take up exercise
- Control high blood pressure and cholesterol
Any abnormal condition of this blood vessel requires prompt attention. At the state-of-the-art Medex Diagnostic and Treatment Center, your doctor can diagnose abdominal problems and a wide range of other conditions for the best preventive care. Contact the multi-specialty practice today.
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The University of Cyprus spearheads a virtual reality project
The Computer Science Department of the University of Cyprus is coordinating a Virtual Reality (VR) project, with the aim of training a future generation of innovators and researchers in the field of VR simulation and animation.
Entitled CLIPE, short for Create Lively Interactive Populated Environments, the project is part of the European Union’s Marie Sklodowska-Curie (ITN) innovative training network.
“Achieving such innovations calls for a re-examination of the educational, research and professional goals championed by higher institutions and businesses,” said CLIPE, referring to the growing proliferation of virtual reality worlds, including the recent shift of Facebook towards futuristic digital landscapes.
“The development of entrepreneurial and innovative thinking among young researchers, with the aim of bridging the gap between the needs of the business world and universities, has become a European and global priority, as have efforts to strengthen research, technological development, and entrepreneurship, ”the statement added.
The CLIPE project involves the participation of nine European organizations, all recognized as leading institutions in the fields of virtual reality, augmented reality, computer graphics, computer animation, as well as psychology and of perception.
Besides the University of Cyprus and its role in coordinating the project, the initiative also includes the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya; the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA); University College of London; Trinity College Dublin; the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems; the Royal KTH Institute of Technology in Stockholm; the Polytechnic School; and Silversky3d Virtual Reality Technologies Ltd.
CLIPE has already offered 15 doctoral scholarships to young researchers, with the aim of giving them the opportunity to join a multidisciplinary research network.
Participation in the project will also allow these researchers to gain industry knowledge by working with large companies operating in this field, including BCC, Ubisoft, Golem, Treedy’s and the Amazon Development Center.
“The training and research program, led by the project coordinator, Professor Yiorgos Chrysanthou, is based on a multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral philosophy, bringing together experts from industry and academia and focusing on the development of related skills to research and entrepreneurship, ”explained CLIPE. .
“CLIPE’s research focuses on the main challenge of designing new techniques for the creation and control of interactive virtual characters, taking advantage of the opportunities opened up by the wide availability of emerging technologies in the fields of human digitization and displays. , as well as recent advances in artificial intelligence, ”the statement added.
The CLIPE training program includes a series of workshops, with the first workshop (virtual humans summer school) having already taken place in September this year.
While the workshop was held in a hybrid format, the majority of researchers were able to physically attend the meeting in Ayia Napa.
The workshop also brought together virtually 31 researchers from various international organizations. from all over the world participated in the workshop.
CLIPE’s next training workshop will focus on EU funding, grant writing and career advancement opportunities. It should take place in France, in March.
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Can you lend me your ear? Most people believe they are good listeners without considering the important differences between hearing and listening. The ability to hear is typically innate, but the ability to listen well is a skill that must be developed and practiced. Listening means paying attention and making a conscious effort to process what you hear. It is one of our most important skills and it is also one of the most overlooked. We often take our ability to listen for granted, even though it plays a major role in good communication. So are you the type of person who lets information in one ear and out the other, or are you a thoughtful, actively-engaged listener? Assess your listening skills with this test.
Examine the following statements and situations, and choose the option that best applies to you. In order to receive the most accurate results, please answer as truthfully as possible.
After finishing the test, you will receive a Snapshot Report with an introduction, a graph and a personalized interpretation for one of your test scores. You will then have the option to purchase the full results.
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The Indian forces intruded into the Pakistani area in the Rann of Kutch in April 1965. In a sharp and short conflict, the Indian forces were ejected. Both the armies had fully mobilized, with an eyeball to eyeball contact. Pakistan Army proposed a cease-fire, India accepted. An agreement was signed and the forces disengaged. The Award by the Arbitration Tribunal vindicated Pakistan’s position.
Past midnight on 5/6 September, without a formal declaration of war, Indian Army crossed the international border and attacked Lahore and Kasur fronts. Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force halted the attack in its tracks, inflicting heavy casualties on the aggressor. On 7 September a single Pakistan Air Force Pilot, Squadron Leader M.M. Alam, Sitara-i-Juraat, in his F-86 Sabre shot down five Indian Air Force attacking Hunter aircraft in a single sortie, an unbeaten world record “On night 6/7 September three teams of our Special Services Groups were para-dropped on Indian Air Force bases at Pathankot, Adampur and Halwara to neutralize them.
To relieve pressure on Lahore front, on night 7/8 September, after crossing two major water obstacles in a bold thrust, Pakistani armoured and mechanized formations supported by artillery and Pakistan Air Force overran area Khem Karn, 6 to 8 miles inside Indian territory. Vital Indian positions at Sulemanki and across Rajasthan and Sindh were also captured in bold and swift attacks.
On night 7/8 September, 1 Corps of Indian Army launched its main effort east of Sialkot with one armoured and three infantry divisions on our extended 15 Division front, screened only by gallant 3 Frontier Force and B Company 13 Frontier Force (Reconnaissance & Support). 24 Infantry Brigade (Brigadier A.A Malik, Hilal-i-Juraat) on the move in area Pasrur, rushed 25 Cavalry (Lieutenant Colonel Nisar Ahmad, Sitara-i-Juraat), on 8 September to delay and disrupt enemy thrusts. As soon as the presence of Indian 1 Armoured Division was confirmed, Pakistan Army rushed forward to stop the onslaught on a 30-mile front. The biggest tank battle since World War II was fought on the Chwinda front by 6 Armoured Division with under command 24 Infantry Brigade Groups and valiantly supported by 4 Corps Artillery (Brigadier A.A.K. Choudhry, Hilal-i-Juraat).
Pakistan Air Force support helped turn the tide of the battle. Before a counter offensive by 6 Armoured Division on 22 September could be launched, Indian asked for cease-fire in the United Nations. India’s aggression against our international borders without a formal declaration of war had cost it, apart from heavy personnel, material land economic losses, 1617 sq. miles of territory as compared to 446 sq. miles of our open and undefended territory. Pakistan Army captured 20 officers, 19 Junior Commissioned Officers, and 569 Other Ranks.
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Courses: Living in a Fluid World: Physics of Everyday Life (PHYSH107B01)
Priority given to seniors, then juniors, then sophomores.
Enrollment limited to 35 students.
The physical principles governing life in a fluid environment: how fluids move and exert forces; how organisms swim, fly, and utilize fluids for circulation; and the role of fluid motion in understanding weather and climate. Examples include: how organisms adapt to a fluid environment; how hurricanes work; why the eyes of fish are not in the front; how insects walk on water; the dynamics of flight; the physics of rain; and the predictability of the weather. Intended for students not majoring in the sciences. No prerequisite, but basic high school physics concepts like momentum and energy, and quantitative reasoning skills, will be used.
Syllabus: View course syllabus
Fulfills: NA QU
Haverford, Shrp 412
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According to the Great Service Divide, a report on occupational segregation and inequality conducted by the Restaurant Opportunities Centers United and of Seattle (ROC), “The (restaurant) industry must commit itself to ensure racial equity in the reopening and rehiring of employees and provide earning opportunities for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color in order to dismantle the structural racism that exists in the restaurant industry…”
Which brings us to the question, what are the predominant hiring practices in the restaurant industry?
ROC found that, in the city of Seattle, workers of color represented 30 percent of the total employed population. In the restaurant industry, they made up 46 percent of the workforce. While these numbers suggest the restaurant industry hardly classifies as an unequal opportunity employer, a deeper look into employment practices finds some discrimination at work.
This same study found that the positions in the FOH and BOH were highly segregated by race, ethnicity, and gender. An example of this is the number of bartenders of color in Seattle—only 18 percent. They also found that 26 percent of white bartenders and servers earned a livable wage, while this number dwindled to 15 percent for people of color. In addition, workers of color were disproportionately represented in the BOH and in quick-service restaurants as well as positions such as bussers or runners.
Unequal Racial Distribution
When ROC determined the percentage of workers of color in various positions in the restaurant industry in Seattle, the segregation and inequality were clear.
- Delivery and Room Service: 86 percent
- Runners, Bussers, and Bar-Backs: 63 percent
- Fast Food Occupations: 52 percent
- Cooks: 60 percent
- Counter Attendants: 2 percent
- Supervisory Positions: 40 percent
- Servers: 40 percent
- Bartenders: 18 percent
As many of you know, Seattle is an expensive place to live. In fact, it ranks as the fifth most expensive place to live in America, right behind Manhattan, San Francisco, Honolulu, and Brooklyn. While restaurant workers in Seattle are among the highest paid in the country, only 16 percent of workers of color hold a livable wage position, meaning their income is greater than four times the poverty rate. This figure rises to 27 percent for white workers.
A report from non-profit UC Berkeley Food Labor Research Center and One Fair Wage found that, in New York, only 32 percent of people of color and 33 percent of women are employed in the highest paying front of house positions in fine dining establishments. In Manhattan, 84 percent of the management positions in fine-dining restaurants were held by white staff.
Tipped Minimum Wages and Inequality
They also found that tipped minimum wages can lead to racial and gender pay disparity. Only seven states require employers to pay tipped employees the full state minimum wage before tips. The others require employers to pay tipped employees a minimum direct wage, sometimes as low as $2.13, if wage plus tips equal at least the states minimum wage.
In New York, the minimum cash wage is $7.85 with the maximum tip credit against minimum wage at $3.95 for tipped food service workers. The minimum wage in New York is $11.80.
Their study revealed, “a nearly $5 per hour differential in wages (including tips) between black-tipped women and white men tipped workers nationally, and a nearly $8 per hour differential in New York.” Research also showed that, in general, black workers receive fewer tips than their white counterparts, regardless of their position.
Restaurants and Equitable Hiring Practices
The restaurant industry has always been a primary employer for millions of workers. Before the pandemic struck, there were approximately 1 million restaurants employing over 15 million people. Our industry now has the opportunity, as we struggle to make our way out of the COVID-19 mire, to transform our hiring and promoting practices, ensuring we are considering ability over race or gender. When promoting, look to all existing staff, creating an environment that incentivizes those that excel and a culture that defines work well done based on actions and attitude, not the color of one’s skin or gender.
Regulators can also assist in reducing racial and gender discrimination. ROC and the Harvard Law School Food Law and Policy Clinic identified three incentives that policymakers should consider: tax, licensing, and recognition. They shared the example of Austin, Texas, and their Business Expansion Incentive Program, which provides property tax reimbursements and a percentage of wage reimbursement to employers who pay their employees at least the city’s living wage, which is currently $15 per hour.
ROC United, Race Forward, and the Center for Social Inclusion has created a Racial Equity Toolkit for Restaurant Employees that provides employers with “step-by-step resources to assess, plan, and implement steps towards greater racial equity on the job.” Partnering with Alta and Homeroom, two respected restaurants in the San Francisco Bay Area, they identified the skills and tools that can help identify if and where racial bias exists in your establishment, both conscious and unconscious, and help develop a plan to eliminate any discrimination.
The National Restaurant Association and the Multicultural Foodservice & Hospitality Alliance (MFHA) teamed up to create the online training program, Understanding Unconscious Bias in Restaurants. The program consists of two 30-minute training modules, one geared to managers and the other for employees, that help staff recognize unconscious bias and take steps to promote a fair, respectful, and inclusive workplace.
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Declaration of Independence: Summary, Text & Signers
When he penned the Declaration of Independence in 1776, Thomas Jefferson had an inkling of the consequences it held for the 13 colonies, who were announcing their intention to break free from the shackles of British rule. What he and the other signers may not have anticipated, however, were the widespread effects the powerful words would also have around the world. The promise was evident in the famous phrases scrawled near the top of the document:
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
The Declaration of Independence didn't just change the course of American history, but created a ripple effect that nudged a host of other nations toward independence, making a revolutionary poster boy of Jefferson in the process.
Britain's vast army was already on its way towards New York Harbor when Jefferson sat down to compose the Declaration in June of 1776, beginning:
"When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation."
The ideas Jefferson expressed, which justified the reasons for revolt with a list of charges against the British king, weren't original. A number of global texts written during the highly charged Enlightenment years of the 17th and 18th centuries included similar ideals about liberty and the right to self-determination, and Americans throughout the colonies were already promoting the progressive worldview in newspapers and schoolbooks.
It was the fiery political climate into which the Declaration was born that made Jefferson's words so important. When his final draft was edited and adopted by Congress on July 4th, the statement signified independence, but it also solidified the path to all-out war, and not just in the new United States.
Liberty gets going
Immediately after it was printed, the Declaration sparked worldwide debate on the legitimacy of colonial rule.
Several countries used the document as a shining beacon in their own struggles for independence and adopted Jefferson as their figurehead. Jefferson himself predicted that American independence would be a catalyzing force — a "ball of liberty," he called it — that would soon make its way across the globe.
First came France, whose revolution in the 1780s and 90s drew upon the American experience and literature for inspiration. Jefferson happened to be a minister to France at the time and became an ardent supporter of the revolutionaries, even helping to draft a charter of rights in support of a new republic, eerily similar to the one he'd written just over a decade prior.
With its mother country France in disarray, another colony inspired by the American Revolution sought independence in the late 18th century. Haiti had been a profitable sugar and coffee colony for centuries, known as one of the cruelest plantation islands in the Caribbean. Led by freed slave Toussaint L'Ouverture, who quoted both France and America's declarations to stir the uprising, Haiti achieved its own liberty in 1804. Ironically, former slaves in Haiti had used the Declaration of Independence as a model in their fight for freedom while the document gave no such rights to slaves in the United States.
In the years that followed, themes from the Declaration were sourced and reinterpreted for further independence movements in Greece, Poland, Russia and throughout South America. A world of empires was gradually turning into a world of sovereign states. — Heather Whipps
Full Text of the Declaration of Independence
What follows, the original transcript of the Declaration of Independence, was provided by the U.S. government via archive.gov:
IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
Who Signed the Declaration of Independence?
Here are the 56 signers of the document:
Column 1 Georgia: Button Gwinnett Lyman Hall George Walton
Column 2 North Carolina: William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina: Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward, Jr. Thomas Lynch, Jr. Arthur Middleton
Column 3 Massachusetts: John Hancock Maryland: Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia: George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson, Jr. Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton
Column 4 Pennsylvania: Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware: Caesar Rodney George Read Thomas McKean
Column 5 New York: William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey: Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark
Column 6 New Hampshire: Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Massachusetts: Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island: Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut: Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New Hampshire: Matthew Thornton
This article, adapted and updated, was originally part of a LiveScience series about People and Inventions that Changed the World.
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By Sarah Moore
By Harry Baker
By Sascha Pare
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Of the five senses, smell is the most mysterious. It’s easy to understand the more tangible senses of sight, touch, taste, and sound, but what exactly goes on when we smell something? Scientists have recently gotten a better understanding of the sense of smell with a breakthrough discovery involving the way our bodies develop and maintain the sense. It seems that we develop our sense of smell, or olfactory system, early in life. Once this system is implemented, it stays for life. This discovery is not only important in understanding how our nose works but can also be used to develop a deeper understanding of neurodevelopment and psychiatric disorders.
The study, published in Science, was conducted at Drexel University and involved working with the odorant receptor MOR28 in mice. The scientists were able to create a version of MOR28 that could be expressed or suppressed at key developmental times. In the typical mammalian olfactory system, neurons expressing a receptor gene like MOR28 will be found randomly sprinkled around the lining of the nose. Their long and wiry axons all connect to two symmetrical pairs of structures called glomeruli within the brain’s olfactory bulb. The glomeruli then send the signals to the rest of the body. According to the press release, the study found results which suggest that neurons in the nose influence each other during early development as they find their way to the glomeruli. This goes against the traditional understanding that the neurons have no contact with each other as they try to reach the glomeruli.
Arguably, the most important discovery of the study was the idea of a limited time period for the formation of the olfactory system. “We conclude that there is a critical period for the formation of rerouted-MOR28 glomeruli that ends at birth or shortly thereafter,” the lead researchers Lulu Tsai and assistant researcher, Gilad Barnea wrote in the press release. Following this realization, the researchers then concluded that they did not need to maintain expression of the engineered MOR28 for the rerouted connections to last into adulthood. Once they are established, they will remain. In a different experiment using the same lab-engineered MOR28, the researchers were able to conclude that adults are unable to create new rerouted glomeruli, although they can restore the existing ones.
Overall, the scientists found that the fundamental wiring of the sense of smell is laid out and implemented very early on, and once it is established, it lasts for life. This discovery could also be used to give insight into understanding neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. This is because it suggests that early development has lifelong consequences. The findings could also help regenerative medicine. “It is clear that there is much for us to learn about the development of neural circuits,” Barnea explained in the press release. Still, this major development in understanding the differences between early development and the adult system is a huge breakthrough in science.
Source: Tsai L, Barnea G. A Critical Period Defined by Axon-Targeting Mechanisms in the Murine Olfactory Bulb. Science. 2014.
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Definition von 'insertion
Beispielsätze, die 'insertion' enthalten
This is a procedure that involves the insertion of one or more silicone implants and can take as little as an hour to perform.Times, Sunday Times (2016)
This time the person concerned was a burly Englishman who dealt with any resistance to tube insertion by the use of brute force.Times, Sunday Times (2006)
Trends von 'insertion
Definition von insertion aus Collins Englischen Sprache
Why every generation is at risk
We take a look at the etymology behind the word 'election' in the run-up to the UK General Election in June
Language expert Ian Brookes looks at the word 'election' and its origins.
Join the Collins community
All the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month.
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By: Sheamus O’Connor
The Pollinator Link garden Mount Gravatt State High School welcomed the cool change that came with the enormous and fierce storm that hit South-East Queensland this week. Heavy rain came with it, which the plants and animals were crying out for. We had been waiting for this rain for a reasonable amount of time, and to prepare the site for the summer wet, most of the soil was covered with a healthy layer of stunning mulch.
The Pollinator Link garden suffered, like most things, during the period of extreme heat and blistering sunny days. Yet, there were only a few fatalities, and many plants pushed on. The plants reacted almost instantly to the downpour we had, such as Bottle-brushes producing new soft growth.
Site 1, being the most established, is a great example of what the entire link will eventually appear like. The small area is thick and dense due to the astounding growth of the Scented-top Grass Capillipedium spicigerum, as well as, lush new growth from the Brisbane Wattle Acacia fimbriata. There once was about a dozen Black She-Oaks Allocasuarina torulosa here, however, all but one died, possibly some root disease…
In terms of invasive plants, there are only two ‘hard-to-tackle’ species. There is a large Mother of Millions Kalanchoe delagoensis, population, which over time will be controlled. Probably the most difficult plant is the dreaded Cadaghi tree Corymbia torelliana, growing into massive trees which are also a large problem for our native bees. Yet, over time, these species will be controlled, and the Pollinator Link will be home for a countless number of plants and animals.
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol:
It is a Link-State dynamic routing protocol used primarily in large networks. It routes packets within an AS (Autonomous System) – Interior gateway protocol (IGP). OSPF networks as assigned an Area identifier (32 bit length). The area identifier can be same as the IP address. OSPF can handle duplicate ip addresses without any conflict.
OSPF does not use UDP or TCP but rather directly encapsulated into IP datagrams.
OSPF areas include Backbone area (area 0), Stub area, not so stubby area (NSSA).
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP):
It is a path-vector based dynamic protocol that is widely used in ISP. It is an exterior gateway protocol (EGP)
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Castles originated in Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries. They were built by the nobility as fortified residences to control the area surrounding them. The castle was also a symbol of power. Their purpose was both offensive and defensive. In the 15th and 16th centuries, castles were not the residences they once used to be due to the invention of gun powder in the 14th century and the improved canon fire that came later, which could break the castle walls, therefore the original castle was being replaced by artillery forts. Then in the 18th century, mock castles were being built. In the Americas, some true castles were being built by the Spanish and French colonies.
In New York State, there are many structures called castles. The usage of the word castle has changed over time and most of the structures we call castles are not true castles for they were not built for defensive purposes. But, these structures were designed with the true castles in mind and each has its own story. New York State is home to many of these magnificent structures. The following is just a sample of the "castles" and does not include the several private residences that are not open to the public.
Adirondacks and North Country:
Boldt Castle - Around 1900. Inspired by the castles of Germany's Rhine Valley ...more
Singer Castle - 1905. Architect Ernest Flagg designed the Castle after inspiration from Sir Walter Scott's novel about Woodstock Castle (1832) in Scotland ...more
New York State Military Museum - 1889. Armory architecture. Located in Saratoga Springs ...more
Bannerman Castle - 1901. Simulated Scottish castle. The Bannerman Castle Trust, Inc. is dedicated to the preservation of Bannerman Castle as an educational, cultural, and heritage tourism resource in the Hudson Valley ...more
Castle Rock - 1881. The estate of former Illinois Central Railroad president William H. Osborn in Garrison, New York, United States. The Osborn family has owned and lived in it since it was built by J. Morgan Slade in 1881 as a summer residence, although the original acreage has been subdivided considerably since then. Most of the remaining land is now open to the public for hiking.The house property remains private. Cat Rock - 1919. In process of restoration, also privatley owned. ...more
Emma Willard School - 1910. Three of the first structures were of Tudor Gothic style. Current home of the nation's oldest secondary school for girls, and carries on the tradition of leadership in women's education begun in 1814 by its founder, Emma Hart Willard ...more
Frederick Ferris Thompson Memorial Library - 1905. "The architectural character of this building, which mixes clear, box-like, Beaux-Arts massing with complex Gothic decorative detail, provides the dominant formal theme for the west side of the campus." At Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY ...more
Lyndhurst - 1838. Gothic Revival. Tours, hiking and biking
Mount Saint Alphonsus - Around 1908 Seminary school.
Olana - 1870's -1891. "FredericChurch spent the next two years working with Vaux designing and building a home that would be, as he called it 'Persian, adapted to the Occident' " ...more
Ward Manor Gatehouse - 1918. Jacobean/Elizabethan structure
"In 1963 Bard purchased the Ward Manor property, significantly expanding its campus and dormitory capacity. Originally known as Gate Lodge, it was designed by Francis Hoppin and built in 1918 as the gatehouse to the Louis Hamersley mansion, later called Ward Manor. The gatehouse now houses the vocal arts program."
Wing's Castle - located in Millbrook NY. Ajoins the Millbrook Winery property. Tours available. ...more
Hempstead House and Castle Gould - The design of Castle Gould (1904) was based on Kilkenny Castle in Ireland. Hempstead House, designed in the style of a Tudor manor house, was completed in 1912 ...more
La Falaise - 1923. The architecture is French eclectic. The design is based on a 13th century Norman manor house ...more
Westbury House - or Castle - 1906. Charles II-style mansion ...more
Beardslee Castle - 1860. Replica of an Irish Castle, located in Little Falls, NY. Creative cuisine, wedding receptions, banquets, special events. 123 Old State Road, Little Falls, NY 13365
New York City:
Belvedere Castle - late 1800?s. Contains exhibit rooms and an observation deck. Reopened the structure on May 1, 1983, as the Henry Luce Nature Observatory. http://www.centralpark.com/guide/attractions/belvedere-castle.html
Castle Williams - Designed and erected between 1807 and 1811. Protect New York City from naval attacks. Located on the northwest point of Governors Island ...more
The Cloisters - Reconstructed in the 1930s from several other buildings. A branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of medieval Europe ...more
Fonthill Castle - 1852. A Gothic Revival style building consisting of a cluster of six octagonal towers at varying heights. Part of the College of Mount Saint Vincent in the Bronx.
Glen Island Castle - 1879. German Rhineland. No longer in use. Located in Glen Island, New Rochelle. ...more
Iona Castle - Originally was built in Germany, and then was disassembled and shipped to New York in the 1920s
Leland Castle - 19th century. Also known as Castle View. Gothic revival style. Currently houses the administrative offices of the College of New Rochelle and the college's Castle Art Gallery ...more
Reid Hall - 1892. Renaissance Revival style. An historic academic building located on the campus of Manhattanville College at Purchase, New York. Reid Hall was at one time a potential site for the United Nations ...more
Wards Castle - 1870's. Rye Brook, NY. Second Empire, Gothic Revival ...more (Port Chester, Westchester County, NY)
Whitby Castle - 1852. Contains stones from the original Whitby Abbey in England and thus the family chose "WHITBY" as the title of the estate. In 1965, the City of Rye purchased the property to be renamed Rye Golf Club as it is known today ...more
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Over the Earth I Come: The Great Sioux Uprising of 1862
St. Martin’s Press, 1992
December 26, 1862. On the day after Christmas in Mankato, Minnesota, 38 Sioux Indians were hanged, by order of President Abraham Lincoln. It stands today as the largest mass execution in US history. In Over the Earth I Come, Schultz brilliantly retells one of American’s most violent and bloody events, the Great Sioux Uprising of 1862. It recounts a part of American history that should never be forgotten.
In less than one week in August, the Sioux went on a rampage throughout Minnesota that left hundreds of settlers dead. Whole families were burned alive in their farmhouses. Children were nailed to barn doors, girls raped by a dozen braves and hacked to pieces, babies dismembered in front of their horrified mothers. Nearly 40,000 settlers became refugees, and for one brief moment in time, the Sioux people were restored to their ancestral land and reclaimed their pride and dignity.
This well-researched and insightful narrative uncovers the events and injustices that sparked the uprising. The Minnesota Sioux, perceived as a peaceful tribe, harbored intense resentment over the lands appropriated by Whites, the disappearance of the buffalo, repeatedly broken treaties, and lies and deceptions of the US government and its representatives. That summer, delayed annuity payments from land treaties, and the refusal of traders to release food to the starving Indians, sparked the series of wars between the Sioux and the settlers.
Skillfully interwoven from personal local histories and contemporary accounts; an intimate view of a desperation and bloodshed on the Great Plains that is as poignant as it is tragic
History that reads like a novel
Schultz is a master at using exciting, informative prose and authoritative sources to reconstruct the frontier conflict
An even-handed distribution of blame and a fine description of the events in this little-remembered bit of our history
Combines a gripping story with an explanation of the underlying causes. Schultz convincingly conveys the fears and frustrations on both sides
Schultz’s capably researched and tautly written Over the Earth I Come reminds us that responsibility for the abominable events that occurred during the Indian wars cut across ethnic boundaries. He uses a journalistic narrative style to bring to life the great Sioux uprising and successfully resists the pressures of political correctness. He offers vivid evidence that barbarity and treachery are qualities that characterize all groups, tribes, and nations
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Yet even with recent feats of computational genius — for example, Google DeepMind beating a human player in the game Go — AI scientists say they still have a long road ahead.
Tech Insider spoke with AI researchers, computer scientists, and roboticists around the world about what it is going to take to build a machine that's able to think, work, and feel like a human.
Scroll down to see their lightly edited responses.
Bart Selman said computers need to learn how to understand the world like a human.
"The big obstacle, though it's not an obstacle because I think it will just take time, is the computer has to learn more about the way we see the world.
"It's very hard to understand the world from a human perspective. Intelligence relies on the way we view the world as humans, and the way we think about the world.
"Computers are just starting to be able to hear and starting to being able to see images. Those are tremendous improvements in the field in the last five years.
"We're doing that by having computers read millions of texts and pages from the web, by hooking them up to cameras and moving them around human environments."
Commentary from Bart Selman, a computer scientist at Cornell University.
This experience of the world will foster more intelligent AI, Peter Norvig says.
"AI needs to experience living in the world.
"We are very good at gathering data and developing algorithms to reason with that data. But that reasoning is only as good as the data, which, for the AI we have now, is one step removed from reality.
"Reasoning will be improved as we develop systems that continuously sense and interact with the world, as opposed to learning systems that passively observe information that others have chosen."
Commentary from Peter Norvig, director of research at Google.
To do that, Yoshua Bengio says computers should be trained to learn like children.
"Right now, all of the impressive progress we've made is mostly due to supervised learning, where we take advantage of large quantities of data that have already been annotated by humans.
"This supervised learning thing is not how humans learn.
"Before two years of age, a child understands the visual world through experiencing it, moving their head and looking around.
"There's no teacher that tells the child, 'in the image that's currently in your retina, there's a cat, and furthermore it's at this location' and for each pixel of the image say 'this is background and this is cat.' Humans are able to learn just by observation and experience with the world.
"In comparison to human learning, AI researchers are not doing that great."
Commentary from Yoshua Bengio, a computer scientist at University of Montreal.
Yann LeCun echoes the idea that computers need to be more like babies.
"The short answer is: we have no idea. That's why it's very difficult to make predictions as to when 'human-level AI' will come about.
"Right now, though, the main obstacle we face is how to get machines to learn in an unsupervised manner, like babies and animals do."
Commentary from Yann LeCun, director of Facebook Artificial Intelligence Research.
That includes learning a kind of common sense, says Ernest Davis.
"The lack of common sense reasoning is a major obstacle. There's large amounts of basic understanding of the world that we haven't been able to get programs to do.
"To a very large extent, AI programs work by avoiding the problem, work by getting around the understanding of language or understanding what the text means and what it says about the world. There are limits to that.
"Before we can get fully intelligent programs, those problems are going to have to be overcome. But we don't know how we ourselves understand the world, mostly, so these traits are incredibly difficult to emulate in a program."
Commentary from Ernest Davis, computer scientist at New York University.
Murray Shanahan notes that computers also need to be more creative.
"The two biggest obstacles to human-level AI are endowing computers with common sense and endowing them with creativity.
"By endowing them with common sense, I mean giving computers the ability to understand the consequences of everyday actions — actions on physical things or social actions, things that you say or do with other people.
"By creativity, I don't mean the kind of thing that Mozart or Einstein could do, but the kind of thing that every child is capable of when they play.
"That kind of creativity is just being able to come up with completely new sorts of behavior and to explore them in an effective way, which children are amazing at. That's how they learn.
"We really don't know quite how to endow computers with those two capabilities yet."
Commentary from Murray Shanahan, a computer scientist at Imperial College.
Carlos Guestrin said computers need to be able to understand abstract concepts like humans do.
"Humans have developed what are called abstractions — we can think about, for example, cars generically without thinking about a specific type of car, but we can also quickly dig down to a specific car and to parts of cars. We can learn about those abstract notions and those specific notions very quickly through only a few examples.
"Today, it takes computers a lot of data, a lot of examples of cars, to learn what a car is. Then to generalize and represent different levels of abstractions or different levels of specificity is extremely difficult.
"That's one big gap between what a human can do, even a child can do, and what a computer can do."
Commentary from Carlos Guestrin, the CEO and cofounder of Dato, a company that builds artificially intelligent systems to analyze data.
The fundamental problem is that AI know can only do what they're told to do, says Michael Littman.
"Some of the great successes lately have been things like deep learning — methods that take lots and lots of data and then are able to mimic human judgments about that data. Things like object recognition — where you show the computer a picture and it can label that picture, 'oh that's a woman by the beach,' that kind of thing.
"What's missing from a lot of these systems at the moment is a notion of a will — a desire to do something in the world. It's just doing what it's told, which is to map inputs to outputs.
"There's not a lot of room for creativity there. The kinds of problems we are asking these systems to do are not really on a path towards a sentient system."
Commentary from Michael Littman, a computer scientist at Brown University.
Matthew Taylor says computers just can't do as many things as humans can.
"Programs that think like humans are so far beyond where we are right now. I don't think the field even knows the right direction to in go to achieve that goal, let alone what the big roadblocks are.
"It would be really nice if we had artificial general intelligence but that's a long way away. Even winning Jeopardy, that's still a very constrained situation.
"That computer didn't need to know anything about how to walk or how to move, it didn't need to know that water is wet, or that people eat food — all this basic stuff that we take for granted.
"Computers have a ways to go before they can even use that kind of knowledge."
Commentary from Matthew Taylor, a computer scientist at Washington State University.
Toby Walsh says computers need to be more adaptable.
"We have some pretty good examples of superhuman performance, computers able to perform at levels which exceed those of humans.
"In the game of chess, answering questions on Jeopardy! — computers have clearly, demonstrably proved themselves able to perform at the level if not above the level of humans."
"But the thing that humans are just so wonderful at is our adaptability, our ability to work in new situations. If I parachute you into a new situation, you will very quickly adapt and work in that situation.
"Computers are still driven and very focused on what they've been told to do — they're very unadaptable at working.
"If you change the parameters, like 'don’t play chess, play backgammon.' The Deep Blue chess-playing program is no good at backgammon. Getting the breadth of ability of humans is certainly going to be a big challenge."
Commentary from Toby Walsh, a professor in AI at the National Information and Communications Technology Australia.
Shimon Whiteson said we need to figure out how to get robots to move quickly between tasks.
"If we are talking about building a system that has intelligence which is at a comparable level to that of a human being, one bottleneck is computational power. The hardware just needs to get better. But this is a very transient obstacle because computers are getting faster all the time.
"It will only be a matter of years before we have much more powerful computers that can do things we can't even imagine today. When the computational power is here I think we have good algorithms for doing AI, good algorithms for learning.
"But there are some things we can't do well. Humans, for example, are really good at generalizing in different situations.
"You learn one task and can very quickly apply what you've learned to a different task, even if the relationship between the tasks is not that obvious. This is something that computers are really bad at that we don't have good algorithms for."
Commentary from Shimon Whiteson, an associate professor at the Informatics Institute at the University of Amsterdam.
Thomas Dietterich says we need to build computers that can do different things.
"When people talk about 'human-level AI' they typically mean 'human-breadth AI.'
"Adult humans can answer questions and solve problems across a wide range of activities — finance, sports, child rearing, collaboration, opening packages, planning trips, packing a car, and shopping for a vacuum cleaner.
"No AI system comes anywhere close to having this immense breadth of capabilities, particularly when it comes to combining vision, language, and physical manipulation.
"Additionally, we don't even know how to represent the knowledge and information that is needed for all of these different tasks.
"Hardly any AI research groups are studying this question. Instead, they are focused on improving computer performance on narrow tasks.
"It is easier to make progress and measure success on narrow tasks, whereas it is difficult to develop useful measures of general intelligence. We hardly know where to begin."
Commentary from Thomas Dietterich, the President of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence.
To build a computer that can do all the different things a human can, Subbarao Kambhapati says two areas that have developed in isolation need to come together.
"There is great progress being made in understanding low level perception — being able to see the world, hear the world, touch the world, open doors — a very complicated, very technically challenging set of capabilities.
"We have also made progress at the top level — being able to reason about other people's minds, and then trying to anticipate their actions.
"But these pieces have been done separately, and bridging them is going to be a very important challenge.
"For example, when humans see a surveillance video, we start making a story up in their minds, that this guy is trying to do the following thing and this other guy is trying to do the following thing.
"That ability requires two different sorts of processing — one is low-level vision, and the other is higher-level reasoning about people's goals and intentions. They need to be combined."
Commentary from Subbarao Kambhapati, computer scientist at Arizona State University.
Lynne Parker says we don't have a single clue about how to build thinking, conscious machines.
"I don't have an answer for the obstacles in our way to building human-like robots, because we just don't know enough about how people reason. We haven't figured out the fundamental principles, so I don't think we know what the hurdles are.
"Maybe we need to find a way of representing and interconnecting facts, knowledge, and methods of reasoning — the whole structure of what intelligence looks like might be necessary to understand in order to achieve sentient reasoning in AI, but we don't even know what that looks like in the human brain.
"Whether or not we can achieve that without mimicking the human brain, I don't know. But there's something fundamental that we're not getting, in terms of how AI should be structured."
Commentary from Lynne Parker, the division director for the Information and Intelligent Systems Division at the National Science Foundation.
Particularly because we don't know how humans reason or create consciousness, according to Manuela Veloso.
"The obstacles are that we don't know much about how humans reason.
"We do know that humans can make a lot of decisions that are connected to functions. They can cross roads, they can pick up objects, they can construct things.
"We have to understand how people do it, but we also have to define the problems in a way that we can find algorithms to do them."
Commentary from Manuela Veloso, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University.
Stuart Russell thinks we need to knock consciousness off its pedestal.
"I used to say that if you gave me a trillion dollars to build a sentient or conscious machine I would give it back. Because I could not honestly say I have any idea how it might work.
"Consciousness is a first person subjective experience. We don't have any scientific theory of any kind that could lead us to a detailed map of it.
"Even if we could simulate someone's brain in exquisite detail, there's nothing in any scientific theory that I'm aware of that can tell us that the operation of that particular physical system would generate a conscious experience.
"We don't have even the beginnings of a theory whose conclusion would be 'such and such a system is conscious.'"
Commentary from Stuart Russell, a computer scientist at the University of California, Berkeley.
Yoky Matsuoka says that it's not even clear that just adding more computational power will result in intelligence.
"One of the problems with AI is that it's very much a black box approach.
"Deep learning is a good example. Because it's such a black box, it's difficult for humans to comprehend everything that's going on inside the neural networks.
"To advance that, the only sort of knowledge we have is to say 'let's increase the number of neurons, number of connections, the computational power to increase the memory.'
"If we really build the number of neurons similar to the human brain and made all the right connections and started putting the same inputs in, are we really going to achieve human-level intelligence?
"We don't know. That's the problem."
Commentary from Yoky Matsuoka, former vice president of technology at Nest, a Google-owned company that makes smart thermostats.
On the other hand, Geoffrey Hinton says consciousness is besides the point.
"The biggest obstacle is the idea that there is some mysterious essence called 'consciousness' that is required to make things sentient.
"Consciousness is an old and very primitive attempt to explain what's special about a very complicated computational system — the human brain — by appealing to some unobserved essence.
"The concept is no more useful than the concept of 'oomph' for explaining what makes cars go.
"It's true that some cars have a lot more oomph than others, but that doesn't explain anything about how they work."
Commentary from Geoffrey Hinton, researcher at Google and computer scientist at the University of Toronto.
Samy Bengio says AI may not even go in the direction of an sentient, all-knowing robot.
"Something like 'human intelligence,' it's not even clear AI research will evolve in that direction one day.
"Many pieces are still missing — in particular a better use and interaction of a long term memory and perception-based models. Models, like the Neural Turing Machine or Memory Networks, can achieve some of this, but it's only the beginning.
"We also need to be able to learn more with unlabeled or less labeled data, which is still an open research problem.
"We need to work more on continuous learning — the idea that we don't need to start training our models from scratch every time we have new data or algorithms to try. These are simply very difficult tasks that will certainly take a very long period of time to improve."
Commentary from Samy Bengio, researcher at Google.
For now, we should focus improving what's possible, Sabine Hauert says.
"The first challenge is actually understanding what sentient reasoning means. Nobody has a good definition of that. I personally believe that we're very far from anything that is deemed to be sentient.
"The second obstacle is the way we communicate about AI. There's a lot of hype and a lot of misconception around robotics and AI.
"A lot of it has to do with using words like 'sentient reasoning', which is very far from anything that's there already. As a result of that, I think we're not talking about the right things.
"Instead of talking about sentient reasoning, I think we should be spending time thinking about the technologies that are much closer to happening.
"Trying to understand what their benefits are, what their impact is to society, what the legal and safety questions are."
Commentary from Sabine Hauert, a roboticist at Bristol University.
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Send the link below via email or IMCopy
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The Prairie Dog: Food Web and Food Chain Project
Transcript of The Prairie Dog: Food Web and Food Chain Project
ways to get food. You have herbivores that only eat plants and carnivores that only eat meat. Prey are animals hunted for food usually by carnivorous animals. Prairie Dogs are hunted by wolves, badgers, and snakes. First order consumers eat plants to get their energy and then get eaten by bigger animals. Prairie Dogs are considered this. Producers make their own food through photosynthesis and then get eaten by consumers. Prairie grass is a producer. Consumers eat the first order consumers to get their energy and the cycle continues. Wolves, eagles, and badgers are consumers. An ecosystem is formed by the
interaction of a
community of organisms
in their environment. These factors can easily
influence each other
and are crucial to
an ecosystem In an ecosystem their
are both abiotic and biotic
factors along with
the interactions between
Abiotic- climate, minerals, rocks.
Biotic- plants, animals, soil. Food Web of a Prairie Mink Prairie Flowers Prairie Grass Prairie Dog Buffalo Eagle Coyote Bacteria The producers in this food web are
the prairie grass and flowers. They
get eaten by the herbivores.In this
case, they are the buffalo and
prairie dog. Then the carnivores, the
eagle and coyote, eat the buffaloes, mink
and prairie dogs. The bacteria eats
everything, including the plants, after
they have died. Some animals are omnivores and they eat plants and animals. Decomposers break down any decaying matter. Food Chain The difference between a
food chain and a food web,
is a food chain is a less complex
way of showing how energy
is passed in an ecosystem. Prairie Grass Prairie Dog Mink Coyote In this food chain, the prairie
dog eats the prairie grass, then
the mink eats the prairie dog.
The top consumer, the coyote,
eats the mink. THE END Bibliography http://www.defenders.org/prairie-dogs/prairie-dogs-101 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_habitat_for_prairie_dogs http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/wildlife/programs/projectwild/pdf/PPT_pdfs/Prairies%20&%20Prairie%20Food%20Webs%20PowerPoint.pdf Without the food web and the
food chain, the whole ecosystem
would collapse. Energy could not
be passed from organism to
organism. Food webs and chains are
essential to the environment.
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(Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India.)
Sir Thomas Spencer Wells (1818-1897) was an excellent 19th century medical practitioner. He started training as a doctor at a rather young age (for those times) of 17. Within two years, he had risen to the role of main assistant to leading obstetricians in Leeds. He then spent varying amounts of time being trained at Leeds University, Trinity College, Dublin and St Thomas Hospital, London. Upon earning the Royal College of Surgeons membership, he joined the Royal Navy and served in the British colony, Malta, for many years.
His mentor during the Navy days, William Burnett had been described as a ruthless professional, and had significant influence over his future career. It appears that Sir Wells picked up a lot of nuances about the importance of asepsis during the stint in the Navy, and implemented them well during future practice also. His ability to describe pathological processes in detail and correlate with autopsy findings are exemplified in a publication, whose archive is still available.
Gynecological pathology evolved under him, and a contemporary Lawson Tait, who pioneered the correlation of pathological specimens removed at surgery rather than excessive reliance on autopsy specimens, as chronicled by Young. His enthusiasm for strategies to prevent diseases among sailors, and to develop and popularize vaccines, paved way for much research in this aspect.
Despite all these contributions, the ones he is most popular are the operations on the ovary. He is believed to have performed over 1200 ovariotomies for various indications and attempted pathological correlation with various gynecological conditions, which was a pioneering achievement for the 19th century. Most of this work was done in the Samaritan Hospital for Women and Children in London. He also designed a clamp, which is now commonly used in vaginal hysterectomy. He had initially described it for the ovarian pedicle.
To summarize, Spencer Wells was a leading medical figure of his times, and his memory is sure to kindle enthusiasm among all of us to be excellent gynecologists.
- Biographies. In O’Dowd MJ, Philipp EE, editors. The History of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1st ed. Lancs: Parthenon Publishing Group 2000; pp. 656-7.
- Penn C. Sir William Burnett (1779-1861), professional head of the Royal Naval Medical Department and entrepreneur. J Med Biogr. 2004;12(3):141-6.
- Smith EJ. 'Cleanse or Die': British Naval Hygiene in the Age of Steam, 1840-1900. Med Hist. 2018 Apr;62(2):177-198.
- Martin W, Wells TS. Report of Cases Treated in the Royal Naval Hospital, Malta. Edinb Med Surg J. 1844;61(159):350-390.
- Young RH. The history of British gynaecological pathology. Histopathology. 2009;54(2):144-55.
- Cook GC. Thomas Spencer Wells, Bt FRCS (1818-97) and his contributions to naval medicine. J Med Biogr. 2007;15(2):63-7.
Prasad M. Remembering Past Greats: Thomas Spencer Wells. JPGO 2018. Volume 5 No.12. Available from: https://www.jpgo.org/2018/12/remembering-past-greats-thomas-spencer.html
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Alceste, a French aristocrat, raves to his friend Philinte about the corruption of French society. Alceste identifies hypocrisy as one of mankind's worst flaws. Despite Philinte's objections, Alceste insists that truth and honesty, no matter how painful, are essential to true integrity. Philinte contends that honesty must be balanced with manners, arguing that flattery might justly take the place of offensiveness. He believes that human nature should be allowed its faults. Over the course of the conversation, we learn that Alceste is presently involved in a lawsuit.
During the conversation between Alceste and Philinte, Oronte, a marquis of the Court enters, proposing that he and Alceste commit to being friends. Alceste makes no such commitment, suggesting that they get to know each other first. Shortly thereafter, Oronte asks Alceste to critique a sonnet he has written. Alceste reluctantly agrees. He despises the poem, and scolds Philinte for flattering Oronte. When Oronte asks Alceste's opinion, Alceste suggests that Oronte give up his aspirations as a poet. Insulted, Oronte leaves.
Alceste confronts his love interest Célimène (whose house is the setting for the play) about her recent behavior, which he considers inappropriate. He criticizes her for entertaining too many suitors; she insists that her flirtation is harmless and that her true affections lie with him. Célimène's manservant, Basque, announces the arrivals of Acaste and Clitandre, two marquises hoping to court Célimène. In protest, Alceste announces that he will leave, but he does not.
All of Célimène's suitors, excluding Alceste, gather with her and her female cousin, Éliante, to hear Célimène's gossip about the people of the Court. Célimène criticizes harshly, and her suitors are highly entertained. Alceste interjects during Célimène's discussions to object to the hypocrisy at hand. Everyone dismisses his comments. Éliante delivers her ideas about men in love, mentioning that Alceste's disposition is abnormal. She contends that smitten men typically compliment those with whom they are in love.
An Officer of the Marshals of France arrives to inform Alceste that a lawsuit has been filed against him by Oronte, who seeks retribution for Alceste's comments about his poem. Alceste leaves to deal with the matter.
Acaste and Clitandre find a moment alone to discuss their affections for Célimène. Acaste strokes his own ego, bragging about his youth, his wealth, and his appeal to women. His cheerfulness dissolves, however, when he admits that Célimène does not care for him. Clitandre and Acaste decide that, should one of them fall out of favor with Célimène for good, he will step aside and support the other's courtship.
Arsinoé, a cantankerous older woman, arrives to tell Célimène that the people of the court have been talking about her "flirtatiousness." Arsinoé claims to have taken Célimène's side in the affair, but she suggests that Célimène change her behavior promptly to avoid further conflict. Célimène comments on Arsinoé's flaws, implying that Arsinoé's pretentiousness is also a topic of conversation. Arsinoé takes offense when Célimène states that the older woman's flaws might just be the result of age.
The dispute ends when Alceste arrives, at which point Célimène leaves. Arsinoé praises Alceste's integrity and offers to use her influence to acquire him a position at Court. He scoffs at her offer. She then tells Alceste that she has a letter proving Célimène's deception of him. Alceste leaves with Arsinoé to see the evidence for himself.
Philinte and Éliante discuss Alceste's extraordinarily foul behavior before the Marshals of France. Philinte can hardly believe Alceste's unwillingness to compromise, while Éliante praises Alceste's commitment to his own value system. When their conversation turns to Alceste's relationship with Célimène, Éliante states that Célimène is confused and does not know whom she loves. Éliante admits that she would accept Alceste's advances if he were to abandon Célimène at any point. Philinte then admits his attraction to Éliante, saying he would be honored to be hers.
As Philinte and Éliante finish their conversation, Alceste enters, infuriated and seeking revenge against Célimène for deceiving him by professing her attraction to another suitor. Alceste proposes that he and Éliante strike up a relationship in order to make Célimène jealous. Éliante cautions Alceste not to be hasty in his judgment.
Philinte and Éliante exit as Célimène enters. Alceste berates Célimène for her infidelity. She reacts calmly, calling him "foolish" and telling him to believe what he wishes about the letter. Desperate, Alceste commands Célimène to tell him that the letter was actually written to a woman. Célimène refuses this request, and Alceste rages about his uncontrollable love for her.
Alceste's servant, Du Bois, enters, telling his master to leave immediately, as he has lost his court battle and now runs the risk of arrest. Alceste leaves to find out more about the situation. He finds Philinte, who counsels him to challenge the verdict issued against him. Alceste refuses, stating that he wants the verdict to stand as an example of human corruption. He announces that he will isolate himself from society forever. Before leaving, he plans to test Célimène's love by asking her to retire with him.
Shortly thereafter, Alceste and Oronte confront Célimène, both demanding that she choose between them. Célimène refuses to do so, stating that she plans to let Éliante make the decision for her. When Éliante enters, she refuses to do Célimène's bidding. Then, Acaste and Clitandre enter with a letter written by Célimène that contains insulting remarks about each of the suitors. Arsinoé and Philinte return. The men read the letter aloud, each of them declaring his wish to end whatever courtship he had with Célimène.
Eventually, Alceste is the only suitor remaining. For once, he is willing to forgive Célimène, but he says she must first agree to live with him in solitude. She is shocked by his proposal, explaining to him that she is too young to make such a drastic decision. She agrees to marry him, but not to leave with him. Furious, Alceste renounces his love for Célimène. She leaves, and Alceste turns to Éliante, telling her that it would be unjust for him to ask for her devotion. Éliante professes agreement, announcing her decision to devote herself to Philinte. Alceste exits, and Philinte and Éliante follow to encourage him to rethink his decision to retire into isolation.
Readers' Notes allow users to add their own analysis and insights to our SparkNotes—and to discuss those ideas with one another. Have a novel take or think we left something out? Add a Readers' Note!
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Contact Information: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Office of Communications and Publishing,12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, MS 119 Reston, VA 20192, Marisa Lubeck Phone: 303-202-4765, Gail Moede Rogall Phone: 608-270-2438
Populations of bats diminished by white-nose syndrome (WNS), a disease of hibernating bats, are unlikely to return to healthy levels in the near future, according to new U.S. Geological Survey research.
USGS and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service scientists recently evaluated the potential for populations of little brown bats in the eastern United States that survive WNS outbreaks to repopulate. The scientists estimated that between 2016 and 2018, little brown bat populations that once contained millions of bats could decrease to lower than 100,000 animals. Also, some populations may not begin to increase again until around 2023. Populations east of the 100th meridian, the designation between the drier western and wetter eastern states, would likely consist of sparse remnant communities, some of which may be less than 1.5 percent of their original sizes.
This scarcity of surviving bats can negatively affect reproduction rates and make survivors more vulnerable to threats.
“With so few surviving animals, little brown bats could cease to be a dominant bat species in the eastern United States,” said USGS scientist Robin Russell, the lead author of the report. “These small bat population sizes are problematic because they are more likely to be wiped out by events such as poor weather conditions and landscape development.”
Animals in small communities could also have trouble finding mates. Female bats gathering in maternity roosts during the summer can include several hundred bats, and the inability to form these colonies due to reduced populations may negatively impact overall reproduction rates.
Bats pollinate plants, spread seeds and save us billions of dollars in pest control each year by eating harmful insects. WNS, caused by the Pseudogymnoascus destructans fungus, can cause up to 100 percent mortality in some little brown bat populations. It has already killed millions of hibernating bats in North America and continues to spread.
As part of a coordinated response to WNS, scientists from around the world are working to further understand the disease and conserve bat species affected by it. The USGS and USFWS are among numerous state, federal, tribal, private and university partners engaged in WNS research and response. Members of this community are pursuing multiple approaches to manage the disease, with treatment strategies to both reduce impacts of the disease and to improve the potential for bat populations to survive and eventually recover. This new study emphasizes the importance of continuing research on bat species affected by WNS to finding a solution for managing the disease.
For more information about USGS WNS research, please visit the USGS National Wildlife Health Center website.
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Sign Up with us to be able to bookmark such resources, and to sign up for courses offered by ThinQ.
In Classical Deductive reasoning, you cannot say anything about Q -> P from P -> Q. However, probabilistic reasoning allows you to say something about the probability of Q given P from the probability of P given Q. The attached document explores this through two examples.
Tagsbiases probability exposition justifying scientific inquiry
If You Liked This, You Might Also Like:
Providing students with the ability to justify claims is one of the basic commitments of Inquiry Oriented Education. The attached documents explores the concepts involved in justification as well as bunch of exercises and examples for students to engage with.
Tagsexposition humanistic inquiry textbook chapter justifying scientific inquiry mathematical inquiry
There are various problematic concepts which students and teachers tend to accept without thinking critically. The concept of cicumscription is one such concept. The attached document outlines a concept clarification session on circumscription.
Tagsexposition conceptual inquiry lesson plan mathematical inquiry
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Discriminatory practices rooted in an ethno-caste system have dominated Nepal for centuries. This paper investigates the existence of such practices in Nepal's communal micro-hydro plants. A field research on the role of caste in influencing access to electricity was carried out in Ghandruk, Nepal. The research indicates that although the costs of establishing the micro-hydro plant is shared equally between user-groups, benefit sharing is highly uneven. This analysis demonstrates the need for development projects to be more aligned with socio-economic ground realities.
Tulachan, Bikul M.
"Caste-Based Exclusion in Nepal’s Communal Micro-Hydro Plants,"
Undergraduate Economic Review: Vol. 4:
1, Article 14.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol4/iss1/14
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Researchers from Cornell and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service announced today they are releasing a nutritious red rice cultivar that should appeal to people interested in alternative grains.
The new rice, called Scarlett, is whole-grain rice and has a nutty, rich flavor. It is also packed with nutrients: The red bran on the rice has high levels of antioxidants and flavonoids that are common in red-colored grains and fruits, along with naturally produced vitamin E.
“If people find brown rice nutritious and delicious, this rice is even better,” said Susan McCouch, professor of plant breeding and genetics, who co-developed Scarlett with collaborator Anna McClung, director and research leader at the USDA Agricultural Research Service’s Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center in Stuttgart, Arkansas.
McCouch and her team did the back-crossing between the two parents and the genetic analysis, while McClung did the phenotypic evaluation and made the final breeding selection.
Field trials showed that Scarlett rice is high-yielding and disease-resistant, and also grows extremely well under organic conditions. It is being commercially produced and will be available to the public later this year.
“We’re working with chefs in South Carolina to come up with some new recipes that will highlight the particular culinary opportunities that the new rice presents,” McCouch said.
This is the first time a cultivated rice variety with a red pericarp, the seed’s bran layer, will be released in the United States. Most red rice in the United States is considered a “noxious weed” because the genes that lead to red pericarp are linked with such unfavorable “weedy” traits as seed dormancy and shattering (where seeds fall easily from stalks), making it hard to get rid of weedy red rice from the field. During the breeding of Scarlett, these linkages were broken, so the red pericarp in the new variety is not accompanied by any weedy characteristics.
Scarlett is a cross between an elite U.S. long-grain tropical japonica variety called “Jefferson” and a strain of Oryza rufipogon, the wild ancestor of Asian rice, collected in Malaysia.
The variety is the outcome of basic research in McCouch’s lab, investigating the genetics of wild-rice species and exploring crosses between Jefferson and strains of hardy but agronomically poor O. rufipogon. One of the offspring proved to be resilient and high-yielding while retaining its red bran.
To get rid of the weedy traits, researchers repeatedly back-crossed (bred favorable offspring with the Jefferson parent) and selected until they had a variety with long grain, high yield and disease resistance. Along with genetic testing, they ran field trials in eight locations over the last six years to ensure that no hidden wild traits would show up in different growing environments. Ming-Hsuan Chen, chemist with USDA, determined that the red grain of Scarlett was unique in that it has high levels of various anti-oxidant compounds that have been associated with health benefits in other foods.
Scarlett is adapted to subtropical climates of the southern United States, and similar to growing environments found in Uruguay and Argentina, where it may also be grown. The climates in parts of West Africa and Asia are also favorable, but the grain quality may not be preferred in those cultures, McCouch said. Due in part to the plant’s flowering time, it is not adapted to the northern United States, but McCouch and McClung may look for lineages that flower earlier and would be suitable for a northern climate.
Scarlett is being released as a public variety with no intellectual property restrictions and is royalty free.
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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. A place where an extensive variety of woody plants are cultivated for scientific, educational, and ornamental purposes.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A place in which trees and shrubs, especially rare ones, are cultivated for scientific or other purposes; a botanical tree-garden.
- n. A place where many varieties of trees are grown for research, educational, and ornamental purposes.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. A place in which a collection of rare trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or educational purposes.
- n. a facility where trees and shrubs are cultivated for exhibition
- From Latin arborētum ("place grown with trees"), from arbor ("tree"). (Wiktionary)
- Latin arborētum, a place grown with trees, from arbor, tree. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
“So having ramps connecting from SR 520 in/out of the arboretum is "paving it"?”
“Unless you're willing to trade in your nice job and weekend trips to the mountains on your Subaru Outlook for a monastic existence, quit playing the rest of us about how we humans are supposed to have zero impact on our surroundings. revroux also pine grove, the environmentally sensitive area "the arboretum" is a urban park but is not an urban place.”
“An arboretum is a collection of all the different species of a natural order of trees and shrubs planted together; and it does not necessarily imply that these orders should be arranged in any particular manner; as indeed botanists disagree as to how they should be placed, Jussieu having adopted one plan, De Candolle another, and Dr. Lindley another.”
“On the east side of the arboretum was a beautiful rose garden with a vine-covered gazebo, the back of the structure overhanging a pond filled with koi and lily pads.”
“The arboretum was a serious ongoing project dedicated to cultivating and growing plants from all three worlds, but it was also designed to be enjoyed.”
“The arboretum is a public botanical garden and a scientific research facility of the Agricultural Research Service.”
“Then they saw the enormous hangar bay and something called an arboretum—a strange place where the Earthers kept plants, intentionally.”
“Nittolo said that in coming years he hopes to turn his attention to the creek downstream from the arboretum, which is overgrown with non-native plants.”
“He called the arboretum "a world-class institution" and said that the new post "allows me to combine my two passions, teaching and directing a world-respected garden.”
“Another central feature of the arboretum will be the Biodiversity Center, she said.”
These user-created lists contain the word ‘arboretum’.
A complete Barron's Wordlist for GRE preparation. Your online flashcard replacement.
Words that sound like they might be the names of elements of the periodic table, but that aren't. Many of the words listed here were actually proposed as names for substances their creators thought...
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
Band names that are also common words or phrases.
Interesting, there is a traditional vocabulary of an Ukrainian, that differs from vocabulary of average American. It would be nice to explore it.
Words as I learn them.
List? What list?
This is the list that makes up the world.
Looking for tweets for arboretum.
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|4. How did a small country like Britain rule so much territory?
Historians are still arguing about this question! There is no doubt that Britain was powerful. It used its wealth, its armies and its navy to defeat rival European countries and to conquer local peoples to establish its empire. However, the empire did not just rely on force. In most of the empire Britain relied heavily on local people to make it work. The empire was a very sophisticated network of nations and peoples, linked by trade, by political systems and sometimes held together by force.
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A Tale of Two Cities
3 Pages 639 Words
A brilliant plot was laid out by the author, Charles Dickens, in the novel “A Tale of Two Cities.” Revolving around the troubled times of the French Revolution in France and England, characters outline the foundation of a plot that involves: love, revenge, evil, courage, and sacrifice. The concluding chapters of this novel ultimately shows how the evil effects of revenge can bring out one’s bad side, and also ends with the central protagonist sacrificing his own life for his love and his friendship. In my opinion, I liked how in the end, Sydney Carton, one of the main characters in this novel, sees a better world before entering the guillotine, thinking not of himself, seeing a world where he gave to others.
Sydney Carton is a character that helps weave an interesting and dramatic plot. He is first introduced as a frustrated, immature alcoholic, but in the end, he made the ultimate sacrifice for a good friend. Carton was a look-a-like of Charles Darnay, a languid protagonist that has a tendency to get arrested. Though Carton’s character changed overwhelmingly throughout this novel. Carton loved the same woman as Charles Darnay was married to, Lucie Manette. During the middle of the Revolutionary War, Darnay is arrested in France for being an enemy at the state. Because of two antagonists who happens to be key leaders of the French Revolution wanting to seek revenge on Darnay’s family, Darnay is sentenced the death penalty. With his everlasting love for Lucie, and mended friendship with Charles, Carton saved Lucie and her father from being murdered by one of the key leaders, and gets into the prison in which Darnay was held. Carton made a sacrifice by attending the guillotine in place of Charles since he looked so much like him.
Throughout the novel, there are many action scenes that occur in Bastille, Tellson’s Bank, the home of the Manettes, and the streets of Paris. But the best parts of the book was when...
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Essays related to A Tale of Two Cities
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Demystifying Financial Statements
In order to determine a stocks value, analysts pour over company financial statements in order to find trends, strengths and weaknesses. They break down the data and present it to investors through different ratios designed to help them make quick comparisons and make predictions about where a stock is headed.
These financial statements include the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. They reveal information about the financial health of the company including efficiency, profitability, liquidity, and numerous other details.
Let’s take a closer at each financial statement and see what kind of information we can find.
The Balance Sheet
This statement contains details on a company’s assets, liabilities and shareholder’s equity. It will tell you what kind of assets it owns and what types of debt the company owes. The numbers on the balance sheet will always add up according to the following equation: assets = liabilities + shareholder equity.
This relationship means that assets (what the company owns) must be paid for using either debt financing (liabilities) or investor money (shareholder equity). Key things to note on the balance sheet include the following:
Cash and cash equivalents: This is most liquid money a company has and is beneficial for paying off unforeseen expenses.
Total assets: The total of all assets listed on the balance sheet. This number should be higher than total liabilities – ideally with room to spare.
Current liabilities: Debt or expenses that is due within 12 months. A good thing to watch for is how cash and cash equivalents compares to current liabilities.
Long term debt: The interest and principal on issued bonds.
Total liabilities: All the debts and expanses of a company. This figure should be lower than total assets.
The Income Statement
The income statement is also known as the profit and loss statement and generally contains information about the company on a quarterly basis. It tells you what kind pf profits the company makes, the profit margin and the expenses being paid – either on a regular basis or a one-time charge.
The income statement is vital for figuring out the company’s earnings-per-share and can be used to place target prices on a stock. Comparisons made to prior time frames give analysts the ability to see how a company is performing quarter-over quarter or year-over-year.
The Cash Flow Statement
The most often overlooked statement is the cash flow statement which tells investors how a company is spending its money on a quarterly and annual basis. Cash flows can be broken own by where its being generated: from operations, from investment activity and from financing.
This statement is critical for determining a company’s free cash flow – a statistic used to calculate how much money a company has accounted for capital expenditures. Put another way, free cash flow shows investors how much excess money a company can generate to make new acquisitions or invest in new opportunities.
Many financial ratios are calculated using a mix of all three financial statements. Once you understand how to read them, you can make historical comparisons on your own and make predictions about where a company is heading. Knowing what the financial statements mean for a company gives you the ability to make smarter investment decisions and avoid costly mistakes.
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Specialist career profiles
Learning support is about providing extra help, adapting programmes, learning environments, or providing specialised equipment or materials to support children and young people with their learning. Your support will help them learn and achieve within mainstream education settings.
Working in learning support
Ministry of Education employees work in a diverse range of environments that include:
- early childhood education services
- residential schools.
Employees have the opportunity to work with:
- young children
- family and whānau, and
- professional colleagues.
A career in learning support can be a dynamic and rewarding path in one or many of the different areas special education is a part of.
The following profiles feature some of the people working in learning support.
Adviser on Deaf Children
Early Intervention Teacher
Resource Teacher of the Deaf
Resource Teacher: Learning and behaviour
Resource Teacher: Vision
Special Education Adviser
Last reviewed: Has this been useful? Give us your feedback
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Sport is a powerful tool for involving all children – including the most marginalized and vulnerable – in group activities from an early age (UNHCR, 2013). For this reason, sport for development (S4D) organizations use sport as an inclusive means of helping children to improve their health; to develop their physical abilities; to develop their social, educational and leadership skills; and of course, to play and have fun.
This report analyses the available evidence on S4D initiatives for children and youth, to identify what works, how it works, and how to improve S4D policy and practice.
Getting into the Game – the first phase of a two-stage research project – seeks to strengthen the evidence base on policies and practices for S4D and to build knowledge on how to effectively use S4D to promote positive outcomes in four specific areas:
The goal of the research is to map current initiatives and present evidence on harnessing the power of sport to improve the lives of children and youth. This study first defines sport and presents data to show the coverage, content, and monitoring and evaluation approaches of S4D programmes from an array of organizations surveyed in this research, including UNICEF and the Barça Foundation. It then compares a diverse set of evidence-based programmes and practices to refocus attention on the advantages of S4D approaches to meet the needs of children and youth and to foster cross-national learning.
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Link to 20-minute radio interview informing on the dangers of the UN Convention On the Rights of Persons with Disabilities:
Visitwww.hslda.org/crpd for more info.
A contention for the Constitutionally legitimate right to LIFE and biblical marriage in brief contrast to the maligned insistence that same-sex “marriage” and other forms of perverted sexuality also qualify as natural, equal rights.
An actuality that most people are increasingly (and, often willfully) ignorant of today is the fact that America began with the collective ambition of effectuating a “city upon a hill” vision. This goal was the dream of our Puritan founders; the proclamation of the Gospel and the freedom to interpret it privately as common citizens was the primary motivation for our establishment. Ensuing liberty was consequently inevitable as responsible men and women recognized that freedom was not an absence of laws, but rather an upholding of God’s Law. One such, namely, was the sanctity of the marriage covenant.
The defilement of sexuality and marriage was rightly understood a reproach to a nation (Proverbs 14:34); this persuasion signified not merely the understanding under the Old Covenant, but continued and surfaced throughout several centuries of our own government, as well. As is the case with every substantial document, the Constitution cannot be properly interpreted by its text alone as definitions and wordage subjectively undergo continual evolution with society and culture. Historical context is nearly as important as textual content itself, acting as the enlightening “lens” of literature, so to speak. During the time of the Constitution’s drafting and following, the sin of sodomy was severely penalized by castration. Thomas Jefferson endorsed a bill supporting dismemberment of rapists. Imprisonment connoted one penal consequence of adultery. Clearly, perverse sexuality was a significant issue to our founders—not a matter deserving “equal-rights protection,” but as a matter deserving due recompense considering the natural right it essentially opposed.
Civic rights are founded initially on the concept of natural law. Natural law delineates those rights divinely dispensed at conception; this conviction was the driving motivation of the Preamble (“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”) The highest and most fundamental of these natural rights was the “right to LIFE,” ensured indirectly by Amendment Ten, and directly by Amendment Fourteen and our Preamble. Life was therein avowed federal protection and preservation from the womb.
Homosexuality blatantly disregards life as it opposes the marriage union and the pattern of sexuality providing the only possible formula for reproduction: the one-man, one-woman bond. More severely, it transgresses the spiritual concept that earthly marriage reflects: the Trinity.
Without a respect for natural rights, no basis for “equal rights” exists.
“It is impossible to rightly govern the world without God and the Bible.” ~ George Washington
“Is it not the great end of religion, and, in particular, the glory of Christianity, to extinguish the malignant passions; to curb the violence, to control the appetites, and to smooth the asperities of man; to make us compassionate and kind, and forgiving one to another; to make us good husbands, good fathers, good friends; and to render us active and useful in the discharge of the relative social and civil duties?”
~ William Wilberforce
What William Wilberforce proclaimed a Christian obligation is regarded with great skepticism today. Legislative attempts to “drive religion and its influence out of public life” (Carson) and appeals for tolerance from within the church have contributed to the labeling of Christian political participation as irrelevant to biblical priority and evangelical calling. As immorality gains legalization in increasing distaste towards life and family, many well-meaning believers assume silent complacency in the face of moral deterioration. Insisting that God’s people are not of this world, and holding to a misconception of church-and-state separation, the Church has unknowingly forfeited her voice in the pulpit and courts. Unfortunately, she has forgotten that an evangelical calling requires that every believer wield the sword of righteousness in a biblical worldview which places earthly law in the scope and view of the consummation of the Great Commission.
To limit the Christian’s accountability to the church or mission field is to underestimate God’s range of presence and concern. He does not reign over those regions pronounced religious only, but also over every aspect of life. To reflect His universal permeation, man was designated the role of cultivator over both natural and spiritual matters (Genesis 2:2). From tilling the ground to constructing profound cities, creation was lent subject to man’s will for the express purpose of directing men to their Creator (John 20:31). Men were called to exemplify the spiritual implications of this cultural mandate in upholding the Law in both daily life and particular vocations. Biblically prominent figures such as Daniel, Joseph, and Deborah were each called to civic roles to enact social order based on biblical statutes. Paul re-affirmed the continuity of this responsibility among believers in addressing the protection of widows, orphans, and the socially weak (Psalm 82:3; Isaiah 1:17).
A truly biblical understanding of the Great Commission perceives the world a mission place in which every earthly subject holds potential to serve and glorify the Savior. This worldview presents not a dichotomy of life, but a unity which centralizes upon Christ. By asserting laws which resemble eternal precepts and restraining surrounding evils, Christians fulfill their office as true “witnesses” (Isaiah 43:10). The institutions of church and state are perceived not as polar associations, but as subjects mutually ordained by God. Only in this perspective do we begin to fathom God’s all-consuming sovereignty. It is only in this enlightenment in which regenerate, mortal beings can exist in the world, utilizing its tools without conforming to its values.
Works Cited: Carson, Clarence B. Basic American Government. Amercan Textbook Committee Publishers. Wadley, Alabama. 1994.
The Church Universal has only two divisions.
- The Church Militant – Ecclesia Militans – are those Christians living on earth. They are the Christian militia who struggle against sin, the flesh, the devil and “… the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places” (Ephesians 6:12).
- The Church Triumphant – Ecclesia Triumphans – are those Christians who are in Heaven. Although progressive sanctification takes place through this struggle on earth, those who pass on to be present with the Lord are made perfect “in the twinkling of an eye” (1 Corinthians 15:52).
As much as anyone I have ever known, Jeff Ziegler was a man who understood the meaning of the Church Militant. On Tuesday, February 28, 2012, Jeff became part of the Church Triumphant. He has been relieved of all earthly struggle and has been made perfect in Christ.
Jeff had suffered a cerebellar aneurysm in late 2009 and had been recovering from what is certain death in about 97 percent of cases. Doctors called his recovery late December of that year a “Christmas miracle.” Last week, Jeff suffered a heart attack while doing work at the Ohio State House. This was apparently unrelated to the earlier episode.
I first met Jeff when he was a speaker in our church, The Boston Worship Center, in 1987. A group of us took him on a “revival tour” of northern New England visiting several of the churches where a hero in the faith, George Whitefield, had preached. Jeff later traveled to England and Scotland and was able to preach in one of the pulpits frequented by Whitefield. In the 25 years I knew him, Jeff was a man driven by a vision for Revival and Reformation.
He went through quite a theological evolution in his lifetime. However, in all my dealings with Jeff, he was always Jeff. In the early 1990s, after I came to Florida to work on The Forerunner. Jeff would contribute frequent articles, which I’ve posted links to below. Our phone calls often went on for a long time and covered every topic imaginable. Jeff had a huge impact on my thinking as a young Christian involved in full-time missionary and evangelistic work. I saw him whenever he came to Florida and visited Cleveland for two conferences he organized. Jeff was always very gracious, yet direct when he needed to be. For example, he used to call me when I was doing print version of The Forerunner to give me names of donors that were generous with him. He did that without my solicitation just trying to help me.
Jeff took a role in leading several organizations throughout Ohio for the purpose of direct action in reforming culture and politics. One of the former members of his church recently described him as “a gentleman of the first order … he lived what he believed, a rare commodity in 2012.”
He later took part in video productions I produced, including God’s Law and Society and the following clip as part of a World Changers Seminar on the Capitol Mall in Washington D.C.
One of the hallmarks of Jeff’s preaching is that he always threw his whole heart and being into his message, speaking with the same forceful tone and volume no matter if it were a crowd of hundreds or less than a handful of people in a small seminar. We recently worked together on the Statesman Global Initiatives website and blog. Jeff’s most recent book, Republic Restored, was accepted into the Library of Congress.
Recent years had more than their share of personal trials and medical turmoil that took a toll on this soldier for Christ, but he can rejoice that he has joined the Church Triumphant.
- Perfect Love and Revival
- The Path of Revival – Part One
- The Path of Revival – Part Two
- What is Revival and Spiritual Awakening?
- Who Will Rule the Earth?
- The Reformed Paradigm
- Covenantal Inheritance
- The Million Man March
- Puritan Storm Rising
- Imprecatory Prayer! – The Church’s Duty Against Her Enemies
- Enforcing the Crown Rights of Christ
- A Prayer for Ohio
- Impact of Calvinism on Culture
- Creeds and the Cultural Mandate
- He Who Reads, Leads!
- The Declaration of Independence: Christian Masterpiece or Humanist Tripe?
- The Bipolar World of Death Penalty Politics
- Schizophrenic! The Muddled World of Egalitarian Media Politicos
- The Image of God, the Incarnation, and the Spirit of Herod
- Political Vision of Christian Patriotism
- Dangers of Nativism in the Religio-Political Sphere
- Take Me Out to the Ball Game
- Puritan New World Thinking vs. The Nativistic Urge
- Political Propaganda: Not the Exclusive Domain of Tyrants
- Of Reformers, Separatists and Elections
- Topical Questions for the Resurgent National Reform Association
- Prophetic Voice and Campaign Finance Reform
- True Life: Faith, the Assault against Maturity, and Its Political Impact
- For Renewed Vigor!
- Puritan Storm Rising!
- A Call For A Renewed Reformation Zeal
- Paradigm Shift: Ecclesiology and Eschatology
- The True Nature of History
- Imprecatory Prayer: The Church’s Duty Against God’s Enemies
- Obama and Infanticide: The issue that will not go away
- An Imprecatory Prayer Proclamation: Barack Obama
- An Interview with Jeff Ziegler
- God’s Law and Society (DVD)
- Reed Worship
- Election 2012: What Will You Do?
Question:– Didn’t the Apostle Paul say that we are no longer under law but under grace? If so, then what is the use of the Law of God under the New Covenant?
Jeff Ziegler: The notion of being “under grace and not law” is something not to be underestimated or undermined. But what is it Paul is saying? We are not saved nor justified by law. We are justified by faith in Christ. It is His finished work alone that secures our redemption. However, how is it that we are to live our lives? Is it by every whim or every fancy of our own wicked heart — a deceitful heart that we cannot know? The Law of God has not passed away in terms of our guide for life in godliness. Jesus himself said that “not one jot nor tittle will pass away” until all things are fulfilled. Christ as the fulfillment of the law gives us the grace, which is divine almighty power effective on our behalf. He gives us the grace to live according to the law not to transgress the law. We see in Romans 6:1, “Shall we sin that grace may abound? God forbid!” And how is it we know that we sin? We have an unchanging standard in God’s Law.
Now granted, there have been portions of Old Testament Law that have been changed or nullified. For example, the sacrificial system is no longer needed and is repugnant to God because Christ is the final and last sacrifice. The dietary laws have been modified and changed. But the moral law is still binding. For example, the laws against bestiality in the Old Testament are no where repeated in the New. Yet no one will say that bestiality is somehow now under grace. It’s still sin. The ideas and notions of our conduct are in the Law of God. They are not options. They are commands. They have not been nullified or abridged in any way by Christ’s finished work. In fact, now that law is written upon our heart and our mind and we are given grace to follow hard after them in a way that was not possible in the old dispensation.
Of course, Christianity is ultimately personal and intimate. We come by the finished work of Jesus Christ into a living, real and vital relationship with God. The creation can touch the Creator — the Christ. That brings joy unspeakable and full of glory — there can be no doubt. But then what? This personal, real and vital relationship must be manifest. The Great Commission says that we are to be a witness unto all nations. We are to teach those nations all the things that Christ did depict and declare. That means that we are to enforce, declare and disciple the nations, every tribe, every kindred, every ethnic grouping under and according to God’s Law.
The idea that religion is only personal is actually heretical. That’s an ancient heresy called Gnosticism. They said that the material world was evil and the unseen world was innately spiritual. That’s why so many Christians in that era, and even today, have not had a proper view of sexuality, the family, the role of the Church, their role in society, and even the idea of work and creating wealth. They think the material world is evil. And therefore, they must cultivate material monastic ideas to be closer to Christ. But the idea of being close to Christ, the chosen fast of God, is to go out and set at liberty the captives. So whether it is preaching the Gospel to men so that they may be redeemed. Or whether that means going into the civil realm as a politician and declaring the Crown Rights of Jesus Christ there and ruling diligently according to the Law of God. Or whether that means being a home schooling mom and raising a generation of champions for Jesus Christ. At every realm, Christ the expression of the Gospel, His life is real and vital, and therefore it must have an outward flow.
Question:– Was the New Testament Church really a “New Testament” Church as we think of it today? In what ways was their situation different from ours?
Jeff Ziegler: The battle in America is between two ideas or notions and it is the Lordship of Jesus Christ versus the authority of the state or “Caesar.” And that’s really always been the question. Even in Christ’s day, in the Gospels we see that the issue is always framed around: What allegiance do we owe to Caesar? What are our duties? And what allegiance do we owe to Christ?
Romans 13 gives us the parameter by which we are to judge our actions in this way. Romans 13 declares what kind of civil magistrate or elected official is endorsed by God. This kind of civil magistrate be he a monarch, a king, a parliamentarian, a congressmen, a president, must affirm God’s law, punish wickedness, and affirm and reward righteousness. That is the kind of civil magistrate we are to obey. However, if the civil magistrate becomes tyranny to God’s ways and in fact punishes righteousness and rewards wickedness, by virtue of their call to obey God’s Law-Word in every jot and tittle, by His grace, Christians must be resolved to resist tyranny and to stand against such injustice.
While there was no implicit call to resist the tyranny of Rome by Paul, the fact that he gave us that filter in Romans 13 actually was a defense of the civil disobedience of the early church. The very preaching of the Gospel, the serving of Christ as the Lord of the nations, as He being God alone and no the Caesar cult, that was an act of civil disobedience. That’s the reason why the Christians were persecuted and hounded and sent to the catacombs and put into the coliseums in the fierce competitions and the persecutions of Imperial Rome. It was the fact that they were not obeying the Caesar cult. So Romans 13 is a defense of the Gospel, but when we act upon the Gospel, when we preach the Gospel, when we live the Gospel, it is inevitably going to bring us in conflict with Caesar — or the state that would be God.
When we look throughout the book of Acts and we see the Apostles, the deacons, and simple Christians being brought before civil magistrates giving an account for their faith and the Apostle Paul is one of these. And the question comes down to: When it is Christ versus Caesar, do we obey God and His Law or man? That is the issue between Christ and Caesar and on that there can be no neutrality, if we consistently live the Gospel, preach the Gospel, demonstrate the Gospel. Even the idea of rescuing babies — the early church were taking abandoned babies that were left under the bridge abutment to die by Roman paganism. They were taking them as their own and adopting them and raising them in the faith. That was against Roman law. A true Gospel expression will always bring us into conflict, not with the civil magistrate that God ordains, but with the civil magistrate who seeks to dethrone God and become God himself.
Question:– Can we really legislate the biblical standards of morality on non-Christians? The non-Christian doesn’t even believe in the Bible, so how can we even talk about building a society based on the Law of God?
Jeff Ziegler: The idea that we can be governed by many moralities, or pluralism, is really a myth. We are either in obedience to God’s Law or we are in opposition to God’s Law. Now there is a concern in a mechanistic sense that we are going to impose God’s Law through an ecclesiocracy, that is a rule through the clergy, or through some dictatorship as in an Islamic nation. That is a misinterpretation of biblical Law. Biblical Law when it regards civil polity, is the ultimate decentralized government. Scripture does not support nor trust dictatorships. The whole idea behind God’s judgment at the Tower of Babel was that man was coming together. He had all of his strength in one central location and had a global government. And God by once stroke of the hand decentralized that government and turned the languages against one another and formed nation-states from that one expression of a global tyranny.
That is the paradigm of the liberal. Liberals and humanists think in terms of statism. They must have the state to coerce and to force their ideas upon the people. They don’t have another way of thinking. The state is messiah for them. When they look upon us and see our ideas and notions, that we are fighting for biblical law being applied to all of life, they can’t think in any other terms. They think it’s going to be a top-down theocratic, oligarchic or monarchic system. Nothing could be further from the truth. It’s not revolution or political dictatorships that we place our faith in, rather it’s the power of conversion. We are converting literally millions to the idea that God’s Law is supreme. We see these revolutionary trends in home schooling, in ecclesiastical reform, and in the civil realm as we elect expressly and explicitly Christian politicians — not simple neo-conservatives — but Christians who acknowledge God’s Law.
As we see this, one family at a time, one church at a time, one community at a time, one state at a time, America will be converted. It will be through conversion and not revolution that we see this great reordering and restructuring and reanchoring of our society to God’s Law. Now there will always be those who are autonomous rebels, who trample underfoot the Son of God, who count the blood of the covenant to be unholy. They will always seek to overthrow God’s rule. In the family, we see it with divorce and abortion. We see it in the church with ecclesiastical anarchists, those who will not be governed by sound doctrine. We see it in civil states. But only if they resort to violent means to overthrow godly order would they be suppressed. But they would not be suppressed by clergymen, but by a decentralized federal republic.
Question:– How did Christian philosophy influence our form of civil government?
Jeff Ziegler: There is great consternation and controversy about what Christ’s Lordship actually means in the real world. Most Christians will not argue with the fact that He does rule our lives. He is the ruler, the Lord, the King of their families and their church. But much beyond that, the idea of Christ’s Lordship begins to fall on deaf ears. The retort you often hear revolves around the time period when Christ is before Pilate’s inquisition and says, “My kingdom is not of this world.” Let’s put this in context however. Christ was not saying that His kingdom was not manifest in the world. What he was saying to Pilate “My kingdom does not gain it’s authority from Rome or the Sanhedrin. My authority comes from on high.” Pilate understood this. The irony is that the pagan tyrant understood, but Christians don’t today. So the authority of Christ’s kingdom is not of this world, but nonetheless, the kingdom has invaded this civil realm, the family realm, “the earth is the Lord’s and the fullness thereof.” Every aspect of society is touched by the kingdom of God.
Now how does this work practically? If every time we’ll confess, “Every knee will bow” before Christ, that He is the Lord, that monarchs, kings, state representatives, congressmen, and presidents must bow their knee before God. By what standard will they bow the knee? Yes, it gets back to God’s Law. The kingdom has no place in terms of seeking approval or legitimacy here in the earth. It doesn’t need the president’s approval to exist. It’s authority comes from the other world. And therefore it is superior and higher. But the kingdom is manifest in the world and Christ’s Lordship is manifest in the world in the civil realm, in the family, in every aspect of society, economics, science etc. Christ’s Lordship has the claim.
We talk about the crown rights of Jesus Christ. By virtue of the finished work of Jesus Christ, He has the right to rule. He has the keys to the kingdom of heaven. He has reconciled all things in heaven and in earth, the visible and the invisible, the living and the dead. He rules over all. Christ’s kingdom is comprehensive in scope and absolute in its authority.
Question:– Were the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution drafted to uphold the moral laws of God — or were they Deistic humanist documents? If they were Christian documents, where have we gone so far off track?
Jeff Ziegler: There is no question that our Founding Fathers were an amalgamation of some Deistic humanists, Puritan thought as well as high Anglicanism, all mixed together and jostling for position in the context of our founding federal documents. However, there was an acknowledgment of man’s overriding depravity, the idea that absolute power corrupts absolutely was not a foreign idea to these men. In looking at the Hebrew Commonwealth in its decentralized forms of government, our founding fathers in their wisdom, set about to create a system where there would be checks and balances against this idea of absolute power, government by man, tyrannical carnality, with three branches of government, all of which are supposed to work to counter balance the other. At least theoretically, they would keep in check any tyrannical impulse.
Unfortunately, that assumes these three institutions are appealing to God’s Law. No matter how good the system, unless it is under the aegis and covering of God’s Law, any system can revert to tyranny. It can be the tyranny of the majority of paganism, of humanism. Even in Israel, in the Hebrew Commonwealth, when they began to apostatize and fall away from God’s Law, what did they begin to cry out for? — a tyrant, a king “like all he other nations.” They paid the price for it in terms of wars, tyrannical suppression and taxation, and ultimately in the division of their nation in two separate entities and then the invasion of foreign pagan powers to bring them under the enslavement of their anti-God ways. So they ultimately paid the price and we will too if we don’t turn back to God’s Law.
When we can compare biblical law versus natural law, scripture is the final immutable authority on every subject of which it speaks. It is binding not only on the regenerate that is the Christian, but the unregenerate alike. You’ll either are following God’s Law and prospering accordingly, or you’ll be broken by it. It doesn’t change. So whether you acknowledge it or not, it exists, and all men are judged by its standards.
Now there is certainly natural revelation. God has made himself known in the creation — there is evidence of his creation everywhere. But ultimately it is not evidence that man needs. It’s conviction of sin and to have his miscreant depraved nature arrested. The role of the civil magistrate is to keep a biblical and sound order, to prosper the righteous and to punish wickedness. You can’t do that by natural revelation or natural law. Now it’s true that in a godly or predominantly godly society, men will understand natural law in a way that mimics or comes close to biblical law. We see that in the embryonic stages of our nation. However, natural law can be co-opted and pirated by corrupt alien and humanistic worldviews. Natural law can be interpreted from many different angles. In so doing, morality become relativistic.
However, that cannot be said of the Ten Commandments because not only do we have the explicit injunction “Thou shalt not kill” (or murder) or “Thou shalt not commit adultery.” But we have case laws which interpret that law and how it is to be administered in the civil realm. So biblical law is superior because it is defined revelation. It is specific and applicable.
Question:– What about the “establishment of religion” clause in the U.S. Constitution? Doesn’t the U.S. Constitution forbid the display of religion in the civil sphere?
Jeff Ziegler: The main differences between the Roman Empire under the Caesar cult and the early Church’s reaction to it and Christians today in a constitutional republic, despite the fact that we’ve lost so many of our freedoms, we still have remedy at law to begin to work within the process to restore and reconstruct our nation along biblical lines — simply to restore it to what it once was. Under the Roman authority, Christians did not have the means to defend themselves. Christians did not have the right to an appeal. But we have that process here. We have the right to defend ourselves. We have a Constitution. We have a Bill of Rights. We have elected representatives that we can work with, lower civil magistrates that we can work alongside, convert to the faith and even elect those who are explicitly Christian to these lower realms and then begin to work up into the governmental powers that be.
Reconstruction and reformation is a ground-up idea. The idea of seizing control of Washington D.C., of the Congress and presidency, is hopelessly naive. We have to reconstruct families. We have to reconstruct churches. We have to begin to work at the local level. We have to develop regional zones of kingdom influence. Within that realm, we are exhibiting, testifying, and working for the Crown Rights of Jesus Christ. So in that realm Christians have a greater hope and an easier road to hoe than the early Christians did versus the imperial power of Rome.
It’s not as if this is a new thing that we are talking about. Our nation was founded under these strictures. If you go to any of the early colonial charters, the Fundamental Charters of Carolina, for example, there was a test for Christian orthodoxy for all civil magistrates and even land owners that they had to adhere to before they could be a recognized and vibrant part of the social fabric. We are not talking about anything that has not been done. It was done and accomplished in our nation and prior to the War Between the States, America prospered under such a mandate.
So we are not talking about Ayatollah Khomeini’s Iran. We are not talking about Islamic law. We’re talking about biblical law. If we go back and we look at the Commonwealth of the Hebrew Republic, before the kings, we see a very decentralized system of government. Many people have the notion that Moses was a dictator, but that was only in the initial stages of the Exodus, which was primarily a military operation. Soon after that we see that Moses was going to wear away the people and God not only gave 70 elders, but princes and captains of fifties and tens. So you had this incredibly decentralized system of government among the tribes of Israel. People could say it was inefficient, but the whole idea was a check and balance against man’s depravity. We modeled our constitutional republic after the Hebrew Commonwealth. That’s what we’re talking about here.
Question:– What about the idea that the government should be neutral and should recognize that we live in a democratic, pluralistic society?
Jeff Ziegler: Probably the greatest evidence of humanism’s collapse and the reactionary statist hand being felt is in the former monopoly that we call public education. Public education is no such thing; it’s government indoctrination. After all, whether it be Hitler, Stalin or Mao, tyrants always try to grab hold of the next generation to perpetuate their rebellion. The public school system on a number of different fronts is beginning to collapse — academically, economically because people are no longer voting for levies, and because it is becoming more centralized in Washington D.C. Centralization is never an answer. Any business man could tell you that if the public school elitists definitely wanted to succeed, they would not want to centralize, but that is what they are doing. As these things begin to happen, more and more individuals leave the public school system either for parochial schools, private schools or for home school.
The correct reason for home schooling is not simply the quality of education in the government run school system. It is to say that the government has no authority whatever over you children., You are the one who is ultimately responsible.
As more have home schools, as more move to the parochial schools what is happening is a literal depopulation of the public system. Laws are being enacted at the state and federal level to destroy the freedom the parents have over their children. Home schoolers think that they have fought most of the legal battles in the 1980s. Actually they are going to see that their own success is going to breed a greater backlash by the state against their efforts. Ultimately, the state believes, whether at the local municipality, state or federal government, that they own the children. And that is where the great backlash of a collapsing humanism is going to be felt. It is going to take courage, conviction and sound theology by Christian parents not only to resist the tyranny, but to fight for justice.
Question:– Wouldn’t a Christian Republic run according to God’s Law become oppressive to non-Christians?
Jeff Ziegler: Freedom, liberty, has one chief end, and that is to advance Christ’s rule, His reign, over all the nations and all the realms of the earth. Liberty without the sure anchor of Christian orthodoxy is really a Greco-Roman idea. It leads either on one hand to unfettered licentiousness and moral anarchy, or on the other, to a paternalistic tyranny. Because when you have moral anarchy, the state will move to suppress that anarchy. Without Christian orthodoxy, the hope of freedom and liberty for which our Founding Fathers fought is elusive at best.
When autonomous man seeks liberty from God, his first action is to revolt against God’s law in order to fulfill the lusts of his flesh. Thereafter this period of anarchy, the messianic state seeks to suppress this moral anarchy. At that point, you have tyranny. You have the liberal or the right wing imposing their own morality apart from God. And so the whole idea of liberty is connected intrinsically to the idea of God’s moral law. Liberty apart from God’s law is an impossibility. There is no neutrality on this issue. It’s either God’s law or chaos. And if we have chaos, we will have tyranny. God has designed all governments, whether they are fascist, communist or democratic republics, to gravitate towards stability. The only question is will it be the governance of God’s Law or communism or fascism or any other man-centered humanistic ideal. So man can have his licentious, lust-filled day in the sun. But he will pay a price in the ultimate loss of all freedom.
It is no accident that apostasy and heresy in the church and civil tyranny among nations walk hand in hand. The orthodox expression of Christianity is the final guarantor of our freedoms. And so if heresy and infidelity to orthodoxy gains ascendancy within the church, it will eventually work its way out into the civil sphere. People often ask me why we have such oppressive government in America today. And my answer is: Don’t point to Washington D.C., because, while it is Sodom on the Potomac, the real problem lies with the pulpits of America. Unless we affirm Christian orthodoxy and the resulting freedoms it has birthed and guaranteed throughout the years, we will continue to be enslaved by our statist masters.
Question:– What can Christians begin to do from a practical standpoint to begin to rebuild our nation according to the standard of the Law of God? What would a Christian America look like?
Jeff Ziegler: The way that the state attempts to supplant God is to intrude upon the God-given rights of personal property and the pursuit of happiness — the things which are codified in our founding documents. This is true of communism, fascism, socialism and even a democratic republic. When the state begins to tax property, when it says that property which is given to you by God is now subject to their rule and their reign. You no longer own that property. You have become a serf through property taxes and income taxes. God gives you the power to get wealth. He is not the disburser of wealth, but gives you the power to get wealth to honor God. When they begin to tax income, property and things of this nature, they are intruding upon rights that God has given you. If they curtail your speech regarding the Gospel. We see that around abortion mills in these “buffer zones” where you cannot preach the Gospel or declare God’s Law. These notions to control the freedom to worship God are all signs of tyranny.
But the good news is this. Tyranny only goes so far and so long before it begins to burn out. First, because of its own corruption. Second, because there is only so much money and so much property to tax. Eventually, this insatiable appetite for more has to be curtailed by simple arithmetic. In America today, we have reached the point where moral corruption, infidelity to Gods law in the civil realm, humanism as a life assistance in the collegiate realm among the intellectual elite, Darwinism, all of these notions are coming to the end of their political and social life span. In fact, I can hear the death rattle in the throat of humanism. They know it. This is in one way encouraging, but in another way it leads us to the most dangerous period. Whenever these systems begin to collapse, men who have tied their fortunes, their lives, their reputations to these corrupted and fallen paradigms become very vicious and violent.
We see this in the old Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union began to collapse, it was uneven. We see anarchy, murder, the Russian Mafia. Yet there could be more political tumult there and in Eastern Europe. We don’t see the end of this yet. The same thing could happen in America. When humanism ultimately collapses and Christians rise to the fore, we could see things like the break-up and realignment of the United States. What is happening in the Soviet Union could certainly happen here. Those are dangerous times when one system is collapsing and another system arises. My great hope is that there is sufficient reformation and reconstruction in the church so that when the paradigm of humanism ultimately collapses, we will be able in the crisis to fill that vacuum. Otherwise, we’ll exchange one tyranny for another.
Jeff Ziegler: The Reformation Worldview
On September 3rd, 2000, a few Christian activists and scholars gathered on the Mall in Washington D.C. to conduct a day-long seminar on “world changing.” Exactly one year later, terrorists attacked Washington and New York. It became apparent that America must fight a long and costly was on two fronts. While international terrorism is being fought on one front, Christians activists must wage a war against a more subtle attack by anti-Christian “terrorists” within.
This seminar has become more relevant in light of the events of 9/11.
We offer this seminar to the next generation of world changers who can be used of God to turn our nation back from humanist domination.
Jeffrey A. Ziegler
Whining pontifications, belched from the nefarious abortionist; Merle Hoffman have filled the feminist press with tiresome libertine dribble. In her latest book; Hoffman declares abortion a “motherly loving choice” Hoffman’s definition of “loving” is at best strange and perverse.
Her predecessor, Margaret Sanger; the founder of Planned Parenthood, was an unabashed racist and urged the forced sterilization of “Jews, blacks, and Europeans of eastern and Mediterranean ancestry.” Additionally, Sanger advocated the complete overthrow of traditional families and “the enslaving institution of marriage.” In the political realm, Sanger’s views ran to anarchy and her depraved admiration for Adolph Hitler is well documented. Today, Hoffman follows the legacy of Sanger as the foremost champion of abortion in America and familial anarchy. Witness her shameless fawning over her own killing policies, and the promotion of abortions in America. Ergo, following the convoluted logic of Hoffman, killing unborn babies has become a “loving” value that must be defended from the advance of orthodox Christianity and justice for the unborn.
Hoffman clumsily attempts to legitimize and mainstream her statist bloodthirsty views under the aegis of traditional concepts of love and motherly notions. She knows that killing babies is not a marketable idea. Hence, Hoffman resorts to subtlety and subterfuge to posture herself as a benign centrist so as to maintain her blood money enterprise of killing. So while outrage at Hoffman’s anti-baby view is legitimate, one must turn such frustration into long term activism to challenge and repulse her skewed world-view. Murder money thugs like Hoffman always crash and burn in history!
Hoffman’s latest “motherly love” missive proves her contempt for “all things pertaining to life and Godliness.” In fact, Hoffman is a true rival of traditional Christianity. Judged by her sappy rhetoric, her religion venerates abortion as the new sacrament. Such love religions have fallen many an empire and left unchecked, will mean the death of America.
For More See Video at Jill Stanek’s article in Foundation of Life. http://www.foundationlife.net/?p=25450
By Jay Rogers
It is blasphemy to call tyrants and oppressors God’s ministers…. When magistrates rob and ruin the people, instead of being guardians of its peace and welfare, they immediately cease to be the ordinance and ministers of God, and no more deserve that glorious character than common pirates and highwaymen.— Jonathan Mayhew (1720 – 1766), Congregational minister at West Church in Boston
Should Christians always obey the government? If a government is ungodly should Christians resist the government? Romans 13 is often used as a proof text to say that we must obey civil rulers in all circumstances. Here is an underlying confusion between the person holding the office and the authority of that office which is established and maintained by God.
In John Knox’s day, the church had to deal with a wicked ruler, Mary Queen of Scots, who claimed authority merely because she held the office of regent. Knox argued that rulers who are disobedient to God have no part in civil office. Romans 13; 1 Timothy 2:1-2 and 1 Peter 2:13-17 refer specifically to just rulers and not to Lawless covenant breaking rulers. When David broke the commandments of God, it was the duty of the prophet Nathan to resist him, because God himself resisted David. In fact, when God himself opposes such rulers, it is the Church’s duty to pray imprecations and to resist their wickedness in obedience to the Law of God. If a tyrant is guilty for his crimes before God, then it is our duty to oppose him. If he repents, then our opposition to his sin will be used of God to bring him to repentance (as was the case with David). But if he does not repent, then our complicity with his sin will make us equally guilty.
Here I will answer some objections to this covenantal understanding of disobedience to tyrants. The following are actual objections culled from letters and articles I have received over the past few years from Christian leaders.
Objection #1: “The Lord wants to use the church even more than He wants to use the government.”
Here is a basic misunderstanding of the rule of God betrayed by the use of the phrase “the government.” Government does not refer to the civil sphere only. God has ordained all government; it falls into several biblical spheres: individual, family, church and civil government. Each one has a divine role to play in governing society. It is not a matter of God wanting to use the church “even more.” It’s rather a matter of each sphere fulfilling its proper role. The church cannot do what God has ordained for the civil magistrate (such as enforce the death penalty); nor can the state do what God ordained for the church (enforce church discipline and preserve correct doctrine); nor can the state play the role of the family (raise and educate our children). Our society is presently in a weird feeble state because we have not correctly understood these distinctions.
Objection #2: “We have a mandate from God to pray for and support our government, regardless of what we think about the current administration.”
We must always pray for our civil rulers, yes, but we should only support them if they uphold the covenant of God by ruling righteously. Over 400 years ago, the Scottish Covenanters refuted the idea of the “Divine Right of Kings” arguing that the king himself is in covenant with God. The people, as the king’s subjects, were also a part of the covenant.
Yes, God ordained earthly rulers, but only those who were just and obedient to God’s covenant with civil rulers (Romans 13:3-5). These rulers: (1) are not a terror to good works; (2) are ministers of good not evil; (3) bear not the sword in vain [unjustly]; (4) are servants of God (5) avengers of evil. If a civil ruler breaks covenant with God, the people are obliged to throw off the shackles of tyranny. Otherwise the people are guilty of submitting to the unjust commandments of wicked rulers.
Objection #3: “We must not continue to worship at the feet of political movements, trying to get the government to do the church’s job.”
What is really being said here is that it is not the civil rulers’ job to enforce the Law of God on issues such as abortion nor to bring biblical punishment to law breakers. Of course, this is absurd!
The church has its part to play and the state has its part. Both are responsible to uphold the rule of God’s Law in its own sphere. A model of government in which the church ruled supreme or the state ruled supreme would result in tyranny (and it often has). It is simply not God’s biblically ordained plan.
Objection #4: “If the energy now being put into political activism were redirected into prayer and the preaching of the gospel, far more would be accomplished for righteousness and truth than will ever be established through legislation.”
“Abortion is not a gospel issue.”
“If we would just preach the gospel; just pray more; etc. …”
Yet each of these sayings is antinomian. It seems that some Christians will always object to the idea of enforcing the Law of God.
Objection #5: “Morality instituted by compulsion can only be maintained by increasing control and fear.”
On the contrary, it is our God-given duty to maintain morality under “compulsion.” This is one of the reasons why the moral Law of God was given: it restrains the passions of a sinner in society.
John Calvin commented on this use of the Law:
Then, since the law declares God will be the avenger, sets punishment for transgressors, and threatens death and judgment, it serves at least by fear of punishment to restrain certain men who, unless compelled, are untouched by any concern for what is just and right. But they are restrained, not because their inner mind is stirred or affected, but because, being bridled, so to speak, they keep their hands from outward activity, and hold inside the depravity that otherwise they would wantonly have indulged. Consequently, they are neither better nor more righteous before God. Even though hindered by fright or shame, they dare neither execute what they have conceived in their minds or rage according to their lust. Still, they do not have hearts disposed to fear and obey God. Indeed, the more they restrain themselves, the more they are inflamed, burn and boil within, and are ready to do anything or burst forth anywhere — but for the fact that this dread of the law hinders them. Not only that — but so wickedly do they also hate the law itself, and curse God the Lawgiver, that if they could they would most certainly abolish him, for they cannot bear him either when he commands them to do right, or when he takes vengeance on the despisers of his majesty. But constrained and forced righteousness is necessary for the public community of men, for whose tranquillity the Lord so provided in guarding against complete and violent confusion. This would happen if all things were permitted to all men (Calvin, Institutes).
There are only two possible types of societies: a society under total sanctification with no compulsion; or a society that is only partially sanctified yet under compulsion to obey the Law. One of our founders put it this way, “If all men were angels, there would be no need for government.” Within history, there will never be a thoroughly “Christian” nation, in that not all members of the society will be entirely sanctified. In most societies, there will always be some sinners living in open rebellion to God. To advocate “no compulsion” is another way to say that sinners are free to do whatever they please in this life.
Since some will never be saved (and Christians will remain imperfect) the only restraint for their sin is “compulsion” under the moral Law of God. If a man is a thief, he should be punished for his thievery. What is called “oppression and bondage” is actually the moral Law of God acting as a standard for societal righteousness.
Some believe that God’s Law can have no jurisdiction over unconverted people. According to this reasoning, any attempt made to prevent the unconverted from their acts of sin is a futile, fleshly attempt to do only what the Holy Spirit can do through salvation. In reality, unconverted people are under the Law and therefore under the jurisdiction of God. Sinners are under the curse of the Law, because they haven’t obeyed the Law (Galatians 3:10). Of course, our primary objective is the salvation of the sinner. But to deny societal morality because it is instituted by “compulsion” is to advocate lawlessness and anarchy.
Objection #6: “When revival comes, we will not have to worry about changing laws — the people will be changed.”
Revival does not negate the role of the moral law of God in governing society. True revival is always characterized by: (1) Recovery of the Law-Word of God in the church and society; (2) Tremendous judgment of sin in the church and society; (3) Societal transformation. A.W. Tozer wrote: “Revival changes the moral climate of a community.”
These characteristics have been borne out by historical fact and are recorded in the writings of America’s past revivalists such as Charles Finney, John Wesley, George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards. These men have also taught us that politics or “civil government” is an institution to be reformed according to God’s Word.
“Revival” does not imply utopian perfection. When we have “revival” there will still be a need for civil government. As time goes on, its role will lessen and it will function within its God-given authority. In a biblically ordered society, for instance, acts of abortion might still occur, but the offenders would be punished by the civil authorities. Biblical Law enforced by the civil magistrate acts as a deterrent to crime.
Objection #7: There is also the prevailing view that “politics is dirty and cannot be expected to be as holy and sacred as the church.”
The Bible plainly teaches that both of these institutions are given by God and are equally holy, both are set apart for His purposes. The church has spiritual authority to address matters of morality, but civil government was given by God to punish wrongdoing (Romans 13).
Objection #8: “The Pharisees were on the right side of moral issues, but Christ opposed them for having a spirit of intolerance.”
The fact is, Jesus Christ opposed the Pharisees because they were lawless, covenant-breakers who held to the traditions of men rather than the Law of God.
“The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses’ seat. All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after their works: for they say and do not.” (Matthew 23:2,3).
Christ commanded his disciples to obey the Law, but He condemned the Pharisees for not observing the Law. Elsewhere He accused them of theft and idolatry.
Objection #9: “I’m not under the law. I’d rather err on the side of liberty than on the side of legalism.”
These statements belie a basic misunderstanding of the relationship between Law and Grace. There is some confusion among Christians today when discussing the Law of God and the Grace of God. When many Christians speak of grace or “Christian liberty,” they are often advocating a license to sin or an “antinomian” view that is clearly condemned in Scripture. Likewise, when many evangelicals speak of “the law” what they are referring to is not the moral Law of God, but a system of legalism or traditions devised by men. Many people view Law and Grace as being opposites. But both are true and necessary as standards of true conversion.
The grace of God means infinitely more than forgiveness of sin and umerited favor; it also entails the victorious Christian life and final perserverance to the resurrection. Grace is not merely a “covering for individual acts of sin” (justification) but it is “power over all sin” (sanctification).
Yet the moral Law of God remains the measure of sanctification for the believer. Furthermore, the Law of God, when codified as a basis for civil law, restrains the passion of the sinner (i.e., capital punishment is a deterrent to murder). It also acts as a schoolmaster to bring us to Christ. Knowledge of the moral Law of God brings individuals knowledge of sin. How can we be saved unless we first know that we are sinners? Christ works through the moral Law as a means of grace to bring sinners to salvation. This is why we need to preach the Law of God to sinners in addition to salvation by grace through faith.
Thus there is no contradication between being “bound to obey the moral Law” and “being under grace.” The Law and Grace are not diametrically opposed, but are completely complementary doctrines.
Objection #10: “There are no political solutions. Jesus Christ is not a Republican nor a Democrat. He did not come to take sides in man’s political struggles. He came to take over.”
Yes, He came to have dominion. But His rule does not tolerate antinomianism!
The role of the Christian is to continue to resist evil tyrants until they leave office. It is sad that we have to have this discussion in America, a country founded on the ideals of Puritan theology. In the 1700s, at the time of the American Revolution, the average American citizen understood Puritan social theory and had a foundation in all these ideas. Samuel Adams said, referring to the overthrow of George III’s tyranny in America:
He who sets up and pulls down, confines or extends empires at his pleasure, generally, if not always, carries on his work with instruments apparently unfit for the great purpose, but which in his hands are always effectual … God does the work, but not without instruments, and they who are employed are denominated as his servants; no king, nor kingdom was ever destroyed by a miracle which effectually excluded the agency of second causes … We may affect humility in refusing to be made the instruments of Divine vengeance, but the good servant will execute the will of his master. Samuel will slay Agag; Moses, Aaron, and Hur will pray in the mountain, and Joshua will defeat the Canaanites.
And so the Church must defeat tyranny. If a civil ruler does not have God’s spirit in him, his lawless works will show him to be anti-Christ. If he rules in a tyrannical manner, we are duty bound to resist him as humble instruments in the hands of God. And if he does not repent of murder and idolatry, we are bound to destroy his regime.
“Ethical management,” “reproductive health,” and “choice” are all terms regularly utilized by pro-abortion advocates. Within a span of mere years, however, Planned Parenthood alone has been faced with charges involving malpractice and illegal admissions. In Texas, institutions were forced to close when allegations revealed that induced abortions were being administered by uncertified professionals. Establishments elsewhere drew more attention when supposed minors were given abortion referrals without required parental consent. Concerning the matters of reproductive health and choice, the company has refused to integrate ultrasounds in counseling, and has encouraged anything but true reproduction. Of the many services explicitly stated on its website, the company presently equates reproductive health with the promotion of STD testing, abortion and birth control services, and HPV vaccinations as easily accessible and affordable. Apparently, “choice” to this company refers not to a decision between life and death, but upon the varying ways to enact murder. Ironic is the fact that the very union decrying the moral standing of departments has been so apparently secretive and contradictory itself!
The protection of Amendment One and briefest recognition of natural right as secured by Amendment Fourteen are sufficient in refuting the document in question. While often misunderstood and abused, the liberty commonly recognized as “freedom of speech” originated from a deep-seated desire to restrict governmental censorship where unnecessary. Only when a circumstance aroused the suspicion of being morally unsound or treasonous was regulation summoned. The right to “life” simply and generally acknowledged every man as commonly and innately entitled to protection under the Creator of all life (John 14:6). As the pro-life cause has reputably defended every duration of life and avoided serious illegalities, it may be safely concluded that Planned Parenthood, the NARAL, and similar organizations should reconsider the party truly in need of public posts and moral correction. Only then can a female, in reiterating Ms. Rawlings-Blake’s misapplied rhetoric, make an independent, “informed” decision which is Constitutionally and ethically compliant.
In the Name of the Defender and Originator of Life (Psalm 82:3),
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