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SOS Children's Village Chiclayo
When parents decide to migrate to another part of the country, they do so with their children’s best interests in mind. But with no support networks in place and no formal work to be found, the situation of children often becomes more precarious.
Internal migration in search of work and a better life
An older boy teaches his brother and sisters to dance (photo: SOS archives).
Chiclayo, located near the Pacific coast in northern Peru, is the capital city of the Lambayeque region. It has a warm and dry desert climate, but its inhabitants have successfully irrigated and farmed the land ever since the time of the Moche civilisation (100 to 800 AD). Chiclayo is Peru’s fourth largest city.
Chiclayo has always been a strong agro-industrial centre in northern Peru and therefore has a massive influx of migrants, many of them from poorer highland regions. In fact, Chiclayo has a migrant population of 46.5 per cent. This intensive urbanisation brings problems, however, such as inadequate housing and sanitation. And this in turn puts the children of these migrant families in an environment where their healthy development is severely endangered.
In addition, when families migrate, support networks break down and single parents in particular often have no one to look after their children while they are out working. This means that children have to learn to fend for themselves at an age when they should be protected and nurtured.
Children need support and guidance to break the cycle of poverty
Another problem is that, more often than not, people do not find formal work once they have migrated. A life of illegal work, for example as street vendors, is therefore their only option. They are vulnerable to health hazards, violence and exploitation in the streets and, since their activities are illegal, even the police cannot provide protection. And it is always the children who suffer most from this precarious lifestyle. To help the family survive, many also have to work on the streets, selling merchandise or shining shoes.
When parents cannot afford to formalise their business or do not hold the necessary qualifications to get a formal job, their children become victims of the cycle of poverty. They, too, miss out on education as they have to contribute to the family income. Nor do they receive the health care and loving family environment every child deserves.
What we do in Chiclayo
An SOS family from Chiclayo (photo: SOS archives)
SOS Children’s Villages began its work in Chiclayo in 1983.
Strengthen Families: The social centres here offer a family strengthening programme to support the local community. Its services include childminding centres, which enable parents, particularly single mothers, to leave their children in safe hands while they go out to make a living.
The activities here are organised by the community itself, with SOS Children’s Villages providing training and support.
Care in SOS families: For children who are no longer able to live with their parents, SOS families provide a loving and secure home where children live with their brothers and sisters, affectionately looked after by their SOS parent. Some SOS families live alongside other families in different neighbourhoods throughout the town.
Support for young people: When young people are ready to leave their SOS family in order to pursue further education or vocational training, the SOS Youth Programme provides shared flats in town. Qualified counsellors are available on-site to assist young people in planning their future, learning to shoulder responsibility and increasingly making their own decisions.
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Kosovo 1998-2008: Human Rights from War to Independence
Serbs and Albanians have inhabited Kosovo for centuries. For Serbs, Kosovo is the core of the medieval Serbian kingdom. For Albanians, Kosovo is the cradle of their struggle for independence. With both parties feeling entitled to the territory of the province, the threat of conflict was never far away. At several points, human rights abuses were perpetrated by one group on the other. Deeper ethnic antagonisms led to the outbreak of conflict in Kosovo in 1998, culminating in January 1999. Having already dealt with conflicts in Croatia and Bosnia, the international community claimed to be well-prepared to approach the Kosovo issue and stop the atrocities. While bearing in mind the past and the present, this paper addresses the failures of both the international community and the local parties in regard to human rights protection.
|Date of creation:||Apr 2008|
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Aims in Fiji
Poverty Issues in Fiji
More than 250,000 people in the Fiji islands live in poverty and many more live on or just above the poverty line. With a population dispersed over a multiple of islands, efficient delivery of health care, education and other social services is incredibly difficult. Fijian communities, especially those in rural area suffer the most extreme consequences of this poverty.
The balance of traditional life
The subsistence village lifestyle in Fiji or the 'Kaiviti way' is a simply beautiful existence. Life in the traditional villages centres on family, farming and fishing. The whole community work together to ensure everyone has food, shelter, comfort and friendship. Our volunteers see firsthand, this amazing way of life. There is a fine line between this traditional way of life and the prevalent poverty issues in Fiji. Understanding this balance and having projects which are conceived, directed and monitored by Fijian people in the rural communities is the key to creating the best possible assistance in Fiji; supporting sustainable, locally led projects whilst respecting, promoting and immersing into the Kaiviti way
Education, youth and sports
Many schools are in poor condition and devoid of basic materials. Poverty forces many children to drop out of education and many do not continue beyond primary school level. There is a very limited access to kindergarten schools and educational programmes for pre-school infants. Away from the classroom, there is a severe lack of extracurricular activities. Children in rural communities are often forced into a future of limited education and opportunity. Children, especially in the outer islands have no access to sporting clubs, sports equipment or resources, and a lack of sports structure and development within schools and communities.
There have been increases in youth crime and drug abuse in Fiji due to lack of work opportunities, limited positive role models and an absence of organised youth schemes and extra-curricular activities. Within Fijian society both women and young adults face additional hurdles. Women are less likely to receive tertiary education or gain access to jobs. Youth unemployment and urban drift are increasing in Fiji, with rural communities left with a severe lack of skills, training, support and available income.
Vital local infrastructure
There is a severe absence of basic infrastructure in rural areas, including sanitation facilities, schools, clinics, community centres, kindergarten classrooms, electricity, road access, river/stream access, sea wall defences and jetties and a limited supply of effective pumped systems to provide fresh water to rural communities.
Issues of health care
The quality of health services varies significantly in Fiji. In the outer islands health care is not easily accessible and the nearest clinics often involve an expensive sea journey. Poor sanitation systems and a lack of fresh water supplies can be a cause of severe sickness. According to the Asian Development Bank, only 50% of the population in Fiji has access to safe water and proper sanitation. The level of access to sanitation is 75% in urban areas, but only 12% in rural areas.
A Tourist's perspective
For the majority of tourists holidaying in Fiji, the underlying issues of hardship for local people are not immediately visible. It is not until tourists see beyond the palm trees and beaches that the extent of poverty in Fiji becomes clear. In a destination more synonymous with luxury honeymoons than deprivation, the harsh truth is that in the rural villages, roughly one third of Fiji's population live in poverty. Many communities are heavily disadvantaged, many children are denied the basic opportunities in life and many families struggle to meet their daily needs.
Specific development issues
Think Pacific's projects follow Community Needs Assessments that have been conducted by our local partners at the Fijian Ministry. These assessments form long term holistic objectives to raise the standard of basic services, health, education, sports and opportunity and support sustainable development in the rural communities. This is the basis for all of Think Pacific's expeditions in Fiji.
Lucy Price, ShrewsburyIt was the best experience of my life. I feel like I've come away with some of the closest friends you can ever make.
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If you’ve been diagnosed with kidney stones (urolithiasis), you may have several options for treatment. These include medical therapy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL), and ureteroscopy.
A brief anatomy of the urinary tract
The urinary tract includes
- kidneys (two organs that filter waste and extra water from the blood)
- ureters (two tubes bringing urine from each kidney to the bladder)
- bladder (organ that collects urine)
- urethra (a single tube through which urine in the bladder passes out of the body).
The evaluation for kidney stones
If your symptoms suggest kidney stones, imaging is often the first step in an evaluation. For many years the standard of care was a type of abdominal x-ray called an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). In most medical centers, this has been replaced by a type of computed tomography (CT) called unenhanced helical CT scanning. In some cases, such as when a person has impaired renal function or a contrast dye allergy, renal ultrasound may be used as an alternative.
You will also have blood tests, including tests for renal function (creatinine, BUN). Your doctor may suggest other blood tests as well. A urinalysis will be obtained and if infection is suspected, a urine culture will be sent.
Keeping kidney stone pain under control
If you are experiencing the intense discomfort of kidney stones (renal colic), pain control is a top priority. A 2018 analysis of multiple randomized trials looked at different pain relief medicines given to people treated in the emergency department for acute renal colic. It compared nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen) with paracetamol (similar to acetaminophen) or opioids. The study found NSAIDs offered effective pain relief with fewer side effects than paracetamol or opioids. NSAIDs directly inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, which decreases activation of pain receptors and reduces renal blood flow and ureteral contractions.
Medical therapy for kidney stones
Most evidence suggests that stones less than 10 mm in diameter have a reasonable chance of passing through the urinary tract spontaneously. You may be offered medical expulsive therapy (MET) using an alpha blocker medication, such as tamsulosin. It’s important to understand that this is an off-label use of the drug. Rarely, tamsulosin causes a condition called intraoperative floppy iris syndrome that can complicate cataract surgery.
Not all experts feel MET is worthwhile, and its use remains controversial. Discuss your options with your doctor or a urologist.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
All shock wave lithotripsy machines deliver shock waves through the skin to the stone in the kidney. Most but not all of the energy from the shock wave is delivered to the stone.
Stone size is the greatest predictor of ESWL success. Generally:
- stones less than 10 mm in size can be successfully treated
- for stones 10 to 20 mm in size, additional factors such as stone composition and stone location should be considered
- stones larger than 20 mm are usually not successfully treated with ESWL.
Stones in the lower third of the kidney can also be problematic because, after fragmentation, the stone fragments may not be cleared from the kidney. Due to gravity, these fragments don’t pass out of the kidney as easily as fragments from the middle and upper thirds of the kidney.
Obesity also influences whether ESWL treatment will be successful. The urologist will calculate the skin-to-stone distance (SSD) to help determine whether this treatment is likely to be effective.
The possible complications of ESWL include:
- Injury to kidney tissue, such as bruising (hematoma), can occur in a small number of cases, but usually heals without additional treatment.
- Fragmented stones may accumulate in the ureter and form an obstruction. This is known as a steinstrasse (“street of stones”). A ureteral stent often minimizes any problems associated with steinstrasse. The stent is removed in a few days or weeks.
- A small percentage of patients undergoing ESWL develop hypertension, although the mechanism is not well understood.
- An increased risk of diabetes mellitus following ESWL has also been reported. However, these results were not confirmed by a large population study done at the same institution.
Using ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance, a surgeon gains access to kidney stones through a small incision in the lower back during percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. A power source, such as ultrasound or laser, breaks the stones into fragments, which are flushed out of the kidney through an external tube or internal stent.
This treatment is usually considered for larger kidney stones (2 cm or more), complex stones, or lower pole renal stones larger than 1 cm. Possible complications may include bleeding, infection, and injury to surrounding organs.
During ureteroscopy, a surgeon places a tube through the urethra and bladder into the ureter, possibly going all the way up into the kidney. Ureteroscopy employs either semirigid or flexible instruments through which the surgeon has an excellent view of everything inside the urethra. The surgeon then uses a power source threaded up through the ureteroscope to fragment the stones under direct visualization. A postoperative stent can be placed for a few days at the discretion of the urologist.
Complications are infrequent, but may include injury to or narrowing of the ureter, as well as sepsis.
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The distinctive, philosophically interesting concept of eternity arose very early in the history of philosophy as the concept of a mode of existence that was not only beginningless and endless but also essentially different from time. It was introduced into early Greek philosophy as the mode of existence required for fundamental reality (being) contrasted with ordinary appearance (becoming). But the concept was given its classic formulation by Boethius, who thought of eternity as God's mode of existence and defined God's eternality as
'the complete possession all at once of illimitable life'. As defined by Boethius the concept was important in medieval philosophy. The elements of the Boethian definition are life, illimitability (and hence duration), and absence of succession (or timelessness). Defined in this way, eternality is proper to an entity identifiable as a mind or a person (and in just that sense living) but existing beginninglessly, endlessly and timelessly.
Such a concept raises obvious difficulties. Some philosophers think the difficulties can be resolved, but others think that in the light of such difficulties the concept must be modified or simply rejected as incoherent. The most obvious difficulty has to do with the combination of atemporality and duration.
Special objections have arisen in connection with ascribing eternality to God. Some people have thought that an eternal being could not do anything at all, especially not in the temporal world. But the notion of an atemporal person's acting is not incoherent. Such acts as knowing necessary truths or willing that a world exist for a certain length of time are acts that themselves take no time and require no temporal location. An eternal God could engage in acts of cognition and of volition and could even do things that might seem to require a temporal location, such as answering a prayer.
The concept of God's eternality is relevant to several issues in philosophy of religion, including the apparent irreconcilability of divine omniscience with divine immutability and with human freedom.
Eternality - the condition of having eternity as one's mode of existence - has been understood in more than one way. Sometimes 'eternal' has been associated with endless temporal existence (as in 'eternal life') or with beginningless temporal existence (as in the medieval debate over whether the world was eternal). In these senses the concept of eternality presents no distinctive philosophical difficulties. But there is another sense of 'eternality' in which the concept has been an issue in philosophy from the Greeks to the present. The concept was given its classic formulation in this sense by Boethius (§5), who defined it as 'the complete possession all at once of illimitable life' (The Consolation of Philosophy, bk V, pr. 6).
Although the interpretation of the definition becomes controversial in its details, it pretty clearly identifies four elements of eternality. First, anything eternal in the Boethian sense has life. In this sense, then, eternality could not characterize numbers, truth or the world. Next, the life of whatever is eternal is illimitable - necessarily beginningless and endless. Sometimes this element has been interpreted as attributing to whatever is eternal a mode of existence that is illimitable in virtue of being absolutely unextended (like a single instant) and only in that way without a beginning or an end. But a more natural reading and one more consonant with other things Boethius and his successors say about eternity is that it is illimitable in virtue of its infinite duration. Duration is thus the (implicit) third element of eternality in Boethius' formulation. The fourth and last is conveyed by the phrase 'complete possession all at once'. Although living temporal persons may be said to possess their life, they do not possess it completely all at once because they live out their life successively. Past parts of their life they possess no longer, future parts not yet. Consequently, whatever is eternal is also not in time. Eternality thus combines atemporality and duration. (This apparent incoherence is discussed in §2 below.)
Eternity, then, is a real, atemporal mode of existence characterized by both the absence of succession and limitless duration. Nothing in that concept denies the reality of time or implies that temporal experiences are illusory. Boethius and others who use the concept suppose that reality includes time and eternity as two distinct modes of real existence, neither of them reducible to or incompatible with the other.
Temporal events are instructively ordered in terms of the A-series - past, present and future - and the B-series - earlier than, simultaneous with, later than (see McTaggart, J.M.E.). Because an eternal entity is atemporal, its life cannot be ordered successively in either of those series. Moreover, no temporal entity or event can be past or future with respect to, or earlier or later than, the whole life of an eternal entity, because otherwise the eternal entity would itself be part of a temporal series. But nothing in eternality's absence of successiveness entails that it cannot be characterized by presentness, or that an eternal entity's cognitive or causal relationship with temporal entities and events cannot be a kind of simultaneity. Of course, the presentness and simultaneity associated with an eternal entity could not be temporal presentness or temporal simultaneity. Taking the concept of eternality seriously involves recognizing that it introduces technical senses for several familiar words, including 'now', 'present', and 'simultaneous with', as well as the present-tense forms of many verbs.
In order to allow for real relationships between what is eternal and what is temporal it is particularly important to establish a special sense of 'simultaneous'. A relationship that can be recognized as a kind of simultaneity will of course be symmetric; but, since its relata have relevantly distinct modes of existence, it will be neither reflexive nor transitive. In this sense of 'simultaneous', each of two temporal events can be simultaneous - co-occurrent - with one and the same eternal event without being in any sense simultaneous with each other. This special sort of simultaneity has been called 'ET-simultaneity' (for 'simultaneity between what is eternal and what is temporal'). From a temporal standpoint, the temporal present is ET-simultaneous with the whole infinite extent of an eternal entity's life. From an eternal standpoint, every time is present to or co-occurrent with the whole infinite atemporal duration; that is, each instant of time as it is actually present temporally is ET-simultaneous with the one enduring present of an eternal entity, so that for an eternal entity all of time is present at once.
Many of the difficulties in the concept of eternality have been discussed in twentieth-century philosophical literature. The most obvious difficulty arises from the combination of atemporality with duration - the heart of the concept. Ordinarily, 'duration' means persistence through time, and the incoherence of atemporally persisting through time needn't be argued. But the philosophers who developed the concept of eternality were using ordinary terms in extraordinary ways in order to express their theoretical notion of an illimitable life possessed completely all at once. Of course, language is strained when it is stretched to accommodate things utterly outside the ordinary experience language is founded on, as in the black holes and the Big Bang of twentieth-century cosmology (see Cosmology §3). Serious attempts to show that eternity really is an incoherent concept require showing that the apparent incoherence persists when the technical interpretations of its terms are fully taken into account.
One attempt at doing just that involves taking atemporal duration as a species of extension and then arguing that any extension must be divisible and so cannot be all at once, or atemporal. The problem with such an attempt is that it uses an inductive survey of temporal and spatial extensions to reach the generalization that all extensions are divisible. But since eternity is neither temporal nor spatial, it will not be surprising if the properties attributed to extension as a result of such an induction fail to apply to what is eternal.
Still, this way of avoiding the ascription of divisibility to what is eternal seems to run into an old problem: insisting that terms cannot be used univocally of temporal and of eternal things looks like introducing equivocation into the description of eternality. Not only does 'duration' not have its ordinary sense when used of the eternal, but it is also difficult to say precisely what its extraordinary sense is. This sort of problem has become familiar in connection with discourse about God. It has often been pointed out that to use ordinary terms univocally of God and creatures is to deny the transcendence of God, but to use them equivocally masks a radical agnosticism about God's nature and activity. So discourse about God can use neither univocal nor equivocal predication (see Religious language §4).
Analogical predication is the traditionally recognized solution to this dilemma, and it is also what is needed for interpreting the description of the eternal. Atemporal duration is analogous to temporal duration, enough like temporal duration to make using the term 'duration' helpful, but enough unlike it to mean that the definition of '(temporal) duration' will not apply. Eternal duration is fully actualized duration, none of which is already lost or not yet gained: beginningless, endless, non-successive existence possessed completely, all at once, present entirely to its possessor - a mode of existence consisting entirely in a present that is infinite rather than instantaneous. Timeless duration might well be thought of as Plato thought of it, as the genuine duration of which temporal duration is only the moving image. Not all critics of the concept of eternity find such a response adequate, and the most persistent objections to the concept concentrate on the difficulties of ascribing duration to what is atemporal.
Because eternality in the sense at issue here is taken primarily to characterize God's mode of existence, other objections to the concept stem from combining it with traditional concepts of God. In this vein philosophers have objected that a God who is eternal could not act at all, and especially not in time. But this objection is based on a confusion. Of course, there are things an atemporal God could not do - such as remembering, or planning ahead. But not all cognitive and volitional acts require temporal location, and God could engage in those that do not. Furthermore, an atemporal God could not change the past or foreknow the future. Such actions, if possible at all, would require a temporal location, without which there can be neither past nor future. Still, eternal God, present at once to each temporal instant in its temporal presentness, could in the eternal present directly affect events that are past with respect to us and be directly aware of events future with respect to us. He could also act in time. He could, for example, will timelessly that something occur or come into existence at a particular time. By the same token, he could also do things that might appear to require a particular temporal location, such as answering a particular prayer. Because both the time of the prayer and the time at which the answer to it occurs are ET-simultaneous with the whole of eternity, an eternal God could be aware, timelessly, of a prayer prayed at one time, willing (ET-simultaneously) that the answer to that prayer occur at a later time.
Finally, some critics suppose that if God is eternal and creatures are temporal, then God could not be directly aware of creatures or interact with them directly and immediately as he is traditionally said to do. Such criticisms must presuppose that for one being to interact directly with another, the two must share a mode of existence. But traditional theists are already committed to rejecting this presupposition as regards space. God is traditionally described as non-spatial and thus as not sharing with creatures a spatial mode of existence, and yet that difference in modes of existence is generally thought to be no obstacle to God's being directly aware of or directly interacting with his creatures. If the presupposition is false as regards space, however, it is hard to see why it should be accepted as regards time.
The earliest indisputable appearance of the concept of eternity is in Plato's Timaeus. Parmenides' description of the mode of existence of Being, or the One, in his Way of Truth is much older, but scholars disagree over whether Parmenides intended to ascribe atemporality to Being (see Parmenides §3). Whatever Parmenides meant, what Plato says about eternity is in several respects just what Parmenides says about Being's mode of existence, and to that extent at least Parmenides may be thought of as the inventor or discoverer of the concept of eternity.
Many scholars believe that Aristotle rejected Plato's notion of eternity, although there is also some textual evidence suggesting that, on the contrary, he accepted and made use of it in describing the life of the Prime Mover. Whether or not Aristotle himself accepted the concept of eternity, it is indisputable that the concept came into medieval philosophy through the Platonic rather than the Aristotelian tradition. Plotinus (§4), for instance, has a well-developed concept of eternity, and in Enneads III 7 he stresses the importance of duration in the concept. Boethius seems to have based his definition of eternity on the one Plotinus develops.
Augustine (§8), who was even more clearly in the Platonic tradition than Boethius was, understood and accepted the concept of eternity, which plays a significant part in two of his most important works, the Confessions (bk XI, ch. 11) and The City of God (bk XI, ch. 21). Like Boethius' formulations, Augustine's views of eternity were an important influence on later medieval philosophy.
In the Middle Ages, the concept of eternity was widely used and discussed. It can be found, for example, in Anselm's Monologion (ch. 24) and Proslogion (ch. 13), where it seems taken for granted, as a standard part of traditional theology. But it received its most sophisticated development in the work of Aquinas, who discussed and employed it in several of his works (for example, Summa theologiae Ia, q.10). After Aquinas, although many medieval philosophers and theologians continued to hold that God is eternal, they did not always mean by 'eternal' what Boethius (and Aquinas) had meant by it. Duns Scotus, for example, seems to have held that God's eternality is not co-occurrent with all of time.
In the modern period, with the rejection of the medieval synthesis in theology, the notion of eternity, in the special sense at issue here, was largely abandoned. Hobbes is still aware of it in the Boethian sense 'as a permanent now' (1680: 435), but Locke, for example, takes eternity to be just an infinity of temporal duration: 'By being able to repeat any such Idea of any length of time... and add them one to another, without ever coming to the end of such addition... we come by the Idea of Eternity' (1689, bk II, ch. 14).
Applying the concept of eternality makes a significant difference in considering various issues in philosophy of religion. Here we will concentrate on just two of the most important: omniscience and immutability, and foreknowledge and free will.
It has been argued that omniscience and immutability, two traditional divine attributes, are not compossible. An omniscient knower always knows what time it is (or precisely what is going on) now, and any knower who always knows what time it is now is a knower whose knowledge is always changing. Consequently, a knower could be omniscient and mutable, or immutable and not omniscient, but there could not be an omniscient, immutable knower (see Immutability).
This argument presupposes that knowers are temporal. If omniscient God is eternal, however, the argument becomes more complicated. For example, in the claim that an omniscient knower always knows what time it is now, 'now' and the present tense of 'knows' can each be read as indicating either the temporal or the eternal present, thus allowing for four different interpretations of the claim. Not all of those interpretations make sense; for example, 'An omniscient knower always knows in the eternal present what time it is in the eternal present' incoherently attributes time to the eternal present. The most reasonable interpretation of the claim, on the supposition that the omniscient knower in question is eternal, is that the knower always knows in the eternal present what time it is in the temporal present. But on that interpretation it is much more difficult to show that such a knower could not be immutable.
Even if we suppose that the indexical 'now' is ineliminable, that there is an absolute temporal present as distinct from a present that is merely relative to some particular temporal entity, it is not clear that an eternal God could not know what time it is without constantly changing. On the view that the whole of eternity is ET-simultaneous with each temporal event as it is actually happening, an eternal omniscient knower will know all the events actually occurring at a particular time as well as the temporal location of that time and its being experienced as present by temporal entities at that time. Such a knower will also know that from the standpoint of eternity every temporal event is actually happening. There is nothing further for an eternal entity to know about what time it is now, for either the eternal or the temporal now; and nothing in what it does know requires constant change or change of any sort. Thus, while the argument may show that no temporal knower can be both omniscient and immutable, it does not make its case if the omniscient, immutable knower is eternal.
Arguments that knowledge of future contingent events is irreconcilable with human freedom depend on the notion of foreknowledge, on someone's knowing ahead of time what someone else will 'freely' decide to do (see Omniscience §§3-4). On the face of it, then, the concept of eternity provides a solution to the problem of foreknowledge and free will, as Boethius maintained in introducing the concept. An eternal omniscient knower will be eternally aware of all contingent events as they are occurring, including those that occur in the temporal future, but he will not foreknow them, since nothing eternal can be earlier than anything else. Consequently, arguments purporting to show that foreknowledge and free will are incompatible will not apply to eternal omniscient knowledge, which is evidently compatible with human free will.
But some philosophers have thought that eternality nonetheless fails to provide a solution to the problem of divine knowledge and human freedom, because the fixity and infallibility of divine knowledge seem enough by themselves to make God's knowledge of future contingents incompatible with free will. 'God knows in the eternal present that Paula mows her lawn in 2095' entails that Paula mows her lawn in 2095, and so God's eternal awareness of a future event seems to have the result that the event is inevitable now, before the event occurs, in a way incompatible with Paula's freedom of action. Consequently, the concept of eternity seems after all unhelpful for resolving the apparent incompatibility between divine knowledge and human freedom.
The idea of this line of argument is that a proposition such as 'God eternally knows that p' (where p is of the form 'Paula mows her lawn (at some date future with respect to us in the present)') entails 'It is now the case that p'. That is why eternal knowledge is supposed to have the result that the future is somehow fixed and inevitable now. But is there such an entailment? 'God eternally knows that p' does entail p, and p does seem equivalent to 'It is now the case that p'. But is it equivalent in a context involving eternality? In that context, God knows that p in virtue of being ET-simultaneous with the future events he is eternally aware of. In that context, furthermore, it is also true that God's knowledge that p is ET-simultaneous with the temporal now. That is why we can appropriately say such things as 'It is now (in the temporal present) true that God eternally knows that p'. But, as has already been pointed out, ET-simultaneity is not transitive. From the facts that the state of affairs that p is ET-simultaneous with eternity and that eternity is ET-simultaneous with the temporal present, it does not follow that it is now the case that p. Therefore, while it is true that God's knowing that p entails that p, the relationship between time and eternity is such that God's knowing that p does not entail that it is now the case that p. Hence, it seems that the concept of eternity can constitute the basis for an adequate solution to the problem of foreknowledge and free will.
See also: God, concepts of; Necessary being; Simplicity, divineELEONORE STUMP
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Can food really be your medicine as Hippocrates so famously said?
When it comes to heart health, it just might. According to a statement from the American Heart Association (AHA), replacing foods high in saturated fats, for example, with those that have healthier unsaturated fats, can reduce a person’s risk of developing heart disease as much as treatment with cholesterol-lowering statin drugs.
We can look at studies like these and nod our heads and think, Obviously, the right foods can make a big difference.
But, what are the right foods? We’ve got 12 of the best ones right here. In honor of heart health month, here’s to your next tasty meal!
This fatty fish is full of healthy omega-3 fatty acids, which have been linked to reduced inflammation and, in some studies, to a lower risk of heart disease. The AHA recommends eating at least two servings of fatty fish per week, including salmon, mackerel, herring, lake trout, sardines and albacore tuna.
“Research has shown that omega-3 fatty acids decrease risk of arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeats),” it says on its website, “which can lead to sudden death. Omega-3 fatty acids also decrease triglyceride levels, slow growth rate of atherosclerotic plaque, and lower blood pressure (slightly).”
These are also rich in omega-3 fatty acids, but they are a different kind from those found in fatty fish. They’re rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) as well as nutrients like folate and vitamin E. Studies have found that they have a unique talent. However, they seem to be able to reduce levels of LDL or “bad” cholesterol.
Preliminary findings from a study presented at the Experimental Biology 2016 meeting showed that daily consumption of a handful of walnuts had a positive effect on cholesterol levels, without increasing body weight. Other studies have found similar results, with daily walnut intake correlating with reduced LDL cholesterol. Results have also shown that walnuts help boost friendly bacteria in the gut, reducing inflammation.
Excess cholesterol can build up in the arteries, gradually narrowing them and increasing the risk of blood clots, so keeping cholesterol levels controlled is believed to help reduce the risk of heart disease.
You’ve heard the old saying “an apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Well, you may want to add “avocado” to that saying, at least according to researchers from the University of Pennsylvania, adding an avocado to your daily diet may help lower bad cholesterol, reducing the risk for heart disease.
Avocados are high in those healthy monounsaturated fatty acids that are so good for cardiovascular health. Other studies have indicated that they are a cholesterol-lowering food, and this recent study also showed that participants eating the avocados decreased bad cholesterol by 13.5 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) — more even than a low-fat or moderate-fat diet.
Oatmeal is high in soluble fiber — a type of fiber that attracts water and turns to gel during digestion, slowing digestion. Insoluble fiber adds bulk to stool and helps food pass more quickly through the digestive system.
Soluble fiber is linked with reducing bad cholesterol levels as well as with easing digestion and helping you maintain a healthy weight. Its “soaking up” action also soaks up cholesterol so that it’s not absorbed into the bloodstream. Other foods rich in soluble fiber include nuts, beans, apples and blueberries.
Avoid high-sugar instant oatmeal and choose the old-fashioned kind instead for the best health benefits.
5. Raspberries, Blueberries and Strawberries
Most berries are good for your heart health too. In addition to containing fiber, they’re a good source of powerful antioxidants that can reduce levels of damage-causing free radicals in the body.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that cause destruction wherever they go. We produce them ourselves through natural metabolism, and we’re also exposed to them from the sun’s radiation and environmental pollution.
Studies have shown that free radical oxidative damage can affect the blood vessel walls, encouraging the development of cardiovascular disease. Antioxidants neutralize these free radicals, preventing them from wreaking havoc.
Berries not only contain protective antioxidants, but they’ve also been found to help prevent heart disease. In a 2010 study, for instance, researchers found that participants who consumed more berries experienced improvements in LDL oxidation, reduced inflammation and glucose metabolism. In 2013, researchers reported that women who ate at least three servings of blueberries and strawberries per week could reduce their risk of a heart attack by as much as one-third.
6. Dark Chocolate
If you’re hankering for something sweet, reach for the dark chocolate as studies show it can help protect your heart. Look for those types that are high in real cocoa milligrams per deciliter — at least 60 to 70 percent — as it’s the cocoa that has the helpful antioxidants, not the milk, sugar or other ingredients.
Studies have shown that regular intake of this type of dark chocolate can help you reduce your risk of heart problems. In 2012, they reported that daily consumption of 3.5 ounces of dark chocolate could reduce the risk of heart disease even in those people who were at high risk for it. In 2015, they also reported that middle-aged and older adults who ate up to 3.5 ounces of chocolate a day had lower rates of heart disease than those who didn’t eat chocolate.
Findings with dairy products and heart disease have been inconsistent, but studies specifically on yogurt have shown more consistent results. In 2017, for example, researchers published a review of nine studies involving nearly 300,000 participants. They found that intake of about 200 grams a day of yogurt — about 7 ounces — or more was significantly associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.
Scientists have found other evidence that yogurt can help lower blood pressure and cholesterol as well as have a stabilizing effect on blood sugar. Some studies have even suggested that yogurt may have a role in weight management. Yogurt is rich in nutrients like calcium and vitamin D. It is a good source of probiotics, which help support a healthy gut microbiota.
8. Oranges, Grapefruits and Other Citrus Fruits
All of these fruits contain a high level of vitamin C, which has been linked with a lower risk of heart disease. Because it does work as an antioxidant in the body, researchers believe that vitamin C may help protect the arteries against oxidative damage. It may also prevent damage to LDL cholesterol, keeping it from building up as plaque inside the blood vessels.
Studies have linked citrus fruits to a lower risk of heart disease. In 2011, for example, they examined data from more than 10,000 participants and found that frequent intake of citrus fruit was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease. In 2016, researchers found that adding oranges, limes and lemons to the daily diet could help decrease the risk of obesity-related diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
These little goodies, as well as other legumes, are rich in soluble fiber, so they help to soak up that LDL cholesterol. Chickpeas and traditional hummus are rich in dietary fiber and protein as well as several key vitamins and minerals important for health. Sometimes, called garbanzo beans, they have been linked to reducing the risk of diabetes, osteoporosis and blood pressure and helping to lower the total amount of cholesterol in the blood.
In one study, for example, those who ate one serving a day of beans, peas, chickpeas or lentils significantly reduced cholesterol levels, thereby reducing their risk of cardiovascular disease.
Tomatoes are rich in heart-healthy potassium as well as in lycopene, which is a key antioxidant. Studies have linked lycopene with helping to control cholesterol levels and keeping blood vessels open and flexible.
In 2002, for example, researchers reported that healthy human subjects ingesting lycopene in the form of tomato juice, tomato sauce or capsules had significantly lower levels of LDL cholesterol compared with control subjects. Scientists cautioned people not to attribute the effects solely to lycopene, noting that tomatoes contain other carotenoids in various proportions and that these other nutrients could be factors in helping to control cholesterol.
Lycopene alone has shown the ability to inhibit the activity of an essential enzyme that’s involved in the production of cholesterol. Scientists think too that it may help support healthy blood vessels.
11. Extra-virgin Olive Oil
Studies on the Mediterranean diet, which includes olive oil, have shown that it may help to reduce the risk of heart disease. In a 2013 study, those who ate this diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil — four tablespoons a day — reduced their risk of heart attacks, strokes and dying by 30 percent. The olive oil was also found to help improve the function of HDL “good” cholesterol.
Olive oil is rich in healthy monounsaturated fats, which as noted above, can help prevent heart attacks and strokes. Scientists believe that the antioxidants in the oil help preserve HDL cholesterol from oxidative stress, protecting it. High-functioning HDL cholesterol in the body helps reduce levels of LDL cholesterol and helps keep blood vessels flexible and relaxed.
In a 2014 study, researchers found that consumption of olive oil, particularly the extra-virgin variety, was associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality in individuals with a high risk for cardiovascular disease.
12. Green Tea
Green tea has a number of health benefits, and one of them may be to protect your heart. Studies have found that this tea may help lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and it also has powerful antioxidants that may help to protect blood vessels from damage.
In 2012, scientists studied more than 40,000 adults and found that those who drank more than five cups of green tea a day had a 26 percent lower risk of death from a heart attack or stroke and a 16 percent lower risk of death from all causes than people who drank less than one cup a day.
Other studies have shown similar results. In 2011, a review of 13 studies on green tea showed that those who drank the most had a 28 percent lower risk of coronary artery disease than those who drank the least. Another analysis of 14 studies found that green tea lowered LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Green tea is rich in polyphenolic compounds called “catechins” that are believed to be responsible for many of its health benefits. They’re powerful antioxidants, but they also help reduce inflammation and blood pressure, promote healthy blood vessels and help prevent blood clots.
If you want to know what foods will help you restore your natural vitality and get slim and stay slim, then check out the Best Foods That Rapidly Slim & Heal in 7 Days program.
Frank M. Sacks, et al.., “Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: a Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association,” Circulation, June 15, 2017, http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2017/06/15/CIR.0000000000000510.
Kris Gunnars, “5 Studies on the Mediterranean Diet—Does it Really Work?” Healthline, May 29, 2017, https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/5-studies-on-the-mediterranean-diet.
“Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids,” American Heart Association, http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/HealthyEating/HealthyDietGoals/Fish-and-Omega-3-Fatty-Acids_UCM_303248_Article.jsp.
Mark Cowen, “The Cholesterol-Reducing Health Benefits of Walnuts and Walnut Oil,” MedicalNewsToday, June 8, 2016, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/260288.php.
Victoria M. Indivero, “An avocado a day keeps the cardiologist away,” University of Pennsylvania, January 7, 2015, http://news.psu.edu/story/339842/2015/01/07/research/avocado-day-keeps-cardiologist-away.
Simon R. J. Maxwell and Gregory Y. H. Lip, “Free radicals and antioxidants in cardiovascular disease,” Br J Clin Pharmacol., October 1997; 44(4):307-317, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2042858/.
Arpita Basu, et al., “Berries: emerging impact on cardiovascular health,” Nutr Rev., March 2010; 68(3):168-177, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068482/.
Aedin Cassidy, et al., “High Anthocyanin Intake is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Young and Middle-Aged Women,” Circulation, January 14, 2013; 127: 188-196, http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/2/188.
Ella Zomer, et al., “The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of dark chocolate consumption as prevention therapy in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease: best case scenario analysis using a Markov model,” BMJ, 2012; 344:e3657, http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e3657.
Hung Shing Kwok, et al., “Habitual chocolate consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease among healthy men and women,” Heart, 2015;101:1279-1287, http://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2015/05/20/heartjnl-2014-307050.
Lei Wu, Dali Sun, “Consumption of Yogurt and the Incident Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Nine Cohort Studies,” Nutrients, March 22, 2017, 9(315): doi:10.3390/nu9030315.
Yamada T, et al., “Frequency of citrus fruit intake is associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease: the Jichi Medical School cohort study,” J Epidemiol., 2011; 21(3):169-75, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21389640.
Alexandra Sifferlin, “Eating Fruit Cuts Heart Disease Risk by 40%,” Time, September 3, 2014, http://time.com/3263737/eating-fruits-cuts-heart-disease-risk/.
Samantha Olsen, “Compounds in Citrus Fruit May Prevent Heart Disease, Fatty Liver, and Diabetes in Obese People,” MedicalDaily, August 21, 0216, http://www.medicaldaily.com/compounds-citrus-fruit-may-prevent-heart-disease-fatty-liver-and-diabetes-395527.
Taylor C. Wallace, et al., “The Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Chickpeas and Hummus,” Nutrients, December 2016; 8(12):766, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5188421/.
Vanessa Ha, et al., “Effect of dietary pulse intake on established therapeutic lipid targets for cardiovascular risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” CMAJ, May 13, 2014; 186(8):E252-E262, http://www.cmaj.ca/content/186/8/E252.
Rao AV, “Lycopene, tomatoes, and the prevention of coronary heart disease,” Exp Biol Med, November 2002; 227(10):908-13, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424333.
Ramon Estruch, et al., “Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet,” NEJM, 2013; 368:1279-1290, http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303.
Guasch-Ferre M, et al., “Olive oil intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the PREDIMED Study,” BMC Med., May 13, 2014; 12:78, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24886626.
“Green tea may lower heart disease risk,” Harvard Heart Letter, December 2012; https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/green-tea-may-lower-heart-disease-risk.
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An idler-wheel drive is a system used to transmit the rotation of the main shaft of a motor to another rotating device, for example the platter of a record-reproducing turntable or the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear train of an automobile.
An idler gear is a gear wheel that is inserted between two or more other gear wheels. The purpose of an idler gear can be two-fold. Firstly, the idler gear will change the direction of rotation of the output shaft. Secondly, an idler gear can assist to reduce the size of the input/output gears whilst maintaining the spacing of the shafts.
An idler gear does not affect the gear ratio between the input and output shafts. Note that in a sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain. But, of course, the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear.
An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work is called an idler gear. Sometimes, a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred to as a reverse idler. For instance, the typical automobile manual transmission engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears.
- Transmission over distance
Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make the distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, but the mass and rotational inertia (moment of inertia) of a gear is quadratic in proportion to its radius. Instead of idler gears, of course, a toothed belt or a roller chain can be used to transmit torque over distance.
- Battle tanks
All the gears and wheels that turn inside the tracks of a battle tank are idler gears that transfer power from the input gear to the output gear to move the track and move the tank forward. The power take off mechanism includes a gear train with an input idler gear, a first intermediate idler gear, a second intermediate idler gear and an output gear. The input idler gear receives a rotary input and the first intermediate idler gear meshes with the input gear and the second intermediate idler gear. The output gears transmit rotary power to one of the first and second axles.
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2007)|
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“Home-Study Lesson: Doctrine and Covenants 24–29:30 (Unit 7)” Doctrine and Covenants and Church History Seminary Teacher Manual (2013)
“Home-Study Lesson: Unit 7,” Doctrine and Covenants and Church History Seminary Teacher Manual
This lesson provides students with an opportunity to deepen their understanding of the importance of putting on the whole armor of God. As students learn about each piece of the armor of God, they will have an opportunity to evaluate the strength of their armor and make changes as prompted by the Holy Ghost.
Bring some type of protective equipment to class, such as protective sports equipment, safety glasses, medical gloves, a construction helmet, or a protective vest. Ask students to explain the purpose of the equipment and how it works to protect the wearer. Explain that while these things protect us physically, the Lord gave counsel to help protect us spiritually.
Invite a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 27:15 aloud. Ask the class to follow along, looking for what the Lord said we must do to be protected spiritually.
What do we need to do in order to be protected spiritually?
According to this verse, what did the Lord promise those who put on the whole armor of God?
Write the following principle on the board: If we take upon ourselves the whole armor of God, we will be able to withstand evil.
Why do you think it is important to put on the whole armor of God and not just a part of it?
Invite a student to read Doctrine and Covenants 27:16–18 aloud. Ask the class to follow along and identify each piece of spiritual armor we need to put on to be able to withstand evil. Invite a student to serve as scribe and list (or draw) the pieces of armor on the board as the class identifies them. (You may want to point out that the Apostle Paul also taught about the whole armor of God [see Ephesians 6:11–17].)
After students have reported their answers, read the following statement by Elder M. Russell Ballard of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and ask students to listen for how we put on and strengthen the armor of God:
“I like to think of this spiritual armor not as a solid piece of metal molded to fit the body but more like chain mail. Chain mail consists of dozens of tiny pieces of steel fastened together to allow the user greater flexibility without losing protection. I say that because it has been my experience that there is not one great and grand thing we can do to arm ourselves spiritually. True spiritual power lies in numerous smaller acts woven together in a fabric of spiritual fortification that protects and shields from all evil” (“Be Strong in the Lord,” Ensign, July 2004, 8).
What are some small acts that, combined in their strength, will help protect us against temptation and evil?
Invite students to look back at the opening lines of Doctrine and Covenants 27:15.
What attitude should we have as we put on the armor of God? (We should “lift up [our] hearts and rejoice.”) Why should we have this attitude?
What scripture mastery passage did you learn about this week that also counsels us to lift up our hearts and rejoice? (D&C 25:13. Consider inviting students to repeat it together or recite it from memory.)
How can following the command in Doctrine and Covenants 25:13 to cleave to our covenants with Heavenly Father protect us from Satan?
Ask students to consider what they have learned in today’s lesson, and invite them to choose one specific thing they can do to better put on the armor of God. Encourage them to write what they will do on a piece of paper that they can refer to often as a reminder of their commitment.
To conclude this lesson, invite a few students to share their testimonies of the truths taught in the lesson.
How many of Heavenly Father’s children were cast out of heaven in the pre-earth life? Why were they cast out? What does it mean to “thrash [thresh] the nations”? In the next unit, students will learn the answers to these questions. They will also learn about early Church members who were called to “thrash [thresh] the nations by the power of [the] Spirit” (D&C 35:13).
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Arnett, Amanda, (1836-1933), KY
Arnett, Amanda born enslaved (1836-1933) on the farm of Elijah
Arnett, Cairo Kentucky. Amanda married Richard Brooks (1836-1905)
under "old slave law" 1858 and again by Declaration of
1866 at Henderson County Courthouse, Henderson, Ky. Richard was
born in Hopkins County Kentucky. He served in the United States
Colored Troops 6th Calvary Company D at Camp Nelson Kentucky from
1863-1866. The area of Henderson where they lived and raised 14
children is still known as Brookstown. The Henderson Gleaner
newspaper ran her obituary (March 1933) as "Honored Colored Woman
Dies". Richard Brooks military data was obtained from the
National Archives Pension Files. They have approximately 300
decendents living today.
Contributed by: Joyce McCollum, email@example.com
Reviewed by: vkn on 7/25/99
Created: 26 December 1998 | Updated: 24 Jan 2000
Webmaster and AfriGeneas Slave Data Collection Archivist: Valencia King Nelson, firstname.lastname@example.org
Copyright © 1999, 2000 by AfriGeneas.
May be used for any non-commercial purpose as long as this notice
and the name of the submitter remains on any copied material.
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Fracking, or Hydraulic Fracturing, is a method of extracting hard-to-get oil and gas from shale. For the most part, fossil fuels originally formed in shale, which was in turn laid down by near surface life in anoxic seas. Sunlight powered a high turnover of near surface plankton, algae, and bacteria, but oxygen-poor conditions just a little deeper in the sea made it unlikely for much of that life to be recycled through other life forms. So, during periods of anoxic seas, which lasted for millions of years now and then in earth history, much of that organic material from near the surface of the ocean settled into the sea floor mud where it became buried and incorporated into the growing layers of sediment. This was eventually transformed into oil and gas rich shale. (For a detailed overview of that aspect of earth history, see this fascinating book.) Eventually, some of that oil and gas collected in deposits that could be easily removed through drilling. Once this oil and gas is removed, however, the remaining hydrocarbon fuels are much more thinly distributed in the shale. In order to access this fuel, modern day miners pump water mixed with sand and chemicals at high pressure into the shale, which causes it to fracture, allowing the gas and oil to accumulate and become more easily removed. It is a little like squeezing a few drops of the water out of a mostly dry sponge.
So, we have an important question to address: How much water is used in fracking, and does fracking pose a threat to the availability of clean and accessible water?
There is an awful lot of water on the Earth. But everyone knows from their earth or environmental science class in high school that what matters is not the total amount of water, but the water’s distribution. Most of the liquid water (not in glaciers, air-born vapor, or incorporated with other molecules in rock or living things) is sea water, which is both too salty to use for most purposes and inconveniently located far from points inland, being in the sea and all. Free flowing fresh water … rain, lakes, rivers, streams, and groundwater … makes up only a small part of the total water budget for the planet, and this free flowing water is very unevenly distributed. And, some of that is not so fresh. For example, in the Permian Basin in Texas, the site of the Black Gold Rush of bygone days, the groundwater is often brackish (meaning somewhat salty). I do not know this for a fact, but I suspect that this brackishness is the result, at least in part, of early oil drilling activities. (If you know, tell us in the comments!)
Fracking uses very little water, when you look at the overall budget of water. The use of water in fracking has been best studied in Texas and to some extent in Pennsylvania. Fracking in these two states is relatively high in water use per well. In Texas, fracking for oil and gas uses less than one percent of the state’s total water supply. It is important to note, however, that water is used in other mining activities as well, including coal extraction, so the total amount of water used in mineral extraction, including oil, gas, and coal, is closer to 2%. That does not sound like a lot.
However, as noted, fresh, usable, free flowing, accessible water (including lakes, streams, rivers, and groundwater that is not too deep) is very unevenly distributed. In some counties in Texas, where the Eagle Ford Shale is being exploited, the total amount of water used locally approaches or even exceeds 50%. Suddenly, that is a lot of water. In some cases, the draw-off of water for fracking has caused water in wells used for other purposes to drop significantly. In one study in a five county area in Texas carried out by the Wintergarden Groundwater Conservation District, fracking was shown to reduce the available water in the aquifer by one third. This problem has pitted Texas Cattlemen against Texas Oilmen. Interesting.
Also, once the water is used, you still have this water on hand, but it has been contaminated. Or, if you used brackish water to begin with, you still have brackish water but it is no longer where it originally was siting and minding its own business. It is now in a truck, or really, a whole bunch of trucks, in which it is driven to a "disposal well.” Disposal wells are deep wells into which the messed up fracking fluid is put, where it hopefully will not get into the fresh water supply for nearby communities. Except that it does, apparently, contaminate fresh water supplies at least some times. In addition, deep wells for fracking fluid disposal tend to follow fault lines, and the fracking fluid injected into them cause earthquakes. Though whether this is true has been controversial, it no longer seems to be. Fracking causes earthquakes.
A recent study in Pennsylvania showed where the water used for fracking comes from. In that case, about 4.4 million gallons was used over a period of less than a week to frack the average well. About 63% of that water came from nearby rivers and streams, 20% from public water supplies, 15% recycled from previously fracked wells in the area. About 2% of the total fracking fluid consisted of sand and chemicals used to make the water more effective and for other purposes. How much water is that? About 11,000 average American families use up 4.4 million gallons of water a day, which if you put it all in one place would fill six Olympic size swimming pools.
A report by EcoWatch looked at fracking across 26,339 fracking instances across 12 states. The reported water usage showed a great deal of variation by state in average water use per well, ranging from high numbers in Pennsylvania, Louisiana and Virginia (between 4.4 and 5.3 million gallons per fracking event) down to much lower numbers in California (168,000 gallons per fracking). The differences across regions could be attributed to a number of factors, but is probably mainly related to the nature of the rock being fracked. The total amount of water used in these 26,339 events was just shy of 66 billion gallons of water. That is roughly equivalent to a full day (24 hours) of flow over Niagara Falls. One single day of one major waterfall seems like both a lot and not so much depending on one’s perspective, but again, Niagra Falls is an unusual and spectacular concentration of water, and fracking is often done in places where there is much less available water.
Here’s the thing with fracking: We are not going to be fracking forever. It is a last ditch effort to extract hydrocarbon fuels from areas that were either depleted using traditional techniques or never exploited because the deposits were low quality. Also, the fracking itself is generally done in the early stages of exploitation in a given area. Once you’ve fracked, you put in wells and extract the oil or gas and are unlikely to frack again. In addition, the petrolatum industry dishonestly claims that fracking is not part of extraction, but rather, part of “exploration.” This is important because if one accepts this spurious argument, fracking falls under less strident rules regarding environmental effects and other regulations. This is how fracking can run under the regulatory radar. First, it may be less regulated if it is considered exploration, then the special considerations regarding fracking’s effects are addressed by a ponderous slow moving legal and regulatory process, so by the time we get our environmental protection ducks in a row, a lot of the fracking is done with. This means that across the possible range of effects fracking can have on a local aquifer and ecosystem, we can expect the worse or nearly so.
Back to water. In particular, let’s talk about water in Minnesota. Historians of yore identified a line that ran roughly north to south in the US, east of which traditional agriculture could be practiced without significant irrigation, and west of which one would need to irrigate to grow key crops like corn. This line ran through Minnesota. It was an oversimplification but a useful guide to understanding 19th century settlement pattern. The point is, if you want to farm in Minnesota, especially in the western and southern parts of the state (the prairies), you really have to irrigate. Irrigation stresses groundwater supplies. We have fairly uneven amounts of rainfall from year to year and over the months of a given year. Anyone who pays attention to the news in our state will know that every year farmers seem to have one problem or another having to do with water, but the problem varies between too much and too little, and often relates to when during the year the rain falls. Too little water in the Spring makes it hard for crops to take hold, too much makes it impossible to work many of the fields.
This problem affects other aspects of life as well, from municipal water supplies to fishing and other water activities to the levels of the Upper Mississippi required to use the nations greatest waterway to transport goods. Over the last 10 years or so, climate change has made this worse. Meteorologist Paul Douglas recently noted in a piece in Weather Nation that climate change is likely to move snowfall and other precipitation away from the middle part of winter towards the beginning and end. In and of itself a given seasonal distribution of snow may not be a big deal, but if water supply and irrigation systems are built to assume a certain pattern and that pattern changes, then costly adaptation may be required.
Generally speaking, climate change has warmed the atmosphere which means that the air holds more water on average than it did, say, 30 years go. But the increased energy of the atmosphere has also caused a qualitative change in the distribution of water. In a sense, one could say that the atmosphere has become better organized with respect to air currents that block the movement of air in some directions, and at the same time, certain air currents can now hold much more water than others. In short, the water vapor in our atmosphere is bunched up in both space and time. This means fewer mild rains and more heavy rains, often in the form of severe storms. Since the exact location of storm systems varies a great deal, this means that some areas that formerly received a certain average annual precipitation will a) have more precipitation overall; and b) a much greater variation in precipitation, leading to frequent periods of very little rain. This is how we can simultaneously have more really big and wet storms (and we do) and drought. The current national drought we are experiencing is part of a global drought being experienced in temperate zones in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Minnesota has experienced this drought to a lesser degree than states just to our south, but it has not been insignificant.
So here’s the thing. We are facing a future with a new climate reality that will involve, for Minnesota, long stretches of dry conditions (especially in the southern and western parts of the state) punctuated by flood-causing storms now and then. And now, fracking comes along and potentially adds a locally significant demand on a water supply that has been transformed from tenuous but manageable to stressed, possibly severely stressed. On top of this, fracking does not use water like irrigation does. Irrigation removes water from the local water supply and turns it into vapor and corn (or, in the unlikely event that you are growing something other than corn, whatever that may be). This is problematic in some ways, but it is not as polluting as fracking. Fracking takes water out of the water supply, messes it up with contaminants from the fracking process, and then puts it back into the water supply often in a less convenient location that can sometimes cause small earthquakes. In this way, a couple of percent demand on the water supply can translate into a much larger impact because contaminated water tends to mingle with uncontaminated water and the result is more contaminated water.
I wanted to talk about fracking and water, but while we are on fracking I’d like to make one other quick point: Fracking is stupid, just like building the Keystone Pipeline is stupid. We truly are approaching, and in fact are already experiencing, a climate crisis caused by the release of fossil carbon into the atmosphere. We have to stop doing that. The use of fracking to squeeze the nearly dry sponge is not what we should be doing right now.
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At Anak Krakatau, level II (Waspada); the seismicity of March 18, is characterized by:
- 2 eruption earthquakes, with an amplitude of 20 to 42 mm and an earthquake duration of 44 to 608 seconds.
- 5 blast earthquakes, with an amplitude of 3-6 mm, and an earthquake duration of 12-15 seconds.
- 2 episodes of harmonic tremor with an amplitude of 3-5 mm and an earthquake duration of 1080-21600 seconds.
- 1 low-frequency earthquake with an amplitude of 6 mm and an earthquake duration of 7 seconds.
- 2 volcanic earthquakes with an amplitude of 12-22 mm, S-P 2-2.5 seconds and the duration of the earthquake 8-16 seconds.
- 3 episodes of continuous tremor with an amplitude of 0.2-25 mm, mainly 2 mm.
Sources: Magma Indonesia and Volcano YT / PVMBG
This Krakatau (Crater) Timelapse (18/03/2020) video was created by https://volcanoyt.com/camera/119 Source: PVMBG
After four weeks at alert level 2, the activity of Taal in the Philippines shows low-intensity volcanic seismic activity, stabilization of the deformation of the caldera and Volcano Island soil, and low surface activity in the main crater. and the crack of Daang Kastila.
Taal by Landsat / Nasa EO on December 6, 2019 (before the eruption) and two months after the eruption. According to NASA's Earth Observatory, the fall of ash resulting from the Taal volcano eruption on January 12 was particularly problematic because it got wet enough to have a sort of muddy texture and then it dried and hardened into a material that looks like cement - see damage to aquaculture areas (left) and cultivation / farming areas (right) - one click to enlarge
- The volcanic earthquakes went from 141 events / day between January 26 and February 14 to 31 events / day between February 14 and today. The majority of these earthquakes were associated with rock fracturing processes and only six (6) low frequency events associated with magmatic or hydrothermal activity were detected until March 6. These parameters are consistent with the degassing of the magma in the basin rather than with the active transport of the magma to and from the shallow magma reservoir under Volcano island.
- At the deformation level, a very slow and slight uplift of the northern sector of the Taal caldera but a continuous subsidence of the southern sector of the caldera and the south of Volcano island are recorded, generally consistent with the post-eruptive relaxation of the Taal.
- The flow of sulfur dioxide has passed below the detection level, a situation compatible with a shallow source of magma with low degassing and absorption or "washing" of volcanic gas by a lake being recovered in the main crater and by the volcano island hydrothermal recovery system.
- Surface activity decreased with a low emission of plumes loaded with steam from 50 to 100 meters high from fumaroles or active gas conduits on the main crater and along the crack of Daang Kastila on the northern flank from Volcano island.
In view of the above, DOST-PHIVOLCS lowers the alert status of the Taal volcano from alert level 2 to alert level 1; alert level 1 means that the volcano is still in an abnormal state and should not be interpreted as the disturbances have ceased or the threat of an eruption has disappeared.
DOST-PHIVOLCS reminds the public that at alert level 1, sudden steam or phreatic explosions, volcanic earthquakes, minor ash falls and deadly accumulations or expulsions of volcanic gas can occur and threaten areas within TVI. DOST-PHIVOLCS strongly recommends that entry into Volcano Island, the Taal Permanent Danger Zone or PDZ, especially around the main crater and the Daang Kastila fissure, be strictly prohibited.
Sources: Phivolcs & Nasa
At 10:32 a.m. on March 18, an M4.2 earthquake was detected approximately 3 km northwest of Gunnuhver on the Reykjanes Peninsula.
IMO has received numerous sentiment reports from Reykjanes and IMO headquarters. Few aftershocks followed.
The latest distortion results around Mount Thorbjorn on the Reykjanes Peninsula indicate that inflation causing an uprising in the region has resumed. The uprising is slower than when it was measured in January, but seems to be in the same place. The most likely explanation for the signal is that the influx of magma has started again.
Source: IMO / Written by a specialist on March 18 10:48 GMT
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This short video uses animated imagery from satellite remote sensing systems to illustrate that Earth is a complex, evolving body characterized by ceaseless change. Adapted from NASA, this visualization helps explain why understanding Earth as an integrated system of components and processes is essential to science education.
This Earth Exploration Toolbook chapter is a detailed computer-based exploration in which students learn how various climatic conditions impact the formations of sediment layers on the ocean floor. They analyze sediment core data from the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica for evidence of climate changes over time. In addition, they interact with various tools and animations throughout the activity, in particular the Paleontological Stratigraphic Interval Construction and Analysis Tool (PSICAT) that is used to construct a climate change model of a sediment core from core images.
In this role-playing activity, learners are presented with a scenario in which they will determine whether the Gulf Stream is responsible for keeping Europe warm. They must also address the potential future of the Gulf Stream if polar ice were to continue melting. The students work in small groups to identify the issue, discuss the problem, and develop a problem statement. They are then asked what they need to know to solve the problem.
The purpose of this activity is to identify global patterns and connections in environmental data contained in the GLOBE Earth Systems Poster, to connect observations made within the Earth Systems Poster to data and information at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, and to understand the connections between solar energy and changes at the poles, including feedback related to albedo.
In this activity, students examine global climate model output and consider the potential impact of global warming on tropical cyclone initiation and evolution. As a follow-up, students read two short articles on the connection between hurricanes and global warming and discuss these articles in context of what they have learned from model output.
This graphic contains ocean heat content (OHC) anomaly trends from 1945 to 2009 for the top 700 meters of the ocean. It is composed of long-term datasets from seven different references. The graphic can be manipulated and downloaded as a picture.
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The National Party’s recent call for a royal commission of inquiry into New Zealand’s pandemic response may have been part of a wider political strategy, with former leader Judith Collins highly critical of the government’s handling of the Delta outbreak.
But the idea predated its recent advocate, and there are good, non-political reasons for holding such an inquiry – not least that it would be powerful and independent. Royal commissions reach further and dig deeper than parliamentary select committees, and are free from partisan sway.
Nor is this a novel recommendation. In 1919, the Influenza Epidemic Commission investigated what happened after the arrival of the disease in New Zealand the previous year. That commission’s influence can still be felt today.
The 1918-19 pandemic killed at least 8,831 people (still probably an underestimate), with Māori making up almost a quarter of the total, the single worst human disaster recorded in New Zealand history.
The 1919 inquiry
Parts of the 1919 commission report read like they were written today. The virtues of masks, quarantine, ventilation, the importance of Māori settlements, and basic health education are all canvassed.
Other parts are simply curious, such as the discussion of whether alcohol helped, with some medical witnesses testifying two or three whiskeys and soda a day were the best medicine. But there are also surprisingly accurate predictions of what inoculation might look like in the future.
Mostly, however, the commission was concerned with questions of how the pandemic made it into the country, how local health systems had collapsed, and what could be done to prevent history repeating.
The right forum
A royal commission, then, is the appropriate forum for assessing New Zealand’s COVID response and making recommendations that will stick. It’s the highest form of official inquiry into matters of public importance, more powerful than a government inquiry.
Such commissions have been used extensively throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, including after the Christchurch terror attack, the Canterbury earthquakes and the Pike River mine disaster. Right now there is a royal commission investigating the historical abuse of children in state care.
There can be no doubt New Zealand’s handling of the pandemic justifies the same attention. It has overshadowed everything in the past two years, and no New Zealander has been untouched by it in some way.
But such a commission would certainly differ greatly from the 1919 influenza inquiry, if only because of the scale and duration of COVID-19 and the relative success of government policy in combating it.
Areas of inquiry
With 44 deaths recorded so far, the government’s first duty to keep its population safe appears to have been met, at least when compared to the horrors experienced in other countries, and indeed during the 1918-19 pandemic.
However, that success has come at a cost – to mental health, the economy, rights and freedoms and, to a degree, social cohesion. All of these will be important elements of an inquiry.
While most people suffered in some way, the burden has not been equally shared. In particular, the impact on Māori – currently the subject of a Waitangi Tribunal hearing – will be a focus of inquiry.
Similarly, a royal commission will need to look at how women, children, people with disabilities, the elderly, and anyone affected by international border closures or access to vaccines and health care have fared.
Of course, how the economy weathered the pandemic will form a significant part of an inquiry: how much was spent and where, who benefited or lost, and what will be the long term consequences?
Lessons for the future
Finally, the entire legal framework surrounding the government’s response needs the scrutiny only a royal commission could provide.
In the past two years, the country’s legal system has creaked and groaned in response to the myriad decisions that affected the lives of ordinary New Zealanders in unprecedented ways.
Critical pieces of legislation curtailing personal rights and freedoms were rushed urgently through parliament, arguably weakening existing democratic safeguards. Where these decisions have been legally challenged (unsuccessfully so far), the courts have been left to find the delicate balance between individual and collective rights.
A royal commission would allow for these personal, economic and democratic costs to be fully documented, measured and evaluated. Most importantly, it can recommend improvements and remedies. And it should be scheduled to start on March 19, 2022 – two years exactly from when New Zealand first closed its borders to the outside world.
Present generations have learned some hard but valuable lessons from COVID-19. Given the possibility of future pandemics, it’s vital those lessons are passed on to future generations.
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UK beach litter levels recorded in surveys in 2017 were 10% higher than in 2016 – with food and drinks litter accounting for up to 20% of all rubbish found on the shoreline.
The new figures were released by the Marine Conservation Society (MCS) as it launched a campaign to bring in a levy on disposable products.
The MCS has urged the Government to act over the growing problem by installing a new charge on these ‘throw away’ items.
The charity categorises drinks cups, plastic cutlery, foil wrappers, straws, sandwich packets, lolly sticks, plastic bottles, drinks cans, glass bottles, plastic cups, lids and stirrers as ‘on the go’ items.
The Great British Beach Clean is the UK’s largest and most influential beach clean up and survey.
All items found are recorded according to an internationally agreed methodology.
The 2017 event saw 6,944 volunteer beach cleaners pick up record amounts of litter from 339 UK beaches – on average, a staggering 718 items of rubbish from every 100 metres cleaned. MCS said the figures highlight the public’s bad habits when it comes to littering.
The charity said it’s time for a levy on single-use items that are handed over, free of charge, in their millions when we’re eating and drinking out and about. It believes the levy should be imposed on such items as straws, cups, lids, stirrers and cutlery.
Lizzie Prior, MCS Beach and River Clean Project Officer, said: “The 5p single-use carrier bag charge has made a massive difference to the number of plastic bags entering our seas. If a levy was placed on single use plastic such as straws, stirrers, cutlery, cups and cup lids, we’re confident that we’d find fewer of these items on our beaches.”
MCS CEO Sandy Luk said: “Our beach clean evidence shows a shocking rise in the amount of litter. Our oceans are choking in plastic.
“We urgently need a levy on single use plastic as a first step.” Elsewhere, data from the Great British Beach Clean revealed a 94% rise in the number of wet wipes found on UK beaches in a single year.
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Learn something new every day
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A glittering generality is a word or phrase that carries a strong emotional appeal, with versatility for rhetorical use. Rhetoric is the study of how language is used to appeal to an audience. The glittering generality, as a rhetorical technique, represents a simple and fundamental strategy for evoking certain emotions and reactions on the part of listeners or readers.
The main characteristics of glittering generalities is that they are vaguely worded, and contain ideas that are commonly considered extremely important in a given community. Some of the most classic examples of a glittering generality consist of political terms related to desirable traits for a nation or society. For example, the words “freedom” or “hope,” or even the word “democracy” can be considered glittering generalities in many Western cultures.
Along with words and phrases that appeal to an individual’s sense of freedom, other glittering generalities are often applied to describe individuals. Some of these include words like “courage,” “honor,” or simply “strength.” These glittering generalities are often used to describe an audience in order to flatter a group of people for political reasons.
Part of the theory behind the evaluation of glittering generalities is that words that are used so extensively and so broadly as some of the above, tend to become somewhat meaningless to an audience. This is particularly true as modern societies grow more literate and linguistically advanced. Many experts talk about irony or progressive sophistication in a target audience, where many of the words identified as glittering generalities may have had a lot of rhetorical power in the past, but are now much less useful for those who want to sway the ideas of a group of people.
Some other related rhetorical terms tend to go along with the idea of using a glittering generality. Some social science experts refer to the idea of a “golden hammer,” which, in communications, is a word or phrase that is extensively relied on by a speaker or writer. As mentioned above, these types of phrases tend to lose power with excessive use, and critical members of an audience may consider them to be an indication that the speaker has little of substance to say.
Another term that may be related to glittering generalities is the ideograph. Those who coined this term have defined it as a simple word or phrase that is used in a context. The theory is that the ideograph works to characterize or manifest certain ideological elements that speakers or writers convey to an audience by way of particular word choice. This also applies to commonly identified glittering generalities that tend to embody a popular ideal held by a large number of people.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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Peppa is learning to write. Would you like to practise, too? Write on the pages with the special pen, then wipe them clean and try again! This brilliant book helps children improve pencil control and develop key first handwriting skills. It’s the perfect follow-on title from Wipe-Clean First Letters.
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Ladybugs are a familiar sight all across the world. They hide themselves during the winter but emerge again once the days start getting longer, making them a glad sign of spring. Because of their association with the end of winter and their bright red, polka-dotted appearance, they are some of the most popular insects around. Despite their name, ladybugs are not actually bugs. They belong to the beetle family and there are actually over 5000 different species of them! The species most Americans are familiar with, however, is the seven-spotted ladybug. They can also be called ladybirds or ladyflies and are a sign of good luck in most cultures.
Ladybugs may be portrayed as harmless mothers and little old ladies in cartoons, but they are actually carnivorous and ferocious predators on their own scale. Thankfully, they are completely harmless to humans. When threatened, they emit a foul-smelling yellow liquid that is, in fact, their blood. It can be toxic to some animals, but not humans, and it definitely gives birds and spiders second thoughts about eating a Ladybug! If you want to know what do ladybugs eat, or what to feed a pet ladybug, keep reading for the information you need.
Most people like ladybugs because they're cute, but gardeners love them for a different reason. You may be wondering, "If those tiny little ladybugs are predators, what on earth is small enough for them to hunt?" The answer to that is an aphid. Aphids are insects that suck the sap out of plants. An infestation of them can destroy whole gardens and decimate crops. A single ladybug can eat up to 5000 aphids, which means they're invaluable to farmers trying to control an aphid population. A good ladybug colony in a garden can eliminate an aphid problem in no time.
Not all ladybug species are carnivores, though. Some ladybugs also eat pollen, mildew or mushrooms. A few ladybugs, like the Mexican bean beetle, eat plants and are pests themselves. However, most ladybugs are predators and a welcome sight to gardeners. Ladybug eggs are small and yellow and are usually laid on the backside of a leaf, near aphid colonies. This ensures that young ladybug larvae will have a food source as soon as they hatch. Ladybugs also lay eggs that are infertile, or won't hatch, amongst the fertile eggs as a first meal for their offspring.
Ladybugs are small, odorless and hardy survivors, making them a great first pet for kids. One way to help a ladybug as well as teach your children responsibility is to let them keep a few over the winter. A terrarium or specially-designed box is preferred, but you can also use an ordinary jar. Just remember to punch some holes in the lid to keep air flowing! Stock your ladybug house with some leaves and twigs to make them feel more at home. Ladybugs like humidity, so if you notice their enclosure starting to dry out, spritz some water on the leaves to keep things damp. Don't worry about hunting down some aphids; captive ladybugs can be fed raisins that have been soaked for a few minutes, or small globs of honey. It's best to not keep standing water around your pets. Instead provide them with a wet paper towel or cotton ball, which they will be able to drink from as needed. Then, in spring, let your kids release the ladybugs to rejoin their companions. If your kids enjoyed keeping these cute little bugs, you can order larvae and food for them from certain stores, which will allow you to keep them year-round!
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1. Stability. Some unstable sweeteners, such as aspartame, will lose much sweetness under acidic and heating conditions. Such sweeteners should be added in appropriate parts of the process. The shelf-life of beverage is longer, best choose stable good sweetener, assure beverage sweetness does not produce bigger change.
2. Complementary problem. High sweeteners have distinct sensory differences in sweet taste and taste in complex food systems. Both too fast and too slow are not ideal. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the variety and proportion of acid, essence, salt and so on.
3. Methods to increase body feeling. Low sweeteners make some drinks taste too thin. It can be mixed with fructose syrup, sugar alcohol, maltodextrin and dietary fiber, so as to achieve a harmonious and thick taste.
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The unidentified skin disease plaguing Ba To District in Quang Ngai Province continues to elude Vietnam’s public health officials and medical research teams, who now have sort assistance from the World Health Organisation (WHO), the US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention and Japan’s Nagasaki University.
The Ministry of Health on May 20 proposed to clean up the district water supply system in an attempt to remove any infectious bacteria.
The ministry said that health authorities in Ba To District must adopt measures to strictly monitor the water resource to prevent residents from being affected.
One medical team after another has taken samples of blood, hair, nails of people from the affected areas, but the bizarre skin disease in the central province of Quang Ngai has yet to be identified.
The skin disease has already claimed 21 lives and is showing an upward trend with more than 230 infectious cases; mostly in Ba Dien Commune, whose residents use the spring water, well water and ground water, which are all contaminated.
In related news, the Preventive Medicine Centre in Quang Ngai Province has concluded that ‘Herbicide KANUP 480SL’ is the real culprit behind three deaths and 40 infected residents in Rieng Village of Son Ky Commune in Son Ha District.
After more than a month of investigation, health officials in the central province of Quang Ngai pointed out that the herbicide used in Son Ky Commune was responsible for three deaths and health problems for 40 others last April. Victims experienced symptoms of numbness of the hands and feet and severe eye problems.
The herbicide originated from the US and was bottled and supplied by a company in the northern province of Bac Giang.
Test results of samples of spring water and soil taken from the commune in Son Ha District showed contamination of ‘Glyphosate’, a broad-spectrum herbicide used to kill weeds. Contents of ‘Glyphosate’ were found in the water samples of up to 1 mg per litre, while in the soil samples, it measured up to 14.3 mg per kilogram.
Medical experts said that small amounts of ‘Glyphosate’ can cause harm to human health, and even kill if it exceeds permissible limits.
Accordingly, health authorities have asked residents to dig wells at a depth of 6-8 metres, to replace the current water supply.
No recorded medical document of bizarre skin disease: Ministry
Bizarre skin disease in Quang Ngai claims one more life
One more death from bizarre skin disease in Quang Ngai Province
Ministry issues new treatment plan for bizarre skin disease
Ba To District offers support to victims of bizarre skin disease
‘Ricketsia’ virus identified as cause of bizarre skin disease
Quang Ngai seeks expert advice on baffling skin disease
Vietnam to seek WHO help to diagnose strange skin disease
Another succumbs to bizarre skin disease in Quang Nai Province
One more dead from strange skin disease in Quang Nai Province
Bizarre skin disease continues to spread
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Induction: Tesla invented induction lighting in 1891, is proven, established as energy efficient and refined. (Tesla also invented AC current)
LED is still under much technical revision and unproven in high power lighting applications.
Induction lighting is a cost effective solution as a new purchase or as a retrofit with a 2 to 3 year ROI when considering energy and maintenance costs. (Without energy rebates or tax incentives)
LED is energy efficient..... but with a 4 to 5 year ROI. (Currently costs nearly twice as much as Ind.)
Induction Lighting is designed for area lighting and does not need to be specially designed for that purpose.
LED is designed for directed/spot lightiing and has to be "domed" with many led's to create the effect of area lighting...which is expensive to make and more vulnerable to premature technical failures.
Induction Lighting has a rated life of up to 100,000 hours.
LED has a rated life of only up to 50,000 hours.
Induction is warranted for 5 years. LED has a shorter warranty of 3 years.
Induction has broad product choices. LED has limited choices of products.
Induction has product standardization. LED has no standardization in their technology as yet.
Induction lighting can maintain output from - 40F to + 122F degrees.
LED has a seriously reduced output (lumen depreciation) above 77F degrees. (Most lights are that hot in an enclosed fixture with just spring/summer ambient temperature). (See the CREE article on temperature)
Induction lighting has an efficiency rating of up to 96 lumens per watt. (100w comp. street lamp)
LED has an efficiency rating of 37-50 lumens per watt. (135 watt street lamp)
Induction: 200 watt bulb is rated at 16,000 "seeable" lumens.
LED: 200 watt bulb is rated at 11,000 "seeable" lumens.....a 31% (less) difference.
Induction Lighting is a better choice for any area lighting application. Please see the products list and call or email for pricing. Carolina Induction is a distributor of quality induction products and can retrofit your fixtures in most cases or install new as needed.
|Watts - Electrical Usage||100w||135w|
|Lumens - Light Output||9,625 lumens||5000 lumens|
|Efficiency||96 Im/watt||37-50 Im/watt|
|Rated Lamp Life||100,000 hours||50,000 hours|
|Light Distribution||IES Class I-V||Spot|
|Heat Issues||Maintains output from -40 to 122F||Drastically reduced output above 77F|
LEDs to the Rescue? Not So Fast
Air temperature emerges as a crucial factor in determining lumen maintenance
Lifetime of White LEDs
Underdriving or Overdriving LEDs: coralSky’s Jeff Littlejohn explains LED drive current
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A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Fourier Phalanx - A community based on the ideas of French socialist Charles Fourier. Fourier advocated that people share work and living arrangements to avoid the competitive society.
Fourierism - A community based on the ideas of French socialist Charles Fourier. Fourier advocated that people share work and living arrangements to avoid the competitive society.
Frederick Douglass - One of the foremost leaders of the abolitionist movement, which fought to end slavery within the United States in the decades prior to the Civil War. A brilliant speaker, Douglass was asked by the American Anti-Slavery Society to engage in a tour of lectures, and so became recognized as one of America's first great black speakers. He won world fame when his autobiography was publicized in 1845. Two years later he began publishing an antislavery paper called the North Star.
Free Labor - The political belief that people should have the freedom to choose their jobs. Free labor was an economic argument against slavery. Free labor argued that slavery prohibited people from getting jobs.
Free product - A product made from materials free from slave labor.
Fruitlands - Fruitlands was a transcendentalist utopian community established in Harvard, Massachusetts by Amos Bronson Alcott and Charles Lane in the 1840s.
Fugitive slave - A slave who escaped from his/her master and traveled North to free states. Such slaves were considered fugitives because laws prohibited slaves from leaving their masters. In 1850 a new fugitive slave law was passed which tightened restrictions on penalties for fugitive slaves and those who protected them.
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If ever source code can be said to have helped launch an empire, the code behind the Apple II DOS would qualify. And now it's available to everyone.
Last spring,on the surfacing of documents that led to Apple's commissioning the creation of a disk operating system (DOS) for the young company's new computer, the Apple II.
Without that DOS, the computer would probably never have made a mark, since the only storage option otherwise available was a tape drive. Over the Christmas holidays of 1977, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak designed a disk controller, but he needed a DOS.
In early 1978, Apple signed a $13,000 contract with Shepardson Microsystems to create the DOS. The contract was addressed to Steve Jobs. Once it was written, programs like VisiCalc, which led to the Apple II's tremendous success, were possible.
Now, thanks to the help of the DigiBarn, a vintage computer museum in Santa Cruz County, Calif., the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, Calif., has officially published the DOS source code for all to see.
According to Bruce Damer, the founder and curator of the DigiBarn, Apple, which still owns the code, gave its blessing for the documents to be made public. What anyone will do with them is unclear, but this is one of Silicon Valley's most important treasures -- a disk operating system that helped a young company become a behemoth. Without it, we might never have seen Apple become the company it is today.
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From space, planet Earth appears to be incredibly rich as exemplified in the symbolic image of ‘Earth Rise’ captured by the crew of Apollo 8 on 24 December, 1968.
It seems improbable that in less than 50 years since then, the planet could be on the brink of a set of disasters. One of the most visible disasters facing us today is the growing volume of waste generated in both the production and consumption of goods and services.
The increase in waste can be traced back to two specific observations. First, there is a significant increase in world population. Second, there has been a rise in per capita incomes of individual consumers.
Statistics about waste across industries—
Did you know?The global waste market, from collection to recycling, is estimated at US$410 billion a year, not including the sizable informal segment in developing countries.
Recycling a tonne of aluminium saves 1.3 tonnes of bauxite residues, 15 m3 of cooling water, 0.86 m3 of process water, and 37 barrels of oil, while preventing the emission of 2 tonnes of carbon dioxide and 11 kg of sulfur dioxide.
In 2000, recycling activities in the European Union (EU) created 229,286 jobs, which by 2008 had increased to 512,337—an annual growth rate of 10.57 per cent.
One tonne of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) contains as much gold as 5–15 tonnes of typical gold ore, and amounts of copper, aluminium and rare metals that exceed by many times the levels found in typical ores.
Focusing on the long-term issue—
For example, the scale of waste incineration facilities should be determined not only by focusing on current waste disposal but also keeping in mind how their use might decline in the longer term due to reuse and recycling efforts. This would not only enhance economic, environmental, and social values but also extend product life cycles and facilitate the use of regenerative materials.
In sum, state-private partnerships typically address many current problems. It is essential that such partnerships evolve to integrate a system-wide focus necessary to achieve the 3R’s of waste management over a longer time horizon.
—Taken from Waste Management: A Reverse Supply Chain Perspective in Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers.
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“If you could do one thing...” showcases innovative local projects across the country which improve integration in local communities.
In anticipation of the Government’s Integration Strategy, evidence from the British Academy demonstrates the wealth of positive projects already making an impact on the lives of migrant, refugee and asylum-seeking communities, as well as established communities.
“If you could do one thing...”: Local actions to promote social integration highlights practical, evidence-based interventions which could be replicated in other parts of the country to improve relationships between communities of different ethnic backgrounds and to help new arrivals feel welcome.
To read the reports, click on the icons in the left-hand pane, or click on the images below:
The British Academy commissioned academics and practitioners to suggest local interventions which tackle the challenges of a diverse society, from a community arts festival to boost community connectedness in Ramsgate, to a lunch club run in Birmingham which offers a safe space for asylum seekers and refugees.
These interventions are accompanied by a series of case studies of projects working with recently arrived migrants, asylum seekers and refugees, with a particular focus on young people. These include St Edmund’s Nursery School in Girlington, Bradford, which supports Roma and Central and Eastern European children and their parents, and the Baca project in the Midlands which provides alternative holistic care for unaccompanied asylum seeking children.
The interventions studied have the potential to be replicated in whole or in part in different places and with different communities across the UK.
Over a year on from Dame Louise Casey’s Review of social integration in the UK, the British Academy identifies some key lessons from the projects studied:
- Social integration is a two-way process. The most successful interventions offer something back to the existing community, whether that be the opportunity to make friends from different backgrounds or to take part in something creative.
- Involving members of migrant communities in the design and implementation of projects is important. Many of the initiatives train local ‘champions’ to help them deliver their services and act as ambassadors in their communities.
- Local authorities provide more than funding. Local authorities celebrated by many of the featured interventions often hosted forums to bring people together and had a good understanding of the role of partner organisations. They were seen as a positive body to galvanise people, and foster two-way communication with local stakeholders.
- Confronting and resolving tensions is vital. Dealing with local grievances not only helps to dissolve tensions, but also prevents these from undermining any effective social integration work already going on.
Chair of the British Academy project, Professor Anthony Heath CBE FBA said:
“It is often said that we live in a divided society, yet our research shows how small, local projects are already making difference to the lives of established and newly-arrived migrant communities across the UK.
“But it is clear that integration does not happen on its own. Social integration must be supported and planned, taking into account the diverse needs of specific communities and places.
“The Government’s forthcoming Integration Strategy must take account of the good work that is already going on. Only then can we build sustainable and cohesive communities, where people of all backgrounds are welcomed and supported.”
Publication date: 13 Dec 2017
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This event occurs weekly, on Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday.
Is there such a thing in humans called race? Since the emergence of biology and anthropology, scientists have developed categories for all living things, including humans. But what can the categorization of humans tell us? Explore the history of race in this display, which features specimens from the notorious Morton Collection of crania, which were once used as justification for 19th-century belief about racial hierarchy.
12 Adult; $10 Seniors & Military; $8 Children & Students
We make every effort to ensure the accuracy of this information. However, you should always call ahead to confirm dates, times, location, and other information.
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Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions, such as laundry detergent digesting protein stains, which are otherwise very difficult to remove. A research team led by Professor Kam-bo Wong of the Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences at The Chinese University of Hong Kong demonstrated a fundamental principle in changing the activity of enzymes by means of protein engineering. The findings provide potential insights into the future design of biotechnologically important enzymes, and will be published in next week's issue of the online, open access journal PLoS Biology.
Proteins from thermophiles, organisms that live in high temperatures, are more resistant to heat denaturation than those from mesophiles, organisms that live in moderate temperatures. In nature, enzymes from microbes that thrive in extremely hot habitats like hydrothermal vents can remain stable even at 100 C. These thermophilic enzymes are useful for the biotech industry because of their superior stability.
One intriguing problem is that thermophilic enzymes are less active than their mesophilic homologs despite having similar structures. "It is like two cars having similar engines but one runs 10 times faster than the other. If thermophilic enzymes can be made more active without compromising their stability, it will be of great commercial value to the biotech industry," explained Professor Wong.
Wong's research team used protein engineering methods to investigate why thermophilic enzymes are less active. They discovered that the thermophilic enzyme acylphosphatase has a unique property in that its active site is rigidified by a salt-bridge. Thermophilic enzymes tend to have more stabilizing interactions like salt-bridges. By removing this salt-bridge, his team converted thermophilic properties of acylphosphatase to mesophilic-like properties. Likewise, a mesophilic acylphosphatase from human was engineered to become thermophilic-like by introducing the salt-bridge. Professor Wong's team concluded that the rigidifying salt-bridge increases the activity of enzymes at high temperatures, but at the same time reduces the activity at low temperatures. The principles learned from Professor Wong's study will hopefully guide the improvement of enzymes in the biotech industry.
Explore further: Vermicompost leachate improves tomato seedling growth
More information: Lam SY, Yeung RCY, Yu T-H, Sze K-H, Wong K-B (2011) A Rigidifying Salt-Bridge Favors the Activity of Thermophilic Enzyme at High Temperatures at the Expense of Low-Temperature Activity. PLoS Biol 9(3): e1001027. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001027
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Oceans absorbed heat equal to 2 bn times a Hiroshima bomb since 1997
Oceans around the world have absorbed man-made heat energy to the tune of two billion Hiroshima-style atomic bombs in the last 18 years, a study released last week claimed.world Updated: Jan 26, 2016 13:12 IST
Oceans around the world have absorbed man-made heat energy to the tune of two billion Hiroshima-style atomic bombs in the last 18 years, a study released last week claimed.
The oceans absorbed approximately 150 zettajoules of energy from 1865 to 1997 and then absorbed about another 150 in the next 18 years, Nature Climate Change journal said in its study.
How much is a zettajoule?
“A zettajoule is 1 x 10 to the 21st power – so a very large number,” co-author of the paper Paul J Durack, an oceanographer at the Lawrence Livermore National Lab in California, told Hindustan Times.
According to Associated Press, an explosion of one Hiroshima-style atomic bomb every second for a year (which is 31,53,6000 bomb explosions) would release just 2 zettajoules of heat energy.
So from 1865 to 1997, in the pre-industrial era, our oceans absorbed man-made heat energy equivalent to 2,36,52,00,000 Hiroshima-style atomic bombs (31,53,6000 *150/2). And since 1997, in the post-industrial era, the heat energy absorption doubled with the oceans taking in heat energy equivalent to another set of 2,36,52,00,000 bombs.
“These numbers are approximately accurate and are consistent with the previously published work of the IPCC 2013 5th assessment report,” Durack said.
Cause and effects
When asked about the reason behind such a doubling in the last 18 years, Durack squarely blamed it on careless human nature which led to an increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily CO2.
“The atmospheric composition changes are affecting the global temperatures. Many independent studies have confirmed these human-caused changes to many aspects of the climate system, from the atmospheric temperatures, to the ocean and many other aspects.”
“Previous work has shown that the spatial patterns and changes that we’re seeing in the earth climate system are a response to human-caused changes. The strong temperature increases that our new study has uncovered paints a clear picture of continuing ocean warming, and if we are to extrapolate into the future following the rates of change these show large increases will continue,” Durack said when asked about the effects we are facing because of the voluminous heat energy consumed by the oceans.
Is the data accurate?
Even though the numbers appear to be enormous, Durack is confident of his calculations.
“The oceanographic research community has been measuring the global ocean for many centuries, with constant changes to the technology employed to measure the ocean properties and continual improvements in the accuracy of the measurements,” he said.
“These data are the best that we have, and when the older data is compared and contrasted to the latest measurements from new high precision observations they check out well.”
(With AP inputs)
First Published: Jan 20, 2016 19:15 IST
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What is Systematic Risk?
Systematic Risk is defined as the risk that is inherent to the entire market or the whole market segment as it affects the economy as a whole and cannot be diversified away and thus is also known as an “undiversifiable risk” or “market risk” or even “volatility risk.”
Types of Systematic Risk
The various types are listed down as under
- Interest-Rate Risk: It refers to the risk arising out of the change of market interest rates and affects fixed income instruments like bond
- Market Risk: It refers to risk arising out of changes in the market price of securities which causes a significant fall in the event of a stock market correction
- Exchange Rate Risk: It arises out of changes in the value of currencies and affects corporations with substantial foreign exchange transaction exposure
- Political Risk: It is mainly due to political instability in any economy, and it affects business decisions
Systematic Risk Example
Examples of systematic risk that would affect the whole economy as described under the various types are illustrated with the example as under.
- Interest Rate Risk: Government reducing/increasing interest rates which would affect the valuation of Securities.
- Market Risk: A stock market correction would wipe out wealth created by fund managers and affects the whole company.
- Exchange Rate Risk: A devaluation of other country’s currencies would make imports costlier.
- Political Risk: A country declaring war would lead to withdraw of foreign funds.
How is Analyzing Systematic Risk Useful?
#1 – Holistic View
This would go on to consider the entire economy, and the analyst would get a better picture as this provides a holistic view of the whole economy. It would serve as a proxy for the risk of the whole economy than having to find out the risk inherent in each sector in isolation
#2 – Helps Understanding Non-Diversifiable Risk
It is through having an understanding of the systematic risk that would affect the economy; the investor would tend to get an idea of the extent of his portfolio being exposed to non-diversifiable risk in the economy. By doing so, he/she would have a good feel or understanding for the volatility that would be caused in the portfolio because of an impact of any such event that would affect the market as a whole
#3 – Helps in Risk Identification
Risk diversification goes on to form the basis of insurance and also that of investment. The presence of systematic risk goes on to affect everything at the same time. By undertaking a probabilistic approach of its impact on the risk profiling of the portfolio of the insurance companies, this approach helps to understand and identify risks better. Though systematic risk cannot be reduced by diversification, it does come a long way in having to understand and identify risks
#4 – Helps in Understanding Repercussions
Since systematic risk affects the entire economy, it helps one understand the interlinkage and repercussions. For example, when the housing mortgage burst in 2007, the systematic risk which entangled there became a nationwide phenomenon, and this liquidity crunch affected the financial markets, which in turn affected other economies and led to a steep fall in trade and investment on a global basis.
#1 – Mass Impact
Unlike sector-specific risk, such kind of risks affects everyone. Businesses may slow down, the capital inflow may reduce, and job cuts may be undertaken. Hence such risks affect the entire economy and may lead to a global slowdown if the downside spreads to other countries too
#2 – Difficult to Study Sector-Specific Risk
It considers the whole of the economy; it would be really difficult to consider the impact of the same on various sectors, stocks, and business in an isolated manner. There may be sector-specific risks and factors that go on to impact these businesses, and to have a greater understanding of the same; it becomes essential to study them in isolation than considering the holistic view
#3 – Scale of impact may be Different
Though non-diversifiable risk being systematic risk impacts the whole of the economy, the scale of impact may differ across the business and also among sectors. Here it becomes essential to understand and study these sectors with a view different from that of the entire economy
- Although systematic risk impacts the entire economy, the scale and magnitude of the same may differ across sectors, and thus it becomes crucial to study them in isolation. Systematic risk itself may not give a complete picture to the analyst in such a scenario. He/she may need to analyze sector-specific behavior and factors that affect the same.
- Systematic risk being non-diversifiable, impacts all sectors, stocks, business, etc. and, in essence, the entire economy. It helps one to gauge the exposure by considering a holistic view of the risks inherentRisks InherentInherent Risk is the probability of a defect in the financial statement due to error, omission or misstatement identified during a financial audit. Such a risk arises because of certain factors which are beyond the internal control of the organization. in the economy.
- Such risk is dangerous to the economy as the same, when rampant, may be an indication of a slowing economy, sluggish business warning of an impending recession. It has a wide-scale impact and repercussions often spreading from one sector to another or even from one economy to that of another for that matter, when they are interlinked.
- However, to gauge and understand the risk inherent in any specific business or sector, one needs to study them in isolation, and systematic risk may not be able to help much in this regard.
- Nevertheless, it does come a long way in helping one understand the exposure and the massive hit the portfolio can take on in the event brought about by systematic or non-diversifiable risk and thus becomes an essential tool for risk management. It has also served as the base for various valuation models like the Capital Asset Pricing ModelCapital Asset Pricing ModelThe Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) defines the expected return from a portfolio of various securities with varying degrees of risk. It also considers the volatility of a particular security in relation to the market. (CAPM).
This article has been a guide to What is Systematic Risk and it’s Definition. Here we discuss the example of systematic risk along with types, advantages, and disadvantages. You can learn more about excel modeling from the following articles –
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Let’s paint an image, imagine a world where everything is super advanced. Where you could actually see flying cars instead of youtube videos of it saying that they exist. And, a world where the sky is truly the limit and people take advantage of it, in a good way. A world where you put on your calendar to meet up with your cousin who recently moved to mars for a few days then return back to earth. Another way to see this would be a world that also has the same technology as seen in Wakanda (to all those whose seen Black Panther “WAKANDA FOREVER!!!”).
Okay, okay back to the topic. Wait, what was it again?
Oh, yeah, having a really really really advanced world which is in no comparison to our world (for now).
Let’s explore more about this with Michio Kaku in his chapter on advanced civilizations. Who is Michio Kaku exactly? First, in my opinion, he is an awesome scientist. He is also an American theoretical physicist, futurist, and popularizer of science. Okay, now that we’ve covered that back to advanced civilizations. It was actually in 1964 when Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev introduced the classification of advanced civilization. Initially, Kardashev came up with 3 types of civilizations which are the following:
- Type I civilization:
- a.k.a the planetary civilization
- this civilization would be able to employ all the energy that reaches the planet and all the energy it can produce
- This energy is solar, thermal, hydro, wind, and more
- Michio Kaku predicts we would have control over things such as earthquakes, the weather, and volcanoes
- With research, it was found that this type of civilization would harness the power of 7 x 107
- To get to this state, we would have to boost our current energy production to 100,000 times
- We are estimated to reach this stage in about 100-200 years
- Type II civilization:
- Would also probably be classified as an interplanetary civilization, too
- We would be able to use the total energy of our sun (a star)
- Have the ability to move planets and stars
- To accomplish harnessing the energy of a star, we would be using a megastructure called the Dyson Sphere
- We are estimated to reach this stage in about 1000-2000 years
- Type III civilization:
- at this point, everything would be different from today
- We’d have space travelers zooming everywhere
- And, the norm would possibly be cyborgs
- We would also have the power to use the energy of an entire galaxy
- This, as Michio Kaku is estimated to happen in about “one hundred thousand years and possibly not for a million years”
Type o to Type I
In case you were wondering, we are a Type o at the moment and for quite some time, too. The first thing that we would have to do is change from Type o to Type I. Now, we have some obstacles that are preventing and slowing down the process of actually advancing forward and helping our world socially and technologically to reach the next stage. As Michio Kaku writes, “the biggest threat facing a Type I civilization may be a self-inflicted one” and some of the challenges include “global warming, bioterrorism, and nuclear proliferation”.
Problems preventing the transition from Type o to Type I
Expanding on the problems, global warming, which has been a threat to humanity has countless evidence which Kaku notes, the following:
- EVERY major glacier on the Earth is receding
- The Northern polar ice has thinned by an average of 50 PERCENT over the past fifty years
- Large parts of Greenland, which are covered by the world’s second-largest ice sheet, are tawing out
- A section of Antartica the size of Delaware, the Larsen Ice Shelf C, broke off in 2017, and the stability of the ice sheets and ice shelves is now in question
- The last few years have been the hottest ever recorded in human history
- The Earth’s average temperature has increased by the 1.3 degrees Celsius in the past century
- On average, summer is about one week longer than it was in the past
- We are seeing more and more “one-hundred-year events,” such as forest fires, floods, droughts, and hurricanes
Another great danger which the world and humans face which have been there for quite some time is diseases, plagues, and epidemics. The influenza epidemic killed an estimate of 50 million people whereas the war itself had it’s estimated down to 20 million less than that of influenza. The problem with this? There is such a thing as a weaponized biogerms. Yes, I know, terrible, if there is such a ferocious disease which gets created and released it has the potential to eliminate 98% of the human population! These are some of the things that have made it difficult for our advancement. Breaking from this would be a difficult job and a challenge when we emerge to a new civilization. But, if we work together, stop the competition, the inequality and put our awesome minds together, maybe we could transition to a better and advanced civilization compared to where we are now.
Future civilizations may change and evolve. But, with the decisions that are made today, in this century will help in determining whether that change would be better or for worse. If we take the right steps and choices, it may be possible to be living in a world where we have laser porting (which is a future way of traveling[g to the stars in light speed), space elevators, programmable matter, robotic construction, fusion power, asteroid mining, and a better-civilized world….
….and maybe (MAYBE) we might be living in a really cool world like in WAKANDA. Am I right?!?!
Hope you’re having an awesome day, afternoon, or night! Till the next blog, bye!!
© Elizabeth Anne Villoria
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ALL IN A ROW
ALL IN A ROW: ADDITION TABLEAU
Students will represent numbers with their bodies. They will work together to form addition sentence tableaux in order to visualize how 1-, 2-, and 3-digit addition works.
GRADE BAND: K-1
CONTENT FOCUS: THEATRE & ELA
"I Can" Statements
- I can play a role in an addition tableau.
- How can the arts help to clarify mathematics concepts?
MCC1.OA.6 Add and subtract within 20, demonstrating fluency for addition and subtraction within 10. Use strategies such as counting on; making ten (e.g., 8 + 6 = 8 + 2 + 4 = 10 + 4 = 14); decomposing a number leading to a ten (e.g., 13 – 4 = 13 – 3 – 1 = 10 – 1 = 9); using the relationship between addition and subtraction (e.g., knowing that 8 + 4 = 12, one knows 12 – 8 = 4); and creating equivalent but easier or known sums (e.g., adding 6 + 7 by creating the known equivalent 6 + 6 + 1 = 12 + 1 = 13).
TAES1.3 Acting by developing, communicating, and sustaining roles within a variety of situations and environments.
South Carolina Standards
1.NSBT.1.c. Read, write and represent numbers to 100 using concrete models, standard form, and equations in expanded form1.NSBT.4 Add through 99 using concrete models, drawings, and strategies based on place value to: a. add a two-digit number and a one-digit number, understanding that sometimes it is necessary to compose a ten (regroup)
Anchor Standard 3: I can act in improvised scenes and written scripts.
Place Value - The value of where the digit is in the number, such as units, tens, hundreds, etc.
Statue (Statues) - An actor frozen in a pose.
Tableau (Tableaux) - A group of actors frozen to create a picture.
Plus (+) and equal (=) sign placards that can stand on the floor (one possibility – written with marker on an inverted file folder - or part thereof – and capable of standing like a tent).
Introduce or review what a statue is – an actor in a frozen pose. Explain that the students will make letter statues with their bodies. Call out one letter at a time and have them make the letters. Use a drum, another percussion instrument, or clapping to cue the statues. Encourage students to be creative, using full body, limbs, fingers, etc., and exploring the possibilities of standing, kneeling, sitting, lying down, etc., as appropriate for the classroom space. Use observational language to comment on the different ways in which students use their bodies to create the statues.
- Repeat the process with numbers (single digits). After exploring multiple possibilities, inform students that they will focus on making number statues that use their whole bodies, and for which they will remain standing. Practice standing number statues.
- Ask students how they would make a statue of a number up to 100. Elicit from them, or guide them to, the idea of working in pairs or trios.
- Introduce or review what a tableau is – a group of actors frozen in a picture. Explain that tableaux often create pictures with characters and settings, but the tableaux today will be of numbers and number sentences.
- Invite two, and then three, volunteers to model creating a tableaux up to 100. Ask students what each digit in a multiple-digit number represents. Introduce or review the concept of place value. Ensure that students understand that the digit to the left represents a higher place value than the digit to the right, and identify the units: ones, tens, and hundreds places.
- Have students work in pairs to create a 2-digit number tableau (full-body, standing). Have them work together to say the name of the number together out loud. After creating a number, have them switch positions and say the name of the number with the digits switched. Move among the pairs to confirm that they are expressing each number correctly.
- If students have grasped the 2-digit numbers and are ready for 3-digit numbers, have them repeat the process in trios. Each trio can explore all the possibilities with their three digits (if the digits are all different, e.g., 1, 2, and 3, there will be six permutations: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321.)
- Introduce the idea of moving from number tableaux to addition sentence tableaux.
- Invite three students to model a simple addition sentence tableau, e.g., 3 + 4 = 7. Have the students assume their positions, and then have them speak the sentence together. (Note: this is an opportunity, if relevant, to introduce or reinforce the Commutative Property of addition by having the addends switch places.)
- Provide plus and equal sign tent cards and have students work in trios to create addition sentence tableaux.
- Use the same process, first modeling and then having the students work in small groups, to move into more complex addition sentences: adding two 1-digit numbers that result in a 2-digit sum (e.g., 5 + 7 = 12), adding a 1- and a 2- digit number together, without and then with sums that require making a new ten (e.g., 31 + 7 = 38, and then 29 + 3 = 32), and then adding two 2-digit numbers, without and then with sums that require carrying to the tens and hundreds places (e.g., 45 + 12 = 57, then 24 + 19 = 43, then 74 + 38 = 112).
- As appropriate to the class, use established addition strategies (counting on, making ten, etc.) to calculate sums, and advance only as far in the sequence of complexity as the class can manage.
- This may be a lesson that is done over time. The first step may best be suited for when single digit addition is taught, then adding 2-digit addition as the concept is taught, and so on.
Ask students: How did you use your bodies to create letter and number statues and addition sentence tableaux? Which were more challenging, letter statues or number statues? How do we determine the name and value of a 2- or 3-digit number? How did you determine your place or role in the number sentence?
- Students should be able to calculate answers to the mathematical problems.
- Students should accurately represent the numbers with their bodies.
Assign various addition problems to the students at the level reflected in the lesson, and gauge their ability to visualize and complete the problems.
Acceleration: Acceleration and remediation are built into the lesson in terms of how far into the sequence of complexity the lesson goes, and how much students are asked to create and calculate the numbers and addition sentences on their own. For acceleration, there should be greater complexity and more independent (unguided, in pairs, trios, quads, and more) work.
Remediation: Acceleration and remediation are built into the lesson in terms of how far into the sequence of complexity the lesson goes, and how much students are asked to create and calculate the numbers and addition sentences on their own. For remediation, there should be less complexity, more modeling, and more full-class, guided work.
*This integrated lesson provides differentiated ideas and activities for educators that are aligned to a sampling of standards. Standards referenced at the time of publishing may differ based on each state’s adoption of new standards.
Ideas contributed by: Mary Gagliardi and updated by Barry Stewart Mann
Revised and copyright: August 2022 @ ArtsNOW
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Sun exposure can help synthesize vitamin D, balance hormones, restore the circadian rhythm, and supercharge the mitochondria in our cells. Fresh air can help clear the lungs and oxygenate the blood. Contact with the earth’s magnetic field can relieve the body of electromagnetic stress by discharging built up static electricity. The smells of the forest can calm the nervous system and relieve stress.
Out of all these benefits, the most controversial by far is sun exposure. While we are well aware of the astounding benefits of sun exposure and related vitamin D synthesis, we are also being told to avoid the sun’s damaging rays due to the risk of skin cancer. At the same time, we know that vitamin D is crucial in combating cancer cells.
So what is the deal?
How can we safely interact with sun this summer?
We have compiled a list of 3 tips to help you navigate this convoluted subject. Thankfully the truth is actually very simple, elegant, and easy to implement!
1. Moderate Sun Exposure
We all know that excessive sun exposure and sunburn can damage the skin, accelerate aging, and lead to inflammation. But safe moderate sun exposure is actually essential to our health.
While we know ultraviolet radiation can contribute to the formation of skin cancer in susceptible individuals, it is important to remember that the sun has a wide spectrum of light frequencies that change depending on time of year, time of day, latitude, and cloud cover. These spectrums can balance out the UV radiation at certain times in certain places.
As with most things, it is all about balance.
Many people have become overly-vigilant and apply high SPF sunscreen every time they go outside. This has led to a widespread epidemic of vitamin D deficiency.
Vitamin D is critical for optimal functioning of the body and although supplementation is an option, the vitamin D you supplement will not be fully utilised without some amount of sun exposure without sunscreen.
For most people 10-30 minutes outside in the sun during the morning or evening can be sufficient for vitamin D synthesis, especially if you are supplementing.
If you plan on spending long stretches of time outside, especially between the hours of 10am and 4pm, then it may be prudent to mitigate your exposure. You can wear clothing and hats to cover your skin or seek shade when you feel you have reached your limit.
As a last resort in situations where these measures are not practical, sunscreen is always an option. However, if you do choose to use sunscreen, beware of the toxic cancer-causing chemicals used by many brands.
2. Avoid Toxic Sunscreens
Unfortunately, many sunscreens contain toxic ingredients and endocrine disrupting chemicals. Many of these chemicals have actually been found in some studies to promote skin cancer growth and free radical production in the body.
This may be hard to believe, but in the years since sunscreen use began skin cancer rates have actually risen. A 2007 document from the FDA stated that: “The FDA is not aware of data demonstrating that sunscreen use alone helps prevent skin cancer,” and some reports show that sunscreens that contain vitamin A actually raise skin cancer risk!
Oxybenzone is another common chemical in many sunscreens. This chemical is a known hormone disruptor and is not recommended for use on children.
Other common hormone disrupting chemicals found in sunscreens that should be avoided are: avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate, and octinoxate.
The skin easily absorbs anything it comes into contact with. In fact, our digestive system is lined with a type of skin! Our outer skin functions similarly to our inner skin through absorption and assimilation. This is why supplements such as magnesium and testosterone can be applied “transdermally,” or “through the skin.”
When these harmful chemicals are slathered on the body the are easily absorbed into the bloodstream and eventually harm our health.
Alarmingly, when the Environmental Working Group tested over 1,400 sunscreens, only 5% met their safety standards and over 40% were listed as potentially contributing to skin cancer!
Fortunately, there are nutritional interventions that can help make the skin more resilient to sun exposure.
3. Eat Your Antioxidants!
One of the most powerful nutrients to combat potential damage from the sun is antioxidant polyphenols. Antioxidants, as a group, are compounds that help to squelch free-radicals and thrus prevent oxidative damage to cells in the body.
Polyphenols are a subcategory of antioxidants. Sources of polyphenols include: Coffee, tea, berries, cocoa, olives, herbs, and spices.
Polyphenols are phytonutrients meaning they are found in plants and derived from the plant’s interaction with sunlight.
When plants are exposed to high levels of sunlight they produce polyphenols to protect themselves. When humans consume these polyphenols we derive similar protection.
This is why God naturally provides foods like berries in the environment during the summer months when days are long and sun exposure is intense. It is also why polyphenol rich foods are often found in tropical climates.
By eating more polyphenols you provide your body with the antioxidants necessary to combat the oxidative damage caused by the sun.
A potent and convenient source of antioxidant polyphenols can be found in Dr. Colbert’s Organic Red Supremefood formula.
Don’t Be Afraid!
Excessive sun exposure and associated damage to the body is certainly something to be concerned about. But a healthy body can easily handle moderate amounts of healthy sun exposure and it is in fact necessary for good health!
So be vigilant to avoid sun burn but do not be afraid of the sun! It provides life giving energy and nutrients and nothing on this planet would exist without it.
As long as you maintain a healthy lifestyle, drink plenty of clean filtered or spring water, and follow the tips in this article, you will be able to safely enjoy the sun without risk of adverse side effects.
Sign up for Dr. Colbert's Newsletter
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Whether one takes an ibuprofen to relieve a headache or an antidepressant to boost serotonin levels, the body is responding to more than just the active drug. The mere act of taking a pill may elicit a placebo effect, which is understood as an improvement (or worsening in the case of the nocebo effect) of symptoms independent of chance and the drug’s activity.
Much insight into this process has been gained in recent years by studying inert treatments called placebos, which may take on different forms – most famously a sugar pill – depending on the therapeutic intervention. Medical dictionaries of the late 18th and early 19th centuries first described placebos as substances prescribed not for their known medical benefits, but rather for appeasing seemingly gullible patients. Over time, they have been prescribed to many healthy but self-proclaimed ailing patients. As such, they are appropriately named, for placebo translates from Latin to “I shall please.” The use of placebos in efficacy testing of new treatments was first described in the 1700s, but has only been part of standardized guidelines for the last sixty years. More recently, abundant evidence has been gathered that suggests that a placebo is more than just an inert sugar pill; rather, it may be key to understanding the neuropsychology of responses to treatment and how these responses may be modulated.
What is currently understood about the placebo effect and how is it defined? Fabrizio Benedetti, a leading neurologist studying the placebo response at the University of Turin Medical School in Italy, gives a more holistic definition of the placebo than as a sham or necessary study control, describing it as “… the entire ritual of the therapeutic act”. In essence, this means that both the sugar pill and the context of its administration make up the placebo. It follows that the simple details of a placebo’s appearance are chosen to match the drug being tested, as elements like shape, colour, and text can influence the response to a placebo. However, the doctor-patient relationship may also take the spotlight, as verbal and non-verbal communication contributes considerably to the magnitude and direction of the placebo response. Moreover, the patient’s expectations and learning behaviour, both grounded in prior experience, are fundamental for the response. If one takes an analgesic to relieve a headache (prior experience), one may take an analgesic again with the expectation of pain relief. At the same time, the brain is thought to be learning (or becoming conditioned) that taking a pill is associated with pain relief. Finally, there is not one single form of the placebo response. Different personal elements and acute environmental circumstances lead to variability among people, and a change in context can lead to a different response even within the same person.
Increasing investigation of the underlying neurological effects counters the outdated explanation of the placebo effect being based on the patient’s imagination and perceived intelligence. Insight into why the placebo response occurs has been gained by studying the neural mechanisms mediating expectation and learning tied in with the reward system. Early on, a striking study by Levine et al. in 1978 showed how the response may take place in pain management. Here, signalling of endogenous opioids (endorphins) leads to pain relief, while administration of naloxone, an inhibitor of the opioid system, abrogates the placebo response. Since then, placebo research has been able to pinpoint specific neural pathways and regions of the brain involved in producing the physiological response. These findings attribute considerable credibility to the research into the placebo effect and underline the validity of its contribution to the therapeutic regimen.
Benedetti’s definition highlights how labelling the placebo as an inert substance leads to problematic implications in clinical use and research. In medicine, it may be possible to harness the body’s own healing mechanisms to improve the efficacy of a drug in practice. However, this relies on a supportive environment, in particular regarding the patient’s interaction with the administering health practitioner, which is ideally highly empathetic. Considering the variability of these interactions and the resulting response, is it entirely feasible to rely on only the placebo effect? Would it be safe and ethical to use placebos as a treatment in and of themselves? Or should we simply try to harness the placebo effect to maximize the benefits from drug treatments?
In research, on the other hand, it is of the utmost importance to decrease the placebo effect along with its variability in order to reliably test the effectiveness of new drugs. Issues that require tackling are the temporally-based shrinking efficacy gap between active drugs and placebo, as well as factors regarding geographical location and study design. The performance of analgesics over placebo has been decreasing, particularly in the United States, with studies indicating either only marginal or no benefit at all over placebos in relieving pain. However, this may not directly lead to the conclusion that analgesics aren’t working; rather, it is possible that the magnitude of placebo responses has been increasing in study participants in the United States. Possible reasons for this may be the nature of the therapeutic intervention or study design; for example, increased patient and practitioner interactions in studies may strengthen the placebo response. Removing the health care practitioner’s influence may be possible in certain cases, but it is practically impossible to remove the patient’s experience and learned behaviours. The problem of testing drug activity and administration is further exemplified in a recent study by Kam-Hansen et al. (2014) of Ted Kaptchuk’s group at Harvard Medical School, in which they looked at the placebo effect in migraine relief. Patients receiving the active drug mislabelled as a placebo did not experience improved symptom relief compared to the actual placebo itself. Strikingly, patients receiving the same drug with the correct label experienced improved treatment by 50%. Clearly, pharmaceutical research needs to address these difficulties when determining whether a drug’s active components are acting as hypothesized.
Compiling the evidence for the effectiveness of placebos in symptom alleviation does not immediately translate into a justification for their use in clinical practice. A debate arises for medical bioethicists toying with the most obvious problem of placebo-based treatment: deception. While some argue that it is not truly deception, as the expected outcome of treatment is an improvement of the pre-treatment state as promised, Asai and Kadooka (2013) counter that being deceived is largely undesired and such dishonesty may even undermine the patient and health care provider relationship. Work by Ted Kaptchuk’s group and others provides evidence for effective placebo responses induced by open-label placebo treatments, which may eliminate this controversy. However, Asai and Kadooka still express scepticism: “… [open-label placebos’] future use may be relatively limited and the clinical use of placebo without deception may not constitute the mainstream of the placebo use.” Even placebo researchers such as Benedetti do not recommend the clinical use of placebos, largely due to their variable efficacy. Adding to the debate, Kaptchuk and the bioethicist Franklin G. Miller stress in a recently published perspective piece (2015) that “[although] placebos may provide relief, they rarely cure.” Nevertheless, the role placebos play in biomedical research and our understanding of the therapeutic act is continuously gaining in importance. Whether the clinical use of placebos will become a licensed and mainstream practice is still up for discussion.
- Barton A. The placebo effect: a new study underscores its remarkable power. The Globe and Mail. Jan. 12, 2014.
- DiSalvo D. Why is the placebo effect exploding in the U.S. but nowhere else? Forbes. Oct. 7, 2015.
- Haake M et al. German acupuncture trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007; 167(17): 1892-1898.
- He W et al. Review of controlled clinical trials on acupuncture versus sham-acupuncture in Germany. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2013; 33(3): 403-407.
- Madrigal AC. The dark side of the placebo effect: when intense belief kills. The Atlantic. Sep. 14, 2011.
- Marchant J. Strong placebo response thwarts painkiller trials. Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18511
- Niemi M. Placebo effect: a cure in the mind. Scientific American. Feb. 1, 2009.
- Ossola A. In painkiller trials, placebo effect is becoming more powerful. Popular Science. Oct.7, 2015.
- Rheims S et al. Greater response to placebo in children than in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis in drug-resistant partial epilepsy. PLoS Medicine. 2008; 5(8): e166.
- Specter M. The power of nothing. The New Yorker. Dec. 12, 2011.
- Tuttle AH et al. Increasing placebo responses over time in U.S. clinical trials of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2015; 156(12): 2616-2626.
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Artist's conception of the rogue planet Nibiru, or Planet X.
Credit: gilderm | sxc.hu
It's the end of the world! Or not.
Despite the failure of a multitude of doomsday prophecies over the centuries, believers are at it again, this time with an interpretation of the ancient Mayan calendar that pegs the end of the world as tomorrow, Friday, Dec. 21.
The so-called 2012 apocalypse has spawned a Hollywood film ("2012," released with questionable timing in 2009), official responses from NASA and the closure of at least one mountain in France, which officials fear will be swamped with believers looking for a trip to safety on a flying saucer on Dec. 21. Friday also happens to be the official start of winter, or the winter solstice, when the top half of the planet faces directly away from the sun.
The rumors get their start because Dec. 21 in the Western calendar likely corresponds to the end of the 13th b'ak'tun of the Mayan Long Count Calendar, one of three calendars the ancient Maya used to count time. The calendar works by counting first days, then 20-day chunks of time, then 260-day periods and 7,200-day periods. Ticking up like a car odometer, the calendar finally keeps track of 144,000-day blocks of time called b'ak'tuns.
The thirteenth b'ak'tun
Thirteen b'ak'tuns would have been seen by the ancient Maya as a completed cycle of creation, but there were absolutely no apocalyptic predictions associated with this date. Just as an old 2012 calendar will be tossed for a new 2013 model, the Mayan calendar will continue on. In fact, the Maya had units for counting even larger chunks of time than b'ak'tuns — their calendar is capable of tracking millions of years. [Images: Maya Calendar Carvings]
Rumors of an apocalypse linked to the Mayan calendar emerged only when Westerners got their hands on the numbers. Theories blew up, largely online, making the Mayan apocalypse one of the very few grassroots doomsday predictions in history.
Apocalypse rumors eventually became so pervasive that they brought the Dec. 21 back to the attention of the modern Maya, said Robert Sitler, a professor of Latin American studies at Stetson University in Florida. Few Maya had given much thought to the calendar, as it fell out of use more than 1,000 years ago. Now, however, many Maya are giving the day its due, Sitler told LiveScience, though not as the end of the world. Most groups interpret the end of the b'ak'tun as a time of change and enlightenment.
Many of the apocalyptic rumors surrounding Dec. 21 have focused on astronomical theories, such as a collision between Earth and an asteroid or a rogue planet. That's brought NASA into the fray. The agency has been working overtime to quash doomsday rumors, even maintaining its own debunking website.
Among the wilder theories is the idea that the magnetic poles of the planet will suddenly flip-flop, either destroying life on Earth or sending us back to the Stone Age. Not so, according to NASA. The North and South magnetic poles do gradually change and switch places, but the key word is "gradual." The process takes place over thousands of years and has happened many times without disrupting life on the planet.
Another theory holds that a rogue "Planet X" or "Nibiru" will swoop in from the outer solar system to collide with Earth. Fortunately, there is no Planet X. And if an object were set to hit the planet by tomorrow, you can bet it'd be visible in the sky by today.
The bottom line? In the words of Walter Witschey, a Mayan history expert and a professor at Longwood University in Virginia: "You'll get up the next morning and go forward, and the Maya cycles will have clicked over another day."
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Get started finding different kinds of information for your research
What are Newspapers?
Newspapers are serial publications.
They cover local news and local newspapers are available in every country in the world
Why do I need to use them?
- An excellent source of current, up to date information.
- Historical Newspapers can provide primary evidence to support a thesis and provide background information.
- Goof to just relax in the library comfy chairs and catch up with what is going on in the world!
- Learning a language? Use the newspapers to test your reading and comprehension skills.
How do I find them at Flinders?
- Search for them using FindIt@Flinders.
- Latest issues of newspapers are kept in each library branch for 1 week.
- Print copies of Australian newspapers are kept in the Central Library for 2 months (except for The Age and Sydney Morning Herald which are only kept for 1 week) on level 2 of the Central Library.
- Historical collections are held in the microfilm collection located in the Universities Research Repository of South Australia (URRSA).
- The Library holds subscriptions to the following full-text newspaper databases.
Full-text online news databases
Australian news sites
For more, see Guide to Australian newspapers.
International news sites
Australian (available in print)
International (available in print)
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Most duets are blood-chillingly bad ("A Little Bit Country, A Little Bit Rock and Roll" by Donny and Marie Osmond springs to mind), and doubtless the mosquito's mating song ranks high among such perturbations. But the identification of a particular love ballad performed by Aedes aegypti, the mosquito responsible for spreading dengue and yellow fevers, has one group of Cornell University scientists whistling happily along.
"We've opened a new window of understanding on what mosquitoes are capable of doing," says Ronald Hoy, a professor of neurobiology and behavior at Cornell who participated in the research. The study may also present a new way of controlling the A. aegypti population. (See the top 10 animal stories of 2008.)
Why the fuss over this particular mosquito's mating call? First off, the findings, published in the Jan. 9 issue of the journal Science, dispel a few former assumptions about A. aegypti's behavior: that the female is deaf and a passive participant in the mating ritual and that the male cannot hear frequencies above 1,000 Hz. In fact, the Cornell researchers have established that both the male and female of this subtropical species can detect frequencies as high as 2,000 Hz and that they are equal participants in the courtship process.
While some mosquito species mate at dusk, A. aegypti engages in daytime rendezvouses. A male flies into a swarm to scope out potential mates, chasing a few specimens (see one such chase here) and checking them out at a range of 1 to 2 cm. If the female has recently mated, she'll rebuff the male's advances, but once a love connection is made, the two will adjust their wing speeds: females typically beat their wings at about 400 Hz, or beats per second, and males flap at a frequency of about 600 Hz; however, when two potential mates spy each other, they adjust their wing speeds to create a harmonic of about 1,200 Hz. Once the male satisfactorily matches the female's overtone, mating commences. (Unfortunately, scientists lack the technology to determine whether this harmonic convergence lasts throughout copulation.)
Recording the love song of A. aegypti was a rather complex affair: the Cornell researchers had to chill the mosquitoes into unconsciousness, put them under a microscope, affix a pin about the width of a human hair to the back of the insects and place tiny electrodes on their Johnston's organ (a.k.a. their ear), which is located at the base of their antennae. The electrodes registered any changes in frequency heard by the mosquitoes. "This is the first time anyone has ever recorded from a mosquito's ear," Hoy says.
Perhaps the most important implication of the Cornell group's efforts is that their discovery could one day be used to help control A. aegypti's population. Considering that the diseases the mosquito carries dengue and yellow fevers, which together affect up to 100 million people a year, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions recently made the Wildlife Conservation Society's Deadly Dozen wildlife-diseases list, winnowing A. aegypti's numbers has become a bit more urgent. Since this study offers proof that females are not promiscuous they won't mate for a day or so following an act of copulation scientists can try using lab-sterilized males to edge out their fertile competitors. But because mosquitoes are sterilized using radiation, it's unclear whether they function exactly like untouched mosquitoes, so Hoy hopes that his team's findings can someday be used to acoustically test these lab-reared males to ensure they're as willing and competent as the wild males to perform the mating duet.
Whatever the outcome of this study, don't expect to see an electronic pest-control device set to 1,200 Hz to block A. aegypti's mating call. At that frequency, Hoy says, "it would drive humans nuts."
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The Holy Sacraments/Mysteries
The sacraments are the actions of God within the Church in which God grants us His grace by means of this material world. It is in the sacraments that the grace of God is brought to us as a gift. God takes this world, the matter of this material creation, and unites it in an incomprehensible way with Himself, and this material world brings to us the grace, which we are unable to raise ourselves up to.
The Syriac word for mystery, rozo, is used often to describe types found in Creation and in Scripture. The word roz is of Persian origin and referred to private and secret counsels held by court officials. Its Hebrew counterpart in the Old Testament was used to signify heavenly secrets. The Hebrew term in Daniel was translated in the Septuagint by the Greek mysterion and used to describe a vision of the future given to humans by God in symbols. In the New Testament, the term "mystery" was used in the sense of Jesus' teaching regarding the "secrets of the kingdom," and St. Paul's teaching regarding the dispensation of God's plan throughout the course of history.
Mystery is the accomplishment in Christ of a plan of God hidden at first, but subsequently manifested to humans. The two opposing aspects of "hidden, then manifest, or enveloped in silence, then announced and unveiled", characterize it. Mystery signifies both the manifesting and concealment of the divine act of salvation. While mystery manifests truth communicated in the revelation of Christ, still even after the communication, the unfathomable nature of the divine utterance remains concealed and cannot be fully understood, but is apprehended by faith.
"The great drama of the revelation of God in Christ, and in particular the whole Old Testament story of salvation conceived as a single parable finding its key and explanation in Christ; Christ's acts, particularly his death on the Cross; the Church, and within the Church the sacraments and formulations of the truths embodied in the symbol of faith--all these are called mysterion, because they are acts and rites and words that flow from God's unfathomable plan and that themselves in turn, in their visible, modest, unpretentious cloak conceal and intimate and communicate God's unfathomable depths."
Christian praxis from the very beginning has been centered on a sacramental celebration, which was experienced as an encounter with Christ. The grace of the Kingdom experienced in the Church are manifested through the divine mysteries or sacraments offered in faith. It is through the sacraments, as through windows, that the risen Christ enters this dark world to put sin and corruption to death and introduce abiding and immortal life.
God's life is infused into the present age and mingled with it, through the mysteries. God touches, purifies, illumines, sanctifies and deifies human life in his uncreated divine energies through the mysteries. All that He did one and for all for the salvation of the world has now passed over into the mysteries. Thus, the mysteries become the various manifestations of our Lord's saving power, and the means by which Christ is
Written by Tenny Thomas
Alexander Schmemann, Introduction to Liturgical Theology, (London, 1966).
Robert Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom, A Study in Early Syriac Tradition (Cambridge, 1975). Also refer to Rev. Baby Varghese, West Syrian Liturgical Theology, (Aldershot, 2004), pp. 35.
James Dunn, The Theology of Paul the Apostle, (Grand Rapids, 1997).
John Meyendorff, "The Sacraments in the Orthodox Church", in Byzantine Theology, (New York, 1979).
Metropolitan Anthony Bloom, "The Church as a Eucharistic Community " in the Report of the 12th General Assembly of Syndesmos, (1988), pp. 37-45.
Rev. Thomas Fitzgerald, "The Sacraments." http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7105. Also refer to Metropolitan Anthony Bloom, "Christ, True and Perfect Man," Sourozh 14, (1983), pp. 1 – 13.
Rev. Alciviadis C. Calivas, "The Sacramental Life in the Orthodox Church," http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7106. Also refer to Schmemann, Introduction to Liturgical Theology.
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A t-chart is a common example of chart which used by individuals to let the people make comparison between two values. Yes! It’s an interesting type of chart which used for the graphical expression of data list on a sheet of paper mostly about same topic. Using a T-chart people can simply make a decision by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of two similar products. This T-chart will assist the individuals to evaluate the pros and cons. However, we can also call this chart as a two column tool element which has accessions to display the data. In general point of view, a t-chart may used by business as well as individuals when they’re all set to illustrate the data about stuff to allow people to make comparison via review the specs of given stuff. A tie-chart may consist on a line which travel across the top of the page and another line which run over the middle of the chart to make a graph which thoroughly looks like an alphabet “T”.
Following points should be consider using our created free word templates;
- Do not take print of template unless setting print properties which will allow you to add all content of template.
- Do not alter content of template unless required. Making necessary changes in template can wipe out the quality standards.
- Don’t change the setting of margins in template which is originally set by us. The default margins set by MS Word is one inch from both right and left sides.
- Don’t add extra page breaks in template in order to add some value in template. Adjusting page space by hitting page break function can influence the quality of template.
- Change in font style can also effect on the quality of the template. As per default setting of MS Word, it is set to Caliber. So, if you try to change style, it can effect on design and space requirements of template as well.
- Carefully use the live layout feature which is provided in MS Word, because it can reduce space setting and image properties. If you drag the image to make appropriate look, then using live layout feature is not helping.
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The holidays are generally a time of cheer and spirit that bring out the best in a lot of people. However, some people emotionally struggle during this time of the year and for months afterward. This struggle can go beyond sadness and end in the downward slump of depression. It can last a long time, making everyday activities and tasks nearly impossible. In some cases, the signs of depression go unnoticed and unmanaged. Depression can also vary greatly from person to person, therefore becoming somewhat confusing.
The following list are some very important signs of depression that you should not ignore. Keep in mind that this is not an exhaustive list of possibilities. If you feel as though you are suffering from depression, but do not meet any of these signs, it still is appropriate to seek medical attention. This is especially true if you know the holidays bring about extreme emotional feelings.
When depression first begins, it usually causes feelings of unrelenting sadness or hopelessness. Additionally, you may feel less interested in your daily activities or the things that generally make you happy. Should these feelings and inability to cope with daily life last longer than 2 weeks, combined with some of the symptoms below, then it is definitely time to seek medical attention.
1. Sleeping Issues
Having a good night’s rest is key to staying healthy for both your mind and body. For some people experiencing depression, they might actually be sleeping too much. This is called hypersomnia and it is a sign often associated with depression. If you are suffering from hypersomnia, you might find it difficult to leave your bed and curl up to extended naps throughout the day.
Needless to stay, sleeping issues and depression can also go the opposite way. Depression can lead to difficulty sleeping. This could be insomnia or the inability to fall or stay asleep, the inability to shut your mind off and it could also affect your sleep cycle in general. Depression can throw off your circadian rhythm, which is the actual biological process that controls your sleep patterns.
Ideally, you should aim for 7-9, uninterrupted hours of sleep each night. Although chronic sleep issues are just one possible symptom of depression, it can cause serious safety issues if left unchecked. For example, lack of sleep might cause you to fall asleep behind the wheel or increase your risk for diabetes.
2. Exhaustion or Fatigue
Depression is exhausting. An immense amount of exhaustion or fatigue can wrap around you, gripping you so tight that not even an energy drink can break you free. You might start letting relationships slip, calling your friends less and just feeling overall drained. You might even notice declining invitations to parties or events because you cannot muster the emotional strength to attend.
3. Restlessness or Jittery
With depression, some people might feel completely subdued, while others actually feel restless or jittery. Both ways of feeling can contribute to depression. You might find yourself pacing, wringing your hands, or not being able to sit quietly. Keep in mind that this symptom could also be a side effect of your depression medication. Be sure that this is discussed with your healthcare provider.
4. Trouble Focusing
It could be the restlessness or the fatigue, but overall depression can bring about a big issue with focusing. You might find yourself easily distracted or unable to finish a task or a project. While some people have an overwhelming feeling of sadness, others report that difficulty concentrating is more apparent.
5. Weight gain or Weight Loss
Depression is also known to cause weight issues and it can go either way. You might find an escape with food that helps you fill the void. You might also lose your appetite completely. Losing or gaining weight without trying on top of some of these other symptoms is likely a sign that you are depressed.
6. Feeling Inadequate
If you find yourself talking negatively about yourself often with a poor self-perception, this might be depression talking. You might think of yourself as worthless, inadequate, guilty or unimportant. If you find yourself doing this very often, then you likely should talk with your healthcare provider about your thoughts.
7. Constant Thoughts of Death, Self-Injury or Suicide
Thoughts of death, self-injury or suicide is a very serious sign of depression and should not be ignored. You should not wait to tell someone. Contact your counselor right away or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 or TTY 1-800-799-4889. A licensed mental health professional will listen and guide you in taking steps to stay safe. Ask a friend or a family member to stay with you until you can get the help you need.
Additionally, if someone you know has expressed thoughts of suicide, please do not stay quiet. Do not worry about hurting their feelings or thinking you will say something wrong. Get them help!
Depression is a serious issue and is often exacerbated during the holiday season. It should never be taken lightly, especially if you have serious thoughts about hurting yourself. Make sure you contact your doctor and have a thorough discussion about your signs or symptoms. Return to health by being proactive.
Comments are closed.
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Cashflow Accounting - Cash Control
A control technique (q.v.) that aims to keep the amount of cash immediately
available to an organisation within desired limits.
If a company is unexpectedly short of cash the result can
be anything from mildly annoying to disastrous. For example, the company
may have to seek an immediate alteration in the overdraft limit, or it
may unable to pay salaries. If it has an unexpected surplus, again money
is likely to be lost since insufficient time is available to plan the most
profitable way to dispose of it. Consequently it is important to be able
to forecast the cashflows of the company reasonably accurately in the short,
medium and long term.
The technique consists of two component parts.
- there are the various methods of cash forecasting; this is of
crucial importance (e.g. the Balance Sheet Projection Method);
- there is the daily, weekly and monthly cycle of activity needed
to invest surpluses, to borrow to meet shortages and to mobilise cash from
A cash-only grocer has a much simpler problem than an
international manufacturing company. It is not just a matter of scale but
of complexity. The latter has to make dividend payments, allow for devaluations,
finance debtors, have cash available for capital expenditure and so on.
In a large company the cash sums handled may be so large that it becomes
necessary to appoint full-time specialists to prepare forecasts and co-ordinate
day to day and month to month action on investments and cash mobilisation.
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Even in Iceland, the country many experts consider the world’s leader in gender equity, the gender pay gap persists. Women employees make 14 to 18 percent less than men in Iceland — a discrepancy that unions and women’s organizations say means women effectively work for free after 2:38 p.m. On Monday, in protest of the pay gap, thousands of Icelandic women decided to work the hours their pay merited — by leaving their workplaces promptly when the clock struck 2:38.
“[Iceland] is a good place to be a woman,” says Vigdis Finnbogadottir, who in 1980 became Iceland’s president and, in so doing, the world’s first democratically elected woman president. Things weren’t always so clear cut, however. Before October 24, 1975, when 90 percent of Iceland’s women went on strike — refusing to work, cook, or even provide childcare — only nine women had ever won seats in the country’s parliament. Just five years later, Finnbogadottir was elected. By 1999, more than a third of the country’s MPs were women. And in 2000, Iceland’s government passed a landmark parental leave legislation that many credit with helping women to return to work, and their former hours, more quickly after childbirth. Today, 90 percent of Icelandic fathers take parental leave — and research has shown that they continue to be involved in housework and childcare even after the leave is over.
The pay gap, however, has been slow to close — should the gap continue to shrink at the current rate, it would take 52 years before men and women were being paid equally. While explanations for the discrepancy vary, women and Icelandic leadership alike agree that the progress is too slow.
“It doesn’t matter whether it’s a gender pay gap or any other pay gap,” said Gylfi Arnbjörnsson, president of the Icelandic Confederation of Labor. “It’s just unacceptable to say we’ll correct this in 50 years. That’s a lifetime.”
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Published in 2002
- In the last decade, health indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean reflect advances.
- The per capita public expenditure on health care has increased in many countries.
- Despite these improvements, it is estimated that for every million population in Latin America and the Caribbean, 5,000 are blind and 20,000 are visually impaired; at least 66% of the blindness is attributable to treatable conditions such as cataract.
- The cataract surgery rate in the region remains low as compared to the industrialized countries, although it is higher than many other regions of the world.
- The availability of eyecare services varies from country to country within the region, and the number of ophthalmologists per million population in the richest countries may be nine times more than in the poorest.
- Access,defined as the distance between the consumer and the services, is problematic in countries with isolated areas in the rainforest or high mountains, poor road systems, or lack of public transportation.
- Affordability is an important issue that limits utilization of services by the poorest segments of the population in nearly all countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.
To access the study, click here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039625702002862
To download the study, click here: Eye disease and Care in Latin America and the Caribbean
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Playing for Real: A Text on Game Theory, by Ken Binmore.
In a text on game design you’ll often find a short advisory note somewhere in the introduction that distinguishes game design from game theory. Game theory has nothing to do with the entertainment industry and is best summarised as the mathematical foundation of economics. It attempts to provide a model of rational decision making in which players strive find strategies to optimise their payoffs. The ‘games’ analysed are usually very simple bargaining problems and are not exactly what we’d consider “fun”. Why then would I be recommending a game theory text on a blog about game design?
There are several reasons. The most obvious is that a lot of multiplayer are bargaining problems. An understanding of at least the basics of economic behaviour is important if you are going to create any kind of trading game. It is very easy to unbalance a virtual economy if you don’t know what you’re doing and a broken economy is rarely fun.
Furthermore, game theory teaches us something about the general problem of strategic decision making involving many players. It introduces us to useful concepts such as zero-sum games, mixed strategies, cooperative games, and utility theory. Even when players don’t follow the ‘rational’ strategies game theory dictates, we can still recognise it as the goal to which they are striving.
In fact, the more counter-intuitive results of game theory form some of the most interesting games to play, because the best strategies are subtle and controversial. Every game designer should be aware of games such as the Prisoner’s Dilemma and Chicken. These simple combinations of reward mechanics can create complex player interactions, which we can incorporate into our games. Alternatively, such dynamics may be unexpected and unwanted. Understanding their origins gives us the ability to control them.
There are many books on game theory addressed at a variety of different audiences, depending on their level of mathematical sophistication. I recommend this one as a comfortable middle ground. The ideas are reasonably accessable to a non-mathematician but there is also enough mathematical rigour to satisfy the theorists. Later chapters do get rather math-heavy, but there it still benefit to be gained by skimming the proofs and just reading the descriptions.
While game theory may seem dry and academic, it provides valuable insights into strategic behaviour, which is at the heart of many of our games. It is therefore a valuable tool in the game designers toolkit, one I definitely recommend you acquire.
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Artificial IntelligenceDeep LearningFeaturedMachine LearningNeurologyNeuroscienceNeurotechOpen Neuroscience Articles··6 min read
A new skill artificial intelligence app for smart speakers like Google Home and Amazon Echo can detect the gasping sounds of agonal breathing and call for help. The AI can detect breathing events with 97% accuracy from up to 20 meters away.
A new study in eLife provides evidence that our brains may drain waste via our lymphatic vessels. The vessels may act as a 'pipeline' between the brain and immune system. Researchers say the findings could alter the way we think about how the brain and immune system inter-relate.
MDMA shows promise for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Combining the use of Ecstasy with psychotherapy treatments resulted in a reduction of PTSD symptoms after just one session. 54% of the study participants no longer met the PTSD criteria after two sessions. Patients also reported improvements in depression symptoms.
A new study in Neuroscience of Consciousness adds weight to previous findings about the potential benefits psychedelics could have for treating mental health disorders.
Study reveals mice can learn to manipulate random dopamine impulses for reward.
Researchers have discovered another purpose for the gut-brain axis; relaying information to the hippocampus to store information about our environment and location.
Our attitudes can be influenced by both our imagination and experiences. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex plays a key role by binding together information based on existing knowledge and constructing imaginary events to help shape our attitudes of a situation.
Using neurons created from iPS cells derived from people with ALS, researchers develop a new drug which appears to halt the impact of the genetic mutations in some forms of ALS and dementia.
CYFIP1 plays a key role in the damaging effects of 15q11.2 deletion. When CYFIP1 is missing, myelin abnormalities occur. The findings shed light on how psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism, may develop.
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General Gu Zhutong
|Born||9 January 1893
Lianshui County, Jiangsu
|Died||17 January 1987
|Allegiance||Republic of China|
|Years of service||1912-1987|
|Commands held||commander-in-chief of the nationalist ground force , chief of the general staff, commander-in of the third war zone|
|Battles/wars||Northern Expedition, Central Plains War, Encirclement Campaigns, 1939 Winter Offensive, New Fourth Army Incident, Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, Menglianggu Campaign|
|Awards||Order of Blue Sky and White Sun|
Gu Zhutong (traditional Chinese: 顧祝同; simplified Chinese: 顾祝同; pinyin: Gù Zhùtòng; 1893 – January 17, 1987), courtesy name Moshan (墨山), was a military general and administrator of the Republic of China.
Early life and career
Gu was born in Lianshui, Jiangsu province and attended army elementary academy at age 19, When the Chinese Revolution of 1911 broke out, he soon joined the Revolution. In 1912, he joined the Chinese Nationalist Party, and enrolled in Wuhan reserve officer candidate school, and then attend the Baoding Military Academy. In 1922, he went to Canton and became a staff officer of Second Cantonese Army. When Whampoa Military Academy was founded in 1924, he became one of the academy instructors. When the newly formed nationalist government launched a campaign against a local warlord, he became a battalion commander. During the Northern Expedition, Gu was promoted division commander and then corps commander. In the Central Plains War, he was the commander of the 16th route army. In 1931, he became garrison commander of Nanjing, the capital of the nationalist government. In 1933 he participated the anti-communist Encirclement Campaigns. In 1935 he was promoted to general and put in charge of three southwestern provinces, meanwhile he was also the chairman of Jiangsu province. After the breakout of the second Sino-Japanese war, he was named commander-in-chief of the third war zone, during the New Fourth Army Incident in 1941 nationalist units under his command destroyed a large contingent of communist troops, and Chiang Kai-shek decorated him with order of blue sky and white sun, the highest honor for a Chinese commander.
Chinese Civil War
In 1946, he was named commander-in-chief of the nationalist army and pacification director of Zhengzhou, and was put in charge attack communist-controlled areas in Shandong province. In 1947, he lost the critical Menglianggu Campaign, in which the elite 74th independent enhanced division was wiped out by the communist forces. Chiang Kai-shek relieved him of command, and appointed him as Chief of Staff instead. In March 1950, he arrived in Taiwan and was appointed as defense minister, and in 1954 he was promoted to four-star general. In 1956, Gu was appointed as secretary general of the National Defense Council; in 1967 he was named as deputy head of the strategic advisory committee. In 1972, he became an advisor to Chiang Kai-shek and died on January 17, 1987.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gu Zhutong.|
- Ministry of National Defense R.O.C
- US Naval War College
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Thinking always means concentrating on a theme, a goal, and what comes to mind about the questions that come from the brain. It is the activation of consciousness through midpoints.
It is caused by an internal or external impulse that stimulates midpoints in the brain, which in turn activate the consciousness in order to deal with the corresponding topic, that is to gather more information with intensified senses. These are mirrored to the midpoints, causing them to look for experiences or similarities in the subject.
This process of thinking: midpoints > awareness > midpoints continues until you have a coherent feeling, cannot get any further or it is replaced by another topic.
The brain compares and offers alternatives.
It makes suggestions, anticipates them and anticipates results - consciousness lives them and returns the information to the brain.
Why can not a human see that his brain controls him?
Answer: Because the feeling gives them something different.
Feelings are control mechanisms that can have a great deal of power over people.
His feeling tells him that he controls himself, with his ego, or with his consciousness - that is the experience of the feelings.
Rational explanations such as: Everything decides the brain or there is no "free" will, usually have virtually no influence. Because that would limit the pleasant feeling of freedom.
Anyway, if one or the other asks, if the feeling is correct, that he has the free will to decide with his ego or his consciousness, then the brain will still say "yes" to it. Because there are often quick and not exactly thought-out answers. It's just too hard for it to turn his forehead on and try to confirm or disprove that feeling.
In addition, perhaps there is the fear that one really has no free will, and the view to decide exclusively with his (metaphysical) consciousness is nothing but imagination.
So, if you want to get to the bottom of your thinking, the brain, especially the forebrain, has to deal extensively with thinking.
This happens very well through self-observation.
So again, the process in detail: One would like to know something (for example, a solution to a problem, how to realize an idea, why something happened, etc.)
This creates one goal each.
This activates the brain, which searches through the neural networks (the midpoints) what might fit. It makes suggestions or makes decisions.
What has been found becomes conscious. For example, through an intuition, through pictures, schemas, designs.
Through this, information – from the outside and inside – is absorbed by the intensified senses, which then reflects the consciousness back to the brain, which in turn can create a modified response – and possibly accept or discard these solutions, and then continue to seek. Until, as a rule, the feeling conveys to you that what you wanted to know was sufficiently answered.
To put it another way: it comes to mind. Where does it come from? From the brain! Because this evaluates the impulses from outside and inside with its midpoints - and not about the consciousness.
In short: when something that has come to mind forms into a goal, the brain activates consciousness – the senses are amplified. These then send the information they pick up from the target back to the brain. This stimulates midpoints of interest and gives their "commentary". This affects the original incidence and the activated midpoints, which are thereby changed (strengthened or weakened) or activates further midpoints. This change is made aware of again and the whole procedure begins again.
This process is repeated until the feeling tells you that it suits what you want to know or explain yourself.
This is the process of thinking.
And by the way: concentrated thinking is always aware.
A note to the consciousness: Who believes, all this, the human being decides with his consciousness, which would have to explain where the information comes from, which the consciousness needs to decide. And he will not come to say that they are from the brain. As a result, the consciousness must also have access to the brain and find out what is right for the decision. This would be a task that would take a lot of time each time, because the amount of information in the brain is huge. The consciousness should have the entire brain under control. So, everything you have learned, what you have inherited, what has changed in the meantime, etc. And then a consciousness of this kind would then select according to the decision, put together and create a solution.
This kind of consciousness is nowhere to be found, let alone proven.
Summary of steps:
Finally, a comment on Descartes' sentence: "I think, therefore I am." I would like to add: "I am because I think. "
© It is permitted to use or reproduce this content without restriction on the condition of naming my website www.karlheinzhermsch.de and without changing or shortening the texts. (Please inquire about exceptions via my imprint.)
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This page contains literature used to implement algorithms in this package and some suggested reading on the subject of this package: string matching, substring search, pattern matching and subset search.
- Computing Patterns in Strings - Bill Smyth. Pearson/Addison Wesley, 2003.
- Algorithms - Sedgewick, Wayne. Addison-Wesley, 4th ed., 2011.
- Flexible Pattern Matching in Strings: Practical On-Line Search Algorithms for Texts and Biological Sequences - Gonzalo Navarro, Matthieu Raffinot, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Might be useful
Relevant Common Lisp packages
Following packages and libraries implement substring search, string search, pattern matching and regular engine implementations on Lisp.
- CL-DAWG: Direct Acyclic Word Graph implementation
- BK-TREE: implements a derivative of BK-Tree data structure
- info.read-eval-print.trie: provides in-memory and on-disk Trie implementations
- proc-parse: procedural string parser. Parses strings and octets, wraps multiple patterns dispatcher into macros making them more readable.
Regular expression matchers:
- cl-irregsexp: offers fast text matching.
- CLAWK: AWK implementation embedded into Common Lisp.
- re: small, lightweight, and very fast, regular expression library for LispWorks. It is a non-recursive, backtracing VM. The syntax is similar to Lua-style pattern patching, but has added support for additional regex features.
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On October 4, JoVE, the Journal of Visualized Experiments, will publish a new technique for breast cancer treatment and prevention—injection of therapeutics via the nipple. The procedure, demonstrated on mice, offers direct access to the most common origin of breast cancer, the milk ducts, and could be used to offer cancer therapy that spares healthy regions of the body.
"Local delivery of therapeutic agents into the breast, through intra-nipple injection, could diminish the side effects typically observed with systemic chemotherapy—where the toxic drugs pass through all of the tissues of the body," said Dr. Silva Krause, one of the researchers behind the experiment, "It also prevents drug breakdown by the liver, for example, which can rapidly reduce effective drug levels."
According to Krause, she and her colleagues have already begun experimentation in applying the method. "The authors have utilized this technique to inject a new nanoparticle-based therapeutic that inhibits a specific gene that drives breast cancer formation," said Krause, "This targeted treatment was shown to prevent cancer progression in mice that spontaneously develop mammary tumors, [and] is currently in review in Science Translational Medicine."
In order to better communicate their procedure, Krause and her colleagues decided to publish with JoVE. "Because the reader can actually watch the process and see how reagents, instruments, and animals are physically handled over time, the likelihood of reproducing this method in their own labs is greatly enhanced," Krause said. "We believe this will help spread this new technical capability to many labs who are carrying out breast cancer research."
Explore further: Through-the-nipple breast cancer therapy shows promise in early tests
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An accounting worksheet is a tool used to determine the accuracy of the financial statements prepared by a company at the end of the accounting period. It also assists in keeping track of the steps involved in the accounting cycle.
It’s essentially a spreadsheet used specifically for internal purposes and not meant to be seen or used by external stakeholders like shareholders, creditors, etc.
The Accounting Cycle Example
Throughout this series on the accounting cycle, we will look at an example business, Bob’s Donut Shoppe, Inc., to help understand the concepts of each part of the accounting cycle. Below is the complete list of accounting cycle tutorials:
- Journal Entries
- Unadjusted Trial Balance
- Adjusting Entries
- Adjusted Trial Balance
- Preparing Financial Statements
- Accounting Worksheet (you are here)
- Closing Entries
- Income Summary Account
- Post-Closing Trial Balance
- Reversing Entries
We also have an accompanying spreadsheet which shows you an example of each step.
Accounting Worksheet Benefits
The accounting worksheet simplifies the process of creating financial statements for each accounting period. Additionally, for already created financial statements, an accounting worksheet can be used to investigate why they might not be balancing.
It serves as an analytical and a summary tool to reflect how the accounts had been initially posted, the adjustment entries made and the final presentation in the form of financial statements.
Using an accounting worksheet is a reliable process to determine the financial health of a company even before the financial statements have been prepared.
Due to the internal nature of this spreadsheet, the format of it can vary from company to company as per requirements—there is no standard format.
Accounting Worksheet Limitations
We have looked into the several advantages that an accounting worksheet provides. However, some limitations can exist as well:
- Since it is a labor-intensive process and requires human effort (if not automated), there are always chances of errors or inconsistencies.
- It cannot avoid errors of omissions.
- Duplicate entries are possible.
- Other others could exist too.
Accounting Worksheet Preparation
There are usually five columns of data with each column sub-divided into a debit and a credit column.
Unadjusted Trial Balance
This is the first column in an accounting worksheet and will include all the components that are part of the unadjusted trial balance such as revenue accounts, expense accounts, assets accounts, etc. The total of the debit columns for this should be equal to the total of the credit column. If not, this would mean there has been an error in the preceding steps of the accounting cycle.
Adjusting items would make up the second column. The debit and credit column should match here again.
Adjusted Trial Balance
The adjusted trial balance is simply a combination of the unadjusted trial balance and the adjusting entries.
This income statement column will contain values pertaining to only the revenues and expenses accounts. If the total revenues exceed the expenses, then the difference will be recorded as net income for the year. The opposite will hold if expenses are more than revenues and a net loss would be recorded. In either case, a balancing entry is needed to be passed by the company.
This is the last column on the accounting worksheet and will include the assets, liabilities and equity accounts. Like the other columns, the total of debit and credit should match here as well.
Accounting Worksheet Example
We have already covered how Bob’s financial statements were prepared and presented. The next step for Bob’s bookkeeper is to create an accounting worksheet to ensure that all of it ties together.
His accounting worksheet would look something like this:
Below are some important points regarding Bob’s accounting worksheet:
- This accounting worksheet is an internal document and has been prepared for internal management consumption only. External shareholders, creditors or prospective investors can use the financial statements for their decision making.
- It begins with a list of all accounts such as revenue, expense, assets, liabilities and equity in the unadjusted trial balance. These have been compiled by posting journal entries to their ledgers and from there the balances have been transferred to the unadjusted trial balance report.
- Adjusting entries are then prepared for Bob’s company to account for revenue and expenses that are related to this period but haven’t been paid out yet. This follows the accounting concept of match and accrual accounting.
- After adjusting entries have been made, the ledger balances are recalculated and posted to the adjusted trial balance. This report would include additional accounts such as depreciation expense, accumulated depreciation, prepaid rent, unearned income, etc.
- The income statement for Bob is the combination of operating revenues, operating expenses, non-operating revenues and non-operating expenses. You will usually find the revenue and expense accounts related to the incomes statement at the very end as per chronological order defined by the accounting worksheet.
- The balance sheet for Bob includes asset accounts like renovations and improvements, cash, accounts receivable, prepaid rent and inventory. The liability accounts for Bob and his company include accounts payable, accrued expenses, unearned income and long-term liabilities. The equity accounts consist of common stock, dividend and retained earnings.
Accounting Worksheet Conclusion
In summary, an accounting worksheet is an internal document for the accounting department to analyze the accounts and its balances. It is a useful mechanism to identify any accounting errors that could have been made in the accounting process thus far. All the company records are shown in one sheet in different columns; thus, it is easier for a bookkeeper to visualize the whole process up to the point of creation of financial statements.
While a company doesn’t need to prepare an accounting worksheet, it is still a useful process and it is highly recommended to prepare one.
The next step in the accounting cycle is to create closing entries. These are manual journal entries at the end of an accounting cycle to close out all the temporary accounts and shift their balances to permanent accounts. In other words, temporary accounts are reset for the recording of transactions for the next accounting period. By doing so, companies move the temporary account balances to the permanent accounts of the balance sheet. We will discuss this in more detail in the next section.
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Reviewer: S. Randhawa, M.D., Allergist/Immunologist and Assistant Professor at LSU (Shreveport) Department of Allergy and Immunology
Fc receptor is a protein found on the surface of cells that binds to a part of an antibody known as the Fc (Fragment, crystallizable) region. Each Fc receptor functions as a receptor specific for the CH region of the Ig molecule.
An antibody has Fab (fragment, antigen-binding) and Fc (fragment, crystalizable) regions. Fc receptors bind to the Fc region. Image source: Wikipedia, public domain.
Fc receptor interaction with an antibody-coated microbial pathogen. Image source: Wikipedia, public domain.
The uptake of bacteria by phagocytes is an active process, which requires the triggering of specific receptors on the phagocyte. Fc receptors, which bind antibody-coated bacteria, are one of the receptors capable of triggering phagocytosis. This video is from: Janeway's Immunobiology, 7th Edition Murphy, Travers, & Walport. Source: Garland Science.
There are several different types of Fc receptors, which are classified based on the type of antibody that they recognize. The Latin letter used to identify a type of antibody is converted into the corresponding Greek letter, which is placed after the 'Fc' part of the name:
- Fc that bind the most common class of antibody, IgG, are called Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR)
- Fc that bind IgA are called Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR)
- Fc that bind IgE are called Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR)
Fc gamma receptors for IgG are CD 16, 32, 64 (double). IgG is transported across the placenta by an IgG-specific Fc receptor called neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which resembles a MHC class I molecule. CD16 (FcR-gamma-III) is the most common IgG Fc receptor. CD32 down-regulates IgG. Binding of FcγRIIb is the proposed mechanism of action of IVIG.
Fc gamma receptors for IgG (CD 16, 32, 64) are labeled in "reverse" order:
CD 16 - FcR III - low-affinity
CD 32 - FcR II - intermediate-affinity
CD 64 - FcR I - high-affinity
CD16 and CD56 are present on NK cells. CD16 and CD14 are present on macrophages.
Fc II receptors:
CD 32 - Fc gamma II
CD 23 - Fc epsilon II, Fc receptors for IgE
CD23 is the low affinity IgE receptor (FceRII). CD21 (CR2) binds EBV, HHV8, C3d, and CD23 (low affinity IgE receptor (FceRII).
CD32 down-regulates IgG. Binding of FcγRIIb is the proposed mechanism of action of IVIG.
Immunomodulating effects of IVIG mediated through Fc receptor blockade
- ADCC inhibition by blockade of FcγRIII (CD16) on NK cells
- Inhibition of antibody production by blockade of FcγRIIb (CD32) on B cells
- IVIG blocks membrane Fc receptors on phagocytic cells in spleen and liver in patients with ITP
Place in order the CD designation and the Fc receptor starting with FcγRI, FcγRII, FcγRIII, FceRII:
A. CD23, CD16, CD32, CD64
B. CD64, CD32, CD16, CD23
C. CD64, CD16, CD32, CD23
D. CD16, CD32, CD64, CD23
Fc receptor. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Complement receptors (CR)
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By Tonio Weicker, Wladimir Sgibnev, Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Leipzig
Over the last couple of months, it is clear that the Covid-19 pandemic has dramatically shifted the way people perceive and use public transport. Restrictions have been enforced across the world, which have dramatically affected free movement on all scales. These have ranged from simple advice through various degrees of lockdowns, to app-based ghettos based on social status – with different consequences of each.
According to John Urry and Margaret Grieco, “freedom of movement, as represented in popular media, politics and the public sphere, is the ideology and utopia of the twenty-first century”. This breakdown of mobility networks and routines therefore has broad social significance. Interrupted global supply chains, closed metro networks, deserted transportation hubs, and locked borders not only challenge economic flows and travel rights within the EU, but fundamentally question the paradigm that equates movement with individual and collective progress.
The last couple of months have created a crisis of mobility, raising questions about the future of public transport that reach beyond the corona virus. An obvious consequence that is a loss of trust in public transport. Even though no cases have yet been traced back to a contagion through seats, handles, or any other surfaces, these have turned into dangerous transmitters, despite hygiene measures by public transport providers and the increased frequency of cleaning and showcase disinfection campaigns.
Successful and highly vocal campaigns to promote public transport in European cities have thus turned into narratives of threat and danger. Any idea that urban public transport might become a pleasant, convivial public space seems doubtful. How do we help an elderly to enter the bus, when body contact, especially to potential risk groups, is prohibited? How do we build bonds of community and responsibility through sharing a transport mode, if we are governed by fear and social distancing?
Passenger numbers have drastically decreased during the lockdown, leading some to question whether ‘the coronavirus has killed off public transportation across the world’ for good. How long this suspicion will last, we can only guess. However for now, public transport usage remains at a low-level across Europe, despite many countries partially releasing their lockdowns. The fact that buses and metros were among the first sectors to introduce obligatory face covering, may have only increased anxiety surrounding them. Social distancing, masks, and gloves make the otherwise invisible virus present on public transport, providing a dilemma for public transport providers as they balance the competing demands of comfort, safety and revenue.
Covid-19 has also revealed other aspects about the place of public transport in cities. Without students, parents with children, elderly residents, and tourists, public transport has returned to being solely a means through which the working class reach their working spaces. Some Eastern European countries have further segregated public transport so that buses only carry certain types of employees, such as healthcare workers. This aspect of public transport showcases the glaring social divide that is deepening throughout European societies during the lockdown. Those dependent on directly using public transport, who are largely working class, embody the social consequences of the current crisis policy. Public transport is too often interpreted as a social service generously provided by public bodies, but this fails to acknowledge the depth to which the whole of society actually relies on public transport. Its carrying key workers is “holding civilization together;” we are all “transit dependent” in this sense”.
Public transport also unmasks the one-dimensional nature of current pandemics mitigation policies, which systematically privilege some groups over others. Thus, as home schooling leaves behind some students more than others, and closed playgrounds affect families who do not own garden plots more than those who have, so, it is the underprivileged working class which suffers most from reduced public transport schedules. In Germany, where pre-pandemic service levels were quickly reinstated to ensure distancing measures, public transport providers are facing massive budget shortfalls despite compensation packages. The picture does not look any better in London or Paris. In the US, unsustainable funding sources and public transit-hostile cultures has left passengers either stranded or exposed to overcrowded vehicles and a quick spread of the virus, especially among marginalised population groups.
Covid-19 may well not have killed off public transport as of now, but it has homogenised its users. The age of environmentally conscious, middle class bus passengers in European cities seems to be, at least temporarily, over – as they instead either work from home, or return to private cars. Yet there is some hope for public transport in all of this, particularly in making it cheaper and more egalitarian. Many European cities have stopped selling or checking tickets through the pandemic, creating the test conditions for fare-free public transport without even noticing it. With service and other key workers being celebrated as heroes of our time, might there also be better recognition, pay and conditions for those working on and using public transport? If it does, that will be one good long-term outcome for us all.
About the authors: Tonio Weicker works as postdoctoral researcher at the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography. Within the PUTSPACE project, he investigates narratives and contestations of public transport modernisation policies in Eastern European cities. Wladimir Sgibnev is senior researcher at the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography and coordinator of the Mobilities and Migration research group.
They are currently working on the research project “Public transport as public space in European cities”(PUTSPACE), which investigates public transport encounters as sites of cultural diversity and social integration but also of marginalisation and systemic discrimination in five different European countries. In order to assess the potentially game-changing effect of the pandemic, the project has launched a short survey with an opportunity for follow-up interviews on the topic.
Suggested further reading
Shaw, J. and Hesse, M. (2010), Transport, geography and the ‘new’ mobilities. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35: 305-312. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00382.x
Budd, L., Bell, M. and Warren, A. (2011), Maintaining the sanitary border: air transport liberalisation and health security practices at UK regional airports. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 36: 268-279. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00424.x
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Society is a collection of individuals bound by the needs of the collective. This means that there has to be a framework which should guide a persons movement towards the social flux. Most of us feel that we are individuals and hence to respect our individualism and attain our highest house of production, it would be necessary to cut away from the binding of society. This theory bears friction. It creates cynics and criminals. Man is a social animal and without endorsing to the social format, he cannot succeed. After all, society gives him a sense of belonging; nothing hangs in free air. You need someone to applaud or condemn you in order to know in which direction you are leading. Social laws keep humans from becoming primitive hunters again. It asks of them to keep their deep subconscious desires inside them and relate to moral values which are important for the existence of society. Such social laws help in providing a fiber of co-existence and also keep disputes at bay. What is a prison chamber? Even this is a part of social set-up. A person deemed unfit for the society has to purge his sins behind the prison bars. It cleans him and makes him acceptable to the society again. Social laws are based on few beliefs. It believes that in its most natural form, human spirit is full of generosity. It further believes that life in all forms is derived from the same source and hence it is interconnected. Social laws simply aim at enhancing the human condition; the quality of life. It shall be done in such a way that humans can derive maximum benefit while undergoing minimum harm. The concepts are not written in rock and may be arbitrary but they hold great value. Social laws consider it unjust if a person compels another person to subvert his rationale. Each human being shall be given a chance to express his opinion (till it suits the social fiber and doesnt intend to malign it). It teaches us the precept of being kind to others so that life becomes a pleasurable experience for all. We are further expected to be very tolerant in any social aspect of our lives. Following these fundamental principles of social living we will be able to turn our human condition into a joyous one. Few lawyers from Munich are trying to formalize these arbitrary concepts.
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Ever wonder about the power of music and what it can bring to your life? Kathryn Brickell Music works hard to educate its students not only with each instrument, but through the importance of music and its meaning in our lives.
Here are some cool facts about music that you may not have known:
1) Children who study music tend to have a larger word bank and are more advanced in reading skills than their peers who do not opt for music lessons.
2) Children with learning disabilities or dyslexia can greatly benefit from music lessons.
3) Children who study a musical instrument are more likely to excel in studies and extra- curricular activities.
4) Schools providing music programs have an estimated 90.2% graduation rate and 93.9% attendance rate compared to schools without music education, which average 72.9% graduation and 84.9% attendance.
5) A Stanford study shows that music engages areas of the brain which are involved with paying attention, making predictions and updating events in our memory.
6) Young children who take music lessons show different brain development and improved memory when compared to children who do not.
7) Listening to your favorite music while working out measurably improves physical performance. This goes for studies too, as more college students prefer studying while listening to their favorite song.
8) No one from The Beatles could read music.
9) Your heartbeat changes with the rhythms of the music you are listening too.
10)Â A study conducted showed that flowers can grow faster by listening to music. Wonder why the Gardeners haven’t still made use of this!
11) The type of music you listen to affects the way you perceive the world.
12) The world’s longest concert can is so slow that it will last 639 years. You won’t even be alive by then.
13) Loud music makes a person drink more in less time.
14) Rebel XD spat an amazing 852 syllables in 42 seconds in 2007 to beat his own Guinness World Record for Fastest Rapper. He went at a pace of about 20.3 syllables per second.
15) Music triggers activity in the same brain structure that releases the “pleasure chemical” dopamine.
16) According to a study, babies remain twice as calm while listening to music than to a speech.
17) Like humans, birds can learn and listen to music while they are still in the egg stage.
18) Mozart was five years old when he wrote his first music composition.
19) Termites will eat wood two times faster when listening to heavy metal.
20) Music is like a drug the more you listen to it the more you get addicted to it.
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By Carolyn Howard-Johnson
AMPERSANDS: PRETTY IS AS PRETTY DOES
The ampersand is a real pretty little dude but it isn’t a letter nor even a word. It’s a logogram that represents a word. Its history goes back to classical antiquity, but interesting history and being cute are no reason to overuse it in the interest of trying to separate one’s writing from the pack. Better writers should concentrate on the techniques that make a difference rather than gimmicks that distract. Here are some legitimate uses for the ampersand.
- The Writers Guild of America uses the ampersand to indicate a closer collaboration than and, in other words, to indicate a closer partnership rather than a situation in which one writer is brought in to rewrite or fix the work of another. For those in the know it is a convenient way to subtly indicate that one writer has not been brought in to rewrite of fix the work of another.
- Newspapers, journals and other choose to use it when they are citing sources. That’s their style choice, not a grammar rule.
- In similar citing, academia asks that the word and be spelled out.
- Occasionally the term etc. is abbreviated to &c, though I can see no reason for confusing a reader with this. Etc. is already an abbreviation of et cetera and the ampersand version saves but one letter and isn’t commonly recognized.
- Ampersands are sometimes used instead of and to distinguish the and is part of a name rather than the typical conjunction used when naming a series of items, though here, too, it feels like a stretch and more confusing than helpful. Wikipedia gives this example: “Rock, pop, rhythm & blues and hip hop.” This also seems like an unnecessary affectation if we would but use the traditional serial comma like this: “Rock, pop, rhythm and blues, and hip hop.”
For a little style guide from the point of view of academia go to https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/. To see a graphic artist’s creative use of the ampersand, one based on the authenticity of its simply being visually attractive, and go to the back of multi award-winning The Frugal Editor for a free offer for the readers of that book. It's a gift from Chaz Desimone.
Carolyn Howard-Johnson brings her experience as a publicist, journalist, marketer, and retailer to the advice she gives in her HowToDoItFrugally series of books for writers and the many classes she taught for nearly a decade as instructor for UCLA Extension’s world-renown Writers’ Program. All her books for writers are multi award winners including both the first and second editions of The Frugal Book Promoter and her multi award-winning The Frugal Editor won awards from USA Book News, Readers’ Views Literary Award, the marketing award from Next Generation Indie Books and others including the coveted Irwin award. Her next book in the HowToDoItFrugally series for writers will be Getting Great Book Reviews Frugally and Ethically.
Howard-Johnson is the recipient of the California Legislature’s Woman of the Year in Arts and Entertainment Award, and her community’s Character and Ethics award for her work promoting tolerance with her writing. She was also named to Pasadena Weekly’s list of “Fourteen San Gabriel Valley women who make life happen” and was given her community’s Diamond Award for Achievement in the Arts.
The author loves to travel. She has visited eighty-nine countries and has studied writing at Cambridge University in the United Kingdom; Herzen University in St. Petersburg, Russia; and Charles University, Prague. She admits to carrying a pen and journal wherever she goes. Her Web site is www.howtodoitfrugally.com.
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In this article we will discuss about Working Capital:- 1. Meaning of Working Capital 2. Sources of Working Capital 3. Uses.
Meaning of Working Capital:
In common usage, the term funds means cash. However, accountants and financial executives think of ‘funds’ in a broader sense. They view the funds available to a business enterprise as its working capital, Working capital is defined as current assets minus current liabilities and thus, is a broader definition of funds than is cash.
Since funds have been defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities, it is necessary to know which accounts are covered and which are not covered by this definition.
(1) Current Assets:
The term current assets is used to mean cash and other assets or resources generally identified as those which are reasonably expected to be realised in cash or sold or consumed during the normal operating cycle of the business.
(1) Cash and bank balances;
(2) Temporary investments, bills receivables, debtors, and stock in trade;
(3) Prepayments like salary paid in advance, unexpired insurance, prepaid rent, prepaid interest, which can be consumed during the normal operating cycle of business.
(2) Current Liabilities:
The term ‘current liabilities’ is used to denote obligations such as:
(i) Ones which are payable within one year, and
(ii) Which are paid out of current assets or by clearing current liabilities.
These include amounts payable to:
(b) Bills payable,
(c) Bank overdraft, and
(d) Outstanding bills on account of wages, salary, commission, rent, royalties, etc.
(3) Non-Current Accounts:
For the purpose of preparing funds flow statement, all accounts which are not current accounts are treated as non-current accounts.
Examples of such accounts are included in the following list:
Non-current accounts on the liabilities side of the balance sheet:
1. Equity share capital,
2. Preference share capital,
3. Redeemable preference share capital,
4. Long-term loans,
6. Security premium account,
7. Share forfeited account,
8. Profit and loss account (credit balance),
9. Appropriation of profit, e.g., transfer to general reserve, dividend equalisation fund, insurance fund, compensation fund, debentures sinking fund, capital redemption reserve account,
10. Provisions like provision for tax, provision for depreciation on fixed assets, proposed dividend, and
11. Preliminary expenses.
Non-current accounts on the assets side of the balance sheet:
6. Long-term investments,
7. Patent right,
8. Trade mark,
9. Profit and loss account (deb’ it balance),
10. Discount on issue of shares and debentures,
11. Capital reserve, and
12. Other deferred expenditure like advertisement cost.
The basic objective of the statement of changes in financial position, working capital basis, is to explain the changes in the working capital for a specified period of time. In the process of achieving this objective, the statement should enable the user to identify the changes as they relate to three basic causes.
(а) Amount of changes in working capital associated with the operating activities of the firm.
(b) Long-term financing or other sources that cause an increase in the working capital.
(c) Long-term investment activities or other uses that cause a reduction in the working capital.
If the amount of working capital increased during a given fiscal period, this means that more working capital was generated than was used for various business purposes; if a decrease in working capital occurred, the reverse is true. One of the key purposes of statement of changes in financial position is to explain fully the increase or decrease in working capital during an accounting period.
Sources of Working Capital:
The following are the sources of working capital:
1. Funds from Business Operations:
If the inflow of funds from sales exceeds the outflow of funds to cover the cost of merchandise purchases and expenses of doing business, current operations will provide a net source of funds. If the inflow of funds from sales is less than these outflows, operation will result in a net use of funds.
Working capital provided by operations is the net increase or decrease in working capital resulting from the normal business activities of earning revenue and paying expenses. However, not all the expenses require the use of funds in the current period; therefore the amount of funds provided by operations is not the same as the amount of net income earned during the period.
The following points explains this situation:
(i) Some expenses do not reduce working capital. Some expenses, such as depreciation and amortisation of intangible assets reduce net income but have no immediate effect on the amount of working capital provided by operations, i.e., these items do not reduce working capital. The net income figure therefore understates the amount of working capital provided by operations by amount of depreciation expenses recorded during the period.
Thus funds provided by operations would be computed in the following manner:
The addition of depreciation expenses to the net income figure has led some people to believe that depreciation expenses is a source of funds. However, it is important for the users of financial statement to understand that depreciation is neither a source nor a use of working capital (funds).
No funds flow into business as a result of recording depreciation expense. It is shown in the statement of changes in financial position merely to explain one of the differences between the concept of net income and the concept of working capital provided by operations.
(ii) Some items increase income but do not increase working capital—some items in the income statement increase net income without increasing working capital; such items must be deducted from net income in arriving at working capital provided by operations.
(iii) Non-operating gains and losses—non-operating gains and losses, if material in amount, should be eliminated from net income in order to show the working capital provided by ‘normal’ operations. For example, assume that plant costing Rs. 1,00,000 is sold at Rs. 1,20,000, at a net gain of Rs. 20,000. In the statement of changes in financial position, the entire Rs. 1,20,000 as proceeds from sale will be reported as funds provided by the sale of plant.
The Rs. 20,000 non-operating gain, however, is included in the net income for the period. In determining the amount of working capital provided by operations, this Rs. 20,000 non-operating gain must be deducted from the net income figure because the entire proceeds from sale of the plant are reported elsewhere in the statement of changes in financial position.
As a separate example, assume that the same plant is sold for Rs. 90,000; then the non-operating loss of Rs. 10,000 should be added back to net income to arrive at working capital provided by operations and the working capital provided through sale of plant should be reported at Rs. 90,000.
Briefly, the procedure of computing funds provided by operations can be summarised as follows:
Funds from Operations:
Net profit (or loss) as per the profit and loss account:
(i) Depreciation expense.
(ii) Amortisation of goodwill, patents and other intangible assets.
(iii) Amortisation of extraordinary losses occurred in previous periods.
(iv) Amortisation of discount on debentures.
(v) Loss on sale of non-current assets such as plant, equipment etc.
(i) Gain on sale of non-current assets such as plant, equipment etc.
(ii) Profit or revaluation surplus of non-current assets.
(iii) Dividends and interest on investments (earned but not received)
(iv) Amortisation of premium received on debentures = Funds from Business Operations
2. Sales of Non-Current Assets:
A business may obtain working capital by selling noncurrent assets, such as plant and equipment or long-term investments, in exchange for current assets. As long as current assets are received, the sale is a source of funds regardless of whether the non-current assets are sold at a gain or loss.
For example, assume that a business form sells for Rs. 2,50,000 a plant which cost Rs. 3,00,000. Although the plant was sold at a loss, the firm has increased its current assets by Rs. 250,000 by selling the plant. Thus, the transaction is a source of working capital.
3. Long-Term borrowing:
Long-term borrowing, such as issue of debentures and bonds result in an increase in current assets, thereby increasing working capital. Short-term borrowing, however, does not increase working capital.
When a company borrows cash on short term credit or by signing a short-term note payable, working capital is unchanged because the increase in current assets is offset by an increase in current liabilities of the same amount.
4. Issue of Additional Equity Capital:
The issue of additional equity shares results in an inflow of current assets, thereby increasing working capital. In a similar manner, additional investments of current assets by owners represent source of funds in single proprietorship and partnership.
Uses of Working Capital:
The following are the uses of working capital:
1. Declaration of Cash dividend:
The declaration of cash dividend results in a current liability (dividend payable) and is therefore a use of funds. It should be understood that it is the declaration of dividend, rather than the payment of the dividend, which is the use of funds.
Actual payment of the dividend reduces current assets and current liabilities by the same amount and thus has no effect upon the amount of working capital. Issue of shares in lieu of dividend does not involve any distribution of assets and, therefore, are not a use of funds.
2. Purchase of Non-Current Assets:
Purchase of non-current assets, such as plant and equipment, reduce current assets or increase current liabilities. In either case, working capital is reduced.
3. Repayment of Long-Term Debt:
Working capital is decreased when current assets are used to repay long-term debt. However, repayment of short-term debts is not a use of funds, since current assets and current liabilities decrease by the same amount.
Effect of Transactions on Working Capital:
In preparing a statement of changes in financial position, on working capital basis, or funds flow statement it is convenient to classify business transactions into three categories:
(a) Both debit and credit aspects of the transaction affecting current accounts only,
(b) Both debit and credit aspects of the transaction affecting non-current accounts only, and
(c) One aspect of the transaction affecting current account and another aspect affecting a non-current account (non-current asset or non-current liability).
The effect of above mentioned categories of transactions on the funds flow statement can be analysed with the help of following examples:
1. Transactions affecting current accounts only—do not result in flow of fund:
These transactions produce changes in working capital accounts but do not change the amount of working capital.
Few examples of such transactions are given below:
Hence, such transactions would not be reflected as a source or use in a working capital basis statement of changes in financial position.
2. Transactions affecting non-current accounts only—do not result inflow of fund:
These transactions have no direct effect on the amount of working capital. The entry to record depreciation is an example of such a transaction. Such transactions may not be considered in preparing a statement of changes in financial position on working capital basis.
Few examples of such transactions are:
3. Transactions affecting non-current account and current account—Result in flow of fund resulting either in a source of fund or application of fund: These transactions bring about either an increase or a decrease in the amount of working capital. If changes in non-working capital accounts are analysed, these events are brought to light, and their effect on working capital will be reported in the statement of changes in financial position.
Some examples of such transactions and their effects on working capital are shown below:
Schedule of Changes in Working Capital:
Many business enterprises prefer to prepare another statement, known as schedule of changes in working capital, while preparing a funds flow statement, on a working capital basis. This schedule of changes in working capital provides information concerning the changes in each individual current assets and current liabilities accounts (items).
This schedule is a part of the funds flow statement and increase (decrease) in working capital indicated by the schedule of changes in working capital will be equal to the amount of changes in working capital as funds flow statement. The schedule of changes in working capital can be prepared by comparing the current assets and current liabilities at two periods.
The format of schedule of changes in working capital is as follows (Exhibit 16.1):
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Help Secure Boat Passage on the Green River, Utah!
Green River, Utah - The Green River/Tusher Diversion was constructed in the early 1900s and during the 2010/2011 flood events, flows in the Green River caused severe damage to the diversion structure, compromising its structural integrity. Efforts to redesign and rebuild the dam and diversion are now underway, and paddlers have an opportunity to ensure that new boat passage is included in the fiinal project design. The NRCS has released the Draft EIS which outlines three design alternatives that are now open to public review and comment, Now, your comments are needed to ensure that the NRCS finds the "Passages Alternative" to be the Preferred Action under their NEPA review. The Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) Public Comment Period is currently open until April 30, 2014.
The Natural Resources Conservation Service and Utah Dept. of Agriculture and Food have analyzed alternatives to maintain the existing functions of the diversion for water delivery to irrigation canals and upgrade the diversion structure to current design standards, as well as provide upstream and downstream fish passage and tracking, fish screening, enhanced sediment sluicing, and downstream recreational boat passage. The fish protection and passage components are proposed for inclusion in the project to meet Endangered Species Act requirements for listed fish species populations in the Green River. The boat passage provision has been advanced by AW as a navigability requirement in the state of Utah.
Two Action Alternatives have been carried forward by NRCS and the project team to be analyzed in detailed study for this DEIS: the Replace In Place Alternative and the Replace In Place With Passages Alternative. In accordance with NEPA, the No Action Alternative must also be analyzed.
Of the three, American Whitewater supports the "Replace in Place with Passages Alternative", and AW staff have worked directly with NRCS and local stakeholders to explore and advance solutions to the current threats to public safety and navigablity at the diversion structure. Additionally, AW and the NRCS have suggested that this alternative does not create additional cost or construction challenges to the project, and improves long-term socioeconomic and recreational benefits to the community.
Under the "Passages Alternative", a boat chute would be notched into the new structure, either in the center of the diversion, or next to the upstream fish ladder on river left, and new upstream warning signs will be installed directing paddlers to the boat chute. We are requesting the boat chute be located in the center of the structure, as a river-left notch would spit boaters onto the sediment bar downstream of the dam, created by Tusher Wash. We have additional concerns with locating the boat chute on river left and adjacent to the concrete fish ladder and the complex of weirs and headgates that serve to meet the water rights on the eastern side of the Green River.
Locating the boat chute in the center of the channel, provides the most direct, quickest and safest run through the diversion. The Project will also reduce the downstream slope of the new concrete structure so as to allow for safe boat passage at all passable flows, and to elimminate the "keeper hydraulic" that now exists below the dam.
American Whitewater wants to recognize NRCS and McMillen Engineers for their efforts to include boat passage into the final project proposals. Public input into the scoping of this project was instrumental in consideration of new boat passage, as well as the outreach and expertise of AW staff and volunteers. Now, public comments are needed to ensure that the NRCS finds the Passages Alternative to be the Preferred Action under their NEPA review. The Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) Public Comment Period is currently open until April 30, 2014. NRCS will compile all comments received and complete the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the project.
The Draft EIS is available to the right of this page.
Date: Thursday, April 10, 2014
Time 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.
Location: John Wesley Powell River History Museum
1765 East Main Street in Green River, Utah
Official comments should sent prior to the close on April 30, 2014 to: firstname.lastname@example.org or
1401 Shoreline Drive, Suite 100 Boise, ID 83702
p 208.342.4214 x 318 | f 208.342.4216 | c 208.340.5721
email@example.com | www.mcmillen-llc.com
Green River Diversion Structure
The Green River Diversion Structure, upstream of Green River Utah, is being considered for rehabilitation or reconstruction under the NRCS Emergency Watershed Protection Program. AW is working to sec
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St Patrick’s Day Isn’t the Most Obvious Classic Monster Holiday
1906 Portrait of Bram Stoker, author of Dracula,
While Ireland and Halloween go hand-in-hand with the modern holiday’s roots tracing back to the ancient Celts harvest festival, Samhain, the connections to the patron saint of Ireland are more tenuous. Enter Abraham ‘Bram’ Stoker; Irishman and author of Dracula, one of the most famous books ever published and, arguably, the most famous of all monsters.
Stoker was born in Dublin in 1847 and it is said that he grew up on a steady diet of his Mother’s stories of the supernatural. Ireland has a long history of fantastical and mystical creatures from leprechauns and banshees to it’s own vampire, the DeargDue. The Celts, whose traditions never disappeared from Irish culture, had hundreds of gods and an equal number of demons and monsters. Stoker grew up hearing these stories and they undoubtedly influenced his fascination for the macabre.
Dracula was published in May 1897 and, although it was critically well-received, it was not a bestseller. In fact, it wasn’t until after Stoker’s death in 1912 that his book would achieve commercial success. Stoker wrote a total of 18 books, including Lair of the White Worm, but it is his haunting tale of the vampire that has given him lasting fame.
For more about Bram Stoker, watch this video from Biography Channel (click to watch full screen)):
It’s fair to say that fans of classic monsters owe a debt of gratitude to Bram Stoker. So, while tipping a pint at the pub today in celebration of all things Irish, raise a pint to Bram Stoker and that famous monster of his, Count Dracula.
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As Ug99, the deadly stem rust-causing fungus blighting African wheat, marches eastward, scientists across the globe are scrambling for ways to outsmart it.
First discovered in Uganda 12 years ago, Ug99 has since snowballed, through Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan and, now, Yemen.
"I look at Yemen as the gateway into the Middle East, into Asia," says David Hodson of the Food and Agriculture Organization.
Indeed, fears are rife that Ug99 is headed for the Punjab, South Asia's most important breadbasket, which feeds hundreds of millions.
Researchers are trying to develop wheat strains that contain insurmountable genetic barriers for the fungus. But the fungus is mutating, enabling it to overcome the barriers put up by resistant genes in today's crops. Four variants of Ug99 are able to "knock out" such resistance genes.
In Njoro, Kenya, wheat breeders are working on promising wheat varieties in the hope that one of them can outwit Ug99. And a two-year project to sequence the fungus genome hopes to identify the specific wheat-destroying genes so that new breeds of wheat can be screened for Ug99 resistance.
More far-fetched dreams include the insertion of genes that can scramble Ug99 spores' "topographical sense" so that they cannot burrow into wheat.
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characteristics...is a small opposite-leaved tree with male and female flowers on separate individuals. The flowers are wind-pollinated and lack petals. The single-seeded fruit is a nut. The two species of Dirachmaceae ( Dirachma socotrana, D. somalensis) are shrubs that possess small strongly-toothed leaves. The flowers are relatively large with both sepals and petals. The fruit is a...
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
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Airway muscle-on-a-chip to aid in search for new asthma treatments
Unfortunately for asthma sufferers and those looking to develop new treatments to help them, animal models traditionally used to test potential new drugs don't always mimic human responses. Joining lungs and guts, scientists at Harvard's Wyss Institute have now developed a human airway muscle-on-a-chip that could help in the search for new treatments for asthma. The device accurately mimics the way smooth muscle contracts in the human airway, both under normal circumstances and when exposed to asthma triggers.
The device consists of a soft polymer well mounted on a glass substrate and contains an array of microscale, engineered human airway muscles that are designed to mimic the laminar structure of the muscular layers of the human airway. The team got the chip to mimic a typical allergic asthma response by first introducing to the chip interleukin-13 (IL-13), a natural protein that is a mediator of allergic inflammation often found in the airways of asthmatics, and then introducing acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that causes smooth muscle to contract.
In response, the airway muscle-on-a-chip hypercontracted, with the soft chip curling up when exposed to higher doses of acetylcholine. The researchers were able to reverse this effect and trigger the muscle to relax by using β-agonist drugs used in inhalers. Importantly, that amount of contractile stress was directly related to the dosage levels of the drugs.
The chip was also able to give an insight into the cellular and subcellular responses within human tissue during an asthmatic event. The researchers confirmed that the smooth muscle cells grew larger over time in the presence of IL-13, which is something also found in the airways of asthma patients. The also noticed that super-thin cellular components within smooth muscle cells involved in muscle contraction, known as actin fibers increased in alignment, which is also consistent with the muscle in the airway of asthma patients.
Going further, the researchers observed changes in the expression of contractile proteins called RhoA proteins in response to IL-13. RhoA proteins have previously been implicated in the asthmatic response, but details regarding their activation and signaling have proven difficult to nail down. To do this, the researchers introduced a drug called HA1077. This is a drug that targets the RhoA pathway, but is not currently used to treat asthmatic patients.
The team found that HA1077 reduced the sensitivity of the asthmatic tissue in response to the asthma trigger, with preliminary tests indicating that a combined therapy of HA1077 and a currently approved asthma drug worked better than the single drug by itself.
"Asthma is one of the top reasons for trips to the emergency room – particularly for children, and a large segment of the asthmatic population doesn't respond to currently available treatments," said Wyss Institute Founding Director Don Ingber, M.D., Ph.D. "The airway muscle-on-a-chip provides an important and exciting new tool for discovering new therapeutic agents."
The team's research is published in the journal Lab on a Chip.
Source: Wyss Institute
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|A 50 years evolution of cesium-137 in the humann body|
The cesium-137 activity in the human body was measured for nearly half a century, at the the Mol laboratory in northern Belgium. Despite the fact that the laboratory is very far away from the sites of the nuclear tests and of the Chernobyl accident, one observes the strong peak of activity due to the nuclear tests and, about 4 times smaller, the Chernobyl peak. In both cases, the decrease of cesium-137 activity in the human body is much more rapid than the radioactive natural decay with its 30 years half life.
|SCK-GEN (Source Jean Louis Genicot)|
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What is an Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon?
Orthopaedics is a medical specialty that focuses on the body's musculoskeletal system, which includes bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. An orthopaedic spine surgeon is an orthopaedist who further specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal diseases and conditions.
Orthopaedic spine surgeons provide non-operative and surgical treatment to patients of all ages, although some focus on treating children (pediatric) or adults. Some orthopaedic spine surgeons exclusively treat certain spinal problems such as scoliosis, degenerative disorders, or a particular region of the spine (cervical/neck, lumbar/low back).
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Carolina Parakeets, Eastern U.S.
Artist Christy Rupp is not afraid of death. She revels in it, and her latest work--"Extinct Birds Previously Consumed by Humans"--uses the remains of the recently dead to recreate long-gone creatures. Her morbid, provocative sculptures are part of the show "Dead and Alive," currently on exhibit at the Museum of Arts and Design in New York City.
Rupp spent the last four years collecting chicken and turkey bones, and then meticulously assembled them into life-size representations of extinct birds. These Carolina parakeets, the only parrot native to the continental United States, once flew in large noisy flocks, feeding on agricultural crops. Farmers retaliated with their shotguns, and milliners took the green and yellow feathers to adorn ladies' hats. By 1920, the Carolina parakeets were gone.
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Essential for Nitrification
- Tap Water
- Tank Water
- Change Water
When pond carbonate levels fall below the necessary level, nitrification will stop and will fail to start again. With the loss of KH (carbonate alkalinity) pH levels will vary and pH will be difficult to control as KH stabilizes pond pH.
The natural biological ammonia removal process in ponds referred to as nitrification and:
- Requires the presence of KH (carbonate alkalinity) at all times.
- Utilizes 7.1 mg. of KH for every 1 mg. of ammonia removed.
- Continuously depletes KH so KH must be monitored and restored as necessary with MICROBE-LIFT/KH Bio-Active Booster.
Maintain 50-100 ppm KH at all times to assure nitrification.
- 2 Lbs. (0.9 kg.) (CABPSM) – approximately 49 scoops (Blue) per container
- 8 Lbs. (3.62 kg.) (CABPMD) – approximately 196 scoops (Blue) per container
- 20 Lbs. (9.07 kg.) (CABPLG) – approximately 490 scoops (Blue) per container
- Contains a proprietary blend of Carbonate Hardness constituents and bacterial cultures.
- Keep out of the reach of children
- Follow directions carefully
- Avoid eye contact
- Avoid inhaling powder-dust
A full flat level scoop (enclosed) will raise the KH by approximately:
- 80/ppm in 30 gallons (113 L)
- 50/ppm in 50 gallons (189 L)
- 25/ppm in 100 gallons (378 L)
*TREATS AMOUNTS FOR WHOLE CONTAINER:
25 ppm→5,335 gal
50 ppm→2,667 gal
80 ppm→1,600 gal
25 ppm→21,340 gal
50 ppm→10,668 gal
80 ppm→6,400 gal
To raise KH in 4,000 gal pond, wanting to keep the KH level above 80 ppm:
To raise by 25 ppm→ add 40 scoops
To raise by 50 ppm→ add 80 scoops
To raise by 80 ppm (in pond that has crashed)→ add 133 scoops!
[Ideal KH level in pond is 100-300 ppm/mg/L, with the higher the better, especially in heavily stocked ponds and lined ponds.]
Recommended for the Microbe-Lift® KH Alkalinity Bio-Active Booster
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What happens when you cross a zebra with a horse? The result isn’t really a horse, it’s a zorse, of course! Meet Eclyse — a zebra / horse hybrid, born on a ranch in Germany. Not part from any fabled Frankenstein style story or science experiment gone bad — she’s the product of a holiday romance in designer breeding. Might make you think twice before dashing away on that little rendezvous yourself.
Typically, most zorses have stripes across their entire body, but Eclyse has only two blocks of stripes — on her face and her hind quarters.
Eclyse inherits her pure white markings from her mother, a horse named Eclipse. Eclipse’s owners sent her to a ranch in Italy for breeding, where she met a rugged, handsome young zebra named Ulysses.
One thing led to another as rendezvous’ often do. When she returned home to Germany, Eclipse surprised her keepers by producing a little half-horse, half-zebra with extraordinarily unusual markings.
Ranch spokesman Udo Richter commented: “You can tell she is a mix just by looking at her. But in temperament she can also exhibit characteristics from each parent.” reports Metro.
“She is usually relatively tame like a horse but occasionally shows the fiery temperament of a zebra, leaping around like one.”
The creativity of humans is unbelievable.
Stunning crop art has sprung up across rice fields in Japan . But this is no alien creation the designs have been cleverly planned and planted.
Farmers creating the huge displays use no ink or dye. Instead, different colours of rice plants have been precisely and strategically arranged and grown in the paddy fields.
As summer progresses and the plants shoot up, the detailed artwork begins to emerge.
A Sengoku warrior on horseback has been created from hundreds of thousands of rice plants, the colours created by using different varieties, in Inakadate in Japan
The largest and finest work is grown in the Aomori village of Inakadate , 600 miles north of Toyko, where the tradition began in 1993.
The village has now earned a reputation for its agricultural artistry and this year the enormous pictures of Napoleon and a Sengoku-period warrior, both on horseback, are visible in a pair of fields adjacent to the town hall.
More than 150,000 vistors come to Inakadate, where just 8,700 people live, every summer to see the extraordinary images.
Each year hundreds of volunteers and villagers plant four different varieties of rice in late May across huge swathes of paddy fields.
Napoleon on horseback can be seen from the skies, created by precision planting and months of planning among villagers and farmers in Inkadate.
Fictional warrior Naoe Kanetsugu and his wife Osen appear in fields near the town of Yonezawa , Japan .
And in recent years, other villages have joined in with the plant designs.
Another famous rice paddy art venue is near the town of Yonezawa in the Yamagata prefecture.
This year’s design shows the fictional 16th-century samurai warrior Naoe Kanetsugu and his wife, Osen, whose lives feature in the television series Tenchijin.
Various artworks have popped up in other rice-farming areas of Japan this year, including designs of deer dancers.
Smaller works of crop art can be seen in other rice-farming areas of Japan , such as this image of Doraemon and deer dancers.
The farmers create the murals by planting little purple and yellow-leafed kodaimai rice along with their local green-leafed tsugaru roman variety, to create the coloured patterns between planting and harvesting in September.
The murals in Inakadate cover 15,000 square metres of paddy fields. From ground level, the designs are invisible, and viewers have to climb the mock castle tower of the village office to get a glimpse of the work.
Rice-paddy art began there in 1993 as a local revitalization project, an idea that grew out of meetings held by the village committee. Closer to the image, the careful placing of thousands of rice plants can be seen in the paddy fields.
The different varieties of rice plants grow alongside one another to create the masterpieces.
In the first nine years, the village office workers and local farmers grew a simple design of Mount Iwaki every year.
But their ideas grew more complicated and attracted greater attention. In 2005 agreements between landowners allowed the creation of enormous works of rice paddy art.
A year later, organisers used computers to plot the precise planting of the four differently coloured rice varieties that bring the images to life.
I wanted to thank all my friends and family who have forwarded chain letters to me in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and continuing it in 2009 also.
Because of your kindness:
* I stopped drinking Coca Cola after I found out that it’s good for removing toilet stains.
* I stopped going to the movies for fear of sitting on a needle infected with AIDS.
* I smell like a wet dog since I stopped using deodorants because they cause cancer…
* I don’t leave my car in the parking lot or any other place and sometimes I even have to walk about 7 blocks for fear that someone will drug me with a perfume sample and try to rob me.
* I also stopped answering the phone for fear that they may ask me to dial a stupid number and then I get a phone bill with calls to Uganda, Pakistan, Singapore and Tokyo.
* I also stopped drinking anything out of a can for fear that I will get sick from the rat faeces and urine.
* When I go to parties, I don’t look at any girl, no matter how hot she is, for fear that she will take me to a hotel, drug me, then take my kidneys and leave me taking a nap in a bathtub full of ice.
* I also donated all my savings to the Amy Bruce account. A sick girl that was about to die in the hospital about 7,000 times.. (Poor girl! she’s been 7 since 1993…)
* Still open to help somebody from Bulgaria who wants to use my account to transfer his uncle’s property of $ 100 million. So much trustworthy.
A vending machine that bakes fresh pizza in minutes for a few euros has got Italian chefs in a whirl before it hits the streets in the coming weeks.
The bright-red “Let’s Pizza” machine uses infra-red rays and technology developed at the University of Bologna to knead flour and water into dough, spread it with tomato sauce and a choice of topping, and cook it — all in less than three minutes.
Its developer, Claudio Torghele, says the machine has proved popular in trials in two Italian regions, but gourmets say it is an affront to traditional methods of cooking the classic dish.
“This is not just a vending machine, it’s a mini-pizzeria,” said Torghele, 56. “It has windows where you can watch the pizza-making process. Kids, including my own, love it: when the machine is working, there’s always a crowd.”
The device was developed with help from Anglo-Dutch group Unilever, which tested it in Germany, Torghele said. He hopes to launch the machines across Europe and in the United States, with ingredients varying according to local tastes.
At present it offers four toppings — cheese and tomato, bacon, ham and fresh vegetables — at an average cost of 4 euros. Torghele thinks “Let’s Pizza” will appeal to Europeans looking for cheap options as a recession hits their pockets. “If I want to eat a great pizza, I go to a pizzeria. But our product is satisfactory, low cost and available 24-hours a day,” he said. “This is crisis proof … McDonald’s is increasing its sales. Low cost, fast food is in demand.”
Italy is famed for its cuisine and has seen a movement develop against fast food, called “Slow Food.” But it has more vending machines than any other country in Europe, according to an industry body, mostly doling out hot coffee drinks.
Purists say the Italian pizza — invented in the 18th century in the southern city of Naples — cannot be rushed: the dough must be mixed and left for 12 hours, the ingredients kept fresh, and the oven pre-heated to around 300 degrees.
“This machine is a toy,” Pino Morelli of the Association of Italian Pizzerias said. “Perhaps it will find a niche overseas, but Italians are born with pizza: their mothers feed it to them as babies. They understand it.”
In Pizzeria Brandi, nestling near the center of ramshackle Naples, the reaction to Torghele’s invention was cool.
The restaurant invented the pizza Margherita in 1889 in honor of the queen of the newly unified country, its tomato, mozzarella and basil toppings mimicking Italy’s flag.
Look at the words and say the COLOUR, not the word.
eg: for Blue you say “red” Easy, right? Wrong!!
Make sure you say every colour.
Trick your friends with this cool test.
Red Purple Blue
Blue Red Orange
Purple Orange Green
Left – Right Conflict
Your Right Brain Tries To Say The Colour,
But Your Left Brain Insists On Reading The Word.
Benji Fun – Belgium
Anyone interested in having a unique dining experience? You can have breakfast, lunch, dinner or cocktails.
Invite your boss for a meeting while enjoying your meal 50 meters above ground. Dining events arranged by a professional event arranger of Benji Fun company.
If you knew a woman who was pregnant, who had 8 kids already, three who were deaf, two who were blind, one mentally retarded, and she had syphilis, would you recommend that she goes for an abortion?
Read the next question before looking at the response for this one.
It is time to elect a new world leader, and only your vote counts. Here are the facts about the three candidates.
Associates with crooked politicians, and consults with astrologers. He’s had two mistresses. He also chain smokes and drinks 8 to 10 martinis a day.
He was kicked out of office twice, sleeps until noon, used opium in college and drinks a quart of whiskey every evening.
He is a decorated war hero. He’s a vegetarian, doesn’t smoke, drinks an occasional beer and never cheated on his wife.
Which of these candidates would be your choice?
Lets give a shot and try deciding first…
Now if you have decided on your answers, scroll down for the response.
———— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— —-
Candidate A is Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Candidate B is Winston Churchill.
Candidate C is Adolph Hitler.
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
And, by the way, on your answer to the abortion question:
If you said YES . . .
. . . you just killed Beethoven – Great musician
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Lebanon has suffered from decades of conflict and periods of foreign occupation, leaving the country riddled with landmines and other explosive remnants of war. In July 2006, the country found itself at the center of international attention with the start of a 34-day conflict between Israel and the militant Shiite group Hezbollah, which operates out of the southern part of Lebanon. Of particular concern has been the reported use of cluster munitions by the Israel Defense Forces—who launched strikes on positions in southern Lebanon suspected to be occupied by Hezbollah militants—and the lasting post-conflict effects of unexploded submunitions.
Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction: Vol. 10
, Article 25.
Available at: http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol10/iss2/25
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A top-secret military unit—that would become known as the Ghost Army—was formed in June 1944, just after D-Day. Made up of artists, designers, radio operators, and engineers, the unit conducted “deceptive missions” to mislead the enemy. Their story is the subject of a new book by Rick Beyer and Elizabeth Sayles titled The Ghost Army of World War II (Princeton Architectural Press, 2015).
Four separate units worked together, note Beyer and Sayles: The 603rd Engineer Camouflage Battalion Special—379 men—used inflatable rubber tanks, trucks, artillery, and Jeeps to trick enemy aerial reconnaissance observers gathering intelligence. The Signal Company Special—296 men—carried out radio deception, impersonating radio operators from real units. The 3132 Signal Service Company Special—145 men—specialized in “sonic deception,” playing sound effects to simulate the clatter of units moving and operating. The 406th Engineer Combat Company Special—168 men—provided security for the other Ghost Army units, and also helped with construction and demolition.
The unit is credited with 21 different deceptions, write the authors, and are credited with saving thousands of lives. The book—beautifully illustrated with the soldiers’ original artwork—is filled with never-before-published documents. Deadline Hollywood reported on June 16 that The Ghost Army of World War II has been optioned by Warner Bros.
Click on the gallery to see more images from the book. Images are reprinted with the permission of the publisher. The Ghost Army of World War II by Rick Beyer and Elizabeth Sayles. Published by Princeton Architectural Press, 2015.
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| ||Herbal Medicine: Osteoporosis||
A generalized, progressive diminution in bone tissue mass(i.e., a reduced amount of bone) causing weakness of skeletal strength, even though the ratio of mineral to organic elements is unchanged in the remaining morphologically normal bone.
A slow progressive thinning and loss of calcium content of the bones occurs and the skeleton becomes brittle and susceptible to fractures from seemingly minor injuries or even everyday activities. It is a major health problem affecting about 20 million Americans.
98% of the calcium in the body is deposited in the skeleton along with other minerals, the rest is in the tissues and blood stream involved in blood clotting and the activity of muscle and nerve cells. The skeleton reaches its peak mass at around age 35, and after the fourth decade bone content is lost at the rate of 1-2% a year. This process accelerates after menopause such that by 65, most women have lost 30-50% of their skeletal mass. Men are affected to a lesser degree.
To sustain life, the level of calcium in the bloodstream must be kept within a very narrow range. This is accomplished by a homeostatic mechanism that adjusts for diet, intestinal absorption, excretion and hormonal functions as well as growth, physical activity and disease. Under the influence of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone, skeletal calcium is kept in a state of equilibrium with the circulating blood pool. A slight drop in blood calcium stimulates the release of calcium from the bones and its absorption from the intestine and decreases its loss into the urine. The process is reversed and bone mineral content is continuously being replenished and reformed through the actions of vitamin D, calcitonin, estrogen's and other hormones.
From this it is clear that treatment of osteoporosis is not simply a matter of taking calcium supplements. A whole range of factors are involved in calcium absorption, including:
- genetic makeup, e.g. inherited bone disease
- disease that might decrease amount retained, e.g. over activity of the thyroid or adrenal gland
- estrogen levels - as it enhances calcium absorption, partially explaining bone density loss after menopause. Post-menopausal bone loss is the most common cause of osteoporosis.
- calcium absorption declines with increasing age in men and women, but decline comes earlier in women.
- exercise increases absorption; prolonged bed rest or inactivity decreases it.
- medications, drugs, smoking, caffeine and certain foods impede absorption, increase excretion of nutrients and decrease their utilization. Prescription drugs known to interfere with calcium absorption include:
- antacids that contain aluminium
Actions indicated for the processes behind this disease:
- stress depletes immediate supply and stored levels of calcium if it is a chronic problem
- lack of other specific nutrients will deter absorption, especially vitamins D, C, K and the minerals magnesium and phosphorous
Hormonal normalizers may be helpful if started early enough.
`Anti-rheumatics' will help with pain and discomfort in the joints and muscles.
Anti-inflammatories will similarly reduce the discomfort associated with this problem.
There is a tradition in North America of using herbs such as Horsetail (Equisetumarvense), Oat straw (Avena sativa) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) for the long term treatment of osteoporosis. They have been described as being effective because of a high calcium content. They do not have a particularly high level of calcium in them, but they are effective.
One possible prescription:
Vitex agnus-castis --- --- --- 2 parts
Equisetum arvense --- --- --- 1 part
Apium graveolens --- --- --- 1 part
Avena sativa --- --- --- 1 part
Medicago sativa --- --- --- 1 part to -- -- -- 5ml of tincture taken 3 times a day
This supplies the following actions:
Hormonal normalizer (Vitex agnus-castis)
`Anti-rheumatic' (Apium graveolens, Equisetum arvense, Medicagosativa)
Anti-inflammatory (Apium graveolens, )
Broader Context of Treatment
Regular exercise, cessation of tobacco and maintenance of normal body weight are advised. The addition of the following supplements may prove beneficial:
Calcium = 1, 000 mg before menopause; 1, 500-2, 000 mg after
Magnesium = 500 ng before menopause; 750-1, 000 mg after
Vitamin C = 1, 000 mg
Vitamin D = 400-800 IU
|Whilst working in conservation and lecturing in ecology and the eco-crisis for the University of Wales, David Hoffman became convinced that to heal the world, to embrace planetary wholeness and responsibility for it......more
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In a speech on Nov. 6, 2009, King Mohammed VI of Morocco stated his intention to press ahead with decentralizing the kingdom, and that the “Saharan provinces” will be among the first regions to experience its benefits. The date marked the 34th anniversary of the Green March, when 350,000 unarmed Moroccans crossed into Spain’s former Sahara colony, now internationally referred to as the Western Sahara, to reassert the kingdom’s historic ties to the region. Since then, an ongoing territorial dispute has pitted the region’s Polisario independence movement, backed with arms and financing by neighboring Algeria, against the central government in Rabat.
In Marrakech, a few days before the king’s announcement, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton reiterated the U.S. government’s support of Morocco’s position, and stated that its plan for the resolution of the conflict is "credible." Decentralization offers a potential means of conflict resolution by providing sub-regions with autonomy, responsibility, and capacities to advance the empowerment of development, all of which can have a stabilizing effect. The guiding principle is that decentralization creates national unity, or at least greater levels of peace, by way of enabling increased levels of regional diversity and determination.
The history of the United States offers examples of how federalist-decentralized systems can function both to mitigate and exacerbate regional tensions. Federalism initially enabled conflicts to be overcome among northern and southern states during the founding of the United States, conflicts that might otherwise have prevented the country’s formation. However, decentralization may also be a cause for conflict if it is used to enable secessionist movements, which also tragically occurred in the United States.
King Mohammed VI is mindful of this potential danger of decentralization, and he stated that the process of decentralization and the strengthening of national solidarity must go "hand in hand." This is one essential reason why the king called for a "gradual" decentralization process.
The way decentralization is implemented will decide if it generates the needed trust and ushers in a new period of lasting peace and greater prosperity. If it successfully resolves the Western Saharan conflict, decentralization would also remove the greatest obstacle preventing strong collaboration among the Maghreb Union — a regional bloc that includes Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.
In the context of the Western Sahara, it would be prudent to devolve government responsibilities as locally as possible because that will likely be perceived by the people of the region as a more-heightened level of autonomy, which will, in turn, build further trust. It is also important that the people and institutions of the region become engaged with and receive benefits from decentralization as soon as possible so that they develop a stake in the system and therefore seek to maintain it.
The king often emphasizes utilizing the participatory method toward decentralization. The participatory approach involves direct engagement of the people in managing their own development and social affairs, instilling in them a sense of control and ownership of issues they deem important. In the Western Sahara, local people would see that the region’s future depends on and reflects the decisions that they make.
Western Saharan public and private institutions should be identified that can be effective vehicles for transferring skills related to facilitating participatory development to its members. For example, members of indigenous civil associations dedicated to local development ought to be targeted to receive training. The more widely these essential skills are dispersed, the more likely development that meets the self-described needs of the people will occur and decentralization will have the chance to succeed.
Decentralization along the lines that Morocco’s king enumerated will require reforming the Ministry of Interior, whose purpose is the internal security of the nation. First, as the registering agency, it can play a major role in the building of institutional partnerships by making available to the public, via the Internet, the contact information of the tens of thousands of nonprofit Moroccan associations, broken down by region and mission category. Second, protocols requiring notification of the Ministry of Interior of local community planning meetings and project implementation activities should be phased out. Finally, a review of ways the Ministry of Interior can use its network to assist local and regional development should be a high priority.
A decentralization agency as part of the palace administration would help build productive institutional partnerships, within government and among all sectors and levels. Observers have suggested that the king’s greatest challenge is to guide the transition toward decentralization. An agency within the Royal Cabinet would create the strategic position for that purpose.
Morocco’s successful decentralization could create historic opportunities for the nation and the region. By fulfilling the political, social, cultural, economic, and environmental aspirations of its population, it could also result in the most viable conditions for ending the conflict of the Western Sahara to date.
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Weddell seals show only subtle signs of aging despite harsh environment
Posted February 1, 2013
Before they tried to answer the question of whether seals get cold, scientists studying the physiology of Weddell seals in Antarctica had a different puzzle in mind.
Do seals get old?
The answer: sort of.
“The problem with marine mammals is that you don’t see old individuals,” explained Jo-Ann Mellish , a co-principal investigator on the project, which conducted field research during the 2006-07 and 2007-08 field seasons from McMurdo Station . “You don’t see old seals.”
Of course, every mammal ages. Yet older seals are nearly physically indistinguishable, except for maybe worn-down teeth, from their younger cohorts. The mystery is even deeper in the case of the world’s southernmost pinniped because of their particular behavior.
Weddell seals are extreme athletes, capable of diving to depths of 750 meters. In some cases, they can hold their breath for more than an hour. Such physical feats of prowess would normally come at a high price due to prolonged periods of hypoxia.
The oxidative stress caused by extended dives of low oxygen followed by sudden re-oxygenation can case major cellular damage. In essence, they should show signs of aging faster than normal.
How to determine if that’s the case or not?
Instead of the heat flux sensors used by the team on its current project to determine whether seals get cold (or, possibly, overheat), the scientists outfitted a number of the animals with electrocardiograms to measure heart rate while they swam.
“We couldn’t put a seal on a treadmill. Instead, we put a little drag device on the animal,” Horning said.
After capturing baseline physical activity data for about a week, the team recaptured the seals and added a device to increase the drag on the animals while they’re swimming. That meant the seals had to work a little harder to swim at the same speeds.
Analysis is still under way on any behavioral differences between age cohorts.
In addition to the virtual treadmill tests, the researchers collected blood and muscle samples. The blood chemistry showed some subtle differences between older and younger animals that might suggest miniscule organ deterioration, according to Mellish, a research associate professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks and a Steller sea lion scientist at the Alaska SeaLife Center in Seward.
However, team biologist Allyson Hindle’s analysis of the muscle tissue did discover stiffer collagen fibers, meaning the older animals probably did have to work harder than their younger and spryer counterparts.
“It was the first definitive sign of aging that we were able to document in these animals,” Mellish said.
Return to main story — Cold enough for you?
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This amulet is inscribed on the reverse with the words 'St Roch preservez nous du cholera' ('St Roch, preserve us from cholera'). St Roch (d 1327) was often invoked against the Plague and other diseases. Cholera was a highly infectious, and often fatal, disease which spread rapidly in the industrial towns of 19th century Europe. It caused chronic diahorrea, vomiting, cramps and dehydration, and after the first symptoms appeared, death could take place within a day. The disease spread because of poor sanitation and was only eradicated after new public health legislation was introduced and public hygiene improved.
© Science Museum / Science & Society Picture Library
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This guide provides information and support that will help you find important resources you will be expected to use during your university study.
There are three stages associated with information management:
1. Gathering the right amount of relevant resources
2. Organising your resources so that both texts and annotations/notes can be easily located and used
3. Communicating the information, including your findings and opinions to others effectively and ethically
Awareness of the different types of information sources available will help you make the best use of our resources. Learning Services at University of Suffolk provides students with access to relevant resources through a number of Subject Guides related to your course.
More information about the different types of information sources and how to search for them is available under the Information Sources tab
Planning your search
Before you begin your search, it will be important to consider the following:
It is also a good idea to have a look at our Searching for Information tab.
It's important to know about the different types of information available to you as a student at University of Suffolk, including:
Have a look at our Information Sources tab for more information.
It's also a good idea to have a look at your module reading lists. These will provide you with a good starting point for accessing the resources you'll need in order to gather information, however, it is also a good idea to investigate some of the wider resources available to you. Information about additional resources can be found in your Subject Guide.
Information about how to make the best use of your resource list can be found under the Using your Reading /Resource list tab.
Once you've gathered and organised your information, you will need to demonstrate your ability to effectively present or communicate it. This may be done through:
Developing good writing skills will help you express your findings. Click here for more help
You'll also need to ensure you are properly Referencing your resources so that others can see where your information is coming from.
RefWorks enables you to collect all your references in one place, together with any other files such as full-text pdfs, and then create citations and full references for any assignment, according to the required reference styles. This resource is available online and can be used anywhere.
Click here for more information about RefWorks and how to set up an account.
These resources may be helpful to support you with searching for materials.
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Every semester, I assign my students a task: present an informative speech on anything you’d like, as long as it is between 5-7 minutes.
The groans that follow are a bit overly dramatic considering the complexity of the task.
Yet, this is my favorite part of the semester. Why? It is the time that students realize that information, and the act of informing and being informed, are not boring in and of themselves. It is all up to the person presenting and the way the information is presented.
Unfortunately, we have come to associate that term – information – with long lists of bulleted points, complex technical jargon that we don’t understand and a never ending deck of blue Power Point slides that do little more than waste our time.
But it doesn’t have to be like that. And it shouldn’t be like that. Stories are much more interesting. Stories are also much more persuasive. You should use them in all of your presentations – whether you are presenting to the board or your biggest client, humans relate to narrative.
It is neither my students’ inexperience, age nor skill level that has led them to misunderstand this concept. Ask someone 20 years their senior and he or she will likely have the same thought. Rather, the problem is the inexperience and skill level of those that speak.
In order for your listeners to stop associating your presentations (and therefore, you) with boredom, you must begin to use narrative in your presentation. This is the case whether your topic is technical or common. Following is a comparison of the traditional, fact based presentation to the use of narrative.
Fact based presentations rely mostly on statistics, facts and definitions to relay information. Speakers often rely on this type of evidence to support their point because they are unsure how to best get their point across. The idea is further confused when people believe their topic is unique: too technical, too complex, too serious, etc. to utilize anything but statistics and facts.
The problem with relying solely on this type of supporting material is that the speaker essentially removes all trace of emotion. The topic becomes cold and distant. There is rarely a connection to the speaker in this scenario either.
So what can you do? How do you successfully convey complex, technical issues to an audience without heavily relying on statistics and facts?
Examples and narratives are two types of supporting material that are available to you, as a speaker. It is true that you can not rely 100% on a story or an example to prove your point. It will be a weak argument. However, this doesn’t mean that you should avoid these entirely. Examples and stories focus on human characteristics and activate human emotion. If your audience can identify with the story, the character and the situation, they will feel an emotional connection that will drive them to change their attitudes, beliefs and ultimately actions.
For the narrative to successfully impact the audience, the audience must identify with the characters in the story. A study from the Ohio State University compared the effectiveness of a news report vs. an episode of the O.C. in persuading college students to practice safe sex. As you can probably guess after reading the first half of this post, the episode of the O.C. was more persuasive, at least for part of the audience.
As it turns out, a news report (one actually used in high schools) that outlines the struggles that teenage moms might encounter, made no impact on the attitude of the audience two weeks post viewing. However, the episode of the O.C. that told a story about a character that experienced a tough time because of a pregnancy had a significant effect on the college women that viewed it, even two weeks after the viewing. The effect was stronger when the young women felt that they could identify with the characters in the story. Those who did not identify with the characters (such as males) were not likely to change their attitude about safe sex.
This study illustrates the point that narratives are effective. They are more effective than simply stating the facts. The audience is not likely to change their minds or behavior without feeling a connection to the topic.
Ok, so teenage pregnancy is one thing. What about those of you who talk about other, less relatable topics? Like website design? Or finances? The reality is, a speaker can and should address every topic with the question, “why should the audience care?” Find that emotional trigger. In both the examples above, money is the clear choice, but often there is more. After careful analysis of your audience, you’ll find it. And, if you can’t find it, it might not work as a topic for that particular audience.
For more information about using the pentad, see this article about using narrative in your communication.
Ohio State University. (2010, February 11). TV drama can be more persuasive than news program, study finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 27, 2014 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100209144153.htm
Sandy empowers the young and talented to increase their power and influence by improving their ability to be heard and be clear. She does this by providing access to rigorously tested research in the communication, psychology, and marketing fields.
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Something that every musician could confirm is that playing at home and playing in front of a larger audience is not the same thing. Performing in front of a large (or even small) audience is more a matter of emotion than technique.
Once you are on stage or when you play just for some friends there’s no time to learn anything more than what you’ve already learned practicing at home. This thought could make you doubt your skills but don’t worry: after the first note you play, fear will disappear.
1. Check everything & warm-up
Before starting the concert, check that everything is all set to go: if you are amplified, check the mic, cables, scores, be sure you don’t need an extra light source to read your sheet music, hide a handkerchief or a towel somewhere so you can keep your keyboard clean during the concert.
Then take your accordion and play slowly scales and technical exercises.
It’s very important to do it very slowly! If you do it fast or at the right speed, you may start getting more and more tension in your hands. After a while, stop playing scales and exercises and play once the whole piece you will perform, then rest for a few minutes.
2. Clear your mind
While you are playing, think only about the music you are playing. Clean your mind from every thought and focus just on your music.
Leave every problem off the stage.
Do you know which parts of a piece are the most important? The beginning and the end: your audience’s attention will be higher in those parts than in the middle.
Making a mistake at the beginning or at the end of your performance is way worse than making a mistake in the middle.
4. Don’t freeze if you make a mistake
You likely make some mistakes at some point. Mistakes happen, even the best musician can make mistakes. There’s a rule to follow if you make a mistake: never stop playing. Don’t freeze, don’t panic and keep playing.
A very small part of the audience will hear your mistakes. It is very important not to make any grimaces, you don’t want to tell the audience that you have just made a mistake.
There’s only one way to overcome performance pressure:
- practicing until you feel confident and keeping playing in front of an audience every time you can. You will build experience and with time, you’ll learn to control your emotion.
Here some tips to improve the quality of your practice sessions and your performances:
5. Split the score into sections
When you have to learn a new piece, split the score by sections. I suggest starting from the harder part of the score.
In this way, it will be much easier to go through the entire score once you’ve got the hard job done.
6. Practice with a metronome
Practice each section separately with a metronome. Start very slowly then increase the bpm (beat per minute) only when you can play the whole section without mistakes.
Don’t skip any step, sometimes you need to stay on the same bpm for days or weeks before increasing speed.
7. Practice every day at the same time
Practicing accordion is a daily exercise, for the first days, it could be tiresome, after a few weeks it will become a habit.
Your brain will get used to this routine and your practice sessions will be more enjoyable.
8. Play with emotion
Challenge yourself to play each measure with emotion. Keep listening to what and how you are playing.
Don’t play just with fingers, put your heart in each measure you play.
9. Learn correct fingering
Practice fingering: every time you have to learn a new piece, take a pencil and start writing your fingering on the score.
Know your fingering and use it always, don’t improvise.
10. Practice bellows inversion
You need to know when you have to invert your bellows movement to avoid missing notes.
Use your pencil and mark the measures where you need to invert the bellows.
11. Play in front of an audience
Play for your family members, for your friends, your neighbor, or whoever would appreciate it. Every chance to play in front of someone is a good time to test your performance.
Like everything else, playing in front of an audience is something that needs practice.
12. Record yourself
Once a month or even more often, get used to recording yourself. This will make it easier for you to realize your progress and motivate you to be consistent in your daily practice.
If you follow these tips until they become a habit, I guarantee you will gain confidence in playing in front of an audience over time!
Keep reading my tutorials!
Author: Giovanni Lucifero
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Pairwise Differences of Mean Outcomes Within Blocks
Calculates the differences of mean outcomes for multiple specified treatment factors and specified pairs of comparison levels, within the specified blocks.
withinBlockEffects(y, w, calcOptions)
a vector or matrix of outcomes.
a vector or matrix of assignments.
a list of options for calculating the difference of mean outcomes within blocks.
calcOptions$block should have the same length as
calcOptions$pairs defaults to
calcOptions$factors is specified, its length must equal the number of rows specified in
calcOptions$factors defaults to an appropriately-sized vector of
calcOptions$blockindex should have the same length as
A vector of differences of mean outcomes within blocks.
Joseph J. Lee and Tirthankar Dasgupta
Moore, David S., and George P. McCabe (1989). Introduction to the Practice of Statistics. Original source: study conducted by Jim Baumann and Leah Jones of the Purdue University Education Department.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
## Reading comprehension pre- and post-test example data(reading) withinBlockEffects(y = reading$Diff1, w = reading$Group, calcOptions = list(block = reading$Block, pairs=rbind(rbind(c("Basal","DRTA"),c("Basal","Strat"), c("DRTA","Strat")), rbind(c("Basal","DRTA"), c("Basal","Strat"),c("DRTA","Strat"))), blockindex=c(rep(1,3),rep(2,3))))
Want to suggest features or report bugs for rdrr.io? Use the GitHub issue tracker.
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- Which animal has no heart and brain?
- Why are Giraffe tongues black?
- What animal has no brain?
- Which animal is never sleep?
- Do giraffes have 2 Hearts?
- How do most giraffes die?
- Do cows have two hearts?
- What animal has green blood?
- What animal does not have blood?
- What animal has 8 hearts?
- What animal has 13 hearts?
- What animal has 32 brains?
- What animal has 10 hearts?
- Can a giraffe kill you?
- Which animal lives longest?
Which animal has no heart and brain?
jellyfishA jellyfish has no ears or eyes or nose and no brain or heart.
They do not even have a head.
Their body is almost totally made of water and is soft having no bones at all.
Jellyfish are invertebrate animals because they do not have a spine or backbone..
Why are Giraffe tongues black?
The darker color is a result of the extra melanin that is present. It helps to prevent sun burns and can protect them. The end of their tongue tends to be black and may be more pink or purple near the top since that portion is not as exposed to the sun. The melanin act as a sort of natural sunscreen.
What animal has no brain?
Sponge Brains Almost all animals have a brain, but there are a few exceptions. There is one organism that has no brain or nervous tissue of any kind: the sponge. Sponges are simple animals, surviving on the sea floor by taking nutrients into their porous bodies.
Which animal is never sleep?
BullfrogsBullfrogs… No rest for the Bullfrog. The bullfrog was chosen as an animal that doesn’t sleep because when tested for responsiveness by being shocked, it had the same reaction whether awake or resting.
Do giraffes have 2 Hearts?
Three hearts, to be exact. There is a systemic (main) heart. Two lesser hearts pump blood to the gills where waste is discarded and oxygen is received. They work like the right side of the human heart.
How do most giraffes die?
1. In the flat, open, dry savanna plains of sub-Saharan Africa, roaming giraffes routinely get struck by lightning and die. 2. When it enters the neck, around thirty thousand amps of energy surges through the body, singeing fur and causing the heart to beat itself to death.
Do cows have two hearts?
Cows have only one heart. Just like humans and other mammals and birds, the heart is internally divided into four chambers.
What animal has green blood?
Credit: Photo by Chris Austin, LSU. Green blood is one of the most unusual characteristics in the animal kingdom, but it’s the hallmark of a group of lizards in New Guinea. Prasinohaema are green-blooded skinks, or a type of lizard.
What animal does not have blood?
Flatworms, nematodes, and cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals) do not have a circulatory system and thus do not have blood. Their body cavity has no lining or fluid within it.
What animal has 8 hearts?
Explanation: Currently, there is no animal with that amount of hearts. But Barosaurus was a huge dinosaur which needed 8 hearts to circulate blood upto it’s head. Now, the maximum number of hearts is 3 and they belong to the Octopus.
What animal has 13 hearts?
cockroach heartA human heart has four chambers, each with a specific job—if any of them fail, it’s bad news. A cockroach heart, on the other hand, has 12 to 13 chambers, all arranged in a row and powered by a separate set of muscles.
What animal has 32 brains?
Leeches2. Leeches have 32 brains. A leech’s internal structure is divided into 32 separate segments, and each of these segments has its own brain. In addition to that, every leech has nine pairs of testes — but that’s another post for another day.
What animal has 10 hearts?
earthwormAnswer has 11 votes. The earthworm has five pairs of hearts, which would make a total of ten.
Can a giraffe kill you?
Giraffes, which are the tallest mammals in the world, are not usually aggressive but have been known to go on the attack if they feel threatened. … Their legs can also be dangerous, with a kick from a giraffe quite capable of killing someone.
Which animal lives longest?
One is even immortal.10 Turritopsis dohrnii. The oldest living creature is a jellyfish just a few millimetres long and can be found in moderate to tropical waters. … 1 Asian Elephant. … 2 Blue and yellow macaw. … 3 Man. … 4 Giant lobsters. … 5 Bowhead whale. … 6 Giant tortoise. … 7 Greenland shark.More items…•
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Data From NASA's MISR Instrument
Data from NASA's MISR instrument on NASA's Terra spacecraft show that global average cloud height declined by about 1 percent over the decade from 2000 to 2010, or around 100 to 130 feet (30 to 40 meters). The graph here shows anomalies in global effective cloud-top height from the 10-year average, corrected to account for seasonal differences. The solid line represents the 12-month running average of 10-day anomalies, while the dotted line represents the trendline calculated by linear regression. Gray error bars indicate the sampling error (plus or minus 26 feet, or 8 meters) in the annual average.
Image credit: University of Auckland/NASA JPL-Caltech
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Many people like to make their own car repairs, and the first thing you need is the right car repair manual. Just doing a few simple maintenance procedures yourself can save a few hundred dollars a year, as long as the repairs are done correctly. Otherwise, it will cost significantly more to have a professional fix major problems that are likely to occur from incorrect maintenance. A car repair manual will provide all the information you will need to make sure your repairs are done right.
Car repair manuals will be specific to a car’s year, make and model. The engineers who design cars often make changes and improvements in the vehicle’s engine design from year to year, so having the correct repair manuals is critical. Comparable cars by different auto makers can still be vastly different under the hood. Even cars by the same maker can be significantly different.
Routine maintenance procedures are the most common kind of work that a do-it-yourselfer can perform. Car repair manuals generally include both written instructions and diagrams to help you find the right components that you need to replace or repair.
- When performing an oil change, your repair manual can help you locate the oil pan, drain it and replace the old oil with new oil. Repair manuals can also help you find all the other fluid compartments to top off engine coolant, transmission fluid, windshield fluid and others.
- Another parting of changing your oil is checking your oil and air filters and replacing them when necessary. Your repair manual can help you locate your filters and determine whether or not they need to be changed.
- Car repair manuals can also provide instructions on replacing a dead car battery once you have determined that any problems starting your car are from a dead battery and not the alternator. Whenever you replace a battery or change your oil, make sure you dispose of the old products properly.
Making some of your own auto repairs can save you a substantial amount of money on labor charges and on marked up prices on replacement parts. The only way to make the proper repairs to any vehicle is with the right car repair manuals for whatever kind of vehicle you are working on.
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During todays class you will all be taking photos of yourselves with the camera and lights from the school.
2nd Class: Today we will be drawing self portraits in pen and ink from the images which were taken on Monday.
First we will “Live Trace” all of our images in Illustrator. If you don’t know how to Live Trace then here’s a quick tutorial.
By Live tracing the image we will get a clear “value scale” map of our images. A value simply refers to a shadow. Since we don’t have a lot of time to spend drawing these we can use the same transfer technique we used on our stencils so we can have more time working with the materials, and many of the drawing elements will be already taken care of.
In this video tutorial we can see how to simply make different values for making washes with ink.
You will be using the photographed portraits made with Krystof and then you will be drawing these images with pen and ink, and then use ink wash techniques to fill in the final value shapes and variations.
For this class you will bring your completed sequence of frames and begin to do any more post production that you wish to do. This would include things like adding sound effects (which can be downloaded for free from places like freesound.org , or imcompetech.com . If you wish to use some music you can find royalty free music at jamendo.com . Why use royalty free music and sound effects? Well, because for one thing many of you may want to share your animation with friends, and a really quick way to get your video taken down from sites like youtube is to have a famous song as background music. Once you have found the sound effects as well as the music you’d like to include you can then add them using Premiere. Here’s a quick tutorial on how to do that.
Make an animation in Premiere by finalizing all of the frames you have been working on.
Open Adobe Premiere Elements.
Create a new project.
Go to File -> Import, and import and open your video.
Now, go back to File -> Import, and select the audio you want to use.
Open it. It will now appear in the project panel. You can press Shift + 1 if you do not see this window.
You should now see an Audio section on your timeline. Drag your audio to this section.
Your audio will now appear under your video tracks and will sync with it. You can play around with your audio on your timeline. If you want it to come in a few seconds after the video starts, you can move the start of the video a few clicks in.
Other things to consider may be some minor color correction, and setting the contrast and tone. You can edit multiple images at the same time by using photoshop. Here’s a video tutorial on how to do it.
During this class we will be showing all of our animations to the class. Be prepared and make sure to have it saved as a Mp4, .mov, or .avi, so we can easily play it. After we have shown all of the animations we will have a brief critique and then you will be turning them in to reception.
Finalizing your Frames and a Photoshop Animation Tutorial
1st Class: Krystof: Studio time working on your animated short. You should now begin to start photographing your frames in preperation for the finalization and post production process involving your work.
If you are using a small set for a photo based stop motion using real objects it will be important to figure out how you will use lighting to achieve the mood you are attempting. In the video below we can see a creative solution to light brick films (Stop motions made with legos) by using two adjustable desk lamps.
How you light a subject also will drastically change a characters image and can give a viewer a clear vision as to what mood is being portrayed.
If you are doing all of your sequences on paper then you will have the option of either scanning, or photographing them one by one. It is also important to keep the resolution of your pictures relatively low as they will be easier to manage in Photoshop later.
You should have all of your sequences finished and ready for animating for next class.
2nd Class: Final Class of studio time.You will now be shown how to use Photoshop’s animation toolbar to begin to animate the individual frames which you have created.
Photoshop Animation Tutorial
The reason why we use photoshop to animate our sequences is because it is a simple way to begin onion skinning your image. In the past onion skinning was commonly done on a light box, with the intent of being able to see a previous sequence could be seen and small adjustments could be made in order to achieve the illusion of movement. Now the reason why you will be onion skinning your sequences is because we want to eliminate any sort of bounce or shakiness that can happen from not correctly lining up your photos. In photoshop after you have imported all of your individual photos/scans onto layers, you can then see the previous layer quite simply by adjusting the opacity of the layer on top (or the selected layer). This is a necessary step because when you first play your animation you will see that there may be large jumps between frames. The easiest way to reconcile this is to pick a certain element (perhaps the eyes, or something else which would stay in the same position) and then onion skin each layer until one element is always in the same place.
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A Pre-historic Evergreen That Just Won't Die
This one-of-a-kind plant has lived on the Earth for over 290 million years and has the ability to “come back to life” (much like the undead) over and over again for hundreds of years! Simply place this seemingly dead ball of foliage in water and within hours it transforms into a vibrant green blood-sucking evergreen. Ok, we are kidding about the blood-sucking part. It's still amazing though! It's also great for lazy folks since you can forget to water your Dinosaur planet whenever you want! It will simply dry up and hibernate for up to fifty years and will spring to life every time it is given water.
Some Interesting Tidbits about your Dinosaur Plant:
During the Carboniferous period these plants used to grow over 120 feet tall (bigger than a T-rex)
When dry it curls up into a tight ball so that the wind can easily roll it to a new location or cubicle, hopefully closer to moisture.
Retains 3% of its water when it is dehydrated.
Grows to be about 4"
Enjoys life so much it survived the Ice Age
Live Dinosaur Plant
Bag of genuine Volcanic Lava Rock
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Local attorney Joseph Eckhardt of Stoel Rives has an interesting piece on Environmental Leader about the “green inputs” that go into buildings to reach certifications like LEED. His basic point is that materials manufacturers can exaggerate the greenness of their materials, and that can be bad news for builders or owners depending on those materials to reach certain certification goals.
If green building certification depends on the quality of underlying green certifications, what does that mean for builders and consumers? A cynic will surely recognize the fact that green building certification may drive unscrupulous and careless manufacturers to overstate the environmental attributes of their products. (People in my profession will anticipate intense legal battles as undermined certifications go sour.)
Eckhardt continues by recommending that builders keep track of the warranties and contracts, so that responsible parties can be held accountable if a problem comes up. I don’t know exactly how that would happen, but Eckhardt seems ready to help you if it does.
This reminds me of the Living Building Challenge, which has much higher standards than LEED for green building, including for the sourcing and content of materials. Designers on projects aiming for the LBC, such as the Oregon Sustainability Center, have found that material selection for those projects is intense. A “Red List” of forbidden chemicals includes substances so common that designers are needing to commission materials specifically for their projects.
I wonder when it will be feasible for real green building materials to be common and accessible. Another complication, of course, is that programs like LBC prefer local sourcing of materials; in an ideal world, a plant that produces insulation without formaldehyde would have to be built about every 200 miles.
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How To Teach Your Teenager To Have Self Discipline
Kairen Cullen (Educational Psychologist) gives expert video advice on: How can I teach my teenager to have self-discipline?
How can I teach my teenager to have self-discipline?
The best way to teach your teenager to be self-disciplined is to model that way of being yourself. In other words, to exercise moderation, choice, and realism in your own behaviors. In that way you will have a good basis for talking to your teenager about how you want them to behave. In other words, you need to be congruent. Starting from that point of view, where you actually see your teenager falling short of being self disciplined, you can then actually approach them constructively. Talk about your ideal behaviors and your reasons for such, and get them to be more reflective about the behavior choices they are making.
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Hugo Münsterberg (June 1 1863 - December 19 1916) was a German-American psychologist. He was one of the pioneers in applied psychology, extending his research and theories to Industrial (I/O), legal, medical, clinical, educational and business settings. Munsterberg encountered immense turmoil with the outbreak of the First World War. Torn between his loyalty to America and his homeland, he often defended Germany's actions, attracting criticism.
Family life and educationEdit
Hugo Münsterberg was born in Danzig. His father Moritz was a merchant who bought lumber from Russia and sold it to England. His mother Anna was an artist who continued working while taking care of his four sons. It was this artistic environment that influenced the development of his psychological theories.
Münsterberg’s first years of school were spent at the Gymnasium of Danzig where he graduated in 1882. He joined the University of Leipzig in 1883 where he met Wilhelm Wundt who influenced him to join the Psychology laboratory. He received a Ph. D. in psychology and in 1887 received his medical degree at Heidelberg. He also passed an examination that enabled him to lecture as a privatdocet at Freisburg. In the same year he married Selma Oppler of Strasbourg on August 7.
In 1891, he was promoted to assistant professorship and attended the First International Congress of psychology where he met William James. They kept correspondence and in 1892 William invited him to Harvard for a three year term as a chair of the psychology lab. In 1895 he returned to Freisburg due to uncertainties of settling in America. However, in 1897 he returned to Harvard in response to urgent invitation from James and Harvard’s president. In 1898 he was elected President of the American Psychological Association (APA) and in 1910 he was appointed exchange Professor from Harvard to the University of Berlin. He remained at Harvard until his sudden death in 1916 while on a lecture platform.
Contributions to psychologyEdit
Münsterberg wrote the book Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913) which looked at problems with monotony, attention and fatigue, physical and social influences on the working power, the effects of advertising and the future development of economic psychology. He believed that the key to work place efficiency was matching job and worker and that successful matches generated satisfied employees, quality work and high productivity.
Münsterberg was grounded on the theory of psychophysical parallelism which argued that all physical processes had a parallel brain process. He believed that mental illness had a psychological basis and made diagnoses based on behavioral observations, an interview and answers received by the patients whom he interviewed. These studies led him to publish the book, Psychotherapy (1909)
Hugo Münsterberg wrote several papers on the application of psychological information in legal situations. The main objective in most of these articles was eye witness testimony which examined the witness. In 1908, he published his controversial book, On the witness Stand (1908) which talked about psychological factors that can affect a trial’s outcome.
Münsterberg was an admirer of Frederick Winslow Taylor. He wrote to him in 1913: 'Our aim is to sketch the outlines of a new science, which is to intermediate between the modern laboratory psychology and the problem of economics.' Industrial psychology was to be 'independent of economic opinions and debatable . . . interests'.
- Die Willensshandlung (1888)
- Beitrage Zur Experimentellen Psychologie (1889)
- Psychology and Life (1899)
- Grundzuge Der Psychologie (1900)
- American Traits from the point of view of A German (1901)
- Die Amerikaner (1904)
- The principles of Art Education (1905)
- Science and Idealism (1906)
- On the witness Stand (1908)
- Aus Deutsch-Amerika (1908)
- Psychology and Crime (1908)
- The Eternal Values (1909)
- Psychology and the Teacher (1909)
- Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913)
- Psychology and Social Sanity (1914)
- Grundzuge Der Psychotechnic (1914)
- Psychology, General and Applied (1914, textbook)
- Tomorrow (1916)
- Photoplay (1916)
- ↑ Industrial Psychology in Britain http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_the_mass/05.ST.06/?scene=3
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Street, Warren R (1994). A Chronology of Noteworthy Events in American Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychology Association. ISBN 1557982519
- Kimble, Gregory A. et al (1991). Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology. ISBN 080582619X
- Weimer Irving B. (2003). Handbook of Psychology. ISBN 0471383201
- Personal and professional biographical information
- Psychology History
- Hugo Münsterberg
- Works by Hugo Münsterberg at Project Gutenberg
- de:Hugo Münsterberg
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Jute, which is also called the ‘Golden Fibre', is one of the most useful, economic and versatile fibres.
Jute Hessian cloth
Role of technology business incubation in jute
Jute, which is also called the ‘Golden Fibre', is one of the most useful, economic and versatile fibres. It can be used in various forms
in handicrafts, fabric industry and in non-woven form like geo-textiles and agro-textiles. It plays an important role and has the potential to
propel the economy.
Apart from having huge export potential, jute-based companies cater to
the domestic and the international markets. However, the industry is facing big challenges in its growth because of high production cost and
poor supply-chain management. With market going global, Indian jute industry is still following the primitive methods of manufacturing jute
products. The products made are costlier and are exported at higher rates as compared to other Asian countries, especially Bangladesh which
is one of the biggest threats to Indian jute industry. Despite being a mother industry, it has emerged as a huge decentralised and unorganised
sector in the current scenario.
Raw material crisis
Another problem is that its raw material, jute fibre, is basically a coarse fibre and is not suitable for spinning yarn of low count. Due to
its coarseness property, the fibre is facing challenges in entering the diversified areas, namely, curtains, upholstery and light weight
blankets, like other natural fibres. It is, therefore, essential to find out a fibre from a seed variety which is significantly fine that can
take care of the constraints. The National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology (NIRJAFT) has done lot of research work in
this area and has come out with a number of diversified products with jute and other natural fibres.
Rise in grain production
Because of the green revolution, grain production has gone up manifold.
This has created an opportunity for the jute industry, mainly in the packaging segment. Earlier, synthetic fibre industry or petrochemical
industry was not that big to cope with the demand for packaging materials. But by then, entrepreneurs and investors were not sure about
the future of this industry, they were reluctant to pump in more investment or even improving their operational procedures and conditions
by introducing new technologies. Of late, challenges have come from synthetic fibre industry in a strong way and the jute industry has
started wilting under pressure from the strong lobby of petrochemical industry, mainly from the western part of India.
The synthetic fibre industry has started late to flourish but now it is
a strong force to deal with. The petrochemical industry was primarily concentrated in the western part of India and later it penetrated in the east.
In the post-MFA (Multi Fibre Agreement) quota-free era, different types of non-tariff barriers (NTB) with far reaching impact on the work place
will hamper jute exports mainly to the developed countries. Developed countries have implemented different standards of their own
for protecting their environment. They have introduced environmental and social certification standards. Increased public awareness of
environmental impact of products has prompted the rise of a new body of labelling called eco-labelling. It is a voluntary method of
environmental performance certification and labelling that is practiced around the world. An “eco-label” is one which identifies overall
environmental preference of a product within a specific product
category. The main objective of this eco-label programme is to provide necessary information for
environmentally conscious consumers on products that have less environmental impact. But this eco-labelling is
being used as a tool during trade negotiations to protect the interests of the domestic industry.
In the long-term, there is a chance that more serious restrictions will be imposed on Indian jute industry by the developed countries.
Social and labour standards
Social and labour standards are increasingly being used as a tool to impose restrictions in the name of fair trade. The concept of fair trade
was introduced to address the issue of social as well as labour standard in production and marketing of products. Like fair trade practice,
Social Accountability Standard is another social standard which may be used as a non-tariff barrier against the jute industry by the rich nations.
As the Indian jute industry is facing severe challenges in the international markets from synthetic fibre and from Bangladesh, the
industry needs some innovative diversified products to overcome them. We need huge investment in this sector. There is also a need to make
entrepreneurs confident about the future and scope of the jute industry. Some major players in jute diversified their investment into other
industries like automobile and cement. Now, there is a need to divert investment from other areas into the jute sector.
However, with an increase in consumer's preference for bio degradable
products, the jute industry has an advantageous position. There is an increased demand for a ban on the use of plastics in different parts of
the world. This has opened up new opportunities for the jute industry. The industry should not be confined to the domestic market only, but
also venture into international market.
Role of TBI
The rising popularity of jute items has prompted the need of small and
mid-sized companies to revamp their processes, introduce better designs, bring more investment and adopt new marketing strategies. This will
definitely put the industry in a dominant position. To revamp this industry and to nurture small ventures, technology
business incubation (TBI) appears to be a relevant concept, especially to turn the innovative research ideas into sound commercial ventures.
The need for instruments like TBI has been recognised the world over.
The various aspects in the successful operation of any type of TBI are its location, preferably to its knowledge source with some formal links.
A well-structured business should include the identified focus areas, a good and well structured management team and fool-proof plan for
arranging financial resources, including cash inflows and outflows. It should provide an array of services and device well-defined tenant
selection and exit mechanism. It should be properly networked with the relevant agencies. Business planning and development (BPD) unit at
NIRJAFT is a type of technology business incubation based on jute technologies. To implement the incubation concept, NIRJAFT has come out
with the idea of incubation facility for small and medium scale entrepreneurs. The main objectives of this programme is to translate the
developed technologies into products at commercial level. It gives thrust to develop infrastructural facilities, laboratory facility, pilot
plant facility, cost evaluation and other commercial facilities to satisfy the need and support the entrepreneurs.
BPD-NIRJAFT aims to facilitate start-up companies to adopt the technologies and success-fully set up the enterprise that stays in
incubation for a sufficient period to overcome risk and instill confidence among
entrepreneurs. During last 50 years, the jute industry could manage to survive only with the continuous support from the
government. Few traders have run the Bengal jute industry during that period. High support price and assured domestic market for low grade
products are discouraging entrepreneurs to look beyond Indian shores with better and diversified products. The future of the industry depends
on the introduction of modern production process, induction of medium and small-sized firms replacing the large composite firms, better
working conditions and most importantly positive attitude of entrepreneurs who should be prepared to exploit the emerging global
market. The initiative of BPD will encourage investors to pump in more money in this sector.
In future, a number of jute mills will be seen engaged in a big way in
producing jute and jute-blended yarns, especially of finer counts, through various routes of yarn manufacturing. The uses of jute are
manifold although the traditional use remains in packing as sacking, Hessian and carpet backing cloth.
These light weight yarns are to be used in value-added textile applications like upholstery, furnishing, garments and bags. With
continuous support from BPD, the sector can attract more and more investments.
K. K. SATAPATHY
Director, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology.
(Published in Hindu.com on Aug 16, 2010 )
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Thursday, June 21, 2012
Happy National Aboriginal Day!
If you work with a First Nation or with Aboriginal organizations in Canada, you may have difficulty reaching them today (Stonecircle included) because many of us have declared June 21, National Aboriginal Day, a holiday. While only the NWT recognizes it as a statutory holiday, the Federal government officially recognized June 21 as National Aboriginal Day in 1996 and, ever since, people have organized numerous events to coincide with this day.
Of course, for many indigenous cultures, the summer solstice has always been a significant day; a day to acknowledge when the sun ('sol' in Latin) reaches its highest point in the northern sky (sistere means 'to stand still'). And since it's the longest day of the year, there is even more time to celebrate.
Check out the National Aboriginal Day events in your community; learn more about First Nation, Inuit and Métis culture; listen to some traditional music or watch dancers in regalia.
In Ottawa, you can check out the Summer Solstice Arts Festival and the Competition Pow wow today until Sunday. Or see what Tungasuvingat Inuit has planned for Ottawa Inuit families and friends.
Or you can watch live events from Winnipeg and Regina that will be broadcast on APTN this coming Saturday.
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Innovation can be defined simply as a "new idea, device or method". Innovation is the process of making a product new or better. It is can also be the process of doing some service or action in a new way. In business, innovation also has to include the concept of improvement. To innovate in business is not just to do something differently, but to do or make something better.A good business innovation definition, then, would be: business innovation involves developing new products or improving existing technologies, processes, designs and marketing to solve problems, increase efficiency, reach new customers, and ultimately increase profits.
96 % of Innovation Leaders say their Organizations bring new ideas and solutions to market quickly.
In “Innovators Become Leaders,” Harvard Business Review Analytic Services asked more than 1,000 executives how their organizations approach innovation across five key pillars of innovation: process, human capital, funding, customer experience, and data and technology. From the findings, Harvard Business Review Analytic Services developed the Business Innovators Index, which scores each survey respondent’s organization on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 representing the highest possible score, or what might be considered the peak of innovative strategy, frameworks, and behaviors. Using these scores, each organization was segmented into one of three groups based on a cluster analysis of the data: leaders, followers, and laggards.
• Leaders had an average index, or mean innovation score, of 88, and accounted for 17% of all organizations. They have the broadest range of innovation capabilities.
• Followers had a mean innovation score of 66 and accounted for 42% of all organizations. Followers may have capabilities in some of the innovation pillars, but lack the breadth demonstrated by leaders.
• Laggards had a mean innovation score of 37 and accounted for 41% of all organizations. This group lacks a wide range of innovation capabilities.
Its possible to innovate smartly without knowing what your customers need, want, or expect—or how, when, and where they use your products or services? The answers to these questions are obvious. Many of the world’s most innovative companies obsess over understanding their customers and figuring out new ways to make their lives simpler, easier, or more enjoyable.
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Talking about the United States and its policies during civil rights former President Jimmy Carter once remarked that “once that change was made, a very simple but difficult change, no one in his right mind would want to go back to circumstances prior to that juncture in the development of our nation’s society”.
It was one of the greatest lines uttered by a president because it spoke volumes of this country’s unwillingness to change because we as a nation sometimes become complacent with things that are commonplace.
But Carter was right. When we as a nation muster enough courage to change because the change is good and beneficial to society as a whole we look back and can’t remember what it was like to live in a nation prior to that change.
Mayor Thomas Menino and a group of 1,000 other mayors are trying to make a change in the nation regarding guns and reform the minds of some in the nation unwilling to reform the laws here.
“Earlier this week, I asked the City of Boston to stand with us on guns and say enough is enough,” said Menino. “As Mayors, we have a responsibility to our residents to do all we can to make our neighborhoods safer. Today, we’re calling on every community in Massachusetts to stand with us. We must keep the pressure on Congress to take swift action.”
Menino and his colleagues across the land are fighting for legislation requires background checks for every gun sale in America. But he also urged Mayors and their constituents to expand their reach: “Call your aunt in Florida; call your college roommate in Texas; call your old neighbor who moved to Vermont. Tell them we need them to stand with us and demand a plan from their members of Congress.”
Change is hard but unless we are willing to look forward and begin the process of renewing our commitment to bettering society as a whole it’s impossible.
Menino and the other mayors from across the country have embarked on a long journey.
Civil Rights, Women’s Suffrage, Emancipation did not happen overnight, but when the change was made we can all agree that no wants to go back to circumstances prior to that juncture.
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In 2017, Georgia meets the World Day Against Child Labour still facing acute problems. National legislation still fails to fully ensure protection of children from hazardous forms of work and labour exploitation, while the executive authorities are not able to protect children from a threat of illegal labour migration and trafficking within the frames of existing legislation.
As it was revealed by the National Child Labour Survey in 2016, 24 000 children are engaged in labour activities throughout the county and 64 % among them are carrying out hazardous labour activities. 4700 children are in contact with hazardous equipment and tools.
According to the report of the public defender, only in 2016, 1165 children have abandoned schools due to the engagement in child labour. The picture gets even worse if we recollect that the survey didn’t cover the children living and working on the streets, whose majority are the victims of labour exploitation.
Begging in the streets, selling small items by children living and working on the streets as well as some income earning economic activities, diverting children from age appropriate and relevant opportunities, is not considered as child labour in Georgia. Also, we don’t have precise data on labour activities of children with disabilities that significantly violate their right on education and development.
The situation is alarming in Guria and Adjara regions. Within the framework of the survey carried out by the NGOs in 2015, 223 teenagers from the 17 – 22 years age group were interviewed on the topic of illegal labour migration to Turkey. 99 % of them were engaged in illegal labour migration during the juvenile period. Children cross the border to work in tea and citrus plantations at the age of 15-17, although only a small percentage of them gets engaged in this activity from the age 12.
They have no parental consent or cross the border without an accompanying parent. During the period of work, contracts have been signed with only two of them. Five respondents confessed that sexual violence was carried out against them during the labour migration. Such practice is still widely spread in Guria and Adjara regions, but the State structures systematically neglect these facts. No effective reaction is made by any of the services in response to the dissemination of survey data.
Widespread child labour that deprives children of their childhood and negatively affects their potential and dignity, is the result of shortages in child protection, education and welfare system.
The Georgian Coalition for Children and Youth calls on:
- the Ministry of Education and Science, to enhance prevention and registering of education abandonment due to child labour;
- the Ministry of Internal affairs and all other responsible bodies to effectively respond to cases of child labour exploitation, toughen the measures for elimination of illegal labour migration and child trafficking;
- The Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Welfare to ensure protection of children from extreme and hazardous forms of work, carry out monitoring of child labour and protection against violence.
The Coalition considers it important for the Parliament of Georgia to carry out the analysis of national legislation in the nearest future and harmonize it in line with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the conventions of International Labour Organization.
The statement is signed by following organizations:
- Children of Georgia
- Georgian Association of Social Workers
- SOS Children’s Village of Georgia
- Save the Children office in Georgia
- Partnership for Human Rights
- World Vision Georgia
- Partnership for Children
- First Step Georgia
- Georgian Public Health Fund
- Global Initiative in Psychiatry
- International Association “Cavitas Georgica”
- International Association for Assistance of Children with Leukemia
- McLain Association f or Children
- Caritas Georgia
- “Studio ADC“
- Association “Right to Health”
- Women’s Informational Center
- National Network for Protection Against Violence
- Association of Small Family-Type Home Service Provider Organizations
- Association “Our House Georgia”
- Psychosocial and Medical Rehabilitation Center of Torture Victims
- Initiative for Rehabilitation of Vulnerable Groups
- Association “Biliki”
- Institute of Nonviolent Communication
- Union “Imedi Plus”
- Association Child and Family
- Association for Assistance of Children with Hearing and Speech Impairment (Parent’s Union)
- Welfare and Development Center
- Union “Orioni”
- Initiative for Social Changes
- Rustavi International Scout Center
- Young Teachers Union
- Divine Child Foundation of Georgia
- Partnership for Social Welfare
- “Child Welfare League”
- Child, Family, Society
- International Charity Fund for Assistance of Children With Leukemia
- Mtskheta-Mtianeti Committee of the National Network for Protection Against Violence
- Equal Opportunity Policy and Advocacy Institute.
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With recent announcements from Stephen Fry and Bill Turnbull about their prostate cancer, our Specialist Nurses have been taking a lot of calls from men wanting to find out about the symptoms of prostate cancer, screening and the PSA test.
The PSA test was also in the media spotlight again after results from a large prostate cancer trial, the 'CAP' trial were released.
So what should men do if they are worried about prostate cancer? Who should have a PSA test? Our Specialist Nurse, Ali Rooke sets out the facts.
Prostate cancer can develop when cells in the prostate start to grow in an uncontrolled way. Prostate cancer often grows slowly and may never cause any problems or shorten a man’s life. But some prostate cancers grow more quickly and need treatment to stop them spreading.
Most men with early prostate cancer don’t have any signs or symptoms. Some men with early prostate cancer have urinary symptoms but often, these symptoms indicate another common prostate problem called an enlarged prostate.
Because of this, it is very important to consider if you are at higher than normal risk of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is most common in men over 50, and you are at higher risk of prostate cancer if you are a black man or have a family history of the disease.
If prostate cancer breaks out of the prostate or spreads to other parts of the body (advanced prostate cancer), it can cause other symptoms.
If you are worried about prostate cancer, you should speak to your GP, especially if you are at an increased risk of prostate cancer. They should ask you about this and consider it when deciding what steps to take.
There are a number of tests and checks doctors use to see if you have prostate cancer or another prostate problem. These include the PSA test; the digital rectal examination (DRE) which is a physical examination to check if your prostate feels normal; prostate biopsy and scans.
The PSA test is a blood test that can help diagnose prostate problems, including prostate cancer.
The test measures the amount of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in your blood. PSA is a protein produced by normal cells in the prostate and also by prostate cancer cells.
It’s normal to have a small amount of PSA in your blood, and the amount rises as you get older and your prostate gets bigger. A raised PSA level may suggest you have a problem with your prostate, but not necessarily cancer.
A PSA test alone can’t diagnose prostate cancer and there are advantages and disadvantages to having a PSA test. You’ll need to talk to your GP or practice nurse about these before deciding whether to have a test.
It’s a good idea to get any symptoms checked out by your GP so they can find out what’s causing them and make sure you get the right treatment if you need it. If they think there is a risk they may suggest you have some of the tests listed above, which could include the PSA test.
Men who have a higher than normal risk of prostate cancer should speak to their GP to discuss the pros and cons of the PSA test so that they can decide if it’s right for them.
You have the right to be given a PSA test if you’re over 50 and you’ve talked through the advantages and disadvantages with your GP or practice nurse.
If you’re over 45 and have a higher risk of prostate cancer, for example if you’re black or you have a family history of the disease, you might want to talk to your GP about having a PSA test.
It’s important to think about whether the PSA test is right for you before you decide whether or not to have one.
Your GP or practice nurse may not recommend the PSA test if you don’t have any symptoms, and you have other serious health problems that mean you might not be fit enough for treatment for prostate cancer, or if treatment for prostate cancer wouldn’t help you to live longer.
As we said above, you have the right to be given a PSA test if you’re over 50 and you’ve talked through the advantages and disadvantages with your GP or practice nurse.
Men at higher than average risk of prostate cancer may want to talk their doctor about the PSA test from the age of 45.
If this describes you and you have been refused a PSA test, you should ask your GP again and explain that you are entitled to a PSA test under the NHS Prostate Cancer Risk Management Programme. You might also like to print and show them a copy of our information for GPs.
If they still say no, try speaking to another GP or practice nurse and if they also say no, speak to the practice manager at your GP surgery. Your GP surgery should have information about its complaints procedure. You can follow this procedure, or write to the GP or practice manager explaining your complaint.
If you still have trouble getting a PSA test, you could make a complaint through the NHS complaints procedure.
If this is the case for you and you are worried, you should speak to your GP or call our Specialist Nurses on 0800 074 8383. You can leave a message requesting a call back if the lines are busy. There are other ways to contact the Specialist Nurses too including by email and via our Live Chat.
No. There’s currently no single test that can be used as part of a screening programme that will accurately detect prostate cancer. Right now, the PSA test is the best first step we have to indicate if there might be a problem with the prostate in men who do not have symptoms. But it isn’t accurate enough to be used alone as a screening tool for prostate cancer.
One of the main reasons the PSA test is not use as a basis for screening is the potential for this to lead to men being treated unnecessarily, risking life-changing side effects such as incontinence and erection problems. To save one life from prostate cancer, 781 men would need to be screened. Of these, 27 men would have unnecessary treatments. Screening all UK men with the PSA test would also lead to many men having unnecessary biopsies which, for up to 3 in 50 men (6 per cent), can cause a serious infection (such as sepsis) that can lead to hospitalisation. Also, a high PSA reading doesn’t necessarily mean that a man has prostate cancer. Many men receive ‘false positive’ or ‘false negative’ results, which can cause unnecessary anxiety or false reassurance.
Yes. Improving diagnosis is one of our top research priorities. In 2016 we kick started plans to improve diagnosis with the launch of a £2 million pot to fund research to help develop tests which could be used as part of a national screening programme.
We're currently working on a new risk assessment tool for GPs which, combined with better blood tests that are in development, and more advanced scanning, could become the basis for a national screening programme in the next five years.
But to achieve these aims, we need to increase our investment in research. We’re calling for people to sign up to a March for Men this summer to help raise the funds we desperately need to stop prostate cancer being a killer.
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Issues that impede treatment of children and teens
Barriers to treating suicidal youths are staggering, formidable and can have dire and deadly consequences. These barriers include:
YOUTHS’ RELUCTANCE TO SEEK HELP
Harmful attitudes about help-seeking behaviors among vulnerable adolescents are real and life threatening. Research shows that youths at most serious risk for depression and suicidal ideation are the ones who often reject reaching out for help. Alarmingly, they are much more likely than their stable peers to feel that suicidal thoughts should be handled by oneself, and are unlikely to advise suicidal friends to seek out a mental health professional.
ACCESS TO GUNS
Suicide can be an impulsive act, particularly among youths. When a gun is used, the suicide attempt is likely to be fatal. So giving depressed or suicidal youths access to guns—no matter what the justification—can be deadly. This is supported by research showing that areas with higher household gun ownership rates have higher suicide rates, even when controlling for things also associated with suicide, like divorce rates and unemployment.
SEVERE SHORTAGE OF CHILD MENTAL HEALTH PRACTITIONERS
There are only about 7400 child and adolescent psychiatrists in the United States, with most practicing in highly populated areas. Yet, conservatively about 12 percent of U.S. children and adolescents suffer from functionally impairing mental disorders, according to cautious estimates from the Institute of Medicine and National Institute of Mental Health. This dearth of child psychiatrists places a burden on pediatricians, family physicians and others to identify at-risk children—and make referral and treatment decisions for which they may be inadequately trained.
Fragmented services Identifying youngsters at risk for suicide is only a first step; getting them help is critical to saving lives. That can be a challenge for schools, parents and others who must identify fragmented community services and integrate those services to best serve vulnerable children.
STIGMA AND PARENTAL RESISTANCE
Facing the fact that their child could be suicidal is more than many parents can emotionally bear. In defense they may contend their child’s problems aren’t that serious. Or their parenting skills may be impaired by mental illnesses or addictive disorders of their own. Other reasons for parental resistance in getting help for suicidal children can include societal stigma toward suicide and mental illness, an assumption that the parent is always going to be blamed, insensitivity or lack of understanding about actual risk for suicide in their child, or privacy issues and having family matters opened to public scrutiny.
ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATION SAFETY WARNINGS
The number of antidepressant prescriptions dispensed to youths 18 and under dropped significantly after the FDA issued a strong warning regarding their safety in 2004. While use of antidepressants in children and adolescents has been controversial, some fear backlash from this warning may put emotionally disturbed youngsters at risk. Those who might benefit from medication may no longer have access to it because of fears of parents or prescribing physicians. More recently, results of a comprehensive review of pediatric trials conducted between 1988 and 2006 suggested that the benefits of antidepressant medications likely outweigh their risks to children and adolescents with major depression and anxiety disorders. The study, partially funded by NIMH, was published in the April 18, 2007, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.
THREAT OF LITIGATION
Recent lawsuits brought against school districts and universities whose students have completed suicide have made many educators take notice. They’ve also brought attention to evidence-based school interventions that address youth suicide. Yet some schools remain reticent to implement effective, comprehensive programs and policies, even though absence of these may place students, staff and school districts at risk.
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AURORA, Colo. (Tues., July 31, 2007) - Today, researchers from the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, along with colleagues from Stanford University, report the results of a large-scale, genome-wide study to investigate gene copy number differences among ten primate species, including humans. The study provides an overview of genes and gene families that have undergone major copy number expansions and contractions in different primate lineages spanning approximately 60 million years of evolutionary time. In the report, which appears online in Genome Research (www.genome.org), the scientists speculate how unique, lineage-specific gene copy number expansions and contractions in humans may underlie traits such as endurance running, higher cognitive function, and susceptibility genetic disease.
Primates first appeared on earth approximately 90 million years ago, and today, about 300 different species of primates exist. "One of the main genomic driving forces in primate evolution is gene duplication," explains Dr. James Sikela, Professor at the University of Colorado. "To our knowledge, this study is the most comprehensive assessment of gene copy number variation across human and non-human primate species so far."
To survey the differences in gene copy number among these species, Sikela and colleagues used DNA microarrays containing over 24,000 human genes to perform comparative genomic hybridization experiments. They compared DNA samples from humans to those of nine other primate species: chimpanzee, gorilla, bonobo, orangutan, gibbon, macaque, baboon, marmoset, and lemur. This allowed them to identify specific genes and gene families that, through evolutionary time, have undergone lineage-specific copy number gains and losses.
The authors of the report suggest that "many of the genes identified are likely to be important to lineage-specific traits found in humans and in the other primate lineages surveyed." To illustrate this potential, the scientists highlighted several gene families that exhibited striking lineage-specific differences. In particular, the human lineage-specific copy number expansion of a gene called AQP7 could explain why humans have evolved the capacity for endurance running. AQP7, or aquaporin 7, plays a role in transporting water and glycerol across membranes. Therefore, it may facilitate the mobilization of glycogen (energy) stores during long periods of intense exercise; it may also play a role in dissipating excess heat through sweating.
The scientists also found dramatic gene copy number differences potentially associated with cognition, reproduction, immune function, and susceptibility to genetic disease.
The work was supported by grants from the Butcher Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.
About the article: The manuscript will be published online ahead of print on Tuesday, July 31, 2007. Its full citation is as follows: Dumas L., Kim Y.H., Karimpour-Fard A., Cox M., Hopkins J., Pollack J.R., and Sikela J.M. 2007. Gene copy number variation spanning 60 million years of human and primate evolution. Genome Res. doi:10.1101/gr.6557307.
About Genome Research: Genome Research (www.genome.org) is an international, continuously published, peer-reviewed journal published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Launched in 1995, it is one of the five most highly cited primary research journals in genetics and genomics.
About Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press is an internationally renowned publisher of books, journals, and electronic media, located on Long Island, New York. It is a division of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, an innovator in life science research and the education of scientists, students, and the public. For more information, visit www.cshlpress.com.
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A generation voicing
stories, hopes, and fears
founds a hip-hop nation.
Say holler if you hear.
The roots of rap and the history of hip-hop have origins that precede DJ Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash. Kids will learn about how it evolved from folktales, spirituals, and poetry, to the showmanship of James Brown, to the culture of graffiti art and breakdancing that developed around the art form and gave birth to the musical artists we know today. Written in lyrical rhythm by award-winning author and poet Carole Boston Weatherford, and completed with flowing, vibrant illustrations by Frank Morrison, this book beautifully illustrates how hip-hop is a language spoken the whole world ’round, and features a foreword by Swizz Beatz, a Grammy Award-winning American hip-hop rapper, DJ, and record producer.
Praise for The Roots of Rap:
“No way around it, this book is supa-dupa fly, with lush illustrations anchored in signature hop-hop iconography for the future of the global hip-hop nation.”—Kirkus Reviews, starred review
“Starting with its attention-getting cover, this picture book does an excellent job of capturing the essence of rap . . . This tribute to hip hop culture will appeal to a wide audience, and practically demands multiple readings.”—Booklist, starred review
“A resounding testament . . . that hip-hop is a flavorful slice of a larger cultural cake.”—Jason Reynolds, New York Times-bestselling author
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Archeologists and historians have long debated how medieval artists could create patterns of such amazing complexity while providing a balanced work over large areas. Now, using computer technology and other modern tools, the two scientists may have cracked the secret.
Peter Lu, of Harvard University, first became fascinated with Islamic decorative motifs when he visited an old school in Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
Lu was struck by the beauty and technical complexity of a blue wall pattern featuring 10-pointed stars. Being a scientist -- a physics graduate student -- he sought a precise answer as to why this composition appealed to his aesthetic senses.
Mathematicians often talk about the "beauty" or "elegance" of complicated mathematical formulas, meaning their balance and symmetry. That is an idea most people have to accept on trust, as we know too little about higher mathematics to judge for ourselves.
But what if the artists of the Islamic world five centuries or more ago knew the secrets of advanced geometry and used this tool of logic to create designs of such elegance that they lead the spirit to tranquility?
Much of the development of traditional Islamic patterns is shrouded in mystery, as the artists of centuries ago rarely revealed their techniques to others. After his experience at the madrasah, however, Lu went out of his way to consult a rare 15th-century scroll that contained example patterns. He began to comprehend the basic puzzle pieces, made up of five geometrical shapes.
Lu eventually found decorations above an archway at the Darb-i Imam shrine at Isfahan, in central Iran, which fitted an advanced mathematical formula based on a crystalline structure. Turning his thoughts to the blue Uzbek pattern that had so impressed him, he was also reminded of a crystal.
Lu tells RFE/RL that his previous studies of crystalline forms predisposed him to be interested in patterns.
"Fortune favors the prepared mind," Lu says. "Mainly it just aroused some interesting suspicions more than anything else about the geometry that might have been used. I guess I would say that I was very much predisposed to thinking about those tilings in that particular way because of my undergraduate work with Professor Steinhardt."
Paul Steinhardt is the eminent physicist who invented the mathematical term "quasicrystal." He is the Albert Einstein Professor of Science at Princeton University. He is noted for his thoughts on big themes, having proposed among other things an alternative to the Big Bang theory on the creation of the universe.
Lu and Steinhardt worked together on the quasicrystalline properties of Islamic design, using computers to identify the elements of design.
Steinhardt tells RFE/RL there is evidence of a connection: "We have shown on the designs that they had discovered the elements needed to construct such designs, and they had a particularly spectacular example -- the one at the Darb-i Imam shrine."
Lu expresses amazement, saying Western mathematicians have only established the principles of quasicrystalline geometry in the last 20 or 30 years.
But both scientists caution that more research is necessary to establish whether the old artists were working intuitively or had a conscious grasp of the mathematical principles involved.
They have written a joint paper on their findings that appeared in the authoritative journal "Science" on February 27.
In part, it says that on the basis of their studies on medieval art and decorations, they "suggest that by 1200 [of the Christian era] there was an important breakthrough in Islamic mathematics and design." That was "the discovery of an entirely new way to conceptualize and construct girih line patterns."
Girih lines are the outlines creating a pattern -- originally limited to relatively simple geometric star and polygon patterns. But the use of tiles and advances in math between the 12th and 15th centuries allowed the creation of increasingly complex girih line patterns, which can continue infinitely without repeating themselves.
"The indications are that they somehow realized that," Steinhardt says. "And once they realized that, there began a series of more and more complex patterns, all based on putting together the same elements, but in more and more complex ways."
In the course of the research, Lu either visited or studied photographs of buildings in Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Turkey, as well as Uzbekistan. His greatest enthusiasm is reserved for what he saw in Uzbekistan.
"The architecture is fantastic," Lu says. "That was of course the thing that struck me in Bukhara and Samarkand, because Samarkand in particular was the capital of the Timur dynasty; and the types of patterns that I had been working on, it turned out, had their pinnacle in terms of sophistication and complexity around that time and in those places."
The research done by the two scholars is arousing renewed interest in the fascinating world of Islamic pattern art forms.
Madrasahs And Tolerance
Students at a madrasah in Peshawar, Pakistan (epa file photo)
INSIDE THE MADRASAHS. The role of the traditional Islamic school, or madrasah, is being increasingly discussed. Many in the West and in the Muslim world have criticized some madrasahs for teaching intolerance and even violence...(more)
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Detecting breast cancer early can mean that treatment is more effective.
Knowing what your breasts normally feel like will help you to be aware of any abnormal changes.
However, not all changes are a sign of breast cancer. Some women have cysts or thickening of the breast tissue, which is normal.
According to Cancer Research UK, 9 out of 10 breast lumps are not cancer.
Read more about causes of breast lumps.
Breast changes and getting to know your breasts
Learn what your breasts look and feel like. Their appearance and feel can change at different times of the menstrual cycle.
The milk-producing tissue in the breast becomes active in the days before a period starts.
Some women find that their breasts feel tender and lumpy at this time, especially near the armpits.
After a hysterectomy (removal of the womb) , the breasts usually show the same monthly changes until the time your periods would have stopped naturally.
After the menopause, activity in the milk-producing tissue stops. Normal breasts can feel soft, less firm and not lumpy.
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) says that being breast aware means:
- knowing what's normal for you
- looking at your breasts and feeling them
- knowing what changes to look for
- reporting any changes to your doctor without delay
- attending routine breast screening if you're 50 or over
Signs of breast cancer
Be aware of the following changes in your breasts that could signal breast cancer:
- changes in the outline or shape of the breast, especially those caused by arm movements or by lifting the breast
- changes in the look or feel of the skin, such as puckering or dimpling
- any new lumps, thickening or bumpy areas in one breast or armpit, with or without pain, that differs from the same part of the other breast and armpit
- discharge from the nipple (may be bloodstained)
- moist, red areas on the nipple that don't heal easily
- any change in nipple position, such as being pulled in or pointing differently
- a rash on or around the nipple
If you notice any of these changes , see your doctor.
Watch videos of women talking about their breast cancer symptoms.
Watch videos of men talking about their breast cancer symptoms.
Many women worry that breast pain may be a sign of a serious condition. However, breast pain by itself is not a symptom of breast cancer, and breast pain does not increase your risk of developing breast cancer.
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| Latin Name
| Conservation Status
||65 - 68 cm (25.6 - 26.8 inches)
||5 - 8 Kgs (11 - 17.6 lbs)
| Life Expectancy
Yellow-Eyed Penguins are fairly large penguins being between 65 and 68 cms (25.6 - 26.8 inches) in height and weighing between 5 and 8 kgs (11 - 17.6 lbs).
Their backs are slate grey in colour and they are coloured white on their front. Their head is a pale yellow and they have paler yellow eyes. They have a band of yellow colouration that runs from their eyes around the back of their head. Their feet are flesh coloured and they have a shrill sounding call.
Each year, during February and March, Yellow-Eyed Penguins moult. The moulting lasts for 3 - 4 weeks and unlike other seabirds, they moult their feathers all at once. During the moulting period their plumage is not waterproof nor are they insulated so they cannot go out to sea to feed. They can loose up to 4 kgs (8.8 lbs) in body weight and they are very vulnerable during this period.
Yellow -Eyed Penguins are found on New Zealand's south island and Stewart Island. They can also be found on Campbell Island, Auckland Island and Codfish Island.
They make their nests in forest or scrub and they are the least social of all penguin species. They maintain the largest territory size of any penguin - sometimes 1 nest per hectare.
Yellow-Eyed Penguins mainly feed upon red cod, blue cod, sprat, opal fish, silversides, ahuru and squid.
They can travel up to 15 kms (9.3 miles) from the shore to their feeding grounds and they can dive to depths of 100 m (328 ft).
The breeding season begins in August and during this time nests are constructed from grass and sticks against a solid structure, such as a rock or tree trunk. The solid structure provides shelter from the sun and harsh weather.
Two green eggs are laid from mid September to mid October and within 24 hours they will change to be white in colour. Both parents incubate the eggs and after a period of 38 - 54 days the chicks hatch.
Up until the chicks are 6 weeks old, one parent remains with them at all times while the other one goes to sea to catch fish to feed the chicks.
During February and March the chicks fledge and are known to head northwards. Approximately 50% of Yellow-Eyed Penguins return to the place where they hatched to breed.
The main predators of Yellow-Eyed Penguins include dogs, wild cats, ferrets, stoats. Adult penguins are less vulnerable but eggs and chicks are easy prey for land based predators.
There are no subspecies of the Yellow-Eyed Penguin.
Yellow-Eyed Penguins are also known as:
Hoiho appears on the New Zealand $5 note.
Yellow-Eyed Penguins are one of the world's rarest penguins with an estimated population of only 4,000 birds.
Megadyptes antipodes means "big diver from the southern lands" and the Maori name Hoiho means "noise shouter".
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Similarly to how superbugs are evolving so that they can survive our best efforts to drug them out of existence, it's possible that fish could evolve to swim faster and thus escape our masterfully constructed nets. So report University of Glasgow researchers in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. They conducted experiments that found the fastest swimmers are indeed the most successful at evading our nets; over time this "selective" harvesting could "lead to genetic change within wild populations for specific traits," says lead author Shaun Killen in a press release. As of 2010, commercial fishing generated $63 billion in annual household income, reports the Christian Science Monitor, so as "intense fishing pressure" continues, fish will have to either get out of our way or succumb to our appetites.
To study this, the researchers employed commercial trawling practices, where the speed of a trawling net is determined by the maximum swim speed of a specific species. This means that while many fish can keep a steady pace ahead of the mouth of the net, most eventually tire out, fall back, and are captured. The researchers tried this on 43 wild minnows in a lab while studying several traits, including metabolic rate and aerobic and anaerobic fitness. It turns out that anaerobic capacity, or the ability of a fish to swim fast for a brief period of time using more oxygen than is available through breathing, had the greatest impact on a fish's ability to evade capture. This trait could presumably become more present in future generations of fish that are the descendents of those who got away. (Meet the world's new horrifying fish.)
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This essay, prepared for the Notre Dame Law Review's Symposium, “The American Congress: Legal Implications of Gridlock,” considers three ways in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s 1937 Court-packing bill was related to the phenomenon of gridlock in the 1930s. First, as FDR's public remarks on the subject demonstrate, he believed that the early New Deal was a victim of partisan gridlock between the Democrat-controlled political branches and the Republican-controlled judiciary. Moreover, he did not believe that the impasse could be overcome through an amendment to the Constitution, for he regarded Article V's supermajority requirements as virtually encoding gridlock into the amendment process. The Court-packing bill was thus a response to that interbranch gridlock. Second, the bill was itself a casualty of gridlock within Congress owing to two institutional features of that body: the committee system, and the Senate filibuster. Third, the Court-packing fight helped to cement a bi-partisan anti-New Deal coalition in Congress that mobilized to frustrate much of the President's second-term agenda, resulting in gridlock between the President and Congress. The Court-packing controversy thus managed, in a single, high-profile episode, to present in sharp relief and in a variety of configurations the gridlock-related implications of several features of our political and constitutional system.
Monday, November 18, 2013
Cushman on the Court-Packing Plan and Gridlock
Posted by Dan Ernst
Barry Cushman, Notre Dame Law School, has posted The Court-Packing Plan as Symptom, Casualty, and Cause of Gridlock, which appeared in the Notre Dame Law Review 88 (2013). Here is the abstract:
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Duties in prayer
There are eight duties a Muslim must obey to in prayers, like the glorification. And if they are deliberately omitted, the prayer is invalid. If it is forgotten, it is compensated for by two prostrations at the end.
Duties in prayer
Nine duties (obligatory acts) must be observed in prayer, and if they are deliberately omitted, the prayer is invalid. If any is forgotten, it is compensated for by two prostrations at the end of prayer. If they are omitted out of ignorance, the prayer is valid. These eight duties are as follows:
1-All the glorifications (takbeer), i.e. Allah-u akbar, other than the initial one that is for consecration. These are called the glorification of moving on.
:Ibn Mas'ud said
‘I saw the Prophet (peace be upon him) saying Allah-u akbar every time he moved up or down, every rising and every sitting.’
Related by Ahmad, hadith No. 3,736; al-Tirmidhi, hadith No. 253; al-Nassa’i, hadith No. 1,149.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) continued to do so throughout his life and he ordered us to pray in the same way he prayed.
2- The imam leading the prayer and a person praying alone says sami'a Allah liman hamidah (i.e. ‘may Allah answer the prayer of the one who praises Him’) when standing up after bowing.
:Abu Hurayrah said
‘The Prophet (peace be upon him) used to say Allah-u akbar when he started the prayer and when he bowed, then he said sami'a Allah liman hamidah when he rose after bowing. Then when he was in the upright position he said: Rabbana wa lak alhamd i.e. “You are our Lord and all praise is due to You.’
Related by Muslim, hadith No. 392.
3-Every worshipper in the congregation says only Rabbana wa lak alhamd, while the imam leading the prayer and a person praying alone says it after saying sami'a Allah liman hamidah. This is clear in the above-quoted hadith reported by Abu Hurayrah, and in the other hadith reported by Abu Musa in which he quotes the Prophet (peace be upon him) saying:
‘that when the imam says sami'a Allah liman hamidah, the ones in the congregation should say Rabbana wa lak alhamd.’
Related by al-Bukhari, hadith No. 689; Muslim, hadith No. 411
4-When bowing, one should say subhana Rabbiy A’theem, which means ‘I praise my Lord the great and exonerate Him from any fault or defect’. The duty is to say it at least once.
5-In prostration one should say subhana Rabbiy al-a'la, which means “I praise my Lord the most high and exonerate Him from any fault or defect”.
:Hudhayfah reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him)
‘used to say subhana Rabbiy al A’theem when he bowed and subhana Rabbiy al-a'la in his prostration.’
Related by Ahmad, hadith No. 23,240; Abu Dawud, hadith No. 871; al-Tirmidhi, hadith No. 262; al-Nassa’i, hadith No. 1,046; Ibn Majah, hadith No. 888.
It is recommended to say these glorifications at least three times in each bowing and prostration.
6-When sitting between the two prostrations one should say Rabb ighfir li, i.e. ‘My Lord, forgive me.
:Hudhayfah reported that ‘the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to say
‘Rabb ighfir li, Rabb ighfir li, in between the two prostrations.’
Related by Ahmad, hadith No. 2,375; Abu Dawud, hadith No. 874; al-Nassa’i, hadith No. 1,145; Ibn Majah, hadith No. 897
7-The first tashahhud, except for people in the congregation when the imam forgets this tashahhud and rises for the next rak'ah. Those in the congregation are exempt from it because they have an overriding obligation to follow the imam. When the Prophet (peace be upon him) forgot this tashahhud he did not go back to perform it.
‘He only prostrated himself at the end in compensation for forgetting it.’
Related by al-Bukhari, hadith No. 1,230; Muslim, hadith No. 570.
This tashahhud requires saying: Al-tahiyyatu lillah, was-salawatu wat-tiyyibat. Assalamu 'alayka ayyuha-nnabiyyu wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. Assalamu ' alayna wa 'ala 'ibadi-llahis-salihin. Ashhadu an la ilah illa Allah, wa ashhadu anna Muhammad-an 'abduhu wa rasuluh. This means: ‘Greetings are offered to Allah, and blessings and all good things belong to Him. Peace be to you, Prophet (peace be upon him), with Allah’s grace and blessings. Peace be to us and to all good servants of Allah. I bear witness that there is no deity other than God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and messenger.
8-To sit down for this first tashahhud, as stated in the hadith reported by Ibn Mas'ud, quoting the Prophet (peace be upon him) :
‘When you are seated after each two rak'ahs say the tashahhud.’
Related by Ahmad, hadith No. 4,160; al-Nassa’i, hadith No. 1,163
Another hadith reported by Rifa'ah ibn Rafi' quotes the Prophet as saying:
‘When you sit down in the middle of the prayer, sit comfortably, putting your left thigh underneath you and then say the tashahhud.’
Related by Abu Dawud, hadith No. 860; al-Tabarani in Al-Mu' jam al-Kabir, hadith No. 4,528
9. The salutation upon the Prophet (peace be upon him) (salla Allahu alaihi wa sallam) in the last rak’ah known as Assalatul Ibrahimiyah.
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Agricultural Waste Management: Problems, Processes, and Approaches is a summary of the processes and approaches applicable to the solution of agricultural waste management problems. This book is organized into three part encompassing 13 chapters that is intended as a bridge between theory and practice as well as between the many disciplines that are involved in agricultural waste management. The primary focus of agricultural waste management is on the obvious problems of odor control and feedlot runoff.
The first part looks into the status of agricultural waste problem and the application of engineering and scientific fundamentals to the management of these wastes. This part also deals with the role of the land in waste management, and then outlines the guidelines for the development of feasible waste management systems. The second part describes the fundamentals, principles, and benefits of various waste management processes, including biological processes, ponds and lagoons, aerobic, anaerobic, physical, and chemical treatments, and nitrogen control; as well as treatment systems, such as ponds, lagoons, and land disposal. The third part examines the integration of the most economical and equitable combination of alternative technologies into feasible waste management approaches.
This work will be of great value to agricultural producers and manufacturers, scientists, and engineers.
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https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/agricultural-waste-management-problems-processes/9780323145060-item.html
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The ocean is a noisy place. Although we don’t hear much when we stick our heads underwater, the right instruments can reveal a symphony of sound. The noisemakers range from the low-frequency bass tones of a fish mating ritual to the roar of a motorboat. The study of how underwater animals hear is a growing topic in marine science, especially with regards to naval sonar and whales.
Estrogen treatments may sharpen mental performance in women with certain medical conditions, but University of Florida researchers suggest that recharging a naturally occurring estrogen receptor in the brain may also clear cognitive cobwebs.
Living near city expressways is associated with adverse birth effects on expectant mothers and their newborns, according to a novel study with global implications. Scientists from the Université de Montréal and the University of South Australia have revealed that women living closest to expressways are more vulnerable to highway pollution – especially affluent mothers.
Organisms ranging from humans to plants to the lowliest bacterium use molecules to communicate. Some chemicals trigger the various stages of an organism’s development, and still others are used to attract members of the opposite sex. Researchers at the California Institute of Technology have now found a rare kind of signaling molecule in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans that serves a dual purpose, working as both a population-control mechanism and a sexual attractant.
Kiwifruit lovers can look forward to new, novel forms of their favourite fruit thanks to the release this week of crucial genetic data which fruit breeders say will help them naturally breed new varieties with increased health properties and exciting colours and flavours.
Extreme heat or cold is not only uncomfortable, it can be deadly-causing proteins to unravel and malfunction. For many years now, scientists have understood the molecular mechanisms that enable animals to sense dangerous temperatures; such as extremely high temperatures that directly trigger heat sensor proteins known as TRP channels. However, much more poorly understood is how animals sense very small temperature differences in the comfortable range, and choose their favorite temperature.
Strange things are happening in the lowland tropical forests of Panama and Costa Rica. A tiny parasitic fly is affecting the social behavior of a nocturnal bee, helping to determine which individuals become queens and which become workers.
In vertebrates with separate sexes, sex determination can be genotypic (GSD) or temperature-dependent (TSD). TSD is very common in reptiles, where the ambient temperature during sensitive periods of early development irreversibly determines whether an individual will be male or female. The number of males and females in a population is the sex ratio, a key demographic parameter crucial for population viability.
When competitors are around, male Atlantic mollies try to hide their top mate choice, reveals a new study published online on July 31st in Current Biology, a Cell Press journal.
It’s not just bomb-sniffing dogs; animals everywhere rely on their sense of smell. Now, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Rockefeller University researchers show just how important olfaction is, proving that fruit flies with a normal sense of smell have a survival advantage over those that don’t. The findings, to appear in the July 31 advance online issue of Current Biology, may be useful in controlling insect populations and reducing insect-borne disease.
African elephants are being slaughtered for their ivory at a pace unseen since an international ban on the ivory trade took effect in 1989. But the public outcry that resulted in that ban is absent today, and a University of Washington conservation biologist contends it is because the public seems to be unaware of the giant mammals’ plight.
University of New Hampshire researchers have tagged one male and two female leatherback turtles off Cape Cod. They are the first free-swimming leatherbacks ever tagged in New England.
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http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2008/07/31/my-picks-from-sciencedaily-421/
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A VMware VM is a set of files containing all of the necessary information about a virtualized operating system. These files include the primary configuration file (VMX), which keeps VM settings, the centralized file for storing information about VM snapshots (VMSD) and other. The data of the VM is contained in the VMDK file, the VMware virtual disk format. By way of analogy with physical servers, each VMware VM can have one or more virtual disks, which mean that your VM can contain several VMDK files or otherwise said, can contain several “hard drives”.
Now let’s imagine that you have a VMware VM with two or more hard disk drives. Assuming you are the best virtualization admin that the world has ever known, you, of course, follow the 3-2-1 backup rule and backup your VM on a regular basis and store your backup files on different media in several separated locations. As an admin, you never really know when disaster will strike, but you are fully prepared in case it does!
Disaster and recovery of VM hard disks
Now let’s imagine that something has gone wrong and you need to recover one or several virtual disks from a VM backup – to different locations. Hopefully, you used Veeam Backup & Replication or its free edition, because (surprise, surprise!) not all backup solutions offer this functionality for VMware.
Why? When backup software requests a VMware vSphere hypervisor (ESXi) to take a snapshot of a VM with multiple virtual disks, it returns a system state of the VM at the time it was taken, and meaning all attached non-independent disks are snapshotted simultaneously. There is one delta file per VM disk and per snapshot, and all these files are stored in the same location. For example, for a VM with two virtual hard disks:
virtual_machine.vmdk: The 1st virtual disk in stored on the datastore 1
virtual_machine_1.vmdk: The 2nd virtual disk is stored on the datastore 2
After the VM snapshot is taken:
virtual_machine-000001.vmdk: (Related to the 1st virtual disk) will be stored on the datastore 1
virtual_machine-000002.vmdk: (Related to the 2nd virtual disk) will be stored on the datastore 1
You may also see VMDK files with a –ctk in the name, this indicates that changed block tracking is enabled on that disk.
Next, the backup software creates a backup file (in short, it uses the server to get an access to VM disks and files inside of the snapshot, captures all data and information about VM configuration, applies deduplication and/or compression to the snapshot data, and sends a command to the ESX(i) server to remove the backup snapshot). Depending on the backup software, there are a number of ways to access the state of the VM in terms of the storage of the VM.
Recovery should work as a backward process from the datastore point of view, and Veeam offers all necessary granularity in the restore process. So, if you use backup from Veeam, don’t worry that some of your datastores doesn’t have enough size to hold the whole recovered VMware VM, including all of its multiple virtual disks, because you will still be able to restore each VM hard disk to a separate location.
How to perform this type of restore?
It is easy! In the Veeam Backup console, click “Restore” and follow a few steps provided by the Restore wizard. You will need to select a VM backup file, the necessary VM, the disks you want to be restored, the restore point, etc. The process itself is explained well here (Restoring VM Hard Disks), with extra details and screenshots:
- Launch the Restore wizard
- Select “Restore VM hard disks” from the list to launch the Hard Disk Restore wizard
- Select a VM in the list of available jobs and necessary restore point for this VM
- Finally, select virtual hard disks to restore and target datastores.
The type of restore described above might be helpful in many use cases. For example, historically, the maximum size of a VMDK file was limited to 2TB. In 2013 VMware introduced 62TBs virtual machine disk files for VMware vSphere 5.5. This announcement was well received by the majority of virtualization experts because it allowed even more data to be kept on the same VM! On the other hand, storage space is expensive today and not all organizations can afford good storage devices that offer enough capacity. Ineffective storage could leave you in a situation where you cannot locate all of your virtual disks related to the same VMware VM on one datastore. The only solution there is to keep virtual disk 1 on datastore 1 and virtual disk 2 on datastore 2 – for the same VM. Obviously, in the case of a disaster, you will have to restore these VMDK files to different datastores too.
- All editions of backup from Veeam (even Veeam Backup Free Edition) are able to perform this type of restore.
- Make sure you know which VMDK is which. The file names and the sequence of their inventory in the virtual hardware are not always the same sequence as the guest operating system sees them.
I hope you found this helpful. As always, send me your questions and comments related to this post.
For more information you can always read:
- Veeam Help Center: Veeam Backup & Replication for VMware vSphere
- Veeam Help Center: Veeam Backup & Replication for Microsoft Hyper-V
- Veeam Help Center: Veeam Backup Free Edition
- Veeam Backup & Replication and Veeam Backup Free Edition pages
- Datasheets, user guides, licensing FAQs and other helpful docs
- Veeam University – Free online educational courses for end-users
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